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J d GertyjJichiiison e Thitherto rdis f. ,. r ,,,-,, , , F Fessians -surrender- 7 :b H™-1"»7 „ Scale eMdeboanJnch. ^ -*¦ 7 ,: "^r. 1 vufJrZ -;, $ , W$6 w, V, *^ ^. » * .\(..' ,'.- ,V 1 "^ ¦* " ?- — c -, .o « c a .v . ->r 1 if r a3» I ^ i c 1 1 a "'- '^- 1 ?!?# ,.<:jj.rf:"' , G Wands' Stifle corps h ScottsJiaw.fon 4' /he ParkersVasjiriiaTroops MojTisT-ille ,^ HISTORY OF THE City of Trenton, NEW JERSEY, Embracing a PurM of Nearly Two RMreil Tears. COMMENCING IN 1676, THE FIRST SETTLEMENT OF THE TOWN, AND EXTENDING UP TO THE PRESENT TIME, WITH OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE POPULATION, EXTENT OF THE TOWN AT DIFFERENT PERIODS, ITS MANUFACTORIES, CHURCH HISTORY, AND FIRE DEPARTMENT. By JOHN O. RAUM. TRENTON, N. J.: W. T. NICHOLSON & CO., PRINTERS. I87I. INDEX. CHAPTER I. PAGE Letters patent of Charles II. to the Duke of York, 1 604— Con sideration for the grant — Power and authority — Seal of the province of New York affixed — James, Duke of York, re leases to Lord John Berkley and Sir George Carteret, June 24th, 1004, the province of Nova Cresarea or New Jersey — Consideration money — Concessions or agreements of the Lords Proprietors — Powers of the Governor — Powers of other officers — Allegiance to the Crown and fidelity to the Lords Proprietors — Courts — Levy taxes — Establish militia — Naturalization — Land grants to settlers — Highways and streets — First Governor — East and West Jersey 1 CHAPTER II. First Legislature — Laws of first Session — Every Male to furnish himself Arms and Ammunition — Punishment for Arson — False Swearing — Kidnapping — Burglary — Stealing — Pun ishment of Witches — Smiting or Cursing Father or Mother — Night-walking, Drinking, and frequenting Tippling-houses — Defraying the Public Expenses — Licenses for Marriage — Runaway Apprentices and Servants — Fine for Transporting or Harboring the Same — Drunkenness, how Punished — ¦ Brand-mark for Horses and Cattle — Ordinary — Trading with Indians prohibited — Working on Sunday, how punished — ¦ What Goods exempt from destraint — Weights and Measures to be sealed — Leather to be sealed — First Day of Public Thanksgiving in the Province — Governor's Salary — Division of the Province into Four Counties — General Assembly, Courts, Public Records removed from Elizabethtown to Amboy Perth — Division of the Counties — School-masters established — Schools regulated — Concessions and Agree ments between East and West Jersey, etc., etc.. * 15 iv INDEX. CHAPTER III. PAGE First Patent— When granted— Extent of Land contained therein ¦ — Reservations made by the Crown — Pretended claim of the Dutch and Swedes— New Jersey— When set off from New "York— Extent of. East and West Jersey— First Purchases — Consideration paid for Lands — First Settlement at Burling ton—Flood at Delaware Falls— Littleworth, the original name of Trenton 29 CHAPTER IV. First Settlers of Yorkshire Tenth, northern part of Hopewell Township — When taken up — Trenton and Ewing — Location — Population — Religious Institutions, etc. — Lands in Tren ton and Hopewell...-. 41 CHAPTER V. The places of Public Worship — Friends — Episcopalian — Presby terian — First houses in Trenton — William Trent's purchase — Boundaries of Burlington — Creation of Hunterdon County — Mrs. Penelope Stout shipwrecked, and attacked and badly wounded by the Indians — Her recovery and Descendants — - First Courts in Hunterdon — Where held — First Judges — Grand Juries, etc. — High Sheriff's complaint of the Jail — Trial of the Eev. John Rowland for Theft, and of Rev. William Tennent for Perjury ". , 50 CHAPTER VI. First Courts in Trenton— Original Boundaries of the Town- Place of the first Court-IIouse of the County of Hunterdon — Trenton Bank— The town named Trenton— Colonel Wil liam Trent— First Families— Mr. Trent's first Residence- Naming the Town— Builders of Friends' Meeting-House — First Borough Charter from George IL, including from Crosswicks Creek to Amwell — First Borough Officers Division of the town and country Congregations — Trenton made the seat of Government gy INDEX. - v CHAPTER VII. Second Charter of the city— First Officers— Market Houses— ** Mayors— Recorders— Aldermen— The Pillory and Whipping post—Prevalence of the Yellow Fever— The Government Office removed to Trenton— President Adams' residence here — South Trenton— Its incorporation with the city — Boundaries of the city 74 CHAPTER VIII. • Churches and their Pastors — Presbyterian — Episcopal — Church at Lawrence — Church in Ewing— Separation of the city and country Congregations — Evangelical Church — German Re formed Church — Reformed Dutch Church— Baptist Churches — Methodist Churches — Roman Catholic Churches — Evan gelical Lutheran Church — Univer;alist Church, etc 87 CHAPTER IX. First Presbyterian Church — New Building — Mysterious Vault — Church in Maidenhead — Ewing — German Reformed Church — Evangelical Society — Reformed Dutch Church — St. Mi chael's Church— St. Paul's Church— Trinity Church— Metho dist Episcopal Churches, etc., etc 104 CHAPTER X. Trenton in 1770 — Extent of the town — Queen street — Front street — Second street — King street — Route taken by the American Army — Generals Washington, Greene, Sullivan, Dickinson, Ewing, Sterling, Mercer, Stevens, Cadwalader, Mifflin — Colonels Baylor and Brearley — Captains William Washington, Forrest, and Morris — Lord Cornwallis, British Commander-in-Chief — Colonel Rahl, Hessian Commander — Crossing the Delaware — Washington's guides to the city — Commencement of the battle — Lieutenant Monroe — Bravery of Mrs. Clarke — Council of war — Retreat of the American Army by the Sandtown road across Quaker bridge to Stony Brook — Death of General Meixer 152 vi INDEX. CHAPTER XI. PAGE Second battle, or Cannonading of Trenton— Battle of Princeton —Eagle Tavern— Council of war— Retreat of the Americans by the Sandtown road, across Quaker bridge, to Stony Brook —Death of General Mercer— Major Trent— Obituary notice of the death of Judge 'Trent— Destruction of the bridges in Warren and Greene streets— Destruction of Trent's old mill by flood— H. McCall's purchase— Destruction of the Ameri can Inn by fire 168 CHAPTER XII. Washington's Reception at Trenton in 1789 — An unpublished note of General Washington to the Ladies of Trenton — Population of the city in 1810, '120, '40, '50, '55, 'OO, '70— Capital invested in Arts and Manufactories — Roads, Travel ing, etc. — Blazing Star Ferry — Delaware and Raritan Canal and Camden and Amboy Railroad 182 CHAPTER XIII. Literary Institutions — Newspapers — New Jersey Gazette — State Gazette — True American — Emporium — People's Advocate — Union — Argus — Plaindealer — Sheet Anchor — New Jersey Temperance Herald — Weekly Visitor — Daily News — Clay Banner — Trentonian — Republican Privateer — Reformer and New Jersey Temperance Advocate — Mercer Standard — Free Press — Trenton Academy — Public and Private Schools — Libraries — Apprentices Library — Trenton Library — Consti tutional Library — Trenton Institute — Irving Institute — Me chanics Institute — Trenton Lyceum 210 CHAPTER XIV. Manufactories— Stacy's Mill erected in 1080— Steel Works of Stacy Potts in 1770 — Fithian's Cotton Mill — Converted into a Paper Mill — Subsequent Owners of Paper Mill — Coxe's Mill, 1750 — Steel Works built in 1769 — Belts and Parmly's Nail Factory, 1800 — Hall and Anderson's Distillery, 1800 — Billing's Carding Machine in 1817 — Mill of Lawrence Huron in 1814 — Sartori's Calico Factory, 1817 — Brister's Mills, and the various Manufactories on the Trenton Water Power etc., etc 234 INDEX. CHAPTER XV PAGE New Jersey State Prison — First Opening in 1798 — Its Builder- ¦ The Guard-house, or Sentry Box — Two Men Shot in an Attempt to Escape — One Killed, the other badly Wounded — Enlargement of Old Prison — Inscription on Old Prison — Commencement and Completion of New Prison — New Jer sey Arsenal — New Jersey Lunatic Asylum 258 CHAPTER XXL Miscellaneous — First Post-Office in Trenton, where located and by whom kept — Each subsequent Postmaster under the dif ferent Administrations to the Present Time — Quartering of Troops at Trenton, in 1755, by King George II. — Charter of Bridge across the Delaware — To whom Granted — Erection of Bridge — Floods in the Delaware. — Destruction of Bridges on the Same — Trenton Water Works — Charter, to whom Granted — Charter Transferred to the City — Officers Ap pointed by the City — Banking Institutions — Trenton Bank —State Bank— Mechanics and Manufacturers Bank— America Bank — Trenton Saving Fund — Lodges, Masonic and Odd Fellows ." 208 CHAPTER XVII. Meeting of Congress at Trenton — Visit of Lafayette — Congres sional Buildings on the Delaware — Robbery of the State Treasury — Professor D'Oo_7ere — Contraband Goods Seized — First Almanac — Court of Admiralty — Judge Trent's Planta tion — Stage Boats — Dialogue between Satan and Arnold — United States National Bank — Ferries — Isaac Collins' Quarto Bible— Church Lottery— Sand-Bar 290 CHAPTER XVIII. State House — State Library — State Librarian — Government House — Encroachment upon State Property by Citizens of Trenton — Water Works — John Fitch, the Inventor of the Steamboat "City of Trenton"— Wards— Borough of South Trenton — Congress — Elections — Model Message of the Gov ernor — Resolution Fire Company — Trenton and New Bruns wick Turnpike Company — Lottery to remove Obstructions in the Delaware 311 INDEX. CHAPTER XIX. PAGE The Old Jail— State Bank— Trenton Aqueduct Company— War of 1812— Trenton Library Company— Mayor's Court— Manu facturing Companies — Mercer Cemetery — Riverview Ceme tery — Temperance Beneficial Society — Trenton Insurance Company — Evangelical Reformed Church — Trenton Monu ment Association — Nottingham Schools 340 CHAPTER XX. Trenton Iron Company — Trenton Mutual Life and Fire Insur ance Company — Trenton Gas Light Company — Union Health Insurance Company — Trenton and Lehigh Transportation Company — Pacific Mutual Insurance Company — Locomotive Works — Widows' Home — Patent Promoting Company — Trenton Boat and Dockyard Company — Horse Railroad — City Bridge — Union Industrial Home Association — Masonic Hall Association 349 CHAPTER XXI. Trenton Arms Company — Trenton Car Works — Normal and Model Schools — Trenton Chain Manufactory — Normal School Boarding-House — Trenton Co-ojDerative Benefit So ciety — Soldiers' Children's Home — Trenton Lock Company — Delaware Manufacturing Company — Trenton Hall and Building Association — New Jersey Silver Mining Company — East Trenton Land and Building Association 355 CHAPTER XXII. Trenton Skating Park Club — Trenton Gold and Silver Mining Company — Ransqme Patent Stone Company — Trenton Vise and Tool Company — Yuma Silver Mining Company — Cen tral Market — Mercer Gold and Silver Mining Company — National Pottery Company — Trenton Agricultural \v"orks — New Jersey Pottery Company — Union Pottery Company — Trenton Woolen Company — Trenton Ice Company — Conti nental Saw Company — Washington Market Association — • Merchants and Traders Protective Union 358 INDEX. CHAPTER XXIII. PAGE Swearing by the Uplifted Hand — Trenton Academy — Two Crimi nals pardoned under the Gallows — Sale of Stills at Beatty's Ferry — Lower Trenton Ferry — Association to Prevent Trade with the Enemy — Ratification of the Treaty of Peace 302 CHAPTER XXIV. Every Man a Soldier — To Provide Himself a Musket, and all the Necessary Ammunition — First Organized Military Com panies — Names of the Different Military Companies and their Officers, from 1776 to 1870— The Late Rebellion- Number of Men Liable to do Military Duty in the State — Number of Men Sent into the Field — Excess Over all Calls Made by the Executive of the United States — Expenses of Fitting Them Out — Soldiers' Children\s Home 376 CHAPTER XXV. Fire Department — Fire Association for the Relief of Disabled Firemen — Firemen's Beneficial Association — Fire Compa nies — Union — Restoration — Hand-in-Hand — Resolution — Eagle — Delaware — Good Will — Harmony — Trenton Hose, No. 1 — America Hose, No. 2 — Hook and Ladder Companies — Protection — Trenton Hose 389 CHAPTER, XX VI. Additional Manufactories Omitted under their Appropriate Heads— Shoemaker's Almanac — Thomas Chalkley's Narra tive of Travel— Blazing Star Hotel— Bull's Head Hotel- Indian King and Indian Queen Hotels — Trenton Directories — Veto of Mayor Hamilton — Indigent Widows' and Single Women's Home 441 PREFACE. THERE is no city but has its local interests, which, when collected together and placed before its citizens, call up recollections of many things long since forgotten, and which, but for the historian, would never again, per haps, have been called to mind. The time and development of its resources, its public improvements, when and where constructed, and its public institu tions, when and where erected, are all matters of local, if not general interest. The compiler of this work has labored to lay before the public the origin, first settlement, its manufacturing interests, from the earliest day to the present time, together with all matters that he thought would be of interest, not only to the citizens of Trenton, but to many who have been residents, but now removed to other parts. He does not claim that the work contains everything that has transpired during nearly two centuries of our existence as a village, borough, town, and city. He has, nevertheless, culled from the voluminous matter that has come to hand such things as he supposed would be of peculiar interest to our present inhabitants, as it would be an impossibility to present in detail, in a single volume, all matters of an interesting nature that have occurred in our city during the period covered by this history. This volume is mainly compiled from authentic sources, as the compiler has had full and free access to all documents contained in the State Library, from which most of the information herein presented has been obtained. It is intended to show the origin and first settlement of a city which, in its revo lutionary history, is second to no other city on our continent, and which con tains within itself the elements of everything that should make it a thriving and prosperous city. Its facilities for manufacturing purposes are unsurpassed, being so contiguous to the great markets of the western world ; the cheapness of its lands, its extensive water power, and facilities for shipping to all parts xii PREFACE. of the world, render it truly a desirable place for all kinds of manufactories. Yet, while it possesses these great advantages, it is at least twenty-five years behind the age in those elements which tend to make a city great. Possessing the facilities which we do, there is nothing to prevent our city achieving greatness, except the want of enterprise in its present inhabitants, and particu larly in the kind of material of which the legislative branch of our city is at present composed. Instead of encouraging enterprise, they seem to desire to throw every obstacle in the way. Our streets, instead of being paved, present the appearance of a country village; our city is poorly lighted, and police regulations bad. Thousands of dollars are annually spent upon the streets, and no one can see where the money is expended. If, on the contrary, the amount of money now expended in putting on a few loads of gravel, to be washed down the hills the first rain that occurs, should be used in paving at least one street in each year, we would, in a few years, find all our streets handsomely paved, with no additional expense to the tax payers, and they would then present a neat city appearance, free from dust and mud, and not that of a hamlet of the olden time, as they now do. There is no city better located for paving than ours ; it requires no sewerage, as nature has amply provided all the drainage necessary. All y/e want is enterprise, and until we get this we cannot even boast of being a city in appearance. Hoping this history, which has been compiled with great care, but which the author does not claim as being perfect, and regrets that it was not gotten up by some abler hand, will be an acceptable offering, and prove satisfactory to all who may read it, is the earnest wish of THE COMPILER. Trenton, August i, 1871. f. ISTORY OF RENTON. CHAPTER I. Letters patent of Charles II. to the Duke of York, 1664 — Considera tion for the grant — Power and authority— Seal of the province of New York affixed— James, Duke of York, releases to Lord John Berkley and Sir George Carteret, June 24th, 1664, the province of Nova Casarea or New Jersey — Consideration .money — Concessions or agreements of the Lords Proprietors — Powers of the Governor — Powers of other officers — Allegiance to the Crown and fidelity to the Lords Proprietors — Courts — Levy taxes — Establish militia — Naturalization — -Land grants Jo settlers — Highways and streets — First Governor — East and JVest Jersey. ALTHOUGH this work is intended as a history of Trenton, I have taken the liberty of inserting at the commencement a few pages of state history, believing the same will be interest ing to the general reader, giving him an insight into the first formation of our state, its habits and customs. Besides, the boundaries of our city have been so often changed, that in order :fully to set them before the public, it is necessary to show the .original bounds of the entire state. Trenton, at one time, was in Monmouth county, then in Bur lington and Hunterdon counties, and now in Mercer. At one .time it was in Hopewell, Ewing, and Nottingham townships; it A 2 HISTOR V OE TRENTON. now comprises an entire township, not designated as such, but known as the city of Trenton. And also, because, as stated by Dr. Hall, in his History of the Presbyterian Church, "the territory embraced in the present bounds of the city of Trenton lies so near the boundary between the Berkley and the Carteret grants, or the eastern and the western sections of the provine, that its history is connected with that of both the original divisions. ' ' The first discoveries made in this country were in 1497, on the twenty-fourth of June, by John Cabot, a native of Venice, under a commission given by Henry VII. of England. He discovered what is now known as the Island of New Foundland. His son, Sebastian, made a second voyage to this continent, and in the month of May, 1498, discovered a large extent of this country. Many years subsequent, Sebastian made a third voyage, under the direction of Henry VIII. of England, and discovered the most southern section of the country, which he named Florida. He did not attempt to establish a settlement, but took posses sion of the country on behalf of the crown of England. In 1500 two voyages were made to this country by the Portuguese. In 1508 the coast was visited by Normandy fishermen, and in 1523 a more formidable undertaking was entered upon by the French, to establish colonies in this country, under command of John Veranzo, a Florentine navigator of high repute. Francis I. fitted out four ships and placed them under his command. In 1606, during the reign of James I., a patent was issued by that monarch dividing Virginia, which at that time included nearly the whole country, into two equal parts. In the second part was included what are now the states of Maryland, Dela ware, Pennsylvania, and part of New Jersey. The following grants and concessions will more particularly designate the founding of our state :' Among the grants and concessions in Carteret's time, between 1664 and 1682, published by Aaron Learning and Jacob Spicer, and printed by William Bradford, of Philadelphia, printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty for the province of New HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3 Jersey, containing the acts of the proprietary government before the surrender of Queen Anne, the instrument of the surrender, and her formal acceptance thereof. In Lord Cornbury's commission and instructions consequent thereon, published by virtue of an act of the legislature of the said province, we find, among a number of other things, the following : "Anne, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Queen, defender of the faith, &c. To all whom these our present letters shall come, greeting : know ye, that among the records remaining in our secretary's office of our province of New York, in America, at our fort at New York, in America, we have inspected certain letters patents granted unto his late Royal Highness, James, Duke of York, deceased, which fol- loweth in these words : " Charles II. , by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. To all to whom tl^ese presents shall come, greeting : know ye, who for divers good causes and considerations us thereunto moving, have of our especial grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, given and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors, do give and grant unto our dearest brother, James, Duke of York, his heirs and assigns, all that part of the main land of New England, begining at a certain place called or known by the name of St. Croix, next adjoining to New Scot land in America, and from thence extending along the sea coast unto a certain place called Petuaquine or Pequamaquid, and so tip the river thereof to the farthest head of the same as it tendeth northward ; and extending from thence to the river of Kenebeque, and so upwards by the shortest course to the river of Canada, northward. And also, all that Island of Islands, commonly called by the several name or names of Matowacks or Long Island, situate, lying, and being towards the west of Cape Cod and the Narrow Higansetts, abutting upon the main land between the two rivers there, called or known by the several names of Connecticut or Hudson's river ; together, also, with the said river called Hudson's river, and all the lands from the west side of Connecticut to the east side of Delaware bay. And also, 4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. all these several islands called or known by the names of Martin's* Vineyard and Nantukes, or otherwise Nantuckett;. together with all the lands, islands, soils, rivers, harbors, mines, minerals,. quarries, woods, marshes, waters, lakes, fishings, hawkings, huntings, and fowlings; and all other royaltys, profits,- com modities and hereditaments to said several islands, lands, and. premises belonging and appertaining, witb their and every of their appurtenances; and all our estate, right, title, interest,. benefit, advantage, claim,, and demand of, in, or to the said lands and premises, or any part or ¦ parcel thereof, and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders ; together with the yearly and other rents, revenues,, and profits of all and singular the said premises, and of every part and parcel thereof- To be given and granted unto our dearest brother, James, Duke of York, his heirs and assigns, forever ; to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, as of our manor of East Greenwich, in our county of Kent, in free and common soccage, and not in capitie,- nor by knight service yielding and rendering." It was stipulated in the grant, that James, Duke of York, and) his heirs and assigns, were to render yearly and every year, forty beaver skins when they shall be demanded, within ninety days- after . He was also granted, his heirs, deputies,, agents, commis sioners, and assigns, full and absolute power and authority to- correct, punish, pardon, govern, and rule all subjects within said territory, in all causes and matters, capital and criminal, as civil, both marine and others, as near as may be agreeable to the laws, statutes, and government of this our realm of England. And to appoint all officers. This grant goes on to cite many other things, but as they do not relate particularly to the object in view, I deem it unnecessary to copy the whole letters patent. It concludes as follows : "In witness whereof we have caused these our letters to be- made patent. Witness ourself at Westminster, the twelfth day of March, in the sixteenth year of our reign. . By the King. " Howard.. HISTORY OF TRENTON. r "All which by the tenor of these presents we have caused to be exemplified. In testimony whereof we have caused our seal of our said province of New York to be hereunto affixed. Witness our trusty and well-beloved Robert Hunter, esq. , our captain-general and governor-in-chief of our provinces of New York, New Jersey, and territories thereon depending in America, and vice admiral of the same, and at our fort at New York, this thirtieth day of October, in the tenth year of our reign. "H. Wileman, " Dep. Sec'y." On the 24th day of June, in the sixteenth year of the reign of Lord Charles II. , Anno Domini 1664, James, Duke of York, released to John Lord Berkley, Baron of Stratton, and one of His Majesty's most Honorable Privy Council, and Sir George Carteret, of Saltrum, in the county of Devon, Knight, and one of His Majesty's most Honorable Privy Council, "for and in consideration of a competent sum of good and lawful money of England to his said Royal Highness, James, Duke of York, in hand paid by the said John Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, granted, bargained, sold, released, and confirmed unto the said John Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, all that tract of land adjacent to New England, and lying and being to the westward of Long Island and Manhitas Island, and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river, and hath upon the west Delaware bay or river, and extending southward to the main ocean as far as Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware bay, and to the northward as far as the northmost branch of the said bay or river of Delaware, which is forty-one degrees and forty minutes of latitude, and crosses over thence in a straight line to Hudson's river in forty-one degrees of latitude ; which said tract of land is hereafter to be called by the name or names of New Cssarea or New Jersey. " For which they were to yield and render unto the said James, Duke of York, his heirs and assigns, for the said tract of land and premises, yearly and every year, the sum of twenty nobles of lawful money of England, if the same shall be lawfully 6 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. demanded, at or in the Inner Temple Hall, London, at the- Feast of St. Michael, the Archangel, yearly. "JAMES. "Signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of "WlLLrAM COVENRYE. "Thomas Heywood." The first act of the lords proprietors was to grant concessions- or agreements for, the government of the province of New Csesarea or New Jersey, to and with all and every the adven turers and all such as shall settle or plant there. The governor of the province had power, by and with the- consent of his council, to depute one in his place and authority,. in case of death or removal, to continue until further order,. unless the proprietors had commissioned one before. He also had power to make choice of and take to him six counselors at least, or twelve at most, or any even number between six and twelve, with whose advice and consent, or with at least three of the six, or four of a greater number (all being summoned), he is to govern according to the limitations and instructions following,. during our pleasure. These instructions provided for a chief secretary or register, (who they were to choose, or in case of failure on their part, the governor was to choose), to keep exact entries in fair books, of all public affairs ; to avoid deceits and lawsuits ; to record and enter all grants of land from the lords to the planters, and all conveyances of lands, house or houses from man to man ; all leases for land, house or houses, made or to be made by the landlord to any tenant for more than one year. The surveyor-general was to be chosen by the proprietors, or in case of their failure to choose, to be appointed by the gover nor, whose duty it should be to lay out, survey, and bound all such lands as shall be granted from the lords to the planters ; and all other lands within the said province. And in case they misbehave themselves, as that the governor and council, or deputy governor and council, or the major part of them, shall find it reasonable to suspend their actings in their respective- HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. ?. employment, it shall be lawful for them so to do, until further orders from us. That the governor, counselors, assemblymen, secretary, sur veyor, and all other officers of trust, shall swear or subscribe (in a book to be provided for that purpose), that they will bear true allegiance to the King of England, his heirs and successors; and that they will be faithful to the interests of the lords proprietors of the said province, and their heirs, executors, and assigns, and endeavor to promote the peace and welfare of the said province; and that they will truly and faithfully discharge their respective trust in their respective offices, and do equal justice to all men, according to their, best skill and judgment, without corruption, favor, or affection ; and the names of all that have sworn or subscribed, to be entered into a book. And whosoever shall subscribe and not swear, and shall violate his promise in that subscription, shall be liable to the same punishment that the persons are or may be that have sworn and broken their oaths. All persons who were or should become subjects of the King of England, and swear or subscribe allegiance to the king and faithfulness to the lords, were admitted to plant and become free men of the said province. No person was to be molested, punished, disquieted, or called in question for any difference in opinion or practice in matters of religious concernments, but all were freely and fully to have and enjoy his and their judgments and consciences in matters of religion throughout the said province, and under no pretence was the liberty of conscience to be infringed. The inhabitants, being freemen, were to make choice of twelve- deputies or representatives from among themselves, to join the governor and council in making such laws as may be necessary for the present good and welfare of the province. As soon as parishes, divisions, tribes, and other distinctions were made, the inhabitants or freeholders of the same were annually to meet on the ist day of January, and choose free holders for each respective division, tribe, or parish to be the deputies or representatives of the same, a majority of whom, with g HISTORY OF TRENTON. the governor and council, were to be the general assembly for the province. Power was granted the general assembly to constitute and appoint such and so many ministers or preachers as they shall think fit, and to establish their maintenance; giving liberty beside, to any person or persons to keep and maintain what preachers or ministers they please. The assembly were to have power to appoint their own time and place of meeting, and the quorum was to consist of the one- third part of the whole number of members; they were authorized to enact all such laws, acts, and constitutions as shall be necessary for the well government of the said province, with power to repeal them at pleasure. Said laws were not to be against the interests of the lords proprietors, their heirs or assigns, nor any of those their concessions; it was especially provided that they be not repugnant to the article for liberty of conscience. The laws thus made were to be in force one year and no more,. unless contradicted by the lords proprietors, within which time they were to be presented to them for ratification, and being confirmed by them, they were to be in continual force till they expired by their own limitation, or by act 6f repeal in like- manner to be passed (as aforesaid) and confirmed. They were to constitute all courts, together with the limits,. powers, and jurisdictions of the same; also the officers and number of officers belonging to each court, with their respective salaries, fees, and perquisites. To lay equal taxes and assessments, equally to raise moneys or goods upon all lands (excepting the lands of the lords proprietors before settling), in order to the better supporting of the public charge of the said government, and for the mutual safety, defence, and security of the said province. To erect within the said province such and so many manors, with their necessary courts, freedoms, and privileges, as to them shall seem meet and convenient. To create ports, harbors, creeks, and other places for the convenient lading and unlading of goods and merchandise out of ships, boats, and other vessels, as shall be expedient. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 9„ To erect, raise, and build within the said province, or any part thereof, such and so many forts, fortresses, castles, cities, corporations, boroughs, towns, villages, and other plcaes of strength and defence. To constitute trained bands and companies, with the number of soldiers for the safety, strength, and defence of the said province, and of the forts, castles, cities, &c. To suppress all mutinies and rebellions ; to make war, offensive and defensive, with all Indians, strangers, and foreigners, as they shall see cause ; and to pursue an enemy, as well by sea as by land, if need be, out of the limits and jurisdictions of the said province, with the particular consent of the governor, and under his conduct, or of the commander-in-chief, or whom he shall' appoint. To give to all strangers as to them shall seem meet, a naturali zation, and all such freedoms and privileges within the said province as to his majesty's subjects do of right belong, they swearing or subscribing as aforesaid ; which said strangers so naturalized and privileged, shall be in all respects accounted in the said province as the king's natural subjects. To prescribe the quantity of land which shall be from time to time allotted to every head, free or servant, male or female, and to make and ordain rules for the casting of lots for the land and the laying out of the same. To make provision for the maintenance and support of the governor, and for the defraying of all necessary charges for the government; as also, that the constables of the said province shall collect the lords' rent, and shall pay the same to the receiver that the lords shall appoint to receive the same, unless the general assembly shall prescribe some other way whereby the lords may have their rents duly collected, without: charge or trouble to them. The governor, with his council before expressed, is to see that all courts established by the laws of the general assembly, and all ministers and officers, civil and military, do and execute their several duties and offices respectively, according to the laws in force ; and to punish them for swerving from the laws,. IO HISTORY OF TRENTON. or acting contrary to their trust, as the nature of their offences shall require. To nominate and commission the several judges, members- and officers of courts, whether magistratical or ministerial, and- all other civil officers, coroners, &c, and their commissions, powers, and authority to revoke at pleasure. To appoint courts and officers in cases criminal; and to- empower them to inflict penalties upon offenders against any of the laws in force in the said province, as the said laws shall- ordain, whether by fine, imprisonment, banishment, corporal punishment, or to the taking away of member or life itself, if there be cause for it. To place officers and soldiers for the safety, strength, and defence of the forts, castles, cities, &c. Where they see cause, after condemnation, to reprieve until the case be presented, with a copy of the whole trial, proceed ings, and proofs to the lords, who will accordingly either pardom or command execution of the sentence on the offender, who is in the meantime to be kept in safe custody till the pleasure of the lords be known. "And that the planting of the province may be the more speedily promoted, we do hereby grant unto all persons who have already adventured to the said province of New Cassarea or New Jersey, or shall transport themselves or servants before the ist day of January, which shall be in the year of our Lord 1665, these following proportions, viz., .to every freeman that shall go ' with the first governor, from the port where he embarks, or shall meet him at the rendezvous he appoints, for the settlement of a plantation there, armed with a good musket, bore twelve bullets to the pound, with ten pounds of powder and twenty pounds of bullets, with bandiliers and match convenient, and with six months' provision for his own person, arriving there, one hundred and fifty acres of land, English measure ; and for every able servant that he shall carry with him, armed and provided as aforesaid, and arriving there, the like quantity of one hundred and fifty-acres, English measure. And whosoever shall send servants at that time, shall have for every able man-servant he or she shall send, armed and. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. r r /provided as aforesaid, and arrive there, the like quantity of one .hundred and fifty acres ; and for every weaker servant, or slave, male or female, exceeding the age of fourteen years, which any one shall send or carry, arriving there, seventy-five acres of land ; and for every Christian servant, exceeding the age afore- .said, after the expiration of their time of service, seventy-five .acres of land for their own use. "To every master or mistress who shall go before the ist day • of January, which shall be in the year 1665, one hundred and twenty acres of land ; and for every able man-servant that he or she shall carry or send, armed and provided as aforesaid, and arriving within the time aforesaid, the like quantity of one hundred and twenty acres of land ; and for every weaker servant or slave, male or female, exceeding the age of fourteen years, arriving there, sixty acres of land ; and to every Christian servant, to their own use and behoof, sixty acres of land. "To every free man and free woman that shall arrive in the said province, armed and provided as aforesaid, within the .second year from the ist day of January, 1665, to the ist day of January, 1666, with intention to plant, ninety acres of land, English measure ; and for every man-servant that he or she .-shall carry or send, armed and provided as aforesaid, ninety acres of land of like measure. "For every weaker servant or slave, aged as aforesaid, who shall be so carried or sent thither within the second year, as aforesaid, forty-five acres of land of like measure ; and to every Christian . servant who shall arrive the second year, forty-five acres of land of like measure. "To every free man and free woman that should arrive within .the third year from January, 1666, to January, 1667, three-score acres of land ; every able man-servant, three-score acres of land ; every weaker servant or slave, thirty acres of land ; and to every Christian servant thirty acres of land, after the expiration of their time of service. ' ' The governor, council, and general assembly were to take care .and direct that all lands be divided by general lots, none less ;.than two thousand one hundred acres, nor more than twenty- I2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. one thousand acres in each lot, excepting cities, towns, &c, and .the near lots of townships, and that the same be divided into .seven parts, one-seventh part to them, their heirs, and assigns ; the remainder to persons as they come to plant the same, in such proportions as are allowed. The following was the form of the warrant to be given by the governor, or whom he should depute, in case of death or .absence, which was to be signed and sealed by himself and the major part of his council, and directed to the surveyor-general or his deputy, commanding him to lay out, limit, and bound acres of land, according to the warrant : "The lords proprietors of the province of New Cozsarea or New Jersey, do hereby grant unto A B, of the , in the province aforesaid, a plantation containing acres, English measure, bounded (as in the certificute), to hold to him or her, his or her heirs or assigns, forever, yielding and paying yearly to the said lords proprietors, their heirs or assigns, every five and twentieth day of March, according to the English account, one half-penny of lawful money of England, for every of the said acres to be holden of the manor of East Greenwich, in free and common soccage ; the first payment of which rent to begin the five and twentieth day of March, which shall be in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred and seventy, according to the English account. Given under the seal of the said province the day of in the year of our Lord 166-. "Convenient proportions of land for highways and for streets, not exceeding one hundred feet in breadth in cities, towns, and villages, &c, and for churches, forts, wharves, kays, harbors, and for public houses ; and each parish for the use of their ministers, two hundred acres, in such places as the general assembly may appoint. "That the inhabitants of the said province have free passage through or by any seas, bounds, creeks, rivers or rivulets, &c, in the said province, through or by which they must necessarily j>ass to come from the main ocean to any part of the province .-aforesaid. ¦" Given under our seal of our said province, the tenth day of HISTORY OF TRENTON. I3 February, in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred sixty and four. John Berkley, G. Carteret." Philip Carteret was appointed by John Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, the first governor of "all that tract of land adjacent to New England, and lying and being to the westward of Long Island and Manhitans Island, and bounded by the east, part by the main sea and part by Hudson's river ; and having upon the west, Delaware bay, and to the northward as far as the northermost branch of the said bay or river of Delaware, which is in forty-one and forty degrees of latitude; crossing over thence in a straight line to Hudson's river, in forty-one degrees of latitude, now commonly called by the names of New Csesarea or New Jersey; and of all the islands, inlets, rivers, and seas within the said bounds of our said province." This commission to Governor Carteret bears date the ioth day of February, 1664. On the ist day of July, 1676, New Jersey was divided into two sections, called East and West New Jersey, Sir George Carteret receiving for his share the easterly section, extending eastward and northward along the sea coast and Hudson's river, from the east side of a certain place or harbor lying on the southern part of the same tract of land, and commonly called or known in a map of the said tract of land by the name of Little Egg Harbor, and William Penn, Gawn Lawrie, and Nicholas Lucas, their heirs and assigns, receiving in severalty as their full part, share, and portion of the said tract of land, in trust for the benefit of Edward Billinge, as the said undivided moiety was subject, and to be from henceforth called and distinguished by the name of West New Jersey; all that westerly part, share, and portion of the said tract of land and premises, lying on the west side, and westward of the aforesaid straight and direct line drawn through the said premises from north to south, for and in consideration of five shillings to them, the said William Penn, Gawn Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, and Edward Billinge, in hand paid by the said Sir George Carteret, the receipt whereof they B I4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. do here respectively acknowledge, the said Edward Billinge and they, the said William Penn, Gawn Lawrie, and Nicholas Lucas, by and with the consent, direction, and appointment of the said Edward Billinge, testified by his being a party hereunto, and by his sealing and executing of these presents. This westerly part, share, and portion of the said tract of land and premises were, by the consent and agreement of the parties, called by the name of West Jersey, and was all that and only all that part, share, and portion of the said tract of land and premises conveyed by his said Royal Highness, as lieth extended westward, or southward from the west side of the line of said partition, on the Delaware river, and extending to Egg, Harbor, in which what is now the city of Trenton belonged. CHAPTER II. First Legislature — Laws of first Session — Every male to furnish . himself arms and ammunition — Punishment for Arson — False Swearing — Kidnapping — Burglary — Stealing — Punishment of Witches — Smiting or Cursing Father or Mother — Night-walk ing, drinking, and frequenting tippling-houses — Defraying ihe Public Expenses — Licenses for Marriage — Runaway appren tices and servants — Fine for transporting or harboring the same —-Drunkenness, how Punished — Brand-mark for horses and cattle — Ordinary — Trading with Indians prohibited — Working on Sunday, how punished — What goods exempt from destraint — Weights and measures to le sealed— Leather to be sealed — First day of Public Thanksgiving in the Province — Governor's salary — Division of the Province into four counties — General Assem bly, Courts, Public Records removed from Elizabethtown to Amboy Perth — Division of the counties — School-masters estab lished — Schools regulated— Concessions and Agreements between East and West Jersey, etc., etc. THE first general assembly of the state met at Elizabethtown on the 26th day of May, 1668. Hon. Philip Carteret, governor. The council consisted of Capt. Nicholas Verlet, Daniel Pierce, ¦ Robert Bond, Samuel Edsall, Robert Vanguellin, William Par don ; James Bollen, secretary. The burgesses consisted of Gasper Stemmetts, Battazer Bayard, for Bergen; John Ogden, John Brackett, for Elizabethtown; Capt. Robert Treat, Samuel Swarne, for Newark, upon Pisha- wack River.; John Bishop, Robert Dennes, for Woodbridge ; James Grover, John Bound, for Middletown and Shrewsbury. The following is an abstract of the laws passed at this first session of the provincial legislature: " For resisting the authority established by the lords proprietors, 1 6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. as the governor, justices, or any other inferior officers, either in words or actions, fine or corporal punishment, as the court shall judge, upon due examination. " Every male from sixteen years and upwards, to the age of sixty years, shall be furnished, at their own cost and charges, with good and sufficient arms, and constantly maintain the same, viz., a good serviceable gun well fixed, one pound of good powder, four pounds of pistol bullets, or twenty-four bullets suited to the gun, a pair of bandoleers, or a good horn, and a sword and belt; and- if any person or persons shall- willfully neglect and not provide himself according^to this act, within one month after publication thereof, he shall pay one shilling for the first week's neglect, and fonthe next week's neglect and so for every week after, the ' sum of two shillings, by way of fine, to be levied upon his or their goods and chattels. ' ' In the capital laws, it is enacted : "That Jf any person or persons shall maliciously, wittingly, or willingly set on fire any dwelling-house, out-house, store-house, barn or stable, or any other kind of house or houses, corn, hay, fencing, wood, flax, or any other combustible matter, to the prejudice and damage of his neighbor, or any other person or persons whatsoever, he or they shall be committedto prison' with out bail or mainprize, and make full satisfaction ; and if he or they are not able to make satisfaction for the damages sustained by such willful and malicious act, then to stand to the mercy of the court whether to be tried for life or to suffer some other corporal punishment, as the court shall judge, all circumstances being first duly examined and considered of. "If any person or persons shall willingly and maliciously rise up to bear false witness, or purpose to take away a man's life, they shall be put to death. "If any man shall willfully or forcibly steal away any man kind, he shall be put to death. "If any person within this province shall commit burglary, by breaking open any dwelling-house, store-house, ware-house, out house or barn, or any other house whatsoever, or that shall rob any person in the field or highways, he or they so offending shall, for the first offence, be punished by being burnt in the hand HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. j, 7 with the letter T, and make full satisfaction of the goods stolen, or the damages that are done; and for the second time of offending in the like nature, besides the making df restitution, to be branded in the forehead with the letter R. And for the third offence to be put to death as incorrigible. "And for stealing goods, money, or cattle, or any other beast of what kind soever, to make treble restitution for the first offence, and the like for the second and third offence, with such further increase of punishment as the court shall see cause; and if incorrigible to be punished with death. And in case they are not able to make restitution for the first, second, and third offences, they shallbe sold, that satisfaction may be made. "If any person be found to be a witch, either male or female, they shall be put to death. "If any child or children above sixteen years of age, and of sufficient understanding, shall smite or curse their natural father or mother, except provoked thereunto, and forced for their safe preservation from death or maiming, upon the complaint or proof of the said father or mother, or either of them, (and not otherwise) they shall be put to death. "If any person or persons shall be abroad from the usual place of their abode, and found in night-walking, drinking in any tap-house, or any other house or place at unseasonable times, after nine of the clock at night, and not about their lawful occasions, or cannot give a good account of their being absent from their own place of abode at that time of the night, if required of them, he or they shall be secured by the constable or some other officer, till the morning, to be brought before a justice of the peace or magistrate, to be examined, and if they cannot give them a satisfactory account of their being out at such unseasonable times, he or they shall be bound over to the next court, and receive such punishment as the justices upon the bench shall see cause to inflict upon them. "That a rate of thirty pounds be levied upon the country for the defraying of public charges, and this rate equally propor tioned to each town. That is to say, five pounds for each town, to be paid in manner as followeth : winter wheat at five shillings a bushel; summer wheat at four shillings and six-pence; peas at B* x g HISTORY OF TRENTON. three shillings and six-pence; Indian corn at three shillings; rye at four shillings; barley at four shillings ; beef at two-pence half penny ; pork at three-pence half-penny a pound ; and this rate to be paid at or before the next general court, into the hands and custody of Mr. Jacob Mollins, of Elizabeth Town, which we desire of him to take into his hands for the use of the province, and when received, to disburse and pay to Capt. Bollen the 'ran of twenty pounds, and the rest as he shall have order to improve for our use." In order to prevent unlawful marriages, it was ordered that "no person or persons, son, daughter, maid or servant, shall be married without the consent of his or her parents, masters, or overseers, and three times published in and at some public meet ing or kirk, where the party or parties have their most usual abode, or set up in writing their purposes of marriage on some public house where they live, and there at least to abide for the space of fourteen days before marriage, which is to be performed in some public place, if possible may be, and none but some approved minister or justice of the peace within this province, or some chief officer, where such are not, shall be allowed to marry or admit of any to join in marriage, in their presence, and under the penalty of twenty pounds for acting contrary hereunto, and to be put out of their office, according to the liberty of conscience granted by the lords proprietors in their concessions." The governor had power to grant his license, under his hand and seal, " to any person or persons that are at their own dispos ing, or to any other under the tuition of their parents, masters, or overseers, to join in matrimony ; provided that the parents, masters, or overseers are present and consenting thereunto, or that their consent be attested by some public officer and presented to the governor before the granting thereof, and the others to clear themselves by oath or certificate. "That every apprentice and servant that shall depart and absent themselves from their masters or dames, without leave first obtained, shall be judged by the court to double the time of such their absence, by future service over and above other damages and costs which master and dame shall sustain by such unlawful departure. HISTORY OF TRENTON. I9 "Any one having been proved to have transported, or to have contrived the transportation of any such apprentice or servant, shall be fined five pounds, and all such damages as the court shall judge, and that the master or dame can make appear, and if not able, to be left to the judgment of the court. "Every inhabitant that shall harbor or entertain any such apprentice or servant, and knowing that he hath absented himself from his service, upon proof thereof, shall forfeit to the master or dame, ten shillings for every day's entertainment or concealment, and if not able to satisfy, then to be liable to the judgment of the court. " Concerning that beastly vice, drunkenness, it is hereby enacted, that if any person be found to be drunk, he shall pay one shilling fine for the first time, two shillings for the second, and for the third time, and for every time after two shillings, and six pence ; and sucn as have nothing to pay, shall suffer corporal pun ishment, and for those that are unruly and disturbers of the peace, they shall be put in the stocks until they are sober, or during the pleasure of the officer-in-chief in the place where he is drunk. ' ' This session of the assembly was commenced on the 26th and ended on the 30th of May, 1668. The next session was held at Elizabethtown, on Tuesday, the 3d of November, 1668, at which an act was passed requiring "all the soldiers in every town of the province, from sixteen years old to sixty, to train or be mustered at least four days in the year, and oftener if the chief military officer in the place see it needful, viz., two days in the spring and two days in the autumn, and that there shall be at least ten days between each training day ; any chief officer constituted and commissioned for that purpose, wittingly or willfully neglecting the same, shall forfeit for every day's neglect, twenty shillings to the public, and every soldier five shillings, and for half a day, two shillings and six pence, and for late coming, one shilling." Every town within the province was to have a brand-mark for their horses, to distinguish the horses of one town from another;, besides which every one was to have and, mark his horse or horses with his own particular brand-mark ; also, that every town shall have a horn brand-mark,' for all cattle from three years old and. 20 HISTORY OF TRENTON. upward. It was required that there should be an officer appointed ( by the governor in each town to brand and record every particu lar man's brand, and the age of each of them, as near as he could, with the color and all observable marks it had before the brand ing, whether on the ear or elsewhere, with the year and day of the month when branded, and to receive from the owner six pence for each horse, mare, or colt so branded and recorded ; and every one neglecting to have them branded was to be fined ten shillings for every default. The horses and cattle were to be branded with the same letter in each town ; that of Bergen, with the letter B ; Newark, with N; Elizabethtown, with E ; Woodbridge, with W ; Middletown, with M ; Shrewsbury, with S ; Delaware, with D ; Piscataqua, with P. The brand was to be fixed on the right buttock of horses, and on the right horn of cattle; the brander to have for cattle, two pence per head. The sale of horses of all kinds was to be recorded in the town book within ten days after the sale, and the recorder was to receive three-pence per head for every such sale, under a penalty of forty shillings for every default. Every town was required to provide an ordinary for the relief and entertainment of strangers, the keeper of which was to have a license from the secretary, and oblige himself to make sufficient provision of meat, drink, and lodging for strangers ; and for neglect in any of the towns, they were to forfeit forty shillings fine- to the country for every month's default after publication hereof. All persons were prohibited receiving or buying any cattle- whatsoever of any Indian- or Indians, whether swine, neat cattle, or horses, under the penalty of ten pounds. December 2d, 1675, it was enacted "that whosoever shall profane the Lord's Day, otherwise called Sunday, by any kind of servile work, unlawful recreations, or unnecessary travels on that day, not falling within the compass of works of mercy or necessity, either willfully or through careless neglect, shall be punished by fine, imprisonment, or corporally, according to the nature of the offence, at the judgment of the court, justice, or justices where the offence is committed.'' Any person falling under the fine of a penal law, no officer HISTORY OF TRENTON. 21 was allowed to lay destraint upon his or their arms or ammuni tions, plow-irons or chains, horses or cattle, as being so necessary to their livelihood. Blacksmiths, locksmiths, or any other persons were' forbidden to make, mend, or any way repair any Indian gun or guns, upon the penalty of paying for the first offence, after conviction, the sum of twenty shillings, and for the second offence, forty shillings, and for the third offence, to double the whole, and so to continue, which fines to be one-half to the informer, and the other half to the public use. April 6th, 1676, an act was passed requiring all weights and measures to be sealed, according to the standard of England, and for dry measure, according to Winchester measure. It was also ordered that the freeholders in every town choose a packer, to see that all meat in barrels for sale be good and merchantable, and well packed and salted, and to contain thirty- two gallons, and put his mark upon the cask or barrel, and to have for his pains of packing and marking of every such barrel, eight-pence. All leather was to pass under the hand of a sealer, and be approved by him, under a penalty of four-pence per hide. At a meeting of the general assembly, held at Woodbridge, October 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th, 1676, it was enacted that there be a "day of public thanksgiving, set apart throughout the whole province, to give God the glory and praise for the signal demonstration of His mercy and favor towards us in this colony, in the preserving and continuing our peace in the midst of wars round about us, together with many other mercies which we are sensible of, which call aloud for our acknowledg ment and thanksgiving to the Lord, and oblige us to live to His praise, and in His fear always. ' ' The laws of the general assembly were in force only one year, and conrequently at each yearly session the same laws were re-enacted. The salary of the governor was fixed, in the year 1675, at fifty pounds per year, and five shillings were allowed him for a seal. In 1676, the governor was allowed four shillings a day for traveling expenses, the council and deputies, three shillings 2a HtSTORY OF TRENTON. each per day, traveling expenses, and to continue during the time of their sitting. In 1679, the salary of the governor was fixed at two shillings per head for every male within the province from fourteen years old and upwards. A day of thanksgiving was appointed for "next Wednesday come three weeks: that will be the 26th of this instant, November." In 1681, a law was passed forbidding the sale of rum, brandy, wine, cider, strong beer, or any other intoxicating liquor to the Indians, under the penalty of twenty pounds for the first offence, and to be double for every offence after. Robert Barclay was appointed governor of East New Jersey for life, July 17th, 1683, and Gawn Lawrie, deputy governor, not exceeding seven years, commission dated July 27th, 1683. Jeremiah Basse was appointed governor, April 14th, 1698. At a session of the general assembly, held at Elizabethtown, on the first day of the month called March, 1682, the province was divided into four counties: "Bergen County, containing all the settlements between Hudson's fiver and Hackensack river, beginning at Constables- Hook, and so extended to the uppermost bounds of the province northward between the said rivers. "Essex, and the county thereof, to contain all the settlements between the west side of Hackensack river and the parting line between Woodbridge and Elizabeth Town, and so to extend westward and northward, to the utmost bounds of the province. "Middlesex County, to begin from the parting line between Essex county and Woodbridge line, containing Woodbridge and Piscataway, and all the plantations on both sides of the Raritan river, as far as Chesquake harbor eastward, extending south west to the division line of the province, and northwest to the utmost bounds of the province. "Monmouth County, to begin at the westward bounds of Middlesex county, containing Middletown and Shrewsbury, and to extend westward, southward, and northward, to the extreme bounds of the province ; provided, this distinction of the province: HISTORi OF TRENTON. 23 into counties do not extend to the infringement of any liberty in any court already granted." The sessions of the general assembly and the courts were held at Elizabethtown up to the 6th day of April, 1686,, and all the public records were kept there up to that time, when they were, by act of the general assembly, removed to the town of Amboy Perth, in the county of Middlesex, afterwards called New Perth. The courts were afterwards ordered to be held alternately at the town of Amboy Perth,, Piscataway, and Woodbridge. Somerset county was set off from Middlesex, May 14th, 1688. On the 28th of September, 1692, the legislature finding the act imposing a fine on persons selling liquors to the Indians was inef fectual to prevent that traffic, enacted that the penalty should be "for the first offence five lashes on the bare back, for the second offence ten lashes on the bare back, for the third, fifteen, for the fourth, twenty, and so many and no more for every such offence thereafter, to be inflicted by order of the court." In 1692, an act was passed authorizing the division of the several counties into townships, tribes, or divisions. In 1693, an act was Passed t0 establish schoolmasters within the province, "for the cultivation of learning and good manners, and for the good and benefit of mankind, which hath hitherto been much neglected within this province." In 1695, an act was passed regulating schools, in which each town was to choose three men yearly,, who were "to appoint and; agree with a schoolmaster, and to nominate and appoint the most convenient place or places where the school shall be kept from time to time, that as near as may be the whole inhabitants may have the benefit thereof." Concessions and agreements of the proprietors,Treeholders, and inhabitants of the province of West New Jersey were made 011 the 25 th day of March, 16.80,. confirming the contract and agreement made on the 2d day of March, 16.76, by William Penn, Gawn Lawrie, and Nicholas Lucas* unto. Thomas Hutch inson, Thomas Pearson, Joseph Helmsley,. George. Hutchinson, and Mahlon Stacy. . Samuel- Jennings was. deputy governor ini,6.8i» from the ajth 24 HISTORY OF TRENTON. of September, and was appointed governor the 14th of Novem ber, i68r. The laws of the province of West Jersey were almost precisely the same as those of East Jersey. The general assembly held their sessions at Burlington. The courts were held alternately at Burlington and Salem, they being the most populous towns in the province. In 1682, the legislature granted authority for the erection of public markets for the accommodation of the people ; the first market day was to be held at Burlington, to begin and take place the seventh day of the eighth month next ensuing, and at Salem, the seventeenth day of the same month. "The Seventh day, commonly called Saturday, weekly and every week, shall be the market day at Burlington, to be held there in the place formerly set forth for the market place ; and that the market for corn shall begin at the eleventh hour in the morning. "That the third day, called Tuesday, weekly and every week, shall be the market at Salem, to be held before the town landing, formerly appointed there for the market place, and that the market for corn shall begin at the eleventh hour in the morning." For the encouraging, learning, and for the better education of youth, it was enacted that the island called Matininuck, late in the possession of Robert Stacy, with all and every the appurten ances, was given to remain for the use of the town of Burlington for the maintaining of a school for the education of youth within the said town. In 1683, the assembly gave to Thomas Budd and Francis Collins one thousand acres of land (parts of the land tb be purchased of the Indians above the falls), for the building of a market-house and court-house at Burlington: Samuel Jennings was, by the free election and vote of the assembly sitting at Burlington, chosen governor of the province on the nth of March, 1683. His previous appointment was by the lords proprietors. The assembly gave him six hundred acres of land, to be had and taken up above the falls, (after th3 HISTORY OF TRENTON. 25 purchase thereof was made from the Indians) with three years' time to settle the same.* The first representatives of West Jersey were Thomas Ollive, (speaker), Mahlon Stacy, Joshua Wright, John Lambert, Thomas Lambert, f William Emley, Godfrey Hancock, Daniel Leeds, Thomas Wright, Samuel Borden,J Robert Stacy, Thomas Budd, Daniel Wills, Thomas Gardner, John Cripps, John White, John Chaffen, Bernard Devenish, Isaac Merriott, William Peachee, William Cooper, Mark Newbie, Thomas Chackeray, Robert Zame, Samuel Nevill, Richard Guy, Marke Reeves, Richard Hancock, John Smith, John Pledger, Edward Wade, George Deacon, Samuel Hedge, Andrew Thompson, Thomas Revell, (clerk). At the session held at Burlington, July 7th, 1683, it was resolved and unanimously agreed upon by the assembly, that the governor be chairman or speaker, and that he sit as one of the assembly, together with the council, and the chairman to have two votes, or a double vote. On the 20th day of March, 1684, Thomas Ollive was chosen governor. September 25th, 1685, John Skene was chosen deputy governor. November 3d, 1692, Andrew Hamilton was chosen governor. Previous to 1693, West Jersey had been divided into three counties, Burlington, Salem, and Falls, and these were sub divided into ten-tenths. By an act of the assembly of that year Cape May county was formed. Gloucester county was formed in 1694, and at the same session the boundaries of Salem county were more particularly set forth. At the same session an act was passed for the inhabitants above St. Pink or the River Derwent to belong to Burlington county; they had previously belonged to Monmouth county. At the session of May 12th, 1696, a bill was passed, called a * All, the lands in New Jersey were purchased from the Indians, and none •were taken except by purchase. f From whom Lamberton was named. X From whom Bordentown took its name. C 2 6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. qualifying bill, requiring officers who were not free to take am oath to sign the following declaration of fidelity and profession of the Christian faith : " I, A B, do sincerely promise and solemnly declare, that I will be true and faithful to William, King of England, and the government of this province of West New Jersey; and I do- solemnly profess and declare, that I do from my heart abhor, detest, and renounce, as impious and heretical, that damnable doctrine and position, that princes ex-communicated or deprived by the Pope, or any authority of the See of Rome, may be deprived or murdered by their subjects, or any other what soever. And I also declare, that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or potentate hath, or ought to have, any power,. jurisdiction, superiority, pre-eminence, or authority, ecclesias tical or spiritual, within this realm." the christian belief. "I, A B, profess faith in God, the Father, and in Jesus. Christ, his Eternal Son, the true God, and in the Holy Spirit,' one God blessed forever more ; and do acknowledge the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments to be given by Divine; Inspiration." j The tax ordered at this session to be raised for the payment^ and discharge of the provincial debt was one penny per acre of land cleared, improved, and fenced, meadow only excepted ; six-| pence upon every hundred acres surveyed and unimproved land/ six-pence per head upon all neat cattle from one year old and upwards ; twelve-pence per head upon every horse and mare one year old and upwards; six-pence per head for every hog or swine that any person should sell, convey, or dispose of, living or dead ; one penny per head for every sheep ; and also all person's.;! keeping or owning negroes should pay for every negro of ten years of age and upwards, two shillings and six-pence. Those refusing to pay, or giving in a false account, or concealing and not giving in a negro, were to be fined six shillings; for every head of such beast not given in, ten shillings ; for every acre of land improved, two-pence ; and for every hundred acres of land unimproved, nine-pence. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2? Previous to 1694, each tenth chose ten representatives for the provincial assembly, making one hundred representatives in all, which was according to the concessions of the lords proprietors. After the year 1694 they were divided into counties. Burlington county comprised two-tenths ; Gloucester county, two-tenths ; and Salem county, one-tenth. Burlington county had twenty members; Gloucester county, twenty; Salem, ten; and Cape May, five. In the year 1696 this number was considered superfluous, and the representation was made, for Burlington, ten; Gloucester, ten; Salem, five; and Cape May, three; making in all, twenty- eight members. In the year 1700, the assembly enacted, "that any person or persons that shall break into any house, out-house, or barn, in the day-time or in the nighty and shall steal any goods or merchandise to the value of one shilling or upwards, upon being convicted thereof, shall (besides making the restitution of four fold) for. the first offence receive thirty-nine stripes upon the bare back, and being convicted a second time, shall have burnt with a hot iron upon his, her, or their forehead a Roman T, added to the above punishment, and being convicted a third time, shall be burned with a hot iron in the cheek with the Roman letter T, suffer a twelve months' close imprisonment, and be kept to hard labor, only having a sufficiency of diet, and corrected by being whipt with thirty-nine stripes on the bare back once in every month during the said term of one year. ' ' After the first offence, if the offender begged transportation, the judge or justice of the Supreme Court was to allow it to him or her. After being transported, in case they returned within seven years, they were to be apprehended, and not only make restitu tion four-fold, but to receive thirty-nine stripes, and be branded with the Roman letter T on the forehead. At the session of May 12th, 1701, the law reducing the repre sentatives to twenty-eight was repealed, and the old law allowing them fifty-five, re-enacted. On the 15th day of April 1702, the proprietors of the provinces of East and West Jersey surrendered to Queen Anne all the powers and authorities in them vested in said provinces, 28 HISTORY OF TRENTON. previous application having been made to that end August 12th, 1701. This surrender was signed by twenty-five of the proprietors of East Jersey, and by thirty-two of West Jersey. The surrender was accepted by the Queen, at the Court of St. James, the r 7th day of April, 1 702, before the final articles of surrender could have reached England. On the 16th day of November, 1702, Edward Lord Cornbury (Edward Hyde) was appointed governor of the consolidated province.* The assembly was ordered to sit alternately at Perth Amboy and Burlington, and to consist of twenty-four representatives, to be chosen, two by the inhabitants, householders of the city or town of Perth Amboy ; two by the inhabitants, householders of the city and town of Burlington;. ten by the freeholders of East New Jersey, and ten by the freeholders of West New Jersey. *His commission bears date December 5th, 1702. CHAPTER III. First pdtent — When granted — Extent of land contained therein — Reservations made by the Crown — Pretended claim of the Dutch and Swedes — New Jersey — IVlien set off from New York — Extent of East and West Jersey — First purchases — Considera tion paid for lands — First settlement at Burlington — Flood at Delaware falls — Littleworth, the original name of Trenton. ALTHOUGH the English had very early made the discovery of North America, a considerable time elapsed before any advantages accrued. Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1584, was the first Englishman who attempted to plant a colony in it.* In this year he obtained a patent from Queen Elizabeth, for him and his heirs, to discover and possess forever, under the crown of England, all such countries and lands as were not then possessed by any Christian prince, or inhabited by any Christian people. This was the first patent granted to Sir Walter Raleigh. Encouraged by this grant, Raleigh and other partners at divers times fitted out ships, and settled a colony at Roanore,f in Virginia; but, notwithstanding various attempts, they met with *That is, a regular colony under grants. Sir Armigell Wadd, of Yorkshire, a clerk of the Council of Henry VIII., and Edward VI., and author of a Book of Travels, was the first Englishman that made discoveries in America. H. Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, vol. ii, Catalogue of Engravers, pp. 18, 19. f Now Roanoke, in Virginia. At that time the country was divided into but two great divisions; the first or southern division was granted to the London company, and the second or northern division, to the Hymouth company. The portion of territory to which the name of Virginia was given extended-from «re thirty-fourth- to- the foBty-fifth degree of north latitude. MulforoTs History, p. 26: C* -0 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. such discouragements that no great improvements were made until sometime afterwards. In the year 1606, King James, without any regard to Raleigh's right, granted a new patent of Virginia, in which was included New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Mary land. From Queen Elizabeth's time to the time of this patent, the whole country bore the name of Virginia, which was given it by Raleigh, in honor of the virgin queen of England, as some say, though others claim that it took its rise from the fact of its never having been settled before — being virgin soil. The patentees were Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hakluyt, (clerk), Edward Maria Wingfield, Thomas Hanham, and Raleigh Gilbert, Esqs., William Parker, George Popham,* and others. The extent of the land granted was from thirty-four to forty-five degrees north latitude, with all the islands lying within one hundred miles of the coast. Two distinct colonies were to be planted by virtue of this patent, and the property invested in two different bodies of adventurers, the first to belong to Somers, Hakluyt, and Wingfield, under title of the London adventurers, or the London company, and was to reach from thirty-four to forty-one degrees, with all lands, woods, mines, minerals, &c. The other colony was to reach from the end of the first, to forty- five degrees ; granting the same privileges to Hanham, Gilbert, Parker, and Popham, under the name of the Plymouth company, with liberty to both companies to take as many partners as they pleased ; forbidding others to plant within those colonies without their license ; only reserving the fifth-part of all gold and silver mines, and the fifteenth-part of copper, to the use of the crown. The London company, by virtue of this grant, fitted out several ships, with artificers of every kind, and all things requisite for a new settlement, which sailed for America and planted a colony there, but in the year 1623, there were so many complaints made of bad management, that on inquiry, a quo warranto was issued against the patent, and after a trial had in * Lord Chief Justice of England. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3I the King's bench, it was declared forfeited;* after which Virginia remained for a long time under the immediate direction of the crown. In the year the patent was granted, the Plymouth company also attempted to make a settlement, but with no great success until about the year 1620, when they sent fresh recruits from England, under the command of Captain Standish, who arrived at Cape Cod, in the latitude of forty-two degrees, and having turned the Cape, found a commodious harbor, opposite the point at the mouth of the bay, at the entry of which were two islands well stocked with wood. Here they built a town which they called Plymouth. About this time, the colonies in New England were much augmented by multitudes of dissenters, who, thinking this a good opportunity of enjoying liberty of conscience, offered their services to the Plymouth company, and the grand patent being delivered up to the king, particular patents were granted to the Lord Musgrave, the Duke of Richmond, the Earl of Carlisle, and Lord Edward Gorges, and new colonies were planted in divers places on this continent. From what has been said, it is evident that the colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were in cluded in the great patent last mentioned ; but that becoming void, the crown was at liberty to re-grant the same to others. But it does not appear that any part of those provinces was settled by virtue thereof; nor indeed was any distinct discovery of them made until many years afterwards. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and other lands adjacent, notwithstanding the ancient right of the crown of England, deduced as aforesaid, had two pretenders to them — the Dutch and the Swedes. The claim the former set up was under color of a discovery made in the year 1609, by Henry Hudson, an Englishman by birth, and commander of a ship called the Half-Moon, fitted out from Holland by the East India company, for the purpose of discovering, by a northwest passage, a nearer way to China. * Other accounts say the patent was dissolved by the King's proclamation in 1624, and that though a quo warranto was issued against it, no determina tion followed in the courts of justice. 22 HISTORY OF TRENTON. In this voyage he sailed up to the place now called New York, and up the river, which he called Hudson's river, and returning sometime after to Amsterdam, the Dutch pretended to have purchased the chart, he made of the American coast, and having obtained a patent from the states in the year 1614, to trade in New England, they settled ; in New York, which place they called New Netherland, and kept possession until Sir Samuel Argole, governor of Virginia, disputed their title, alleging that the country having been discovered by an Englishman, in right of his master, he could not suffer it to be alienated from the crown without the king's consent. He therefore compelled the Dutch colony to submit to him, and to hold it under the English. Soon after, a new governor coming from Amsterdam, they not only neglected to pay their usual acknowledgment to the governor of Virginia, but in the year 1623, fortified their colony by building several forts : one on the Delaware, (by them called South river), near Gloucester, in New Jersey, which they named Fort Nassau; a second on Hudson's (the North river), in the province of New York, which they named Fort Orange, and a third on Connecticut river, (by them called Tresh river), which they named the Hirsse of 'Good Hope. Having examined into the Dutch claim to this continent, let us look for a moment at that set up by their neighbors, the Swedes. In the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, in the year 1626, an eminent merchant, William Useling, who had visited this country, on his return gave a glowing description of it, applauded its fruitful and fertile lands as abounding with all the necessaries of life, and by many arguments he endeavored to persuade the Swedes to settle a colony here. Literally carried away by the glowing descriptions given by Useling, Gustavus issued a proclamation at Stockholm, exhorting his subjects to contribute to a company associated for the purposes aforesaid. This company was very soon formed, and called the West India company, and was confirmed by Gustavus. In a general convention assembled the year following, large sums of money were raised to carry on the intended settlement, of which the king, the lords of the council, the chief of his barons, HISTORY OF TRENTON. 33 knights, coronets, principal officers in his militia, bishops, elergy, and many of the common people of Sweden, Finland, and Liffland, contributed. In 1627, the Swedes and Finns accordingly came over hither. Their first landing was at Cape Inlopen (now called Henlopen). Here they were so well pleased with the sight presented that they called it Paradise Point. Sometime after they purchased ¦of some Indians, (but whether of such as had the proper right to ¦convey we are not informed), the land from Cape Inlopen to the falls of the Delaware, on both sides of the river. These falls laid opposite, or rather on the west of the city of Trenton — hence, •what is now the city of Trenton was included in that purchase. The Delaware was called by them New Swedeland stream ; and they made presents to the Indian chiefs in order to obtain peaceable possession of the lands they had already purchased. But the Dutch continuing their pretensions, in 1630, one David Petersz de Vries built a fort within the capes of Dela ware, on the west, about two leagues from Cape Cornelius, at what is now called Lewistown, which was then called by the name of Hoarkill. In 1 63 1, the Swedes also built- a fort on the west of Delaware, to which they gave the name of Christeen, the ruins of which are still visible. This fort was erected near Wilmington, from which the name of the noted creek, Christiana, is derived. A small town was here laid out by Peter Lindstrom, their engineer, and here they first settled, but although this settlement was afterwards demolished by the Dutch, yet in 18 10, Christiana township, including the village of the same name, numbered six thousand six hundred and ninety-eight inhabitants, and in 1820, eight thousand three hundred and thirty-five inhabitants. On an island called Tinicum, sixteen miles above Christiana, and on the Delaware, below the mouth of Darby creek, about six miles below Philadelphia, the Swedes erected another fort, which they called New Gottemburgh. • On the 2d of September, 1655, the Dutch besieged Christiana fort and town, and destroyed New Gottemburgh, together with all the houses that were outside the fort. From this time till the year 1664, New Sweden and New ^4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Netherland continued in possession and under government of the Dutch, who had built a city on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of Hudson's river, which they named New Amsterdam, (New York) and the river they sometimes called the Great river. About one hundred and fifty miles up, they built a fort and called it Orange (Albany) ; from thence they drove a profitable trade with the Indians, who came overland as far as from Quebec to deal with them. The first bounds of New York were Maryland on the south, the main land as far as could be discovered westward, the river of Canada, (now St. Lawrence) northward, and New England eastward. We have now arrived at that. period when, by the grants made, this province was reduced into a much smaller compass. That province now called New Jersey* was by one of these grants set off from New York. It was probably called New Jersey in honor of Sir George Carteret, one of the proprietors, and a Jerseyman. The Duke of York being seized, did, on the 23d and 24th days of June, 1664, in consideration of a "competent sum of money, grant aad convey unto Lord John Berkley, Baron of Stratton, and unto Sir George Carteret, of Saltrum, in the county of Devon, to their heirs and assigns forever, all that tract of land adjacent to New England, west of Long Island and Manhattan's Island, and bounded on the east by the main sea, a part of Hudson's river ; on the west by the Delaware bay and river, extending southward to the main ocean, as far as Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware bay, and north by the northernmost branch of said bay or river of Delaware, which is in forty-one degrees and forty minutes of latitude, in a straight line to Hudson's river, said tract of land hereafter to be called Nova Caesarea or New Jersey; and also all rivers, mines, minerals,' woods, fishings, hawkings, huntings, and fowlings ; and all other royalties, profits, commodities, and hereditaments what soever to the lands and premises belonging or in anywise apper- *It was said to have borne for some time the name of New Canary, and afterwards Nova Caesarea, or New Jersey. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 35 taining, with their and every of their appurtenances, in as full and ample a manner, as the same is granted unto the Duke of York by the before recited letters patent. ' ' Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, under this first grant, became sole proprietors, and so continued till the province became divided in 1676. Sir George Carteret then became the sole proprietor of the eastern division. The county of Bergen was the first settled place. A great many Dutch being already there when the province was first surrendered, remained under the English government. A few Danes were probably concerned in the original settlement of this county, from whence came Bergen, after the capital of Norway. In 1664, John Bailey, Daniel Denton, and Luke Watson, of Jamaica, Long Island, purchased of certain Indian chiefs, inhab itants of Staten Island, a tract or tracts of land, on part of which the town of Elizabeth now stands, and for which, on their petition, Governor Richard Nicholls, granted a deed or patent to John Baker, of New York, John Ogden, of Northampton, John Bailey and Luke Watson, and their associates, dated at Fort James, in New York, the 2d of December. This is what is- commonly called the Elizabethtown grant. Numbers of industrious, reputable farmers, most of whom were English residents of Long Island, fixed their residences about Middletown, from whence by degrees they extended their settlements to Freehold and thereabouts. To Shrewsbury, there came many families from New Eng land, and there were very soon four towns in the province,. Elizabeth, Newark, Middletown, and Shrewsbury, and these with the country around, were in a few years plentifully inhabited by the accession of the Scotch; and many came from England, besides those of the Dutch that remained in the colony. Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret appointed Philip Carteret governor of the colony of New Jersey, and gave him power, by advice of a majority of the council, to grant lands to all such as by the concessions were entitled thereto, and though there is no provision in the concessions for bargaining with the ,6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Indians,* Governor Carteret, on his arrival, thought it prudent to purchase their rights. Governor Carteret did not arrive to take charge of the govern ment till 1665, up to which time the province was under Richard Nicholl's administration, then governor of New York. Governor Carteret, on his arrival, took up his residence at Elizabethtown, which it is said he named after Elizabeth, wife of Sir George Carteret, his brother. He invited others to settle in the province, by sending ambas sadors throughout New England, to which many responded and soon came and settled, some at Elizabethtown, others at Woodbridge, Piscataway, and Newark. Thus the province of East New Jersey increased in settlements and continued to grow until the Dutch invasion in 1673, when they took possession of the country and put a stop to the English government, f Philip Carteret remained governor till his death in 1682. During his lifetime the general assemblies and supreme courts sat at Elizabethtown. In 1675, a few passengers arrived from England for West Jersey. One-half of the province at this time belonged to Lord Berkley, while the other half was sold to John Fenwick, in trust for Edward Billinge and his assigns. The same year Fenwick sailed from London in a ship called the Griffith, and landed at a rich and pleasant spot near Dela ware, which he called Salem, from the peaceable aspect which it bore. He brought his two daughters over with him, besides a number of servants, two of whom, Samuel Hedge and John Adams, married. Among the passengers who came with Fenwick, were Edward *This in 1672 was supplied by particular instructions, directing that the governor and council should purchase all lands from the Indians, and be reimbursed by the settlers as they made their purchases. f Governor Andross, of York, in 1680, undertook to dispute the title of Carteret as governor of Jersey. He therefore sent an armed force to Eliza bethtown, seized and carried him prisoner to New York, on pretence of his: commission not being a good one. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 37 Champness, Edward Wade, Samuel Wade, John Smith and wife, Samuel Nicholls, Richard Guy, Richard Noble, Richard Han cock, John Pledger, Hipolite Lufever, and John Matlock. These, and others with them, were masters of families. This is the first ship that came to West Jersey, and none followed for nearly two years, owing probably to a difference between Fenwick and Billinge. But this difference was settled to the satisfaction of both parties by the good offices of William Penn. Articles of concession were agreed upon and signed by a number of inhabitants of West Jersey, which were confirmed by a letter dated "London, 26th of 6th Month, 1676." Article ist described the boundary of the new concession, as follows : "We have divided with Sir George Carteret and have sealed deeds of partition each to the other, and we have all that side on Delaware river from one end to the other ; the line of partition is from the east side of Little Egg Harbor, straight , north, through the country to the utmost branch of Delaware river, with all powers, privileges, and immunities whatsoever ; ours is called New West Jersey; his is called New East Jersey." This, with four additional articles relating to the partition of the colony, was signed by Gawn Lawrie, William Penn, Nicholas Lucas, E. Billinge, John Eldridge, and Edmond Warner. In 1677, two companies of Quakers, one in Yorkshire and one in London, made purchase of some of the West Jersey lands, and sent out the following commissioners to purchase the lands of the Indians. (It may be worthy of remark here, that none of the land in Jersey was ever taken from the Indians, except by purchase, satisfaction being rendered therefor on all sides). The commissioners above named were Thomas Ollive, Daniel Wills, John Kinsey, John Penford, Joseph Helmsley, Robert Stacy, Benjamin Scott, Richard Guy,* and Thomas Foulke. They fitted out a sailing vessel called the Kent, and landed their passengers, two hundred in number, at Raccoon * Richard Gay came in the first ship; John Kinsey died at Shackamaxon soon after landing ; his remains were interred at Burlington in land appro priated for a burial ground, but now a street. 3g HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. creek, while the commissioners sailed around to a place they called Chygoes Island,* afterwards Burlington. Their first purchase through their Swedish interpreters, Israel- Helmes, Peter Rambo, and Lacy Cock, extended from Timber creek to Rancocas creek, and another from Oldman's creek to Timber creek. After this they got Henrie Jacobson Falconbre to be their interpreter, and purchased from Rancocas creek to Assunpink.f But when they had agreed upon this last purchase they had not Indian goods sufficient to pay the consideration, yet gave them, what they had to get the deed signed. J They were, however, * From Chygoe, an Indian sachem who lived there. f Meaning Stony creek. % The deed for the lands between Rancocas creek and Timber creek bears date the loth of September, 1667 ; that for the land from Oldman's creek to Timber creek the 27th of September, 1677; and that from Rancocas creek to Assunpink the 10th of October, 1677. By the consideration paid for the lands between Oldman's and Timber creek a judgment may be formed of the rest. It consisted of thirty match-coats, twenty guns, thirty kettles and one great one, thirty pairs of hose, twenty fathoms of duffelds, thirty petticoats, thirty narrow hoes, thirty bare of lead, fifteen small barrels of powder, seventy knives, three Indian axes, seventy combs, sixty pairs of tobacco tongs, sixty scissors, sixty tinshaw looking-glasses, one hundred and twenty awl-blades, one hundred and twenty fish-hooks, two grasps of red paint, one hundred and twenty needles, sixty tobacco-boxes, one hundred and twenty pipes, two hundred bells, one hundred jewshaips, and six anchors of rum. In the year 1703, another purchase was made by the council of proprietors of West Jersey of lands lying above the falls of Delaware ; another was also made about that time of lands at the head of Rancocas river, and several purchases afterwards, included the whole of the lands worth taking up in West Jersey, except a few plantations reserved to the Indians. An Indian sachem, called King Charles, laid ah English right on *. large plantation at Weekpink, in the county of Burlington, which was so contrived as to remain inalienable from his posterity forever. At a meeting of the council of proprietors held at Burlington the 2d day of November, 1703, present — George Deacon (president), Samuel Jennings, Thomas Gardener, Christopher Wetherall, and John Reading, it was ordered that John Wills, William Biddle, jun., and John Reading, should go up to the Indians above the falls, and par ticularly to Caponockous and to Nimhammoe's wigmam, to treat with them, and to have the bounds of the lands lately purchased from the Indians properly laid out, and to get from them deeds for the same. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 39 obliged to agree with the Indians not to settle till the remainder was paid. These commissioners, by mutual consent, laid out and settled New Beverly, which they afterwards called Bridlington, but soon changed it to Burlington. The town was divided into tenths between the London and Yorkshire companies. Several of the first settlers of the Yorkshire tenth in West Jersey had built upon the lowlands, near the falls of Delaware, in the year 1676, where they lived for about sixteen years, improving to a considerable extent their habitations and lands. They had been told by the Indians that their buildings were liable to be damaged by freshets, and the low situation of the place must have made it probable. They had, however, got up several wooden tenements and out-houses, which in the spring of 1692, were generally demolished. The snows suddenly melting above caused an uncommon overflow of the river, which came upon them so unexpectedly that many houses were surrounded with water and their inhabitants saved from destruction by the neighbors, who seeing their perilous condition, came with their canoes and landed them on the shore opposite. The water continued rising till it reached the upper stories of some of the houses, then most or all of them gave way and were dashed to pieces ; many cattle were drowned, and beds, kettles, and other furniture were picked up on the shores below. The inhabitants were very much terrified, and considerable damage was done. Two persons in a house were carried away by the sweeping cur rent and lost their lives before they could be rescued. By this accident the owners were taught to fix their habitations on higher grounds. This they called the great flood at Delaware falls. It has been asserted that the first settlement of Trenton was called by the Indians Littleworth, in consequence of its liability to be destroyed by a flood in the river. My impression, how ever, is, that the inhabitants never recognized it as the name of the town. Mahlon Stacy, who was one of the first purchasers of land here, in letters written in 1680, dates them from "the Falls ¦of Delaware." Rev. Dr. Cooley, who is supposed to have been the author of a series of articles published in the " State Gazette" 40 HISTORY OF TRENTON. of this city, some years ago, and from which articles I have obtained considerable information for this and subsequent chapters, stated that he had seen a deed of two lots lying east of Greene street, between Second street (now State) and the Assanpink, which were described as "being in Littleworth." If the inhabitants ever called any part of Trenton by that name it must have, been the lowlands between Front street and the creek, as it is but a few years since that was low meadow ground and has been overflowed by freshets within the memory of most of our citizens, and has within a few years been filled up until it has attained its present condition, being made ground. We are not prepared to dispute its being the name of the town at its earliest settlement, but have grave doubts of such being the fact. CHAPTER IV. First settlers of Yorkshire tenth, northern part of Hopewell township — When taken up — Trenton and Ewing — Location — Population — Religious institution's, etc. — Lands in Trenton and Hopewell. THE province of Nova Cassarea or New Jersey was included in the original grant made by Charles II. King of England, to his brother James, the Duke of York, on the 20th of March, 1664,* and in June of the same year, the Duke of York conveyed it tq Lord John Berkley and Sir George Carteret, jointly. The province was called Nova Cassarea or New Jersey from the name of the Isle of Jersey, in the English channel, the country of Sir •George Carteret. On the 6th of August, 1680, the Duke of York relinquished by deed his claim of ownership to the province of West New Jersey . at th; -ame time he reserved the right of government, and accordingly chose Edward Billinge as governor of that province, and Philip Carteret was chosen governor of East Jersey. The Quakers of West New Jersey, who were now the proprie tors, had established a liberal government, and had placed * Previous to 1752, the year commenced on the 25th of March, conse quently the time between the 1st day of January and that day was reckoned with tlie former year, and was usually expressed by a double date. An instru ment, for instance, bearing date January 15th, 1640, according to our calendar, would be expressed January 15th, 1639-40; sometimes only 1639. The day of the month by the new style may be ascertained by omitting ten days in the seventeenth century, eleven days in the eighteenth century, and twelve days in the nineteenth century. The alteration was made in England by a statute passed in 1751, to take effect in January, 1752, which authorized the omission of the eleven intermediate days of the calendar — from the 2d to the 14th of that month. 42 HISTORY OF TRENTON. their civil and religious liberties upon a foundation that promised to stand. William Penn, with eleven associates, some of whom were already concerned in New Jersey, became the purchasers of Carteret's province. The deeds of lease and release (which are yet in existence), were made to the purchasers on the ist and 2d of February, 1681-2. The new proprietors proceeded at once to appoint a governor, 'and their choice for this office fell upon Robert Barclay, of Urie, in Scotland, a member of their own body. After the London commissioners, who came over in the Kent, had laid out the town of Burlington, on the Delaware river, the Yorkshire commissioners, consisting of Joseph Helmsley, Robert Stacy, and William Emley, chose the purchase from the Assan- pink,* or Falls of the Delaware, to Ancocas or Rancocas creek. In November of this year, two ships arrived with passengers, the "Willing Mind,"f from London, and the "Fly Boat Martha," from Hull, with one hundred and fourteen passengers, who settled on the Yorkshire tract. In 1678, on the 10th of December, the "Shield" arrived from Hull. This was the first ship that had ever ascended the river as far as Burlington. She moored to a tree, and the next morning after they arrived the passengers went ashore on the ice. J Among the emigrants who came in this vessel were Mahlon Stacy, Thomas Potts, Thomas Lambert,§ Thomas Newell, and Thomas Wood, With their families; Godfrey Newbold, John Newbold, and Mr. Barnes, merchant, from Hull, Richard Green, and John Heyers.||. * This creek is called in the public records, Derwent, St. Pink, Sun Pink, Assunpink, (meaning stony creek, from its gravelly bottom) and Assanpink, its present name. \ SAme of those Who came in this ship settled at Burlington. 1 Gordon, p. 40. \ Thomas Lambert purchased and settled at Lamberton, and from him the plaee derives its name. These three persons will figure largely in the history of Trenton. || Gordon and Smith's History, p. 109. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 43 Mahlon Stacy took up a tract of land of eight hundred acres, lying on both sides of the Assanpink, but principally on the north side of the creek.* Several of the first emigrants settled on the lowlands at the Falls of the Delaware. The country in the vicinity of the Assanpink was for some time known as the Falls, or Falls of the Delaware. Mahlon Stacy, in writing to his friends in England, dates his letter from the Falls of the Delaware, in West Jersey, the 26th of the fourth month, i68o.f He lived in a log house near the residence of Edward H. Stokes, Esq. This year (1680) Mahlon Stacy completed his grist mill, which he built with hewn logs, on the south bank of the Assan pink creek, in Kingsbury (now Broad) street, on the same spot where the large paper mill owned by Henry McCall, Esq., now stands. This mill was built but one and a half stories high, with a gable facing the street. -Judge William Trent purchased it about the year 1690, and rebuilt it of stone, two stories high. William Trent, the first Chief Justice of New Jersey, died on the 25th of December, 1724. He was several years a member, and part of the time speaker of the house of assembly; and being a large trader at Trenton, when the place was laid out for a town, it took its name from him. He had been also speaker of the assembly of Pennsylvania, and bore the character of a gen tleman. He die'd in Philadelphia. J About the same year that Mahlon Stacy built his grist mill on the Assanpink, Mr. Thomas Ollive built and completed a grist mill on his plantation, on Rancocas creek. These two mills Were the only' ones which' supplied the country for miles around, and for several years after were the only ones in New Jersey. In the year 1681, a law was passed to measure the front of the river Delaware, from St. Pink to Cape May, in order to divide *This tract lay between the old York road (now Greene street) and the Delaware river, and between State and Ferry streets, and extended into what is now Hamilton township on the south side of the creek. Lambert's purchase was south of Ferry street. ¦j- Smith's History, p. 1 14. \ Smith's History, p. 419. , HIS TOP Y OF TRENTON. it into ten proprietaries, each proprietor to have his proportion on the front of the river, and to extend back into the woods, so as to contain sixty-four thousand acres, and each proprietary was to be divided into ten equal parts.* At this division the first proprietary, or Yorkshire tenth, extended from the Assanpink, where it empties into the Dela ware, west of the Warren street bridge, south to the Rancocas creek, in Burlington county, and east into the woods, so as to contain in each proprietary sixty-four thousand acres of land. At that time the main land extended nearly opposite Cox's mill,f at the mouth of the Assanpink, so as to include the Island of Sand, or Gravelly Island. And even within the memory of some of our oldest inhabitants, crops of wheat and corn have been raised on these lowlands, now covered with water. The name of LittleworthJ was given to the lands lying on the north of the Assanpink, and belonging to Mr. Stacy's purchase. We were informed by the late Rev. Dr. Cooley that there is a map in the secretary of state's office of two lots lying east of Greene street, between Second street (now State) and the creek, "being in Littleworth. "§ It is not known to how large an extent of country this term applied, but it is supposed by some persons that the settlement mentioned above was at the south end of the village of Lam- berton ; but in the absence of authentic records to substantiate the supposition, the name of Littleworth is not mentioned in any known writing which relates to property in that place. But I am inclined to the belief that if known to the inhabitants by this name at all, it took in all the lands south of Second (now State) street, north of the Assanpink creek, and east of the Delaware river, while others suppose it to have meant only the * Learning & Spicer, p. 436. f The ruins of Cox's mill are still standing, a short distance south of the paper mill late Gaunt & Derrickson's. It was about thirty by thirty-eight feet, and built of stone. % Smith's New Jersey. \ These are the only records we are able to find to substantiate the name. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 4S tract of Country in the immediate vicinity of the Assanpink creek, west of Greene street. The land which lay north of .Mahlon Stacy's eight hundred acre tract on the Delaware, was taken up by Nathaniel Petit, and is at present part of what was known a few years back as the Rutherford estate. Adjoining this tract were the lands of Peter Fretwell, William Spencer, and Joshua Ely, now owned by E. J. C. Atterbury, Esq., (late the Dickinson estate), General Thomas Cadwallader, the children of the late Mr. John Dean, the property of Henry McCall, Esq., and formerly Robert McCall, Esq. , the latter of which was part of the Rutherford estate, and the former part of the Dean property. The Dean property was purchased of Joshua Ely by Mr. John Dean, in January, 1709, and was part of Hutchinson's manor. From the northwest corner of the Dickinson farm (or Mr. Spencer's land, now Mr. Atterbury's), on the river, commenced Thomas Hutchinson's manor, above mentioned. The first survey of twenty-five hundred acres was in June, 1687, and the addition of twenty-five hundred acres was surveyed in 1689, when the lands were taken up. This tract extended north on the Delaware between three and four miles, and back from the river so as to include about five thousand acres ; and from the northwestern boundary of Hutchinson's land on the Dela ware, the society tract commenced, containing ten thousand acres, surveyed in May, 1699. How far the western boundary of this tract extended northerly on the river is not at present definitely known. The Hutchinson manor-house was on the farm on which the State Lunatic Asylum now stands, formerly owned by John Titus, Esq. All these lands, with most, if not all, the other tracts, were included in what was, as early as 1699, known as the township of Hopewell, and which was bounded by the Assanpink on the south, by the line of division between East and West Jersey on the east, and by the present boundary of the township of Hopewell on the north. At what time this tract of country received the name of Hope well I am not informed. A part of the plantation belonging to the Dean family was deeded by Jonathan Eldredge, of Burling- 46 HISTORY OF TRENTON. ton, to Moses Petit, of Hopewell, in the township of Nottingham, in 1695. In 1683, the general assembly gave to Governor Jennings six hundred acres of land, above the Falls, in consideration of his necessary charges as governor, " when the lands shall have been purchased of the Indians."* This shows that at the commence ment of the seventeenth century the country above the falls had not been purchased or settled. Very few settlements had been made in the township at the commencement of the last century, with the exception of those made on the lowlands above the Assanpink, in 1676, and which were totally destroyed by the flood in 1692, already mentioned. After this disaster the buildings which were erected in the vicinity of the Assanpink were built on the south side of the creek. That spot of ground immediately adjoining the creek on the south was called Kingsbury, afterwards Kensington Hill; but when it became a manufacturing place of some note, the name was again changed to Mill Hill, which name it continued to bear until it was incorporated with Bloomsbury and made the borough of South Trenton. There are yet standing some of the old buildings erected at the opening of the nineteenth century, among which we may mention the house at the corner of Broad and Second streets, late the property of John Pearson, deceased ; the Eagle Tavern, on the corner of Broad and Ferry streets; a stone house in Broad street, on the west side, south of Market street, belonging to George James, where Daniel Fenton at one time kept a book store ; a frame house in the same street, nearly opposite the latter, lately owned by Miss Catherine Riley; a stone house belonging to Mrs. Jane Kite, and now occupied as a looking- glass and picture-frame store, on the east side of Broad street, north of Market street ; a frame house nearly opposite, belonging to the German Lutheran Church, and occupied as a parsonage by Rev. George F. Gardiner, formerly belonging to the heirs of Captain Alexander Douglass, deceased, a revolutionary patriot, E Learning & Spicer, p. 471. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 47 and noted as the place where General Washington held a council of war on the evening of the 2d of January, 1777, at which time they resolved to surprise the enemy by falling on their rear; the stone house near the corner of Broad and Factory streets, late the property of Daniel Lodor, deceased, which, in the year 1850, he converted into two stores, and put in brick fronts. These buildings were erected by George Bright, a baker, in the year 1756, who, at the same time, erected a stone bake house directly opposite his residence, which was a few years since taken down. It was located between the paper mill and the building now standing on the south of it. On the end of the bakery was a grey stone tablet, bearing the inscription, G. B., 1756. This same tablet can now be seen embedded in the wall of the large paper mill belonging to Henry McCall, Esq., about the centre of the front of the building. Mr. Thomas Lambert settled at Lambertstown about the year 1679, and from him the place took its name. Mr. Isaac Watson, who came from Nottingham, England, settled on the place late in the occupancy of Mr. Benjamin Van Schoick, and in 1708 built the house which is still standing. The township of Nottingham was so called from the place in England from whence Mr. Watson came. About the year 1 700, the settlements were commenced by persons who bought the lands from the original proprietors, or persons who had taken up the lands ; and most of the deeds of plantations in the different parts of the township bear date from 1699 to 1710. There was considerable difficulty experienced about the title of lands. Grants of land had been made at different times to different persons, and when they were surveyed it was found that in some cases the same land had been granted to different persons. Some had purchased of those who had taken up the land, whose titles, if they had any, were obtained from the Indians. Dr. Daniel Cox, being one of the rightful proprietors of the lands in this section of the country, Mr. Thomas Revell was appointed by the purchasers to make such arrangements with Dr. Cox as would secure them in the possession of their land, and from the following it appears that he had attended to the business to their satisfaction : 48 HISTORY OF TRENTON. " August 26th, 1 703. We, underwritten, having, at the date of the above, at the house of Ralph Hunt, in Maiden township, heard read the agreement made the 20th of April, 1703, between Dr. Daniel Cox, Esq., and Thomas Revell, on behalf of the purchasers of the land within Maiden and Hopewell, do hereby declare and signify our full and free assent and consent to the same. "In testimony thereof have thereto set our hands the day and year above. " Joshua Anderson, William Green, Ralph and Samuel Hunt, John Burroughs, John Banbridge, Isaac and Joseph Reeder, Jonathan Davis, Theophilus Phillips, Robert and John Lanning, and others."* Notwithstanding the care which the first settlers ' took to secure good titles for their lands, many of them afterwards had to buy the second time or relinquish them ; and several did give up the lands, with the improvements they had made, and settle in other parts of the country, rather than pay for them again. ! The provincial legislature, in 1694, enacted that the inhabi tants above the St. Pink, or Derwent (Assanpink), in the province, should belong to Burlington, f In May, 1701, Andrew Heath and William Spencer were appointed assessors of the township of Hopewell, and Nathaniel Petit, collector. J These persons lived near the Falls, except Mr. Heath, who lived on the farm now owned by Mr. Joseph B. Anderson. From the year 1700, the settlement of the township was increased by persons from Long Island, East Jersey, and other parts. Messrs. Daniel Howell, Ebenezer Prout, Isaac Reeder, John Burroughs, Charles Clark, Richard Scudder, Robert Lan ning, Jacob and John Reeder, William Reed, Simon Sacket, John Deane, John and Abiel Davis, Jonathan Davis, and others, *Book of Deeds A A A, p. 8, in secretary of state's office. -j- learning & Spicer, p. 532. J Learning & Spicer, p. 583. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 49 settled in what is now Ewing, as appears from their deeds and family records; and in April, 1703, Mr. John Hutchinson (only son and heir of Thomas Hutchinson, who died intestate), con veyed a lot of land to the inhabitants of Hopewell as a place of burial. The instrument conveying the lands is as follows, and may be found on page 114, A A A, folio 105, at the secretary of state's office; Trenton: "John Hutchinson, of Hopewell, county of Burlington, &c, to Andrew Heath, Richard Ayre, Abiel Davis, and Zebulon Haston,* of the same county, &c, hath granted to the said ' Andrew Heath, &c, a piece of landf on the easterly side of the highway leading between the house of the said John Hutchinson and Andrew Heath, &c, containing two acres, in trust for the inhabitants of the said township of Hopewell and their succes sors, inhabiting and dwelling within the said township, forever, for the public and common use and benefit of the whole town ship, for the erecting and building a public meeting-house thereon, and also for a place of burial, and for no other use, intent, or purpose whatsoever. ' ' This probably was the first house built for public worship in the township of Hopewell and for Trenton, and, as far as we can ascertain, the first in the state, except that of the Quakers. It was occupied by the Episcopalians until their church was built in Trenton, ani occasionally for many years afterwards. A portion of the foundation is still standing, and in it the stone which consecrates the memory of Samuel Tucker, president of the second provincial congress of New Jersey, and state treasurer, as well as that of his wife, and several prominent citizens of Trenton of that day. * Zebulon Haston lived on the place owned by the late Amos Reeder, which was bought by Isaac Reeder in 1707, of Mr. Haston. ¦f- This lot has, with.'n the last twenty-five years, been sold by the trustees of the Episcopal Church in Trenton to Ralph Lanning, and lies on an eminence about thirty rods northeast from his dwelling, and north of the State Lunatic Asylum. E CHAPTER V. The places of public worship — Friends — Episcopalian — Presby terian — First houses in Trenton — William Trent s purchase — Boundaries of Burlington — Creation of Hunterdon County — Mrs. Penelope Stout shipwrecked and attacked and badly wounded by the Indians — Her recovery and descendants — First Courts in Hunterdon — Where held — First Judges — Grand Juries, etc. — High Sheriff s complaint of the Jail — Trial of the Rev. John Rowland for theft, and of Rev. William Tennent for perjury. THE first settlements were made about the year 1676, at the Falls of the Delaware, by the Friends, and occupied both sides of the river. Those on the New Jersey side, besides those already men- ¦ tioned on the lowlands at the mouth of the Assanpink, were on the plains, south of the Assanpink, where Messrs. Norton and Lalor's farms, and Mill Hill and Lamberton were formerly situated. Gordon in his history, quoting from Kalm, says : "Trenton is a long, narrow town, situate some distance from the Delaware, on a sandy plain." This description certainly cannot apply to that part of Trenton north of the creek, or Trenton proper, and there is no land in the neighborhood of the city which will answer this description except that south of the Assanpink, mentioned above. There was a burying ground on the top of the hill at the extreme southern boundary of Trenton now incorporated in the Riverview cemetery. This place of burial belonged to the Friends, and in it repose the remains of some of the first settlers of this section of country ; the author himself can trace back to several of his ancestry who repose in this ancient place of burial. At a visit to this grave-yard some years since, I found the HISTORY OF TRENTON. SI western end, next to the river, fenced in and ploughed up, while the eastern side was thrown open as a commons, and the mounds covering the remains of the ancestors of some' of our own inhabi tants were exposed to the ravages of cattle, and such mischievous persons as from time to time assemble there and desecrate the last resting place of the dead. This sacred spot has now been taken under the care of the Riverview Cemetery Company, and the graves are properly looked after and preserved, though suitable monuments have not yet, but we hope soon will be erected, to consecrate the memory of the illustrious dead who repose there. Chief Justice Henry W. Green a few years since purchased a plot of ground there for the burial of those who lost their lives in defence of their country in the recent rebellion. This ground was deeded by Mr. Green to the city, but we are grieved to say that no steps have yet been taken to have so sacred a spot properly cared for. The act was praiseworthy on the part of the donor, and no citizen of Trenton could possibly object to having the lot properly fenced and cared for. Con gress at their last session voted Post No. 8, Grand Army of the Republic, of this city, eight condemned cannon as posts for fencing in the lot, and a few hundred dollars appropriated by common council would complete the work. When this is done, we learn Mr. Green is prepared to place a suitable monument in the lot. The lot is thirty by one hundred and thirty feet; about fifty Union soldiers are buried there. The place of burial first mentioned was laid out about the year 1700. In the centre of the yard is a soapstone tablet about six feet long by two feet wide, bearing date 171 2, the time when the old Presbyterian Church was founded. And although that building was not erected till 1726, yet all traces of it are now entirely obliterated, while the graves of those buried in the old grave-yard still remain a relic "of the times to which the memory of man runneth not." The tablet is completely covered with inscriptions, but it is impossible to decipher them in consequence of their having been so much defaced. I have no doubt there is much upon them which would be of great interest to our readers ; but, like many of the ancient arts, I fear they are entirely lost to us. e2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. South of this tablet, I saw another of white marble, apparently Pennsylvania marble. This stone bears a simple inscription in the following words: "In memory of John Bainbridge, who died 1732, aged seventy-five. He was a gentleman of great merit, having the confidence of the people ; he was called to fill many important offices in the colony." The name of John was spelt with "I," and in Bainbridge, the first "i" was crowded out and placed above the line. This ground is filled with graves, the prominence of which are in a good state of preservation, nearly all of them having head and foot-stones composed of brown and gray sandstone, but the two above mentioned are the only ones containing inscriptions. I have been informed that the grounds, before they were purchased by the cemetery company, belonged to the Friends of Cross- wicks. It was probably the first, and for many years their only place of burial in this vicinity, and served the country for miles around. I have heard it asserted that this was used as a burial ground by the Friends who lived as far down the river as Bur lington, and that their dead were brought up the Delaware in canoes ; but I can hardly credit this, as the Friends had a burial ground at Burlington as early as 1677, some twenty-three years before this ground was laid out for that purpose. The Friends who had left England, on account of the perse cution raised against them for their religion, sought an asylum on the peaceful shores of the Delaware, where they have, undis turbed, enjoyed the privileges of religious, as well as civil free dom. For many years they had no public buildings for worship, but their meetings were held in private houses. "Governor William Penn, who, in the year 1683, issued an order for the establishment of a post-office, requested Phineas Pemberton carefully to publish the information on the meeting house door, that is, on the door of the private house in which the Society of Friends were accustomed to meet. It was usual for Friends settled about the Falls (or Fallsington, in Bucks county), to assemble at the houses of William Yardley, James Harrison, Phineas Pemberton, William Biles, and William Beakes. For the meeting-house at the Falls was not built till 1690, nor the one at Burlington till 1696, nor the one at Bristol till 1710."* * Friends' Miscellany, vol. vii., p. 29. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 53 The meeting-house in Trenton city was built in 1739. This date was formerly on the building, but when it was repaired, in 1838, in rough-casting it they covered the date completely over, which certainly was an error on their part, as it should have been left as a monument, to designate a period prior to the struggle for American independence. The building is located on the corner of Hanover and Mont gomery streets. It has been occupied for the same purpose since its erection up to the present time. The door of the entrance to this meeting-house was on the south side of it, facing Hanover street, and directly over the door was the inscription above men tioned. At the time of the separation, in 1828, one part of the society left this house, and for several years held their meetings in the building at the northeast corner of Greene and Academy streets, in the church formerly belonging to the Methodists, until 1858, when they built their place of worship in Mercer street, near Livingston. The meeting-house in Greene street stood a few feet back from the street, and they erected a brick wall about ten feet high in front of it. It seldom happens but that disasters of some kind befall the settlers of a new country. Change of climate, modes of living, the air, the soil, and other causes, not unfrequently occasion sickness and great mortality among them. This was the case, to a very alarming degree, among the first settlers on James river, Virginia, and also among those who landed on Plymouth rock, in Massachusetts. And many of the inhabitants in the vicinity of the Falls were visited with sickness, "and were removed by death, by a malignant fever, which prevailed among them in • 1687, both in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.* Phineas Pemberton says, "that on the 16th of 3d month, (that is, March 16th), 1687, there was 'a great land flood,' and on the 29th a rupture." This is supposed to refer to the forma tion of the island at Morrisville, opposite the Trenton bridge, which was at this time separated from the mainland. The flood here referred to is probably the same as that men- * Friends' Miscellany, vol. vii., p. 31 S4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. tioned by Mr. Smith, as occurring in 1692,* and there appears to be an error in one of the dates, for it is supposed that so great a rise in the waters as to overflow the banks on the Penn sylvania side of the Delaware river, at the falls, must have swept away the settlement on the lowlands, at the mouth of the Assan pink; and yet, this is said not to have occurred till 1692. The lands on the Jersey shore might, however, have been much higher than on the Pennsylvania side, and probably they were, as they were tilled till many years afterward. Kalm, a Swede, who traveled in this country in 1748, says, " that his landlord in Trenton told him that twenty years before (1726), when he settled there, there was hardly more than one house. ' ' In August, 1814, Mrs. Jemima Howell (youngest daughter of Mr. John Burroughs), who was born in the year 1724, informed a citizen of this place that although she could not tell when the frame church (in Ewing) was built, yet she remembered that she had helped to scrub it, seventy years before. She said she also well remembered when there were but two or three small houses where the city of Trenton is built, and that it was woods from the neighborhood of the frame church to Mahlon Stacy's mill, on the Assanpink, the place now occupied by Mr. J. G. Burk as a paper mill ; that they had only a foot-path for many years after, and that the farmers carried their grain to market on pack horses. Kalm says that in 1 748 there were near a hundred houses in Trenton. The probability is, from the description he has given of the town, that he included the buildings on the north and south sides of the Assanpink. . He also says that there were two small churches — one belonging to the Church of England, and the other belonging to the Presbyterians. As Nottingham and • Hopewell were settled almost entirely by Friends, there is reason to suppose that they were among the first to erect places of pub lic worship, which was probably the fact, as their house was built in 1739. Nearly all the first buildings in the original city were on or near the York road (now Greene street), which led from Mahlon Stacy's mills. * Smith's History, p. 208. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 55 The Presbyterian and Episcopal churches of this city were both branches of their respective churches in the country. Most of the Episcopalians at first lived above the falls, in the vicinity of the church they built on the grounds of the Hutchinson family, As Mr. Thomas Hutchinson died before this ground was appropriated for a burial place, the family selected a spot on the manor, where several of them, and others, were buried, which is the ground above mentioned. This spot is about fifteen or twenty rods east of the road, and at the brow of the hill, nearly in front of the old manor-house, which was on the farm now belonging to the State of New Jersey, on which the lunatic asylum stands. The Presbyterians obtained a lot of land for a place of burial and on which to build a church, from Mr. Alexander Lockhart, who lived on the plantation now owned by the children of the late Dr. Joseph Olden. The deed bears date March 9th, 1709. The land was granted, in trust, to Richard Scudder, John Burroughs, Ebenezer Prout, Daniel Howell, John Deane, John Davis, Jona than Davis, Enoch Anderson, William Osborne, Jacob Reeder, Cornelius Anderson, John Lefferous, Simon Sackett, George Farley, Caleb Farley, William Reed, and Joseph Sackett. Not long after this, probably in 171 2, a house was built of logs, for a place of public worship, near the spot on which the brick church now stands, in the township of Ewing, of which Rev. E. F. Cooley was pastor until his death. At this time the Presbyterians in the city formed themselves into a congregation, separate from the church in Hopewell. In a few years after, the log building was taken down, and a frame one erected, which was occupied until the year 1795, when the brick church was built, and occupied by them until they erected the present edifice. We can find no record to show us with certainty the year in which the frame church was erected, but suppose it to have been about the year 1726, at the same time the church in the city was built. The city church was built, as will be seen by an inscription on the western portico of the First Presbyterian Church in State street, as follows : "Presbyterian Church — formed 171 2 — built S6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. 1726— rebuilt 1805." These dates, as has been urged by a late writer, could not refer to the church in the country, as, by the inscription on the tablet, the city church was formed the first year above mentioned, 1 7 1 2. It was at that time that a separation took place between the city congregation and the old church in the country. But no edifice was erected for public worship until 1726, when the stone church was built, which was afterwards removed, and the brick one erected in 1805. This latter was taken down, and the present building was erected east of the old one, and in the immediate centre of the yard, in 1839. In the church yard, on the left as you enter from the street, there is a brown stone, which bears the following inscription : "Here lieth the body of Margaret Anderson, who died on the 25th day of July, Anno 1733," — just seven years after the church was built. A century and a quarter ago, it was seldom any stone bearing an inscription was erected over the remains of the dead. Where it was done, at that day, it was in consequence of worth in the individual. And although this is the oldest record we have any knowledge of, in reference to persons being buried in this yard, yet there no doubt were others buried there years before, as scarcely a grave can be dug in the yard, without disinterring the bones of some one previously deposited there. In April, 1727, Enoch Andrews (Andrus, and now Anderson), conveyed to John Potterfield, Daniel Howell, Richard Scudder, Alexander Lockhart, William Yard, William Hoff, John Leffer- ous, and Joseph Yard, a lot of land "on the north side of Second street (now State), that goes to the iron works." These iron works were on the property formerly owned by G. Perdi- caris, Esq., and through which State street has now been extended to Hamilton township. This lot conveyed by Enoch Andrews was one hundred and fifty feet in length, and one hundred and fifty feet deep.* The lot thus deeded was on the eastern end of the old grave-yard — that piece of ground where the old church stood — being one *Book of Deeds AF, folio 108, in secretary's office. HISTORY OF TRENTON. jy hundred feet front ; consequently, when the additional ground came into the possession of the trustees of the church, it should have made a front of two hundred and fifty feet, but, by a sur vey made in 1840, the lot is two hundred and forty-seven feet nine inches, being a loss of two feet three inches, which, at the present time, in that part of State street, is of considerable value. Although this church had been so long established, it was not till 1756 that George II. granted a patent, incorporating it as the Presbyterian Church of Trenton, appointing Rev. David Cowell, Charles Clark, Esq., Andrew Reed, Esq., Joseph Yard, Arthur Howell, William Green, and Alexander Chambers, trustees, under the name of "Trustees of the Presbyterian Church of Trenton."* In August, 1 7 1 4, Mahlon Stacy sold his plantation of eight' hundred acres, lying on both sides of the Assanpink creek, on the Delaware, to Colonel William Trent, of Philadelphia, who removed to Trenton shortly after, and built the mansion now in the occupancy of Edward H. Stokes. It subsequently belonged to Dr. Daniel Coxe, and was known as the Bloomsbury farm. The tenant-house was the building situate on the corner of Market and Union streets, near the water power. In the year 1694, the general assembly fixed the boundaries of Burlington " on the south by the river Cropwell (formerly called Pensaukin), and on the north by the river Derwent (formerly called Sunpink).f In March, 1714, they set off the county of Hunterdon from the county of Burlington, making the Sunpink, or Assunpink, the southern boundary of Hunterdon, and making the county to include all the northern part of West New Jersey. But the inhabitants of the county were restricted from choosing members of the general assembly until the year 1727, and continued to vote for representatives for Burlington, as before the county was divided. The county of Hunterdon took its name from Colonel Robert Hunter, who was provincial governor at the time the * A more particular description of this church will be given under its appro priate head. f Learning & Spicer, p. 350. 5 8 HISTORY OF TRENTON. county was set off. In 1727, Mr. John Potterfield and Joseph Stout were admitted to seats in the general assembly, as the first members from the county of Hunterdon. Morris county was formed from Hunterdon, March 15 th, 1738-9. It was named after Lewis Morris, Esq., then governor of the province. Sussex was formed from Morris, in June, 1753. Warren from Sussex, in 1824, and named after General Warren. In 1838 Mercer was formed from the southern part of Hunter don, viz., Lawrence, Hopewell, Ewing, and Trenton, in Hun terdon county; Nottingham, in Burlington county, and East and West Windsor and Princeton, in East Jersey. It was named after the brave General Mercer, who fell in the engagement at the battle of Princeton, on the 3d of January, 1777. Mr. Joseph Stout, before mentioned, was from the northern part of Hopewell, the settlement of which was commenced in 1704, by three families from Middletown, in Monmouth county. "The place was then a wilderness, and full of Indians." Joseph Stout was the son of Jonathan, the head of one of these three families, who, in 1705, purchased his plantation of William Biles, agent for William Croush and James Wass. He had resided on the land the previous year as a tenant. In a small pamphlet published in 1790, a very interesting account is given of this family. The parents of Jonathan Stout were Richard and Penelope Stout. " Mrs. Stout was born in Amsterdam, about the year 1602. Her father's name was Vanprinces. She and her first husband (whose name is not known) sailed for New York (then New Amsterdam) about the year 1620. The vessel was stranded at Sandy Hook. The crew got ashore, and went toward New York, but the husband of Penelope being hurt in the wreck, could not travel with them, and they both tarried in the woods. "They had not been long left before the Indians came upon them and killed them as they thought, and stripped them of their garments. However, Penelope revived, although her skull was fractured and her left shoulder so injured that she was never able to use it like the other, besides she was so cut across the body that her bowels protruded, and she was obliged to keep her hand upon the wound. HISTORY OF TRENTON. g9 "In this situation she continued for seven days, taking shelter in a hollow tree, living on what she could pick off from the tree. On the seventh day she saw a deer pass with arrows sticking in it, and soon after appeared two Indians whom she was glad to see, hoping that they would put her out of her misery. Accord ingly, one made towards her, to knock her in the head ; but the other (who was an elderly man), prevented him, and throwing his watchcoat about her, took her to his wigwam and cured her of her wounds. Afterwards he took her to New York and presented her to her countrymen, expecting a present in return, no doubt. It was in New York that Richard Stout married her, in her twenty-second year. He was from England, of a good family, and in his fortieth year. They had several children, and Mrs. Stout lived to the age of one hundred and ten years, and saw her offspring multiplied to five hundred and two in about eighty-eight years."* Mr. Jonathan Stout belonged to the Baptist denomination, and was the founder of the Baptist Church in the northern part of the township of Hopewell. The church was organized the 23d of April, 1715, and the members met in private dwellings until the year 1747, when their house for public worship was built. When the assembly made the county of Hunterdon in 17 14, they enacted that the Court of Common Pleas and Quarter Ses sions should be held alternately at Maidenhead (Lawrenceville) and Hopewell, " until a court-house and gaol for the county should be built, "f An act was passed April 6th, 1676, "that the county courts should be held at one time in one town, and at another time in another town, "J and accordingly they were held for the county of Hunterdon, in Maidenhead, in the months of June and December, and in Hopewell in March and September, from June, 1714, to September,- 1719. The first courts in the county *I give the narrative verbatim as published in 1790. f Laws and Ordinances, vol. i., p. 100, in State Library at Trenton. % Learning & Spicer, p. 116. <50 HISTORY OF TRENTON. were held at Maidenhead on the second Tuesday of June, 1714, but at what house we are not informed. Afterwards they were held at the houses of Theophilus Phillips, William Osborne, Mr. Hornor, and Daniel Bailey. In Hopewell they were held first and subsequently at the house of Andrew Heath and the house of Robert Lanning, (the place afterwards owned by the heirs of Nathaniel Lanning). In September, 1719, the courts were held in Trenton. "It having been represented to the governor that the holding the courts alternately in Maidenhead and Hopewell was attended with inconvenience, in March, 1719, he recommended that the courts should be held and kept in Trenton from the month of September next ensuing."* The magistrates present at the first court in the county, held at Maidenhead, were John Bainbridge, Jacob Bellerjeau, Philip Phillips, William Green, John Holcomb, Samuel Green, and Samuel Fitch. The tombstone before mentioned in the burying ground at Lamberton no doubt refers to the John Bainbridge here mentioned, .as it states "he was a gentleman of great merit, and having the confidence of the people, was called to fill many important offices in the colony. ' ' And he was no doubt the ancestor of the Bainbridges in this part of the country, and of the late gallant Commodore Bainbridge. William Green and John Reading were the first assessors of Hunterdon, and Ralph Hunt, the first collector — these offices at that time being county instead of township offices, as they now are. The first grand jurors were William Hixson, Daniel Howell, Robert Lanning, Henry Mershon, Richard Compton, George Woolsey, Joseph Reeder, Jr., Thomas Standling, Richard Scudder, Timothy Baker, John Burroughs, John Titus, Samuel Everett, John Ely, and Richard Lanning. John Muirheid, high sheriff, complained to the court in 1714 and 1717, and in June, 1719, and in March, 1720, that there was no gaol (or jail) for the county. * Laws and Ordinances, p. 223, State Library at Trenton. HISTORY OF TRENTON. (,-, In 1728-9, John Dagworthy, Esq., high sheriff, complained to the court that the jail was so out of repair that escapes took place daily. " Ordered to be repaired."* In 1 714, the land became the property of Colonel Trent, and in 1 7 19, if not before, the courts were held here part of the time under the act of April, 1676, "directing them to be held in the towns alternately." In 1824 it was enacted "that the Supreme Court for the county of Hunterdon, be held in July, at Trent' s-town." The first courts held here were at the house' of William Yard, now No. 24 East Front street. About the year 1721, a log jail for the county was built at the forks of the roads leading from Trenton to Pennington, and from Pennington to the Eight-Mile-Ferry, nearly opposite the residence of the late Jesse Moore, Esq. From the complaint of the sheriff it appears that neither the jail nor the character of the inhabitants was much credit to the county if the criminals were so numerous and the prison so weak that escapes occurred daily. Although the sheriff complained to the court of the daily escapes from the jail, there does not appear on the record of the court many criminal cases presented by the grand jury. They found a bill at one term of the courts against a man "for stealing a book called the New Testament," and at another court against a man "for stealing a horse bill. " Besides these, but very few bills were found. A few years afterwards some of the most interesting trials took place which ever came before this court, in which the Rev. John Rowland was tried for theft, and the celebrated Presbyterian clergyman, Rev. William Tennent, pastor of the Church at Freehold, and Joshua Anderson and Benjamin Stevens, promi nent members of the Presbyterian Church at Trenton, were tried for perjury. The following is an account of that most singular affair : "About the year 1744, there was an unusual attention to * Minutes of the Court, vol. ii. 62 HISTORY OF TRENTON. religion in this part of the country. The Rev. William Tennent and the Rev. John Rowland were considerably instrumental in calling. the attention of the people to spiritual concerns. " Mr. Rowland's popularity and success was very great among all ranks of people, and this drew upon him the enmity of those who disregarded religious truth, and among the number was the Chief Justice of the state. " The Chief Justice at this time was the son of Lewis Morris, Esq., then governor of the state. He was a member of the council as well as being at the head of the judiciary. The appointment of young Morris to this office was highly reprobated by the people, who opposed the union of the legislative and judiciary, and more especially as this union was in the person of the son of the governor.* " At this time there was a man traveling about the country by the name of Tom Bell, of notoriously bad character, who had been indicted in most of the middle colonies, yet by his ingenuity and cunning had contrived to escape punishment. It happened one evening, that Mr. John Stockton, of Princeton, met with Bell at a tavern in that place and addressed him as Mr. Rowland. Bell told him his mistake. Mr. Stockton informed him that his error had arisen from his remarkable resemblance to Mr. Rowland. "This hint was sufficient for Bell. The next day he went into a neighboring town in Hunterdon, where Mr. Rowland had preached once or twice, and introduced himself as the Rev. Mr. Rowland who had before preached for them ; and he was invited to officiate for them the next Sabbath. "Bell received the kindest attention of the family where he staid until the Sabbath, when he rode with the family in their wagon to the church. "Just before they reached the church, Bell discovered that he had left his notes behind, and proposed to the master of the family, who rode by the wagon on a fine horse, to take his horse and ride back, that he might get his notes and return in time for *Mulford's History, p. 345. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 63 the service. To this the gentleman assented, and Bell mounted the horse, rode back to the house, rifled the desk of his host, and made off with the horse ; and wherever he stopped he called himself the Rev. John Rowland. "At this time the Rev. Messrs. Tennent and Rowland, with Mr. Joshua Anderson and Benjamin Stevens, were in Maryland or Pennsylvania, on business of a religious nature. Soon after their return to New Jersey, Mr. Rowland was charged with the robbery. At the court, the judge with great severity, charged the jury to find a bill. But it was not until they had been sent out the fourth time, with threats from the judge, that they agreed upon a bill for the alleged crime. " On the trial, Messrs. Tennent, Anderson, and Stevens, appeared as witnesses, and fully proved an alibi ; for they testified that on the day the robbery was committed they were with Mr. Rowland, and heard him preach in Pennsylvania or Maryland. "So Mr. Rowland was acquitted, to the great disappointment and. mortification of his prosecutors. Their enmity to religion, however, led them industriously, to seek occasion, if by any possible means, they might bring disgrace and ruin upon these servants of God. " There were one or two circumstances which seemed to inspire the hope that their malicious feelings might yet be gratified. The testimony of the man who had been robbed was positive that Mr. Rowland was the robber ; and several persons who had seen the man who called himself Rowland, in possession of the stolen horse, corroborated his testimony. "But Mr. Rowland was out of their power. He had been acquitted. "Their vengeance, therefore, was directed against those persons by whose testimony Rowland had been cleared, and they were accordingly accused for perjury, and on ex parte testimony, the grand jury found bills of indictment against Messrs. Tennent, Anderson, and Stevens, ' for willful and cor rupt perjury. ' " Now the enemies of the gospel and revivals of religion appear to have thought that their end would be easily accomplished 64 HISTORY OF -TRENTON. and -that disgrace would be brought on religion, its ministers, and professors, for Messrs. Anderson and Stevens were pious men. These indictments were removed to the Supreme Court. But Mr. Anderson living in the county, and feeling his entire innocence of the crime of which he was charged, and being unwilling to lie under the imputation of perjury, demanded a , trial at the first Court of Oyer and Terminer. " He was accordingly tried, pronounced guilty, and sentenced to stand on the court-house steps one hour with a paper on his breast, on which was written in large letters, 'this is for willful and corrupt perjury.' And the sentence was executed upon him in front of the court-house, which stood on the spot where the Trenton Bank now stands, in Warren street. " Messrs. Tennent and Stevens were bound over to, appear at the next court. " They attended, having employed Mr. John Coxe, an eminent lawyer, to conduct their defence. Mr. Tennent- knew of no person living by whom he could prove his innocence. His only resource and consolation was to commit himself to the Divine will ;* and considering it as probable that he might suffer, he had prepared a sermon to preach from the pillory, if that should be his fate. On his arrival at Tren ton, he found Mr. Smith of New York, one of the ablest lawyers in America, and a religious man, who had volun teered to aid in his defence; also Mr. John Kinsey, one of the first counselors of Philadelphia, who had come by request of Gilbert Tennent (his brother) for the same pur pose. "Messrs. Tennent and Stevens met these gentlemen at Mr. Coxe's the morning before the trial was to come on. " Mr. Coxe wished them to bring in their witnesses, that they might examine them before going into court. Mr. Tennent replied that he did not know of any witness but God and his own conscience. Mr. Coxe replied, 'If you have no witnesses, sir, the trial must be put off; otherwise, you will most certainly *His affectionate congregation felt deeply interested in his critical situation, and kept a day of fasting and prayer on the occasion. — Log College. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 65 be defeated. Your enemies are making great exertions to ruin you.' "'lam sensible of this,' said Mr. Tennent, 'yet it never shall be said that I have delayed the trial or been afraid to meet the justice of my country. I know my innocence, and that God whom I serve will not give me over into the hands of the enemy. Therefore, gentlemen, go on with the trial.' Messrs. Smith and Kinsey, who were religious men, told him that his confi dence and trust in God as a Christian minister of the gospel were well founded, and before a heavenly tribunal would be all- important to him, but assured him that they would not avail in an earthly court, and urged his consent to put off the trial. But Mr. Tennent utterly refused. • " Mr. Coxe then told him that there was a flaw in the indict ment, of which he might avail himself. After hearing an explanation from Mr. Coxe respecting the nature of the error, Mr. Tennent declared that he would rather suffer death than consent to such a course. Mr. Stevens, however, seized the opportunity afforded, and was discharged. " Mr. Tennent assured his counsel that his confidence in God was so strong, and his assurance that He would bring about his deliverance, in some way or other, was so great, that he did not wish them to delay the trial for a moment. "Mr. COxe still urged Mr. Tennent to have the trial put off, and considered Mr. Tennent's refusal as manifesting a want of Christian meekness and prudence. But Mr. T. insisted that they should proceed, and left them, they not knowing how to act, when the bell summoned them to court. " Mr. Tennent had not walked far before he was met by a man and his wife, who asked if his name was not Tennent. " He told them it was, and asked if they had any business with him. " The man said they had come from the place in Pennsylvania or Maryland where, at a particular time, Messrs. Rowland, Tennent, Anderson, and Stevens had lodged, and in the house where they were ; that on the next day they had heard Messrs. Tennent and Rowland preach; that a few nights before they (the man and his wife) had left home, on waking out of a sound F* 66 HISTORY OF TRENTON. sleep, both had dreamed that Mr. Tennent was at Trenton, in the greatest distress, and that it was in their power, and theirs only, to relieve him. This dream was twice repeated to them both, and so deep was the impression made on their minds, that they had come to Trenton, and wished to know of him what they were to do. "Mr. T. took them before his counsel, who, after examining them, and finding the testimony of the man and his wife full and to the purpose, were perfectly astonished. Before the trial began, another person came to Mr. T., and told him that he was so troubled in mind, for the part he had taken in the prose cution, that he could find no rest, till he had determined to come out and make a full confession. Mr. T. sent this man to his counsel. Soon after Mr. Stockton, from Princeton, appeared, and added his testimony. "On trial, the advocates of the defendant so traced every movement of Mr. Tennent, on the Saturday, Sabbath, and Monday, the time of the theft and robbery by Bell, that the jury did not hesitate to acquit Mr. Tennent. "Thus was Mr. Tennent, by the remarkable interposition of Divine Providence, delivered out of the hands of his enemies."* * Log College, by A, Alexander, D. D., p. 189. CHAPTER VI. First Courts in Trenton — Original boundaries of the town — Place of the first Court-House of the County of' Hunterdon — Trenton Bank — The town named Trenton — Colonel William Trent — First families — Mr. Trent' s first residence — Naming the town — Builders of Friends' Meeting-House — First borough charter frsm George II., including from Crosswicks creek to Amwell — First borough officers — Division of the town and country Con gregations — Trenton made the seat of government. IN September, 1719, the county courts were held for the first time in Trenton, but whether in the house of William Yard, as before, or in some house south of the Assanpink, we are not informed, for at this time the place on the south side of the Assanpink was known as Trenton, as will hereafter be seen. At this time it does not appear that the court-house was built, but probably was about a year after, or it might have been in course of erection at that time. The following order was issued in regard to constables : " to find themselves with constables' staves, painted upon the upper end with the King's coat of arms, and to have them by next court, on penalty of being fined." In March, 1729, "the court ordered that the bounds of Trenton be entered on record as followeth : beginning at the landing on the Delaware river, in Nottingham, running up said river to the mouth of Jacob's creek ; thence along said creek to the King's road, to a run called Jacob's run ; thenee up said run to Thatcher's swamp, along a run that runs into Shabbakonk, and over Shabbakonk, including Ralph Hart's plantation, to the line that divides Hopewell from Maidenhead ; thence along said line till it comes to the line of Mr. Trent and Thomas Lambert's 68 HISTORY" OF TRENTON. land;* thence along said line betwixt Mr. Trent and Thomas Lambert to the Delaware river, and so along said river to the first-mentioned station." Gordon's description of the bounds of Trenton, in his Gazet teer,! if the above be true, must be incorrect. He says, " Tren ton was founded by William Trent, a few years prior to 1720. The place that was then known as Trent's-town received its name about this time, but was founded by Mahlon Stacy and others, about the year 1678-9." In December, 1720, the court "required the justices and freeholders to meet at the court-house on the 25th of that month, to levy taxes to defray county charges." And yet in March following they ordered the public-house keepers to meet at the house of William Yard (in Front street, where the court had been held for years before), to take out license. J The lot on which the court-house was built is owned by the Trenton Banking Company, and upon it their banking-house now stands. It was conveyed to the Trenton Banking Company by the board of chosen freeholders of the county of Hunterdon, May 8th, 1814, just one hundred years after it was purchased by William Trent, by whom it is said (though by what authority I know not, except it be tradition), the lot was given to the county. The year in which the old jail was built, as stated above, is not known. It stood upon the same spot where the Trenton Bank now stands. It was a two story building erected of grey sand stone, with stuccoed front. The cells were in the lower story. The upper story was used as a court room, the entrance to which was by a number of stone steps, erected on the outside of the building and surmounted by an iron railing. The steps extended, over the pavement, commencing from the gutter, and persons *This line commenced at the Eagle tavern and ran to the Delaware river. Mr. Trent's line being north, and Mr. Lambert's south, and is the same that is now called Ferry street. f Gordon, p. 250. J Minutes of Hunterdon court, vol. i., p. 61, clerk's office, Flemington. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON 69 going into the court room were compelled to ascend from the street. Pedestrians going up and down the street passed directly under these steps. In this court room the Baptist denomination held their first meetings in Trenton, and here the Rev. Peter Wilson, of Hights- town, delivered his ever-memorable discourses. The jail was kept for many years by Jacob Wrighter. The steps were afterward removed from the street and placed crosswise upon the front of the building, commencing from either corner, on the north and south sides of it, and meeting at the top, in the centre of the building, forming a pyramid, so that any one going into the court room could ascend either from the north or south of it. Subsequently these steps were removed and placed inside the building. It is probable the grant above mentioned was made by Mr. Trent to the county about the year 1720, and that as a compli ment to him for the gift, the place was called Trenton, or as it was first written, Trent's-town. Until this time, what is now known as the city of Trenton and townships of Hopewell and Ewing, was known as Hopewell. The courts of the county, until 17 19, were held at William Yard's and A. Heath's, in Hopewell. Colonel William Trent was a gentleman of great respectability, and was for several years speaker of the house of assembly of Pennsylvania, and in September, 1723, he was chosen speaker of the house of assembly of New Jersey. In this year William Trent and John Reading were appointed commissioners for the county of Hunterdon. Mr. Trent died December 25th, 1724.* It is supposed by some that he died in Philadelphia, but I believe it is not known to a certainty. The following incident was related of Mr. Trent by Mr. Joseph Reed. Mr. R. said that he remembered having heard when a boy, that Mr. Trent was in some way thrown from a boat into the Delaware river, and although a number of persons were on the shore they could afford him no assistance, as there was no other boat near, and all expected that he would be drowned. * Smith's History, p. 419. 7° HISTORY OF TRENTON. Mr. Trent had a large dog which stood on the shore, and by whistling through his fingers he called him; the dog swam out to his master, who, taking hold of the dog's shoulders with one hand, and swimming with the other, reached the shore in safety. In 1726, the legislative assembly granted to James Trent, the oldest son of William Trent, the exclusive use of the river Delaware for a ferry, two miles above and two miles below the falls. The ferry above the falls has been in use until within the last twenty-five years, and was at the foot of Calhoun street, while the one below the falls was used until the Delaware bridge was erected in 1804-5. This last ferry was on the direct route between New York and Philadelphia. Persons traveling between the. two cities came by the old York road (now the straight turnpike) through Queen (now Greene) street and over Mill Hill, to the Eagle tavern ; thence crossing the ferry,* reached Philadelphia by the way of Germantown. Mr. William Yard, the ancestor of the families of that name in this part of the country, came from Devonshire, in England, and settled first in Philadelphia ; he had four sons. With two of his sons, Joseph and William, he afterwards moved to Trenton. The other sons remained in Philadelphia. William Yard, the father, in 1712, purchased of Mahlon Stacy about two acres of land lying on both sides Of Front street, and between Warren and Greene streets. Joseph Yard lived on the corner of Front and Greene streets, in a frame house. William Yard, the other son, lived with his father in Front street, and after the death of his father he occupied the property. They were Presbyterian families, and Mr. Joseph Yard was trustee in the church for many years. The widow Mary Mershon, who lived in the same house until her decease a few years since, stated that she had heard her grandfather (Joseph Yard) say, "that theirs, if not the first, was among the first families who settled where this city is built." *The ferry-house on this side of the river was the large brick house on the corner of Fair and Ferry streets, now occupied as a tavern, and the larg* brick mansion on the Pennsylvania side was also used for the same purpose. HISTORY OF TRENTON. yr Colonel William Trent purchased the Stacy tract about the year 17 14, and removed to this place, into a frame house built a few years before by his father for a summer residence, on the site where the Third Presbyterian Church now stands. There is in possession of a citizen of Trenton a deed bearing date January, 1719-20, given by William Trent, of the city of Philadelphia, to James MacCombs, of the town of Trenton, county of Hunterdon. This William Trent no doubt refers to Judge Trent, of Philadelphia, father of the Major, who purchased the Stacy tract. He owned land here at the time of his son's purchase, and from him, and not the Colonel, the place received its name. As the court recorded the bounds of Trenton in 1719, we may reasonably conclude that in this year Trenton received its name. Mrs. Mershon also observed, " that at the time the people were about fixing upon a name for the place some proposed calling it Yard' s-town, and others Trent' s-town. As Trenton was considered the handsomest name they concluded so to call it." Whether this cause or the one before mentioned gave the place the name of Trenton is of little importance. From the best information which can at present be obtained it appears pretty evident that there were but very few buildings in the place until after 1730 or 1735. About the year 1740, several buildings were erected. Mr. Plasket built the Friends' meeting-house, on the corner of Hanover and Montgomery streets in 1739, and Obadiah Howell, a great uncle of Obadiah Howell, late of this city, informed the late Thomas Ryall, a mason of this city, who died a few years since at an advanced age, that he put the date of 1739 on the house himself, being then an apprentice to Mr. Plasket. In the year 1740, Thomas Tindall, (a great grandfather of the compiler of this work) built the two story brick house on the northeast corner of Greene and Hanover streets. The initials, T. T., 1740, were placed in the gable of the house fronting on Hanover street, in bricks colored black. Hanover street at that time ran from Greene street to the Friends' meeting-house, and there terminated. About the same time a frame house was 73 HISTORY OF TRENTON. erected east of the above, which was for a number of years used as a parsonage. In 1748, there were nearly a hundred houses in the place. The flourishing condition in which the town appears to have been at that time, and its advantageous location for business,' led the inhabitants to anticipate its rapidly increasing growth and prosperity, and supposing that both would' be promoted by an act of incorporation by the crown, conferring borough privileges, in the nineteenth year of the reign of King George II. , (1746), Governor Lewis Morris and a number of the inhabitants of this district of country sent a petition to the king, stating that Trenton was the head of sloop navigation, and that a variety of circumstances rendered the place favorable for business, and that its interests would be greatly promoted by such an act. Accordingly a royal charter was granted for a borough, the limits of which were described as follows, viz., "Beginning at the mouth of Crosswicks creek; thence up said creek to the mouth of Doctor's creek; thence up the said creek to Keith's line, between East and West Jersey; thence along said line including Maidenhead and Hopewell, between Hopewell and Amwell, to Delaware .river ; thence down said river to the place of beginning ; to be known as the borough and town of Trenton." Thomas Cadwallader, Esq., was appointed chief burgess; Nathaniel Ware, recorder ; David Martin, marshal ; and Andrew Reed, treasurer. The other burgesses were William Morris, Joseph W.arrell, Daniel Coxe, Andrew Smith, Alexander Lockart,, David Martin, Robert Pearson,. Andrew Reed, Theophilus Phillips, Joseph Decou, Samuel Hunt, and Reuben Armitage. The common council were Joseph Paxton, Theophilus Severns, Benjamin Biles, Jasper Smith, Cornelius Ringo, Jonathan Stout,. Jonathan Waters, Thomas Burrowes, Jr., George Ely, John Hunt, John Dagworthy, Jr., Joseph Phillips, John Welling,' William Plasket, Daniel Lanning, and Benjamin Green.* But the inhabitants not experiencing the benefits which were * Liber AAA, Commissioners, p. 266, secretary's office. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 73 anticipated from their charter, they surrendered it to King George II. in the twenty-third year of his reign, 1750.* From the above charter it will be seen that the borough of Trenton, or Trenton, included very nearly the whole of the present county of Mercer. Kalm (before mentioned), who was at Trenton two years after the above borough was chartered, (1746), might with propriety say that "Trenton was situated on a sandy plain, remote from the Delaware." In the year 1762, the parsonage lot in Hanover street was purchased of Stacy Beakes, of Philadelphia, and others, and - conveyed to Moore Furman, Charles Clark, Esq., Andrew Reed, Esq., Joseph Yard, Arthur Howell, William Green, and Alexan der Chambers, as trustees, and to their successors and assigns, " for a parsonage for said congregation forever, to be held and enjoyed by the Presbyterian minister of Trenton, regularly called by said congregation, and approved by the Presbytery of New- Brunswick, "f Although the church in town separated from the church in the country many years before, as has been already stated, it was not until 1 788 that an act was passed by the legislature legaliz ing the division, and although the two congregations had been incorporated and had chosen trustees pursuant to an act of the legislature, passed at Trenton, March 16th, 1786, yet the two congregations held the parsonage in Trenton, jointly, until the year 1790, when the congregation in the country "did, for a certain consideration, release, &c, all their estate, &c, in the parsonage property, to the trustees of the congregation . in town. "% In 1790, Trenton was made the seat of government of New Jersey. § * Liber AAA, Commissioners, p. 306, secretary's office. •(¦Deed A T, folio 163, secretary's office, Trenton. X Ibid., folio 106. g Elmer's Digest, p. 148. a CHAPTER VII. Second charter of the city — First officers — Market houses — Mayors — Recorders — Aldermen — The pillory and whipping-post — Prevalence of the Yellow fever — The government office removed to Trenton — President Adams' residence here — South Trenton — Its incorporation with the city — Boundaries of the city. NOVEMBER 13th, 1792, the city of Trenton was formed from a part of the township of Trenton with usual cqporate city privileges, and the following boundaries, viz., "Beginning ¦at the mouth of Assanpink creek and running up the same to Bernard Hanlon's mill dam (now Millham) ; from thence along the road to the line between Trenton and Maidenhead ; thence along the said line to the road leading from Trenton to Maiden head ; thence on a straight line to the northwest corner of a lot late of David Brearley, deceased ; thence on a straight line to the northwest corner of the land of Lambert Cadwallader, whereon he now lives ; thence down the western line thereof to the river Delaware ; thence down the same to the mouth of the Assanpink." Thus we see while the first charter embraced all that land below or south of the Assanpink, afterwards known as Kingsbury} and more recently Mill Hill and Bloomsbury, the charter of" 1792 comprehended nothing below the Assanpink. December 2 ist, 1792, the officers who had been appointed by the legisla ture; held their first meeting. They were Moore Furman,* * Moore Furman was a grandfather to the late Captain William E. Hunt, of this city. He had charge of the commissary department in the American army during the Revolution in 1776. He lived in the State Street House, in State street ; his office was a one story brick building, and stood on the same spot ¦which the Chancery building now occupies. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 75 mayor ; Aaron D. Woodruff,* recorder ; Samuel W. Stockton,f Abraham Hunt, J and Alexander Chambers, § aldermen; Charles Axford,|| Abraham G. Claypole,! William Tindall,** Bernard Hanlon,ff and Aaron Howell, Jt assistants; and Pontius D. * Aaron D. Woodruff resided on the corner of Greene and Hanover streets, •where Hendrickson & Leigh's store now is, and in the house erected by Thomas Tindall, in 1740. He was for many years attorney-general of the state, which office he filled at the time of his death. | Samuel W. Stockton lived in the mansion-house in Front street, now in ithe occupancy of Ralph L. Warner, dentist. While going to Philadelphia in company with his son, in his own carriage, he saw in the neighborhood of Bristol some very fine cherries, and in an effort to get them from the trees, he fell, and so injured his skull that he died in a few days from the effects of it. X Abraham Hunt kept a store in that row of brick buildings in Warren street GO.nmencing at the corner of State street, belonging to Samuel K. Wilson, and now occupied by C. B. Vansyckel and George A. Bennett, as stores. He resided in the northern part of the building; the front entrance to his house was on Warren street, and the store now occupied by Henry C. Furman as a har ness-maker shop, constituted his parlor. \ Alexander Chambers was also a merchant; his residence and store was on -the northeast corner of State and Willow streets. |i Charles Axford lived in a stone house south of the feeder of the Delaware and Raritan canal, in Warren street. The house was torn down at the time of digging the feeder of the canal. \ Abraham G. Claypole lived in a mansion in Warren street, which stood .on the spot where James S. Gray now has a hardware store, and Ellis B. and Albert D. Smith have a saddlery and hardware store. ** William Tindall lived in a frame house on the east side of Warren street ; -the building was removed to the opposite side of the street at the time the feeder was made. It is now the second door north of the feeder on the left- hand side of the street. ff Bernard Hanlon lived in the stone house at Millham, opposite Pratt and Howell's flouring mills. XX Aaron Howell lived in a frame house which stood on the lot in Warren street, where Mrs. L. Lafaucherie keeps a boarding-house ; it was afterwards aremoved around into Perry street, on the lot now occupied by the Trinity M. E. Church. Howell, son of Aaron, built the house south of it, now owned ,by Dr. Daniel Warman. 76 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. Stille,* treasurer. At this meeting it was resolved to sell the old market-house ; and at a meeting of the common council on the 29th of the same month, Mr. Charles Axford, who had been appointed for the purpose, reported that he had sold it "for five pounds one shilling ten-pence." This market-house stood in Warren street, commencing at State, in front of Abraham Hunt's store, and extending north about sixty feet up said street. Like the market-houses recently torn down, it occupied the middle of the street. At the southern end of it, and about the centre of the crossing from Vansyckel's to Dill's corner, stood the old town pump, and near the pump stood those relics of barbarity, a whipping-post and the stocks or pillory. The latter instrument of torture differed somewhat from the modern instrument bearing the same name, in that the one here erected confined the hands and feet and not the head. The pillory was afterwards removed to the jail and when the city came into possession of a town-house or city prison the pillory was abolished, but the whipping-post was erected and remained for a number of years, when it, too, was abolished. It disap peared in the night, and no one knew who removed it. July 19th, 1793, the council agreed to build anew market- house " in the middle of Second street, (now State) between King (now Warren) street, and Queen (now Greene) street, between Messrs. Claypole and Milnor's corners," (the former now owned by the heirs of George Dill, and the latter by Messrs. Murphy and Bechtel), "leaving a square from King street to the market-house of fifty-eight feet. ' ' Messrs. Charles Axford, James B. Machett, and Aaron Howell were appointed the building committee, and in the fall of the same year the market-house was built. There were two separate buildings erected, similar to * Pontius Dillery Stille lived in the house now occupied by the family of the late William Potts, in Warren street. Perry street was not opened until some twenty years after; but south of Stille's residence, adjoining Saint Michael's Church, was an alley called Stille's alley ; his store was on the corner of Warren street and this alley. It was in 1813 (when Perry street was opened) abandoned as far as Stille's line ran; the remnant still remains, coming into Greene street between the residence late of Samuel McClurg and the Madison House. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 77 the market-houses recently removed, though of much smaller dimensions. The first one, starting from Warren street, was used as a meat market, and the second as a truck market. In conse quence of the small size of the buildings, the space between the two were used as markets for the sale of truck. About midway between the two markets there was a horse shoe firmly imbeded in the stone flagging, and I well remember when a boy, of the hours of amusement afforded me watching countrymen in their endeavors to remove it from its position. Who put it there, or in what way it was 'fastened, was in those days a mystery. There was also a market-house on Market street, fronting on Broad street, Mill Hill ; this, too, stood in the middle of the street. What year this market-house was built, or who were the projectors, there is no means of ascertaining, as I have tried every way in my power to find out, but without success. The second story, or room above the market, was used as a school-room ; it was supported by eight strong brick columns, raising it about twelve feet from the ground. On the southeast end was a box stairway which afforded ingress and egress to the school-room above. This building was called the Mill Hill Academy, and was used as a primary department, while in the Trenton Academy the higher branches belonging to an English educa tion were taught. The market-house attached to the Mill Hill Academy was never occupied to my recollection, and some of our oldest inhabitants state that it was occupied but a very short time for the purpose for which it was erected. At that time the popula tion of Mill Hill was so small, and the markets in Trenton being so much larger, a competition between the two could not be maintained, and therefore the smaller was compelled to give way to the greater. This market contained but five stalls, three upon the north side and two upon the south. The school-room, or upper story, was surmounted by a steeple containing a bell, which rang daily to summon the pupils before the august presence of their pedagogue. In 1837, the lower story was boarded up and used by the n.* 78 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Eagle Fire Company as an engine house, the upper room being occupied by them as a place for meetings. In 1841, after Mill Hill had b'een incorporated into the borough of South Trenton, it was resolved that the old building, which, in consequence of some of the timbers becoming decayed, was considered dangerous, should be removed, which was accordingly accomplished, it is said, by the women of the place. Thus perished from our sight a venerable relic, and one. to which many a citizen of Trenton could look with pleasure as the place where his mind received its first mental budding. At about the same time that the market was built on Mill Hill, one was erected in Bloomsbury, at the corner of Warren and Bridge streets, opposite the store of Lewis Parker. This was a frame building, and occupied the entire walk on the west side of the street. This market was longer than the one on Mill Hill, yet much- narrower, and contained seven stalls. On the eastern side there was no footpath, as it covered the gutter and extended into the public road. On the west side there was sufficient room between the market-house and the fence for the passage of a singLe individual. In the year 1845, 'he old markets which stood in State street were taken down, and the ones recently removed from Greene street were erected, and in 1848, in consequence of a great increase of business, they too were found to be entirely too small, and the upper or north market was increased to double its former size. The matter having for a long time been agitated of building a market-house for the benefit of the lower wards of the city, and council having passed an ordinance to that effect, it was erected • in Market street, east of Broad street, in 1845, by private enterprise. In consequence of the growth and prosperity of the city, and several handsome stores having been erected in Greene street, the people demanded that the markets should be removed from the street. Consequently common council passed an ordinance relinquishing on the part of the city all right of control over the markets, and in the spring of 1870 the material was sold for eight hundred dollars, and the, markets torn down. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 79 John Taylor erected a market in Greene street, near Academy ; J. R. Freese and S. K. Wilkson built one in Chancery street, near Quarry, with a splendid hall for public meetings, balls, &c, in the second story. Two companies were formed, who built large and commodious markets, one at the corner of Front and Stockton streets, one story in height, called the Central Market, and the other fronting on Front, Greene, and Washington streets, near the Assanpink, called the Washington Market, with large and commodious rooms in the second story which can be used for various purposes. On the Greene street front, about the middle of this market, is a handsome brown stone statue of Washington, by Thom, the great Scotch sculptor, made of stone taken from New Jersey quarries, and is an admirable likeness of the father of his country. This monument was unveiled on Monday, the 26th of December, 1870, the ninety-fifth anniversary of the ever-mem orable capture of the Hessians. The address was delivered by C. C. Haven, Esq., and the presentation to the building was made by Hon. Alfred Reed, judge, and the acceptance by Hon. David Naar, president of the association. On the ist of April, 1870, the market built by Mr. Taylor was thrown open to the public. The size of this market is fifty-one by one hundred and twenty feet, and contains fifty-three stalls and one restaurant, and a cellar under the whole. The cost of the building was thirty thousand dollars. The company comprising the Washington Market was formed December 15th, 1869, and the association was incorporated by an act of the legislature, February 8th, 1870. The incorporators were George Fitzgeorge, Adam Exton, Joseph B. Yard, John Taylor, Henry N. Barton, Casper Martino, Imlah and Charles Moore, Joseph G. Brearley, David Naar, Henry B. Howell, David Manko, and John F. Klein. The original projectors of this market were Henry N. Barton, Joseph B. Yard, and George Fitzgeorge. Their first organization was as above described, and the amount subscribed sixty thousand dollars. The real estate purchased cost sixty-nine thousand dol lars, and the building thirty-six thousand dollars, making in all one hundred and five thousand dollars. _8o HISTORY OF TRENTON. The officers of the association are David Naar, president; Henry B. Howell, secretary ; Joseph G. Brearley, Henry N. Barton, Imlah Moore, George Fitzgeorge, and Joseph B. Yard, directors. The market on the first floor contains two hundred and nine stalls and one restaurant, the latter on Washington street. The building is two stories high. In the second story is a splendid and capacious hall which will seat about twelve hundred persons. This hall fronts one hun dred and eight feet on Greene street, one hundred and thirty- four feet on Washington street, and one hundred and thirty-five feet on Front street, and is one hundred and sixty-five feet deep in the rear. It contains, besides the large hall, nine rooms fitted «p for various purposes. The main hall is fifty by one hundred feet, with a stage fifteen feet deep, with two ante-rooms, provided with wash-basins and •water-closets. Around the market is a gallery or corridor, surrounded by a handsome iron railing. Under the whole building is a commodious cellar, fitted up with all the modern improvements. The drainage in this building is perfect, as everything is car ried off by drain pipes into the Assanpink creek. The market in Chancery street was the second one opened for the benefit of the public, Taylor's being the first. The main building fronting on Chancery street is fifty by one hundred feet, and is two stories high, with an extension in the rear twenty by one hundred and twenty feet, and one story high. There are one hundred and nineteen meat and vegetable stalls, and one restaurant. The main hall on the second floor is fifty by eighty-five feet, with two ante-rooms, and passage-way, and gallery on the south end about fifteen feet wide, and running entirely across the building. This hall will seat about seven hundred persons, and is splendidly arranged for meetings of grand bodies of the various secret societies extant. The Grand Lodges of Odd Fellows and Masons held their annual meetings in this hall in 1870, and it gave general satis- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 8 1 faction. It has two ante-rooms fitted up with wash-basins and water-closets. The stage is twelve by thirty feet. The cost of the building was about thirty-five thousand dollars. The owners are Samuel K. Wilson and Jacob R. Freese, and the hall is significantly called "Freese Hall." The Central Market is built on the corner of Front and Mont gomery streets. It is one story high and contains fifty stalls ; it cost about forty-two thousand dollars. In September, 1793, the yellow fever made its appearance in Philadelphia, and many citizens fell victims to the disease. And as a precautionary means to prevent the fever spreading among the inhabitants, should it make its appearance here, the common council of this city appointed Messrs. Axford and Howell a committee to procure a house for travelers and for poor persons who might be taken ill of that malignant fever. The public offices of the United States government were removed here during the prevalence of the fever in 1793, and in 1798, Mr. Adams, the president of the United States took up his residence here; he resided in the house in Warren street, known as the Phoenix hotel, which was recently pulled down to give room for the extension of Quarry street. The following gentlemen have filled the office of mayor of this city, viz., Moore Furman, appointed November 30th, 1792; Aaron D. Woodruff, February 19th, 1794 ; James Ewing, November 8th, 1797; Joshua Wright, November 10th, 1803; Stacy Potts, March 12th, 1806; Robert McNeely, February 9th, 1814; Charles Burroughs, November ist, 1832, being appointed by the legislature. In the year 1847, Charles Burroughs resigned the office of mayor, when, according to the charter, Samuel Evans, Esq., being then recorder of the city, acted also in the capacity of mayor until Eli Morris was elected by the aldermen, November ist, 1847. In the winter of the same year the legisla ture so amended the charter of the city as to make the office of mayor elective by the people, whereupon, at the spring election in April 1848, Samuel R. Hamilton was elected mayor under the revised charter. In April, 1849, William C. Howell was elected; in 1850, William Napton was elected. April 3d, 1855, William P. Sherman was appointed mayor, 22 HISTORY OF TRENTON. and on the ioth of the same month John R. Tucker was elected mayor. In 1856, Joseph Wood was elected mayor, and in May of the following year he resigned, and Franklin S. Mills was appointed on the ist of June, and continued in office until 1861, and in April of that year William R. McKean was elected. In April, 1863, Franklin S. Mills was again elected, and continued in office until 1867. In April, 1867, Alfred Reed was elected, and in 1868, William Napton was again elected, and continued in office until 1871, when John Briest was elected. The following have been clerks of the city : Benjamin Smith, December ioth, 1792; Jacob Benjamin, April, 1796; Peter Forman, April, 1807; Samuel T. Machette, April, 1822; David Johnston, January 28th, 1828; John R. Tucker, September, 1836; Thomas Macpherson, April, 1837; Henry C. Boswell, April, 1842; Alexander M. Johnston, April, 1844; Lewis R. Justice, April, 1848; Charles W. Jay, April, 1849; Alexander M. Johnston, April, 1850; John O. Raum, April, 1857; Wil liam N. Nutt, April, 1859; Matthew Brown, April, 1862; Ben jamin Naar, Jr., August, 1864; Alexander M. Johnston, April; 1866. Mr. Johnston occupies the position at the present time (1870). Previous to 1830 the collector was also the disbursing officer. From 1831 to 1854, the treasurers were appointed by common council, after which they were elected by the people until 1867, since which time they have been appointed by council. The following have been the financial officers of the city since 1800. William Rippon, 1801 ; Isaac Barnes, 1806; Peter Howell, 1810; Israel Moore, 1814; Samuel T. Machett, 1827; Abram P. Atkinson, 1829; Samuel Coleman, 1830, collectors; Samuel Evans, 1831 ; William C. Howell, 1841 ; Jonathan Fisk, 1851; James H. Clark, 1852; Jonathan S. Fish, 1853, treasurers appointed by council; Jesse M. Clark, 1855; Jonathan S. Fish, .1856; William M. Force, 1858; Jesse M. Clark, 1859; Peter Crozer, 1862; John O. Raum, 1863, elected by the people; John O. Raum, present incumbent, appointed by council 186.7. The act incorporating the "Borough of South Trenton" was passed February 28th, 1840. It was then enacted that James M. HISTORY OF TRENTON. gj Redmond be appointed chief burgess ; James H. Sims and Bailey A. West, assistant burgesses ; Marshall C. Holmes, high constable ; and Jacob B. James, borough clerk, to continue in office until the first Tuesday in May, 1841, and from thenceforth until others- should be duly appointed in their places, under the said charter. They were constituted a body corporate and politic by the name of "The burgesses and inhabitants of the borough of South Trenton." The first meeting held under the charter was on March 3d, 1841, when an organization of the borough was- effected. On the 4th of May, 1841, Richard J. Bond was chosen. chief burgess ; Wallaston Redman and Joseph Yard, assistant burgesses; Robert Wilson, clerk. May 3d, 1842, Franklin S. Mills was chosen chief burgess ; James H. Smith and Daniel Lodor, assistant burgesses ; and Jacob B. James, clerk. May 2d, 1843, Franklin S. Mills was again chosen chief burgess; David Lloyd and Samuel Sutton, assistant burgesses ; Samuel B. Stafford, clerk. May 7th, 1844, Andrew Stilwell was appointed. chief burgess; William McGill and Jacob Berdine, assistants;- and Joseph O. Rickey, clerk. May 5th, 1845, Andrew Stilwell was again chosen chief burgess; Jacob Berdine and Samuel B. Stafford, assistants; and John J. Duswald, borough clerk. May 5th, 1846, John S. Gustin was appointed chief burgess; Samuel B. Stafford and William B. Paul, assistants; and John H. Morris, clerk. May 4th, 1847, Samuel B. Stafford was chosen chief burgess ; Charles Gorden and William B. Paul, assistants ; and John H. Morris, clerk. May 2d, 1848, James W. Southard was chosen chief burgess ; Henry M. Lee and Joseph W. Bond, assistants; and Lewis R. Parker, clerk. May ist, 1849, John Valentine was chosen chief burgess; Abner Mershon and Jacob- Berdine, assistants; and Lewis R. Parker, clerk. May 7th, 1850, Orrin Packard was chosen chief burgess; Andrew Ross- and William P. Mulford, assistants ; and Lewis R. Parker, clerk. These were the last officers elected under the borough charter. In 185 1 the legislature incorporated the borough with the fcity of Trenton, calling that part which constituted the borough the third and fourth wards. The burgesses and inhabitants, under the borough charter, had power to raise money for borough purposes, such as repairing: 84 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. roads, &c, to the amount of five hundred dollars, which was. afterwards increased by a supplement to one thousand dollars. Under the auspices of the burgesses was commenced the grading of the streets and paving the sidewalks, which has materially improved this part of our city. In the year 1844, all that part of the city of Trenton north of the Assanpink had been divided into four wards, numerically , called first, second, third, and fourth, the dividing line being- Warren street between the first and second wards, and State street between the third and fourth wards. But in this division the wards were considered too small ; consequently, by an act of the legislature, passed March 26th, 1845, "All that part of the city lying and being on the eastern side of a line beginning on. the Assanpink creek at the point where the centre of Warren street intersects the same, and running thence along the centre of Warren street to the Princeton turnpike ; thence along said turnpike to the city line, shall constitute one ward of said city, to be called 'the East Ward of the city of Trenton ;' and all that part of the said cjty lying and being on the western side of the line aforesaid, shall constitute the other ward of said city,. and be called 'the West Ward of the city of Trenton.' " By this supplement two members of council were chosen annually, to serve for the term of three years — council consisting of twelve members. The officers of the first and second wards- were authorized under this act to hold the first elections in the east and west wards of the city, until such times as thev should choose election officers in their respective wards. On the 14th of March, 1844, part of the township of Trenton was annexed to the township of Lawrence, as follows: "AIL such parts of the city of Trenton lying and being northeasterly of the following lines or boundaries, to wit : Beginning in the Assanpink creek near the mouth of a brook, corner of lands late of Samuel Dickinson and of Joseph Broadhurst, deceased ; thence by the line between the said lands, and of others, north about thirty-two degrees west, to the Delaware and Raritan Canal ; thence up the middle of said canal to the line between the township of Lawrence and the city of Trenton, be, and the same are hereby annexed to the township of Lawrence, in the HISTORY OF TRENTON. gs the county of Mercer, and shall hereafter be considered as a part of said township of Lawrence, anything in the act entitled 'An act to incorporate the city of Trenton,' passed the 7th day of March, 1837, to thecontrary notwithstanding; and that this act shall take effect from and after the passage thereof." In 1851, South Trenton was (by an act of the legislature) annexed to Trenton, and the city was then divided into four wards. All east of the centre of Warren street and north of the Assanpink creek constituted the first ward ; that portion west of Warren street and north of the creek, the second ward ; and all south of the creek and east of Lamberton street, and north of Arsenal, or Cass street, was called the third ward ; while all west of Lamberton street, south of the Assanpink, and north of the Arsenal, was termed the fourth ward. That year six councilmen were to be elected in the third and fourth wards. The term of office of two to expire each year, when others were to be elected to fill their places — two in each year- — for a term of three years. In 1853 the fifth ward was (by an act of the legislature) formed from the first ward, and "commencing at a point in the centre of Warren street, and opposite the centre of Hanover street, runs easterly along the centre of Hanover street, and in a direct line therewith, until it strikes the Delaware and Raritan canal ; thence up said canal to the centre of Perry street ; thence easterly along the centre of Perry street, and in a direct line therewith, until it strikes the Assanpink creek; thence up the said creek until it strikes the township of Lawrence; thence along said line to the branch turnpike road ; thence along said turnpike road southerly to Warren street ; and thence down the centre of said street to the place of beginning." Under this new arrangement, on April 7th, 185 1, William Napton was elected mayor, and Samuel Evans recorder. In the fall of the same year, in consequence of Mayor Napton being elected a member of the legislature, John R. Tucker was appointed by council to fill the vacancy caused thereby. The following persons were elected aldermen : first ward, John P. Kennedy; second ward, Elias Phillips; third ward, Joseph W. Bond ; fourth ward, Marshall C. Holmes. On the 1 2th of April, 185 2, the following officers were elected : H g6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. mayor, John R. Tucker; recorder, Robert C. Belville; aldei- man of first ward, Job M. Bennett; second ward, Elias Phillips; third ward, John S. Gustin ; fourth ward, Henry Minehart. On the nth of April, 1853, John R. Tucker was re-elected mayor ; Sylvester Vansyckel, recorder ; Elias Phillips, alderman of first ward ; Roswell Howe, second ward ; Barnet T. Slinger- land, third ward ; William H. Manning, fourth ward ; David S. Anderson, fifth ward. In 1854, William Napton was elected mayor; Joseph Wood, recorder ; alderman of first ward, Thomas Morrell ; second ward, Robert S. Norcross ; third ward, Charles Whelden ; fourth ward, David Lloyd ; fifth ward, Harper Crozer. The present bounds of the city of Trenton are, on the north extending in a westerly direction to the line of Lawrence and Ewing townships to the Delaware river ; thence, following the course of the river to the line of the township of Hamilton ; thence east along Hamilton township, which is divided from Trenton by the Assanpink creek and the Delaware and Raritan canal ; thence following said canal and creek and the township line of Hamilton to the Lawrence line, the place of beginning. The bounds of Trenton have been altered at different times. In February, 1831, the farm of General Thomas Cadwallader was- set off from the city of Trenton. In 1833, the township of Trenton was divided into the townships of Ewing and Trenton, but the boundaries of Trenton township were made the same as- the city of Trenton. In 1858, the farm of S. E. Decou was set off from the city of Trenton and annexed to the township of Ewing. CHAPTER VIII. .Churches and their Pastors — Presbyterian — Episcopal — Church at Lawrence — Church in Ewing — Separation of the city and country Congregations — Evangelical Church — German Re formed Church — Reformed Dutch Church — Baptist Churches Methodist Churches — Roman Catholic Churches — Evangelical Lutheran Church — Universalist Church, etc. IN consequence of the close connection existing between the Churches of Lawrence, Trenton First Church, Trenton city, and Pennington, it is almost impossible to find any accurate records containing the early history of the Presbyterian Church in this town, as it is difficult to distinguish what churches are meant by Hopewell in connection with Maidenhead. In the records of the Presbytery and Synod of Philadelphia, the name of Joseph Yard is mentioned as being present at most of their meetings as an elder, from 1707 to 171 7; Mr. Daniel Howell was also present as an elder in 1717. Both of these men were among the first settlers of this part of Hopewell, and both were- elders in what was then Hopewell, and afterwards Trenton (now Ewing) First Church. This church was known as the Old Hopewell Church, and was connected, with the Church at Maidenhead many years before the Church at Pennington was formed. The brick Presbyterian Church of Pennington, removed some time since to give way to another structure, was built in 1766. This fact was ascertained from the widow Kirkpatrick, who, during the latter period of her life, resided in this city. She said the roof was put on the church the day she was born. In 1709, the people of Hopewell and Maidenhead applied to the Presbytery of Philadelphia for supplies, and Mr. Joseph gg HISTORY OF TRENTON. Smith was directed to preach to the people on his way to and from New England. In 1 71 1, Mr. William Yard (brother of Joseph), applied to the Presbytery to assist them in getting a minister for these congregations. In September, 17 15, Philip Ringo presented to the Presbytery a call from the people of Hopewell and Maidenhead for the labors of Mr. Robert Orr, and he having accepted the call, was ordained at Maidenhead on the 20th of October, 17 15. But it is probable he did not continue long in this charge, for in September, 1719, it is mentioned on the minutes of the Synod of Philadelphia that Mr. Orr had no particular charge. Rev. Moses Dickinson, a graduate of Yale College, and a brother of the first president of the College of New Jersey, succeeded Mr. Orr, in 171 7. In 1729, Mr. Dickinson was followed by Rev. Joseph Morgan. He was pastor of the Church at Freehold from 1710 until he' was called to take charge of the united congregations of Hopewell and Maidenhead. From 1 719 till 1736, there are no satisfactory records which can be found, that I am aware of, relating to these congregations. In the year 1736, they applied to the Presbytery1 of Phila delphia to have Mr. David Cowell, a licentiate of that Presbytery, ordained, which ordination took place November 2d, 1736. Mr. Morgan had been preaching in these congregations previous to April, 1737, but for how long a time is not known. The Rev. David Cowell preached in the town and country churches until 1760, when, from ill-health, he resigned his pastoral charge. Mr. Cowell was not married. He lived iri a yellow frame house in West State street, adjoining the residence of William A. Benjamin -on the west. He died December ist, 1760, in the fifty-seventh year of his age, having served in the town and country congregations nearly twenty-four years. His remains were interred in the church-yard in Trenton city, where the Rev. John Hall, D. D. , now has pastoral charge. In 1760, the Rev. William Kirkpatrick, who had been licensed by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, August 15th, 1758, and ordained July 4th, 1759, was appointed to preach for these HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 89 congregations, and in April, 1761, they gave him a call to settle among them ; but it does not appear that he either accepted or declined it at that time, though in the spring of 1762 he accepted the call, and in June, 1766, he accepted a call from Amwell, and was installed pastor in August following ; he died in 1769. In 1767, Mr. Jonathan Edwards, then a tutor in the college at Princeton, and son of the eminent president of the college, received a call from these congregations, but in April, 1768, declined accepting it, as he had been chosen professor in the college. In 1769, the united congregations of Hopewell and Maiden head presented a call for the Rev. Elihu Spencer, of the Presby tery of New Castle, who was preaching at Shrewsbury, Shark River, and Middletown Point. Mr. Spencer accepted the call and removed from Eatontown, in Monmouth county, to Trenton, and lived ,the first year on the corner of State and Warren streets, in the house built by John Dagworthy, Esq.* This building was afterwards converted into a tavern, and was called the City tavern, and was occupied for that purpose until its removal in 1837, when the Mechanics and Manufacturers Bank building was erected upon the same site.f Mr. Spencer pieached one-third of the time in each meeting house, in Maidenhead, Trenton, and the old meeting-house, until the close of the year 1 784, when he departed this life on the 27th of December, in the 64th year of his age. In October, 1738, a petition was sent from some of the people of Hopewell and Maidenhead to the Presbytery of Philadelphia, * Mr. Dagworthy removed from Lawrence. He owned and lived on the plantation of the late Caleb Smith Green, and died in Trenton, September 5th, 1760. f This house was built by John Dagworthy, about the year 1760. It was two stories high, built of mud, and stuccoed. It was quite a large building. The front door was reached by eight steps, which extended either way, from north and south, and similar to those fronting the building which now occupies the same spot. This building afterwards came into the possession of Thomas Sterling. Upon the lot was built the fish market, and near the market stood the Union engine house, both of which were removed in 1837, when the present dwellings were erected thereon. 9o HISTORY OF TRENTON. desiring that body to constitute them a separate body. This petition was opposed by commissioners appointed by some of the members of the congregation who were unfavorable to a separation ; these commissioners,- as well as those who favored a separation, met the Presbytery, and both parties being heard, and the subject ably discussed before that body, it was at last agreed, " That inasmuch as the Presbytery judge it their duty that when new erections are made, particular care be taken that old standing congregations be not hurt or ruined. ' ' To prevent any evil from this course, which was now requested to be pursued, it was agreed, by the parties present of both con gregations, that if they could not agree, by a majority of both parties of the respective churches, where to locate a meeting house, they would refer the location of it to the Presbytery, and this agreement was signed, on behalf of the applicants in favor of the new erection, by Benjamin Stevens, John Anderson, Samuel Hunt, and Joseph Burt ; and in favor of the old congre gations, by Enoch Armitage, Thomas Burroughs, Edward Hart, and Timothy Baker. The Presbytery then, with entire unanimity, elected the applicants into a separate congregation or society. The new congregation then requested to be set off from the Presbytery of Philadelphia, and united to the Presbytery of New Brunswick. The Presbytery informed them that, in consequence of the afore-mentioned agreement, they could not, at present, accede to their request, but if the business of locating the meeting-house should be satisfactorily settled, then the Presby tery would, upon their application, take their request under further consideration. And again, in May, 1 739, it was brought before the Presby tery, when they referred it to the Synod for advice. At this meeting there was a call presented to Mr. Guild, from the old congregation of Hopewell, desiring his labors there. The con sideration of this call was deferred by the Presbytery, until the opinion of the Synod on the subject submitted to them should be known. At this meeting, also, the following minute was made, viz., "The subject of Mr. Guild's ordination was resumed, and the Presbytery are of the mind that the affair of Hopewell was HISTORY OF TRENTON. gt determined in such a manner, by the Synod, that the way is clear for the people to proceed in making out a call' for Mr. Guild ; yet they were desirous of settling him, and wished Presbytery to appoint one of their members to come and assist them in that affair." Accordingly, the Rev. Mr. Cross was appointed to attend to the business, and the Rev. Mr. Cowell was to accom pany him. At a meeting of the Presbytery, September 18th, 1739, the people of Hopewell and Maidenhead presented a call for Mr. Guild, who took it into consideration, until the meeting was to be held at Hopewell, by the appointment of the Synod, to settle the affairs of these congregations, which had been referred to them by the Presbytery for advice. Circumstances, however, prevented this meeting of the Synod at Hopewell. At a meeting of the Presbytery, September 17th, 1741, Mr. Guild declared his acceptance of the call from Hopewell and Maidenhead, having had it under consideration during this period, &c, and measures were adopted for his ordination, which took place on the 12th of November, 1741, at Hopewell. The Rev. David Evans preached the sermon on the occasion.* In May, 1743, the new society in Maidenhead and Hopewell presented a call to the New Brunswick Presbytery, for the Rev. John Rowland to settle among them, but we have no evidence that he accepted it. From this time, supplies were furnished them until the meeting of the Presbytery in October, 1748, when they presented a call to the Rev. Timothy Allen. This call he took into consideration, but never accepted it, although he continued to preach for them until May, 1752. In October, 1753, these congregations called the Rev. James Davenport, and he accepted the invitation, and was installed in October, 1754, and continued their pastor until nearly the close of the year 1757, when he departed this life. During his ministry Mr. Davenport lived on the place in Maidenhead which had been occupied by the Rev. Mr. Morgan. In June, 1758, they presented a call for the labors of the Rev. Thomas Lewis, which he took into consideration. In May of * Minutes of Philadelphia Presbytery. 92 HISTORY OF TRENTON. this year, the Rev. David Cowell and the Rev. John Guild, with the congregations of Trenton, Hopewell, and Maidenhead, were, by an act of Synod, attached to the Presbytery of New Brunswick. Until this time they belonged to the Presbytery of Philadelphia, except the new society formed in 1738 from parts of the congre gation of Hopewell and Maidenhead. In May, 1760, the Rev. Mr. Lewis returned the call which he had received from Hope well and Maidenhead. In 1763, Mr. Guild was settled over the two churches, Maiden head and Hopewell. The same year the people made application to Mr. Enoch Green, (who had in December, 1761, been licensed by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, and ordained an Evangelist in September, 1762), to supply them the Sabbaths that Mr. Guild did not preach for them, and in October, 1794, they gave him a call to settle among them. But the Presbytery advised him not to return the call until he and Mr. Guild could bring about a reconciliation and union of the two congregations of Maidenhead and Hopewell which had been so long divided, but this they failed to accomplish after various efforts. In the mean time Mr. Green was to be their stated supply. In 1766 he returned the call. In 1769, the Rev. Elihu Spencer preached in the old house (Ewing) in town, and in Maidenhead, and dying in 1785, Mr. Guild continued to preach in Maidenhead and Pennington. In 1 740, the Church in Pennington was built on lands of Mr. Pinkerton about one mile west of the village of Pennington. In this church they continued to worship until their new one was built, which was a brick structure and erected in the village. Having finished this one, they abandoned the old church. In 1785, Rev. James Francis Armstrong, of the Presbytery of New Castle, supplied the three churches, as Mr. Spencer had done before them. In April, 1786, the Rev. Mr. Armstrong was present at the meeting of the New Brunswick Presbytery, a call having been presented for that gentleman at a previous meeting of the Pres bytery. Mr. A. was at first admitted on trial for the gospel ministry by the New Brunswick Presbytery, in 1775, and about this time the British army, holding possession of this part of HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. g^ New Jersey, Dr. Witherspoon gave Mr. Armstrong a letter to the Presbytery of New Castle, where he was licensed and ordained, and was for some years a chaplain in the army. In April, 1787, Mr. Armstrong accepted the call from Trenton and Maidenhead. In 1790, the congregation of Lawrence asked for his labors half of the time, and from this time till 1806 they were equally divided between Lawrence and Trenton. In this year the city congregation asked for his labors the whole of the time, and thenceforward he was wholly employed in the city till the 19th or January, 1816, when he departed this life in the sixty-sixth year of his age, and the thirty-eighth of his ministry, and was buried in the burial ground of the First Presbyterian Church in Trenton. December 17th, 1816, Rev. Samuel Blanchard How, who had previously received a call from the congregation of Trenton city, was installed their pastor. In April, 182 1, having received a call from New Brunswick, he accepted it, and dissolving his pastoral relations here entered upon his new field of labor. On the 28th of November, 1821, Rev. William Jessup Arm strong, D. D., was ordained and installed pastor of the church in this city, and on April 24th, of the following year, having received a call from Richmond, Virginia, he accepted it, and his pastoral relation here was dissolved. March 8th, 1826, Rey. John Smith was ordained and installed pastor of this church, and on the 6th of August, 1828, the pastoral relation was dissolved at his own request. On the nth of February, 1829, the Rev. James W. Alexander was installed pastor of the city congregation, and on the ist of October, 1832, in consequence of ill-health, Mr. Alexander asked leave to have his pastoral relation dissolved, which was granted. He then returned to Princeton and accepted a profes sorship in the college, which he held for a number of years, when he accepted a call in New York city, to preach in the Duane Street Church. Subsequently, however, he returned to a professorship in the Theological Seminary at Princeton. The Duane street congregation resolved to erect a new edifice higher up town than their old one, and having finished it, they offered the pastoral charge to Mr. Alexander, which he accepted. 94 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. On the 7th of October, 1834, the Rev. John W. Yeomans was installed pastor of the congregation in the city. During his ministration the new church edifice was erected, and dedicated! by him on Sunday, the 19th of January, 1840; his text upon the occasion was the 4th verse of the 65th Psalm : " Blessed is the man whom thou choosest and causest to approach unto thee, that he may dwell in thy courts ; we shall be satisfied with the goodness of thy house, even of thy holy temple." His sermon was afterwards published by the congregation and distributed among the members of his church. He was dismissed by. his own request, April 27th, 1841, having been appointed to the presidency of Lafayette College, at Easton, Pennsylvania. He afterwards accepted a call at Danville, Pennsylvania, where he remained until his death. ' On the nth of August, 1841, Rev. John Hall, the present pastor, was ordained and installed. In 1870 the church was considerably improved, newly painted and new pews put in, and they are having a splendid organ built at a cost of about four thousand dollars. The church contains one hundred and forty-four pews, with a gallery across the southern end, and will seat about eight hundred persons. Tne officers of the church are Rev. John Hall, D. D. , pastor; Thomas J. Stryker, Jonathan Fisk, Samuel Roberts, George S. Green, Augustus G. Richey, Henry W. Green, John S. Cham bers, and William J. Owens, elders ; B. Wesley Titus, Julius Johnston, William R. Titus, and James H. Clark, deacons; Charles E. Green, treasurer; James S. Gray, sexton. The following statistics during his ministry were furnished by the pastor : Received on first profession, three hundred and twenty-two ; from other churches, three hundred and ninety- four — total, seven hundred and sixteen. Original number, (1841), three hundred. Baptism of children, three hundred and seventy-four; baptism of adults, one hundred and fifty-nine. Marriages, three hundred and twenty-seven ; funerals, eight hun dred and fifty. The Second Presbyterian Church of Trenton, was organized by a committee of Presbytery on the 15th of November, 1842, Rev. Messrs. Eli F. Cooley, Bayard Hall, and John Hall, D. D., HISTORY OF TRENTON. 9j serving on this committee. Various efforts had been previously made to maintain public worship in the vicinity of the present location of the church edifice, which is in the fourth ward, not far from the Delaware bridge. As far back as 1823, the Trenton and Lamberton Baptist Church, under the pastoral care of Rev. William Boswell, became divided, and a party following the lead of their pastor, to whom they manifested a strong attachment, and under the influence of more than ordinary excitement caused by their maintaining "open communion" or fellowship with brethren of various Christain denominations, and other doctrines in which they were violently opposed by the Baptist brethren, they at once commenced building a small, but substantial brick edifice where the Second Church now stands, and in six weeks' time it was completed and occupied as a house of public worship. This house was about forty feet front by fifty-six deep. Here Mr. Boswell continued his ministerial labors with much zeal and to the great acceptance of his hearers until near the period of his removal by death, which occurred on the ioth of June, 1833, m the fiifty-ninth year of his age. A decent grave-stone covers the place of his burial in the ground immediately back of the place he occupied as a pulpit. The shepherd died and the flock became scattered, and finally after many difficulties were disbanded. For some length of time their house was not occupied, or it was open to any denomination who might chance to worship there. The Methodists not unfrequently held meetings in it, and at one time made a vigorous effort to obtain means for its purchase, but without success. Finally some of the laymen connected with the First Presby terian Church of this city, in view of the great destitution among the rapidly increasing population in the vicinity of the church edifice, occupied it for the purpose of gathering in the children in the neighborhood and instructing them in the Sabbath-school, and occasionally having preaching there, until, at length, at a meeting of the Presbytery in Kingston, August 2d, 1842, a com mittee to whom the business had been referred, " reported that 96 HISTORY OF TRENTON. a place for public worship had been purchased and handsomely! fitted up and opened for public service. ' ' At this meeting " The Rev. Samuel Miller, D. D., was appointed to preach there the second Sabbath in August, and the Rev. B. H% Rice, D. D., the third Sabbath in August, and the further supply of the pulpit till the next stated meeting of the Presbytery was referred to Rev. John Hall and Rev. Dr. Miller." The venerable and Rev. Charles Webster was employed as a stated supply for a limited time, and he was succeeded by the Rev. Daniel Dereuelle in 1843, who was regularly called and settled as their first pastor, with whom he continued to labor in word and doctrine for about five years. About the commence ment of his pastorate, a brick Sunday-school edifice, one story high, was erected on the south side of the church edifice, which was also used for a session-house and lecture room. Mr. Dereuelle finally obtained permission of the Presbytery to resign his pastoral charge on account of his health. On the 23d of July, 1848, the Rev. A. D. White, who had been preaching for them a number of times, received a unanimous call to become their pastor, and on finally accepting it he was duly installed by the Presbytery as pastor of the congregation on the 9th of October, 1848. There was now a steady increase in the congregation and membership of the church until the spring of 1851, when a. vigorous effort was made for enlarging the church edifice. John McArthur, Jr., architect, of Philadelphia, was employed to- furnish plans and specifications — and pastor, elders, trustees, members, "people of the world," and all hands, male and female, old and young, who felt any interest in the undertaking,. were set to work to give of their means according to their several- ability, and to procure means, both in and out of the congrega tion, until they should be permitted to see the desire of their hearts accomplished. The unsightly and dingy old edifice was rejuvenated at the mystic touch of the hand of genius ; forty feet were added to the eastern end, making the entire length ninety-six feet. Large new windows and a front view of the Romanesque style of archi- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 97 tecture were added, and the entire edifice newly plastered and painted inside, and a rough coat on the outside, in imitation of granite, presenting at once a neat, plain, and chaste house of worship, capable of seating six hundred people, and the entire improvement, including furnace, carpets, gas fixtures, &c, cost ing about six thousand dollars, which amount was paid and the congregation left free of debt. While this improvement was progressing, the congregation, by permission of the board of freeholders, met in the Mercer court house for public worship. The present edifice in its improved form was first occupied as a place of worship on the first Sabbath in October, 185 1, and on the Tuesday following, the Presbytery of New Brunswick held their regular fall meeting there, according to previous adjournment. A Sunday-school edifice was built in 1857, on grounds adjoin ing the church edifice, on the north side, which cost about four thousand dollars. The edifice is of brick, rough-cast like the church, thirty-two feet wide and sixty feet long, two stories high, and is capable of seating six hundred children. The lower story is also occupied as a lecture room, prayer meeting room, session room, &c. Soon after the enlargement of the church edifice in 185 1, the name of the First Presbyterian Church of South Trenton was changed by legislative enactment to the " Second Presbyterian Church, Trenton," when South Trenton was no longer a separate "borough," but was included within the corporate limits of the city. The Rev. Ansley D. White was succeeded in the pastorate of the Second Church by Rev. George S. Bishop. This was Mr. Bishop's first charge, he being called here directly from the Theological Seminary at Princeton. He was ordained to the work of the gospel ministry and installed as pastor of the church, June 15th, 1864. His pastorate continued only about twenty months, during which time there were added to the communion of the church thirteen on certificate and thirteen on examination, being a total of twenty-six. Mr. Bishop removed hence to the Calvary Church, of Newburg, New York. I 98 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. The pastorate of Rev. James B. Kennedy, the present pastor, began here on the nth of October, 1866, on which day he was installed, and upon which occasion Rev. A. Gosman, D. D., of Lawrence, presided and proposed the constitutional questions, Rev. Samuel M. Studdiford, of the Third Church, preached the sermon, Rev. William M. Blackburn, of the Fourth Church, gave the charge to the pastor, and Rev. John Hall, D. D., of the First Church, gave the charge to the people! During the five years which have since elapsed there have been added to the church, on certificate, thirty-four, and on examination forty- nine, making a total of eighty-three. The present membership is about two hundred and thirty- eight, being little, if any, in advance of what it was in the latter part of Mr. White's pastorate, which fact is accounted for by constant removals from the section of the city where the church is located to up-town localities. The church property consists of the lot on Union street on which the church edifice stands, together with the lecture and Sabbath-school rooms, the value of the whole being about thirty thousand dollars. The present officers are Rev. James B. Kennedy, pastor; William H. Brace, John B. Clugston, Lewis Wooley, and Albert Drake, elders ; Edward H. Stokes, Lewis Bronson, George Brearley, Jacob Stuckert, Lewis Parker, Jr., Charles' M. Hutchinson, and E. R. Cook, trustees; George Brearley and John Hunt, deacons; Lewis Parker, Jr., treasurer; John Bucknum, sexton. In the year 1848, the Third Presbyterian Church of Trenton was formed, and in 1849 they erected the edifice they now occupy, in Warren street, which was built by Mr. John Grant, of stone taken from the Ewing quarries. Their first pastor was the Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler. He commenced his ministration here in 1848, before their edifice was completed. At that time, they held their meetings in the Odd Fellows Hall, corner of Greene and Hanover streets. In June, 1853, Mr. Cuylei resigned his charge, and the Rev. Jacob Kirkpatrick, Jr., being chosen, accepted the call, but did not enter immediately upon his duties, and the church, for several months, received supplies HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 00 of ministers from other places. During the summer season, the First Church being vacated, to undergo some important repairs, the Rev. John Hall, D. D. , accepted an invitation to occupy the pulpit of the Third Church, and for his congregation to worship there, while their church was being repaired. Rev. Henry B. Chapin succeeded Mr. Kirkpatrick on the 5th of February, 1859, and continued until January ist, 1866. On the 25th of April, 1866, he was succeeded by Rev. S. M. Stud- diford. Upon the occasion of his installation, Rev. P. A. Stud- diford, brother of the pastor, preached the sermon, Rev. P. O. Studdiford, D. D., gave the charge to the pastor, and Rev. Samuel Hammell, D. D., the charge to the people. The present officers of the church are* Samuel M. Studdiford, pastor; Joseph G. Brearley, Edward W. Scudder, William A. Clark, George S. Grosvenor, elders ; Edward J. C. Atterbury, Henry W. Closson, John Mutchler, Henry C. Worthington, deacons; Joseph G. Brearley, treasurer; Joseph Pycraft, sexton. The church has one hundred and twenty pews, with capacity for seating about six hundred persons. The present membership is about three hundred. On the 4th day of November, 1858, sundry persons to the number of one hundred and two, represented by their commis sioners, Messrs. John McKelway, Elias Cook, Andrew R. Titus, and William F. Phelps, appeared before the Presbytery of New Brunswick, then in session at Jamesburg, and petitioned that reverend body to organize them into a church, to be known as "The Fourth Presbyterian Church of Trenton." Whereupon, it was resolved that the prayer of the petitioners be granted, and that the Rev. John Hall, D. D., the Rev. A. D. White, and Hon. Stacy G. Potts, ruling elders, be a committee to organize said church when the way should be clear. On the 6th of November, and at the request of the petitioners aforesaid, this committee of Presbytery met at the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association, No. 77 Warren street. The Rev. Dr. Hall, moderator of the meeting, opened the same with prayer. 1 he object of the meeting having been stated, the cer- tificatts ui the following persons were presented, and being found IOO HISTORY OF TRENTON. in order, at their own request they were organized into a church to be known as "The Fourth Presbyterian Church of Trenton:" From the First Presbyterian Church of Trenton, Andrew R. Titus, Mrs. Mary E. Titus, Watson F. Van Camp, Mrs. Hannah Van Camp, Charles Brearley, Mrs. Sarah A. Brearley, Edward T. Green. From the Third Presbyterian Church of Trenton, Benjamin S. Disbrow, Mrs. Elizabeth Disbrow, Sarah Disbrow, John W. McKelway, Wm. W. L. Phillips, Labaw Dennis, Mrs. Marcia McNeely, George G. Roney, Anna Maria Lloyd, Joseph P. Lloyd,' Anna H. Lloyd, William F. Phelps, John P. Hutchin son, Elizabeth Hutchinson, Nathaniel R. Titus, Mrs. Ann Titus, Elizabeth Titus, Penelope Titus, William White, Mrs. Hannah H. White, Wilbur F. Wood, John C. Titus, Mrs. Letitia Titus, Sumner C. Webb, Robert P. Galager, Mary E. Galager, James H. Farrand, Mrs. Louisa C. Farrand, Mary E. Farrand, Ange lina McChesney, Joseph C. Potts, Anna W. Potts. At the same time and place, Messrs. Nathaniel R. Titus, Ben jamin S. Disbrow, and Sumner C. Webb were elected ruling elders, and their installation was appointed to take place at the close of the public services on the afternoon of the Sabbath fol lowing, November 7th. On the afternoon of Sunday, November 7th, 1858, the first sermon was preached to the Fourth Church by the Rev. Dr. Hall, in the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association, from these words, " God is faithful by whom ye. were called into the fellowship of His Son Jesus Christ." ist Cor. 1., 9. And the ruling elders above named were duly installed. These services concluded, a notice was read calling a meeting of the church and congregation to be held at the same place on Monday evening, November 8th, for the purpose, if the way be clear, of electing a pastor. Pursuant to said call, the church and congregation assembled Monday evening, November 8th. The Rev. Dr. Hall officiated as moderator, and Edward T. Green as clerk. At this meeting the Rev. Edward D. Yeomans, of Pennsylvania, was unanimously chosen as pastor, and Messrs. Webb, A. R. Titus, and McKeU way, were appointed a committee to prosecute the call. HISTORY OF TRENTON. IOI It was also resolved that Messrs. G. G. Roney, C. Brearley, O. H. Hazard, and P. K. McClurg, be appointed a committee to organize a Sabbath-school in connection with this church. The following is a list of the clergymen who supplied the pulpit of the Fourth Church previous to the arrival of the pastor elect : November 7th, Rev. John Hall, D. D., from 1 Cor., i., 9. November 14th, Rev. W. H. Green, D. D., from John, xiii., 2. November 18th, (Thanksgiving Day), Rev. W. H. Green, D. D., from Psalms, cxxxvi., 1. November 21st, Rev. W. P. Bond, morning — from 1 Cor., ix., 27; evening — from John, xxiv., 15. December 5th, Rev. J. C. Moffat, D. D., morning — from 2 Cor., v., 9; evening — from Mat., v., 10-12. December 12th, Rev. A. T. McGill, D. D., morning — from Is., xxviii., 17; evening — from Mat., xxviii., 5. The Rev. E. D. Yeomans preached his first regular sermon December 19th, from Psalms, cxix., 105. At a meeting of the congregation on Wednesday, December 15th, Messrs. Elias Cook, A. R. Titus, B. S. Disbrow, Joseph C. Potts, Wm. White, and Edward T. Green were elected trustees. At Princeton, December 16th, the Rev. E. D. Yeomans was received by the Presbytery of New Brunswick as a member of that body, and having accepted the call of the Fourth Church, his installation was appointed for the 25th of February, and he was accordingly installed. The Rev. E. F. Cooley, D. D., pre side J, tie Rev. J. W. Yeomans preached the sermon; the charge to the pastor was given by the Rev. A. M. McGill, D. D., and the charge to the people by the Rev. John Hall, D. D. At a meeting of the church July 6th, 1859, Mr. Aaron A. Hutchinson was elected a ruling elder, and on the following Friday evening was duly installed. At a similar meeting held .September 19th, i860, Mr. E. B. Fuller was elected ruling elder, and Messrs. John C. Titus, John McKelway, and Andrew R. Titus were elected as deacons, and on the 7th of October following, these gentlemen were installed in their several offices. On the 2d day of June, 1863, the Rev. E. D. Yeomans was released, at his own request, from the pastoral charge of the I02 HISTORY OF TRENTON. church, with a view to his settlement over St. Peter's Presby terian Church, Rochester, New York. The Rev. J. T. Duffield, D. D., of Princeton, supplied the pulpit until the arrival of the Rev. W. M. Blackburn, December 20th, 1863. Mr. Blackburn was called to the pastorate of the church November 28th, 1863. He commenced his labors December 27th, and was installed in February, 1864. At the installation the Rev. George Hale, D. D. , presided, the Rev. J. G. Symmes, preached the seimon, the Rev. John Hall, D. D., gave the charge to the pastor, and the Rev. J. T. Duffield, D. D. , the charge to the people. The pastorate of the Rev. W. M. Blackburn continued until August 1 6th, 1868, when it was declared ended by the action of the Presbytery, Mr. B. having been elected by the General Assembly in session at Albany, New York, the May preceding, to the professorship of Biblical and Ecclesiastical History in the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Northwest. The pulpit of the church was then supplied by the Rev. Prof. C. A. Aiken, of Princeton, until November ist, 1868, when the new pastor elect assumed the duties of his office. At a meeting of the congregation October 5th, at which the Rev. Dr. Hall presided, a call to the pastorate of the church was given to the Rev. R. H. Richardson, D. D., of Newbury- port, Massachusetts, Presbytery of Londonderry, and on the 6th, permission was given by the Presbytery to prosecute it through Messrs. A. A. Hutchinson, W. W. L. Phillips, E. Cook, J. W. Farrand, and R, Brandt, commissioners chosen by the congre gation for that purpose. The call having been accepted, the pastor elect was installed December 3d, 1868. On this occasion the Rev. Dr. Hall presided ; the sermon was preached by the Rev. C. W. Shields, D. D., of Princeton. The charge to the pastor was given by the Rev. A. Gossman, D. D., of Lawrenceville, and the charge to the people by the Rev. J. R. Mann, D. D., of Kingston. On the 3d of February, Messrs. C. Brearley, B. Pickel, and W. D. Sinclair were elected elders of the church, and on the a ist were duly installed. HISTORY OF TRENTON. IQ3 January nth, 1871, Mr. E. M. Fuller was re-elected to the same office, and installed. And on the 18th of the same month, Messrs. Sylvester Dana, Mindred W. Johnson, and W. W. L. Phillips were elected deacons, and on Sunday, 29th, were installed. The present organization of the church (April 15th, 1871), is as follows: R. H. Richardson, D. D., pastor; B. S. Disbrow, A. A. Hutchinson, E. B. Fuller, C. Brearley, B. Pickel, W. D. Sinclair, ruling elders ; J. McKelway, J. C. Titus, S. Dana, W, W. L. Phillips, M. W. Johnson, deacons; Elias Cook, J. H. Cogill, B. S. Disbrow, C. Brearley, W. W. L. Phillips, W. White, trustees; E. B. Fuller, treasurer: B. Pickel, superinten dent of Sabbath-school ; M. W. Johnson, vice superintendent of Sabbath -school. Immediately after the organization of the church, measures were taken for the erection of a church building, and the very eligible lot at the intersection of State, Clinton, and Ewing streets was soon purchased and the building began. The con gregation worshipped in the city hall until the completion of their edifice. This was accomplished under the faithful and judicious super vision of the building committee, consisting of Messrs. E. Cook, W. White, and C. Brearley, of which Mr. Cook was the chair man, by October 15th, i860, precisely one year from the day on which the corner-stone was laid. On the 16th, the church was dedicated to the worship of the Divine God, the pastor, the Rev. E. D. Yeomans preaching the sermon. The buildings connected with the church are the main edifice, in the rear of which is the lecture room and Sabbath-school room, and behind these the parsonage. The spire was blown ¦down January 2d, 1870, and was a great loss, not only to the church, but to the city of which it was so conspicuous an orna ment. The: present value of the church, property is about .seventy-five thousand dollars. CHAPTER IX. First Presbyterian Church — New Building— Mysterious Vault- Church in Maidenhead— Ewing— German Reformed Church- Evangelical Society — Reformed Dutch Church — St. Michael's Church— St. Paul's Church— Trinity Church— Methodist Epis copal Churches, etc., etc. The First Presbyterian Church, in the city of Trenton, was built subsequent to the Presbyterian Church in Hopewell (now Ewing), and was a very antiquated stone building, about thirty feet front by the same in depth, and would seat about three hun dred persons. The society was formed in 1712, and in 1726 the stone church was built. In the year 1756, the church was incorporated by George II. , by letters patent, appointing the Rev. David Cowell, Charles Clark, Esq., Andrew Reed, Esq., Joseph Yard, Arthur Howell, William Green, and Alexander Chambers trustees, under the name of "Trustees of the Presbyterian Church of Trenton."* According to the inscription on the church in State street, the old stone building must have stood about eighty years, as it remained there until 1804, when it was taken down, to make room for the large brick church, which was built in 1805. This church was a much larger and more costly edifice than the old church. It occupied the same spot of ground. The new edifice was built of brick, in the year above named. It was placed about twenty feet back from the street, with a tower in the centre, and surmounted by a steeple, in the belfry of which hung the same bell nowin the steeple of the First Presbyterian Church of this city. * Liber 2 of Deads, folio 444, secretary's office. HISTORY OF TRENTON. IOS The city clock was also placed in the steeple of the old church, having a face upon three sides of it, so that the time could be readily , seen, approach the church from whatever quarter you might. This clock, for more than forty years, told to the deni zens of our goodly city, faithfully, the hours as they onward rolled, and when the same were struck upon the old bell, its sound was plainly heard, "the country round." The entrance to this church was by double doors, placed on each side of the brick tower. The entrance to the tower was by a door opening from the street, and located on the east side of the same. The pulpit was placed against the tower, and the congregation sat facing the door. The galleries extended around three sides of the building, and were entered by an open, wind ing staircase, on the east and west side of the church, and near the doors. The church was formerly lighted by three large glass chande liers, suspended from the Veiling, and burning spermaceti candles. But of late years, two of these chandeliers had been broken, and the church had been supplied with side lamps. This church being the largest building in the city, was in constant requisition for public purposes. Fourth of July celebrations, temperance meetings, &c, were usually held there. About the year 1836, the subject of building a new church began to be agitated, in consequence of fears in regard to the old structure. Accordingly, in 1838, the old brick building was demolished, the place where it stood was filled up and levelled, and the new edifice was erected in the immediate centre of the yard. The new building cost twenty thousand dollars. It has a gallery across the front end for the use of the choir, and in it was a handsome fine-toned organ, manufactured by Holbrook & Ware, of Massachusetts. The body of the church will seat about nine hundred persons. The builders were Messrs. Hotch- kiss & Thompson, of New Haven, Connecticut. In removing the old stone church, in 1804, a vault was dis covered containing two skeletons in a good state of preservation. This vault was supposed to have been built by Governor Cosby in 1732, and the bodies found there, it has been thought, were British officers, belonging to the colonial government. Tradition io6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. says that one of these, an old bachelor, was, at his own request, buried by candle light, to prevent females attending his funeral. This vault remained under the brick church, unknown to the present generation, until 1838, when, removing that church, it was again discovered, and the coffins, although having been there over a century, were in a tolerable state of preservation, and the skeletons themselves were perfect. I was the first one who explored that subterraneous abode of the dead. I found the lid of one of the coffins had been removed, and was placed in an upright position against the wall. Near it, on the floor of the vault (which was cemented), lay a metal plate, which had evidently been upon one of the coffins, but was so eaten up with rust as to render it impossible to decipher the figures upon it ; but from what little I could see, I am fully satisfied it was- the coat of arms of some ancient English family. In 1790, the congregation in Maidenhead called the Rev. James Francis Armstrong half of his time, when his labors were confined to the two congregations of Trenton and Maidenhead ; but in 1806, shortly after the new brick edifice was completed, he accepted a call from Trenton city, for all his time, and officiated there only. After being dismissed from his charge at Maidenhead, the congregation called and settled Rev. Isaac V. Brown, who continued their pastor twenty-one years, when, in consequence of ill health, he asked for his dismissal, which was accepted and his connection dissolved, December 9th, 1828. Through his influence the name of the village was changed to Lawrenceville. On the 16th of June, 1830, Rev. Henry Axtell was ordained and installed pastor of this church and congrega tion, and in February, 1835, he was, at his own request, dismissed, and on the 27th of April, 1836, the Rev. Joseph Mahon was installed pastor of the church and congregation, and in 1847, he was, by his own request, dismissed. The church continued for three years without a settled pastor, when in the spring of 1850, their present pastor, Rev. A. Gossman, was installed. In the year 1789, Rev. Joseph Rue received a call from the Trenton First Church (now in Ewing) for one-fourth of his time, and the congregation of Pennington assenting, he accepted' the HISTORY OF TRENTON. I0y call, and continued till 1800, when he gave to Trenton First Church one-third of his time, until 182 1, when he asked for a dismission from his charge in Trenton First Church, which was granted. From this time the Presbytery of New Brunswick supplied their pulpit till April, 1823, when the Rev. Eli F. Cooley, of Middletown Point, having received a call, removed there and was installed pastor the following June, which position he retained for a period of thirty-four years. At the meeting of the Presbytery, when the Rev. Mr. Guild was dismissed from his pastoral charge, the Rev. Joseph Rue, who had been ordained an Evangelist, in June, 1784, received a call from the congregation of Pennington to become their pastor, which call he accepted, and was installed not long after. Mr. Rue continued to be the pastor of this congregation until the 26th of April, 1826, when he departed this life. On the 30th of September following, the congregation gave the Rev. Benjamin Ogden, of Delaware, a call, which he accepted, and was installed December 5th, 1826. In October, 1838, he asked for and obtained a dismission from his pastoral charge, and removed with his family to Michigan. On the 7th of February, 1839, ^ev- George Hale, their present pastor, having received a call to settle among them, was ordained and installed by the Presbytery of New Brunswick.* , In the year" 1834, a few members of the Presbyterian Church of Trenton city formed themselves into a society denominated "The Trenton Evangelical Society." They employed the Rev. Truman Osborne, who labored for them for seven months as a missionary, preaching in one of the rooms of the Masonic lodge, corner of Front and Willow streets. On the 2d of April, 1835, the Rev. J. W. Davis, of the Ger man Reformed Church, who had been preaching for the society for some time, organized seven persons into a German Reformed Church. On the 4th of March, 1836, the Rev. John H. Smaltz received a call to be their pastor, and remained with them till *As these churches, Trenton, Ewing, Lawrence, and Pennington, are in their history so closely connected, we thought it best to give a history of each one for the benefit of the reader. I08 HISTORY OF TRENTON. near the close of the year 1838. During Mr. Smaltz's residence here the walls of the brick church were put up and the edifice enclosed. The corner-stone was laid September 8th, 1836. After Mr. Smaltz left the place, the Rev. Messrs. Jesse Steiner and Edward D. Smith labored here each a few months. On the 2d of January, 1841, the Rev. Charles P. Wack, of the Reformed Dutch Church, received a call. In May following, the church dissolved its ecclesiastical relation with the German Reformed Church, and in June, at a stated meeting of the Classis of Philadelphia, the church was received into the com munion of the Reformed Dutch Church. Mr. Wack, by his indefatigable exertions while pastor here, had the church edifice handsomely finished, and on the 30th of January, 1841, the church was dedicated by the Rev. Samuel A. Van Vranken, D. D., of New Brunswick. Mr. Wack continued their pastor for about two years, when, resigning his charge, the church was closed. Concerning Saint Michael's Church (Episcopal) but very little is known ; all the facts, however, which I have been able to- ascertain I will now proceed to lay before you. Kalm says: "The church, a frame building, was commenced in 1748, and finished in 1753." In 1755, the Rev. Michael Endang was settled as pastor, but in 1 761 the church was vacant. In 1763, the Rev. Mr. Treadwell was settled. In 1770, Rev. William Thompson was pastor. In 1774, Rev. Mr. Panton was settled, and in April 1776, the services in the church were sus pended in consequence of the war of the Revolution. When the British were in Trenton they converted the church into a stable for their horses. After the close of the war the building was repaired. In 1 788, the Rev. William Frazer was appointed to the rec torship. In 1795, the Rev. Mr. Vandyke was. settled as pastor. In 1798, the Rev. Henry Waddell was appointed to the rec torship, and continued to officiate until the year 1810, when he departed this life. In 181 1, Rev. Mr. Ward was appointed rector, and continued. HISTORY OF TRENTON. I09 in his charge until the close of the year 1814, when the Rev. Mr. Sherwood was appointed in his stead. In 18 1 7, Rev. James Montgomery, of Philadelphia, was chosen and officiated as pastor for about a year, when he removed to the city of New York. In May, 1818, the Rev. Abiel Carter received a call, which at the close of the year he accepted, and at the close of the year 1822, he resigned his charge and removed to Savannah, Georgia. In 1823, the Rev. William L. Johnson having received a call from this congregation, removed to Trenton early in the year, and in the beginning of the year 1830, he removed to Brooklyn, New York. In August of this year, (1830), the Rev. Mr. Beasley, D. -D., of Philadelphia, was chosen rector, and removed here the same season. Dr. Beasley resigned his charge in May, 1836, and in September following, the Rev. Samuel Starr received a call, which he accepted, and removed to this city shortly after. Dur ing his residence here the church was entirely remodeled, the front being extended out to the street, thereby considerably enlarging the building. Previous to this alteration, the front stood about twenty feet back from the street. Rev. Samuel Clements was rector in 1855 ; R-ev- Richard B. Duane, in 1858; Rev. Edward W. Appleton, in 1862. The present rector, Rev. Christopher W. Knauff, commenced his rectorship November 18th, 1866. The names of the present officers, elected April ioth, 1871, are James M. Davis, O. W. Blackfan, wardens ; James M. Davis, Ogden W. Blackfan, Henderson G. Scudder, Samuel K. Wilson, E. Mercer Shreve, John Moses, William R. Mcllvaine, James C. DeCou, Frederick R. Wilkinson, Samuel S. Stryker, and James Murphy, vestrymen. The church edifice has been rebuilt almost entirely during the present year (1870) at a cost of seventeen thousand dollars. Its present seating capacity is seven hundred and fifty. Value of church property about forty thousand dollars. Number of com municants two hundred and fifty-six. In 1848, Saint Paul's Church, in the third ward, was formed by members from Saint Michael's. They purchased a lot in K IIO HISTORY OF TRENTON. South Trenton, (now part of the city), and erected a stone edifice thereon in the Gothic style of architecture. Their first rector was the Rev. Benjamin Franklin ; he con tinued with them about three years, when, removing to Hoboken, the church was without a pastor. The rectorship being offered to Rev. Francis Clements, he accepted, and remained with them until his death, which occurred on the 1 8th of December, 1852, in the twenty-eighth year of his age. The church was again for a short time without a rector, until the settlement of the Rev. James L. Maxwell, in 1853. In 1854 he was appointed moral instructor in the State Prison, at the same time continuing to officiate as pastor of Saint Paul's. The Rev. J. L. Maxwell was called to the rectorship of Saint Paul's Church, at a meeting of the vestry, February ioth, 1853, resigning the same in the month of April, 1855. No services were held in St. Paul's for the ensuing five years. At a vestry meeting held in September, i860, the Rev. Thos. Drumm was called to the rectorship, holding this position until his acceptance of a chaplaincy in a New Jersey regiment, in the spring of the year 1862. In May of the same year, the present rector, the Rev. John C. Brown, accepted a call to the rectorship. The present officers of the church are Rev. John C. Brown, rector ; Thomas Green, William Clark, wardens ; George James, Robert Aitken, William Green, M. D., J. Stokes, J. Bergelin, Joseph Little, Ambrose English, vestry; Charles Hewitt, Earl English, Jacob R. Freese, delegates to the diocesan convention. There are sixty-four pews in the church, seating three hundred persons. Communicants over one hundred. Value of church property twelve thousand dollars. There is a large and flourish ing Sunday-school of three hundred children, under the care of Mr. Charles Hewitt as superintendent. Two Bible classes of twenty-five each, male and female, are taught by Mr. Timothy Abbott and Mrs. S. McTrim. The libraries contain some eight hundred volumes. In nine years the congregation has grown from twenty-five to one hundred and twenty-five families. The parish of Trinity Episcopal Church was organized Septem- HISTORY OF TRENTON. m ber 23d, 1858, by Catharine McCall, S. S. Barnes, G. A. Perdi- caris, Rodman M. Price, M. Beasley, M. Dunn, C. C. Phelps, Edward D. Weld, A. T. Howell, Philemon Dickinson, W. W. Norcross, William M. Babbitt, Thomas Cadwalader, William E. Hunt, C. H. Higginson, A. S. Livingston, and Samuel Simons. Rev. Hannibal Goodwin accepted the first rectorship Decem- bet 8th, 1858. He resigned September 29th, 1859. The first services were held in Dolton's building, Warren street, and were continued at that place until the present church edifice was ready for occupancy. The Rev. Norman W. Camp, D. D., was called and accepted the rectorship of the parish, December 19th, 1859. Rev. Henry Palethorp Hay, the third rector, accepted the call tendered him, on December 30th, i860. He resigned October 31st, 1863. Rev. Mark L. Olds, fourth rector, accepted June 30th, 1864. He resigned March 27th, 1867. Rev. E. P. Cressy, D. D., fifth rector, assumed the duties of his office May 12th, 1865, and continued his rectorship until his decease. Rev. Albert Upham Stanley, the sixth and present rector, entered upon his duties November nth, 1866, The corner-stone of the new church in Academy street was laid with solemn and impressive ceremonies, June 15th, i860, by Rt. Rev. Mr. Odenheimer, Bishop of the Diocese, assisted by Rev. Mr. Brown, of Lambertville, Rev. Messrs. Burton and Maxwell, Rev. P. L. Jaques, Rev. Dr. Dod, Rev. Dr. Camp, and Rev. Mr. Beasley. The service was commenced by singing the one hundred and second selection of Psalms, after which the Bishop read the Litany. These services were performed at the hall where the congrega tion had been worshiping, after which a procession was formed and marched to the lot on Academy street, the bishop and clergy wearing their robes of office. When near the location of the proposed church, the bishop, clergy, and others in the proces sion commenced reading antiphonally, the one hundred and twenty-second Psalm of the Psalter. When this was concluded II2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. the bishop, clergy, and procession had reached the spot where the corner-stone was to be laid. After an appropriate prayer, Rev. Dr.- Camp, the rector of the parish, read a document setting forth that the corner-stone was laid by the Rt. Rev. Bishop of the Diocese ; and recited at length the history of the parish, with the names of its officers, communicants, &c. After the laying of the corner-stone and the singing of Gloria in Excelsis, the bishop returned thanks for the interest mani fested in the project by the citizens present. He then spoke briefly of the enterprise which they had assembled to inaugurate with appropriate solemnities. After the ceremonies had been concluded, the clergy and invited guests dined at the State Street House. After dinner, the Rev. Dr. Camp made a few remarks concerning the enter prise so auspiciously inaugurated, and tendered a welcome on behalf of himself, the wardens, and vestry to the bishop, clergy, and other invited guests, to which Bishop Odenheimer responded in a short and beautiful speech, and in one of his most happy moods tenderly and appropriately mentioned the name of the late Bishop Doane, when the whole company arose and remained standing in silence a few moments. The Rev. Mr. Brown hap pily responded for himself and on behalf of the clergy. On behalf of the laity, Judges Ogden and Vandyke responded in short speeches. Addresses were also made by Mayor Mills and E. Mercer Shreve. Rev. Dr. Camp read a letter from Rev. Mr. Goodwin, the first rector of Trinity Church. A. S. Livingston, Esq., one of the wardens of the church, spoke of the enter prise this day entered upon, and of the connection of Rev. Mr. Goodwin with the parish, in most eloquent and glowing terms, and he sat down in the midst of great applause. The day was a very warm one, but admirable arrangements had been made by Mr. Westley P. Hunt, the untiring senior warden of the church. With admirable forethought Colonel Hunt ordered the erection of a temporary shed, made of lumber on the ground, and open on all sides, for protection against rain or sunshine. Under its grateful shade the bishop, clergy, invited guests, the ladies, and the choir were gathered. Around upon HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. x z 3 all sides were dense masses of human beings — probably more than five hundred persons were present — and such admirable order was preserved during the whole time of the imposing and impressive ceremony, that every word was heard. Many of our prominent citizens other than Episcopalians were present, among whom we may mention Judge Dayton, Lawyer Grandin, and every Methodist minister in Trenton, with per haps a single exception, and Thomas J. Stryker, Esq., cashier of the Trenton Banking Company. The cavity of the stone was twelve inches square and eight and a half inches deep — a large, heavy, and very hard stone about three feet square ; its contents were hermetically sealed in glass jars, and then placed in the cavity. The list of contents, the past history of the parish, &c, were furnished by Rev. Dr. Camp, and were engrossed on parchment with exquisite taste, by our late worthy townsman Mr. Decius Rice, and then the instrument was presented to the church. The church is built upon the highest part of Academy street, and opposite the Trenton academy. The lot is seventy-five by one hundred and fifty feet deep. The church is built of what is commonly known as Trenton sand stone. The cross and four tablets on the front of the building are of Pictou stone. The slate of the roof came from the celebrated Delaware Water Gap quarries. The ridge tiles and chimney top are terra cotta. Between the roof boards and the slate is a lining of felt, which answers a three-fold purpose, viz., a good bed for slate, a perfect non-conductor of sound, and keeps out the_cold. The building is heated by a large furnace in the cellar. The exterior of the building is a parallelogram, forty-two by ninety-one feet. The style of the architecture is the first pointed Gothic. Above the dentils, where the gable shows at the ridge, rise two turrets, one above the other, flanked on either side with buttress caps of cut stone. There are three bells in the upper turret. Above all, eighty feet from the ground is a beau tiful cross, eight' feet high, cut from Pictou stone. Just over the arch of the upper and middle window and just under K* x ! 4 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. the dentils are two tablets of Pictou stone, on which are wrought the words Laus Deo (Glory to God). The windows in the front of the church are ornamented with the dove, the Maltese or St. Andrew's cross, the Alpha and Omega, and the double triangle. The side windows, except the two nearest the chancel, have a colored grape-vine border, and are of Grisaille quarries. The two windows excepted above are memorials of the two departed Bishops of the Diocese of New Jersey, (Bishops Croes and Doane). They are of the Mosaic medallion pattern of the richest and most beautiful kind. That on the right as you enter the church is devoted to the late Bishop Croes, the first bishop of New Jersey, and the one just opposite on the other side, is devoted to the late Bishop Doane. The chancel is lighted at night by a peculiar arrangement ; within the chancel, and about one foot from the outer edge of the arch, are seen eight gas burners, four on each side, and about three feet apart. When these are lighted no one in the nave sees the flame, but the chancel itself is as bright as day. The wood work of the church is ordinary white pine, without paint, but oiled and varnished. The church was occupied for Divine service, October 14th, i860, and was solemnly dedicated to the worship of Almighty God on the 13th of December of the same year, by the Rt. Rev. J. H. Hopkins, D. D., LL.D., Bishop of Vermont, acting on behalf and at the request of Bishop Odenheimer, who was at the time suffering from a fracture of the patella. The clergymen in attendance, in addition to Bishop Hopkins, were J. H. Hopkins, Jr., of New York city, editor of the Church Journal, Rev. W: C. Doane, R. B. Duane, Rev. Mr. Drumfn, Rev. Mr. Peck, Rev. J. S. Maxwell, Rev. Dr. Knight, of Bur lington, Rev. J. B. Gibson, of Burlington College, Rev. Mr. Hommary, of Yardleyville, Rev. J. S. Thompson, of Somer- ville, Rev. Mr. Hepburn, of Pennsylvania, and the rector of the church. The' instrument of donation was read by the rector, and the sentence of consecration by Rev. W. C. Doane, of Burlington. The rest of the consecration service was performed by the Bishop of Vermont. Rev. Mr. Hopkins preached from Hebrews, ix., 24. HISTORY OF TRENTON. II5 From the annual sermon preached by Rev. Albert U. Stanley, the present rector, in 1870, we learn that during the preceding year he had officiated two hundred and fifteen times, and preached one hundred and twenty-one sermons and celebrated the Holy Communion nineteen times in public and once private ; eleven had been confirmed, and five adults and eleven children baptized ; there had been nine marriages ; the rector had buried in all ten persons, and there had been one burial during his absence from home ; three of these were not connected with the parish. At a meeting of the vestry, March 31st, 1870, Messrs. Living ston, Simons, Biddle, Clarke, and Hall, were appointed a com mittee to report a plan for the financial government of the church for the year. April 7th, they reported in favor of a free church system, a weekly payment of a small sum by each attendant, to dispense with renting pews, and that on and after Easter Monday the church wardens appropriate pews to all regular attendants upon the services. This plan was adopted, and Trinity Church is now free, being the only church in this city where pews are not rented. The plan has thus far worked well, and a better support is given to the pastor under the voluntary contribution system than he received from the rental of pews. The following is the report of Rev. Albert U. Stanley, the present efficient rector, for 1870 : Read services of the church two hundred and seventy-eight times ; preached one hundred and twenty-one sermons ; adminis tered the holy baptism to two adults and fifteen infants ; cele brated the holy communion twenty times in public and once in private ; confirmed seven ; married five couples ; and read the burial service at ten funerals. Methodism, or the doctrines taught by John Wesley, the father and founder of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Great Britain as well as in America, was first introduced into this country about the year 1 763. The first man who preached their doctrines in Trenton was Thomas Webb, captain of a British man-of-war. He came here about the year 1766, and preached „6 HISTORY OF TREN10N. to the people in a stable located near the corner of Greene and Academy streets, and directly opposite the dividing line between the corner store and the Trenton academy. The new doctrine met at first with considerable opposition, and those who advocated it were persecuted to a greater extent by the ungodly than were some of the other religious denomina tions. It did not at first meet with much encouragement from the wealthy and influential members of the community in conse quence of its plain doctrine ; but from its simplicity and entire adaptedness to the capacity of the unlettered and illiterate, it gained favor with the common people, and in a short time a congregation was formed. In 1768, two years after its first promulgation among us, a society was formed who erected a frame chapel, and in the year 1788 it was taken down and a frame church erected on the same site; and in 1808, that was also removed, and a brick edifice, afterwards in the occupancy of the Friends (Orthodox), was built. All these buildings were erected upon the same spot. In 1838, and during the ministry of Rev. Anthony Atwood, the congregation had increased to such an extent that they were obliged either to enlarge the old church or build a new one ; the latter expedient was adopted, and they purchased a lot in Greene street, below State, on the old Tucker property, and erected the present handsome brick edifice thereon, which has, since its first erection, been materially improved. In June, 1773, the General Conference of the United States transacted all the business relating to this society. There were at that time but ten ministers and eleven hundred souls who composed the entire body of the Methodist Church ; the same church, in 1844, could count more than a thousand ministers, and more than a million members. In 1773, there were but five stations or circuits in the entire country. These were New York, Philadelphia, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. The New York station comprised part of Massachusetts, and the New Jersey station part of Penn sylvania. There was an average number of members belong ing to these five stations of two hundred and thirty-two souls, making in all eleven hundred and sixty members, and to each of HISTORY OF TRENTON. II? these stations, which .comprised almost an entire state, and some of them even a still larger territory, there were but two minis ters to each district. New Jersey, as well as the other districts, was nothing more than a missionary station. The first Conference met at Philadelphia in 1773, at which time John King and William Watters were appointed to officiate in New Jersey; and at that time the church throughout the entire state numbered but two hundred members. In 1774, William Watters was stationed at Trenton. Fifty- seven members had been added to the church in the year ending at this time. On the 17th of May, 1775, John King and Daniel Ruff were stationed at Trenton. King had been traveling through the state in the capacity of a circuit preacher the two years preced ing this appointment. These two were to change every three months until the annual session of Conference. The society at this time numbered three hundred members. May 2 ist, 1 776, at the meeting of the Conference in Baltimore, Robert Lindsay and John Cooper were appointed to this station. This year there appears to have been a falling off in the mem bership of about one-half, the whole number reported being only one hundred and fifty. What should have caused this I do not know, unless a division had taken place in the New Jersey district, which I think highly probable. May 20th, 1777, Henry Kennedy and Thomas McClure were appointed. At this time the society numbered one hundred and sixty, being an increase of only ten in the year. On the 19th of May, 1778, Conference, at its session at Leesburg, appointed Daniel Ruff, and in the following year the Philadelphia station being added to that of New Jersey, Ruff was re-appointed with Philip Cox and Joshua Dudley. Confer ence had a second meeting on the 18th of May of the same year, but at that session they made no change in the previous appoint ments in this state. April 24th, 1780, at a meeting of Conference held at Balti more, William Gill, John James, and Richard Garretson were appointed. It was at the same time ordered that they should r ! 8 HIS TOR Y OF TRENTON. change every six months. This year the Virginia Conference separated from the General Conference in consequence of their being opposed to certain ordinances practiced in the church. Such action was disapproved by the General Conference. April 16th, 1781, Conference met at Choptank, in the state of Delaware, but adjourned to meet at Baltimore on the 24th of the same month. At this session this state was divided into two districts, comprising East and West Jersey. Trenton being in West Jersey, Caleb B. Pedicord and Joseph Cromwell were appointed to this station. The whole number of members in the state at that time was five hundred and twelve. April 17th, 1782, they met at Ellis' preaching-house, in Sussex county, Virginia, but adjourned to meet May 21st, in Balti more. Joshua Dudley and William Ivy were appointed for six months ; John Tunnell, of East Jersey, to take the place of Dudley, and William Clendening, of Pennsylvania, that of Richard Ivy. West Jersey reported three hundred and seventy- five members^ May 6th, 1783, they again met in Sussex county, Virginia, but adjourned to meet the 27th of the same month, in Balti more. Woolman Hickson and John Magery were appointed. They met at the same place on the 30th of April, 1 784, and continued their sitting to May 28th, at Baltimore. At the latter place John Hagerty and Mathew Greentree were appointed. At this session Trenton was set off from East and West Jersey, and the state divided into three districts. In 1785, Robert Cloud, John McClaskey, and Jacob Brush were appointed to officiate in Trenton. In this year the North American Conference separated from the British Conference, at the recommendation of John Wesley, and they formed a distinct and separate body, independent of the English Methodist estab lishment, adopting the Episcopal form of church government, as recommended by Mr. Wesley. Thomas Coke, D. D., and Francis Asbury were elected bishops or superintendents. In 1786, Robert Sparks and Robert Cann were appointed pastors in Trenton. In 1787, Ezekiel Cooper and Nathaniel B. Mills, and in 1788, John Merrick, Thomas Morrell, and Jethro Johnson, were HISTORY OF TRENTON. IICf stationed here. In 1789, they were removed, and Joseph Crom well and Richard Swain were appointed. In 1 790, Simon Pile and Aaron Hutchinson were appointed by Conference. In 1791, Robert Cann and Robert Hutchinson. In 1792, Gamaliel Bailey and Daniel Freeman. In 1793, Robert Sparks and Isaac Robinson. In 1794, John Fountain and Robert McCoy. In 1795, J°hn Ragan and Joshua Taylor. In 1796, David Bartine and Roger Benton. In 1797, Richard Swain and Ephraim Chambers. In 1798, Caleb Kendall and Joseph Lovell. In 1799, Solomon Sharpe and Jesse Justice. In 1800, Robert Sparks and Henry Clarke. In 1800 Richard Whatcoat was added to the Bench of Bishops.* In 1801, Freehold was added to Trenton circuit, and David Bartine, Joseph Osborn, and William Brandon were the preachers in charge. In 1802, New Jersey was transferred from the General to the Philadelphia Conference, and Anthony Turck and John Walker were appointed to Trenton station. In this year Freehold was set off from Trenton circuit. In 1803, William Mills and Gamaliel Bailey were appointed preachers in Trenton. In 1804, Joseph Totten and George Wooley. In * Bishop Whatcoat died in 1807, and in 1808, William McKendree was elected bishop. The same year Dr. Coke, resigning his bishopric here, removed to Europe, subject, however, to recall at any time by the General Conference or by all the Annual Conferences. On Tuesday, the 3d of May, , Dr. C. was found dead in his cabin, having started on a voyage to Ceylon to establish * missionary station there. In 1816, Enoch George and Robert Richard Roberts were added to the bench of bishops. Bishop Asbury died on Sunday, March 31st, 1816, at the age of seventy-one years. In 1823, Joshua Soule and Elijah Hedding were elected bishops. Bishop George died at Staunton, Virginia, August 23d, 1828. In 1832, James 0. Andrew and John Emery were added to the Bench of Bishops. In 1835, Thomas A. Morris was added. William McKendree, the senior bishop, died on the 5th day of March of this year, and John Emery, junior bishop, died on the 16th of December of the same year. He left his home on the above morning to go to Baltimore on business connected with his office, when he was thrown from his carriage and received a wound on his head of which he died on the evening of the same day. In 1836, Beverly Waugh was elected bishop. Bishop Roberts died at his residence in Indiana, on the 26th of March, 1843. The same year, Leonidas Hamline and Edmund S. Janes were elected bishops. i20 HISTORY OF TRENTON. 1805, John Bethel and Samtiel Budd. In 1806, William Bishop and Daniel Higbee. In 1807, William McClenahan and P. P. Sandford. In 1808, Peter P. Sandford and William Fox. In 1809, William Fox and Jacob Hevener. In 1810, Thomas Strat ton and Thomas Neal. In 181 1, William Mills. In 181 2, New Brunswick was added to Trenton station, and the state was again divided into two districts, and called East and West Jersey, Trenton station being in East Jersey district. The preachers- appointed at this session of Conference were Joseph Totten and William Mills. In 1813, Joseph Osborne and John Van Schoick were appointed. In 18 14, John Van Schoick and John Fernon. In 1 815, John Walker and Thomas Neal. In 1816, John Rob inson and Joseph Rusling. In 181 7, Manning Force and Daniel Moore. In 181 8, New Brunswick was set off from Trenton cir cuit, and Alexander McCairre was appointed for Trenton city. In 1819, James Smith, Sr., was appointed. In 1820, Solomon Sharpe. In 1821, Conference added Bloomsbury to Trenton- city district, and Solomon Sharpe was appointed preacher in charge of the station. From this time the preachers were stationed for two years. For the years 1822-23, Joseph Lybrand was appointed. For 1824-25, John Potts. For 1826-27, William Thatcher. In 1828, Joseph Lybrand was- again appointed to this station, but in 1829, having received the appointment of presiding elder of the East Jersey district, Joseph Holdich was appointed preacher in charge ; he remained here two years, when Solomon Higgins was appointed in 1831, and re-appointed in 1832, with Richard W. Petherbridge, super annuated. In 1833 the Philadelphia Conference met at Newark. This was the first meeting they ever held in New Jersey. At this session they appointed for the years 1833-34, Thomas J. Thomp son, and for 1835-36, James Dandy. In 1837, New Jersey was set off from the Philadelphia Con ference, and constituted a separate body, under the name of "The New Jersey Conference." The first appointment made by them for Trenton was for the years 1837-38, when Anthony Atwood was stationed here. In 1839-40, Charles Pitman was appointed. In 1841-42, Charles H. Whitecar. For 1843-4, Daniel P. Kidder. Mr. Kidder HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 12I remained here but one year, being appointed editor in the Methodist Book Concern. Joseph B. Wakely was appointed to the unexpired term of Kidder, and served at this station during the years 1844-45. James Ayars in 1846-47. John S. Porter in 1848-49. Francis A. Morrell in 1850-51. George F. Brown in 1852-53. Richard Vanhorne in 1854. Joseph B. Dobbins, 1855. W. E. Perry, 1858. Elwood H. Stokes, 1859. S. Y. Monroe, 1862. J. B. Dobbins, 1864. J. S. Heisler and I. D. King, 1867. C. S. Vancleve, 1870. In 1846, some of the members of the Greene Street Church formed a new congregation, who purchased the Reformed Dutch Church in Front street. Their first pastor was Clark Polley; he preached here during the years 1846-47. In 1848-49, James Tuttle was appointed. In 1850, Rodney Winans; he remained here but one year; and for the years 1851-52, James O. Rogers. In 1853-54, Crook S. Vancleve. A. K. Street, 1855. George Hughes, 1857. P. Kline, 1858. Charles E. Hill, i860. Isaac Winner, 1862. Jonathan Vannote, 1863. E. H. Durelle, 1865. J. Warthman, 1869. In 185 1, during the first year Mr. Rogers was here, the edifice was completely overhauled and enlarged, the front being extended out to the street and stuccoed, thereby materially improving the appearance of the same. In 1852, a church was organized in Union street, in the fourth ward, and called, "Union Street Methodist Episcopal Church." In this year, as well as the following, 1853, Benjamin N. Reed was appointed preacher in charge, and during the year 1852, John S. Heisler officiated, and in 1853, Isaiah D. King. In 1854, William Franklin. C. Miller, 1855. I. D. King, 1856. J. R. Burr, 1857. S. Townsend, 1858. W. W. Christine, 1859. J. T. Tucker, 1862. W. S. Zane, 1864. G. Dobbins, 1865. A. J. Gregory, 1866. J. P. Turpin, 1867. Calvin C. Eastlack, 1868. A. M. North, 1870. State Street Church was formed in 1859, their first preacher being George W. Bachelder. C. H. Whitecar, 1861. William H. Jefferys, 1863. Thomas Hanlon, 1865. D. W. Bartine, 1867. W. H. Pearne, 1870. The following have been the preachers of Warren Street L I22 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Church: C. Hartranfft, i860. D. Moore, 1861. A. M. North, 1862. Henry Belting, 1864. J- P- Turpin, 1865. J. S. Heis ler, 1866. R. S. Sutcliff, 1867. J. R. Westwood, 1870. The following have been the preachers of the Central Church : E. H. Stokes, 1864. Elwood Stokes, 1866. W. E. Perry, 1867. Richard Thorn, 1869. The following have been the preachers of the Trinity M. E. Church: B. S. Sharp, 1866. R. V. Lawrence, 1869. This congregation built a frame church in Academy street, styled the plank church, which is now occupied as an armory by the Emmett Guards. They worshipped in this church until the erection of their handsome building in Perry street, in 1870. The, First Baptist Church was organized on the 9th day of November, 1805, with forty-eight members, and resulted from the labors of the Rev. Peter Wilson, then pastor of the Baptist Church at Hightstown, who began preaching in what is now the sixth ward in 1787, and administered the ordinance of baptism in the Delaware river for the first time, on the 4th of March, 1788. The first Baptist meeting-house was built where the present house now stands, corner of Centre and Bridge streets, and was dedicated on the 26th of November, 1803, sermon by Rev. William Stoughton, D. D., of Philadelphia. Text, 1. Kings, viii., 27. The first regular pastor of the church was Rev. William Bos well, who was ordained in May, 1809. Mr. Boswell labored very faithfully and successfully until 1823, when, having embraced some views at variance with those usually held by Baptists, he went out with sixty members of the church, and built the house now occupied and owned by the Second Presbyterian Church on Union street. The notification of their withdrawal, as sent to the church, bears date July 5th, 1823. This new organization they called " The Reformed General Baptist Church. ' ' They differed from the old church only in a. few non-essential particulars, the mode of the administration of baptism and communion being the principal ones. They com menced the erection of their church edifice the latter part of July, 1823, and .in eleven weeks from its commencement the new structure was completed. The building was fifty-four by HISTORY OF TRENTON. I23 forty feet, and finished in a neat and plain style. The church was dedicated to the worship of God on the 19th of October, 1823. The exercises of devotion were commenced with prayer by the Rev. Isaac James, a clergyman of the Methodist persuasion. The Rev. Thomas Boring preached a sermon adapted to the occasion from Haggai, ii. chap., 7, 8, 9 verses: "And I will shake all Nations, and the desire of all Nations shall come ; and I will fill this House with Glory, saith the Lord of Hosts. The silver is mine and the gold is mine, saith the Lord of Hosts. The Glory of the Latter House shall be greater than of the former, saith the Lord of Hosts, and in this place will I give Peace, saith the Lord of Hosts." The Rev. Mr. Boswell was settled here at once, and continued to preach for them until his death, which occurred on the ioth of June, 1833. After his death the Rev. Mr. Wilson preached there, and after his dismissal, which occurred a short time after, the church was closed until 1842, when it was purchased and fitted up for a Presbyterian church, for which purpose it is still used. Rev. George Patterson became pastor of the First Baptist Church in January, 1826, and closed his labors in March, 1828. Rev. Morgan J. Rhees became pastor in April, 1830, and continued as such till November, 1840. Luther F. Beecher was ordained pastor in October, 1841, and continued as such for one year. Rev. John Young became pastor in February, 1843, and con tinued to the 15 th of August of the same year, when he resigned, and with one hundred and twenty:three others formed what was then called the Second Baptist Church, and built the house now occupied by the Central Baptist Church of this city. Rev. Levi G. Beck became pastor in February, 1844, an* when one of the sentries * This was just after day-break, according to the testimony of several persons who lived in the town or neighborhood at the time. It has been stated that the Rev. Mr. Frazer lived there at that time, but his son informed me that this is a mistake, as he did not move here until 1791. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. x s y called to Lanning,* (who was a little in advance of the troops), and asked, "Who is there?" Lanning replied, "A friend !"* "A friend to whom?" "A friend to General Washington." At this the guard fired and retreated, f The American troops returned their fire, and rushed upon them, driving them into town. At the head of King street, Captain T. Forrest opened a six- gun battery, under the immediate orders of General Washing ton, which commanded the street. Captain William Washing ton and Lieutenant James Monroe (afterwards president of the United States), perceiving that the enemy were endeavoring to plant a battery in King street, near where the canal feeder now crosses Warren street, rushed forward with the advance guard, drove the artillerists from their guns, and took from them two pieces, which they were just in the act of firing. The same guns are now at the arsenal in this city. Captain Washington and Lieutenant Monroe were both wounded in this successful enter prise. A part of this division marched down Queen (now Greene) street, and extended to the left, in order to cut off the retreat, of the enemy towards Princeton. The division of the army which came down the river road, under the command of General Sullivan, fell upon the British * This Lanning had a few days before been taken prisoner by a scouting party, in the Scudder neighborhood, near the Delaware river, carried to Tren ton, and confined in a house on Tucker's corner, (now occupied by Joseph G. Brearley & Co., as a hardware store, on the corner of State and Greene streets), Watching an opportunity, when there was a little commotion among the guard, he slipped out of the back door, sprang over a high board fence, and escaped to the house of Stacy Potts, who took him in, and concealed him that night. The next morning Lanning, dressed in an old ragged coat and flapped hat, put an axe under his arm, and went with his head down, limping along, and so passed the enemy's sentries in safety, in the character of a wood-chopper ; but when he got where the Pennington and Scotch roads meet, looking in every direction and seeing no person, he threw down his axe, and took to Dickin son's swamp, and so escaped. ( f At the commencement of the engagement, when Washington with his sword raised, was giving his orders, it is said a musket ball passed between his fingers, slightly grazing them. He only said " that has passed by." ! 5 8 HIS TOR Y OF TRENTON. advance guard at Rutherford's place, adjoining Colonel Dickin son's, near the southwestern part of the town, at about the same time that Washington entered it on the north. Both divisions pushed forward, keeping up a running fire with small arms,* and meeting with but little opposition until ,the enemy were driven eastward in State street, near the Presbyterian Church, where there was some fighting, the enemy having, made a momentary stand ; but finding themselves hemmed in and over powered, they laid down their arms on the field northeast of, the Presbyterian Church, and about due south of the Quaker meet' ing-house. Colonel Rahl, the Hessian commander, whose headquarters were at the City tavern, corner of Warren and Bank streets, opposite Still's alley, was mortally wounded during the early part of the engagement, being shot from his horse while endeav oring to form his dismayed and disordered troops. When, supported by a file of sergeants, he presented his sword to General Washington, (whose countenance beamed with. com placency at the success of the day), he was pale and bleeding, and, in broken accents, seemed to implore those attentions which the victor was well disposed to bestow upon him. He was taken to his headquarters, where he died. During the engagement, a ball passed through the window of Rahl's headquarters, leaving a round hole, and considerably shattering the glass. The number of prisoners taken at that time was twenty-three officers and eight hundred and eighty-six privates. Four stands of colors, (two of which are now in the office of the secretary of state of Pennsylvania, at Harrisburg), twelve drums, six brass field-pieces, and a thousand stands of arms and accoutrements were the trophies of victory. The British light-horse and four or five hundred Hessians * When the firing commenced on the morning of the battle, a daughter of Mr. Stacy Potts was at Miss Coxe's, opposite the Episcopal Church, and as she was running to her father's house (the old frame tavern, corner of Warren »nd Bank streets), a musket ball struck the comb from her head, slightly in juring her. DUNK. LONCA CRC & CO. LITH PHILA. COL. RAHL'S HEAD-QUARTERSi 1776. HISTORY OF TRENTON. *59 escaped at the beginning of the battle over the bridge across the Assanpink, at Trent's mills, and fled to Bordentown. If General Ewing, whose division of the army was opposite Trenton, had been able to cross the Delaware, as contemplated, and take possession of the bridge over the Assanpink at Greene street, all the enemy's troops who were in Trenton would have been captured. But there was so much ice on the shores of the river that it was impossible to get the artillery over. The Hessians lost seven officers and twenty or thirty men. Twenty-four of these were buried in one pit, in the Presbyterian burying ground, by the American trQops.* Immediately after this victory — which greatly revived the drooping spirits of the army — General Washington commenced marching his prisoners up to the Eight-Mile-Ferry (McConkey's), and before night all were safely landed on the western shore of the Delaware. But General Washington would not let a man pass more than was necessary, until all the prisoners were over. The Americans had two privates killed, and two, it is said, were frozen to death. The night after the taking of the Hessians, several of the American soldiers, who were worn down and poorly clad, took refuge at the house of Mr. Scudder, father of the late Mr. Rich ard Scudder. Several of them became very sick in the night, and two or three died, and it is not at all unlikely that these were the persons mentioned in the history as having frozen to death. Although the American army suffered great privations and underwent very many hardships, still it is extremely doubtful whether the two men above mentioned actually froze to death. The Mr. Scudder above named lived about two miles and a half below McConkey's ferry. * Some years after this battle, several skeletons and coffins were found where the waters of the river washed the bank in the southwestern part of the city, and many persons supposed that the Hessians killed in this engagement were buried there ; but it has been ascertained that this was the ground where the soldiers and others who died in the barracks and hospital at White Hill were buried. In excavating on the south bank of the Assanpink, within a few years> human bones have been found. r6o HISTORY OF TRENTON. The following is Washington's account of the battle of Tren ton, as communicated by him to congress, in a letter, dated headquarters, Newtown, 27th of December, 1776: " I have the pleasure of congratulating you upon the Success of an enterprise which I had formed against a detachment of the enemy lying in Trenton, and .which was executed yesterday morning. The evening of the 25th, I ordered the troops intended for this service, to parade back of McConkey's ferry, [now Taylorsville], that they might begin to pass as soon as it grew dark — imagining that we should be able to throw them all over, with the necessary artillery, by twelve o'clock, and that we might easily arrive at Trenton by five o'cloqk in the morning, the distance being about nine miles. ' ' But the quantity of ice made that night impeded the passage of the boats so much, that it was three o'clock before the artillery could all be got over, and near four before the troops took up their line of march. " I formed my detachment in two divisions — one to march up the lower or river road, the other by the upper or Pennington road. "As the divisions had nearly the same distance to march, T ordered each of them, immediately upon forcing the outguards, to push directly into the town, that they might charge the enemy before they had time to form. "The upper division arrived at the enemy's advanced post exactly at eight o'clock, and in three minutes after, I found from the fire on the lower road, that that division had also got up. The outguards made but a small opposition ; though, for their numbers, they behaved very well — keeping up a constant retreat ing fire from behind houses. > We presently saw their main body formed, but from their motions, they seemed undetermined how to act. " Being hard pressed by our troops, who had already got pos session of their artillery, they attempted to file off by a road on their right, leading to Princeton ; but, perceiving their intention, I threw a body of troops in their way, which immediately checked them. " Finding, from our disposition, that they were surrounded, HISTORY OF TRENTON. T6i and they must inevitably be cut to pieces if they made any further resistance, they agreed to lay down their arms. " The number that submitted in this manner was twenty-three officers and eight hundred and eighty-six men. " Colonel Rahl, the commanding officer, and seven others, were found wounded in the town. "I do not know exactly how many they had killed ; but I fancy not above twenty or thirty — as they never made any regu lar stand. " Our loss is very trifling indeed — only two officers and one or two privates wounded. [These were Captains Washington and Monroe]. "I find that the detachment of the enemy consisted of three Hessian regiments of Landspatch, Kniphausen, and Rahl, amounting to about one thousand five hundred men, and a troop of British light-horse ; but immediately upon the beginning of the attack, all those who were not killed or taken, pushed directly down the road towards Bordentown. "These, likewise, would have fallen into our hands could my plan completely have been carried into execution. "General Ewing was to have crossed before day at Trenton ferry, [just below where the Delaware bridge now stands], and taken possession of the bridge leading to the town,* but the quantity of ice was so great, that though he did everything in his power to effect it, he could not cross. "This difficulty also hindered General Cadwalader from cross ing with the Pennsylvania militia from Bristol. He got part of his foot over, but finding it impossible to embark his artillery he was obliged to desist. "I am fully confident that, could the troops under Generals Ewing and Cadwalader have passed the river, I should have been enabled, with their assistance, to have driven the enemy from all their posts below Trenton. But the numbers I had with me being inferor to theirs below, and a strong batallion of light- * This was the bridge in Greene street, as there was no other bridge over the Assanpink at that time. General Ewing was to have taken that post to prevent the escape of the enemy to Bordentown. 0* I0-2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. infantry being at Princeton, above me, I thought it most prudent to return the same evening, with the prisoners and the artillery, we had taken. We found no stores of any consequence in the town. "In justice to the officers and men, I must add that their behavior on this occasion reflects the highest honor upon them. The difficulty of passing the river on a very severe night, and their march through a violent storm of hail and snow, did not in the least abate their ardor — but, when they came to the charge, each seemed to vie with the other in pressing forward ; and were I to give a preference to any particular corps I should do injustice to the other. Colonel Baylor, my first aid-de-camp, will have the honor of delivering this to you, and from him you may be made acquainted with many other particulars. His spirited behavior upon every occasion requires me to recom mend him to your particular notice." The annexed account of the battle of Trenton is taken from the " Pennsylvania Journal" of 1781. "About eight o'clock in the morning, an attack was made on the picket-guard of the enemy. It was commanded by a youth of eighteen, who fell in his retreat to the main body. "At half-past eight o'clock the town was nearly surrounded, and all the avenues to it were seized, except the one left for General Ewing to occupy. An accident here liked to have deprived the American army of the object of their enterprise. The commanding officer of one of the divisions sent word to General Washington, just before they reached the town, that his ammunition had been wet by a shower of rain that had fallen that morning, and desired to know what he must do. Washing ton sent him word to 'advance with fixed bayonets.' This laconic answer inspired the division with the firmness and cour age of their leader. " The whole body now moved onward in sight of the enemy. "An awful silence reigned in every platoon. " "Each soldier stepped as if he carried the liberty of his country upon his single musket. "The moment was a critical one. "The attack was begun with artillery, under command of HISTORY OF TRENTON. x63 Colonel [afterwards General] Knox. The infantry supported the artillery with firmness. "The enemy were thrown into confusion at every quarter. One regiment attempted to form in an orchard, but was soon forced to fall back upon the main body. A company of them entered a stone house,* which they defended with a field-piece, judiciously posted in the entry. Captain [afterwards Colonel] Washington advanced to dislodge them with a field-piece, but, finding his men exposed to a close and steady fire, he suddenly leaped from them, rushed into the house, seized the officer who had command of the gun, and claimed him as a prisoner. His men followed him, and the whole company were made prisoners. The captain received a ball in his hand in entering the house. " In the meanwhile, victory .declared itself everywhere in favor of the American arms. " The Philadelphia light-horse distinguished themselves upon this occasion by their bravery. They were the more admired for their conduct as it was the first time they had ever been in action. "An anecdote is mentioned of Captain Samuel Morris, of this corps, which, though it discovers his inexperience of war, did honor to his humanity. In advancing toward the town, he came up to the lieutenant who had commanded the picket- guard. He lay mortally wounded and weltering in his blood, in the great road. The captain was touched with the sight, and called to General Greene to know if anything could be done for him. The general bade him push on and not notice him. The captain was as much agitated with the order as he was affected by the scene before him ; and it was not until after the fortunate events of the morning were over that he was convinced that his sympathy for a bleeding enemy was ill-timed. * This was a double stone house, one story high, with hipped roof, and stood fronting the street, on the spot where the house of Mercer Beasley, Esq., now stands. It was built by John Rickey, grandfather of the late John Rickey, druggist, of this city. This building was erected in the year 1752. The orchard above mentioned was between the Presbyterian Church and the old iron works, and occupied all the grounds between those two places and the Assanpink creek and Friends' meeting-house. !64 HISTORY OF TRENTON. "After having refreshed themselves and rested a few hours in Trenton, the American army returned, with their prisoners and other trophies of victory, to the Pennsylvania side of the river, by the same way they came, with the loss of only three men, who perished by cold in recrossing the river — an event not to be wondered at when we consider that many of them were half naked, and most of them barefooted. " The next day, the British that were in Princeton marched to Trenton in pursuit of the American army, and went up the Scotch road as far as Mr. Benjamin Clarke's, [now William R. Mcllvaine's, Esq.] and inquired which route General Washing ton had taken, and being informed that he had gone with his prisoners up the river road, they compelled John Clarke, their son, a lad about twelve years of age, to guide them across to Birmingham. Some of the American soldiers were at this time in Clarke's house. His mother, with true Spartan courage, unwilling to trust her son with the enemy, pursued the British, and prevailed upon them to give him up. " Soon after, the British finding Washington had crossed the Delaware, returned to Princeton. "The situation of the American army in the autumn of 1776 was peculiarly trying, and the prospects of their righteous cause very gloomy. They had been obliged to retire before the enemy and cross to the west side of the Delaware. General Washington, believing it probable that General Howe, the commander of the British, would make an attempt upon Philadelphia as soon as the ice would enable them to cross, or before, had taken the precau tion to have all the vessels and boats removed from the Jersey shore, from Philadelphia up to New Hope. " Writing to his brother, from the camp above the falls at Trenton, December 18th, 1776, he said, in view of the number, discipline, and position of the British army, contrasted with his own, ' You can form no idea of the perplexity of my situation. No man, I believe, ever had a greater choice of difficulties and less means to extricate himself from them. However, under a full persuasion of the justice of our cause, I cannot entertain an idea that it will finally sink, though it may remain for some time under a cloud.' HISTORY OF TRENTON. 165 " Soon after this, his plan was laid for recrossing the Delaware at several points, to surprise and capture the enemy posted in different places along the Jersey shore. "But, owing to the ice, no part of the plan but that which referred to Trenton was carried into effect, and his success here showed the practicability of the whole, if the American troops had been able to cross the Delaware. "But, although they were providentially prevented from car rying out their plans in this respect, yet, in another way, was Providence preparing for their success and the triumph of their arms. " The success of the American army on the 20th of December, 1776, revived the hopes of the country. The dark cloud which hung over the nation began to disperse, and Providence was pointing to the path which ultimately led to a bright and peace ful day. "On the 29th of the same month, General Washington, writ ing to congress from Newtown, Pennsylvania, says, ' I am just setting out to attempt a second passage over the Delaware with the troops that were with me on the morning of the 26th. General Cadwalader crossed over on the 27th, and is at Borden town with about one thousand eight hundred men. General Mifflin will be to-day at Bordentown, with about one thousand six hundred more.' And he adds, 'in view of the measures pro posed to be pursued, I think a fair opportunity is offered of driv ing the enemy entirely from Jersey, or, at least, to the extremity of the province.' " On Monday morning, the 30th of December, 1776, General Washington recrossed the Delaware himself; but, owing to the great quantity of drifting ice, his troops did not all reach Trenton till the evening of the 31st; and at this critical moment the army was likely to be diminished to a mere handful, as the time of service of. the Continental troops expired that evening. But after much persuasion and the receipt of ten dollars bounty, by each, about one thousand four hundred of them re-enlisted for six weeks. These, with about three thousand six hundred Pennsylvania 1 66 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. militia, under Generals Cadwalader and Mifflin, composed Washington's army at this time. On the 31st of December, 1776, a foraging party of the enemy was surprised and captured by a small company of dragoons under the command of Colonel Joseph Reed. From these prisoners General Washington learned the strength of the British army which lay at Princeton, and also their intention to advance upon the American army at Trenton. The following account of the battle of Trenton was published by order of congress, who received it from the council of safety, as coming from " an officer of distinction in the army." We here extract it from the " Connecticut Journal" of January 22d, 1777. " Headquarters, Newtown, Bucks county, December 27th, 1776. — It was determined some days ago that our army should pass over to Jersey at three different places, and attack the enemy. Accordingly, about two thousand five hundred men and twenty brass field-pieces, with his excellency General Wash ington at their head, and Major-General Sullivan and General Greene in command of two divisions, passed over on the night of Christmas, and about three o'clock in the morning were on their march, by two routes, towards Trenton. The night was sleety and cold, and the roads so slippery that it was day-break when we were two miles from Trenton. "But happily the enemy were not apprised of our design, and our advanced parties were on their guard, at half a mile from the town, where General Sullivan's and General Greene's divisions came into the same road. Their guard gave our advanced parties several smart fires as we drove them ; but we soon got two field-pieces at play, and several others in a short time ; and one of our columns pushing down on the right while the other advanced on the left into town. The enemy, consist ing of about one thousand five hundred Hessians, under Colonel Rahl, formed and made some smart fires from their musketry and six field-pieces ; but our people pressed from every quarter and drove them from their cannon. They retired towards a field, behind a piece of woods, up the creek from Trenton, and formed in two bodies, which I expected would have brought on HISTORY OF TRENTON. 167 a smart action from the troops who had formed very near them ; but at that instant, as I came in full view of them from the back of the wood, with his excellency General Washington, an officer informed him that one party had grounded their arms, and sur rendered prisoners. "The others soon followed their example, except a part which had got off, in the hazy weather, towards Princeton. A party of their light-horse made off on our first appearance. " Too much praise cannot be given to our officers and men of every regiment, who seemed to vie with each other ; and by their active, and spirited behavior they soon put an honorable sisue to this glorious day. "I was immediately sent off with the prisoners to McConkey's ferry, and have got about seven hundred and fifty safe in town, and a few miles from here, on this side of the ferry, viz., one lieutenant-colonel, two majors, four captains, seven lieutenants, and eight ensigns. "We left Colonel Rahl, the commandant, wounded, on his parole, and several other officers and wounded men, at Trenton. We lost but two of our men that I can hear of — a few wounded — and one brave officer, Captain Washington, who assisted in securing their artillery, wounded in both hands. ' ' The place of surrender was in the orchard, at the corner of Hanover and Stockton streets, as near as can now be ascertained. CHAPTER XI. Second battle, or Cannonading of Trenton — Battle of Princeton — Eagle tavern — Council of war — Retreat of the Americans by the Sandtown road, across Quaker bridge, to Stony Brook-^ Death of General Mercer — Major Trent — Obituary notice of the death of Judge Trent — Destruction of the bridges in Warren and Greene streets — Destruction of Trent's old mill by flood— H. Mc Call 's purchase — Destruction of the American inn by fire. WHEN the Hessians were captured at Trenton, the several detachments of the British troops which were stationed at Burlington, Mount Holly, &c, immediately repaired to Princeton, where they were shortly after joined by a large re-enforcement from New York under Lord Cornwallis. On Wednesday, the ist of January, 1777, General Washington ordered forward, on the Maidenhead road leading to Princeton, a small detachment as far as Smith's hill, late Charles Reeder's, Five-Mile-Run, where they awaited the advance of the British ; but the advance guard of the Americans was at the village of Maidenhead. The advance guard of the British on the same night were at the Eight-Mile-Run, near the residence of the late Caleb Smith Greene, Esq., about a mile and a half from the village. Early the next morning, the main army of the enemy moved on from Princeton, meeting with little opposition until they reached Smith's hill, when a little skirmishing took place with the companies under Major Miller and Colonel Hand, after which our troops retired before the enemy to a piece of woods at the Shabbakonk creek, where, as the enemy approached, they poured a deadly fire upon them for a few moments, which caused HISTORY OF TRENTON. 169 the British to form themselves in order for battle. By this suc cessful manoeuvre of the Americans, the British were detained two or three hours. A detachment had been stationed that day by General Wash ington at the northern extremity of Trenton, near Nathan Beakes', where they had thrown up some works, in order that they might retard the progress of the British as much as possible ; and when they came up, there was a brisk cannonading for about twenty minutes, when the Americans fell back into Trenton, and crossed over the Assanpink bridge at Trent's mill,* taking up the planks of the bridge after them. General Washington had that day planted his artillery on the high bank on the south side of the Assanpink creek, and had thrown up a breastwork across the road leading south from this bridge. From the bridge to the Delaware (about one hundred rods in a westerly direction), the Assanpink was fordable ; and from the bridge the pond extended a quarter of a mile or more. Guards were placed along the line, from the Delaware eastward, on the south bank of the creek. The British passed down Queen street towards the bridge, and when they had reached Tucker's corner, (the southwest corner of State and Greene streets), some well-directed shots from the artillery on the south side of the bridge caused them to wheel about and retire to the high ground at the north of the town; where they encamped for the night. A few British were in a room in the old court-house, (now the Trenton Bank), which commanded a view of the American posi tion at the Assanpink bridge, and some of them were killed by a cannon-shot fired by the Americans, which knocked down a part of the wall. * This, the Queen (now Greene) street bridge, was the only bridge over the creek at that time, and was a wooden structure. It was built in 1762, and was carried away by the flood of 1820, and rebuilt of stone in 1822. The Warren street bridge was built the same year. The Greene street bridge was about one-third as wide as it now is, being considerably widened in 1843, and again in 1870. The south arch was erected in 1843. I76 -HISTORY OF TRENTON. A crisis had arrived of the most fearful character. Owing to the state of the river — the ice being rotten — to retreat across the Delaware was impracticable ; to engage with an army so superior in numbers, in discipline, and in everything but true courage and right, would seem to be sacrificing all. It was truly a season of terrible suspense. "But," as a late writer states, "the Lord maintained our right. He directed the councils of that eventful night : guided in the right way, and led the few, but valiant, to victory. ' ' General Washington, with his officers, held a council of war that evening in the house in Broad street now in the occupation of the Rev. George F. Gardiner as a parsonage. The facts above stated were obtained from Mr. John Beller- jeau, who was about ten years of age at that time, and living near where the whole thing occurred. He sajd there was not much fighting, and that on hearing the report of fire-arms, the dogs in the neighborhood ran out into the streets, and that he and some other children went out after them, but their parents, alarmed for their safety, ran after the children and brought them back ; that the dogs again escaped into the street, and they ran after them the second time ; that their parents again ran out, and, driving the children back into the house, fastened them, together with the dogs, in the cellar, where they remained until the firing ceased. This appears the more probable from the fact that this house was a sufficient distance from the enemy's lines to insure the council from molestation. On the evening of this council of war, Washington sent his baggage to Bordentown ; and the next night he retired by the Sandtown road, across Quaker bridge, to Stony Brook and Princeton, and after the taking of the Hessians, he retired across the river into Pennsylvania. It therefore looks reasonable that on his return into New Jersey, he would take the regular turnpike road, cross the ferry, unless prevented by the severity of the weather or floating ice, and halt at the Eagle hotel, that being the regular stopping-place for persons who trav eled across the ferry, and thence proceed to the residence of Captain Douglass, his friend. While the council was engaged in its deliberations, a lady, • TRENT ON, N.J. Gem*. St< Ciaii"-s £/.***'• Welcome, mighty chief, once more- Welcome to this grateful shore ; Now no mercenary foe Aims again the fatal blow — Aims at thee the fatal blow. " ' Virgins fair and matrons grave — Those thy conquering arms did save ; Build for thee triumphal bowers, Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers — Strew your hero's way with flowers.' And at the end of the last line, the flowers were strewn before him." On the north or Trenton side of the bridge, (the south at that time being called Mill hill), over the Assanpink, and near the triumphal arch erected on the bridge, were arranged the ladies of the city. In front of these were the young ladies who were to sing the ode prepared for the occasion; and others, still younger, were ready with the flowers they were to strew in the path of the hero, whose approach they waited to greet. In passing the arch, and as the choir began their song, Wash ington turned his horse's head towards them, took off his hat, and listened evidently with the deepest emotion. After the ceremonies at the arch were concluded, he halted at one of the hotels* in the city, where he received the visits of the citizens. He then proceeded to Princeton, accompanied by a number of gentlemen, among whom was the Rev. J. F. Armstrong,! an intimate and personal friend of General Washington throughout the war. While in Princeton, Washington gave Mr. Armstrong the fol lowing note : " General Washington cannot leave this place without express ing his acknowledgments to the matrons and young ladies who received him in so novel and grateful a manner, at the triumphal *The City hotel, on the corner of State and Warren streets, where the Mechanics Bank now stands, kept at that time by Joseph Broadhurst. f Mr. Armstrong was at that time pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. I85 arch in Trenton, for the exquisite sensation he experienced in that affecting moment. " The astonishing contrast between his former and actual situ ation at the spot — the elegant taste with which it was adorned for the present occasion, and the innocent appearance of the white-robed choir, who met him with a gratulatory song, have made such impressions upon his remembrance as he assures them will never be effaced. Trenton, April 21st, 1789." . "This note," says a late writer, " brief, but graceful and ele gant, depicting most vividly the whole scene and its impressions, was read to the ladies of Trenton, called together for the purpose, at the house of Judge Smith. It was then deposited in the hands of Mrs. Smith. At the death of the judge, it passed into the hands of his adopted daughter, Miss Lydia Imlay, who preserved it with the care due to its origin and associations until shortly before her death, when she gave it, as a valued legacy, to the late Chief Justice Ewing. By his care it was placed in a hand some frame, and is now preserved by his family as a sacred relic." The arch was preserved on the premises of the Misses Barnes, in Warren street, near the Episcopal Church, until 1824, when it was placed in front of the capitol, at the gate of entrance, to grace the reception of General Lafayette when on his way to the assembly room, where he was addressed by the mayor, Robert McNeely, Esq., and exchanged congratulations with the citizens. The remnant of this arch was again used on the ioth of May, 1855, when it was erected across Chancery court, on the occa sion of a grand firemen's parade in honor of the visit of the Phoenix Hose Company, of Easton, Pennsylvania, to this city. The remains of the arch are now in the possession of the Misses Armstrong, of this city. Mr. Benjamin S. Disbrow has made several elegant boxes and other small articles, which are inlaid with a. part of the wood of the arch. In 1810, the total population of Trenton was three thousand, proportioned as follows : lg6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Free white males, 1,282 Free white females, I»26S Total whites, - - - 2,547 All other persons, except Indians, not taxed, 272 , Slaves, - l8x Total population, - - - 3,000 In 1820, the total population was three thousand nine hundred and forty-two, proportioned as follows : Free white males, I;S98 Free white females, - ... 1,744 Total whites, Free persons of color — males, Free persons of color — females, Total whites, - - - 3.342 221 294 Slaves — males, - - 39 Slaves — females, - - 46 Total population, - 3,942 This number was sub-divided as follows : Foreigners, not naturalized, - - - - 40 Engaged in agriculture, - - - 227 Engaged in manufactures, - - 433 Engaged in commerce, , - - - 43 In 1843, tne population of Trenton, including the borough of South Trenton, was upwards of six thousand. Of this number there were in the city proper four thousand and thirty-five, the remaining one thousand nine hundred and sixty-five being in South Trenton. In the city proper, in 1840, there were one hundred and three persons engaged in commerce, five hundred and seventy-one in manufactures and trades, and forty-one in the learned professions. In 1845, m the city proper, stood the old capitol building, one hundred feet front by sixty feet deep, built of stone, and stuccoed in imitation of granite. This building was erected in 1 794, together with the governor's residence and two banks. The HISTORY OF TRENTON. ^ Trenton Bank, which is next to the oldest in the state, was incor porated in 1804, with a capital of two hundred and ten thou sand dollars, which was afterwards increased to four hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The Mechanics and Manufacturers Bank was incorporated February 19th, 1834, with a capital of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. In 1854, the capital stock was increased to two hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, and again to five hundred thousand dollars. The State Library was established in 1821, and contained five thousand four hundred volumes of law, state legislative, judicial, and congressional documents, besides two thousand miscella neous works, making in all, seven thousand four hundred volumes. In 1837, a City Hall was built, and a lyceum established, called the Trenton Institute, and seven churches, (now increased to twenty-four), divided at that time as follows : one Presbyterian, one Dutch Reformed, one Episcopal, two Friends', one Metho dist, and one African Methodist. South Trenton, at that time, contained the Mercer County Court-house and offices pertaining to the same, the State Prison, State Arsenal, and three churches — one Baptist, one Reformed Baptist, and one Catholic. There were in Trenton proper, fifty retail stores, with a capital of one hundred and ninety-six thousand dollars. Four lumber yards ; capital, four thousand nine hundred dollars. Three tan neries, one brewery, one pottery, and three paper mills, with a capital of three hundred thousand dollars. One rope-walk, two flouring mills, two grist mills, three saw mills, three printing offices, three newspapers — two of which were published weekly, and one tri-weekly — two book-binderies, four academies, with one hundred and four students, and ten schools, with three hun dred and fourteen scholars. In 1850, when the census was taken, Trenton proper was divided into two wards, designated as the east and west wards of the city of Trenton. In the east ward there were six hundred and eighty-four dwellings, and five thousand one hundred and nineteen inhabi tants, consisting of seven hundred and twenty-seven families. There were fifty-four deaths during the year. lgg HISTORY OF TRENTON. There were one hundred and fifty-two acres of improved land in the ward, and fifteen acres unimproved, making a total of one hundred and sixty-seven acres, the value of which was, at that time, twenty-two thousand five hundred dollars. Value of farm ing implements and machinery, one thousand two hundred and seventy dollars. Amount invested in marble and stone yards, eleven thousand dollars. Amount of yearly sales, nine thousand dollars. Amount invested in saw mills, planing mill, and sash and blind factory, thirty thousand five hundred dollars, and a yearly business amounting to sixteen thousand eight hundred dollars. Amount invested in nurseries, eight thousand dollars, with a yearly business of two thousand dollars. Amount invested in woolen factory, two thousand dollars. In iron manufactory, forty-three thousand three hundred dollars. In machinery, twelve thousand dollars. In the book business, seven thousand dollars. In the paper business, two thousand dollars. In blank book manufacturing, five thousand dollars. In the tobacco busi ness, twenty-five thousand dollars — in leaf tobacco, eight thou sand dollars, and in segars, fourteen thousand seven hundred dollars. In the tin. business, three thousand eight hundred dol lars. Tin-ware and stoves, eleven thousand seven hundred dollars. In porcelain teeth manufacturing, two thousand five hundred dollars. In the shoe business, nineteen thousand five hundred dollars. In hatting, two thousand dollars. In cabinet making, two thousand dollars. In the clothing business, eleven thousand dollars. In confectionery, two thousand dollars. In upholstery, one thousand one hundred dollars. In brush making, three thousand two hundred and fifty dollars. These different branches of art gave employment to about two hundred male and one hundred female operatives. Total amount invested in business pursuits in the east ward in 1850, two hun dred and eighty-three thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars. In 1850, there were twenty-seven deaths in the west ward. Number of dwellings, four hundred and four. Number of fami lies, four hundred and seventy-seven, and three thousand three hundred and eighteen inhabitants. In this ward was located the office of the Trenton Gas Light Company, with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars — cash paid in, fifty-six thousand HISTORY OF TRENTON. 189 dollars. Amount invested in blacksmithing, one thousand two hundred dollars. In wheelwrighting, one thousand dollars. In paper manufacturing, fifty-four thousand dollars. In saw mills, forty-six thousand dollars. In the manufacture of sash and blinds, six thousand dollars. In grist and flouring mills, thirty- two thousand dollars. In upholstery, one thousand dollars. In tanneries and skin dressing, twenty-six thousand dollars. In the cigar business, two thousand dollars. In clothing, one thousand dollars. In shoemaking, two thousand dollars. In the cabinet business, six thousand five hundred dollars. In the soap and candle business, eight thousand dollars. In baking, one thou sand dollars. In cedar-ware, one thousand dollars. Total invested in business pursuits in the west ward, two hundred and thirty-eight thousand seven hundred dollars. The different branches of business in the west ward gave employment to about one hundred and fifty individuals. Besides the capital above enumerated, there was invested in farms located in the west ward, seventy thousand dollars, and in farm imple ments, eight thousand dollars. Thus, in the city proper, including all north of the Assanpink, the amount invested in the different industrial pursuits in 1850, was six hundred thousand dollars. Value of real estate in the city, three million dollars. Inhabitants, eight thousand four hundred and thirty-seven. Value of real estate in that part of Nottingham, afterwards forming the borough of South Trenton, and now forming the third and fourth wards of the city, one thousand three hundred dollars. Total valuation of real estate in the city proper and the borough of South Trenton, four million three hundred thousand dollars. Trenton, in 1855, contained seventy-nine streets, five alleys or small streets, Chancery court, and the Dark lane, with real estate amounting to about ten million dollars. The following is the population of Trenton according to the census of 1855 : Native males in first ward, nine hundred and eighteen, females one thousand and three, foreign males two hundred and forty- five, females two hundred and forty-five, colored males, twenty, I0O HISTORY OF TRENTON. females twenty-seven — total, two thousand four hundred and fourteen. Second ward, native males eight hundred and ninety- six, females one thousand and two, foreign males three hundred and four, females three hundred and ninety-five, colored males ninety-three, females one hundred and thirty-four — total, two thousand eight hundred and twenty-four. Third ward, native males five hundred and sixty-nine, females five hundred and eighty- nine, foreign males four hundred and five, females three hundred and sixty-six, colored males one, females tw*> — total, one thou sand nine hundred and thirty-two. Fourth ward, native males six hundred and fifty, females six hundred and seventy-three, foreign males four hundred and ninety-seven, females four hun dred and twenty-eight, colored males seven, females fourteen — total, two thousand two hundred and sixty-nine. Fifth ward, native males, four hundred and eighty-five, females six hundred and ten, foreign males two hundred and fifty-four, females two hundred and seventy-three, colored males thirty-nine, females sixty-nine — total, one thousand seven hundred and thirty. Total native males three thousand five hundred and eighteen, females three thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven, foreign males one thousand one hundred and sixty-one, females one thousand seven hundred and seven, colored males one hundred and sixty-one, females two hundred and forty-six. Total popu lation, eleven thousand one hundred and sixty-nine. In i860, the population was as follows: First ward, males one thousand one hundred and four, females one thousand three hundred and thirty-one, colored males twelve, females thirty — total, two thousand four hundred and forty-seven. Second ward, males one thousand three hundred and ninety-eight, females one thousand six hundred and seventy-nine, colored males one hun dred and forty-two, females one hundred and seventy-nine — total, three thousand three hundred and ninety-eight. Third ward, males one thousand nine hundred, females one thousand seven hundred and eighteen, colored males fifty-three, females seventeen — total, three thousand six hundred and eighty-eight. Fourth ward, males one thousand six hundred and fifty-three, females one thousand six hundred and seventy-five, colored males six, females sixteen — total, three thousand three hundred HISTORY OF TRENTON. igj and fifty. Fifth ward, males one thousand six hundred and four, females one thousand seven hundred and forty-nine, col ored males, eighty-nine, females one hundred and twenty-six — total, three thousand five hundred and sixty-eight. Sixth ward, males three hundred and eighty-seven, female^ three hundred and fifty-five, colored males one, females four — total, seven hun dred and forty-seven. Total white males eight thousand and forty-six, females eight thousand five hundred and seven, colored males three hundred and three, females three hundred and seventy-two. Total popu lation, seventeen thousand two hundred and twenty-eight. In 1870, the population was as follows: First ward, two thou sand nine hundred and twenty-five ; second ward, two thousand six hundred and nineteen ; third ward, four thousand six hun dred and eight ; fourth ward, four thousand one hundred and fifty-seven ; fifth ward, four thousand one hundred and ten ; sixth ward, one thousand one hundred and ten ; seventh ward, three thousand three hundred and ninety ; total population, twenty-two thousand nine hundred and nineteen. The industrial pursuits are as follows : Agricultural imple ments — capital invested ninety thousand dollars; hands em ployed, forty-five. Anvils, fifty thousand dollars ; hands, fifteen. Baking, seventy-eight thousand eight hundred dollars ; hands, ninety-seven. Bleaching, one thousand dollars; hands, five. Bottling, thirty-nine thousand dollars; hands, ten. Boot and shoe making, twenty-six thousand three hundred and ninety-five dollars ; hands, one hundred and fourteen. Bow making, forty thousand dollars ; hands twenty-six. Brass founding, two hun dred dollars ; hands, two. Blacksmithing, eleven thousand nine hundred and fifty dollars; hands, thirty-one. Brick making, sixteen thousand dollars; hands, forty. Bonnet making, one thousand dollars; hands, three. Broom making, six hundred dollars; hands, one. Brush making, eight thousand dollars; hands, six. Builders, eighty-eight thousand six hundred and fifty dollars ; hands, two hundred and thirty-three. Cigar box making, three hundred dollars; hands, two. Car building, twenty-five thousand dollars; hands, thirty. Cabinet making, three thou sand three hundred dollars ; .hands, seven. Chain making, sixty- Ig2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. five thousand eight hundred dollars ; hands, eighty-four. Carpet weaving, one thousand four hundred dollars ; hands, ten. Coffee and spices, thirty thousand dollars ; hands, twelve. Confection eries, eighteen thousand five hundred dollars; hands, twenty- six. Druggists, seven thousand five hundred dollars ; hands, nine. Fertilizers, thirteen thousand dollars; hands, seven. Flour mills, one hundred and three thousand five hundred dol lars; hands, thirty. Flint and spar, five thousand dollars; hands, twenty. File making, five hundred dollars ; hands, two. Glue manufacturing, one thousand dollars ; hands, two. Hand- stair railing, six hundred dollars ; hands, one. Hat making, six hundred and fifty dollars , hands, two. Hoop skirt making, two hundred and fifty dollars; hands, six. Hosiery, five thousand dollars ; hands, twenty-two. Hay and straw pressing, one thou sand dollars; hands, two. Horse-shoe nail making, one hun dred dollars; hands, one. Iron railing, forty-five thousand dollars ; hands, five. Iron founding, seventy-one thousand five hundred dollars; hands, one hundred and four. Illuminating gas, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Lime burning, twenty-six thousand dollars ; hands, eleven. Locks and knobs, sixty thousand dollars; hands, forty. Leather belting, fifteen thousand dollars; hands, five. Locksmithing, one thousand dollars; hands, two. Lumber, fifty thousand dollars; hands, thirty. Marble cutting, twenty-three thousand dollars ; hands, ten. Matches, three thousand dollars; hands, six. Machine shops, twenty thousand one hundred and fifty dollars ; hands, twelve ; Millwrighting, three thousand dollars ; hands, twenty- three. Millinery, two thousand dollars; hands, four. News papers, sixty-one thousand two hundred dollars ; hands, twenty- six. Oak coopers, one hundred and fifty dollars ; hands, two. Oxyd zinc, one hundred thousand dollars ; hands, thirty. Paper bags, one thousand and fifty dollars; hands, ten. Plumbing, one thousand three hundred dollars; hands, eight. Potteries, seven hundred thousand three hundred dollars ; hands, six hun dred and twenty-one. Paper making, twenty-five thousand dol lars; hands, twenty. Pump making, four hundred dollars; hands, two. Printing, sixty-one thousand dollars ; hands, fifty- one. Railroad iron, two hundred thousand dollars ; hands, one HISTORY OF TRENTON. 1Q3 hundred and eighty. Rolling mills, seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; hands, five hundred and seventy. Sash and blinds, twenty-three thousand three hundred dollars; hands, thirty-one. Stone, ninety-six thousand dollars ; hands, sixteen hundred and sixty-four. Segars, seven thousand five hundred and fifty dollars ; hands, thirty-three. Silver plating, one hun dred dollars ; hands, one. Soap making, eleven thousand five hundred dollars; hands, two. Tailoring, forty-eight thousand eight hundred dollars; hands, ninety. Tin and sheet iron, thirty-one thousand and fifty dollars ; hands, forty-three. Turn ers, one hundred dollars; hands, one. Terra cotta, one hun dred thousand dollars; hands, fifty-five. Upholstering, ten thousand dollars ; hands, five. Undertakers, five hundred dol lars; hands, one. Vise and tool making, one hundred and fifteen thousand five hundred dollars ; hands, eighty-two. Wheelwright ing, three thousand nine hundred dollars ; hands, ten. Woolen and cotton goods, two hundred and eighty thousand dollars; hands, three hundred and twenty-nine. Windsor chairs, five hundred dollars ; hands, two. Wool, twenty-five thousand dollars ; hands, twelve. Total amount of capital invested in industrial pursuits, three million eight hundred and seventy- eight thousand nine hundred and ninety-five dollars. Hands employed, four thousand eight hundred and twenty-six. The following shows the streets of the city, alphabetically arranged : Academy, from Greene east to Canal street ; Adelaine, from Edmund east to Hermann; Allen, from Greene east to Mont gomery; Asbury, from Ferry east to Federal; Assanpink, from Stocktom east to the canal; Bank, from Warren west to Willow; Barberry, from Sweet's avenue southwest to Gordon ; Barnes, from Quarry to Bank ; Belevue avenue, from Calhoun opposite Higbee, west to city limits; Behm, from Esher to Hermann; Belvidere, from Fowler west to Calhoun ; Bond, from Princeton avenue to New Brunswick avenue ; Bridge, from Delaware river east to Broad ; Broad, from Assanpink creek to White Horse road; Calhoun, from Delaware river to Pennington street; Cam den, from Quarry to Passaic ; Canal, east from Perry to White Horse road; Canal, west from State to Perry; Carroll, from Ig4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Edmund to State ; Carter's alley, from Montgomery to Stock ton; Cass, from Union to the canal; Centre, from Broad to Riverview Cemetery ; Centre court, from Pike easterly ; Chan cery, from State to Bank; Clay, from Market to Taylor; Chauncey, from Warren to the railroad ; Clinton, from Millham road to Sandtown road ; Coats, from Cass to Federal ; Com merce, from Stockton to the canal; Conover's alley, from Market southerly; Cooper, from Factory to Centre; Cox's alley, from Union easterly ; Cross, from Carroll to Ewing ; Dark lane, from Montgomery to city line ; Decatur, from Market to Bridge ; Delaware, West State to Delaware river ; Delaware alley, South Warren to Fair; Dillon's alley, South Warren to Delaware river; Doane alley, from Centre to State Prison ; Donley's alley, from Lamberton westerly ; Drum mond' s alley, from South Warren to Fair ; East Front, from Warren to the canal ; East State, from Warren to city line; East Washington, from Warren to Greene; Edmund, from Millham road to Canal; Elizabeth, from Ewing to Clinton ; Esher, from Southard to Hermann ; Ewing, from Perry to East State ; Factory, from Lamberton to Broad ; Fair, from Factory to Federal ; Falls, from Delaware river to Union ; Federal, from Delaware river to Third ; Ferry, from Delaware river to Broad ; Feeder, (North) from Greene to Canal ) Feeder, (South) from Greene to Canal ; Fountain avenue, from Prince ton avenue westerly ; Fowler, from Spring to Higbee ; Franklin, from Ewing to Railroad ; Frazer, from Reservoir to Pennington avenue ; Front, from Delaware to East Canal ; Fuhrman, from Second to Lamberton ; Grant, from rolling mill to Lamberton ; Greene, from Broad to New Brunswick avenue ; Green's alley, from Quarry to West State; Gordon, from Princeton avenue northerly; Hankinson avenue, from Perry to Woodruff; Hano ver, from Warren to Stockton ; Henry, from Millham road to Canal ; .Higbee, from Willow to Calhoun ; Howell, from Ed mund to Hermann ; Humboldt, from Barberry westerly ; Jack son, from Livingston to Railroad ; James, from Millham road to Canal ; Jefferson, from Ewing to Clinton ; Kossuth, from Clin ton to Ewing; Lalor, from Lock No. 4 to Delaware river; Lamberton, from Factory to the cemetery; Landing, from Third to Delaware river ; Lewis, from Clay to Canal ; Lincoln HISTORY OF TRENTON. rgj avenue, from Clinton to Assanpink creek; Livingston, from Broad to Assanpink creek ; Lodge alley, from Front to Wash ington ; Market, from Warren to Assanpink creek ; Mercer, from Livingston to Railroad ; Merchant, from Stockton to Canal ; Mill, from Market to Fair; Millham road, from Clinton to city line; Model avenue, from Clinton to Assanpink creek; Mon mouth, from Southard to Assanpink creek ; Montgomery, from Assanpink to New Brunswick avenue ; New, (North) from Bank to Quarry ; New, (South) from Union to water power raceway ; New Brunswick avenue, from Warren to city line ; New Market, from Second to Delaware river ; North Feeder, from Montgom ery to cityline; Ogden, from Southard to Ewing; Passaic, from Feeder to Calhoun ; Peace, from Front to Delaware river ; Pen nington, from Warren to city line ; Perry, from Warren to Clin ton ; Pike, from East State to Front ; Princeton avenue, from Warren to city line; Prospect, from West State to Pennington avenue ; Quarry, from Warren to Calhoun ; Quarry alley, from Willow to Calhoun ; Quintin avenue, from Mercer parallel with Assanpink creek ; Railroad avenue, from Belvidere Delaware Railroad easterly ; Reservoir, from Pennington avenue to city line; Ringgold, from Pennington avenue to Tucker ; Rose, from New Brunswick avenue to Feeder ; Sandford, from Princeton avenue to New Brunswick avenue ; Second, from Broad to River view cemetery ; Sheridan avenue, from Clinton to Assanpink creek ; Southard, from Perry to Carroll ; South Feeder, from Greene to Canal; Spring, from Willow to West State; State, (Ea^t) from Warren east to city line ; State, (West) from War ren west to cityline ; Smith's alley, from Front to State; Steam boat, from Union to water, power; Sterling's alley, from West Front to West State ; Stockton, from Perry to Assanpink creek; Sweet's avenue, from Princeton avenue northwesterly; Taylor, from Broad to Mercer; Taylor's alley, from West State to Quarry ; Temple, from Second to Third ; Third, from Broad to Second ; Tucker, from Warren to Willowy Turpin, from Fed eral to Bridge; Union, from Market to Ferry ; Union alley, from East Front to Assanpink creek; Wall, from Clinton to Assanpink creek; Warners alley, iiom East Front northerly; Warren, from Assanpink creek to Princeton avenue ; Washing- ig6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. ton, from Greene to Lodge alley ; West Front, from Warren west to Delaware river ; West State, from Warren to city line ; William, from Clinton to Assanpink creek ; Willow, from West Front to Pennington avenue ; Wilson, from Calhoun to Reser voir; Woodruff, from Greene to Canal; Woodruff's alley, from Lamberton to Centre. This part of our history may seem to some a small matter, but there are very few of our citizens who have any idea of the extent of our city. If we had the exact number of buildings there were in this place in 1740, or even one hundred years ago, the contrast would be very great between then and the present time. Then, probably a half dozen small tenements comprised the town ; now they number about five thousand houses. How interesting this table would be could we preserve it half a cen tury, or even a quarter of a century, and then behold the increase in the number of dwellings and the growth of our population. If even the same ratio of increase was carried on until the year 1900, our city would contain nearly ten thousand dwellings and about seventy-five thousand inhabitants. Previous to 1675 and 1676, at which time the legislature adopted some general regulations for the opening of roads, the only road laid out by the Europeans within the limits of New Jersey appears to have been that by which the Dutch at New Amsterdam communicated with the settlements on the Delaware. It ran from Elizabethtown Point, or its neighborhood, to where New Brunswick now stands, and was probably the same as that now (widened and improved) known as the " old road," between those places. At New Brunswick the river was forded at low water, and the road thence ran almost in a straight line to the Delaware (above where Trenton is now situated), which was also forded. This was called the "upper road," to distinguish it from the "lower road," which branched off about five or six miles from the Rari- tan, took a sweep toward the east, and arrived at the site of the present city of Burlington. These roads, however, were very little more than foot-paths, and so continued for many years, affording facilities to horsemen and pedestrians principally. HISTORY OF TRENTON. tq7 Even as late as 1816, when a ferry had been established at New Brunswick for twenty years, provision was only made in the rates allowed by the assembly, for " horse and man" and "single person." Previous to that time, however, the road had been improved, and was considered the main thoroughfare to Pennsylvania; in 1695, the innkeepers at Piscataway, Wood- bridge, and Elizabethtown were made subject to taxation for five years, to prevent its " falling into decay." The sum required annually to keep this road in repair at that time, was only ten pounds, (forty-eight dollars). An opposition road was opened by the proprietors, in the hope of drawing the piincipal part of the traveling to their seat of government, but without success. They expressed a wish to Deputy Governor Lawrie, in July, 1683, *nat: "it might be discovered whether there may not a convenient road be found betwixt Perthtown [Perth Amboy] and Burlington, for the entertaining of a land conveyance that way." This was done by Lawrie the ensuing year, and he connected with the road a ferry-boat to run between Amboy and New York, " to entertain travelers." Finding, however, that the other road continued to be pre ferred, Governor Basse, in 1698, was directed to bring the mat ter before the assembly and have an act passed that would ' " cause the public road to pass through the post-town of Perth Amboy, from New York and New England to West Jersey and Pennsylvania;" but Basse's authority was of such limited dura tion that nothing was done. Such were the two routes traveled between New York and Philadelphia, under the proprietary government ; but no public conveyance 'or the transportation of either goods or passengers existed on either. One Dellamin was permitted by Governor Hamilton, to drive a wagon on the Amboy road, but had no regular prices or set time for his trips. In April, 1807, the assembly, enumerating their grievances to Lord Cornbury, complained that patents had been granted to individuals to transport goods on the road from Burlington to Amboy, for a certain number of years, to the exclusion of others, Igg HISTORY OF TRENTON. which was deemed not only contrary to the statute respecting monopolies, but also destructive of that freedom which trade and commerce ought to have. The governor, in his reply, gives us an insight into the facili ties afforded by this wagon. After stating the difficulties which had previously attended the carriage of goods upon the road, he says, " at present, everybody is sure, once a fortnight, to have an opportunity of sending any quantity of goods, great or small, at reasonable rates, without being in danger of imposition ; and the settling of this wagon is so far from being a grievance or a monopoly, that by this means, and no other, a trade has been carried on between Philadelphia, Burlington, Amboy, and New York, which was never known before, and in all probability never would have been." As none of the grievances suffered under Lord Cornbury's administration were removed until his recall in 1710, it is prob able this wagon continued to perform its journey "once a fort night" till then, if no longer. Soon after, however, the road seems to have been more open to competition. • The first advertisement which I have met with respecting the transportation on this route, is in Andrew Bradford's Philadel phia " Mercury" of March, 1732-33. It is as follows : "This is to give notice unto Gentlemen, Merchants, Trades men, Travelers, and others, that Solomon Smith and Thomas Moore, of Burlington, keepeth two stage wagons, intending to go from Burlington to Amboy, and back from Amboy to Burling ton again, Once every Week, or offt'er if that Business presents; they have also a very good store-house, very Commodious for the storing of any sort of Merchants' Goods, free from any Charges, where good Care will be taken of. all sorts of goods." About this time, also, a line ran by the way of New Bruns wick ; and in 1734, the first line via Bordentown was established running from South River, the proprietor of which would be at New York " once a week, if wind and weather permit, and come to the Old-Slip." In 1744, the stage wagons between New Brunswick and Tren ton ran twice a week.- HISTORY OF TRENTON. igg In October, 1750, a new line was established, the owner of which resided at Perth Amoby. He informed all gentlemen and ladies "who have occasion to transport themselves, goods, wares, or merchandise, from New York to Philadelphia," that he had a " stage -boat," well fitted for the purpose, which, "wind and weather permitting," (that never-forgotten proviso), would leave New York every Wednes day for the ferry at Amboy on Thursday, where, on Friday, a stage-wagon would be ready to proceed immediately to Borden town, where they would take another stage-boat to Philadelphia — nothing being said (very wisely) of the time they might expect to arrive there. He states, however, that the passages are made in " forty-eight hours' less time than by any other line." This was probably the case, for the route was so well patronized that in 1752, they carried passengers twice a week, instead of once, "endeavoring to use people in the best manner" — keeping them, be it observed, from five to seven days on. the route. The success of this line seems to have led to an opposition in 1 75 1, originating in Philadelphia, which professed to go through in twenty-five or thirty hours, but which, nevertheless, appears to have required the same number of days as the other. Great dependence was placed upon the attractions of the pass age-boat between Amboy and New York, described as having a fine, commodious cabin, fitted up with a tea-table and sundry other articles. In 1756, a stage line between Philadelphia and New York, via Trenton and Perth Amboy, was established, intended to run through in three days. This was followed, in 1765, by another, to start twice a week ; but nine years had worked no increase of speed. The following year a third line of "good stage-wagons, with the seats set on springs," was set up, to go through in two days in summer and three in winter. These wagons were modestly called "flying machines," and the title soon became a favorite with all the stage proprietors. These lines ran, I believe, by the way of "Blazing Star 20O HISTORY OF TRENTON. Ferry,"* that being preferable to the old Amboy route, thereby putting an end to the transportation of passengers by that route. From 1765 to 1768, attempts were made by the legislature to raise funds by lottery, for shortening and improving the great thoroughfares, but without success. Governor Franklin, allud ing to them in a speech to the assembly in 1768, states that " even those which lie between the two principal trading cities in North America are seldom passable without danger or diffi culty." Such being the condition of the roads, it was a great improvement to have John Mersereau's " flying machine," in 1772, leave Paulus Hook (now Jersey City), three times a week, with a reasonable expectation that passengers would arrive in Philadelphia in one day and a half. This time, however, was probably found too short, for two days were required by him in 1773-74- The mails being carried on horseback, moved at this time with greater speed than passengers, but they had been a long time acquiring it. To Colonel John Hamilton, son of Governor Andrew Hamil ton, of New Jersey (himself at one time acting governor, as pre sident of council), were the colonies indebted for devising the scheme by which the post-office was established. This was about the year 1694. He obtained a patent for it, and after ward sold his right to the crown. It is presumed that an attempt * This ferry was located a short distance below where the Delaware bridge now stands. The old ferry-houses are still standing. The one on this side of the river was the large brick building at the corner of Bloomsbury and Ferry streets, and now used as a tavern. And' the one on the Pennsylvania side is the large brick house directly opposite Ferry street. In the time of the Revolution, (when the river was clear of ice), troops and others, coming from Philadelphia, would cross this ferry and proceed eastward to the Eagle hotel, on Mill hill, to Queen street, that being the only street t'.ren open all the way through, (Bloomsbury street not being opened be'ow Front street till 1801). Persons coming this route would then proceed through Queen (now Greene) street, to the old York road, and thus to New York. This ferry was the great thoroughfare between the cities of Philadelphia and New York until the Delaware bridge was opened in 1805, when persons and merchandise were transported over the bridge. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 201 was soon made to carry the mails regularly ; but speed was little regarded. In 1704, "in the pleasant month of May," a New York paper says, " the last storm put our Pennsylvania post a week behind, and is not yet com'd in." In 1717, advices from Boston to Williamsburg, in Virginia, were completed in four weeks, from March to December, and in double that time in the other months of the year; but there is some probability that the mailsj, south- of Philadelphia did not continue to be carried regularly for some time thereafter. About 1720, the post set out from Philadelphia every Friday, left letters at Burlington and Perth Amboy, and arrived at New York on Sunday night, leaving there Monday morning on its peregrinations eastward. In 1722, a Philadelphia paper states that the New York post was "three days behind his time, and not yet arrived." In 1729, the mail between the two cities went once a week in summer, and once a fortnight in winter; this continued to be the case till 1754, when Dr. Franklin became superintendent, and improved the condition of the post-office materially. In October, notice was given that until Christmas the post would leave the two cities three times a week, at eight o'clock A. M., and arrive the next day at about five o'clock P. m., mak ing thirty-three hours. After Christmas, "being frequently delayed in crossing New York bay,"* it would leave only once a week. Further im provements were made in following years, and in 1764, "if weather permitted," the mails were to leave every alternate day, and go through in less than twenty-four hours ; and such was the rate at which they traveled until the revolution put a stop to their regular transmission. From this time up to 1800 we have no records we can rely upon as being accurate. But up to that date it does not appear that much advance was made in the speed of traveling. In 1801, on the 13th of April, Thomas Porter "respectfully informs his friends, and the public in general, that he has fur- *The route was via the lower Blazing Star Ferry to the Sandtown road, and from thence to South Amboy, and across the bay to New York. 202 HISTORY OF TRENTON. nished him with an excellent pair of Horses, and a good Coachee, and intends running it from John C. Hummell's tavern,* in Trenton, to John Carpenter's, Philadelphia, three times a week throughout the summer season. He will leave Trenton every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, and Philadelphia every Mon day, Wednesday, and Friday. His long employment as a stage driver between the two cities, and his attention and punctuality in that capacity, (which shall not be diminished as proprietor), he flatters himself will secure a portion of the public patronage. A pair of Horses and Coachee will be furnished to go to any part of the Continent." On the 21st of April of the same year, Joseph Vandegrift, Sr., opened a stage office next to the Indian Queen hotel, then kept by Amos Howell, near the market-house. The building stood where Disbrow's cabinet ware-rooms (iron building) now stand. These stages ran to and from Trenton to Philadelphia, making one trip per day to either city. In 1802, Peter Probasco and John Dean ran a coach between this city and Philadelphia every day in the week, (Sundays excepted). The office was two doors above the Indian Queen hotel. The same, year John C. Hummell and John Carpenter started the "Trenton accommodation line of coachee stages." In 1807, John Mannington ran a line of " Coachee stages," which left Philadelphia every morning at eight o'clock, (Sun days excepted), and arrived in Trenton to dine at the subscri ber's tavern, next door to the City hotel, where the store of Isaac - D. James now stands. Fare; one dollar and fifty cents; baggage as usual. In 1819, John Lafaucherie and Isaac Merriam ran a line of coaches to connect with the steamboat Philadelphia, at the Bloomsbury wharf, starting from Mr. Anderson's Rising Sun hotel. In 1820, Charles B. Carman and Lewis Thompson ran a line from Trenton to Philadelphia, via Bristol, by steamboat; Captain J. Miller; fare, one dollar; breakfast, twenty-five cents. The * City tavern, corner of Warren and Bank streets. HISTORY OF .TRENTON. 203 boat ran every day, except Sundays ; application for passage to be made at Enoch Green's, Indian Queen tavern, John Voor- hees' City hotel, and C. H. Vanderveer's hotel, Bloomsbury. The steamboat Philadelphia commenced running from Blooms bury, Tuesday, July 3d, 1820, at half-past five o'clock, until the ist of September, when it left at six o'clock a. m. December 31st, 1827, Joseph I. Thompson ran a mail stage between Trenton and New Brunswick, every day of the week, (Sundays excepted). It left Trenton at eight o'clock in the morn ing, changed horses at Princeton, and performed the passage in as short a time as it could be done at that time by any other . line on the road ; fare, one dollar. August 30th, 1828, the Union line of Trenton hacks ran to Bloomsbury, to carry passengers to the steamboats Trenton, Captain A. Jenkins; Burlington, Captain D. Martin; and Marco Bozzaris, Captain John B. Lane. These three boats were so arranged as to make one trip each way every day. The coaches started from J. M. Bispham's Trenton House, taking passengers to the boats, to Princeton, New Brunswick, and New York. The same year C. H. Vanderveer ran a line of Trenton mail coaches between this city and New Brunswick ; fare for passage, one dollar. The same year a coach was run by J. I. Thompson to the same place. In 1830, A. P. Atkinson was appointed agent of the Union line of stage coaches. This line continued in existence till the railroad commenced operations, when, a short time after, it was discontinued. In 1840, a steamboat called the Hornet made regular trips on the Delaware, to and from Philadelphia. The fare was twenty- five cents either way. Persons, by leaving their names at the Rising Sun hotel the night previous, were called for by the omni bus, free of charge. The company had two new and splendid omnibusses. John Payne was the agent of this line. Abner Mershon ran the Proprietor a short time in the year 1843- The steamer Edwin Forrest commenced making regular trips 204 HISTORY OF TRENTON. between here and Philadelphia, in the year 1850. She still continues to run daily to and from Philadelphia, regulating her time of starting by the tides. The original owners were Joseph and Benjamin McMackin. In the message of Governer Mahlon Dickinson, sent to the two houses of the legislature, January 12th, 181 6, he makes use of the following language : "I must beg leave to call attention to a projected improve ment of great national importance. I mean the construction of a canal to connect the waters of the Delaware river with those of the Raritan. "We have the most satisfactory evidence that the expense of constructing such a canal, on the most practicable route, would bear but a small proportion to the immense advantages to be derived from it. It would form an important link in that vast chain of internal navigation which our country admits of, and which will, at some future period, afford us security in war and an abundant source of wealth in peace, while it will form a permanent bond of union among the Atlantic states. "All local considerations should yield when put in competi tion with an object so highly interesting, not only to this state, but to the Union at large." This part of the governor's message was referred to -a commit tee, who on the 25th of January reported in favor of the project. Subscriptions were afterwards opened for the capital stock in this state, as well as in Philadelphia and New York. But partly from the extensive improvements then in progress, particularly in the erection of turnpike roads, partly from a conviction that the plan in contemplation, of using the beds of the several inter vening streams, would, upon experiment, prove unavailing, and partly from a belief that the country was not yet prepared for the commencement of such great national objects, and that the tolls would pay but a very inadequate interest on the capital required, but few shares were subscribed, and the work was never com menced. Whatever, however, may have been the public sentiment at that period, subsequent events have demonstrated to the satisfac tion of the most incredulous the immense utility and importance HISTORY OF TRENTON. 205 of such navigation, not only as a medium of commercial inter course, but as an object of national security. On the 19th of November, 1823, the committee of the legis lature to whom was referred the subject of the Delaware and Raritan canal reported, " that we have considered the subject with all that attention which its great importance demands, and are of opinion that such a canal, if it could be effected at' an expense not too great for the resources of the state, and without imposing a burdensome weight of taxation, ought to be carried into execution by the state itself. "But, that in order to obtain further information before this plan is acted upon, it is expedient that the present legislature appoint commissioners, whose duty it shall be to report to the next legislature upon all matters connected with the practica bility of said canal, its probable expense, and the revenue to be derived therefrom, as also upon any arrangement which might be made with the United States in respect to said canal, and upon the ways and means proper to be adopted for executing the same, and generally to report on every other matter which, in their opinion, would be useful to be understood by the legisla ture in the premises. That, in order to give some public infor mation of the method by which the New York and Erie Canal has been constructed by that state, the committee beg leave to report a bill on similar principles in relation to the Delaware and Rari tan Canal, to be laid over, nevertheless, after being printed, to the next legislature, and then to be acted upon, adopted, modi fied, or rejected, as may be deemed expedient, which was read ; and Mr. Griffith presented a bill to provide for the improvement of the internal navigation of this state. Ordered to lie on the table and be printed." But it was not till February 4th, 1830, that the act of incor poration of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company passed the council and general assembly of this state and became a law; and then it was vested in a private company instead of the state, as at first contemplated. The following persons were authorized to open books of subscription to the capital stock of said com pany within six months after the passage of the act of incorpora tion : "James Parker and James Neilson, of Middlesex; John s 206 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. Potter, of Somerset ; William Halsted, of Hunterdon ; and Gar ret D. Wall, of Burlington, or any three of them, were appointed commissioners to receive subscriptions to the said stock at such times and places as they or a majority of them may direct, giving notice thereof at least twenty days prior to the opening of said books, by publishing the same in at least three of the newspapers published in this state, three in the city of Philadelphia, and three in the city of New York. ' ' The capital stock was to be one million dollars, divided into shares of one thousand dollars each, which, when five thousand shares were subscribed for, the persons holding the same, were, by this act, incorporated into a company by the name of the "Delaware and Raritan Canal Company," with all the powers and privileges pertaining to corporate bodies, and necessary to perfect an expeditious and complete line of communication between Philadelphia and New York, and to carry the object of this act into effect. , This act required that the number of shares which was necessary to make "the incorporation of said company [five thousand] should be paid in, in one year from the time of opening said sub scription books, otherwise all the subscriptions under it should be null and void, and the commissioners, after deducting thereout their expenses, should return the residue of the money paid in, to the respective subscribers, or their representatives, in propor tion to the sums paid by them." It was provided that at the yearly meetings of the company, the president and directors of the preceding year were to exhibit to the stockholders a full and complete statement of the affairs of the company during said term. They were empowered to make "a canal or artificial navigation from the waters of the Delaware river to the waters of the Rari tan river, and to improve the navigation of the said rivers respectively, as they may from time to time become necessary, below where the said canal shall empty into the said rivers respectively ; which canal shall be at least fifty feet wide at the water line, and the water therein be at least five feet deep throughout ; and the said company are hereby empowered to sup ply the said canal with water from the river Delaware, by con- . HISTORY OF TRENTON. 207 structing a feeder, which feeder shall be so constructed as to form a navigable canal, not less than thirty feet wide and four feet deep, to conduct the water from any part of the river Delaware. " It shall be the duty of the company to construct and keep in repair good and sufficient bridges or passages over the said canal or feeder, where any public or other roads shall cross the same, so that the passage of carriages, horses, and cattle on said roads shall not be prevented thereby ; and also where the said canal or feeder shall intersect the farm or lands of any individual, to provide and keep in repair a suitable bridge or bridges, as aforesaid, so that the owner or owners and others may pass the same." Power was given the stockholders to increase the capital stock to a sum not exceeding five hundred thousand dollars, by an increase of the number of shares, provided they found it neces sary so to do in order to carry into full effect the objects of this act. The canal and feeder were to be commenced within two years after the passage of the act, and completed within eight years, otherwise the act should be void. At the expiration of thirty years from the time of completion of the canal and feeder, the legislature may cause an appraise ment of the same, to be made by six persons, three appointed by the governor, and three appointed by the company, to report to the next legislature, within one year from the time of their appointment, their appraisement in no case to exceed the first costs of said canal and feeder ; and the privilege was extended to the state for the space of ten years to purchase the works at the appraisement. The company was to pay the state the sum of eight cents for each and every passenger, and the sum of eight cents for each and every ton of merchandise so transported thereon, except the articles of coal, lumber, lime, wood, ashes, and similar low-priced articles, for which two cents per ton shall be paid. The bill incorporating the Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company was passed on the same day as that of 208 HISTORY OF TRENTON. . the Delaware and Raritan Canal bill, the 4th of February, 1830, and under similar restrictions as the canal company. The persons authorized to receive subscriptions were " Samuel G. Wright, of Monmouth ; James Cook, of Middlesex ; Abraham Brown, of Burlington ; Jeremiah H. Sloan, of Gloucester ; and Henry Freas, of Salem. ' ' The books were to be opened within six months from the passage of the act, the capital stock to be one million of dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. "And when five thousand shares shall have been sub scribed for, the company shall then be considered organized and incorporated by the name of the ' Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company.' " They were given power to increase the capital stock to any sum not exceeding five hundred thousand dollars, by increasing the number of shares for that purpose, provided the capital stock should be deemed insufficient to carry into full effect the objects of the act ; and that the road should be commenced within two years, and completed within nine years thereafter, otherwise the act to become void. At the expiration of thirty years from the completion of the said road, the state could purchase the same under like restrictions made in reference to the Delaware and Raritan Canal. On the 4th day of February, 1831, the legislature gave the railroad company power to transfer one thonsand shares of stock to the state. On the 15th day of February of the same year, an act was passed consolidating the stock of the Delaware and Raritan Canal and Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Companies, commonly called the "marriage act." This consolidation enabled the two companies to construct their present works, which now afford a handsome revenue to our state. It was the duties paid by these companies that built our State Prison and Lunatic Asylum, of both of which structures our state may well feel proud; also our beautiful State House, which a late writer in Massachusetts observes, " is not surpassed by any in the United States." From the same source, our magnificent system of common HISTORY OF TRENTON. 209 schools derives the principal part of its support. The revenue derived from these sources saves our citizens from an enormous yearly tax, which must have accrued through our internal im provements did we not have some means of meeting the expen ditures. That source is afforded by the Camden and Amboy Railroad, which pays not less than one hundred thousand dollars yearly into the coffers of our state. These works, though they benefit the whole state, are men tioned here at length, because our city has been particularly benefited by them. Here are located many of the public build ings erected by them, besides which they afford business facili ties highly beneficial to our city. During the session of the legislature of 1854, an act was passed extending the time of purchase of the railroad by the state to 1888, and after January ist, 1869, the monopoly clause should be of no force. S* CHAPTER XIII. Literary Institutions — Newspapers — New Jersey Gazette— State Gazette — True American — Emporium — People's Advocate — Union — Argus — Plaindealer — Sheet Anchor — New Jersey Temperance Herald — Weekly Visitor — Daily News — Clay Banner — Trentonian — Republican Privateer — Reformer and New Jersey Temperance Advocate — Mercer Standard— Free Press — Trenton Academy — Public and Private Schools — Libra ries — Apprentices Library — Trenton Library — Constitutional Library — Trenton Institute — Irving Institute — Mechanics Insti tute — Trenton Lyceum. THE "New Jersey Gazette," published at Burlington, by Isaac Collins, was the first newspaper published in the state. It was a weekly paper, nine by fourteen inches in size, the subscription price being twenty-six shillings, or five dollars and twenty cents per annum, or ten cents per week. Advertise ments were inserted at seven shillings and six-pence for the first week, and two shillings and six-pence for every additional week,. and long ones in proportion. The first paper was issued Friday, December 5th, 1777. The first article appearing in the paper is as follows : " To enter into a minute detail of the advantages of a well- conducted newspaper would, at any time, be impertinent, but more especially at a crisis which makes a quick circulation of intelligence peculiarly interesting to all the American states. The publisher, therefore, thinks it will be more to the purpose to communicate to the public a brief account of the nature of his plan, than to enter into any formal proof of its utility, which he esteems little less than self-evident. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 2 1 1 "He proposes to print this "Gazette" once a week, to con tain a faithful account of remarkable occurrences, whether foreign or domestic ; materials for which he shall be amply furnished with in consequence of a general correspondence he is establish ing for that purpose. "Such proceedings of the legislature and courts of justice as may conduce to the benefit or entertainment of his readers shall find a place in his publications. "Essays, useful or entertaining, schemes for the advancement of trade, arts, and manufactures, proposals for improvements in agriculture, and particularly in the culture of hemp and flax, will be inserted with pleasure and alacrity. " The interests of religion and liberty he shall ever think it his peculiar duty to support ; and, at the same time, to treat with disregard the intemperate effusions of factious zealots, whether religious or political, as injurious to virtue and destructive of civil order. With great care shall he reject every proposition to make his paper a vehicle for the dark purpose of private malice, by propagating calumnies against individuals, wounding the peace of families, and inflaming the minds of men with bitter ness and rancor against one another. "In a word, he will spare neither cost nor pains to make his paper as useful and entertaining as possible ; and, while these objects are steadily pursued, the publisher will confidently rely upon the generosity and public spirit of the gentlemen of this state for their countenance and support to such a useful under taking." Then follows the names of persons in every county in the state, who are authorized to receive subscriptions, including all the members of the legislature, in all twelve counties, an agent at Bristol, Pennsylvania, and the printer. The first advertisement on the first page of the paper is as follows : "To the printer of the "New Jersey Gazette" — Sir : Being informed that numbers of people, under various pretences, are passing from the state of New Jersey into the city of Philadel phia, and returning back into New Jersey, without the permis sion required by law for going into the enemy's lines, to pre- 2I2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. vent such delinquents from pleading ignorance whenever they may be apprehended, I would acquaint them, thro' the channel of your paper, that by an act of this state, it is felony, without benefit of clergy, in a man ; and, in a woman, three hundred pounds fine, or one year's imprisonment ; and that government is determined to be vigilant in causing such offenders to be apprehended and brought to condign punishment. " I am your humble servant, "Princeton, November 25, 1777. W. L." Items of news of August 6th, from Amsterdam; July 12th, from Deux Ponts, and August 30th, from Whitehall, is published. An advertisement appeared, offering a reward of five pounds for the return of a silver watch lost, which had a ribbon string, a brass key much worn, and a small red cornelian seal set in silver, with the compass and square in the silver work. The finder was requested to' leave it with Mr. Robert Ramsay, in Newtown, Mr. Bessonet, in Bristol, Mr. Isaac Wood, in Mount Holly, or with the printer, and receive the above reward. "N. B. — If the person into whose possession it may come, should be so ungenerous as not to return it to either of the above gentlemen, every watchman and others are requested to endeavor to expose the villainy. ' ' The next article, dated " Camp near Ticonderoga, July 2d, 1777," is a proclamation to the British troops in America, by John Burgoyne, Esq., lieutenant-general of his Majesty's armies in America, colonel of the queen's regiment of light dragoons, governor of Fort William in North Britain, one of the repre sentatives of the commons of Great Britain, and commanding an army and fleet employed on an expedition from Canada, &c, &c. Immediately following this is a letter from General Gates, dated "Camp at Saratoga, October 18th, 1777," announcing the surrender of this same Burgoyne and his whole army into the hands of General Gates, and that they were on their march to Boston. This signal and important event, says Gates, "is the more glorious, as it was effected with so little loss to the army of the United States." Then follows thirteen articles of convention entered into HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 2 x 3 between Lieutenant-General Burgoyne and Major-General Gates, and signed by Burgoyne. On the 4th of March, 1778, the publication office was removed to Trenton, and located at the corner of East State and Greene streets, in a frame building which stood where Charles Scott's bookstore is now located. The publication of the paper was discontinued November 27th, 1786, in consequence of the high price of paper and the want of patronage. On Tuesday the 5th of May, 1787, nearly six months after the "New Jersey Gazette" had suspended, "The Federal Post, or the Trenton Weekly Mercury," was started at this place. This paper was ten by sixteen inches, published weekly, at four-pence each, by Frederick C. Quequelle and George M. Wilson. It was published on the north side of Front street, opposite the English Church. The English Church is the present Saint Michael's Episcopal Church. At that time the name of King (now Warren), street, had been changed to Front street, and Queen (now Greene) street, to Back street. In the "Mercury," advertisements were inserted on the most reasonable terms, and subscriptions received at twelve shillings per annum. October 3d, 1788, on account of the scarcity of demy print ing paper, the publishers were under the necessity of altering the size of their paper. It was then reduced to nine by fifteen inches, and printed twice a week, Tuesdays and Fridays, at two dollars per annum, and delivered to subscribers in the country free!" of expense, once a week, one-half of the above sum to be paid at the time of subscribing, and the other half at the end of six months. It was the first semi-weekly paper published in the state. On the 2 ist of October it ceased to be a semi-weekly, and was published weekly, on Tuesday. On the 5 th day of March, 1791, George Sherman and John Mershon opened a printing office at the place formerly occupied by Mathias Day, which was a two story frame building adjoining 2I4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. the Trenton House on the south ; the store now occupied by James C. Manning stands upon the spot. In the prospectus which they issued at the time of starting the paper, they give as the place of publication, " in the office oppo site the Indian Queen hotel." •At this time the paper was called the " New Jersey State Gazette," and was published weekly. The publication was con tinued under this title and by the same persons, until January 3d, 1797, when Mathias Day purchased it, and changed the' name to "State Gazette and New Jersey Advertiser." On the 9th of July, 1798, it was purchased by Gershom Craft and William Black, the former a young lawyer, whose residence was on Mill hill, in the house now occupied by Robert Dowling, and kept by him as a hotel. These gentlemen changed the name of the paper to " Federalist and New Jersey Gazette." A short time after, William Black retired from the concern, and the publication was continued by Gershom Craft. On the 26th of March, 1799, Craft retired from the establish ment, and the publication was continued by Sherman, Mershon & Thomas. In July 8th, 1800, Craft again went into the concern, and the paper was published by Sherman, Mershon, Thomas, and Craft, but in September of the same year Craft again retired from the establishment, and the old firm of Sherman, Mershon & Thomas continued its publication. On the nth day of May, 1802, the name of the paper was again changed to "Trenton Federalist," and conducted by Sherman & Mershon. On the 1 6th' of December, 1806, upon the death of John Mer shon, George Sherman assumed the whole control of the "Fed eralist," and 011 the 4th day of July, 1829, he again changed the name to " New Jersey State Gazette," which name it bore until it was changed to "State Gazette," its present name. Under its new title William P. Sherman became its editor, but on the 2d of January, 1830, George Sherman again conducted it, and continued its publication until his death, after which time it was published for a number of years by the family, no publisher's name appearing at the head of its columns. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2IS On the ist of January, 1836, the name of James T. Sherman appeared at the head of its columns as editor. At this time it was published in a two and a half story frame building, in an alley, opposite Saint Michael's Church. On the 4th of January, 1839, James T. Sherman associated with him Henry Harron, and the names of these two gentlemen appeared at the head of the paper. They shortly after removed the office of publication to the north east corner of Warren and State streets. On the 14th of January, 1840, they commenced the issue of- a tri-weekly; and on the 12th of January, 1847, they issued a daily paper, the publication of which is still kept up. It was issued by the same gentlemen until the ist of February, 1853, when the paper was purchased by William Brown and Thomas C. Borden. In consequence of ill health, Mr. Bcrrden retired from the estab lishment on the ist of March, 1854. In the fall of 1854, Mr. Brown sold his interest in the paper to Edmund Morris. From July 30th, 1855, it was published by C. W. Tolles, who retired May 12th, 1857. The name of the publishers did not again appear at the head of its columns until July 17th, 1857, when it was published by Jacob R. Freese, with Enoch R. Borden as associate editor. Its name was again changed to " Daily State Gazette and Repub lican," and was removed to the office where the "State Sen tinel" is now published. September 25th, 1865, it was purchased by William Brook and Jonathan Vannote. July ioth, 1869, John L. Murphy and Charles Bechtel.became the owners and purchasers and removed it to the place where it is now .published, corner of State and Greene streets. The first number of the "True American" was issued Tues-. day, March ioth, 1801, from the office in Market (now State) street, where the hardware store of F. S. Katzenbach & Co., now stands, in a small frame building. Mathias Day and Jacob Mann were the first publishers ; on the 28th of June of the same year they associated with them James J. Wilson. On the 3d of November, 1802, Mathias Day leaving the con cern, its publication was continued by Jacob Mann and James J. 2 1 6 HIS TOR Y OF TRENTON. Wilson, until February 9th, 1802, when Mann retiring from the establishment, the paper was conducted by Wilson & Black- well, and in 181 1, Blackwell retiring, it was published by James J. Wilson, who continued the same until his death in 1825, after which it was conducted by W. L. Prall, for Mrs. Wilson. On the 27th of May, 1826, Prall purchased the paper, and continued its publication until 1828, when it was purchased by George Sherman ; the two offices were united, and the publica tion of the "True American" was discontinued. When Wilson became associated with the "True American," the office of publication was removed up town to his residence, in what is now the Belvidere hotel, in Warren street, a few doors south of the feeder, and the office where the paper was printed was the frame building on the south of his dwelling-; house. In 1809, he erected a frame .building nearly opposite, which he occupied for his printing office, In 1810, he built a brick house, adjoining the office on the north, standing a little back from the street, with a yard in front, and took up his residence there. On the 23d of June, 1821, Stacy G. Potts and Joseph Justice commenced the publication of a religious and literary paper, called the "Emporium." It was published in a frame building, adjoining the residence of Joseph Justice, No. 107 Warren street, now occupied by Henry Thoene. This was continued as a literary paper until 1827, when it took sides with the administration, and came out in favor of General Jackson. Mr. Potts continued to edit the paper until 1830, when, being appointed by the legislature clerk in chancery, his connection with the paper was dissolved, after which time Mr. Justice was the publisher and proprietor, and Joseph C. Potts editor. On the 28th of August, 1838, a tri-weekly paper was commenced by Joseph Justice, Jr., and Franklin S. Mills, for electioneering purposes. Its publication was continued until the 8th of October of the same year, when, having fulfilled its mission, it was discontinued. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2I7 On the 2d of December, 1839, they issued a daily from the same office, called "The Trenton Daily," the publication of which was discontinued March 2d, 1840. The tri-weekly and daily published at this office were the first of the kind published in this city. In 1843, the "Democratic Union" was issued from the same office, for the advocacy of the .election of George T. Olmsted for sheriff of Mercer county, being the first irregular ticket ever run in the county. He was accordingly elected. There were two Whigs in the field for the office. The Democratic party made no nomination, but entered into a combination with a number of dissatisfied Whigs, which resulted in the choice above stated. On the 24th of February, 1843, during the presidential term of John Tyler, the " Emporium " changed hands, and was pub lished by Joseph A. Yard until the year 1845, when it was united with the "Newark Morning Post," and the publication con tinued by Samuel G. Arnold. It was, afterwards, in the year 1846, conducted by Brittain & Jones, after which time Samuel J. Bayard published it ; about the year 1848 or 1849, Morris R. Hamilton purchased the estab lishment, and took charge of the paper as editor, in company with William Magill as publisher. During the campaign of 1852, and shortly after the termination of this campaign, David Naar became the owner and editor of the paper, with Franklin S. Mills as associate editor. July 2d, 1866, it was purchased by Messrs. Joshua S. Day, Joseph L., and Moses Naar, and still continues under the firm name of Naar, Day & Naar. When Morris R. Hamilton first became publisher, he removed it to Greene street, next to the City Hall. It was removed by Judge Naar to the corner of Warren and Front streets, its present place of publication. On the 25th of April, 1843, Franklin S. Mills commenced the publication of the "Sheet Anchor," and continued the same until the 12th of July, 1845, when the paper was purchased by Robert Gosman, and its title changed to the " Trenton Journal. ' ' "The Daily News " was published on the 2d day of March, T 2lg HISTORY OF TRENTON. . 1846, at the office of the "Trenton Journal," but, in a short time, it was purchased by Brittain & Jones and united with "The Emporium." In 1845, Joseph C. Potts and John C. Webster commenced the pulication of the "Plain Dealer," an anti-monopoly paper. This, too, was merged into "The Emporium," when Joseph C. Potts took charge of the last named paper. After Morris R. Hamilton took charge of the paper, he changed its name to "True American." In 1835, a Democratic paper, called the "Argus," was started. It was published by Peter Lott and B. F. Vancleve. This paper, however, had an existence of only about one year. It was pub lished in the large brick building No. 9 East Front street. In 1843, William M. Whitley published a paper called the "New Jersey Temperance Herald." It was issued for a short time from the office of the "Sheet Anchor," No. 49 Warren street, now the residence- of Joseph C. Mayer. The office of publication was afterwards removed to a frame house in East State street, between Lanning & Dunn's hardware store and the Mansion House. In 1844, Charles W. Jay published the " Clay Banner," which paper, as its name imports, was started to advance the interests of Henry Clay for the presidency of the United States, in opposi tion James K. Polk. The office of publication was in the second story, back of C. B. Vansyckel's drug store. In 1848, Charles W. Jay, Franklin S. Mills, and Joseph Jus tice, Jr., commenced the publication of a paper called the "Trentonian," on the southeast corner of State and Greene streets, over Scott's book store.* This paper was afterwards conducted by Charles W. Jay, Israel Wells, and Asher Beatty. Wells came into the concern about the year 1850, and continued as one of the publishers until the paper ceased to exist, about the year 1851. In 1846, James S. Yard commenced the publication of the *It is worthy of remark that for nearly- three-fourths of a century this comer has been used as a literary depot. Here, in 1808, Isaac Collins issued his memorable edition of the Bible, one of the most correct editions ever published, HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2lg " Weekly Visitor and New Jersey Temperance Sentinel," at No. 21 East State street, (third story). He published it about three months, when he associated with him Benjamin F. Yard ; after a short time James S. Yard left the establishment, and Benjamin F. Yard continued the publication of the paper till 1851, when it ceased to exist. In December, 1852, Henry B. Howell commenced the publi cation of the "Reformer and New Jersey Temperance Advo cate," as a monthly paper. He continued to publish it monthly throughout the whole of the first volume, and in December, 1853, he commenced publishing the paper semi-monthly or fortnightly, at the same price as the monthly paper. He however reduced the size of the paper. On the ist of February, 1855, he issued the "Reformer" weekly. In November, 1854, he enlarged it considerably.The paper was for some time published at Bordentown, though purporting to be published in Trenton, at No. 5 West State street. It was afterwards issued from the office of the "State Gazette," until, in 1854, Mr. Howell purchased of B. F. Yard the stock and fixtures of the " Weekly Visitor " office, after which 'time the paper was printed at No. 21 East State street, (third story). During the campaign of 1852; Charles W. Jay published the "Republican Privateer," but, after the election of Mr. Pierce to the presidency, the paper was discontinued. In 1854, J. Madison Drake commenced the publication of the " Mercer Standard," at No. 53 Perry street, as a weekly paper. After having issued it for a few months he enlarged the size of it. In 1855, Enoch R. Borden issued a weekly paper called the "Free Press." It was published at No. 21 East State street, fourth story, over the "Reformer" office. In February, 1864, Dorsey Gardiner commenced the publica tion of the "Monitor," at Murphy & Bechtel's office. He afterwards removed his office to No. 79 Warren street. Its publication was continued about one year and a half, when it was suspended. In 1865, Charles W. Jay started the "Volunteer," which was printed at the "Monitor" office. This was a campaign paper, and after having accomplished its mission it became defunct. 220 HISTORY OF TRENTON. March ist, 1866, Charles W. Jay started the "Union Sentinel" as a weekly. About six months afterwards, he associated with him M. Gillingham, who remained in the establishment only about six months, when John C. Parsons and Henry Houghtal- ing were associated with him. Parsons remained about two and a half years, and retired from the concern. Mr. Jay started his "Daily Sentinel " May 7th, 1870. Jacob R. Freese purchased the paper October 3d, 1870, and removed it from the corner of State street and Sterling's alley to his own building, No. 25 West State street, when he associated with him as editor, Theodore W. Freese. During the war, paper rose in price to such a degree that the penny papers were obliged to double their price, and the " True American" suspended entirely for a few months, after which its publication was resumed by the same publishers, and still continues. Mr. John Briest, an enterprising young man, and a practical printer, conceived the idea of starting a penny paper, and on the 5th of August, 1867, he issued the "Emporium " from the office on the corner of Warren and Hanover streets. Mr. Briest, not being in possession of much of this world's goods, com menced his paper in a very humble way. It was quite a small sheet, being what might aptly be called a " seven-by-njne. " He introduced as a novel feature in this city, publishing daily the names" of arrivals at the hotels. The paper, in consequence of its novelty and cheapness, took with the mass of the people, and its stability was at once established. Mr. Briest associated with him as business manager Mr. John B. Faussett, to whose financial ability he attributes, in a great measure, his eminent success. Mr. Briest assures me that his daily circulation is over two thousand, being the largest of any paper published in the city. He continues its publication at the office from which the first number was issued. The publication of " Beecher's Illustrated Magazine," was begun in January, 1870, by Mr. J. A. Beecher, of this city, and has from that time to this continued to improve in appearance and literary excellence. It began with thirty-two pages per HISTORY OF TRENTON. 22 1 month, was increased in July following to forty-eight pages, and in January, 1871, it appeared as an illustrated magazine, at one dollar per year. Its matter is all original contributions upon subjects of a practical character, and the ability displayed in the several departments has attracted the attention of the press at home and abroad, and given it a place among the best literary magazines of the day. The " State Gazette " said of the March number, 1871, "This is, without doubt, the best number of Beecher' s that has yet been issued, and this magazine is begin ning to attract a great deal of attention in the literary world, and is taking a good position among the higher class of maga zine publications. There are two articles in this number which would do credit to any magazine in America. We mean the biography of the late eminent engineer and bridge builder, John A. Roebling, and the article under the department of popular science, by Dr. James B. Coleman, entitled ' Can the Human Leg and Foot be Improved ?' The biography of Mr. Roebling is by far the best that has appeared anywhere. It is written in a clear and pleasant, yet plain and unostentatious style, does justice to the high character and grand achievements of the sub ject, and relates in an accurate and not tedious manner, all the incidents of his honorable and eventful career. The article by Dr. Coleman is a thoughtful and interesting one, that will do much to popularize that branch of studies and investigation. We trust that Dr. Coleman will have these fugitive pieces published in book form. They would be a valuable contribution to the literature of the day. ' ' In the year 1781, a number of the most prominent and enter prising citizens of Trenton formed themselves into a company, for the purpose of promoting the cause of education in our city. This was organized as a stock company, and a fund contributed to ensure the success of the institution. Its interests were com mitted to a board of trustees, to be elected annually from the stockholders. The operations of the academy have never been suspended, except for one or two short periods, from its foundation to the present time. The Trenton Academy was established February ioth, 1781, 222 HISTORY OF TRENTON. by articles of agreement among sundry inhabitants of the town and vicinity, who associated themselves, "sensible of the great importance of education to the well-being of individuals, and the good order of government, and of its peculiar use in early life, and judging the present means -of it in this place inade quate, and being met, agreed to purchase a lot, erect a com modious building thereon, and form a permanent, school, under proper regulations." The following were the names of the members of the associa tion : Joseph Higbee, David Brearley, Joseph Milnor, Rensel- laer Williams, James Paxton, Stacy Potts, Isaac Smith, Isaac Collins, William Tucker, James Ewing, Conrad Kotts, Stephen Lowrey, Abram Hunt, Moore Furman, R. Neil, M. How, Jacob Benjamin, W. C. Houston, John Neilson, Francis Will. Mr. James Burnside was appointed the first teacher. , On the 2d of March, 1782, the visiting committee reported, " that the teacher appears to be attentive to his duty, the school is in decent order, and an uncommon degree of emulation for improvement seems to prevail among the scholars; that good attention is paid to spelling, reading, and writing, and that Jacob Benjamin, Charles Higbee, William Pearson, Wilson Hunt, John Clunn, John Trent, Hill Runyon, John Hunt, Rensellaer Williams, Noah Davis, Samuel Dickinson, Rebecca Collins, Elizabeth Williams, and Elizabeth Crolius are learning arithmetic. ' ' On the 16th. of March, 1782, the visiting committee reported, " that John Kotts and Joseph Jenkins are added to the arithme ticians since the last visiting day. ' ' On the 2d of December, 1783, Hon. David Brearley, Moore Furman, Esqs., Messrs. Stacy Potts, Isaac Collins, and Conrad Kotts were elected trustees; Hon. David Brearley, William Churchill Houston, and James Ewing, Esqs., visitors of the grammar school; and Rensselaer Williams, Esq., Stacy Potts, and Conrad Kotts, visitors of the English school for the ensu ing year. On Wednesday, the 3d, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, came on the quarterly examination of the grammar school at the academy. His excellency the governor, many of the members HISTORY OF TRENTON. 223 of the honorable the council and general assembly, the trustees of the institution, and a number of respectable citizens of the town and vicinity, were present. The students acquitted them selves to the great satisfaction of those present. In the afternoon, a crowded and polite audience was enter tained with exhibitions in public speaking. The improvement of the students in this and the other branches of education taught here gave the most flattering presages of the success of the institution, and the highest pleasure to the lovers of science and the useful arts. On March ist, 1785, the following names were found among the subscribers to the fund : S. W. Stockton, Nathan Beakes, William Smith, John Singer, Samuel Hankison, John Rossell, and Benjamin Pitfield. On Thursday, June 30th, 1785, the examination in the gram mar-school of the academy was held. The Honorable Philemon Dickinson, vice president of the state, the Honorable Isaac Smith, second justice of the Supreme Court, Colonel Cox, James Mott, Esq., state treasurer, James Ewing, Esq., auditor of accounts, the Rev. Mr. Hunter, the trustees of the institution, and a number of respectable citizens of the town and vicinity were present, who expressed their approbation of the perform ances of the students. In the evening the scholars exhibited a specimen of their improvement in the art of speaking, in the presence of a polite and crowded audience, who appeared to be agreeably entertained. The friends and proprietors of this academy are endeavoring to establish a fund for the tuition of poor children, and in this laudable undertaking they have met with considerable encourage ment, by the liberal contributions of a number of the inhabi tants of this place and elsewhere, and hope to receive further aid from the generous and benevolent, wherever they may reside. The academy was incorporated November ioth, 1785, by the name of the "Trustees of the Trenton Academy." On the 20th of June, 1787, the Rev. James F. Armstrong was. appointed to superintend the academy by attending the several schools occasionally, disposing the scholars into classes, direct ing the number of classes, the particular, studies of each class,, 224 HISTORY OF TRENTON. attending to the government and order, observing how the several teachers conducted themselves, advising the manner of teaching, and presiding over public examinations. Mr. Armstrong resigned this appointment on the 17th of January, 1791 — and as he, during part of the time in which he acted as superintendent, gave his services freely and without any prospect of salary or reward, the trustees granted him the privi lege of sending two of his children to any schools of the academy, free of tuition fees. On the 15th of February, 1794, an act was passed authorizing the academy to raise money by way of lottery. In 1847, owing to the necessity of more extended accommo dations, the edifice was rebuilt, and many important improve ments made in the internal arrangements, with a view to promote the comfort of the pupils and the convenience of the instructors. In the meantime the original fund had so far accumulated by careful investment, that the trustees (in order to place the advantages of the institution within the reach of all who might wish to enjoy them), thought proper to reduce the terms of admission to the students, and to supply the deficiency to the academy from the interest of the fund. The principal of the academy, October ist, 1870, was Mr. Geerge R. Grosvenor. The trustees are Thomas J. Stryker, G. A. Perdicaris, Barker Gummere, Philemon Dickinson, and John S. Chambers. The institution is flourishing and has an invested fund of two- hundred shares of the Joint Companies, besides their lot and building, and is out of debt. Besides the institution above mentioned, Trenton has some excellent public schools, as well as some of the best subscription schools in the state. From the report of the school superintendent of the city of Trenton, Dr. C. Shepherd, for the year 1870, we find there were in the city six thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine children between the ages of five and eighteen years, and about one-third of this number attended the public schools. The average attend ance was one thousand seven hundred and thirty-six during the HISTORY OF TRENTON. 22S year. There are eight male and twenty-nine female teachers, all of whom are in every way competent. ¦ At the present time there appears to be a difficulty in regard to room ; more applications are made for the benefit of the public schools than they can find room to accommodate, and the super intendent has made strenuous exertions to find some additional school room. In the year 1851, Dr. Charles Skelton, late school superin tendent, presented the academy in the first ward with a well- selected library of two hundred volumes of choice works. The public schools here are entirely free to all, the amount of money appropriated for that purpose, for the year 1870 being twenty-five thousand one hundred and sixty-six dollars and thirty-three cents. Of the school fund, two thousand three "hundred and sixty-six dollars and thirty-three cents was received from the state, and the amount raised by taxation in the city was twenty-two thousand eight hundred dollars. Besides the public schools, there are a number of boarding and day-schools in our city, in some of which the higher branches appertaining to an English education are taught ; and in others are taught the languages, as well as music and drawing. In the year 1750, there was a library established in Trenton. This was the first one of which we have any knowledge. The rules and regulations by which it was governed we are entirely ignorant of, as there are no public records in existence at the present time, that I am aware of. The only knowledge of its existence is the fact above enumerated, obtained from Smith's History of New Jersey. The Apprentices' Library was established in the year 182 1. At the first annual meeting of the Apprentices' Library Com pany of Trenton and its vicinity, held at the house of Joseph M. Bispham (Trenton House), on the evening of the 20th of April, 1822, Charles Ewing, president, and Zachariah Rossell, secretary, the following gentlemen were elected officers for the ensuing year, viz. , Charles Ewing, president ; Samuel L. Southard, vice president; Zachariah Rossell, secretary; George Watson, treasurer; Samuel Evans, librarian; James J. Wilson, Rev. 2 2 6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Abiel Carter, Rev. William Boswell, Thomas Gordon, Daniel Coleman, Charles Burroughs, and William S. Stockton, managers. The following report was received from the board of managers for that year, which was read, accepted, and ordered to be entered on the minutes and published : To the Apprentices' Library Company of Trenton and its vicinity : The board of managers of said company respectfully report — that, immediately after their appointment, they entered upon the execution of the duties assigned them, with the hope and expec tation of speedily putting the institution in full operation ; but, notwithstanding their earnest desire and consequent endeavors so to do, various circumstances concurred to produce delays, as unavoidable as they were unforeseen, and it was not until toward the close of the past year that they found themselves in readi ness to open the library. That, on the evening of the 31st xif December, at the request of the board, and agreeably to public notice, Charles Ewing, Esq., president of the society, delivered, in the Presbyterian meeting-house, to a numerous and attentive audience, an appro priate and eloquent address on the utility and importance of this and similar institutions. That, on the evening of the ist of January, the library was for the first time opened, when thirty-five volumes were taken out by apprentices and other young persons. That, from a report of the librarian to your board, it appears that the number of volumes taken out each week, since the opening of the library, has been, on an average, about seventy- five, ninety-three being the highest number in any one week, and fifty-five the lowest. From the same report, it appears that the whole amount of fines incurred, for the detention of books beyond the time allowed in the by-laws, is but one dollar and seven cents, of which all but fifteen cents have been paid ; that all the books borrowed (except two taken out two weeks ago, and those taken out on Saturday evening last, all of which will be returned, probably, this evening), have been returned, and all in good order. These facts are highly honorable to our youth, and encouraging HISTORY OF TRENTON. 227 to this society. They prove that they properly estimate our motives, and set a just value on this institution, while they are a pledge to us that our continued and increased exertions to place useful knowledge within their reach will not be in vain. Let it be further observed, to their credit, that the library, from which they draw seventy-five volumes weekly, contains no novels, romances, or plays, which are so apt to captivate juvenile imaginations, but is composed of works of more sterling value and lasting usefulness — on religion, morality, and science, his tory, biography, travels, voyages, &c. It may be also remarked, that the collection from which this choice is made consisted at first of but two hundred and fifty volumes, and now contains two hundred and sixty-seven ; of course, it could not tempt the taste by any great variety, nor long furnish the attraction of novelty. As respects the funds of the society, the board have only to report that, agreeably to a statement of the treasurer, the original subscriptions amounted to one hundred and forty-six dollars, of which he has received but one hundred and twenty dollars, leaving twenty-six dollars unpaid; that of the one hundred. and twenty dollars received by the treasurer, one hundred and seven dollars have been paid out on orders of the chairman of this board, for books, book-case, &c, leaving a balance of twelve dollars and forty-five cents in his hands. Some copies of an excellent little treatise, lately republished in Philadelphia, entitled, "A Present for an Apprentice," have been ordered, but are not paid for, and no part of the librarian's salary of twenty-five dollars a year has yet been discharged. Should the balance due on original subscriptions, and the annual installment of one dollar from each member, be promptly paid, as they ought, .and as we trust will be, it will not only enable the board to discharge all arrearages, but to make such additions to the library as are essential to its prosperity and use fulness. The board also indulge the hope that many who have hitherto withheld their aid, from a doubt of the utility of the institution, or a fear that it could not be supported, will now, when such doubts and fears can no longer be reasonably entertained, come 228 HISTORY OF TRENTON. forward, and, by becoming members of the company, and com plying with the terms of admission, or by donations of money or books, contribute to enlarge the library and extend its use fulness. On the whole, the board offer their cordial congratulations to the society on the experiment made and the prOspect presented, and earnestly hope that none who have lent their aid to so good a work will become weary of well doing. By order of the board. James J. Wilson, Chairman. Thomas Gordon, Cl'k. The books belonging to the Apprentices' Library were for many years in the possession of the late librarian, Samuel Evans, who had them in charge at the time the society ceased opera tions, but have since come into the possession of the Young Men's Christian Association, where they are accessible to all who choose to avail themselves of them. At the head of this library association we find such men as the Hon. Samuel L. Southard, afterwards, for a number of years, United States senator, and, at the death of President Harrison, acting vice president of the, United States ; Hon. Charles Ewing, Chief Justice of New Jersey, who fell a victim to the cholera, in 1832; General Zachariah Rossell, for many years clerk of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, which position he filled until his death; General James J. Wilson, editor of the "True American," and postmaster of Trenton. In fact, all the officers of that insti tution have been prominent men in the community, having held responsible offices. In July, 1838, the Trenton Institute was formed; but it was not until the 4th of September of the same year that the associa tion was formally instituted, at which time the following officers were chosen : George Woodruff, Esq., president; Rev. John W. Yeomans, Stacy G. Potts, Esq., and Seth Lukens, vice presidents; James Wilson, Esq., Dr. Francis A. Ewing, Charles Parker, Rev. Samuel Starr, and Andrew Allinson, executive committee ; Timothy Abbott, Jr., secretary; John Mershon, treasurer; Charles C. Yard, Dr. James B. Coleman, Dr. John L. Taylor, HISTORY OF TRENTON. 22g Joseph Witherup, and Benjamin S. Disbrow were elected curators. They met on Tuesday evening of each week. Professor Henry, of the College of New Jersey, (now presi dent of the Smithsonian Institute), delivered the first lecture before the Trenton Institute, on Tuesday evening, the 24th of August, 1838. The institute continued in successful operation until the 24th of March, 1844, when it ceased operations. The" place of meeting was in the large saloon of the City Hall. They were in possession of a complete set of philosophical apparatus, and, after they had disbanded, these were presented to the Trenton Academy. In 1842, Charles Moore, Dr. James B. Coleman, Benjamin S. Disbrow, and Henry M. Lewis established the Mechanics' Institute. They met every Saturday evening, in the upper saloon of the City Hall. Lectures on the arts and sciences formed the topics there discussed. This was intended for the benefit of apprentices ; hence the lectures were free to all. In 1845, the Irving Institute was formed. Its officers were Lewis R. Justice, president; Christophers. Hoagland, secretary; Charles C. Burroughs, treasurer; Lewis R. Justice, C. S. Hoag land, Charles C. Burroughs, and Joseph Corlies, managers. This institute was only continued for a short time. Its meet ings were held weekly, at the City Hall, during part of the winters of 1845 and 1846. The Trenton Lyceum was next formed, with Edward W. Scudder as president. In 1852, the Trenton Library was thrown open to the public. Its officers were Hon. Samuel D. Ingham, president ; Alfred S. Livingston, secretary ; Timothy Abbott, Charles Hewitt, James T. Sherman, Gregory A. Perdicaris, A. S. Livingston, and Barker Gummere, directors; Jonathan F. Cheesman, treasurer and librarian. It was in successful operation several years, and had upon its shelves some of the choicest productions of the literary world. When the library was first opened, in 1852, they rented the corner store in Temperance Hall, and continued there until Charles Scott finished his building in Greene street, near State TJ 230 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. street, in 1853, when they- removed into the second story of that building. The following report was presented by the board of directors, in 1855 : " The number of stockholders to the Trenton Library Associa tion is seventy-nine ; of annual subscribers, fifty-one ; and the annual revenue from these sources is two hnndred and twenty dollars and fifty cents. The number of volumes now in the library, as nearly as can be ascertained, is one thousand six hun dred and six. "On the 26th of December last, the library was much injured by a fire, which broke out in the library room. The number of books actually destroyed was not great, and did not (together with those which, though not destroyed, were not thought of sufficient intrinsic value to be worth rebinding), exceed one hundred and twenty ; but one thousand one hundred and seventy were so damaged, either by fire or water, that it was necessary to rebind them. When the fire occurred, many of the books needed rebinding, and, therefore, although the expense of repair ing so many volumes will amount to about four hundred and fifty dollars, the association are by no means losers to that amount. For, as the majority of its books will now be put in strong and substantial binding, the library will be, in that respect, in a much better condition than it was before the fire occurred. "The operations of the library association for the last year may be succinctly stated. At the commencement of the year it was in debt about one hundred and fifty dollars. This debt has been paid, together with all the current expenses ; one hundred and thirty new works have been obtained ; an insurance of one thousand dollars on the books, for five years, has been effected in the Bucks County Contributionship ; our outstanding debts are about sixty dollars, besides the debt for repairing the books injured by the fire ; there is a balance in the treasurer's hands of fifty-three dollars and sixty-three cents, and twenty-three dollars are due from stockholders, and will, it is believed, be soon collected. This result has been effected by the current receipts, aided by the voluntary contributions of a few gentlemen. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 23! "The annual income of the association is now about two hun dred and twenty dollars. Its expenses will reach about one hundred and seventy-five dollars, without including the salary of the librarian (one hundred dollars), which one of the directors has undertaken to raise by voluntary contributions. "The library is to be kept open daily, from ten o'clock till one in the mornings, and from three till five in the afternoons, and on every Monday evening from seven o'clock till nine. It is thus rendered accessible at all reasonable times, and furnishes a resort which is always open to those who desire intellectual entertainment or instruction. Such a place is a valuable addi tion to the privileges of our citizens, and it is to be hoped that they will learn to make use of and prize it. "There are many useful books in the library, and it is to be regretted that the most useful are the least read. If the com munity choose to sustain this institution, enlarge its resources, and avail themselves of the instruction already contained in its sixteen hundred volumes, it wjll be both creditable and profitable to them to do so. "The present directors had, with the aid of some liberal gen tlemen, succeeded in paying off the old debts and providing means for adding to the library when the fire of December last occurred. It will now be necessary for the association to pay for rebinding the books injured by the fire, and also for buying new books. This may be easily done if the community will take a proper interest in the prosperity of the library, and it is believed that the same public spirit which has raised the institu tion will sustain it and carry it on successfully. "The following are the officers for the present year : James T. Sherman, president; Alfred S. Livingston, secretary; Samuel D. Ingham, C. C. Haven, A. S. Livingston, Timothy Abbott, Thomas J. Stryker, Barker Gummere and James T. Sherman, directors." These books afterwards came into the possession of the Young Men's Christian Association. The Constitutional Library Association was established in 1853. It was composed of young men, most of whom were 2,2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. under age. They held their meetings in the third story of the City Hall. In the winter of 1855 the "Trenton Lecture Association" was founded. Its officers were William W. L. Phillips, presi dent ; William Howe, secretary ; and a board of directors. The Young Men's Christian Association has been in success ful operation for about fourteen years, being organized in 1856. It has a splendid library of several thousand volumes, and the various newspapers of the day are to be found in its rooms. Through the winter season the association has occasional lec tures upon various subjects. The rooms have been in Warren street, over John B. Anderson's hat store, and over Charles B. Cogill's upholstering establishment, but are now located at Nos." 20 and 22 East State street, over Titus & Scudder's dry goods store. The present officers are Joseph T. Welling, presi dent ; Rev. J. C. Brown, James H. Clark, Samuel Prior, H. V. B. Jacobus, and E. P. Knowles, vice presidents; Dr. William Elmer, recording secretary; Janjes Buchanan, corresponding secretary; J. C. Titus, treasurer; W. C. Taylor, registrar; and L. R. Cheesman, librarian. The Trenton Business College was established at Temperance Hall in October, 1865, by Messrs. Bryant, Stratton & Whitney, as a branch of the Bryant & Stratton international chain of business colleges, then numbering forty-eight institutions, located in the principal cities in the United States and Canadas. The college was in charge of J. S. Chamberlin as resident principal, with two assistant teachers, and Caldwell K. Hall as lecturer on commercial law. Mr. Chamberlin conducted the institution till April, 1866, when he was superseded by Mr. G. A. Gaskell, who continued in charge only two months, and was superseded by Mr. A. J. Rider. August ist, 1866, Mr. J. A. Beecher purchased Mr. Whitney's interest in the concern, and took immediate charge of the institution. The aggregate attend ance for the year succeeding the opening was fifty student*, consisting mostly of young men from the city of Trenton. This aggregate was not materially changed in the year following. In October, 1866, the college was removed from Temperance Hall to its present location, Wilkinson's building, Nos. 20 and HISTORY OF TRENTON. 233 22 East State street, and a department added for ladies. In the same month C. K. Hall, Esq., resigned his position as lecturer on commercial law, and was succeeded by Judge Alfred Reed. October 15 th, of the same year, a preparatory department was added, which increased the average attendance to nearly double what it had previously been. The year 1869 was an important one in the history of the col lege. It witnessed the withdrawal of Mr. Beecher, leaving the institution again in charge of Mr. Rider. The building occu pied by the college underwent a thorough overhauling and re modeling, to meet the demand of the times and the growing wants of the institution. Additional furniture and apparatus were added for imparting the most thoroughly practical course of instruction. The number of lecturers and teachers was in creased to five, and the aggregate attendance of students in the gentlemen's department was two hundred and sixty-five, and in the ladies' department fifteen, making a total of two hundred and eighty. In June, 1870, this college was admitted to the International Business College Association, then in convention at the city of Boston. (An organization which grew out of the Bryant & Stratton chain soon after the decease of Mr. Stratton). In the reports of the convention this college stands in point of excellence, as to management and course of instruction, among the first colleges of the association. November, 1870, Mr. William B. Allen was admitted as a joint proprietor, and the business is conducted under the firm name of Rider & Allen. y The aggregate attendance for 1870 was three hundred students. The patronage, which was formerly local, has become so much extended as to embrace members from a majority of the states of the Union. The institution is ably managed, and its constantly increasing patronage indicates its growth in public favor and influence. TJ* CHAPTER XIV. Manufactories — Stacy's Mill Erected in 1680 — Steel Works of Stacy Potts in 1776 — Fithian' s Cotton Mill — Converted into a Paper Mill — Subsequent Owners of Paper Mill — Coxe' s Mill, 1 756 — Steel Works Built in 1769 — Betts and Parmly's Mail Factory, 1800 — Hall and Anderson' s Distillery, 1800 — Bil ling's Carding Machine in 181 7 — Mill of Lawrence Huron in 1 814 — Sartori' s Calico Factory, 181 7 — Brister's Mills, andthe various Manufactories on the Trenton Water Power, etc., etc. AS before stated, the first mill built in Trenton was built on the Assanpink, in Greene street, in 1680, on the site where the paper mill of Henry McCall now stands. It was erected by Mahlon Stacy as a flouring mill. At that time there were but two mills in the whole of West Jersey, one at Crosswicks and one in Trenton. This mill was built of hewn logs, and was but one and a half stories high, with gable facing the street. About ten years after, in 1690, Major William Trent purchased •it, tore down the old mill, and rebuilt it of stone, two stories high. This mill was afterwards converted into a cotton factory by Gideon H. Wells. It remained in the same condition in which it was erected by Mr. Trent until it was carried away by the flood of water in 1843. Stacy Poets built the steel works in 1776, in Front street, back of White Hall, on Petty's run, and near where the frame build ing used as a saw mill and owned by George S. Green and Ben jamin Fish now stands. In 1812, Josiah Fithian commenced the erection of a mill in Front street, and near the site of the steel works of Stacy Potts. He had completed the walls, put on the roof, and was about put- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 235 ting in the machinery for a cotton mill, when a heavy rain undermined the foundation, and the mill fell with a terrible crash — a mass of ruins. He rebuilt it, put in machinery and com menced the manufacture of cotton cloth. He continued here, however, but a short time, when he sold out to General Garret D. Wall, who converted it into a paper mill, for which purpose it has ever since that time been used. About the year 1819, General Wall sold it to John Davisson, who continued the manufacture of paper in the mill until 1847, when he sold out to T. J. Ames, and in May, 1848, Ames sold the establishment to John G. Gummere. Gummere shortly after associated with him in the same business Henry M. Lewis. They manufactured to gether for a number of years, when in 1855, Mr. Gummere with drew from the concern, and Mr. Lewis carried the business on at the old place until his death', since which time Horatio G. Arm strong has carried on the paper business. Daniel W. Coxe built a stone paper mill on the north bank of the Assanpink, where it empties into the Delaware river. This mill was built about the year 1756. It was afterwards owned by George Henry and Isaac Barnes, and used as a manufactory of linseed oil, and also for grinding paints. The east end of it was afterwards converted into a saw mill, and owned by George Dill and Samuel Wright. The building was subsequently fenced in and was used as a pig-sty, when Hall and Ewing occupied the site where Furman & Kite's carpenter shop now stands, as a distillery. John Heaver also carried on this mill. The steel works on the Assanpink, in the rear of the residence of G. Perdicaris, were built previous to the revolution, about the year 1769. In 1.800, Betts & Parmly, of New Haven, Connecticut, built a one story frame building, where the iron railing establishment of Joseph B. Yard now stands. This building was used as a nail factory. Gideon H. Wells afterwards came into possession of it, and used it as a store-house for the storing of cotton. In 1800, Henry Hall, of Monmouth, and a Mr. Anderson, built a distillery in Lamberton. Anderson leaving the concern, Hall afterwards associated with him in the business Dr. James Ewing, of Philadelphia. They 236 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. carried on the distillery together for a short time. The water to supply the distillery was carried in a wooden pipe across the Asssanpink below the Greene street bridge, from a spring on the north side of the creek. The spring is now known as Rossell's spring, and is in the rear of No. 25 East Front street, the house occupied "by John D. Cochran. The pig-sty before mentioned was at Coxe's old mill, south of the Phoenix paper mill. The building in which they carried on business was a stone building, and stood where Furman & Kite's carpenter shop now is. In 1 814, Gideon H. Wells built a large cotton mill, five story brick, sixty by forty feet. This building was burned in 1845. The ground was afterwards purchased by William Hancock and William M. Stetler, who erected steam soap and candle works on the site, and it afterwards came into the possession of Levi Furman and Peter Kite, who converted it into a carpenter shop. Asa H. Billings commenced the hand carding business in a frame building on the northwest corner of Broad and Factory streets, opposite John B. Burke's paper mill. Shortly after, as sociating with him a Mr. Denniston, they commenced a weave shop in 1 818, in the Eagle factory, on the north side of the creek, in a stone building. In 182 1, the great flood which car ried away the two bridges tore out the south end of the mill, which was afterwards repaired and carried on by Gideon H. Wells as a cotton mill. It was afterwards used by A. & J. Dunn as a sash and blind manufactory, and in 1843 it was burned to the ground. In 1814, Lawrence Huron & Co. built the brick mill in Fac tory street, now occupied by Samuel K. Wilson as a woolen fac tory. It was called the "Trenton Manufacturing Company," and was afterwards carried on by John Hoy. He associated with him his son, James Hoy, and the business was carried on by J. Hoy & Son. It was afterwards carried on by John P. Ken nedy & Co. On the 14th of June, 185 1, the building was con siderably damaged by fire. It was afterwards purchased by Samuel K. Wilson, who, after fitting it up, commenced the manu facture of woolen fabrics. He afterwards enlarged it by adding HISTORY OF TRENTON. 237 about one-third more than its former size to its western end, and a short time after he built an addition in front, extending to the street. The first calico factory erected in Trenton was in the year 1817. It was a frame building, built by John D. Sartori, in Federal street, on the the Delaware river. It was worked by hand. On the same spot, in 1837, a company of gentlemen from Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore built a large building for a calico print works, and for a number of years this same com pany carried on the business of calico printing. This mill passed through several different hands, and was burned to the ground one Sunday morning, in the year 1850, while in the pos session of J. Shepherd, of Philadelphia. The ruins of this building still remain, never having been rebuilt since the fire. In 1824, Daniel W. Cox built the stone mill at the foot of Mill street, on the Delaware river. He built it for a flouring mill, for which purpose it has ever since that time been used. It has been damaged by fire three different times, in 1835, 1844, and 1847. This m'^ passed through several different hands; David Brister owned it at one time, and at another it was owned by B. Titus, James Hunt, and Mr. Thomas. It was pur chased by Robert D. Gary in 1846. At one time it was owned by John Sager. James M. Redmond purchased it for five thousand dollars, at the time he purchased the water power. On Monday morning, December 22d, 185 1, David Brister (who again carried on the mill), was killed while assisting in cleaning the ice off the water-wheel. The wheel made one revolution, which literally crushed him to death. After the death of Mr. Brister it was carried on by Benjamin Fish, and afterwards by Jonathan S. Fish. The Trenton Delaware Falls Company was incorporated by an act of the legislature passed on the 16th day of February, 1831, the charter being perpetual. The capital stock was fixed at sixty thousand dollars, with the privilege of extending it at any time to two hundred thousand dollars, and the shares at fifty dollars each. At the time the work was commenced, ninety thousand dollars had been subscribed. The estimated cost of 23g HISTORY OF TRENTON. constructing the work was one hundred thousand dollars. The engineers were Messrs Benjamin Wright, Charles Potts, and Ste phen H. Long, and this company commenced the Trenton water power the same year, but did not complete it until 1834. These works, although they have proved of vast benefit to our city, were at the start unprofitable to the projectors. They have since that time passed through different hands, and such improve ments have from time to time been made to the works that I believe the stock at the present time to be profitable to the com pany, and the works highly conducive to the prosperity and growth of our city. It has been the means of building up a large and prosperous business in our city, much of which we could not have had but for the facilities afforded by it. On its banks are erected many mills, some of which are very extensive. It is now owned by Messrs. Cooper & Hewitt. The first mill erected on the water power was the Warren street city mills, on the east bank of it, at the junction of War ren street and the Assanpink creek, except the saw-mill built by Dr. John McKelway, now occupied by Hutchinson & Brother. This mill is forty feet front on Warren street, three and a half stories high, with three runs of French burr stones, and all the necessary machinery for a merchant mill. The mason work was done by the late Jasper S. Scott, and the millwright work by Seth Jones. The mill was built by our enterprising citizens, Samuel S. and Thomas J. Stryker. On the following year the brick, grist, and merchant mill in the rear was built. It is thirty by forty feet, three stories high, with three runs of burrs, each mill being propelled by separate water-wheels, the former by a seventeen-foot breast-wheel, and the latter by a twelve-foot overshot, and is supplied by a per petual water right, secured by the Messrs. Stryker from James M. Redmond, the principal owner of the water power stock. The mills were run for the first time by the late David Brister. S. S. Cooley, of Ewing, next took charge of them, after which they were run by the owners, the Messrs. Stryker, until 1847, when they were let to the present proprietor, Daniel B. Cole man, in connection with his father, the late James G. Cole man, and so continued until the death of the latter in 1855, HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. after which time they were continued by D. B. Coleman and his brother, Caleb Coleman, up to the present time. The brick mill was occupied in 1839 by David Brister, then by D. B. Coleman, until 1847, then by the present occupant, William Lee — except the few years it was occupied by William and Joshua Coleman and S. S. Stryker. The mill on Warren street was damaged by fire to a small ex tent in 1842. In 1835, William Grant, William G. Cook, and Charles Green built a saw-mill on the eastern bank of the water power, in Front street, south of Delaware street, and near the spot where Edmund Craft and Henry T. White's bow factory now stands. .This building was burned in 1841. Benjamin Fish, George S. Green, and Charles Green built a saw mill on the western bank of the water power, a short distance south of the mill of Grant, Cook & Co., which was burned. The mill of Fish, Green & Co. was carried on by the same firm until the death of Charles Green in 1848, since wlvich time it has been carried on by Ben jamin Fish and George S. Green. In 1830 John A. Hutchinson and Pinder Antrim commenced the turning and bending business in Hoy's old mill, now owned and occupied by Samuel K. Wilson. A short time after they commenecd the above business they coupled with it the bow business. Their plan was to get out the stuff and take it across the creek to the shop of John Rossell, where it was bent in the form desired. In the year 1833, Antrim left the concern, and Mr. Hutchinson associated with him Xenophan J. Maynard, and they carried on the turning and bow business under the firm name of John A. Hutchinson & Co. The same year they removed to Coxe's old mill, in Bloomsbury, occu pying the third story. They erected steps on the outside of the mill, over the raceway, and all their material had to be carried up these steps to their shop in the third story. Their stuff was still taken to the shop of the Messrs. Rossell for bending into bows. In 1834, they remdved to McKelway's saw-mill on the water power, in Peace street, occupying the upper story, just then fin ished. 24o HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. In 1836, they changed the name of the firm to Maynard & Hutchinson. The same year the name of the firm was changed they removed to a building on the east side of the water power, and adjoining the saw-mill of Grant, Cook & Co. They re mained here until the mill was burned, in 1840, when they removed to a building in Potts' tan yard. They remained in this building until 1844, when Maynard & Hutchinson pur chased the saw-mill of Dr. John McKelway. They fitted this mill up, making a considerable addition thereto, and removed into it. In 1851, on the 8th day of September, Mr. Maynard left the concern, and Mr. Hutchinson associated with him his two sons. The firm is now composed of William S. and Isaac S. Hutchin son, and the business is carried on under the name and title of Hutchinson & Brother. In 1834, Joseph Moore built the flour mill on the corner of Warren and Factory streets, and the oil mill adjoining, in Fac tory street. Joseph Moore, Charles Moore, and Imlah Moore carried on the oil business until about 1844, when, Joseph Moore withdrawing from the concern, it was carried on by Imlah and Charles Moore, and is still conducted by the same firm. The flour mill was leased by David Brister for ten years; but in about two years after commencing operations in it, he re linquished his lease, and on the ist day of April, 1838, Imlah Moore associated with him Peter Crozer, and the mill was car ried on by them under the firm name of Crozer & Moore until the ist of October, 1854, when Mr. Crozer retiring from the firm, the mills have since that time been carried on by Imlah and Charles Moore under the name of I. & C. Moore. The mill was damaged by fire in the month of August, 1839. In 1834, Dr. John McKelway built a saw-mill on the water power at the foot of Peace street. This mill was occupied by James Cook for several years. In 1839, it was damaged by fire. This is the mill now occupied by the Messrs. Hutchinson. To the southeast of the saw-mill is the Phoenix paper mill, built by Bishop Davenport and Ralzaman Belknap in 1837. They, however, never commenced operations. On the 2d of HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 241 June, 1837, they commenced the issue of tickets, and with these they paid for the erection of the mill ; but, when these tickets were presented for redemption, in consequence of the pressure in the money market, and the suspension of the banks to pay specie, they were compelled to relinquish their design of manu facturing, and consequently the mill never was completed by them. In 1840, Jesper Harding, of Philadelphia, purchased the mill and commenced fitting it up ; but before it was com pleted it took fire, and was very much damaged. He, however, put it in complete repair, and commenced the manufacture of paper on a large scale. When H. McCall had completed his large building on the Assanpink, in Greene street, Harding sold out his interest in the Phcenix mill, in 1850, to William Kay, James Dewar, and a Mr. Mein, three gentlemen from Newark ; they fitted up the mill for the manufacture of letter envelopes. Kay, Dewar & Mein built an addition to the mill on the south side, and put in a large steam engine. In the year 1852, the steam boiler exploded, in the night, killing one man and dangerously wounding another. Fortu nately, the workmen, both men and women, had just left the mill for some purpose, or else many lives must necessarily have been lost. The proprietors of the mill were not to blame, how ever, as the engine and boiler were new, and had been recom mended to them as being all right. This explosion tore the new part of the mill, covering the en gine and boiler, all to atoms. In the year 1855, Gaunt & Derrickson, of New York, pur chased the mill, and for some time carried on the paper business in it. It was again damaged by fire on Monday evening, No vember 5 th, 1855. Dr. John McKelway built a large machine shop in the rear of the Phoenix mill, on Peace street. This machine shop was occu pied by Henry H. Bottom and Josiah N. Bird, and afterward for several years by Josiah N. Bird and Edward D. Weld. They carried on for some time, and finally purchased the mill and axe factory of Jonas Simmons & Co., (now occupied by Charles Carr) who had already established the manufacture of axes in the x 242 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. above building. They did an extensive business, and in the year 1849, built the iron foundry adjoining their works. Their manufactory has been several times damaged by fire. In the year 1849, they commenced the manufacture of spikes,. under the superintendence of Thomas R. Wilson, and in the year 185 1, the latter gentleman erected his axe factory in South Trenton, on the Sandtown road. The first building erected by him was a frame structure,. which in the ¦ year above named was destroyed by fire. In re building it he took the precaution to build it of brick, rendering it in a great measure a fire-proof structure. Bird & Weld, dis continuing the manufacture of axes, engaged very extensively in the manufacture of India rubber belting, and also of boilers and other heavy 'machinery and castings of all kinds. They were for a few years engaged in the manufacture of cooking stoves, but discontinued this, in order to enter more largely into that of machinery. They called their works the Phoenix Iron Works. In the year 1836, Daniel Lodor and Samuel Croft erected the button factory in Warren street, on the south bank of the Assan pink, and commenced the manufacture of bone buttons, under the firm name of Croft & Lodor. On the 3d day of May, 1837, the building was destroyed by fire, but it was rebuilt by the same firm, and was subse quently damaged to a small extent by lightning. On the 3d day of May, 1853, this factory was again injured by fire, damaging considerably the upper story, together with his stock, amounting in all to about one thousand dollars, on. which there was no insurance, his policy having expired a short: time before. On the day the building burned, an agent was here for the purpose of effecting an insurance, but Mr. Lodor being out of the place, the insurance could not be effected, and the conse quence was, the owners had to bear the loss. In 1847, on the ist day of January, John D. Byrne com menced the manufacture of door furniture, latches, and bolts, and brass castings of various kinds, in a frame building, where. the sash and blind factory of Edward W. Page now stands, HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 243 He carried on about sixteen months, and then removed to New Orleans. He subsequently returned to Trenton, and car ried on the brass founding business, at Millham, in a building which was burned during his occupancy of it. In the month of May, 1849, Henry Ramp and Jared Hoyt commenced the business of iron founding in the same building first occupied by John D. Byrne. They carried on there until June, 1 85 1, under the firm name of Hoyt & Ramp. Immediately upon the vacation of the building by Hoyt & Ramp, Mr. Lodor erected a brick building for a foundry, and on the ist of September, 1851, Charles Deane and John Valen tine commenced the City Iron and Brass Foundry. They occu pied the building some years for this business. Samuel Sim mons, Daniel Bower, and William C. Vansant occupied part of the button factory for the cutting of tobacco. In September, 1854, Daniel Moffat, machinist and die sinker, opened a shop in Lodor' s building, for the manufacture of moulds and dies, and experimental machinery of every descrip tion. In July, 1855, Samuel Kennedy commenced the manufacture of saws, trowels, and squares, in the same building. In the same year, Joseph and James Dove commenced the stocking weaving business in the same building. In the year 1852, Mr. Lodor built the brick building known as the City Iron and Brass Foundry, on the same site as that occupied by Hoyt & Ramp. Deane & Valentine commenced operations there the ist day of September of the same year. Among the manufacturing interests of Trenton the manufac ture of bricks, at present, is a very important branch, and, not withstanding the fact that the art of brick making has been known and practiced since Pharaoh's taskmaster said unto the Children of Israel, "Go therefore now, and work; for there shall no straw be given you ; yet shall ye deliver the tale of bricks," but little improvement has been made in the art. As it was in the days of Moses, and to the Children of Israel, a punishment, so it seems to be now. But I find I am digressing; I will therefore proceed to give a history of brick making in 244 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Trenton. Some of the first brick houses built in the city of Trenton were built of bricks brought from the city of Philadel phia, but the greater part of the bricks used in Trenton, up to the year 1835, were made at or near Attleboro', Pennsylva nia, on the farm known as Pearson's brick yard, in Hamilton Township, Bucks County, about six miles from Trenton. There were, however, some bricks manufactured by a Mr. Emly, a gen tleman who came here from one of the Eastern States, about the year 181 7, and who continued the business several years. About the same time, Mr. John Smith, father of Charles B. Smith, manu factured a few bricks each year, in connection with farming, about six miles north of Trenton, on the Princeton pike. About the year 1824, Morgan Beaks commenced the manufacture of bricks, in connection with farming, on what is still known as Beaks' farm. Beaks continued to manufacture about three hun dred thousand bricks per year, until about 1842 or 1843, when he was succeeded by Samuel Mulford, who made about fifteen hundred thousand per year for one or two years, when he failed in business. Beaks again took the yard, for about a year, when Peter Grim and George Kulp took it and carried on the business one year. It again fell into the hands of Beaks. Peter and Daniel Fell then took the yard, and carried it on for about six or seven years, making each year about eighteen hundred thousand bricks. Peter Grim and Joseph Hymer came to Trenton from Phila delphia the year the prison was built, and took the contract for furnishing two million bricks to the state for the building of the State Prison, and commenced to manufacture them on what is known as the Hayden farm, now owned by S. K. Wilson. They continued the business there until 1837. The partnership was dissolved by the death of Hymer. Peter Grim then bought the lot at the intersection of Calhoun and Pennington streets, and manufactured bricks there until about the year 1844 or 1845, when Grim & Kulp carried on the business on the Beaks place, and, at the expiration of one year, they dissolved, and Peter Grim commenced the manufacture of them on what is now known as Wainwright's flower garden or nursery. He continued there until he concluded that the business was unprofitable, and he HISTORY OF TRENTON. 245 then built a hotel and commenced keeping the same. The manu factory then came into the possession of Henry Nice and William King. All of those gentlemen, with the exception of Samuel Mulford and Morgan Beaks were practical brick makers. The average number of bricks manufactured in Trenton from 1835 to 1850 was about two hundred thousand per year; from 1850 to i860, about three hundred thousand per year; and from i860 to 1871, about eight hundred thousand per year. All who have been engaged in the manufacture of bricks from 181 7 down to the present day have failed, with the exception of two, Hymer and Christian Fell, who died after being two years in the business ; Morgan Beaks, who had a large farm that supported him ; and Joseph Bond and Charles Gaunt, who both abandoned the business at the expiration of the first or second year; and those'that are now in the business. But what the next generation may have to record in regard to those now engaged in the business deponent sayeth not. Brick making in this city has gained a celebrity all over the country. A few years ago Philadelphia was celebrated for making the best pressed bricks in the country, but now Trenton ranks fully equal to Philadelphia, and our pressed bricks are eagerly sought for. About eleven thousand pressed bricks were made here during the year 1870, and forwarded to different parts of the country. In 1840, was commenced what was at the time a very small business — that of coffee roasting, for the grocers. In a few years the grinding of spice was connected with it. Mr. James Yates was the first to embark in this business, and therefore stands as the pioneer of what is now a large and exten sive business in our city. Mr. Yates, when he first commenced this business, was unable to realize his board out of it for the first year, but in from ten to twelve years his sales amounted to from twelve to fifteen thou sand dollars per year. . There are at the present time four or five different parties en gaged in the same occupation in Trenton, all of whom are doing a thriving and profitable business. 246 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. The fire brick manufactory was established by Mr. Edward Davis, in 1845, on a very small scale. It was first worked by horse power, its capacity then being but from six hundred to eight hundred bricks per day. It was gradually increased, until Mr. Davis rebuilt and introduced steam power, and at that time its capacity was increased to twenty-five hundred bricks per day. O. O. Bowman & Co. purchased the works January ist, 1867, and since then they have introduced new machinery, new kilns, &c, and its present capacity is seven thousand bricks per day. The terra cotta department was first built by Mr. Lynch, some fifteen or sixteen years ago. The works adjoined those of the fire brick works, and were only used for making vitrified pipe. As Mr. Lynch was unsuccessful, it fell into the hands of Mr. Davis, and after that both works were named together, Trenton Fire Brick and Terra Cotta Works. Bowman & Co. also pur chased the terra cotta works with the brick works. In August, 1869, the old terra cotta establishment was destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt with much larger buildings and more steam power, of the best improved machinery, and three times its former capacity. It did not work over six months,. when it again took fire from some unknown cause, July ioth, 1870, and was entirely destroyed. It was again rebuilt, and is now in good running order, and fully equipped with the best of ma chinery. Since Bowman & Co. have owned these works, they have introduced the manufacture of chimney tops, chimney flues, garden vases, fountains, and other fancy terra cotta ware. These works cover four acres of ground, and produce, when fully worked, two hundred thousand dollars per annum, and when in full running order give employment to eighty men. In 1848, Henry Taylor commenced the manufacture of leather belting at No. 30 Stockton street. In 1865, he associated with him his son, Frank H. Taylor, under the firm name of Henry Taylor & Son. They are how manufacturing about sixty thou sand dollars' worth of belting annually, consuming each yeaf about ten thousand sides of leather, and their business is con stantly increasing. The trade is chiefly a wholesale one, the goods being sold to jobbers in most of our large cities. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 247 The Trenton Agricultural Works were commenced in 1853, in a small shop on Stockton street, by Messrs. Melick & Quick. In 1856, they removed their factory to the present location, on Carroll street, near State. The business, which rapidly increased under the above firm, passed successively into the hands of Melick, Withington & Co. and J. Melick & Co., and in the spring of 1869, was transferred to the present owners, the directors being Messrs. Bennington Gill, of Monmouth county ; (president); John S. Cook, of Burlington county; Philip P. Dunn and Hiram L. Rice, (secretary and treasurer), of this city. Their manufactory covers nine lots of ground, and gives employment to forty hands, and has a capital of sixty thousand dollars. The machines which they manufacture consist princi pally of horse powers, threshers and cleaners, corn shelters, grain fans, hay rakes, hay forks, and potato diggers, and are unrivalled for durability and superior workmanship. The improve ments recently made by this company in perfecting the imple ments manufactured by them should largely extend their increas ing business, and, no doubt, will be fully appreciated by the farming community. The Mercer Zinc Works, located on Third street, in the sixth ward, of this city, employ about one hundred hands, when in full operation, in the various departments of mining, teaming, and transporting of ore from the mines, situated in Wythe county, Virginia, and in manufacturing oxyd of zinc from the ore. The business was originally commenced in 1861, by John S. Noble and Alexander C. Farrington, on the bank of the river Delaware, on the ground previously occupied by Potter, Van Cleve & McKean as a machine and locomotive works. After the expenditure of a large amount of money in the erection of furnaces, buildings, and machinery, the water power attached to the premises was found to be insufficient to drive the necessary machinery, and in 1864, the present site of the works was selected, and the building of furnaces was commenced. Mr. Farrington's death led tathe formation of a company, but some of those interested, having failed to perform the stipulations entered into, Mr. Noble undertook to complete the works alone, but not having sufficient capital, an arrangement was made 248 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. with Mr. Joseph G. Brearley, and the entire concern passed into his hands as collateral security for heavy advances made by him, and subsequently Mr. Brearley became the owner of one-half the whole interest. The works, when driven to their full capacity, can turn out about three tons of oxyd of zinc daily. The whole concern is under the management and supervision of John S. Noble and his son, Henry S. Noble, and at the present time is undergoing extensive alterations and improvements. Coal and ore are brought in vessels and canal boats, via Delaware and Raritan canal, to the basin communicating with the canal, directly in front of the works. The establishment has to move annually about twelve thousand tons of freight in coal, ore, refuse material, and manufactured product, and when in full. operation in the manipulation of the ore, &c, over fifty tons. gross weight has to be handled daily. The American Saw Company was organized under the laws of New York, in January, 1866, with a capital of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The manufactory is located at the foot of Broad street, in this city, with a general office in the city of New York. Its officers, at the date of its organization, were James C. Wilson, president ; Henry G. Ely, treasurer ; Samuel W. Putnam, secretary — all residents of Brooklyn, New York ; . and James E. Emerson, superintendent, of Trenton. No change in its officers occurred until January, 1869, when Mr. James E. Emerson resigned the position of superintendent, and was succeeded by William E. Brook, who still holds the office. The company was organized for the purpose of manufactur ing movable tooth circular saws, an invention of Mr. Emerson while in California, in i860, but greatly improved in the more recent invention of September, 1865, and under which patent the company manufacture. During the summer of 1867, other improvements and inven tions were made in the manufacture of saws, the principal one being the perforated patent. This invention being applicable to saws of all descriptions, extends largely into the productions of the company. The saws, as manufactured by the company, are in use in every HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 24g state in the Union, and orders are received from many foreign countries. This has become one of the important branches of industry'of our city, employing one hundred men, at an annual pay roll expenditure of sixty thousand dollars. It is worthy of note, that at this manufactory was made the largest saw the world has produced, it measuring seven feet four inches in diameter, the plate for which was rdlled expressly for the purpose, in Sheffield, England. This saw was manufactured for the Exposition Universaille in Paris, in the year 1867. The works were destroyed by fire on the evening of the 7th of February, 1870, involving a loss of about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, but in four weeks from the time it was burned new buildings were erected, and the hands resumed work as usual. The pottery business at the present time is more extensively carried on here than in any other city of the Union. There is no kind of ware known but is manufactured here, from the most common to the finest variety. White ware, equal in quality and finish to any ware in this country or Europe, handsomely gilded, with the name of the owners, or with any design fancy may dictate, is manufactured here. There are about twenty potteries located in the city and its immediate vicinity. Our manufactories are not surpassed by any city of the coun try, of the same population — in fact, our facilities for every de scription of manufacturing purposes are not surpassed by any other city. Railroads and water transportation from all parts of the country centre here, so that passengers and freight can be easily transported to any place on this continent, as well as upon the eastern continent, and the facilities for obtaining every thing requisite for all manufacturing purposes are unsurpassed. We beg leave to give first a general history of the pottery business, from its commencement, before entering into any par ticular branch of that important business. For this history we are indebted to a gentleman in the business and fully conversant with it. The rounding of the Cape of Good Hope by the Portuguese 2^0 HISTORY OF TRENTON. in 1498, opened the riches of India. On returning, they brought among the curiosities of art, specimens of porcelain from China. This was its first introduction into Europe, and for a long time its sole source of supply. About the middle of the sixteenth century, some French Jesuits brought specimens of Chinese material to France for analysis, and at the same time the Chinese mode of manufacture, from which time its history be gins in Europe. The history of porcelain in China dates back two thousand years before Christ. It is said to be their custom for a man to use the clay his grandfather prepared, and to prepare an equal quantity for some future generation. This custom is merely mentioned to show the strong probability of the correctness of the Chinese record. And yet, singular as it may seem, discoveries in this century show the present continent of Europe to have been possessed of great knowledge in the art at least twenty-five hundred years previous to the introduction of porcelain from China into Europe. Porcelain is now made in England, France, and Germany, with great success, and there is no natural reason why we should not prosecute the industry in this country with equal success. Indeed, it is being made at the present time quite successfully at Greenpoint, Long Island. It has been made in small quantities by nearly all our Trentoni manufacturers, and even as far back as 1853, in the report of the industries of the New York exhibition, in connection with some remarks on French porcelain, we find recorded : "We would not overlook the existence of porcelain manufac tured in the United States, as indicated by the specimens of the United States Pottery Company, of Bennington, Vermont. The results obtained are very encouraging, and the specimens sound, and seem in all respects of a most excellent quality." The above-named company failed a few years later, owing to bad management, and proved a serious loss to all interested, as Mr. S. H. Johnson, of our city, can testify. Porcelain differs from our present Trenton ware in being semi-transparent, or translucent, and is much more costly, the process of making being more difficult, and. the loss in burning far greater. The tender nature of this material while in the fire, renders it almost impossible to find a perfectly straight piece, HISTORY OF TRENTON. 251 particularly flat pieces of ware, such as plates and oval dishes. The two kinds of ordinary white earthenware, (such as are manufactured in Trenton), are made in England. She is our great rival, and is doing her best to cripple our young industry by ruinously low prices, so that she can eventually step in and take sole control of the United States market, as she had pre vious to our last war. While we do not make one-twentieth part of this kind of goods used in the United States, still, we exert a wonderful influence upon English prices. We could name many articles they export into this country in large quan tities, where they have been compelled to reduce their prices fifty per cent. The incidental protection of gold, during the war, gave us probably the only opportunity we would or could have had in a long time to start the business with any reasonable chande of success. But we have made much progress in the last ten years, and profited by our experience sufficiently to be a very great thorn in England'.s side, and one destined to stab her to death eventually, so far as earthly life is concerned. It is hardly necessary to make mention of the great artistic vases and figures hoarded up in the various collections of Europe, and valued at hundreds of thousands of pounds, consisting of the most. exquisite colors and figures of both ancient and modern art. Of it we will only say our materials in this country are fabu lously abundant and wonderfully suited to enable us ere long to produce, with our Yankee perseverance, as^ great and as good specimens as the Old World has as yet shown us. England manifests pride in her pottery manufactures, and perpetuates her traditional pleasure, profits, and interest in them by her carefully-written histories and memoirs of the struggles and triumphs of her Wedgwoods, Minstens, and other success ful experimentists in the art. And shall we not, with propriety, have pride enough in our infant art of "pot making" to write at least a short essay, to leave one small landmark for the future historian of the Trenton potteries (when Trenton shall have become the American Staffordshire), to guide them somewhat in their labors, and to manifest to some extent our small degree of interest and pride in the industry ? 2S 2 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. It is not our intention to disparage the abilities of the early manufacturers of earthenware in this country because they were not Yankees. Neither is it our intention to deny the fact of our being under very great obligations to them for their knowledge, and their imparted secrets in the art, but it is our firm convic tion that we have been putting too much stress upon old foreign customs, and that the business will not be a complete success until it becomes thoroughly Americanized. The time has passed for "secrets " in the business ; they will no longer deter people from embarking in the business, and capitalists will seek the opportunity to invest as fast as they can feel safe in doing so. It is often asked why Trenton should have so many potteries. We answer, because we were fortunate enough to have the business started here ; because some of our business men saw the advan tages it offered to them, as well as to the city ; because we are central for our various kinds of clay, flint, feldspar, and coal; and because we are central for trade between New York and Philadelphia, the two great markets of the country. Trenton will probably continue to take the lead, because the workmen prefer living where they have the greatest number of friends and associates in the trade, thereby rendering it difficult for isolated potteries to keep their hands. The troubles of England's early manufacturers will be a guide to us. Her ignorance of the composition and utility of her ma terials, and her many hundreds of years of groping in the dark, (before her great Wedgwood experimented himself into the necessary knowledge), will be of all-important interest and ad vantage to us in this country, although our materials differ some what from the English, still the knowledge naturally and easily obtained from the "mother country," as well as other countries, obviate any lengthy years of experiments before we can produce every variety of ware known. It is not a question of time and trouble with us, as it was with them ; it is only a question of op portunity, and to make it a success in this country, it is for the masses of the people to say to the art, " Go ahead ; invest your capital, gather your skill, we will see your early existence pro tected and fostered, to the end that you may make the ceramic art in this country the leading, most chaste, and ornamental of HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2S3 all the arts, blending as it does the deep research of the chemist with the sculptor and painter. It will be proper here to say that the ware now made in Trenton is sold and used with the foreign article from Maine to California, with entire satisfac tion to all, except to those fashionable and foolish few who turn up their noses to all goods not made in foreign lands. Like the iron interest, this industry will soon outlive these weak notions. There is no branch of art industry in this country more worthy of attention than this ; none that will have a more refining influence upon the people ; none that would redound more to the glory and profit of the nation. Is it any wonder, then, that France and China foster bygovernment aid this branch of indus try, and guard with a jealous care its secrets of manufacture? The Trenton potteries have made wonderful strides in the last two years, and it is evident we will at no very distant day be able to cope with the most thriving European nations. In closing this article it will not be amiss to ask a question for time and history to answer. Who is to be America's great Josiah Wedgwood ? Who is to be our great benefactor in the potter's art? Who will have combined with Americanism the same inventive genius and knowledge of the arts ? The pottery known as the City Pottery, located on Perry street, between East Canal and Carroll streets, was pur chased by Mr. James Yates, of Trenton, and Nelson Large, of Lambertville, in 1856, being occupied at the time by William Young & Co., manufacturers of porcelain knobs. In 1859, Yates & Rhodes enlarged the works, and commenced the manu facture of white earthenware, white granite, and cream-colored ware, being the first manufacturers in Trenton of that class of goods. Since the organization of the firm of Yates & Rhodes there has been several changes. Higginson, Rhodes & Yates, and Yates & Titus have since carried on the business. The present firm is Yates, Bennett & Allan, the works having a capacity to manufacture from sixty to seventy thousand dollars worth of ware per year, and at a comparatively small outlay can double that amount. Y 254 HISTORY OF TRENTON Ralph H. and William I. Shreve were the first to start what is now known as the Glasgow Potteries, situated at the corner of Carroll and Ewing streets. It was first started iri 1859, as a yellow ware manufactory. In 1863, it was rented by John Moses & Co., for one year, with the privilege of buying it at the expiration of that time. On the first of January, 1865, they purchased the property. It had then two kilns and no machinery, all the work being done by hand, which caused a great amount of work in mixing the materials for the body of the ware. At the present time they have five kilns and a large amount of the most improved machinery used in the manufacture of crock ery ware. In September, 1852, James Taylor and Henry Speeler estab lished the first yellow rock pottery built in Trenton, the firm being known as Taylor & Speeler. In October, i860, Henry Speeler disposed of his interest to Mr. Houdayer, and purchased the foundry and machine shops of Bottom & Tiffany, which he converted into a pottery, and on January ist, 1868, he associated with him his two sons, Henry A. and William F., forming the present firm of Henry Speeler & Sons. They employ ninety hands, and, it is said, manufac ture more yellow rock ware than any three potteries in America. The Etruria Pottery takes its name from ancient Etruria, noted for its pottery, as well as all the arts, having preserved its history through all the ruin and wreck of thirty centuries. At the foundation of Rome, Etruria, or Tuscany, as it is now called, was in its most flourishing condition. Etruria being near Rome, was a guide and father to her, both in politics and the arts. We give this little history because we are so often asked the meaning of the word Etruria. The original firm of the Trenton Etruria Pottery was William Bloor, Joseph Ot.t, and Thomas Booth, and was known by the firm name of Bloor, Ott & Booth. This copartnership was formed in May, 1863 — ground was broken the same month, and the first goods were turned out in November of the same year. Mr. Bloor was the practical member of the firm, he having HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2gS had considerable experience for some years previous, in the firm of Taylor, Speeler & Bloor, but more recently in East Liver pool, Ohio, where he had been interested in the manufacture of porcelain, but was unsuccessful, the opportunity for opening its manufacture being ill-timed, in consequence of insufficient capi tal and inexperience, assisted by a total stagnation of business, about the time of the commencement of our late war of the rebellion. The firm commenced to manufacture two kinds of white ware, called C. C, or cream-colored, and W. G., or white granite, and the manufacture of these two varieties is still continued. The firm of Bloor, Ott & Booth existed only one year, when Mr. Booth retired, baving sold his interest to Garret S. Bur roughs, since deceased. Mr. Burroughs remained in the firm a little over a year, when, in consequence of ill health, he sold his interest to John H. Brewer, the firm then being, as it is at present, Bloor, Ott & Brewer. In 1863, Mr. Charles Coxon commenced the Clinton Street Pottery, with a capital stock of twenty-five thousand dollars. Soon after, he associated with him Mr. J. F. Thompson, the firm name then being Coxon .& Thompson. They manufactured white granite and cream-colored ware, and the business was conducted by them until the death of Coxon, July ioth, 1868. Soon after, the firm closed, Mr. J. F. Thompson disposing of his interest to Messrs. James E. Darrah and Moses M. Bateman. The capital stock at the present time is about sixty thousand dollars. Since this time the business has been conducted under the firm name of Coxon & Co., the close of the year 1870 showing a decline in profits in the business, and the need of protection by our government of this branch of industry. Richard Millington and John Astbury commenced business in copartnership with William Young & Sons, as manufacturers of door furniture, in the year 1853, and continued as partners for the term of six years, but, in i860, they dissolved partnership, and then built the, present Carroll Street Pottery, for the manu facture of porcelain and white iron-stone china, and after a 256 HISTORY OF TRENTON. short time commenced the manufacture of white granite and queensware, which is in use throughout the country. These gentlemen claim to be the first manufacturers of white ware in Trenton. The works now consist of four kilns and workshops to carry on the manufacture of white granite and queensware, which is unequaled. The East Trenton Porcelain Company was incorporated Feb ruary, 1864, with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars. The directors are Imlah Moore, president ; Fred. Dellicker, secretary and treasurer ; Robert L. Hutchinson, Joseph H. Moore, and George Trimble. Ground was broken for the erection of their buildings June ist, 1864, and they commenced manufacturing ware in July, 1866. The ware manufactured by them is of the white variety. There are four kilns, and four buildings two stories high, one hundred feet long by fifty feet deep, two kiln-sheds, forty by one hundred feet, and one story high, with an extension fifty- eight feet wide by one hundred and twenty-eight feet long. The mill room is one story high, with cellar. There are clay sheds, fret-kiln room and slip-kilns, one story high, about forty by sixty feet, three of which have brick parti tions between, and all are under one roof. The packing room is built of brick, thirty-two by sixty feet. There is also a half basin belonging to the company, extend ing from the canal along each side of the pottery buildings. Twelve brick tenement-houses, three stories high, with three rooms on each floor, and cellars under the whole, are also con nected with the works, and are occupied by the workmen and their families : these, with a barn eighteen feet high, forty by fifty feet, built of brick and used as a stable for horses and for storage, with a frame wagon shed adjoining, fifty by twenty- two feet, make quite a respectable village. These buildings cost about one hundred and thirty-five thou sand dollars. A lot one hundred feet square is appropriated for a water basin, which is sixty feet square and five feet deep, with a supply pipe running nearly west one hundred feet, to a spring. This spring is capable of throwing water twenty feet high. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 257 The capital stock subscribed and paid in is eighty-two thou sand dollars, and the capacity of the works is about two hundred thousand dollars per year. They have the largest packing-house in Trenton, with cellar for hogsheads, and also a cellar under the northwest building for the storage of prepared clay. Theophile Frey, of Zuric, Switzerland, was the first to intro duce the art of decorating with gold and colors in Trenton. He was also the first person who introduced decorating C. C. and granite in this country. He first settled in Bennington, Vermont, and in 1859 came to Trenton. At that time the only potteries here were those of William Young, Speeler & Taylor, and Rhodes & Yates, at the latter of which he introduced the art. He continued in the business until about 1865, when he relinquished it. There are now in Trenton about twenty persons engaged in that business. CHAPTER XV. New Jersey State Prison — First Opening in 1798 — Its Builder— The Guard-house, or Sentry Box — Two Men Shot in an Attempt to Escape — One Killed, the other Badly Wounded—, Enlargement of Old Prison — Inscription on Old Prison — Commencement and Completion of New Prison — New Jersey Arsenal — New Jersey Lunatic Asylum. PREVIOUS to the year 1793, there was no place expressly appropriated for the confinement of offenders against the state. Those who were under sentence were disposed of in the same manner as those who were awaiting their trial. Hence, the con victed were confined in the same jail with those who were only accused. Each county used its jail as a place of confinement, both before and after sentence, for all persons arrested as viola tors against the laws and peace of the state. In order to separate those awaiting trial from such as had already received sentence, the legislature determined upon building one common jail, to receive convicts from* all parts of the state, and this they denominated the State Prison. In the year 1795, this building was erected a few rods south of the present State Prison. Its builder was Jonathan Doane. The prison consisted of a main building about eighty feet' front by two hundred feet deep, built of gray sandstone, and, with its wall, covered about three acres of ground. The wall was built of the same material as the main building, HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2Sg and, starting from either corner on the north and south of the main building, completely surrounded it. This wall was about twenty feet high, mounted with a wooden roller, the entire length, in which were driven sharp iron spikes, for the prevention of the escape of prisoners by scaling the walls. In the centre of the wall, and on the top, immediately oppo site the main building, was erected the guard-house, so ar ranged as to overlook the entire premises. In this house a man was constantly kept, whose duty it was to act as sentry, and throughout the whole day to travel this east ern wall, from north to south, to prevent the escape of the inmates. Previous to 1834, solitary confinement was unknown in the New Jersey Penitentiary. All the prisoners there confined worked together, in a large frame workshop. They ate their meals together, and even at night, when they retired to rest, they were placed three and four in a cell. Under these circumstances, it was necessary that a guard should be stationed in a position where he could overlook all their actions. And in order to be ready for any sudden emer gency, he kept constantly at hand, in his little building on the wall, a formidable display of firearms, heavily charged with the means of destruction. The object of all this was to be- amply provided with the means of defence, in case of a precon certed revolt of those confined within. One Sunday afternoon in midsummer, a revolt of this kind- did occur, which, but for the vigilance of the sentinel, would have proved a serious affair. But the prisoners were foiled in the attempt. They had it arranged that one of their number should scale the wall and dispatch the guard, and at the same time gain pos session of the sentry box, those below to keep up an incessant volley of stones and missiles, to prevent the guard from making his appearance to stay their proceedings. Notwithstanding their well-concocted plan, the guard, regard less of his own safety, placed a musket close by the side of the wall and fired upon the convict, just as he was reaching up to- 26o HISTORY OF TREN. JN. take hold of the top of the wall, in ordei ,o gain possession of the sentry box. His shot took effect, killing the prisoner instantly, and wounding another very badly in the leg. This timely action saved the lives of many, for had they been able to carry out their plans, they intended to unlock the doors and liberate all confined in the institution, and it is probable that a great number would have been killed or wounded. This revolt happened in 1832, after the enlargement of the old prison. In 1820, the south wing was built. A short time before their attempt at escape was made, they set fire to the long row of frame buildings used as workshops, burn ing them to the ground, expecting, no doubt, in this way to gain their liberty. But, as soon as the fire was discovered, the prisoners were securely confined in their rooms. The number of convicts increasing with the rapid growth of the state, it was determined that something must be done for the comfort as well as the security of the prisoners. Hence they determined to build a new prison, and abolish the old one. The following inscription is on the front of the old prison : LABOUR. SILENCE, PENITENCE. THE PENITENTIARY HOUSE. Erected by Legislative Authority, RICHARD HOWELL, GOVERNOR, In the XXII Year of American Independence, MDCCXI. That those who are Feared for their Crimes, May Learn to Fear the Laws and be Useful. HIC LABOUR, HOC OPUS. The plan of solitary confinement having been adopted in some of the states, and having been found to answer a good purpose, it was determined to adopt it in our own. Conse quently, the legislature making an appropriation for this pur pose, the building was commenced in 1832, and completed in 1836. It is built of red sandstone, from the Ewing quarries. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 26l Its architecture is Egy in, with four columns upon the front of the main building. Its front is on the east, facing a handsome park, interspersed with evergreens, affording a delightfnl shade to the building, as well as imparting life to the gloomy walls of the prison. The prison consists of a main building, where the family of the keeper resides, and in which the offices of his assistants are located, and to this several wings have been added, from time to time, as required. The north wing of the prison was built in 1834, and the south and centre wings in 1835 and 1848, respectively. The north and south wings contain the cells where convicts are confined,. and the centre is the culinary and laundry department. The buildings are so arranged as to admit at any time, when the necessity of the case demands it, of two additional wings, making five in all, and in 1870 another wing was added. These buildings are surrounded by stone walls, twenty feet high and three feet thick, which enclose an area of four acres. Upon these walls are six stone towers or abutments, twenty- eight feet high. Four of them are upon the eastern wall or front of the building, and two upon either corner, in the rear. The prison is warmed by tubes of hot water, passing through the cells. In the coldest weather the cells can thus be warmed to a temperature of sixty-five degrees. They are ventilated by apertures in the exterior walls, and also by a flue from each cell to the top of the roof. The air is pure, the outlet pipes perfectly ventilating the building. These pipes are cleaned by water, about fifteen thousand gallons being daily used for that purpose. The convicts are employed principally in making shoes, chairs, and in weaving. The provisions and clothing of the prisoners are, in all respects, suitable to their wants, and their general health is good. The testimony of every succeeding year is accumulating in favor of this system of punishment. The prisoner condemned to solitary confinement, at hard labor, has leisure to reflect upon the folly and wickedness which has consigned him to the walls- of a dungeon, and to resolve upon a new course of action 262 HISTORY OF TRENTON. after his release. He is withdrawn from the contamination of guilty associations, and can hardly fail to deplore the errors by which he has been reduced to so pitiable a condition. Both as a means of punishment and reformation to criminals, the committee believe that the present system is admirably adapted to fulfill the wishes of its friends and advocates. There is now attached to the prison - a library of two thousand three hundred volumes, for the use of the convicts. The books are well selected, and the prisoners avail themselves of the privilege of reading them with great alacrity. Their minds are thus engaged and exercised, and they are prevented from falling into that besotted and stuped condition, which sometimes results from solitary confinement. The first keeper of the prison was a Mr. Crooks. Henry Bel- lerjeau was his successor. Francis Labaw succeeded Bellerjeau, and was keeper for a considerable length of time. The keepers were for a long time appointed by the board of inspectors. Ephriam Ryno, being a member of the board, suc ceeded in getting the appointment by having a majority of the board in his favor, and this, with his own vote, bestowed the ap pointment of keeper upon himself. He held it for one year only, when Thomas Perrine was appointed. In 1835, and before the completion of the new prison, Joseph A. Yard was appointed keeper. He removed the prisoners into the new building in 1836. In 1845, Jacob B. Gaddis was appointed, with Abram R. Harris, clerk, Dr. James B. Coleman, physician, and Mary E. Frazer, matron. For many years pre vious to this, Charles Sutterly had been clerk. I have stated previously, that Joseph A. Yard was appointed keeper in 1835, and that Jacob B. Gaddis succeeded Yard. Gaddis was removed, and Yard was again appointed. Yard was. removed, and John Voorhees appointed, who only held the office one year, when Jacob B.- Gaddis was again appointed, and continued in office till 185 1, when Mr. Vanderveer was appointed. New Jersey State Arsenal. — When the old prison became empty by the removal of the inmates into the new building, it was determined to convert the old edifice into a repository for HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2g3 the state arms. They had previous to that time been kept in an upper room in the old State House. Samuel R. Hamilton, then quartermaster-general, appointed Captain Daniel Baker, of the city of Trenton, to take charge of the building and property belonging to the state kept there. He occupied that position until his death. There are in the arsenal two cannon captured at Yorktown, on the 19th of October, 1781, and another taken at the battle of Trenton. ' The building is not very well adapted for the keep ing of fire-arms ; being built of stone, its walls are constantly damp, and it requires the utmost vigilance to prevent the arms being so much injured from the dampness and rust as to render them entirely unfit for service. New Jersey Lunatic Asylum. — Doctor Lyndon A. Smith, of Newark, was the first one who directed the attention of the pub lic to the necessity of providing a suitable asylum for the wants and treatment of the insane in our state, in an address before the State Medical Society, in 1837. In T839, a joint resolution passed the legislature, authorizing Governor Pennington to appoint commissioners to collect information in regard to the number and condition of the insane in the state, and if an asylum was deemed necessary, to ascertain the best locality for the same, the cost of its erection, &c. This commission consisted of Drs. Lyndon A. Smith, of New ark; Lewis Condict, of Morristown ; A. F. Taylor, of New Bruns wick; Charles G. McChesney, of Trenton ; and Lucius Q. C. Elmer, Esq., of Cumberland county. They were all physicians, except the latter gentleman, who was lately a judge of the Supreme Court. After having performed the duty assigned them, they reported the result of their observations to the legislature, at their session in 1840-41. By their report, it appeared that there were at that time over four hundred insane persons in the state, many of whom were suffering for want of proper treatment. At the next session of the legislature the subject was referred to a joint committee, who reported in favor of an appropriation for the erection of an asylum, and here the matter was dropped. In 1844, Miss Dorotha L. Dix, of Massachusetts, visited the 2(,4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. various receptacles for the insane poor of the state, and, in a memorial to the legislature in 1845, urgently commended to that body the subject of providing an asylum for their care and cure. Moved by the disinterested efforts and appeal of this distinguished and philanthropic lady, the legislature appointed a joint committee, which reported in favor of prompt action. The same year, commissioners were appointed to select a suitable site, and an appropriation made of ten thousand dollars to pay for the same, and twenty-five thousand dollars toward the erection of the building. These commissioners were Daniel Haines, Thomas Arrowsmith, John S. Condict, Joseph Saunders, and Maurice Beasley. The commissioners, after visiting various localities, deter mined on the one upon which the building now stands, about two and a half miles northwest of the city of Trenton, on the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, and near the Delaware river. The tract of land on which the building is erected originally consisted of one hundred and eleven acres of excellent land for farming and gardening purposes. The landscape view is one of great beauty and attraction, combining the diversified land scenery of the valley of the Delaware, with a view of the river for two and a half miles, to the city of Trenton. During the summer of 1845, Eli F. Cooley, Calvin Howell, and Samuel Rush were appointed commissioners by Governor Stratton to contract for and superintend the erection of the building ; and after visiting various institutions for the insane in other states, and examining many plans, adopted the draft of design by Dr. T. S. Kirkbride, of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, from which a working plan was subsequently made by John Notman, of Philadelphia, the architect of the building. The building was erected by William Phillips and Joseph Whit- aker, of Trenton. The asylum occupies a central position on the most elevated point of land belonging to it, and is directly in front of a beau tiful grove of timber, thirty acres in extent, through which passes a winding carriage road, from the main highway to the house. The grounds on the eastern front of the building are arranged HISTORY OF TRENTON. 26g with walks, planted with trees, flowering and evergreen shrubs, etc., according to a tasteful design by the late A. J. Downing, landscape gardener. . The building is constructed of reddish sandstone, (from the Ewing quarries,) laid in rouble and broken-range work, and pointed, with hammer-dressed stone for base, the roof being cov ered with slate, except the dome, which is of tin. The building was originally four hundred and eighty feet long, since which time two wings have been added, on the east and west ends of the main building, respectively, thereby consider ably enlarging the same. These wings we -e built by William Phillips, of this city, one of the original builders of the asylum. They are intended for the more noisy patients, that they may be as remote as possible from those who are convalescent. The building is lighted throughout by gas made from oil, and manufactured on the premises. The fixtures connected with the manufacture of gas are situ ated in the grove, two hundred and fifty feet from the rear 01 the centre building. There are three hundred burners in the old building, of the bat-wing form. The average consumption of gas per night is about four hundred cubic feet. The house is supplied with water from a spring on the pre mises. It is raised by two forcing pumps, one being driven by the surplus water of the spring, the other by steam power, and are capable of raising three thousand gallons per hour. The con sumption of this essential article in the building ranges from six to nine thousand gallons per day, which, in fuel and labor, is attended by an expense of about three hundred and sixty dol lars per annum, or the interest on six thousand dollars. The government of the asylum is vested in a board of ten managers, originally appointed by the legislature, but whose appointment in the future are to be made by the Supreme Court. Their term of service continues five years, and is to be performed gratuitously. They have the appointment of the superintendent and treasurer of the institution, and upon the nomination of the former, the assistant physicians, steward, and z 266 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. matron, and, with the approval of the governor of the state,. determines the annual salaries and allowance of the officers. Up to the year 1849, the appropriations of money by the state for the purposes of the institution, amounted to one hundred and fifty-three thousand eight hundred and sixty-one dollars and ninety cents, which sum includes the original cost of the farm, the erection of the building, the various fixtures heretofore de scribed, the furniture, stock for farm, grading and improving grounds, making fences, &c. Its present board of managers are Hon. Alexander Wurts, Flemington, president; Thomas J. Striker, Trenton, secretary; Rev. S. M. Hamill, D. D., Lawrenceville; Hon. George F. Fort, New Egypt; G. S. Cannon, Bordentown; Hon. Henry K. Kennedy, Bloomsbury; Hon. Moses Bigelow, Newark; James B. Coleman, M. D., Trenton; C. S. Green, Esq., Tren ton; William Elmer, M. D., Bridgeton. Horace A. Buttolph is superintendent and physician ; Joseph Draper, M. D., assistant physician; John W. Ward, M. D., second assistant physician; Caleb Sager, steward; Miss Mary Tabor, matron ; Jasper S. Scudder, treasurer. The asylum was opened on the 15th of May, 1848, and there- has been received from that time up to the year 1870, three thousand seven hundred and forty-six patients. The number of patients in the asylum up to November 30th, 1869, was five hun dred and sixty-seven. Received during the year two hundred and forty-seven, making the whole number under treatment dur ing that period, eight hundred and fourteen. During the year,. sixty-eight were discharged recovered, forty-three improved,. forty-four died, and one escaped, leaving six hundred and forty- eight patients in the asylum on the 30th day of November, 1870, being eighty-one more than at the close of the previous year. The receipts from all sources during the year, including a balance of two thousand two hundred and forty-seven dollars and seventy-eight cents remaining on the 30th of November, 1869, amounted to one hundred and sixty-two thousand two hundred and seventy dollars and ninety-seven cents. The payments for the same period were one hundred and fifty- seven thousand and twenty-nine dollars and sixteen cents, leav- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 267 ing a balance in the hands of the treasurer of five thousand two hundred and forty-one dollars and eighty-one cents — twenty- eight thousand four hundred and thirty-seven dollars of which were received- from private patients ; one hundred and three thousand and ninety-five dollars and ninety cents from the seve ral counties, for the pauper and indigent insane ; twenty-five thousand one hundred and twenty-nine dollars and forty-two cents from the state treasury, for the same class of patients ; and three thousand three hundred and sixty dollars and twenty-seven cents for convict patients. CHAPTER XVI. Miscellaneous— First Post-Office in Trenton, where located and by whom kept— Each subsequent Postmaster under the Different Administrations to the Present Time— Quartering of Troops at Trenton, in 1755, by King George II— Charter of Bridge Across the Delaware — To whom Granted— Erection of Bridge — Floods in the Delaware — Destruction of Bridges on the Same — Trenton Water Works— Charter, to whom Granted— Charter Transferred to the City— Officers Appointed by the City — Banking Institutions — Trenton Bank — State Bank — Me chanics and Manufacturers Bank — America Bank — Trenton Saving Fund — Lodges, Masonic and Odd Fellows. IN 179 1 there were only six post-offices in the state of New Jersey, and these were at Newark, Elizabethtown, Bridge- ton, (now Rahway), New Brunswick, Princeton, and Trenton. The amount of receipts for the year ending October 5 th, 1791, was five hundred and thirty dollars, of which sum the post masters received one hundred and eight dollars and twenty cents, leaving four hundred and twenty-one dollars and eighty cents as the net revenue.* As to who the postmaster in Trenton was at this time we are in profound ignorance, as we can find no authentic records to give the necessary information. The first postmaster here, of which we have any knowledge, was a Mr. Pinkerton, who filled the office during General Washington's first administration. During Washington's second * Howe's Historical Collections. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 269 term of office, John Singer received the appointment, and con tinued in office until 1801. The office at this time was kept in the house once occupied by the late Dr. John Howell, on the corner of Warren and Hanover streets, and now the Franklin House. It is supposed that Pinkerton's office was also at the corner of Main (now Warren) street and Decou's alley, (now Hanover street,) the second door south of where Singer afterwards kept it. The building was an old yellow frame, and stood about the centre of Hanover street ; it was afterwards used as a bakery, and previous to its removal, at the time the street was opened, was occupied as a clothing store. • Major Peter Gordon was appointed postmaster on the ist day of April, 1801, by Thomas Jefferson. He had his office at the corner of State and Warren streets. Major Gordon retained the office only during part of Jefferson's administration, when, on the 1 2th of November, 1804, having received from Governor Bloomfield the appointment of state treasurer, he at once re signed the office of postmaster, and Charles Rice was appointed. He continued the office at the same place where Major Gordon had established it. He remained in office during the adminis trations of John Adams and James Madison. In the year 1825, John Quincy Adams appointed James J. Wilson, Esq., postmaster of this city. His office was at 105 Warren street, in the old brick building now owned by Henry Thoene. In 1826 Mr. Wilson died, and his wife served out his term of office. She removed the office into State street, on the corner of the alley opposite to Chancery court, now occupied by Charles Kraft as a shoe store, but did not long continue it there, the locality being unhandy. She was induced to move back into the street she had left, near the place once occupied by her husband. She continued in the office until General Jackson's second term, when Joseph Cunningham received the appoint ment on the 2 2d day of January, 1835. During his term the office was kept at No. 97 Warren street, in his own house, upon the spot occupied by William Dolton and Jonathan Blackwell as a wholesale grocery. He held the office during part of Jack son's last term, and Martin Van Buren's single term. 27o HISTORY OF TRENTON. During John Tyler's administration, in 1841, Dr. John Mg- Kelway, received the appointment. His office was kept at No. 1 West State street, adjoining the Mechanics and Manufacturers Bank, in the house now owned and occupied by John O. Raum as a residence. In 1845, during the administration of James K. Polk, the appointment was conferred upon Joseph Justice, Sr., and the office was again kept in the brick house in Warren street, opposite the termination of Quarry street, where it had pre viously been kept by General Wilson. In 1849 General Taylor conferred the appointment upon John S. McCully, who removed the office into East State street, No. 15^, at the place now occupied by the heirs of David C. Mount as a confectionery. Mr. McCully continued the office here during the whole of his term. In 1853 General Pierce bestowed the appointment on William A. Benjamin. He opened his office in the same place where it had been kept by Mr. McCully, but only continued there for a few months, when he obtained a room in the City Hall, on the corner of State and Greene streets, where he fitted up an office. It was at one time kept at the corner of Warren and Front streets, and afterwards kept by Joshua Jones, at No. 35 Greene street, and removed by Frederick S. McNeely to Taylor Hall, nearly opposite, where Israel Howell, the present postmaster, still continues it. About the year 1755, during the reign of King George IL, of England, the country now occupied by New England, the five Middle States, and the four Southern States, lying along the At lantic, embraced thirteen colonies, belonging to Great Britain, and all acknowledging the government of that country. None of the country lying west of the states above mentioned was then occupied by English settlers. The French had settlements in Canada, extending from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario. They had estab lished several forts and 'trading-houses along the shores of that lake, to promote their trade with the Indians. They had also laid out New Orleans near the mouth of the Mississippi, and having ascended the river, had laid claim to the beautiful and fertile valley through which it flows. They had also built trad- HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 2 ? t ing-houses on the Ohio river, and had finally determined to con nect their northern and southern settlements by a chain of forts, extending from Lake Ontario to their establishments on the Ohio, and thence down the Mississippi to New Orleans. As this land was part of the colony of Virginia, the English claimed it as their possessions, whereas, the French having built their forts and trading-houses upon it, claimed it as theirs. The people appealing to Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, for redress, the governor thought it best in the first place to send a messen ger to the commander of the French forces on the Ohio, and require him to march his troops away, and thus quit the country. For this important mission, George Washington, then but twen ty-one years old, was selected. At that early age he began that public career which has endeared his name to every American, and rendered it illustrious throughout the world. Washington de livered Governor Dinwiddie's letter to the French commander, which was altogether unsatisfactory to the governor ; and the consequence of the encroachments of the French and their refusal to march their troops away was, a general war ensued between the English and French governments. , This war continued from 1755 to 1763 eight years, when it was closed by a peace made at Paris, in which France ceded to England all her northern colonies, which still remain subject to Great Britain. During this war Great Britain had her troops stationed in dif ferent parts of the country — quite an army was stationed here. At that time the buildings known as White Hall were erected by the king as barracks for his officers. These buildings were erected in 1759 ; they were built in the spring of the year, and bear the inscription 3 M., 1759, meaning third month, the time when the walls were completed. This building commenced at Willow street, extended west toward the State House ; thence ran south, crossing Front street ; thence taking an easterly direc tion, terminated again at Willow street, forming three sides of a hollow square. But in 180 1, when Warren street was opened below Front, and Front street continued on through to the State House yard, the street ran directly through the old barracks, making two separate buildings of it, instead of one as heretofore. 2 7 2 HISTOR Y OF TREN1 ON. In excavating on the eastern bank of the Delaware, the re n.iirs of individuals have been found, and considerable curiosity las been manifested to divine the meaning thereof. Much spe< ula- tibn has been made by the curious in such matters, some as;ert- ing that the place where these bones were found was the spot where the early settlers, about 1676, deposited their dead; others, that they were Hessians and English killed here in the American Revolution — neither of which, however, are correct, for they were English soldiers who died here in the time of the French war, about the year 1760. As stated in a previous chapter, all persons traveling from Philadelphia to New York would cross the ferry at Bloomsbury, and proceed east to the Eagle tavern, and thence north over Mill hill to New York. This ferry was continued in operation until the completion of the Delaware bridge, in 1806. The charter for a bridge across the Delaware river was granted in 1801, but the bridge was not commenced till 1804, and fin ished in 1806. The present piers are about one-fourth higher than was at first anticipated by the architect. The projectors, in planning the bridge, supposed it was of such height that no flood could reach the top. But in this they were mistaken, for before they had accomplished putting on the frame work or the floor, the river raised so high as to completely cover up the abutments and piers. Then it was that the company saw the necessity of building their work higher. The bridge is one thousand one hundred feet long. The stones in the piers are fastened by heavy iron rods, of serpentine shape, keeping them firmly together. There have been- at different times several extensive floods in the Delaware, causing much damage to mills, houses, and bridges erected upon that stream ; but in consequence of the precaution taken in the erection of this noble structure, no fatal results have happened to it. In 1841, during a freshet in the river, five bridges located on the Delaware above Trenton, were raised from their bed, and floated down the river. They were the following : Yardleyville, Lambertville, Taylorsville, Reiglesville and Phillipsburg ; each of these bridges passed directly under the Trenton bridge, tear- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2*, ing away some of the stays under the floor, but doing no further damage. The first freshet in the river of which we have any record, occurred in 1691. The largest freshet ever known was in 1781 ; since that time nothing has exceeded the freshet of 1841. The piers of the present bridge are built of brown sand stone, taken from the Ewing quarries, in this county. November 29th, 1809, a bill was passed authorizing Samuel Wright, Jr., and George Dill, to build a wing dam in the river Delaware, for the purpose of conveying the waters thereof into the Assanpink creek above their oil mill. November 13th of the same year, an act was passed to authorize the building of a lock in the river Delaware at Trenton, for the improvement of the navigation of the river. January 20th, 1814, William L. Prall and Jacob Lambert were authorized by legislative enactment to erect a wing dam in th« Delaware river at Trenton. On the 9th of February, 18 15, Daniel W. Coxe, Samuel Wright, Jr., and Peter T. Smith, were authorized to build awing dam in the river Delaware, opposite Market street, and "to have a lock in the same, where it crossed that part of the river on the east side of Yard's Island, of such size and dimensions that Dur ham boats of the largest size and other craft may pass up and through the same with ease and safety ; the lock to be not less than twenty feet wide." On the 24th of February, 1840, the legislature of Pennsylva nia passed an act to incorporate the Trenton City Bridge Com pany, and on the 8th of March, 1842, the act was passed by the legislature of this state ; the capital stock to be fifty thousand dollars, and divided into two thousand shares of twenty-five dol lars each. This bridge was afterwards erected at the foot of Calhoun street. The terminus of the Philadejphia and Trenton Railroad was for merly at Morrisville, near the bridge ; from there a horse car con veyed the passengers for Trenton and those going to New York. Those for New York took the cars at State street, while the Trenton passengers were conveyed down to where the Odd Fel lows' Hall now stands, corner of Greene and Hanover streets. In a few years the trains commenced running over the bridge, 374 HISTORY OF TRENTON. and the track in Hanover street was removed, and passengers for Trenton were conveyed in stages to their respective places of destination, while those for New York were conveyed thither in the same train of cars. The- bridge was built, having two wagon tracks, and on the extreme north and south ends were paths for foot passengers. But when the cars were run over by means of locomotive power, wagons were prohibited from going across the north wagon road. The rules of the bridge were, that all wagons should keep to the right to avoid the necessity of one wagon meeting another upon the bridge. The plan adopted when there was but one wagon track was, the wagon first on the bridge should have the prefer- -ence. As a signal, to notify the toll-keeper on the opposite side that a wagon was crossing, a man was stationed on each end of the bridge to ring a bell, which was attached to a wire at the other end of the bridge, and no wagon was allowed to start over while another was coming across. This plan was found inconvenient, and the directors resolved in 185 1, to con struct a track expressly for the crossing of the cars, which was accordingly done. We take the following from Howe's Historical Collections, page 286 : "In the southern part of the city is the beautiful covered bridge across the Delaware, justly considered one of the finest speci mens of bridge architecture of wood in the world. This bridge, one thousand one hundred feet in length, was commenced in May, 1804, and finished in February, 1806, at an expense of one hundred and eighty thousand dollars. It reflects credit upon its architect, Mr. Burr, combining as it does, three great objects, convenience of traveling, strength, and durability. The •floor is supported by perpendicular iron rods, hanging from the arches. It withstood the great flood of 1841 unharmed, while the more frail structures of a late* day were swept away. It is ¦crossed by the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, having teen widened in 185 1 by the addition of a passage way on the south side of it for that purpose." The first charter for the Trenton Water Works was passed December 3d, 1801. It was termed "An act to authorize Stephen Scales to convey the water from his spring through the several HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2^- streets of the city of Trenton." The preamble to which read as follows: "Whereas, Stephen Scales hath represented that he" hath purchased a spring in the city of Trenton, from which he can conduct the water through several of the streets of said cityr thereby supplying the inhabitants with plenty of sweet and wholesome water, provided he can be authorized to lay his trunks through some of the intervening lots." This charter gave him power to "convey the water from said spring through any lots which he might find it necessary to pass in its way to the streets of said city, without let, trouble, hind rance, or molestation of any person or persons whatsoever, and with laborers, carts, wagons and other carriages, with their beasts of burden or draught, and all necessary tools and implements, to- enter upon the lands through which it is necessary said aqueduct should pass, and to dig through and lay trunks in the same, for carrying on the said work, and for repairing the same from time to time, first giving notice to the owner, if in this state, or to the tenant in possession thereof, doing as little damage thereto as possible, and repairing any breaches they may make in the enclosures thereof, and making amends for any damage that may be sustained by the owner or owners thereof," &c. On the 18th of September, 1803, James Ewing, Peter Gor don, Thomas M. Potter, Gershom Craft and Alexander Cham bers purchased of Stephen Scales his right to said spring, and by an act of the legislature, passed February 29th, 1808, they became a body politic and corporate, by the name, style, and title of "The President and Directors of the Trenton Water Works." The first charter granted to Stephen Scales gave him power to. use only the water which should originate or rise from his spring,. or upon his said lot so purchased, but that he should permit all water not originating or rising upon his said lot or from his. spring, freely and uninterruptedly to pass for the use of the tan yards on the stream made thereby. The stock of the first company that purchased the spring of Stephen Scales consisted of twelve hundred dollars, divided into sixty shares of twenty dollars each ; the company, when organized, to be at liberty to extend the number of shares if they found it necessary. 276 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. James Ewing was chosen president, and Peter Gordon and Thomas M. Potter were chosen directors under the original charter. At a rheeting of the stockholders, held on the ioth of June, 1839, the capital stock of the company was fixed at twenty thou sand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. This was confirmed by act of the legislature, approved March 24th, 1852. At the same time, a supplement was passed to the act of the 29th of February, 1803, granting to the.n the privilege of taking the water, either in whole or in part, from the Delaware river, and to construct all suitable apparatus for that purpose, but not to obstruct, in any way, the navigation. The first pipes laid by the company were constructed of wood. These were afterwards taken up and replaced by iron. These, in their turn, were taken up in 1850, and replaced by iron pipes of larger bore, and they have at different times been considerably enlarged. The officers of the company were, Jonathan Steward, president ; Samuel Evans, treasurer ; Thomas Hill, secretary. In 1854, an act was passed by the legislature, authorizing the purchase of the works by the city, if, at a special election, the people so determined. In accordance with the will of the people Ihen expressed, the works were purchased, at a cost of eighty-eight thousand dollars. The following were the first officers appointed by council : William P. Sherman, president; Alexander M. Johnston, secretary; Robert C. Belville, treasu rer. The capital stock of the company was increased to one hundred thousand dollars. In 1853, the company built their basin on the Pennington road, and after the works came into possession of the city, finding it too small, the directors caused a new basin to be built in 1855, and the same year caused cast iron fire plugs to be erected through the city. The amount of stock purchased by the city was eighty-eight thousand dollars, twelve thousand dollars worth still remaining in the hands of private individuals, which was afterwards purchased, and the works are now worth two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The city issued bonds for the pur chase of, and the various improvements on the works, amounting to two hundred and four thousand five hundred dollars. The HISTORY OF TRENTON. 277 income from the works not only pays all the interest on the bonds and all expenses of the management, but every year a handsome sum into the sinking fund, toward the liquidation of the debt. The last fiscal year, this sum amounted to three thou sand five hundred dollars. The present commissioners are : Philemon Dickinson, president ; Albert J. Wbittaker, secretary; John C. Miller, William Hancock, Isaac C. Gearhart, William Johnson ; and John B. Quigley, superintendent and treasurer. The Newark Banking and Insurance Company was the first bank chartered in the state, and is still in operation. It was chartered on the 17th day of February, 1804; and on the 3d day of December of the same year, the Trenton Banking Com pany was chartered. The charter when first granted was to continue in force for twenty years. The original act of the legislature authorized a subscription to be opened for three hun dred thousand dollars, in shares of fifty dollars each, under h? direction of James Ewing, Joshua Wright, George Abbott, Pt er Hunt, and Abner Reeder. The affairs of the institution are controlled by a board of eleven directors, elected annually, any seven of whom can, at their first regular meeting after every general election, elect from among themselves, by a majority of the members present, by ballot, a president, who shall be an inhabitant of the city of Trenton or Nottingham. In the ap pointment of a cashier or treasurer, the vote of seven directors was necessary to a choice, who, when chosen, were required to give bond, with two or more sureties, to the satisfaction of the directors, in a sum not less than sixty thousand dollars, with condition for their good behavior. Each director, cashier, or treasurer, before entering upon the duties of his office, was to make oath or affirmation faithfully to perform the duties of his office, agreeably to the provisions of the law and the trust in him reposed, to the best of his skill and understanding. An act was passed on the 14th day of November, 182 1, ex tending the charter fifteen years, to expire on the 3d day of December, 1839. On the 20th of February, 1838, an additional act was passed, further extending the charter for the term of twenty years, from and after the 3d day of December, 1839. At the session of the legislature of 1854, a further extension 2a 278 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. was granted, and at the same time the stockholders and directors were made personally responsible. This last act seems to have given general satisfaction. Considerable feeling existed upon the subject of special banking privileges, but since the liabilities have been thrown upon the officers of the institution, it has allayed all feeling upon that subject, and the people are satisfied that their money is perfectly safe in the vaults of such institutions as the one above. Isaac Smith was the first president, appointed in 1805 ; Pearson Hunt, cashier, and Josiah Fijian, teller. Jonathan Rhea, second president, was appointed in 1807. John Beatty, third president, was appointed in 1815. Thomas L. Woodruff was appointed president in 1826, In 1828 Joseph Olden Clarke was appointed cashier, and John Thompson teller. In 1832 Philemon Dickinson was appointed president; the same year, John Titus cashier, and Jasper S. Scudder teller ; after Titus had resigned, Thomas J.' Stryker was appointed cashier. In 1838 (he new building was erected on the site where the old one had stood. The architect was Thomas U. Walter, of Philadelphia. The capital stock was two hundred and ten thousand dollars, with capacity to increase to six hundred thousand dollars ; it is now four hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The state origi nally owned one thousand two hundred shares of stock, which were purchased by the bank. The par value of stock is fifty dol lars ; thirty dollars per share was originally called in, the remain ing installments having been ordered by the stockholders in 1855. The present directors are, Philemon Dickinson, Charles S. Olden, Caleb S. Green, William G. Cook, Benjamin Fish, Jonathan Steward, Albert J. Whittaker, Alexander Wurts, S. Moore Hart, Samuel S. Stryker; notary public, Charles C. Burroughs. The State Bank commenced operations in the year 181 1. Their first banking house was at No. 22 East State street, on the site now occupied by the stores of Bechtel, Davison & Dye, and Willet Hicks. The last officers of this institution were, Abner -Reeder, president ; Lambert Rickey, cashier, and George Wat son, teller. In 1812 they built their banking-house on the corner of Warren and Bank streets. It ceased operations in the year 1822. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 27g ¦• February 19th, 1834, the Mechanics and Manufacturers Bank was chartered. February 16th, 1843, an act was passed authorizing them to reduce their capital stock whenever they might think proper so to do, and on the 19th of March, 1857, they were authorized to increase it«making their capital stock five hundred thousand dollars. Their present officers are, Timothy Abbott, president; James S. Clark, cashier ; directors, Joseph G. Brearley, Samuel1 K. Wilson, Daniel P. Forst, Frederick R. Wilkinson, Edward W. Evans, Augustus G. Richey, Timothy Abbott, Imlah Moore and Ferdinand W. Roebling ; notary public, Joseph H. Hough. In 1837 they built their present banking-house, having occu pied the building No. 75 Warren street, as did also the Trenton- Bank previously, while they were erecting their new building. On the 7th of March, 1844, the Trenton Saving Fund Society was incorporated. Its corporators were, Peter D. Vroom, John C. Redman, John Read, Stacy G. Potts, George Dill, Xenophon J. Maynard, Richard J. Bond, Thomas J. Stryker, Jacob Kline, Jasper S. Scudder, Timothy Abbott, Charles Parker, and Henry W. Green. The present officers are, Caleb S. Green, president ; Lewis Parker, Jr., treasurer and secretary; managers, Caleb S. Green, Thomas J. Stryker, Timothy Abbott, Benjamin Fish, G. A. Perdicaris, Joseph G. Brearley, Augustus G. Richey, William G. Cook, Albert J. Whittaker, and William J. Owens. Their deposits amount to about four hundred thousand dollars. March 22d, i860, the Merchants Bank was chartered, with a capital stock of three hundred thousand dollars, with power to increase the same to five hundred thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The corporators were, George S. Green, Charles Scott, Robert C. Hutchinson, Ralph H. Shreve, Harper Crozer, Henry D. Phillips, Joseph Whittaker, Charles Brearley, Isaac Stephens, Theodore W. Hill, Albert J. Whittaker, Charles Moore, Samuel R. Smith, and Daniel R. Bower. On the 24th of March, 1862, its charter was repealed, and receivers were appointed to settle up the concern. On the 28th of January, 1864, the First National Bank was chartered. Its capital stock was five hundred thousand dollars. They opened their banking-house in Greene street, in the room 2go HISTORY OF TRENTON. occupied by the Trenton Savings Bank, and continued there until their new banking-house was erected. The present officers are, Philip P. Dunn, president; Samuel R. Smith, vice president; Charles Whitehead, cashier; directors, Philip P. Dunn, John K. Smith, Samuel R. Smith, Joseph Whitehead, Mahlon Hutch inson, Elwood Parsons, John S. Comfort, Jacob R. Freese, Joseph McPherson, Hudson S. Ellis, Charles Scott, and Wood bury D. Holt. The State Savings Bank was incorporated March 31, 1869, Its officers and managers are, Samuel K. Wilson, president; Jacob R. Freese, vice president and treasurer ; Harry C. Freese, secretary and cashier ; board of managers, Samuel K. Wilson, Jacob R. Freese, Phillip P. Dunn, Caleb Sager, and Charles Hewitt. March ist, 1870, the Mercer County Bank, of Trenton, was incorporated, with a capital stock of two hundred thousand dol lars, with the privilege of increasing it to five hundred thousand dollars, in shares of fifty dollars each. The corporators were, Alfred S. Livingston, Edward H. Stokes, William R. Titus, Baltes Pickel, Scudder H. Cook, Joseph B. Yard, Alfred Muir- heid, John Taylor and Thomas C. Pearce. March 17th, 1870, the Peoples Savings Bank was incorpo rated. The corporators were, Frederick R. Wilkinson, Garret D. W. Vroom, John L. Murphy, Moses D. Naar, Baltes Pickel, Isaac Wood, Joseph MacPherson, Frank S. Katzenbach, Daniel B. Coleman, Henry S. Cox, Joshua S. Day, Alpheus Swayze, Charles Baker, William H. Barton, Alfred Reed, Crowell Marsh, and John W. Scudder. The first annual report rendered to the legislature January 14th, 1871, showed the total deposits received since opening the bank, May 14th, 1869, to be two hundred and nineteen thousand one hundred and nine dollars and fifty-eight cents. Deposits withdrawn, one hundred and thirty-nine thou sand six hundred and twenty-four dollars and forty-one cents, leaving balance on hand due depositors, seventy-nine thousand four hundred and eighty-five dollars and seventeen cents. Accounts open at that date, five hundred and forty-nine. Amount of interest paid on accounts for year ending January 14th, 1871, two thousand seven hundred and sixty-two dollars and sixty-nine cents. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 281 The Trenton Insurance Company was incorporated March 2d, 1842. The directors were, James M. Redmond, Jacob Kline, Philemon Dickinson, Thomas J. Stryker, Benjamin Fish, Charles G. Green, Crispin Blackfan, Richard J. Bond, John Whittaker, Isaac Baker, Emley Olden, John B. Mount, James T. Sherman. The capital stock was one hundred thousand- dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. The Trenton Mutual Life and Fire Insurance Company was incorporated February 5th, 1847. The directors were, Philemon Dickinson, Xenophon 'J. Maynard, John A. Weart, Jasper S. Scudder, Joseph C. Potts, Jonathan Fisk, and Eli Morris. The Pacific Mutual Insurance Company was incorporated Feb ruary 19th, 185 1. Its incorporators were John F. Hageman, Xenophon J. Maynard, Philemon Dickinson, and William J. Ing ham. The Peoples Fire Insurance Company was incorporated Feb ruary 25th, 1861. Its incorporators were, Samuel S. Stryker, Imlah Moore, James T. Sherman, Alfred S. Livingston, Charles Scott, William R. Mcllvaine, Joseph Whittaker, William W. Norcross, Barker Gummere, Frederick R. Wilkinson, and John R. Tucker. The capital stock was not to exceed two hundred thou sand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The Capital Insurance Company was chartered April 9th, 1867. The incorporators were, Frederick R. Wilkir.son, John Taylor, Charles Bechtel, Benjamin O. Tyler, John O. Raum, James Buchanan, and Daniel Peters. The capital stock vas fifty thousand dollars, with power to increase it to one hundred ihou- sand dollars, and was divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The Standard Fire Insurance Company was chartered Feb ruary 27th, 1868. The incorporators were, John C. Cook, Wi liam Boswell, Charles Bechtel, Robert C. Belville, John O. Raum, Benjamin O. Tyler, Daniel Peters, Henry Denison, W. D. Oli- phant. The capital stock was fifty thousand dollars, with power to increase it to one hundred thousand dollars. The Trenton Fire Insurance Company was incorporated Feb ruary 26th, 1869. Its corporators were, William H. Potts, Charles Carr, Charles Swan, Henry Speeler, Watson F. Van Camp, Peter C. Onderdonk, Charles B. Van Syckel, John L. 2 A* 2g2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Murphy, Thomas J. Corson, Theodore W. Hill, Jonathan Cook, Baltes Pickel, and Jacob R. Freese. The capital stock was not to exceed two hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The Fire Association of Trenton was incorporated March 30th, 1869. The incorporators were John Taylor, Lewis Parker, Jr., William H. Barton, George Furman, Charles B. Cogill, John 0. Raum, Joseph Milburn, Charles Megill, William Johnston, Jr., Abraham Chamberlain, Henry C. Kafer, James S. Kiger, John G. Bigelow, Herbert N. Ryan, Robert Jackson, and William Roberts. The capital stock was fifty thousand dollars, with power to increase it to one hundred thousand dollars. The Grand Lodge of New Jersey of Ancient Free and Ac cepted Masons, was instituted by a charter from England, December 18th, 1786, and meets annually in Trenton. The Hon. David Brearly, Esq., chief justice of New Jersey, was elected worshipful master; Hon. Robert Lettis Hooper, vice president of New Jersey, deputy grand master ; William Leddle, Esq., late high sheriff of Morris county, senior grand warden; Daniel Marsh, Esq., representative in the assembly of New- Jer sey, junior grand warden; John Noble Cumming, Esq., late colonel in the army of the United States, grand secretary; Maskell Ewing, Jr., Esq., clerk of the general assembly of New Jersey, deputy grand secretary; Joshua Corshon, Esq., high sheriff of Hunterdon county, grand treasurer. The present officers are, William E. Pine, M. W. grand master, Cresskill, Bergen county; William W. Goodwin, R. W. D. grand master, Cam den ; Nathan Haines, R. W. senior grand warden, Burlington ; James V. Bently, R. W. junior grand warden, Morristown ; William R. Clapp, R. W. grand treasurer, Trenton ; Joseph H. Hough, R. W. grand secretary, Trenton ; William D. Ru- tan, R. W. D. grand secretary, Newark; William Mead, W. grand lecturer, Newark ; Leopold Kiesling, W. grand visitor to German lodges. Trenton Lodge, No. 5, of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, wis chartered in 1787, and incorporated by an act of the legis lature in 1826. The persons to whom the act of incorporation was granted were, Thomas L. Woodruff, master ; Charles Bur- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 283 roughs, senior warden ; Zachariah Rossell, junior warden ; John Mershon, secretary, and William Kerwood, treasurer, under the name, style, and title of "The Trustees of Trenton Lodge, No. 5." A dispensation was granted by the Most Worthy Grand Mas ter, David Brearly, dated July 4th, 5787, to Aaron Dickinson Woodruff, worthy master ; Robert Lettis Hooper, senior war den, and Thomas Bullman, junior warden ; upon which the work was commenced, and progressed until the meeting of the Grand Lodge at New Brunswick, on the 20th of December, in the year of masonry, 5787, when a warrant was duly granted unto Aaron Dickinson Woodruff, W. M.; Thomas Bullman, S. W., and Anthony Reckless, J. W. The present officers are, Henry C. Case, W. M.; John Hunt, S. W.; John G. Box, J. W.; William D. Sinclair, treasurer, and George M. Mitchell, secretary. Mercer Lodge, No. 50, was chartered January 13th, 1858. The present officers are, Isaac N. Hutchinson, W. M.; Henry J. Nicklin, S. W.; Augustus K. Forman, J. W.; N. D. William son, treasurer, and H. E. Finch, secretary. Ashlar Lodge, No. 76, was chartered January 17th, 1866. The present officers are, Thomas S. Stevens, W. M.; Alexander C. Yard, S. W.; Wesley Creveling, J. W.; William R. Clapp, treasurer, and Isaac N. Snjder, secretary. Column Lodge was instituted April 3d, 1871. The present officers are, James Nicklin, W. M.; Levi J. Bibbins, S. W.; Lewis C. Wooley, J. W.; Samuel Stringer, secretary, and Joseph Stokes, treasurer. Three-Times-Three Chapter, No. 5, Royal Arch Masons, was chartered June 15th, 1858. The present officers are, Samuel Brackett, M. E. H. P.; Edward L. Campbell, E. K; James T. Ginnelly, E. S.; John P. Nelson, treasurer, and George M. Mitchell, secretary. Gebal Council, No. 3, Royal and Select Masters, was char tered May 29th, i860. The present officers are, Charles Swem, T. 111. M.j William Hewitt, D. 111. M.; Thomas J. Corson, I. C. of W.; John P. Nelson, treasurer, and Joseph H. Hough, recorder. 284 HISTORY OF TRENT ON. Palestine Commandery, No. 4, Knights Templar, was char tered September nth, 1862. The present officers are, J. W. Pressy, E. C; George M. Mitchell, Gen.; George N. Packer, C. G.; Rev. Albert U. Stanley, prelate; John P. Nelson, treas urer, and Samuel Brackett, recorder. Mercer Grand Lodge of Perfection, A. S. R., was instituted April 23d, 1863. The present officers are, Thomas J. Corson, T. P. G. M.; John O. Raum, D. P. G. M.; John Woolverton, S. G. W.; Samuel M. Yournans, J. G.W.; William D. Sinclair, G. O.; William R. Clapp, G. treasurer, and Joseph H. Hough, G. S. and K. S. and A. Mercer Council, Princes of Jerusalem, was instituted May 19th, 1864. The officers are, William R. Clapp, M. E. S. P. G. M.; David Naar, G. H. P. S. D.; W. T. Nicholson, M. E. S. G. W.; John F. Houdayer, M. E. J. G. W.; Joseph H. Hough, V. G. S., K. of S. and A.; John O. Raum, V. G. T; Charles Bechtel, V. G. M. of C; Thomas Booth, V. G. M. of E.; Amos Howell, G. tyler. Trenton Chapter, Rose Croix, was instituted April 17th, 1868. The present officers are, Charles Bechtel M. W. and P. M.; William T. Nicholson, M. E. and P. K. S. W.; William R. Clapp, M. E. and P. K. J. W.; Thomas J. Corson, M. E. and P. K. G. O.; John O. Raum, R. and P. K. G. T; Joseph H. Hough, R. and P. K. G. S.; Amos Howell, R. and P. K. H; John. P. Nelson, R. and P. K. M. of C; William Hewitt, R. and P. K. C. of G. The Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, of the state of New Jersey, was organized December 30th, 1856. The Grand Commandery of Knights Templar was organized in 1859. The Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters was organ ized November 26th, i860, and the Grand Council of the Order of High Priesthood was organized September nth, 1861. These are the grand bodies of the state, and meet here annually. The Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows was instituted in the old Masonic Hall, in Front street, on the 3d of August, 1833, by Thomas Wildey, the founder of the order in this country, and at that time the grand sire of the Grand Lodge of the United States, having held the position HISTORY OF TRENTON. 285 thirteen years, assisted by Rev. John Pearce, of Pennsylvania, afterwards deputy grand sire, and Howell Hopkins, of Penn sylvania, afterwards grand sire. The present officers are, George W. Hubbard, grand master ; Benjamin T. Bright, D. G. M.; Charles Ellis, G. W.; John O. Raum, G. S.; Joseph L. Lamb, G. T.; Dickinson Moore, G. Chap.; John Dunham, G. marshal; E. E. Protzman, G. C; Aaron W. Cattell, G. G., and Amos Howell, G. H. Trenton Lodge, No 3, was instituted August 3d, 1833. The present officers are, Charles W. Street, N. G.; Charles Y. Bam- ford, V. G.; George E. Wallington, secretary, and Joshua Jef- feries, treasurer. Concordia Lodge, No. 4, was instituted December 17th, 1833. The present officers are, Samuel T. Bellerjeau, N. G.; Robert Leaver, V. G.; John O. Raum, recording secretary; William N. Nutt, permanent secretary, and John H. Choyce, treasurer. Mercer Lodge, No. 34, was instituted February 5th, 1846, but is now defunct. South Trenton Lodge, No. 36, was instituted February 5th, 1846. The present officers are, Jacob Kugler, N. G.; Joseph R. Sweeney, V. G.; Robert W. Mull, recording secretary; James H. Hammond, permanent secretary, and John Crawford, treasurer. Schiller Lodge, No. 80, was instituted August 3d, 1848. The present officers are, Charles W. Kruger, N. G. ; George F. Glauner, V. G. ; Bernhard Schnell, recording secretary ; Chris tian Janter, permanent secretary ; Martin Spiegel, treasurer. Cherusker Lodge, No. 151, was instituted in 1870. Its present officers are, Fred. Landoldt, N. G. ; Michael Gaiser, V. G. ; Christian Smith, secretary ; F. H. Enderbrok, treasurer. Fred. D. Stuart Lodge, No. 154, was instituted December 19th, 1870. The present officers are, Alexander C. Yard, N. G. ; John W. Barber, V. G. ; James S. Kiger, secretary; Richard R. Rogers, treasurer. The Grand Encampment, I. O. O. F., of New Jersey, was instituted by John H. Kennedy, grand sire, September 19th, 1843- The present officers are, John W. Matlack, G. P. ; Augustus S. Clark, G. H. P. ; John H. Vinson, G. S. W. ; John O. Raum, 286 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. grand scribe ; David Campbell, grand treasurer ; H. H. De Grofft, G. J. W. ; William Heisler, G. S. ; Amos Howell, D. G. S. Trenton Encampment, No. 2, was instituted October 2d, 1837. The present officers are, William E. Branin, C. P.; William Roberts, H. P.; Robert Leaver, S. W.; Walter P. Wells, scribe; Lewis H. Brown, treasurer; Henry McCulla, J. W., and Amos Howell, sentinel. Olive Branch Encampment, No. 4, was instituted September 15th, 1841, but is now defunct. South Trenton Encampment, No. 40, was instituted April 6th, 1869. The present officers are, Frank P. Ferry, C. P.; Joseph R. Sweeney, H. P.; Enoch W. Case, scribe, and John Craw ford, treasurer. Schiller Eneampment, No. 44, was instituted, January 14th, 1870. The present officers are, Martin Miller, C. P. ; John Melcher, H. P. ; Richard Miller, scribe ; John Rochel, treasu rer. Besides these connected with the Odd Fellows, are Mercer Degree Lodge, No. 3, and Concordia Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 4. Trenton is well supplied with secret benevolent societies of almost every description. In addition to those above enumerated, we have two lodges of Knights of Pythias— Spartacus, No. 10, and Trenton, not yet numbered. Improved Order of Red Men — Moax Tribe, No. 5 ; Red Cloud Tribe, No. 19, and Assanpink Degree Council, No. 1. Independent Order of Red Men — Delaware Tribe, No. 84, and Assanpink Encampment, No. 16. Order of United American Mechanics — Trenton Council, No. 18, and Union Council, No. 22. Temperance — Excelsior Division, No. 4; Mercer, No. 10;' Chambersburg, No. 40; Trenton, No. 44; Emancipator, No. 104; Seventh Ward, No. 146. Good Templars— Banner Lodge, No. 37; Napoleon, No. 106; Crystal Fount, Temple of Honor,. No. 3 ; Crystal Fount, Social Temple, No. 2. In funeral societies there are the Odd Fellows Funeral Aid As sociation, Temperance Funeral Aid Association, and Mercer Mutual Burial Society. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2g~ There are also, among the ladies, Daughters of the Forest, Sons and Daughters of Liberty, and Lady Masons. Among the Germans they have a society called the Seven Wise Men, and another called Harrigarri. A few years ago a society was started here called Sons of Malta. This society was a secret one, and started with two objects in view — fun and charity. It was, however, but short lived, as the ridiculous part of their ceremony was carried to such extremes, that the respectable portion of the community who were inveigled into it soon became disgusted with it, and in a short time the society ceased to exist. In 1840, during the Harrison campaign, the whole country became drunk on hard cider, and in 1841, a temperance society was started, called the Washingtonians. Their mode of operation was to seek out the drunkard and reform him, and make a missionary of him for the reformation of other drunkards, and great good was accomplished among this class. During the summer months they held out-door meetings — sometimes in front of hotels — and by this means they could reach the very class they were laboring to reform. It was from this society that the different secret temperance •associations were formed. They started to accomplish their work by moral suasion, and as long as they stuck to that principle, much good was accom plished. But after a time an effort was made to bring it into the political arena, and to invoke the laws to put down the liquor traffic, since which time they have accomplished but little good. Bayard Post, No. 8, G. A. R., an association composed of honorably discharged soldiers and sailors of the late war, was duly instituted October 31st, 1867, by General Edward Jardine, then provisional commander of the department of New Jersey, .by virtue of authority invested in him by said department. The - objects of said association are charity, and mutual relief toward each other in sickness and affliction, as well as continuing those kind and fraternal feelings characteristic of the association while together as soldiers and' sailors during the late rebellion. 288 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. The petitioners for the post were, James S. Kiger, Francis C. Roberson, William W. L. Phillips, John W. Brown, James H. Comings, Gabriel Ten Brock, Abram G. Staats, Edward M. An derson, John H. Allen, Edgar Whitaker. No organization has higher or more praiseworthy objects than the G. A. R. What stronger friendship than that of the march, the battle-field, and camp fire; what more charitable object than suffering brother soldiers, or the soldiers' widows and orphans in distress, and what more patriotic purpose than to perpetuate the memory of the heroic dead who fell in a spirit of devotion for their country, and what is better calculated to preserve a spirit of loyalty and patriotic devotion in the present than to remem ber the sacrifices of the past ? In 1856, a loan association was started for the purpose of encouraging mechanics, laboring men, and others to save their money, and eventually secure themselves a home. This association expired in due time, and those who had bor rowed money, and given mortgages to secure the same, found themselves not only in possession of a home, but the mortgage held by the association was canceled, and by small savings and through investing the same in this way, they were materially aided by the association in paying for their homes. On the ioth of January, 1854, the Mechanics Mutual Loan Association was started, under the general laws of the state. This association is divided into four classes. The officers are, Charles B. Vansyckel, president; Peter W. Crozer, secretary; Urial T. Scudder, treasurer; E. Mercer Shreve, solicitor. The Mercer Mutual Loan Association, was started February ioth, 1854. This association is divided into five classes. The officers are, William S. Hutchinson, president ; Peter W. Crozer, secretary ; Joseph T. Welling, treasurer ; Wesley Creveling, solicitor. East Trenton Loan and Building Association — Joseph C. Mayer, president ; John Cahill, vice president ; Woodbury D. Holt, sec retary ; Joshua Jones, treasurer. East Trenton Land Asssociation — Joshua Jones, president; John Cahill, vice president; William S. Middleton, secretary HISTORY OF TRENTON 2gg, and treasurer ; Joseph C. Mayer, superintendent ; Edward T. Green, solicitor. Morrisville Grove and Land Improvement Association — Joseph Stokes, president ; Robert Bassett, vice president ; Peter Dehee, treasurer ; Woodbury D. Holt, solicitor. The Trenton Typographical Union, No. 71, was organized March 4th, 1864. The charter members were, Chas. W. Alcott, Thomas Ustick Baker, John Briest, John M. Hough, William P. Leigh, John D. McCormick, A. McGalliard. P. Preston Packer, and Charles B. Yard, who received a charter from the Interna tional Typographical Union of North America, under whose jurisdiction the Trenton Union still works. The society is com posed of journeymen printers of the city, and is devoted to the maintenance of a fair rate of wages, the encouragement of good workmen, and to the promotion of the interests of the craft in general. The meetings are held on the first Saturday evening of each month, and the annual election of officers takes place in March. The present officers are, Manuel Kline, president;" Matthew S. Austin, vice president; Bishop W. Mains, financial secretary and treasurer ; David Seary, corresponding and record ing secretary; Charles Briest, sergeant-at-arms ; Benjamin C. Laning, Henry C. Buchanan, Peter Howell, P. Preston Packer, B. Franklin Krier, and R. Fenton Ward, business committee ; Henry Houghtaling, delegate to International Typographical Union. 2b CHAPTER XVII. Meeting of Congress at Trenton — Visit of Lafayette — Congres sional Buildings on the Delaware — Robbery of the State Trea sury — Professor D' Ossiere — Contraband Goods Seized — First Almanac — Court of Admiralty — Judge Trent ' s Plantation — Stage Boats — Dialogue Between Satan and Arnold— United States National Bank — Ferries — Isaac Collins' Quarto Bible — Church Lottery — Sand-Bar. ON the ist of November, 1784, the congress of the United States met at Trenton. All the states were represented except Maryland. New Jersey was represented by Hon. Wil liam Churchill Houston and John Beatty. Richard Henry Lee, who was said to be the gentleman who originally made the mo tion in congress for declaring the states qf America independent, in the year 1776, was chosen president. The Hon. Samuel Dick and Charles Stewart, members of this state, arrived the next day after the assembling. The Marquis de Lafayette arrived here from the south on Thursday, the ioth of December, 1784, and visited the congress of the United States, then in session, on the nth. The following proceedings were had in that body : "The committee to whom was referred a letter of the 6th from the Marquis de Lafayette report, that in the opinion of the- committee,- the merit and services, of the marquis render it proper that such an opportunity of taking leave of congress be afforded him, as may strongly manifest their esteem and regard for him ; whereupon, " Resolved, That a committee, to consist of one member from HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2gI each state, be appointed to receive the marquis, and, in the name of congress, to take leave of him ; that they be instructed to assure him that congress continue to entertain the same high sense of his abilities and zeal to promote the welfare of America, both here and in Europe, which they have frequently expressed and manifested on former occasions, and which the recent marks of his attention to their commercial and other interests have perfectly confirmed ; that as his uniform and unceasing attach ment to this country has resembled that of a patriotic citizen, the United States regard him with particular affection, and will not cease to feel an interest in whatever may concern his honor and prosperity, and that their best and kindest wishes will always attend him. "Resolved, That a letter be written to his most Christian ma jesty, to be signed by his excellency the president, expressive of the high sense which the United States, in congress assembled, entertain of the zeal, talents, and meritorious services of the Marquis de Lafayette, and recommending him to the favor and patronage of his majesty. "December 13th, 1784." , Mr. Jay, chairman of the committee consisting of a member from each state, appointed to receive and take leave of the Mar quis de'Lafayette, reported, that on the nth instant they re ceived the marquis in the congress chamber and took leave of him, agreeably to the instructions given them lon that subject ; that they communicated to him the purport of the resolutions of the 9th, and that he thereupon made the following answer : "Sir: While it pleases the United States in congress, so kindly to receive me, I want words to express the feelings of a heart which delights in their present situation, and the bestowed marks of their esteem. "Since I joined the standard of liberty to this wished-for hour of my personal congratulations, I have seen such glorious deeds performed and virtues displayed by the sons of America, that in the instant of my first concern for them, I had anticipated but a part of the love and regard which devote me to this rising empire. 2n2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. " During our revolution, sir, I obtained an unlimited, indulgent confidence, which I am equally proud, and happy to acknowl edge. It dates with the time when, an inexperienced youth, I could only claim my respected friends' paternal adoption. It has been most benevolently continued throughout every circum stance of the cabinet and the field ; and in personal friendships I have often found a support against public difficulties. While on this solemn occasion I mention my obligations to congress, the states, the people at large, permit me also to remember the dear military companions, to whose services their country is so much indebted. "Having felt both for the timely aid of my country and for the part she, with a beloved king, acted in the cause of mankind, I enjoy an alliance so well riveted by mutual affection, by interest, and even local situation — recollection insures it — futurity does but enlarge the prospect, and the private intercourse will every day increase, which independent and advantageous trade cher ishes in proportion as it is well understood. "In unbounded wishes to America, sir, I am happy to observe the prevailing disposition of the people to strengthen the con federation, preserve public faith, regulate trade, and in a proper guard over continental magazines and frontier posts — in a gen eral system of militia, in foreseeing attention to the navy — to insure every kind of safety. May this immense temple of free dom ever stand a lesson to oppression, an example to the op pressed, a sanctuary for the rights of mankind, and may these happy United States attain that complete splendor and pros perity which will illustrate the blessings of their general gov ernment, and, for ages to come, rejoice the departed souls of its founders. "However unwilling to trespass on your time, I must yet pre sent you with the grateful thanks for the late favors of congress; and never can they oblige me so much as when they put it in my power, in every part of the world, to the latest day of my life, to gratify the attachment which will ever rank me among the most zealous and respected servants of the United States." On the same day that he was received by the congress of the HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 2g3 United States, he was also received by the legislature of the state, then in session in this city, and presented with the follow ing address : " To the Honorable the Marquis Lafayette. "Sir: We, the representatives of the citizens of New Jersey, convened in council and assembly, cheerfully embrace the op portunity which your present visit to this state affords, of paying you that public mark of respect which is justly due to your dis tinguished merit. " With pleasure we recollect that, actuated by a love of liberty and a sacred regard for the rights of mankind, you left your na tive country, and all the endearments of domestic life, and vol untarily engaged in the hazardous cause of America, in her late contest with Great Britain ; and we acknowledge, with grati tude, that the signal services which you have rendered this state, and the other states in union, have greatly contributed to the complete establishment of that freedom and independence which they now enjoy. "Your unremitted endeavors to support our national credit and character, and your generous .efforts to promote our trade and commerce, afford us the strongest evidences of your attachment to this country, and for the interests of our federal republic. Permit us, sir, to conclude with expressing our fervent wishes for your welfare and prosperity, and with answering you that the citizens of New Jersey will ever retain an exalted sense of your disinterested friendship and important services. "Council Chamber, December nth, 1784, by order of the council. "Wil. Livingston, President. "House of assembly, December .nth, 1784, by order of the house. "Benjamin Van Cleve, Speaker." To which the Marquis made the following answer : "Sir : In the friendship and esteem of the state of New Jersey, so kindly expressed by your excellency, the council and assem bly, I feel myself the more flattered, as I have had' numerous 2b* 2p4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. occasions to admire the spirit and patriotism of her citizens, to which, in trying emergencies, our cause has been so signally indebted. " It was my fortunate lot, sir, to have been admitted among you in support of the great contest — it shall ever be my happiness, in zealous endeavors for the good of these states, to indulge the sentiments of my love and gratitude ; and while the blessings of this revolution, so nobly purchased, will be eternally secured in the united strength and wisdom of this federal republic, my heart feels deeply interested in the warmest wishes for the par ticular welfare of the state of New Jersey. " Highly sensible of my obligations to your excellency, the honorable council and assembly of New Jersey, I beg leave to present you and them with most grateful acknowledgements, and the affectionate assurances of my respect. ' ' Lafayette. "His Excellency the Governor, the Honorable the Council and Assembly of the State of New Jersey." The "New Jersey Gazette," under date of January 3d, 1785, contains, under its items from New York, the following: "Last Tuesday evening arrived in this city, from Trenton, on their way to France, the Marquis de Lafayette, with his young, but very interesting companion and fellow-traveler, Monsieur de Caraman, a knight of Malta, and captain of dragoons, and Monsier de Grandchain, of the beautiful frigate La Nymphe, now in our harbor. Since the 4th of last August, the two former gentlemen have traveled upwards of eighteen hundred miles; viewed almost every remarkable military spot ; twice visited our great Cincinnatus, the matchless Washington, and assisted at the Indian treaty held at Fort Schuyler. Wherever they have passed they have been received with that warmth of friendship, that energy and gratitude and affection, which ever will be due by the true citizens of these states to that excellent young noble man, whose military services in our cause, whose great exertions, weight, and influence, has been so sensibly felt during the most critical period of our late arduous conflict. May the winds safely waft over to his native country this new citizen of ours ; may HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2Q5 Heaven long preserve a life which promises to be so eminently useful to both countries, are the earnest wishes and prayers of the "Citizens of New York." By the above notice it appears that General Lafayette remained three weeks in this city. December 20th, 1784, at the session held in Trenton, con gress passed the following : "Resolved, That it is expedient that congress proceed to take measures for procuring suitable buildings to be erected for their accommodation. "Resolved, (by nine states), That a sum not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars be appropriated for the payment of the expense of erecting such buildings ; provided always, that hotels or dwelling-houses, for the members of congress repre senting the different states, shall not be understood as included in the above appropriation. "Resolved, That it is inexpedient for congress, at this time, to erect public buildings for their accommodation at more than one place. On motion, "Resolved, That if it is expedient, congress should determine on a place at which they will continue to sit until public buildings for their proper accommodation shall be erected." On the 23d of December, 1784, the following was enacted: " Be it ordained by the United States, in Congress assembled, That the resolutions of the 20th instant, respecting the erecting of build ings for the use of congress, be carried into effect without delay ; that for this purpose three commissioners be appointed, with full powers to layout a district not -less than two, nor exceeding three miles square on the banks of either side of the Delaware, not more than eight miles above or below the lower falls thereof, for a federal town ; that they be authorized to purchase the soil, or such part of it as they may judge necessary, to be paid at proper installments; to enter into contracts for erecting and completing, in an elegant manner, a federal house for the accom modation of congress, and for the executive officers thereof; a 2gg HISTORY OF TRENTON. house for the use of the president of Gongress, and suitable buildings for the residence of the secretary of foreign affairs, secretary at war, secretary of congress, secretary of the marine, and officers of the treasury ; that the said commissioners be em powered to draw on the treasury of the United States for a sum not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars for the purpose aforesaid; that in choosing a situation for the buildings, due regard be had to the accommodation of the states with lots for houses for the use of their delegates respectively ; that on the 24th day of December instant, congress stand adjourned to meet at the city of New York, on the nth day of January fol lowing." Samuel Tucker, Esq., was treasurer of the provincial con gress of the colony of New Jersey. On being informed that the British army under General Howe was on their march through this province, and that their design was to be at Trenton, he thought it most prudent to remove all his papers with his most valuable effects, out of Trenton, to gether with the unsigned public money, which he accordingly did on the 30th day of November, 1776, and removed all his bonds, deeds, books of accounts, together with those belonging to sev eral estates in his hands as executor, with all his plate, his and his wife's clothes, with other valuable effects, one horse and phaeton, some Maryland and New Jersey loan-office money, which he took to the house of Mr. John Abbott, about five miles from Trenton, in the county of Burlington, with about five thousand eight hundred and eighteen pounds sixteen shil lings and three-pence of unsigned congress money, which he left under the care of John and Samuel Abbott. General Howe and his army arrived at Trenton on Sunday, the 8th of Decem ber, and on Monday one Lieutenant Hackshaw, with a detach ment of British troops, by order of Lieutenant Colonel Aber- cromby, went to the house of Mr. John Abbott, in company with Mrs. Mary Pointing, an inhabitant of Trenton, and seized all the effects at Mr. Abbott's, the property of said Tucker, with those in trust in his hands, together with the unsigned pub lic money, and carried the same to the house of Mr. Randle Mitchell, showed the money to Mr. Mitchell, and afterwards HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2Q* carried the same, or part thereof, to Princeton, and from thence to New Brunswick. Part of the clothes and linen were sent home, and his wife's watch was delivered to her by Lieutenant Colonel Abercromby. On the 8th of December he left Tren ton, and took with him the signed public money, amounting to one thousand five hundred and four pounds and four shillings, with about one thousand pounds more in trust in his hands as an executor. The public money he paid to the treasurer, Mr. Smith, and placed the other money in such secure places as were in his power, none of which was lost. On Saturday, the 14th of December, he learned that his wife and family were in the most distressed condition with sickness ; his wife sent him word begging he would return home. He set out for home, and when about one mile from Crosswicks bridge he was met by John Leonard, Anthony Woodward, and about twenty others on horse back. Leonard presented a pistol at his breast, and said he had General Howe's order to take him prisoner, and used very vio lent language toward him, and detained him until Mr. Robert Pearson gave his parole that he should remain on his farm until they gave further orders. He remained at Mr. Pearson's until ordered home by one Mr. Brown, a Hessian lieutenant. He ap plied for a protection, which was granted by Colonel Rahl, on the 17th of December. He then inquired after his papers, and found part of them in Colonel Abercromby's lodgings in Prince ton, and afterwards received a part of them found by one Mr. Lester, and carried to Philadelphia. He sent a letter to Colonel Abercromby, which was delivered by his niece, Elizabeth G. White, requesting he would return his property and papers, par ticularly those belonging to Anderson's and other estates in trust in his hands, and received an answer that they could not be delivered with propriety until they knew the part he would take or act. The above facts were affirmed to by Samuel Abbott, before Ephraim Harris, on the 17th day of January, 1777. Randle Mitchell was also sworn, and upon his examination testified that Colonel Abercromby, with five hundred men, came to his house on Sunday, the 8th of December, and stayed there until the Saturday following ; on Tuesday or Wednesday after 298 HISTORY OF TRENTON. they first came, some officers in the room where he was showed him some letters directed to Mr. Tucker ; he asked them where they got the letters, and they told him they had information of Mr. Tucker's goods, and that they were concealed in Trenton ; the same evening he was called into Colonel Abercromby's room, who asked him if he knew one Samuel Tucker ; he an swered he did-; the colonel then asked him about the character and situation of Mr. Tucker, and whether he was not a violent rebel ; he answered that Mr. Tucker was a man of character and considerable fortune as he understood ; that he was a member of the provincial congress, and had been president thereof; that he had formerly been sheriff of Hunterdon county and a mem ber of assembly, but believed he had never been a violent rebel, for he understood he (Mr. Tucker) had been the chief cause of the last clause being inserted in the constitution of New Jersey. The colonel then showed him a square black trunk, with a great number of papers and parchment deeds, and said he must have been a man of considerable consequence. They asked him to look at some of the deeds, &c; he told them there was no use in his looking at them ; they then pointed to a large parcel of printed paper on the floor, and told him to look what a fine par cel of money they had got. It appeared to be about a ream 0 paper. They then took up some half sheets and counted how much a sheet amounted to. They contained twenty pounds and two shillings each. They then gave him some of the money' and desired him to look at it, which he did, and found it signed by only two signers, and did not know it ought to be signed by more ; they asked him what he would give for it, and he said he would not give anything for it, and looked on it as not worth anything. He asked what they intended to do with Mr. Tuck er's papers and money ; the colonel answered he would pack them in the trunk again and send them to General Howe. The state treasury, in 1803, was kept in the cellar of a build ing wherethe store of Messrs. Dunn & Ashton now stands, No. 74 Warren street. The first robbery of the state treasury occurred on the 21st of July, 1768. It was then kept by Stephen Skinner, at the city of Perth Amboy. The amount stolen at that time was six thousand HISTORY OF TRENTON. 2gg five hundred and seventy pounds nine shillings and four-pence. The second robbery occurred on the 9th of December, 1776. The treasury was kept by Samuel Tucker, at Trenton. It was done by order of Colonel Abercromby. On Friday, the 21st of October, 1803, at two o'clock in the morning, occurred the great robbery of the state treasury, the particulars of which are hereby given. This was the third time it had been robbed within the pre ceding twenty-five years — the time before this being by the British army, by order of General Abercromby. The house of assembly appointed Messrs. Joseph Cooper, William Coxe, and Ezra Darbly a committee to examine into the robbery committed on the treasury of this state; the council appointed Messrs. William Parret and Peter D. Vroom for the same purpose, on October 25th, 1803, and on the 9th of November they submitted a lengthy report, which was read and laid over, and on Friday, the nth of November, the report of the joint committee ap pointed to examine into the robbery, together with several depo! sitions and statements thereunto annexed, was presented. The following was the affidavit of Mr. Salter, made before the committees of the two houses : " James Salter, Esquire, treasurer of the state, maketh oath, that on the morning of Friday, the 21st of October, 1803, about two o'clock, he heard a noise in the yard at the back part of the house ; when he first heard it he was doubtful whether it proceeded from rats, with which the house is much infested, or from his mare in the stable. After a few minutes he got up and dressed himself; he lighted the candle by a lamp which was usually kept burning in his chamber, and went down stairs with an intention of discovering the cause of the noise. He was pre vented from awakening Mrs. Salter, from an apprehension of alarming her, as she had been frightened the night before ; on descending the stairs, and proceeding to the back door, he ob served the door of the southwest back room (which was usually kept shut), to be open ; on entering this room he perceived a small window on the south side to be up, and the shutter open. He was then alarmed by an apprehension of thieves having en tered the house, and at the same moment hearing a rustling noise 30O HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. behind him, he turned around and discovered four men, who were within three feet of him. After a momentary pause one of them addressed him in a low tone of voice, cautioned him against making a noise, said the money was their object, and that unless he opened the iron chest, they would immediately put him to death, or words to that . effect. Seeing no means of resistance or escape, he opened the office door and the iron chest, the keys of both being in his pocket, except one of the padlock keys of the chest, which was in a case in the office. At this time, the man who appeared to be the leader of the gang cautioned him against making a noise in opening the chest which might awaken any of the family, under pain of immediate death. The same man then waved his hand for him to retire from the chest ; he moved back and sat down ; one of the men stood near him with a drawn weapon, and three others were em ployed, with their backs towards him, in examining the contents of the chest. In a short time the leader came to him, and asked ¦him if a bag which he held in his hand, together with a number of bundles of bank notes, contained all that description of money that was in the treasury. He told him it did, and by way of accounting for there being no more notes in the chest, told him that most persons preferred receiving payment in notes, from their being of more convenient carriage. The man then returned to the chest, and took out several bags, apparently five or six, containing from four to seven hundred dollars each, and placed them on the floor near the chest. After this, the same leader, turning to his comrades, demanded of them what ought to be done with him, (the deponent), to prevent him from tell ing tales, as he expressed himself; the man who stood as a guard over the deponent, turned towards a trunk cord which hung on a nail over the chimney, and took it down and handed it to the leader, who cut it in several pieces ; he then tied the deponent around the ankles, knees, and hands, with his arms behind him, and gagged him by putting the key stick used in opening the chest, through his mouth, with the ends tied by strings, which were fastened around his neck. They then laid the deponent on the floor on his side, with his face towards the back part of the room. The deponent then heard them take up several of HISTORY OF TRENTON. 30I the bags of silver, with which they left the room, locking the door which communicated with the entry, and went out through the back door, which the deponent thought he heard close after them. From the time the thieves first entered the house until they left it, the deponent thinks was about a quarter of an hour. They left the candle near the door, on a chest. After struggling nearly an hour, the deponent managed to change his position, and with difficulty got to the door, which he kicked some time with his stocking feet, until the noise awakened the family. When Mrs. Salter came to the door, he was very much exhausted, and found great difficulty in conveying to her a knowledge of his situation, from the impossibility of articulating with the gag in his mouth. Mrs. Salter not finding the key in the door, went back to her chamber, the window of which she opened, and by loud and repeated screams, alarmed Mr. Hunt, the next neigh bor, who came to his assistance, and broke open the door by knocking the lower panel out. Mr. Hunt and a negro woman (a servant in the house of the deponent), then untied and cut the ropes and strings which had been used to bind and gag him. His great weakness from the violence of his treatment, added to the impaired state of his health, obliged him to go to bed im mediately after. Mr. Hunt, at his request, put a bag of silver, which the thieves had left on the floor, into the chest, which he locked, and the keys of which he took with him. " The deponent has no knowledge of any one of the thieves, they having kept their faces hid by their round black hats and by their, great coats; they uniformly spoke in a low, whispering tone of voice. He fancied their leader's voice to denote him to be of German extraction, but of this he can form tut an imperfect idea, from their extreme caution in speaking low. The deponent recollects that three of the men had on dark-colored great coats, and the other was without one. The person who acted as the leader appeared to be about five feet nine inches high, two about five feet eight inches, and the fourth about five feet six inches ; one of them had on half boots, and the others shoes. About ten o'clock on the day of the robbery, the deponent recollecting that a large sum, amounting to about sixteen thousand dolors in bank notes and about one thousand 2c 302 HISTORY OF TRENTON. dollars in gold, was deposited in the bottom of the till of the chest, requested Mr. Hunt that the chest might be examined, which was accordingly done, as he was informed, in the presence of General Beatr,y, Mr. Peter Gordon, and Mr. James Ewing, when the bag containing the notes was found under the bags of silver at the bottom of the till. "James Salter. " Sworn to and subscribed at Trenton, this 2d day of Novem ber, 1803, before me. "James Ewing." The report of the committee was taken up the same day, and while under consideration a message was received from the house, through Mr. Wilson, their clerk, of the passage of a resolution offering two thousand five hundred dollars reward for the appre hension and conviction of one or more of the robbers of the state treasury, in addition to the reward of five hundred dollars offered by Mr. Salter, in which the council refused its concur rence. On Tuesday, November 8th, 1803, James Salter resigned the office of treasurer, and Peter Gordon was appointed by the legislature in joint meeting. November nth, 1803, the following was passed by the house but the senate refused to concur : "Resolved, That the governor of this state be authorized to issue his proclamation, offering a reward of two thousand five hundred dollars, in addition to the reward already offered by the treasurer, for the apprehension and conviction of one or more of the robbers of the state treasury." February 18th, 1804, John Voorhees and Benjamin Yard pre sented a petition in behalf of themselves and others, praying compensation for the expense, trouble, and loss of time sus tained in their endeavors to apprehend and bring to justice the robbers of the treasury of this state, which was referred to a committee. In the "Gazette" of March 12th, 1783, is the following ad vertisement : HISTORY OF TRENTON. ,„, 3° 3 " On Wednesday, the 2d of April next, will be opened a dancing school at the Arms of France, in this town, by- Mr. D'Ossiere, a gentleman who attends the dancing school of the French Academy in Philadelphia. The character and abilities of this gentleman are so well established in Philadelphia, that those who shall have any desire to be instructed by him have only to inquire there themselves. The said school will continue a sufficient time to complete two or three quarters in that year, and the terms will be the same as in Philadelphia. The school will be alternately in Princeton, if any can be formed in that place. All sorts of dances, the most in fashion, will be taught, but principally the graces and manners. "If the inhabitants should have any desire, the director of the said academy will be very happy in procuring them also, for the same reason, a very able master in the French and other foreign languages." April 16th, 1783, the following appears : "One of the dancing masters of the French Academy of Philadelphia has arrived at this place, and will have the pleasure to open the dancing school on Monday next, at three o'clock in the afternoon, agreeable to the late advertisement of the direc tor. " Those gentlemen and ladies that please to favor him with their custom will please to call at the Arms of France, where they may expect good attendance at one guinea entrance, and one half-joe per quarter. ' ' On the 24th of December, 1777, appears the following adver- vertisement : "Just published and now selling, by John Dunlap, at his printing office, in Queen street, Lancaster, " Father Abraham's Almanack, "For the year of our Lord 1778. "The astronomical calculations, we are informed by the inge nious David Rittenhouse, A. M., of this state, can be implicitly relied on." This we believe was the first almanac published in the United States. ,04 HISTORY OF TRENTON. In the same year the Burlington Almanac was published. On the 31st of January, 1778, we find the Court of Admiralty was held in Trenton, at the house of Ranssalear Williams. September 23d, 1778, the following advertisement appears: "To be sold, the very valuable plantation whereon the Conti nental Ferry is kept, about one mile below Trenton; it contains between six and seven hundred acres, has a very great proportion . of meadow and a sufficiency of woodland. It has every requi site to recommend it to the gentleman or farmer; amongst which are its pleasant situation, rich meadows, ferry, orchards, fishery, large fish-pond, wherein one thousand sturgeon maj be kept, and great front on the river Delaware, a part of which is very suitable for a town, as it has beautiful high banks and lays below the falls. If the plantation is disposed of, all the stock and farming utensils, with part of the household furniture, all new and very elegant, will be sold. For terms, apply to the subscriber, on the premises. "William Trent." This plantation of Judge Trent's covered the entire fourth ward, and part of the third ward, and extended north of the Assanpink to Front street. "December 2d, 1778, Joseph Borden begs leave to inform the public that his stage-boat will sail from the Crooked Billet wharf, at Philadelphia, every Saturday evening or Sunday morn ing, (as the tide may serve), for Borden-Town ; and that a wagon will proceed from thence to Brunswick, on Monday morning, and return to Borden-Town the day following, from whence the stage-boat will proceed on Wednesday to the Crooked Billet wharf. "Goods and passengers will be conveyed with care and con venience as heretofore. "Joseph Borden." February 25th, 1778, the printing office was removed to Tren ton. On the 25th of October, 1780, Isaac Collins advertises as just published, and to be sold wholesale and retail, at the print ing office, a neat edition of the New Testament, printed from good type, and on good paper. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 305 In 1780, the following was published : "A DIALOGUE BETWEEN SATAN AND ARNOLD. " Quoth Satan to Arnold, my worthy good fellow, I love you much better than ever I did : You live like a prince, with Hal may yet mellow ; But mind that you both do just what I bid. " Quoth Arnold to Satan, my friend, do not doubt me ! I will strictly adhere to all your great views ; To you I'm devoted, with all things about me — You'll permit me, I hope, to die in my shoes." The following advertisement appeared November ist, 1780 : "The public are hereby informed that the Continental Ferry across the Delaware, at Trenton, is removed from the upper to the lower ferry ; of which all persons in public employ having occasion to pass the said ferry are to take notice — where good boats and careful attendance is continued for the convenience of private travelers also. "Trenton, October 25th, 1780." This upper ferry was situated at the foot of Calhoun's lane, above where the new Delaware bridge now stands ; and the lower ferry was below the present old Delaware bridge, at what is now the steamboat landing. "TRENTON AND ELIZABETH-TOWN STAGE. "The subscribers take this method to inform the publick, that they have erected a compleat stage-waggon to go from this city to Trenton and Elizabeth-Town, passing through Bristol ; they flatter themselves that the mode they have taken to com pleat the journey, with ease and despatch, cannot fail giving satisfaction to those who please to favor them with their custom. The stage to set off from the Conestogoe- Waggon, in Market street, betwixt Fourth and Fifth streets, Philadelphia, every Monday and Thursday mornings, precisely at six o'clock, and to reach Princeton the same day, there to meet another stage, change passengers, and reach Elizabeth-Town the next day, and so compleat the journey in two days. "The price for each passenger is thirty shillings specie, or the 2c* 3o6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. value in other money, and the same for any baggage weighing one hundred and fifty pounds. " Edward Young and "ICHABOD GRUMMOND. " N. B. No run goods to be admitted in this stage, nor sealed letters, unless directed to gentlemen of the army of the United States." Here is another stage running to the same place. "ELIZABETH-TOWN STAGE-WAGGON. " The subscribers inform the Publick, that they have pro vided a convenient Flying Stage-Waggon, with four horses at the end of every twenty miles, suitable for carrying passengers and their baggage ; and to engage to go two trips in every week from Philadelphia to Elizabeth-Town, with this flying stage, after the 20th of May, 1781, and so continue till timely notice is given to the publick — will set out from the Bunch of Grapes, in Third street, between Market and Arch streets, in the rising of the sun, breakfast at the Four-Lanes-End, shift horses, cross ' the new ferry just above Trenton falls, dine at Jacob Bergen's, at Princeton, shift horses, lodge at Brunswick; the next day at Elizabeth-Town at ten o'clock in the forenoon. " The same, every Tuesday and Friday, will set out from Doc tor Winan's tavern, in Elizabeth-Town, precisely at three o'clock in the afternoon, for Brunswick ; the next days, every Wednes day and Saturday, will breakfast at Princeton, dine at the Four- Lanes-End, from thence to Philadelphia. "The price for each passenger, from Philadelphia to Eliza beth-Town, to be forty shillings in gold or silver, or the value thereof in other money ; and the like sum for one hundred and fifty weight of baggage ; and the same sum from Elizabeth-Town to Philadelphia, and so in proportion according to the length of the way and weight. " The subscribers beg leave to return their thanks to all gen tlemen and ladies who have been pleased to favor them with their custom, and hope for a continuance of the same, and they HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3o7 may depend on the punctual attendance of their humble ser vants. " Gershom Johnson and "James Drake. "April 30th, 1 781." Thus, under the then existing mode of travel, two entire days were consumed between Trenton and Elizabethtown. The owners of this flying stage-wagon, however, returned their thanks to those who patronized them. June 19th, 1781, Philemon Dickinson and Lambert Cadwala der advertised to receive subscriptions to the National Bank for the United States of America. "The owner of the ferry known by the name of the Trenton Old Ferry, on the post-road leading to Philadelphia, and where the public cross, provided the said ferry with the best boats that have been constructed for safety in the transportation of passen gers and horses and carriages in time of freshets, wind, or ice, and employs a number of careful hands who work the boats, and who are always punctual on the spot. The rates of ferriage are as follows, viz., Wagon and four horses, five shillings; wagon and two horses, three shillings nine-pence ; a chair, three shillings six-pence ; man and horse, six-pence ; foot passengers, three-pence; and all other ferriages in proportion." July nth, 1781, appeared the following: " The subscribers having furnished themselves with good boats at the new ferry, a little above the falls and almost opposite Tren ton, and the distance being nearly the same from Bristol to Trenton to go by this or Colvin's, all persons who will please to favor them with their custom, may depend on an easy and safe passage, at the following rates, which are as low as they were twenty years ago, viz., Wagon and four horses, four shillings six-pence; wagon with two horses, three shillings six-pence; horse and chair, one shilling six-pence ; man and horse, six pence ; a footman, three-pence ; and all other ferriages in like proportion. , " Travelers who come from Bristol the new road are requested to turn to the left at the twenty-nine-mile-stone, which is about three-quarters of a mile- from the ferry ; and those from the 3o8 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. eastward are to turn to the right at the market-house in Trenton, which is about a quarter of a mile." In the year 1791, Mr. Isaac Collins issued from his printing office, corner of Second (now State) and Queen (now Greene) streets, a large quarto Bible, of nine hundred and eighty-four pages, uniform with the Oxford edition of the Holy Scriptures, to which was added an index, also scripture measures, weights, and coins. The price of the book was four Spanish dollars; one dollar to be paid at the time of subscribing, and the remain der on delivery of the book. Three thousand copies were published. On Thursday, March 4th, 1761, the Presbyterian congregation of Hopewell, in the county of Hunterdon, represented to the legislature that their meeting-house in Pennington was in a ruinous state, and utterly unfit for public worship, and that their congregation was unable to raise money to repair the same, and therefore prayed that the house would grant them leave to bring in a bill to empower them to institute a lottery in order to raise sufficient funds to repair the said meeting-house. At this time this was a customary way of raising money for church and other purposes, for at the same session several acts were passed for raising money by lottery for building and re pairing churches for other denominations as well as Presbyterian, and also for the College of New Jersey. In 1766, the stone bridge across the Assanpink, adjoining the mills of Robert Lettis Hooper, was built by the inhabitants of the county of Hunterdon and the township of Nottingham. Tuesday, October 31st, 1769, a petition was presented to the house of assembly, from the minister, church wardens, and ves trymen of the Episcopal Church of St. Michael, in Trenton, and from the elders, deacons, and congregation of the Presby terian Church of the same place, setting forth that, the said churches had been built and supported for many years by the voluntary contribution of the members of each ; that they were wholly unable to support the ministers, purchase a house and glebe for each, and make the necessary repairs to said churches; and praying an act to enable the petitioners to raise, by way of lottery, the sum of one thousand six hundred pounds, for the HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 30g purpose aforesaid, and that certain persons in the petition named might be appointed managers. On Friday, November 18th, 1791, a bill was introduced into the house, empowering the trustees of the Presbyterian Church, and the minister, wardens, and vestry of the Episcopal Church of this place, to raise money by lottery, but it was rejected on Wednesday, November 23d. January 25th, 1813, a petition from the trustees of the Pres byterian Church was presented to the house, praying to be authorized to raise a certain sum of money by way of lottery, which was referred to the committee on the subject of lotteries, and on the 28th they reported that it was inexpedient to grant their request. In the early part of the session of 181 1, sundry inhabitants of Hunterdon and Burlington counties presented a petition rela tive to the removal of the sand-bar on Perriwig Island below Lamberton, which was referred to a committee of the house, who, on the 7th of February, reported that " from the informa tion the committee had received, it was evident that the said sand-bar was a considerable obstruction and injury to the navi gation of the said river, and that its removal would be of great public advantage ; that towards the accomplishment of this object, legislative interference is solicited, first, in furnishing pecuniary aid to the undertaking ; secondly, in affording liberty to enter upon and remove the obstructions, the river being con sidered a public highway under legislative control ; that with respect to the first, the sum necessary to remove the obstructions is estimated at from ten to fifteen thousand dollars; that the legislature can only furnish this in one of two ways, either by a grant from the treasury, which, as the funds therein are raised by taxes equally from every part of the state, they do not believe the legislature would be willing to make to a purpose in which much the greatest part of the state can have no immediate inter est ; or by a lottery, which, from the opposition already mani fested to this mode of raising money for local objects, the com mittee presume the house is not prepared to allow ; that with respect to the second point on which legislative interference is requested, the committee conceive it reasonable and right that 3IO HISTORY OF TRENTON. the desire of the applicants should be granted, and therefore recommend that they have leave to present a bill, giving the liberty of entering upon the said public highway and removing the said obstruction." And on the nth a bill was introduced entitled " An act for improving the navigation of the river Del aware," which passed the house unanimously on the 14th The bill was then amended and passed by council on the 16th, and on the 1 8th it passed the house unanimously. CHAPTER XVIII. State House — State Library — -State Librarians — Government House — Encroachment upon State Property by Citizens of Trenton— Water Works— John Fitch, the Inventor of the Steamboat "City of Trenton — Wards — Borough of South Trenton — Congress — Elections — Model Message of the Gov ernor — Resolution Fire Company — Trenton and New Bruns wick Turnpike Company — Lottery to remove Obstructions in the Delaware. IN his message to the house September nth, 1776, Governor Livingston recommended the fixing of the seat of govern ment in some convenient and plentiful part of the state, and on Wednesday, November 16th, 1791, a bill was introduced in the house of assembly entitled "An act to provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of the legislature and public offices of the state. ' ' On the 1 8th of the same month the bill was taken up, and an effort made to amend it by striking out Trenton and inserting New Brunswick and Woodbury, which was not agreed to, and on Saturday, November 19th, it passed the house, and on Tues day, the 22d, it passed the council. November 25th, 1790, the seat of government was fixed at Trenton. November 22d, 1791, Joseph Cooper, Thomas Lowery, James Ewing, Maskell Ewing, George Anderson, James Mott, and Moore Furman' were appointed commissioners, with power to purchase or accept such quantity of land at the seat of govern ment as they might deem proper for the use of the state, and pro vide suitable buildings for the accommodation of the legislature of the state; and they were authorized to draw on the treasurer for 3I2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. any sums not exceeding fifteen hundred pounds, and were authorized to accept grants of money for the purposes aforesaid. November 16th, 1792, the house appointed Benjamin Van cleve, of Hunterdon, John Burgin, of Cumberland, and Joseph Stillwell, of Monmouth, and on the 17th, council appointed John Condict, of Essex, a committee to settle the accounts of the commissioners, who, on the 27th of the same month, sub mitted the following report : "Trenton, November 27th, 1791. "We, the committee from the council and assembly for the purpose of examining the accounts and vouchers of the com missioners appointed by a law of this state, passed the twenty- second day of November, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, to provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of the legislature, having carefully inspected the same, do report, that the said commissioners have received at sundry times, out of the treasury of this state, the sum of three thousand five hundred pounds ; and for several articles sold, belonging to the state, twelve pounds fifteen shillings and eleven-pence half-penny ; and also from the inhabitants of Trenton and the vicinity, by subscrip tion, the sum of three hundred pounds eighteen shillings and six pence in cash, together with land and materials for building, to the value of three hundred and forty pounds nine shillings and five- pence, exclusive of the said materials. And it appears to the com mittee, by the accounts of the said commissioners, and the vouchers produced to us from No. 1 to 129, and from No. o to 34, that they have expended in erecting the said building the sum of three thou sand eight hundred and twenty pounds nineteen shillings and five- pence half-penny; and that there is a balance due to the said commissioners of five shillings. And further, it appears to the committee that there are demands against the said commissioners from sundry persons, for materials for said building and work manship, to the amount of one hundred and seventy pounds eighteen shillings and seven-pence, specie. "John Condict, "Benjamin Vancleve, "Joseph Stillwell,' "John Burgin." HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3!3 Which report was received and adopted by both houses. November 2d, 1796, Messrs. Peter De Vroom, of Somerset county, Stephen Burrows, of Flunterdon, and Peter Smith, of Sussex, were appointed a committee on the part of the house, for the purpose of settling the accounts of Benjamin Smith, Esq., commissioner appointed by law to build suitable offices for the secretary and clerk of the Supreme Court, and also the accounts of the commissioners appointed by law to erect suitable accommodations for the legislature; and Thomas Sinnickson, of Salem, was appointed on the part of council, and on November 4th, they reported " that the commissioner had expended in finish ing the said offices the sum of three hundred and ten pounds nine shillings and eleven-pence, and that the said commissioner hath received from the treasurer one hundred and twenty pounds ; that he hath sold sundry articles belonging to the state, to the amount of twenty pounds twelve shillings and nine:pence, and that there remains a balance due the said commissioner of one hundred and sixty-nine pounds seventeen shillingsand two-pence. "Thomas Sinnickson, " Peter De Vroom, "Stephen Burrows, ' ' ' Peter Smith. ' ' On the same day the committee made the following report : "That they had examined the accounts of the commissioners appointed by an act to provide suitable buildings for the accom modation of the legislature, passed the 2 2d day of November, 1 79 1, and that the said commissioners have expended in finish ing the State House, the sum of seven hundred and twenty-nine pounds and ten shillings ; that the said commissioners have re ceived of the treasurer five hundred pounds ; that they have sold sundry articles belonging to the state to the amount of thirty- one pounds seven shillings and eight-pence, and that there re mains a balance due to the said commissioners of one hundred and ninety-eight pounds two shillings and four-pence. " Thomas Sinnickson, " Peter De Vroom, " Stephen Burrows, " Peter Smith." 2d 3i4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. November 4th, 1797, it was resolved by the house that a committee be appointed to inquire what repairs are necessary to be made to the State House, and whether it is expedient to en close and level the lot belonging to the same, and what sum ought to be appropriated for the said purpose. January 19th, 1799, at the request of Moore Furman, who was appointed to enclose the State House lot, the following com mittee was appointed to examine and settle his accounts : Messrs. Joseph Budd, of Burlington, Joseph Shinn, of Salem, and William Kunkle, of Sussex, on the part of the house, and Messrs. Peter De Vroom, of Somerset, and John Lambert, of Hunter don, on the part of the council, and on the 29th they made the following report : "That we have examined the vouchers of the said Moore Furman, commissioner, from No. 1 to No. 63, inclusive, and the account accompanying the same, and find a balance due to the said Moore Furman, (including his commissions of five per cent., amounting to thirty-seven pounds nineteen shillings and nine-pence, and deducting three hundred and seventy-five pounds, which he acknowledges to have received from the treas urer), of three hundred and eighty pounds fourteen shillings and -eight-pence; that the sum necessary to complete the intention of the legislature in his appointment, according to his estimate, will be seven hundred and thirty-five dollars and sixty-six cents, and that & further sum of four hundred and ten dollars will be necessary for paving around the State House with brick, and for sand and gravel to raise the ground and stone to secure the brick. "Peter De Vroom, "John Lambert, " Joseph Budd, "William Runkle, "Joseph Shinn." On the 4th of February, the sum of two hundred and eighty- five dollars and sixty-six cents was appropriated for completing the parts of the work already begun. November 4th, Abraham Kitchell and- Joseph Stillwell re ported " that they had examined the accounts and vouchers of HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. - , . Moore Furman, appointed by the act of February 19th last, to complete the State House yard, and find that there appears to be a balance due the said Moore Furman of twenty-eight pounds two shillings and one penny, equal to seventy-four dollars and ninety-five cents." November 20th, a resolution was passed by the house that David Wrighter should, in the recess of the legislature, have the grass on the State House lot as a compensation for taking care of said lot and watering the trees, and the council rejected it, and it was passed the second time, and again rejected by council. November 3d, 1801, Messrs. Peter Gordon, of Hunterdon, Samuel W. Harrison, of Gloucester, and Gershom Dunn, of Middlesex, were appointed a committee to examine what repairs are necessary to be made to the State House, and on the 4th they reported " that the platform and banisters at each end of the house, the belfry, window frames, and sashes, all should be im mediately painted over to preserve the wood from decaying, as they observe the paint chiefly washed off; also, new steps on the north side, and some small repairs to the steps on the south side, together with a new cellar door frame, which repairs, it is sup posed by the best information they can obtain, will amount to two hundred dollars." November 3d, 1803, it was resolved by the general assembly "that a committee be appointed to inquire into the cause and con duct of the mob assembled in Trenton in the month of Febru ary last, and also by whose direction or approbation the State House was occupied as a ball room on the 4th of July, and of the riot in Trenton in said month, and whether the magistrates of Trenton used all due diligence in suppressing said disorders; and likewise whether any and how many of the principal inhab itants of said town, as far as can be ascertained, appeared at the time to approve or discountenance such conduct, and that they report to this house their opinion thereon, and what measures, if any, would be proper in order to prevent such disorders in the future; and that the committee have power to send for such evi dences as they think necessary." If^ember ioth, the following was passed by the house, and on the same day by the council : 3I6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. " Resolved, That on the adjournment of the legislature, the clerk of assembly and Moore Furman, Esq., or either of them, be requested to take charge of the State House, with directions not to permit it to be occupied for any other purpose than for the accommodation of the constituted authorities for which it was erected." November nth, a resolution was passed by both houses, placing the State House yard in the care of James J. Wilson, re serving the use of the buildings in the said yard for the neces sary occasions of the officers of government. James J. Wilson was clerk of the assembly. March 3d, 1806, a law was passed appointing commissioners to make certain repairs to the State House, to provide and hang a suitable bell, &c. November 3d, 1807, the commissioners reported " that the ceiling of the council room had been repaired in such manner as appears durable and safe ; that the outside covering of the wings of the house being found defective, new coverings of boards have been put on, in such a manner, the commissioners believe, as to completely exclude the water for a considerable length of time ; had the appropriation been permitted, the commissioners would have thought it their duty to have had it covered with copper, and they would recommend that this should be done to make the coverings durable and water-proof; that the platform of the cupola has been covered, first with boards, and afterwards with copper, and all the leaks that could be discovered in the roof have been stopped ; that a bell has been procured and hung, the workmanship of which appears to be well executed, and is as large as the limits prescribed by law would allow, weighing three hundred and eighty-one pounds ; that the various expenses incurred in effecting these objects having employed all the money appropriated, and, indeed, rather exceeded the appropriation, they have not thought it their duty to procure a carpet for the Supreme Court room, as mentioned in the law. "Peter Gordon, " Ellet TuCKER,^k "James J. Wilson, " Commissioners." HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. - x y On the same day a resolution was adopted requesting them to proceed to the completion of the duties assigned them, by pro viding a suitable carpet to cover the floor of the Supreme Court room. February 19th, 1813, a bill was passed by the house to pro vide for the paving of the walks in front of the State House. A bill was passed by the legislature authorizing the construc tion on the corner of State and Delaware streets of buildings for the offices of the secretary of state and clerk of the Supreme Court. These offices were one story brick buildings, located on the northeast corner of the State House yard, the entrance to which was on Delaware street, and the end office, towards the river, had an exit into the State House yard, near which was an iron gate leading into Delaware street. They were removed when the new building was erected, and provision was made in it for these offices. The clerk in chancery had a one story brick building in State street on the government lot, on the spot on the corner of State and Chancery streets now occupied 'by the Chancery Building. It took its name from the fact of the chancery office having previously occupied the same spot of ground. It was removed upon the completion of the new State House, when provision was also made in that building for the clerk of the Court of Chancery. On the 20th, the house passed a resolution appointing Richard L. Beatty, the clerk of the house, to take charge of the State House, with its appurtenances, during the recess of the legisla ture. On October 29th a report was made to the house "that the sum of two hundred and ten dollars- had been expended by Mr. Richard L. Beatty for removing the dirt and completing the pavement in front of the offices, fixing the curb-stones on the same, and in some necessary additions to the offices of the secre tary and clerk ; that said sum will be inadequate to the object, and that a further appropriation is necessary." On the 30th a bill passed the house to provide the means to complete this im- pro^nent, and on the 3d of November it passed the council. February 2d, 1815, a committee appointed to devise ways 2d* 3I8 HISTORY OF TRENTON. and means, and report a plan for rendering the hall in which the assembly sits for the discharge of public business, more com fortable, presented the following report : " That in the opinion of the committee, from a common six- plate stove placed under the floor of said hall, and enclosed with brick work, a column of heated air may be so introduced into the hall as to render it more comfortable, at a small ex pense, and thereby effecting a material saving of fuel, and that this improvement may be made so as to be perfectly consistent with the safety of the whole edifice. Further, that by the addi tion of two batten doors at the entrance of this hall, much cold air would be excluded." Whereupon they submitted to the house the following: "Resolved, That the- treasurer of this state, as soon as maybe practicable, procure a good six-plate stove, of cast iron, and have the same so enclosed with brick work as to introduce into this hall a column of heated air, or make such other improve ments for this purpose as he shall deem expedient ; and that he further cause a double batten door to be placed at the entrance of this hall ; that the said treasurer employ suitable persons to make the said improvements, and, when finished, to lay the bill before this house. "Resolved, That the treasurer be authorized to employ proper workmen to examine whether any or all the pillars in the hall of the assembly room can be removed without material injury to the State House, and make a report to the next legislature of the result, together with an estimate of the probable expense." June 5th, 1820, the following resolution was offered in the house, but not agreed to : "Resolved, That the Lombardy poplar wood in the State House yard be given to the door-keepers of council and assem bly, they paying the expense of trimming the trees and cutting the wood." June 8th, the following resolution was offered in the house, and laid on the table : "Resolved, That in order to aid Charles Higbee and ?icha- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3lg riah Rossell, Esq., in fulfilling the object of their appointment for planting trees in the yard of the State House, they be author ized to make sale of trees and wopd now standing and being on the premises, and after paying the expenses of cutting the same, to appropriate the residue of the proceeds for the objects of their appointment. ' ' April 2d, 1845, Samuel R. Gummere, Samuel R. Hamilton, and Stacy A. Paxson, were appointed commissioners "to cause a good and substantial roof to be put upon the State House, and to cause the stucco work, or rough-casting, to be removed and replaced with new work, in the style of the Mercer County Court-House ; to cause neat porticos to be placed over the north and south doors of said house, and such other repairs as they may deem necessary, and to have the grounds around the build ing properly fenced, graded, and planted with suitable orna mental trees." They were also to cause to be erected two buildings, fronting on Second street, of forty feet front by fifty-five feet deep, each. Each of said buildings to be divided into two offices, with suit able fire-proof vaults, for the accommodation of the secretary of state, the clerk of the Supreme Court, the clerk of the Court of Chancery, and the state treasurer. In 1848, very extensive additions were made to the State House. The rotunda was erected, as well as the buildings in front of it facing the street. The architect was John Nottman, of Philadelphia, and the builders were Joseph Whitaker and William Phillips, of this city. At that time material and labor was very cheap, and the buildings were completed at a cost of twenty-seven thousand dollars. On the northwest corner of the State House lot stood a frame building and lot of ground, and on the 20th of February, 1849; the legislature passed an act for the purchase of the same, appro priating the sum of four thousand five hundred dollars for that purpose. Samuel Mairs, state treasurer, Samuel R. Hamilton, quarter master-general, and Charles G. McChesney, secretary of state, 320 HISTORY OF TRENTON. were appointed commissioners to purchase the same, with power to sell or remove the building from off the grounds. February 20th, 1850, a joint resolution was passed authorizing the treasurer to cause the necessary fixtures and apparatus to be put up for lighting the State House with gas. March nth, 1853, it was ordered by resolution that the court rooms be lighted with gas. March 24th, 1863, the legislature appropriated ten thousand dollars to add a wing on the southerly side of the state capi- tol for a library and committee rooms, and the commissioners of the state library were appointed to have the work done. April 14th, 1864, an additional sum of sixteen^ thousand dollars was appropriated, and the act authorized, in addition to a library and committee rooms, an executive chamber, and rooms for other needful purposes. April 6th, 1865, five thousand dollars was appropriated to procure the necessary shelving and furniture for the new library room, and to make such alterations as may be necessary in the old library room for the accommodation of the United States courts, and to set apart some suitable room in the building for a jury room, and to procure the necessary furniture, carpeting, &c, for the new executive chamber and committee rooms, the same to be furnished in a neat and becoming manner. March 31st, 187 1, an act was passed -appointing Charles S. Olden, Thomas J. Stryker, and Lewis Perrine commissioners to erect an addition and make repairs to the State House. This addition is now being made, and is intended to extend the library, and build new rooms for the senate and general assembly, and to fit up the present legislative rooms for execu tive chambers and for offices for the adjutant-general, quarter master-general, comptroller, commissioners of the sinking fund, and attorney-general. The contractors for the stone work are Robert S. and William Johnston, of this city ; for the carpenter work, Frederick Titus and Robert M. Conrad, of this city ; for cast iron work, Samuel J. Creswell, of Philadelphia ; for wrought iron work, John E. Thropp, Duncan McKenzie, and Peter Wilkes, of this city, and for the plumbing work, Stephen K. Philbin, and John E. Eyan- son, of Philadelphia. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 3 , T Fifty thousand dollars was appropriated for this addition. Samuel Sloan, of Philadelphia, is the architect. The whole front of the State House lot is two hundred and forty-seven feet six inches, on State street. The whole depth from State street to low water mark is six hundred and sixty feet. Sold by Joseph Brittain and Susanna, his wife, to Joseph Coope,r, Thomas Lowry, James Ewing, Maskell Ewing, George Anderson, Moore Furman, and Richard Howell, commissioners appointed by the legislature, November 22d, 1791, for five shil lings, deed dated January 19th, 1792, containing two and a quarter acres. These lots are on the Delaware. Lot No. 1, facing on State street, was sold by Joseph Brittain and Susanna, his wife, to Paul Thorp, for twenty-five pounds, January 24th, 1786; and by Paul Thorp and Isabella, his wife, to William Reeder, for seventy-five pounds, March 4th, 1790; and by William Reeder and Priscilla, his wife, to the state commis sioners, for sixty-two pounds ten shillings, January 19th, 1792, containing one-quarter of an acre. Lot No. 2, also fronting on State street, was sold by Joseph Brittain and wife to John Emmerson, for twenty-five pounds, March 13th, 1784; and by John Emmerson to James Emmer son, for thirty pounds, March 13th, 1786; by James Emmerson and wife to George Ely, for thirty-seven pounds ten shillings, May ist, 1798 ; and by George Ely and Mary, his wife, to the state commissioners, for sixty pounds, January 19th, 1792, con taining one-quarter of an acre. , Lot No. 3, fronting on State street, was sold by Joseph Brit tain and wife to James Emmerson, September 13th, 1784, for twenty-five pounds ; and by James Emmerson and wife to George Ely, May ist, 1788, for thirty-seven pounds and ten shillings, and by George Ely and wife to the state commissioners, for sixty pounds, January 19th, 1792, containing one-quarter of an acre. A lot was subsequently bought of Mrs. Mary McCall, eighty- two feet six inches front on State street, and running the same depth as the other three lots. The whole land contains three and three-quarter acres, and 322 HISTORY OF TRENTON. the entire cost was two hundred and fifty pounds and five shil lings. The whole length on State street is two hundred and forty- seven feet six inches ; depth on Delaware street to low water mark, six hundred and sixty feet, as surveyed by William C. Howell, September 16th, 1845. November 25th, 1794, a bill was introduced into the house, entitled "An act for the removal and preservation of the public records of the state of New Jersey," which bill was. considered on the 27th, and referred to Messrs. Aaron Kitchell, of Morris county, Henry Southard, of Somerset, John Blackwood, of Gloucester, Joseph Stillwell, of Monmouth, and Daniel Frazer, of Hunterdon, and on the ist of December, the committee reported, "that in their opinion a house to hold the public records ought to be built on the State House lot, in Trenton, the size of which shall be thirty feet by twenty-four feet, with three rooms on the floor, two of which shall be arched, in order to secure the records from fire ; which building shall be one story high, and built of brick or stone ; and that the treasurer of this state be requested to advertise for proposals for erecting and completing said building, and to lay such proposals before the legislature at their sitting, in order to give time to receive such proposals ; and your committee are further of opinion, that the records in the secretary's office, at Burlington, ought not to be removed until all the papers lodged in that office for record ing be duly entered on record. "By order of the committee. "Aaron Kitchell."- The bill was postponed until the next session, when it was again taken up, and referred to Messrs. Benjamin Manning, of Middlesex county, David Frazer, of Hunterdon, and Ebenezer Elmer, of Cumberland, who, on the 16th of February, 1795, reported the bill under the following title: "An act for the renewal of the secretary's office, and for the preservation of the public records of the state of New Jersey;" and on the 27th the bill passed the house, and on the 4th of March it was passed by council. March 18th, 1796, it was resolved that Maskell Ewing, clerk HISTORY OF TRENTON. -2- of the house of assembly, be directed to enter on the minutes of the house this day, the titles and names of the several books now belonging to the legislature ; and that he be further directed to procure, at the expense of the legislature, a suitable case for the keeping and preservation of such books ; and further also, that he be responsible to the legislature for the safe keeping and preservation of the same. The first mention we have of a state library is in the proceed ings of the legislature of October 28th, 1796, at which time the speaker laid before the house a copy of the journals of the senate of the United States, in the first session of the fourth congress, which was at that time nothing more than a case which Maskell Ewing had prepared by order of the house, as above stated. February 18th, 1804, the clerk was directed to procure for the use of the legislature eight copies of Jefferson's manual relative to the mode of conducting business in legislative bodies. On the same day a resolution was passed by the house to ap point a committee to report rules for the library belonging to the legislature, and for the preservation of the books ; also, that they make out a catalogue of the same and cause it to be printed, and that they report what books, if any, are necessary to be purchased. Messrs. William Coxe, of Burlington, Ezra Darley, of Essex, and John A. Scudder, of Monmouth, were appointed. February 23d, 1804, Mr. Coxe, from the committee appointed to make a catalogue of the books in the library belonging to the legislature, and to draft rules for the regulation of the same, reported by name one hundred and sixty-eight volumes, a large number of which were the laws of this and other states, journals of council and assembly, the minutes of the legislatures of other states, as well as the congress of the United States. They also recommended the following rules : " ist. That the books be put under the care of the clerk of the house of assembly, who shall provide a book in which each member of council or assembly shall enter the name or names of the books taken out by him, and the time of taking out. " 2d. That none but the members of the legislature be per mitted to take out books, and that the members consider them- 324 HISTORY OF TRENTON. selves bound not to take a book from the State House without entering the name of it in the library book. "3d. That a stamp be prepared with which the words New Jersey legislature be branded on each book, with a number to each set to be marked on the back. " 4th. That the list of books shall be printed in the votes of the house of assembly, with these rules, for the information of the members. "5th. That the clerk of the house and the clerk of council be required to cause the copies of the laws of the United States, transmitted by the general government, and which have been retained by the two houses, to be bound in the same manner as the first four volumes, and to proceed in the same manner in future. "6th. That the clerk of the house of assembly be required to have the laws of this state, and journals and votes reserved for the use of the house, to be bound in the same manner, and that the secretary be requested to do the same with those of council. " 7th. All the binding to be of leather, strong and neat, and as nearly as can be, similar to that of the laws of the United States." These rules were adopted by the house February 29th, 1804, and on the same day they were adopted by council. October 23d, 1804, Governor Bloomfield, in his message to the house, informed them that the journals of the senate and house of representatives, the fifth volume of the laws of Penn sylvania, and a copy of the acts of the legislatures of Ohio, Ken tucky, and North Carolina had been received, and placed in the library of the legislature of this state. At the session of 1803, the secretary of council and clerk of the general assembly were directed by a resolution of both houses to have the laws of the United States and of this state, and the journals of council and minutes of assembly, bound; and at the session of 1804, on the 26th of October, they reported "that on examining the library they were able to find but one complete set of the laws of this state, which they have had bound ; that of the laws of the United States, five complete sets were found, which are also bound ; that of the journals of council, six sets, and of the minutes of assembly, eight sets, were com pleted and bound. The binding is well executed, with good HISTORY OF TRENTON. -2~ materials, and cost fifty cents per volume, or ten dollars alto gether." In 1 708, the laws and journals of congress, and the laws of sister states received during the year, were deposited in the library of this state, and three hundred and forty-two copies of the laws of the United States delivered to the treasurer for dis tribution. October 29th, 1813, Messrs. John Beatty, of Burlington, and Joseph Falkenbridge, of Cape May, were appointed on the part of council, and Jacob R. Hardenburgh, of Sussex, Mahlon Dick- erson, of Morris, and Ephraim Bateman, of Cumberland, were appointed a joint committee to examine the books and papers in the State Library, and report the same to the house, and make a catalogue of the same. On the 4th of February, 1813, the committee made the fol lowing report : "That on examining the State Library they are of opinion that to execute the duty assigned them will require more time than they can devote to it, and at the same time attend to their other duties in the house; and your committee beg leave to sub mit the following : "Resolved, That Richard L. Beatty, the clerk of this house, be requested to cause the books in the State Library to be assorted and placed in regular order on the shelves ; to inquire for and procure such books as may have been taken out of the same, and have them replaced in the library; and in cases where any volume or volumes have been lost, of any regular set of books, that he be authorized to procure others at the expense of the state, and that he be paid for his services by this house." On the ioth of February, 1813, the first act of the legislature was passed by the house, entitled "An act concerning the State Library. ' ' October 26th, 1814, Messrs. Samuel Bayard, of Somerset, Nicholas Mandeville, of Morris, and Robert M. Holmes, of Cape May, on the part of the house, and Messrs. Andrew Howell, of Somerset, and Caleb Earl, of Burlington, on the part of council, were appointed a committee to consider what rules were necessary for the preservation of the library. 2e 326 HISTORY OF TRENTON. This joint committee, on the 2d of November, reported the following : "1. That during the recess of the legislature, the library be confided to the special care of the secretary of state, whose duty it shall be not to suffer any book or books, pamphlets, maps, charts, or other documents to be taken therefrom, except by the governor or one of the members of council while sitting as a Court of Errors and Appeals, from whom respectively some memorandum in writing, signed by the person taking a book or other document from said library, be taken and reserved by said secretary until the book so taken be returned in like condition as when delivered out. "2. That during the sitting of the legislature, every member of the same desirous of a book or other document from said library is required to send or give a memorandum in writing containing the title of the book or document wanted, and signed with his hand, to the door-keeper of council, who is thereupon required to obtain such book or document, if in the library, for the person desiring the same, and to keep such memorandum until such book or document, if obtained, shall be returned. " 3. That at the close of the session of each legislature, it shall be the duty of the president of council to call on the door keeper of council to ascertain whether [there are any books or documents in the hands of either of the members of said houses not returned. And if such be the case, said president is hereby authorized to take such measures as he may judge pru dent and advisable for effecting the return of said books or other documents ; and for the service by these resolutions re quired, a compensation shall be allowed in the incidental bill." January 13th, 1815, the rules were considered by the house, and amended by inserting "the speaker of the house of assem bly" after the words "president of council," and also to add "to remind the members of their respective houses having books belonging to the state to return the same prior to their leaving the seat of the legislature," and on the 18th of January, the resolutions, as amended, were concurred in by council. November 16th, 1822, the legislature passed an act providing HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 327 for the appointment annually, by joint meeting, of a suitable person as librarian of the two houses. In 1836, the law library was kept in the Supreme Court room, and in 1837 the legislature passed an act authorizing the librarian to fit up a room adjoining the library, with appropriate fixtures, for the reception of books and papers belonging to the State Library. The following is a list of the state librarians from the formation of the library to the present time. I. Nov. 23, 1822. William L. Prall, Esq., appointed in joint meeting. 2, Oct. 31, 1823. Charles Parker, Esq., " " Oct. 29, 1824. " " re-appointed " Oct. 28, 1825. Nov. 9, 1826. " Oct. 26, 1827. Nov. 8, 1828. 3. Nov. 6, 1829. ' William Boswell, Esq,, appointed " Nov. 9, 1831. Feb. 27, 1833. 4. Oct. 25, 1833. Peter Forman, Esq., appointed " Oct. 31, 1834. " " re-appointed " Oct. 30, 1835. Oct. 28, 1836. " 5. Oct. 27, 1837. Charles C. Yard, Esq., appointed " Oct. 26, 1838. " " re-appointed " Oct. 25, 1839. " " " " Oct. 30, 1840. Oct. 2, 1841. Oct. 29, 1842. 6. Oct. 27, 1843. Peter Forman, Esq., appointed 7. Feb. 11, 1845. William DeHart, Esq., appointed " Jan. 29, 1846. " " re-appointed Jan. 19,1849. 8. Mar. 26, 1852. Sylvester Vansickle, Esq., appointed [Resigned in May, 1853.] 9. May 30, 1853. Hon. Charles J. Ihrie, appointed by Governor Fort. Feb. 1, 1854. " " " " in j°mt meeting. Feb. 19, 1857. " " " re-appointed Mar. 15, i860. Mar. 11, 1863. " " " " 10. Feb. 21, 1866. Clarence J. Mulford, Esq., appointed II. Mar. 25, 1869. Jeremiah Dally, Esq., 328 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. March' 8th, 1798, the house passed an act entitled "An act to provide a house for the residence of the governor of this state," and on the 9th it passed the council. March 4th, 1801, Messrs. Benjamin Vancleve, of Hunterdon, Jonathan Bowen, of Cumberland, and John Hass, of Hunterdon, were appointed a committee to examine and report what repairs would be necessary to be done to the government house and property, and on the 5 th they reported " that they had exam ined the same, and were of opinion that provision ought to be made to make the said repairs. An estimate being made by a workman to answer the said purpose, amounting to forty pounds, the committee recommend an allowance to be made in the inci- dentaltbill to the amount of one hundred dollars to answer the purpose aforesaid. "By order of the committee. "Benjamin Vancleve." A bill was presented to the house on the 5th and passed on the 6th, and on the 7th it was passed by council. October 29th, Messrs. John Dey, of Bergen, Amos Harrison, of Essex, and Azel Pierson, of Cumberland, were appointed a committee by the house to inquire what sums of money had been drawn from the treasury, for making the necessary repairs to the house and lot now occupied by the governor, and also to in quire into and report the propriety of selling the same, and on the 3d of November they reported that the sum of ninety-seven dollars and fifty-three cents had been drawn from the treasury by Abraham Hunt, agreeably to the law passed the 7th day of March, 1801, and that they deemed it improper at this time to sell the government house. Again, on the 9th of November, a committee of both houses was appointed to settle with Abraham Hunt, and to report the expediency of selling the government house. On the 12th they reported "that Abraham Hunt had expended, in repairs to the government house, the sum of ninety-two dollars and eighty- nine cents, which, together with commissions at five per centum, makes the sum of ninety-seven dollars and fifty-three cents, which was the sum drawn from the treasury. "And the committee further report, that, convinced of the HISTORY OF TRENTON. ,29 propriety of having the governor, as well as the heads of depart ments, to reside at the seat of government, the convenience which will necessarily result to persons having business in chan cery, the immediate access which the executive at all times have, and the frequent necessity of recurring to the public documents, are of such importance, and we trust so obvious, that the legis lature will at all times hold out the inducement of a good and convenient house, for the immediate accommodation of the governor. For the above reasons it is the opinion of your com mittee it would be inexpedient to sell the same at present. "By order of the committee. " Charles Clark, "John Dey." Which report was adopted. Again, on the 8th of November, 1802, a motion was made in the house for the appointment of a committee to inquire into the expediency of selling the government house, which was de cided in the negative. February 16th, 181 1, a resolution was again offered for the appointment of a committee to inquire into the expediency of selling the government house in the city of Trenton, which was agreed to. January 23d, 181 7, a bill was presented to the house, author izing the sale of the government house and lot, in the city of Trenton, and on the 12th of February, it was decided in the negative, January ioth, 1818, the house passed a resolution appointing Messrs. William Coxe, of Burlington, Robert McNeely of Hun terdon, and John S. Darcy, of Morris, a committee to inquire if any, and what encroachments have been made upon the prop erty of the state, in the city of Trenton, and empowered them to employ a surveyor, if in their opinion it was necessary to effect the purpose of their appointment. April 2d, 1845, Samuel R. Gummere, Samuel R. Hamilton, and Stacy A. Paxson were appointed commissioners to make sale of the house and lot on Second street, in the city of Tren ton, conveyed to the state of New Jersey by Moore Furman, by deed bearing date March 12th, 1798. 2e* 33o HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. On the 29th of February, 1804, the legislature passed an act incorporating the Trenton Water Works, by the name of "The President and Directors of the Trenton Water Works." The original corporators were James Ewing, Peter Gordon, Thomas M. Potter, Gershom Craft, and Alexander Chambers. James Ewing was chosen the first president, and Peter Gordon and Thomas M. Potter, directors. They were given authority to lay and extend their aqueduct through such of the streets of the city as they may think neces sary, and to open and dig in such parts of said streets as may be convenient and necessary. They were, however, limited to having open not more than four rods at any one time, which should not be kept open more than six days, and it was to be filled up at the expense of the company, and rendered as good and safe for travel as though the surface of the street had not been disturbed. On the 8th of February, 1811, an act was passed to incorpo rate the proprietors of the Trenton Aqueduct Company. An drew Reeder, Charles Rice, Stacy Potts, Joseph Broadhurst, and Peter Howell were the original corporators. The object of this company was the supplying of the city of Trenton with good and wholesome water. They were incorpo rated as " The President and Directors of the Trenton Aqueduct Company." Andrew Reeder was chosen president; Charles Rice, treasurer, and Stacy Potts, Joseph Broadhurst, and Peter Howell, directors. Their charter allowed them to open only four rods at a time in any of the streets of the city, not to be kept open more than three days at a time, and to be filled up at the expense of the company, and to be rendered as good as if the same had not been taken up and removed. They were not to lay their main trunk through the streets of Trenton upon the same level with the trunks of the present company of the Trenton Water Works, but either higher or lower, that they might not impede them in carrying off their cross trunks. The capital stock was not to exceed three thousand dollars, and was to be appropriated ex clusively to the purpose of supplying the city of Trenton with good and wholesome water. HISTORY OF TRENTON. -„ February 29th, [1848, a company was incorporated for more effectually supplying the city of Trenton and borough of South Trenton with water, with a capital stock of thirty thou sand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same to fifty thousand dollars. The stock was divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The corporators were John McKelway, William Halstead, Samuel McClurg, Charles Wright, Xenophon J. May nard, John Sager, and Alexander H. Armour. The corporation was called the Trenton and South Trenton Aqueduct Company. They were authorized to use the water of the Delaware river, or the Assanpink creek, below the dam. They were not to take away, divert, or in any manner injure or impair the supply of water in the fountains used by the Tren ton Water Works Company. Thursday, March 2d, 1786, a petition from John Fitch was read in the house, setting forth his proposal of applying the force of a steam engine to the use of navigation, by impelling vessels to go through the water with considerable rapidity with out the assistance of wind or current, and many other useful purposes, and praying that a committee be appointed to examine his proposed plan, and grant him such encouragement, on the report of the committee, as his proposals may appear to deserve, which petition was dismissed, but on Thursday, March 19th, the bill entitled " An act for granting and securing to John Fitch the sole right and advantage of making and employing the steamboat by him lately invented, for a limited time," was introduced, read a second time, debated, and ordered to be en grossed for a third reading, and on the same day it passed the house, thirty-three representatives voting in the affirmative, and one, (Mr. Jacob Terhune, of Bergen,) in the negative ; and on Saturday, the 18th of March, it was passed by the council. On the 3d of November, 1813, the legislature passed an act concerning steamboats, the preamble of which was set forth as follows : "Whereas, the legislature of this state, in and by an act entitled 'An act for granting and securing to John Fitch the sole use 3,2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. and advantage of making and employing the steamboat by him lately invented, for a limited time,' passed at Tren ton, on the 18th day of March, 1786; and in order to pro mote and encourage an improvement and discovery so useful, and as a reward for his ingenuity, application, and diligence, did vest in the said John Fitch, his heirs, executors, adminis trators, and assigns, the sole and exclusive right and privilege of making and navigating boats impelled through the water by force of fire or steam, in all waters within the territories and jurisdiction of this state, for fourteen years then next to come ; which said John Fitch constructed a steamboat of con siderable size, which ran on the river Delaware, through the water, at the rate of about four miles by the hour at least ; and the said John Fitch, having departed this life without having received from his said exclusive right any adequate recom pense or reward for his great expenses, ingenuity, application, and diligence as contemplated by the law aforesaid; and whereas, Gideon Hill Wells, of the city of Trenton, admin istrator of all and singular the goods and chattels rights, and credits, which were of the said John Fitch, by an instrument of writing, under his hand and seal duly executed, hath granted, assigned, and conveyed unto Aaron Ogden, for good and valuable consideration, all the right, title, and interest which was derived, or which ought now to be derived,- to the said John Fitch, from the introduction of the improvements before mentioned," &c, &c. The same privileges were conferred upon one Daniel Dodd, of this state, as had been previously conferred on John Fitch. December 5th, 1823, an act was passed giving Edward Clark, of Philadelphia, "the privilege of navigating any or all of the rapids iri the river Delaware, between the bridge at Bloomsbury, and the northwest corner of the state, the current of the river to operate on water or paddle wheels, and any other apparatus he might deem it proper to employ, to propel boats against rapids." Friday, August 20th, 1784, a petition was presented to the house of assembly from the inhabitants of Trenton and its vicin ity, accompanied by a bill entitled "An act for erecting part HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 333 of the township of Nottingham, in the county of Burlington, and part of the township of Trenton, in the county of Huntei" don, into a city, and for incorporating the same by the name^of the city of Trenton, and for declaring the same a free city and port, for the term of twenty-five years. ' ' This bill passed the house on Tuesday, November 15th, 1785, and on Thursday, the 25th of February, 1786, the act was re jected by the council. Thursday, March 2d, 1786, a petition from sundry inhabi tants of the townships of Nottingham and Trenton was pre sented to the house, "praying that a part of the township of Tren ton and a part of the township of Nottingham may have the benefit of a corporation, with the power of making by-laws for their internal police and government;" whereupon leave was given them to present a bill agreeably to the prayer of their peti tion. Saturday, March 4th, 1786, a petition from sundry inhabitants of the township of Nottingham was presented to the house, praying that if a charter of incorporation should be given to the inhabitants of Trenton, the township of Nottingham may not be included, which was read and referred. ¦ May 23d, 1792, a petition from the inhabitants of Hopewell, Maidenhead, and Trenton, in the county of Hunterdon, was read, asking that a law might be passed for incorporating a borough, to consist of the said townships, for the purpose of holding courts, and establishing a gaol and court-house within the said borough. At the same session the inhabitants of Trenton presented a petition, praying leave to present a bill to incorporate said town, which was granted. The boundaries were as follows : "Beginning at the mouth of Assanpink creek, and running up the same to Bernard Hanlon's mill-dam ; from thence along the road to the line between Trenton and Maidenhead; thence along the said line to the road leading from Trenton to Maiden head ; thence on a straight line to the northwest corner of a lot late of David Brearley, deceased ; thence on a straight line to the northwest corner of the land of Lambert Cadwalader, »34 HISTORY OF TRENTON whereon he now lives ; thence down the same to the mouth of the Assanpink creek aforesaid, being the place of beginning, shall be distinguished, known, and called by the name of the city of Trenton." A petition from a number of inhabitants of Trenton was also presented, setting forth irregularities in the said town which have taken place by sundry riotous and disorderly persons, at and near the Methodist meeting-house, and praying that some measure may be taken to prevent such disorders in future; whereupon a bill was introduced, entitled "An act to preserve order and decency in places of worship," and on Wednesday, May 30th, 1792, the bill passed the house, and on Friday, June ist, it was rejected by the council. The bill to incorporate a part of the township of Trenton, in the county of Hunterdon, was taken up June ist, and rejected. It was again revived at the following session, and passed the house November 5th of the same year, and on the 12th of the same month it was amended and passed by council, and on the 13th it passed the house, with the amendments made by council. May 20th, 1793, a petition was received in the house from the inhabitants of that part of the township of Trenton not included within the corporation, praying that they may be set off from the township of Trenton into a township to be known by the name of the township of Independence. They were accordingly allowed to bring in a bill for that purpose on the third Monday of the next sitting, they previously advertising the purport of said bill, with a copy of this order, in thsee of the most public places in'the township of Trenton, and also for three weeks immediately preceding that time in the Trenton newspaper. The bill to create the township of Independence was taken up January 27th, 1794, when a remonstrance against it from the citizens of Trenton was read, but both parties agreed to submit the decision on the bill to the house; whereupon, on the 31st of the same month, it was passed by that body, but on the nth of February it was rejected by council. November 2d, 1 796, a petition from a number of the citizens of Trenton was presented to the house, praying leave to present HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3-- a bill to authorize the mayor, recorder, and aldermen to hold a court of quarter sessions within the said city ; whereupon a bill was introduced, entitled "An act to incorporate a part of the township of Trenton." January ioth, 1817, a petition from a number of inhabitants of Mill Hill and Bloomsbury, in the township of Nottingham, in the county of Burlington, was presented, praying to be incorpo rated with the city of Trenton. At the same time a remonstrance was presented by a number of the inhabitants of said places against the same. March 6th, 1850, an act was passed providing for the election of a school superintendent and two trustees, and constituting the city of Trenton one school district. March 18th, 1852, the fifth ward was erected. February 16th, 1854, an act was passed requiring the city clerk, treasurer, clerk of the markets, street commissioner, and mar shal to be elected by the people. February 18th, 1856, an act was passed authorizing the city to purchase lands for a public square, for which purpose they were authorized to create a loan not exceeding fifty thousand dollars, and to issue bonds payable in twenty years, said bonds to bear interest at six per cent, per annum, and to be exempt from city tax, and not to be sold at less than their par value. March 6th, 1856, the sixth ward was erected from that part of Nottingham township designated by the name of Lamberton, and the balance of the township of Nottingham was annexed to and made a part of Hamilton township. March nth, 1856, by joint resolution, the same privileges were granted to the clergymen of Trenton to use the books and papers belonging to the State Library as are enjoyed by the legal profession. April 2d, 1867, the .seventh ward was erected, and embraces alhthat part of the city which lies north and west of the Dela ware and Raritan Canal and feeder. February 28th, 1840, the act creating the borough of South Trenton was passed. The bounds were as follows: "Beginning at the confluence of the Assanpink creek with the river Delaware, in the middle of 336 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. said creek; thence up the middle of said creek, the several courses thereof, to the middle of the Delaware and Raritan Canal ; thence down the middle of said canal till it intersects the road running westwardly along the south side of the State Arsenal ; thence down the middle of said road to the end thereof, and continuing in the same direction in a straight line to the river Delaware, and thence up the river Delaware, the several courses thereof, to the place of beginning." James M. Redmond, was appointed first chief burgess ; James H. Sims and Bailey A. West, assistant burgesses ; Marshal C. Holmes, high constable, and Jacob B. James, borough clerk. February 25th, 1847, an act was passed giving the burgesses the like power, authority, and jurisdiction in all criminal mat ters as the justices of the several counties. March 19th, 185 1, the borough of South Trenton was annexed to Trenton, that part lying to the east of the line running up the middle of Bloomsbury street, from the Assanpink bridge to its intersection with the middle of Lamberton street, and thence along the middle of Lamberton street to the line of the town ship of Nottingham, to be called the third ward, and that part lying to the west to be called the fourth ward ; the ward called the east ward was made the first ward, and the ward called the west ward, was made the second ward. December 2d, 1801, the house resolved unanimously, "that the members representing this state, in the congress of the United States, be and they are hereby requested, if congress should re solve to move, for the purpose of better accommodation, from the city of Washington, to use their best efforts to procure their removal to the city of Trenton ; and they are hereby authorized to proffer, in the name of this state, the State House and other public buildings belonging to the state for the use of congress and their officers, for any length of time that the congress shall wish to occupy them, and that his excellency, the governor, be requested to transmit a copy of this resolution to the members of congress from this state, to be used by them as occasion may offer." The same day it was passed by the council. November 4th, 1802, a petition was received from sundry HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 337 inhabitants of Trenton, stating further objections to the election held in said township, and praying to be heard before the house, which was referred to the committee of elections, and on the 1 6th they reported, " that in the petitions against the election in Maidenhead, three objections are stated, viz. : " ist. That citizens of Philadelphia voted. " 2d. That mirried women voted. " 3d. That votes were given by proxy. "As to the first point, your committee are of opinion it was not supported. " As to the second point, it appeared to your committee that a married woman voted, whose husband had left her for several years, and she had retaken her former name, and under that name she voted and paid taxes. "As to the third point, it was proved to your committee that two votes were given in by proxy, and that this practice had heretofore taken place in this township. " That in the petitions and memorial against the election in the township of Trenton, eight objections are stated : " ist. That the poll was improperly moved. " 2d. That the judge received votes in the open street from carriages. " 3d. That persons under age voted. " 4th. That non-residents voted. " 5th. That negroes and actual slaves voted. " 6th. That aliens voted. " 7th. That persons not worth fifty pounds voted. "8th. That married women voted. " That in the opinion of your committee the first point was not supported. That as to the second point, the taking of votes in the street from carriages, your committee considering how much the practice may be abused, are of opinion that it was irregular, if not unlawful. "They further report, that it appeared to your committee that this practice had heretofore, in certain places, prevailed at elec tions in Trenton. " That at the late election no objection was made to the mode, but that voters of all kinds, without regard to any political differ- 2f 338 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. ence of opinion, presented votes on that mode ; and your com mittee further report, that as far as such a mode of election could be, it was conducted by the judge and inspectors with fairness and correctness, the votes being received singly, in open view, and openly conveyed to the box. "That as to the six other points, your committee decided, at the hearing, that they would receive no evidence of such unlaw ful votes being admitted unless they were challenged, or unless the judge and inspectors knew the votes to be unlawful. . "Your committee being of opinion that unless the voter was challenged, or they knew him to be unlawful, the law compels the judge and inspectors to put the ballot in the box. "Your committee further report, that no evidence was offered to them of the judge and inspectors knowingly receiving unlaw ful votes, which were not challenged ; and as to the votes which were challenged, your committee report, that the evidence offered does not warrant them to say that improper decisions took place. "Your committee are unanimously of opinion that it is not expedient, and would not tend to the public good to set aside the elections in the townships of Maidenhead and Trenton. " By order of the committee. "Frederick Frelinghuysen." Which report was sustained by the house. October 29th, 1802, a petition was presented from a number of citizens and electors of the county of Hunterdon, stating illegal proceedings had at the late annual election in the county of Hunterdon. At the assembling of the legislature, February ist, 1804, the following message, a model for brevity, was communicated to the house by the governor : "Febrruary ist, 1804. " On the 17th of December last, I received from the president. of the United States an attested copy of ' An article of amend ments proposed by congress, to be added to the constitution of the United States, respecting the election of president and vice president,' and which is submitted to the consideration of the legislature of the state of New Jersey. HISTORY OF TRENTON. „„ " The late revised laws of the state of New York, and a large map of the states, have been presented by the legislature thereof, and are herewith delivered. "Joseph Bloomfield." February 6th, 1804, a petition was presented to the house from a committee of the " Trenton Resolution Fire Company," praying the house, as guardians of the public property of the state within the city of Trenton and its vicinity, to assist them in procuring an engine and other implements necessary to extin guish fires. On the 14th of November, 1804, the Trenton and New Bruns wick Turnpike Company was chartered. The original corporators were James Ewing, Joshua Wright, John Neilson, James Schuremann, and Thomas Hill. The road was to be four rods wide from Trenton to New Brunswick, and they were to give security to the governor to pay the subscription money received by them to the treasurer of the company, and to be paid by the company for their ser vices. The subscriptions were two thousand shares, of one hundred dollars each, five dollars to be paid on each share at the time of subscribing. January 27th, 1814, the council passed the bill to incorporate the Trenton and New Brunswick Turnpike Company, and on the 28th it passed the house. Sundry petitions from a number of the citizens of Trenton and elsewhere were also presented to the house, praying, for reasons therein set forth, for a law authorizing a lottery for the purpose of removing the obstructions in the river Delaware, between Duck Island and the Pennsylvania shore ; and on the 28th a bill was introduced in the house for that purpose, and on the 4th of November the bill was dismissed. CHAPTER XIX. The Old Jail— State Bank — Trenton Aqueduct Company — War of 1812 — Trenton Library Company — Mayor's Court — Maun- facturing Companies — Mercer Cemetery — Riverview Cemetery — Temperance Beneficial Society — Trenton Insurance Company — Evangelical Reformed Church — Trenton Monument Associa tion — Nottingham Schools. IN 1808 the old jail was converted into the banking-house of the Trenton Banking Company, and on the 2 2d of Novem ber of that year the legislature passed an act empowering the mayor, recorder, and aldermen of the city, or either of them, to confine violators of the law in the work-house, which was at that time being erected on Academy street, declaring the same to be the common gaol of the city, the keeper of which was to be ap pointed by common council. No magistrate was allowed to commit any offender to said city prison or work-house. By this act the mayor, recorder, and aldermen were empow ered as justices of the peace for the city, and their territorial jurisdiction was made to extend to the city of Trenton only. On the 28th of January, 181 2, an act was passed establishing state banks at Trenton, New Brunswick, Elizabeth, Newark, and Morris. Stacy Potts, Peter Gordon, Charles Rice, William Scott, and John R. Smith were the corporators of the state bank in this city. They, in connection with Ellett Tucker, Reuben D. Tucker, Lucius Horatio Stockton, Evan Evans, Edward Yard, William Wood, Philip F. Howell, James J. Wilson, and Abner Reeder, were appointed the first directors. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 34I They were not allowed to issue notes of a less denomination than three dollars. On the ist of November, 1813, an act was passed allowing them to issue notes of a denomination not less than one dollar. On the 27th of March, 1845, an act was passed to extend the charter of the State Bank at Trenton for the purpose of enabling them to close up and settle its affairs. Twelve years were given them from the 28th of January, 1842. During the extension they were privileged to issue any bills of credit, bank bills, or other circulation of money, by loan or otherwise, in the form or style of banking business, in order to enable them to finally close up the concern. October 26th, 1810, a petition was presented from a number of citizens of Trenton, praying for permission to bring in a bill to incorporate the proprietors of the Trenton Aqueduct Com pany ; whereupon a bill was presented for that purpose. On the ist of November, remonstrance was presented against the same from the president and directors of the Trenton Water Works, praying that the legislature would not incorporate said company. On the 29th of January, 181 1, it passed the house, was sent to the council, by them amended and passed, reported back to the house, and on the 8th of February passed with the amendments. On the ioth of April, 1812, congress passed an act to author ize a detachment from the militia of the United States of one hundred thousand men, and on the 15 th of April the president called upon the executive of this state to take effectual measures for having five thousand of the militia of this state, being her quota, detached and duly organized and properly armed and equipped for actual service, and on the 25th the commander-in- chief issued his order to that effect, requiring them to be ready to march whenever called upon. War having been declared between the United States and the kingdom of Great Britain and the dependencies thereof since that time, it became the duty of the legislature of this state to put the state into the best posture for aiding in protecting the country and carrying on the war. The militia were to be pre pared for actual service by their state governments respectively. 2f* 342 HISTOR Y OF. TRENTON. Five hundred men were called into active service immediately, and provision was at once made for arming and equipping one thousand men. February 17th, 1813, a petition was presented to the house from a number of the stockholders of the Trenton Library Company, praying permission to erect a house on a part of the government lot, for the purpose of using the same as a library room, which petition was referred to Messrs. William Potts, of Hunterdon, Thomas H. Hughes, of Cape May, and Silas Con- dit, of Essex, with leave to report by bill or otherwise. The committee presented a bill, and on the 19th it passed the house unanimously, and on the 20th it passed council. The size of this building was not to exceed twenty feet in. width by thirty feet in depth. On the 28th of January, 181 7, an act was passed giving the mayor, recorder, and aldermen of the city of Trenton the power and authority of justices of the peace (for the time being) of the state of New Jersey, ahd the mayor, recorder, and alder men, or any three of them, of whom the mayor or recorder were to be one, were to constitute a court of general quarter sessions of the peace of the city of Trenton, with all the powers, author ity, and jurisdiction within the said city of Trenton, except the granting of tavern licenses, and excepting, also, the hearing and determining of appeals in pauper cases with which the several courts of general quarter sessions of the peace of the several counties of this state are or may be vested. The former was left to the common council, and the latter to the overseer of the poor. This court was termed " The Court of General Quarter Ses sions of the Peace of the city of Trenton." It was a court of record, and held four sessions in each year, on the second Tuesday of the months of April, July, Septem ber, and. January, with power to adjourn from day to day, and to hold special sessions when the mayor, recorder, and aldermen should deem such special sessions necessary. The clerk of the city was clerk of said court, performed the same duties, and was entitled to receive the same fees and emolu ments, and subject to the like penalties and forfeitures as the HISTORY OF TRENTON. 343 clerks of the courts of general quarter sessions of the peace of the several counties of this state. On the 28th of February, 1835, the Assanpink Manufacturing Company, for the manufacture of cotton or woolen cloth, or both, was incorporated. Its incorporators were Philemon Dickinson, Lewis Wain, William Grant, William Wain, and Thomas J. Stryker. The capital stock of the company was three hundred thou sand dollars, divided in shares of one hundred dollars each. March 5th, 1836, the Union Manufacturing Company, for the purpose of manufacturing, bleaching, or printing articles of which cotton, flax, or wool were the principal parts, was incor porated. Dr. John McKelway, Thomas J. Stryker, and Xenophon J. Maynard were the incorporators. The capital stock was three hundred thousand dollars, divided in shares of one hundred dollars each. March 9th, 1836, the Trenton Silk Manufacturing Company was chartered, with a capital stock not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars, divided in shares of fifty dollars each. The corporators were John Titus, John Mershon, William P. Sherman, Benjamin Chapman, Zachariah Rossell, and George Miller. On the same day the Phcenix Manufacturing Company, for the purpose of manufacturing cotton, wool, and flax, and dye ing, printing, and bleaching the same, was incorporated, with a capital stock of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars each. February 4th, 1837, the Trenton Flax Company was incor porated, for the purpose of dressing, bleaching, and manufactur ing flax, with a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars, divided in share of fifty dollars each. Its corporators were Charles Green, Ralph H. Shreve, and John R. Dill. March 3d, 1837, the Delaware Manufacturing Company was incorporated, for the purpose of manufacturing, bleaching, and printing articles of which cotton, flax, and wool are the principal parts, with a capital stock of three hundred thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars each. 344 HISTORY OF TRENTON. The corporators were Dr. John McKelway, Benjamin Coates, and Charles Wurts. On the 24th of February, 1838, an act was passed to incor porate the Mercer Cemetery Company. The corporators were Elisha Gordon, Ogden D. Wilkinson, Crispin Blackfan, Thomas Slack, Charles C. Yard, John D. Hester, Andrew Allison, Enoch W. Green, Henry N. Barton, David Witherup, Joseph Witherup, Charles Hunt, Thomas Gor don, Jasper Scott, James T. Clarke, and John A. Hutchinson. Mr. Jacob M. Taylor (now deceased) having, sometime in the year 1857, conceived the idea of erecting a cemetery on the high lands in the southern part of the city, and at that time owning an undivided half of about twenty-six acres, partly on the low and partly on the high lands, submitted his views to a number of gentlemen, when, on the 16th of January, 1858, a preliminary agreement was signed by Jacob M. Taylor, John R. Smith, Isaac Stephens, William M. Force, William S. Yard, and David With erup to take what had been purchased by Mr. Taylor, and use their endeavors to purchase more, all to be vested in Jacob M. Taylor, until a sufficient quantity was obtained and a charter pro cured from the legislature ; an application was made, and finally passed and approved February 26th, 1858, with the privilege to hold fifty acres of land. The, charter was accepted by the cor porators on the ist day of May, 1858. The work of fencing, laying out, grading, and planting trees was then commenced, and the first lot was sold to the lamented Captain William E. Hunt, on the 22d of February, 1859; at the date of this notice, May ist, 1871, there are about eight hundred lot owners. The cemetery embraces about thirty acres, twenty-five of which are on the high lands, and is represented by fifteen hundred shares of stock at twenty dollars each, being about one thousand dol lars per acre, with all its improvements. The stock is now held by sixteen persons. February 26th, 1838, the Trenton Gas and Insurance Com pany was chartered. The commissioners appointed to open books of subscription HISTORY OF TRENTON. 343 were Isaac Southard, Joseph Wood, Benjamin Fish, Joshua Hol- linshead, and Zachariah Rossell. The first directors were Lewis P. Higbee, John Titus, Samuel McClurg, Joseph Wood, Joshua Hollinshead, Zachariah Rossell, Jacob Kline, Philemon Dickinson, and William Grant. The capital stock was one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with power to increase it to three hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. They were authorized to effect insurance on all kinds of prop erty, as well as insurance upon the lives of persons, and to grant annuities. They were also empowered to engage in the manufacture of gas, and dispose of the same to the city of Trenton and indivi duals, and all incorporated or other companies who might desire the same, and to carry their pipes through any of the streets of the city. March 9th, 1839, an act was passed allowing them to erect a reservoir, in or near the city, for the purpose of supplying the inhabitants of Trenton, Bloomsbury and Mill Hill with good and wholesome water, provided they did not take their water directly or indirectly from the spring or fountain of the president and directors of the Trenton Water Works. February 23d, 1843, an act was passed incorporating the Mer cer Cemetery at Trenton. The corporators were Charles C. Yard, Joseph C. Potts, Samuel Lloyd, Alexander H. Armour, David Witherup, and Joseph A. Yard. This is the present Mercer Cemetery on Clinton street and the Assanpink creek. February 26th, 1839, the Nottingham Manufacturing Company was incorporated. The amount of capital stock was not to exceed two hundred thousand dollars. The company was incorporated to manufacture silk, cotton, wool, hemp, and twine. The corporators were George W. Halsted, John Whittaker, James Perkins, William Stevens, Zachariah Rossell, William Halsted, and James S. Green. 346 HISTORY OF TRENTON. March 2d, 1841, the Temperance Beneficial Society was incor porated. The corporators were David Milledge, Henry Pierson, Thomas MacPherson, Obadiah Howell, Jr., Thomas Gandy, Daniel B. Coleman, Franklin S. Mills, Andrew Newton, Amos Hutchin son, and Charles C. Yard. Their clear yearly income was not to exceed two thousand dollars. March 2d, 1842, the Trenton Insurance Company was incor porated. Its capital stock was one hundred thousand dollars, divided in shares of one hundred dollars each. The first directors were James M. Redmond, Jacob Kline, Philemon Dickinson, Thomas J. Stryker, Benjamin Fish, Charles G. Green, Crispin Blackfan, Richard J. Bond, John Whittaker, Isaac Baker, Emley Olden, John B. Mount, and James T. Sher man. They were to insure houses and other buildings and personal property against loss or damage by fire. March 4th, 1842, the New England Manufacturing Company of South Trenton was incorporated for the purpose of manufac turing, bleaching, and printing all goods of which cotton or other fibrous materials form a part. The capital stock was five hundred thousand dollars, the shares to be divided as the proprietors might think fit. The corporators were Stephen Hansen, David S. Brown, John H. Shortridge, Thomas J. Stryker, William Grant, John C. Ben son, Benjamin Fish, Joseph C. Potts, and William R. Hansen. March 8th, 1842, an act was passed for the relief of the Evan gelical Reformed Church of the city of Trenton. On the 9th of March, 1836, this church was incorporated under the general act to incorporate trustees of religious socie ties, as the First Evangelical Reformed Church of Trenton. At that time it was united to the synod of the German Re formed Church in the United States, but dissolving its connec tion with that body in 1842, they made application, and obtained the above special act, giving them the privilege of obtaining a new certificate of incorporation from the clerk of the county. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 347 On the 8th of March, 1841, the Trenton Monument Associa tion was chartered. Its corporators were Garret D. Wall, William Pennington, Mahlon Dickinson, Joseph W. Scott, Robert D. Spencer, Peter D. Vroom, Joseph C. Hornblower, Isaac H. Williamson, Robert F. Stockton, Philemon Dickinson, Dudley S. Gregory, Robert G. Johnson, Henry W. Green, Stacy G. Potts, and Charles Burroughs. This company was chartered for the purpose of erecting a monument at Trenton to commemorate the victory obtained by the revolutionary army under the command of General Wash ington, on the 26th of December, 1776. Garret D. Wall, Joseph C. Hornblower, and Henry W. Green were empowered to call the first meeting of the corpora tion by giving twenty days' notice in a newspaper printed in the city of Trenton, and in one printed in the city of Newark. March 13th, 1844, the Trenton Improvement Company was incorporated, to manufacture such articles as were not prohibited by the laws of this state. The object of this company was to purchase property and erect a manufactory along the stream called Petty's run. The capital stock was to be two hundred thousand dollars, to be paid in gold or silver coin, or current bank notes. They were not to go into operation until one-fourth of the capital stock was subscribed and paid in. No part of the capital stock could be employed or used, directly or indirectly, for banking purposes. The incorporators were Edwin A. Douglass, Joseph C. Potts, Moreau Delano, William P. Sherman, and William H. Potts. March 15 th, 1844, an act was passed for the establishment of public schools in the township of Nottingham, in the county of Mercer. The inhabitants of the township were authorized to raise, at their annual town meetings, any sum of money not exceeding six hundred dollars, for the support of common schools in said township. They were to elect five persons, inhabitants of said towhship, as trustees, to serve for one year after their election, to have 348 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. entire charge and control of the public schools within the town ship. In case the amount of money raised was found to be insuf ficient for the support of the schools, the trustees were author ized to assess upon each scholar such sum of money not exceed ing one dollar per quarter as might be found necessary, but they were authorized to remit the whole, or part, upon such scholar or scholars as circumstances might in their opinion require. March ist, 1849, an act was passed giving the inhabitants power to. raise, at their annual town meetings, any sum of money they may think proper,, not exceeding three thousand do'- lars, for the purchase of land and erection of school-houses, and for the establishment and maintenance of common schools in the township. They were also empowered to elect four trustees, who, with the town superintendent, were to have the entire charge and con trol of the public schools within the said township. CHAPTER XX. Trenton Iron Company — Trenton Mutual Life and Fire Insurance Company — Trenton Gas Light Company — Union Health Insur ance Company — Trenton and Lehigh Transportation Company — Pacific Mutual Insurance Company — Locomotive Works Widows'' Home — Patent Promoting Company — Trenton Boat and Dockyard Company — Horse Railroad — City Bridge — Union Industrial Home Association — Masonic Hall Associa tion. APRIL 15th, 1846, Peter Cooper was authorized to construct a railroad from his basin on the Delaware and Raritan Canal, in the township of Nottingham, upon any public road or other land over which he has or may have the right of way, by the best and most eligible route, to his rolling-mill, on the race way of the Trenton water-power, provided the same does not interfere with the ordinary travel upon any road. February 16th, 1847, the Trenton Iron Company was incor porated, for the purpose of manufacturing iron and other com modities and articles of which iron formed a principal part, and for the transaction of such business as may be properly con nected therewith. The capital stock was five hundred thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars each, the mills and manufactories to be , located in the borough of South Trenton. The corporators were Peter Cooper, James Hall, Edward* Cooper, and Abram S. Hewitt. March 25th, 1852, their capital stock was increased to one million dollars, and that part of the act which confined the mills- 2g 3e0 HISTORY OF TRENTON. and manufactories to the borough of South Trenton was re pealed. February 7 th, 1854, the capital stock was increased to two millions of dollars. February 5th, 1847, the Trenton Mutual' Life and Fire Insur ance Company was incorporated for the purpose of insuring all kinds of property from loss by fire, and to insure the lives of individuals. The corporators were Philemon Dickinson, Xenophon J. May nard, John A. Weart, Jasper S. Scudder, Joseph C. Potts, Jona than Fisk, and Eli Morris. February 19th, 1847, the Trenton Gas Light Company was incorporated for thirty years. The capital stock was one hundred thousand dollars, in shares of twenty dollars each. The corporators were Xenophon J. Maynard, Gregory A, Per- dicaris, John A. Weart, Jesper Harding, and Joseph C. Potts. February 22d, 1849, the Union Health Insurance Company was incorporated, with a capital of fifty thousand dollars, in shares of twenty-five dollars each. The corporators were Joseph G. Brearley, Philip S. Phillips, Jonathan Fisk, Benjamin W. Titus, Elias Cook, John B. Ander son, and Joseph C. Potts. February 28th, 1849, the Trenton and Lehigh Transportation Company, for the purpose of transporting goods, wares, and merchandise to and from White Haven, in the state of Pennsyl vania, to the cities of Philadelphia and New York and all inter mediate places, was incorporated. Elias Cook, Jonathan Fish, and Jonathan Cook were the incor porators. The vessels and barges, eleven in number, constituted the capital stock of the company, and said stock was to be divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. The company were authorized from time to time to increase their capital stock to an amount not exceeding fifty thousand dollars. The office and records were to be kept in the city of Trenton. February 19th, 1851, the Pacific Mutual Insurance Company, HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3Sl for insuring houses and other buildings and merchandise against loss or damage by fire, was incorporated. Its capital stock was two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in shares of fifty dollars each. John F. Hageman, Xenophon J. Maynard, Philemon Dickin son, and William A. Ingham were appointed commissioners. February 19th, 1851, the Temperance Hall Assaciation was incorporated, with a capital stock of ten thousand dollars Jacob S. Yard, John A. Hutchinson, James Hamilton, Joseph G. Brearley, Xenophon J. Maynard, Joseph Hannum, Theodore L. Cuyler, Charles T. Allaire, Charles B. Smith, Herbert F. Yard, Charles Skelton, John D. Hester, Samuel H. Lake, Richard Thomas, Reuben Groves, Peter Obert, and Henry B. Howell were the first corporators. March 3d, 1854, the Trenton Locomotive and Machine Manu facturing Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars, in shares of five hundred dollars each. Its corporators were Aaron H. Vancleve, William R. McKean, Isaac Dripps, and Joseph C. Potts. They were incorporated for the manufacture of locomotives, steam engines, railroad cars, trucks, carriages, and other vehicles. Their charter gave them the privilege of increasing their capi tal stock to two hundred thousand dollars. February 6th, 1855, the Merchants Transportation Company was incorporated, to carry freight on their vessels through the Delaware and Raritan Canal, between the city of Trenton and the cities of New York and Philadelphia. The vessels and other property of said company constituted their capital stock. Thomas J. Stryker, William G. Cook, and Jonathan S. Fish were the corporators. February 19th, 1855, the Indigent Widows' and Single Women's Home'Society of Trenton was incorporated. Subscription to the funds of the same, to the amount of three dollars annually, constitutes membership in the association. The object is to provide a home for destitute females. March 3d, 1855, the Trenton Oil Cloth Manufacturing Com- 3^2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. pany was incorporated, with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars. They were empowered to carry on the manufacture of oil cloths, from the lightest to the heaviest fabrics, in all their varie ties, whether for floor, furniture, carriage, or other coverings. The incorporators were B. W. Titus, Isaac V. Brown, X. J. Maynard, T. Abbott, and Joshua Jones. i March 6th, 1857, the Trenton Patent Promoting Company was incorporated for the manufacture and sale of such articles as they may have the right, or may hereafter secure the right of manufacturing under any patents, as well as such articles of wood, metal, iron, or minerals as may be advantageously con nected therewith. The capital stock was not to exceed two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The corporators were William I. Shreve, William H. Inskeep; John D. Lloyd, William Howe, and John W. Murphy. February 4th, 1858, the Trenton Boat and Dockyard Com pany was incorporated, for the purpose of carrying on the busi ness of building, constructing, altering, and repairing boats or vessels, and erecting and constructing buildings, basins, and such other improvements on their lands as may be useful or necessary for the purpose aforesaid. The capital stock was fifteen thousand dollars, divided into shares of twenty dollars each. The corporators were Garret Schenck, William H. Norcross, Thomas P. Johnston, William I. Shreve, and Robert C. Belville. February 21st, 1858, the Union Manufacturing Company was incorporated, for the purpose of manufacturing, casting, and working iron and other metals, and erecting and constructing such buildings on their lands as may be useful or necessary for the purposes aforesaid. The corporators were Liscomb R. Titus, John Valentine, Wil liam Howe, William I. Shreve, and J. Weigand Lloyd. The capital stock was seventy-five thousand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. February 26th, 1858, the Riverview Cemetery Company was incorporated. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 353 The incorporators were Isaac Stephens, John K. Smith, Wil liam S. Yard, and David Witherup. March 8th, 1859, the name of the Trenton Monument Associ ation was changed to that of the New Jersey Monument Associ ation, and a large number of corporators were added from every county in the state. March 8th, 1859, the Trenton China Company was incorpo rated, for manufacturing and selling porcelain, china, chemicals, drugs, and other articles of which clay, sand, and other earthy substances form the basis or principal ingredients. The capital stock was fifty thousand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The corporators were Isaac Stephens, Joseph Whittaker, George Tames, Jesse M. Clark, and Albert J. Whittaker. March 9th, 1859, the Trenton Horse Railroad Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of thirty thousand dollars, withv privilege to increase the same to one hundred thousand dollars, and to be divid'ed into shares of twenty-five dollars each. The incorporators were Timothy Field, Robert Aitken, Wil liam M. Force, Lewis Perrine, Thomas P. Johnston, Jonathan S. Fish, Charles Moore, Joseph Whittaker, and James T. Sher man. March 15th, 1859, -by an act of the legislature, John Kirk- bride, Mahlon Kirkbride, James H. Farrand, John Hendrick- son, David Taylor, Elisha Reeves, and Mahlon Moon, of the. state of Pennsylvania, and Thomas J. Stryker, John L. Taylor, William A. West, Thomas P. Johnston, Barker Gummere, Greg ory A. Perdicaris, and Jonathan Steward, qf the state of New Jersey, were appointed commissioners to receive subscriptions to the capital stock of the Trenton City Bridge Company, in the place of the commissioners theretofore appointed'for that pur pose. March 17th, 1858, the name of the Trenton Patent Promoting Company was changed to the Mercer Manufacturing Company. February 14th, i860, the Excelsior Iron Manufacturing Com pany was incorporated,, for the purpose of carrying on a general manufacture of all articles of which iron or steel formed the- principal part. 2 a* 3e4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. The corporators were Thomas P. Johnston, Orrin Waterman, James S. Lynch, J. Harris Cogill, James L. Gibson, Edward T. Green, and Joseph D. Hall. The capital stock was twenty thousand dollars, with power to increase the same to the sum of fifty thousand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. February 21st, i860, the Union Industrial Home Association for destitute children of Trenton, New Jersey, was incorporated, the object of which is to provide and sustain a home for desti tute children, and to afford them the advantages of moral and religious training. The corporators wereJVTrs. Caroline E. Roney, Mrs. Elizabeth H. Clarke, Mrs. Mary D. James, Mrs. Kate Dill, Miss Rebecca S. Potts, Miss Mary E. Beatty, Mrs. Elizabeth Street, Mrs. Fan nie H. Darrah, Mrs. Margaret H. Wilson, Mrs. Sallie Gause, Mrs. Huldah M. Tyler, Mrs. Eliza J. Hunt, Mrs. Julia Darrah, Mrs. Hannah W. Sterling, Miss Catharine L. Beatty, Mrs. Amanda Bond, Mrs. Emma Forst, and Mrs. Elizabeth Jones. March ist, i860, the Masonic Hall Association of the city of Trenton, was incorporated, with a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars, divided into shares of twenty dollars each. The corporators were Jonathan S. Fish, David Naar, Joseph H. Hough, William R. Clapp, John Woolverton, Thomas J. Corson, Edward W. Scudder, Harper Crozer, William T. Nich olson, Andrew Dutcher, Elias Phillips, and James S. Aitkin. CHAPTER XXI. 'Trenton Arms Company — Trenton Car Works — Normal and Model Schools — Trenton Chain Manufactory — Normal School Boarding-House — Trenton Co-operative Benefit Society- — Sol diers' Children's Home — Trenton Lock Company — Delaware Manufacturing Company — Trenton Hall and Building Associa tion — New Jersey Silver Mining Company — East Trenton Land and Building Association. MARCH nth, 1862, the Trenton Arms Company was incor porated, with a capital stock of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, divided in shares of five hundred dollars each, with power to increase it to four hundred thousand dollars. The corporators were Aaron H. Vancleve, Charles Moore, Joseph G. Brearley, Joseph C. Potts, and Andrew G. M. Pre- vost. March 18th, 1863, ,the Trenton Car Works was incorporated, for the purpose of manufacturing railroad cars of all descrip tions. The capital stock was one hundred thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were Joseph G. Brearley, Thomas J. Stryker, and Andrew G. M. Prevost. February 2d, 1865, the sum of thirty-eight thousand dollars was appropriated by the state for the purchase of the Normal and Model Schools, together with the grounds, fixtures, furniture, library, apparatus, and personal- property connected therewith. March 22d, 1865, the Trenton Chain Manufacturing Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of twenty-five thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were Louis Chevrier, Charles N. Chevrier, 356 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. Henderson G. Scudder, Samuel J. R. Salter, Voorhees Vannest,. and Frederick Rippart. March 22d, 1865, the Normal School Boarding-house Associa tion was incorporated, with a capital stock of twenty thousand dollars, with liberty to increase the same to fifty thousand dol lars, in shares of fifty dollars each. The corporators were William White, Jonathan Steward, Charles Brearley, Henry B. Pierce, and Elias Cook. February 15th, 1866, the Trenton Co-operative Benefit So ciety, Number One, was incorporated, with a capital stock of forty thousand dollars, in shares of ten dollars each, with the privilege of increasing it to eighty thousand dollars. The corporators were William Wood, John Lee, Joseph Firth, John Brelsford, John Albert, Thomas Whitehead, Samuel Mellor, George Lever, Benjamin Buckley, and Thomas Fish. March 7th, 1866, the Soldiers' Children's Home was incor porated. The corporators were John K. Smith, Abraham O. Zabriskie,, and Samuel K. Wilson. March 9th, 1866, the Trenton Lock Company was incorpor ated, with a capital stock of sixty thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same to two hundred thousand dol lars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were Joseph G. Brearley, Charles Gregg, J. Harris Cogill, Francis B. Pye, Lewis Maney, J. N. Junken, and Elias Cook. March 13th, 1866, the Delaware Manufacturing Company was authorized to increase their capital stock to an amount not exceeding one million dollars, and the charter of the company was extended twenty-five years longer. March 15th, 1866, the Trenton Hall and Building Associa tion was incorporated, with a capital stock of sixty thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars, with power to increase their capital stock to a sum not exceeding seventy-five thousand dollars. The corporators were Joshua Jones, John Taylor, John H.. Creveling, Joseph G. Brearley, John C. Cook, John L. Murphy,. Charles Scott, Daniel Temple, Philip Smith, John Barnett, and John Mars. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 357 April 4th, 1866, the New Jersey Silver Mining Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of five hundred thousand dol lars, in shares of fifty dollars each. The corporators were J. Harris Cogill, Andrew Dutcher, and Joseph Tucker. April 6th, 1866, the East Trenton Land and Building Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing it to five hundred thousand dollars, and divided in shares of one hundred dollars each. Its corporators were Imlah Moore, Jonathan Fisk, Charles Moore, A. W. Cheeseman, and Augustus G. Richey. The amount of capital was one hundred thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same to five hundred thou sand dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. This company was empowered to let, rent, lease, mortgage, and : sell such lands and real estate as they may have and hold from time to time, in whole or in parcels, and to improve the same by erecting, or causing to be erected thereon, buildings of every name, kind, and description, and for all proper and legitimate purposes, or by laying off said lands and real estate into lots ; . and to use the same for agricultural purposes, or in any other lawful way that the said corporation may deem necessary or advisable ; and to purchase, make up, manufacture, sell, and dis pose of all materials pertaining to the erection of such buildings. CHAPTER XXII. Trenton Skating Park Club — Trenton Gold and Silver Mining Company — Ransome Patent Stone Company — Trenton Vise and Tool Company — Yuma Silver Mining Company — Central Mar ket — Mercer Gold and Silver Mining Company — National Pot tery Company — Trenton Agricultural Works — New Jersey Pot tery Company — Union Pottery Company — Trenton Woolen Company — Trenton Ice Company — Continental Saw Company — Washington Market Association — Merchants and Traders Protective Union. APRIL 5th, 1867, the Trenton Skating Park Club was incor porated, with a capital stock of ten thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same to a sum not exceeding thirty thousand dollars, and divided into shares of ten dollars each. The corporators were D. Cooper Allison, J. Beatty Lalor, Isaac Weatherby, and G. Allen Anderson. . April 6th, 1867, the Trenton Gold and Silver Mining Com pany of Colorado was incorporated, with a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing it to two hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of not less than five dollars each. The corporators were Daniel Peters, Samuel Prior, Jacob Sny der, George F. Brown, W. D. Holt, Israel Howell, and John L. Murphy.' March 5th, 1867, the Ransome Patent Stone Company, of New Jersey, was incorporated, with a capital stock of fifty thou sand dollars, with the privilege of increasing it'to one hundred thousand dollars, and which was divided into shares of one hun dred dollars each. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3S9 This company was incorporated for the purpose of manufac turing Ransome' s patent concrete stone, from sand and other earths and chemicals, and for the transaction of such business as may be necessarily connected therewith. The corporators were George S. Norris, Charles H. Higgin- son, John F. Houdayer, Samuel Prior, Gregory A. Perdicaris, Samuel K. Wilson, Simon Donau, David Naar, Charles Moore, Amos Robbins, Philemon Dickinson, William G. Cook, Harry McCall, and Thomas J. Stryker. March 5th, 1868, the Trenton Vise and Tool Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same to any sum not exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were J. Howard Murray, Thomas S. Murray, Daniel P. Forst, James E. Darrah, Edwin G. Stores. March ioth, 1868, the Yuma Silver Mining Company was in corporated, with a capital stock of two hundred thousand dol lars, with the privilege of increasing the same to two millions of dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were Philemon Dickinson, Liscomb R. Titus, John H. Phillips, Daniel Temple, Frederick P. Auten, Symmes H. Reading, John L. Taylor, Uriel T. Scudder, and John C. Rafferty. April 7th, 1868, the Central Market Company was incorpo- ' rated, with a capital stock of twenty-five thousand dollars, with power to increase the same, from time to time, to a sum not ex ceeding two hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were John Taylor, William Wood, John C. Cook, Daniel B. Bodine, John Barnett, Samuel Prior, Charles Brearley, William R. Titus, Alpheus Swayze, Charles Scott, and William S. Hutchinson. April 7th, 1868, the Mercer Gold and Silver Mining Com pany, of Colorado, was incorporated, with a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing it to five hundred thousand dollars, which was divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. 360 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. The corporators were Jacob Snyder, James P. Davies, Daniel' Peters, John H. Norris, William Lee, Lafayette Seaming, and William H. Skirm. March 3d, 1869, the' National Pottery Company was incorpo rated, with a capital stock of twenty-five thousand dollars, with, the power to increase the same, from time to time, to an amount not exceeding two hundred thousand dollars. The corporators were Theodore W. Hill, Charles Mayer, Charles Hewitt, Timothy Abbott, and George S. Green. March 9th, 1869, the Trenton Agricultural Works was incor porated, with a capital stock of fifty-five thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same to any sum not exceeding one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were John Melick, Bennington Gill, John Butterworth, John S. Cook, and Amos Laning. March 18th, 1869, the New Jersey Pottery Company was in corporated, with a capital stock of twenty-five thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same at any time, to a sum not exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were Elias Cook, John Woolverton, Caleb S. Green, Barker Gummere, and Nathaniel E. Britton. March 30th, 1869, the Union Pottery Company was incorpo rated, with a capital stock of twenty-five thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing it to fifty thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were Baltes Pickel, William White, Henry Smith, Joshua Jones, and Elias Cook. March 31st, 1869, the Trenton Woolen Company was incor porated, with a capital stock of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same to an amount not exceeding five hundred thousand dollars, divided in shares- of one hundred dollars each. The corporators were Isaac Weatherby, Augustus G. Richey,. Theodore Emery, John Taylor, Henry Ivey, Ferdinand W. Roebling, and Symmes H. Reading. April ist, 1869, the Trenton Ice Company was incorporated,. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 36r with a capital stock of thirty thousand dollars, with power to increase the same to a sum not exceeding fifty thousand dollars, divided in shares of twenty-five dollars each. The corporators were Robert C. Belville, Alexander M. John ston, and John P. Nelson. April ist, 1869, the Continental Saw Company was incorpo rated, with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same to any sum not exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, divided in shares of twenty-five dollars each. The corporators were George W. Rowley, Gotleib Maulick, Thomas P. Marshall, Imlah Moore, and Jacob R. Freese. March 17th, 1870, the Merchants and Traders Protective Union was incorporated. The corporators were Peter Spracklin, Michael O'Neal, John P. Garey, Joseph Lanning, Barclay N. Stokes, John Crawford, Anderson Horner, and Daniel S. Thompson. 2h CHAPTER XXIII. Swearing by the Uplifted Hand — Trenton Academy — Two Crim inals pardoned under the Gallows — Sale of Stills at Beatty' s Ferry — Lower Trenton Ferry — Association to Prevent Trade with the Enemy — Ratification of the Treaty of Peace. OCTOBER ist, 1778, the general assembly, sitting at Prince ton, passed an act for the ease and relief of such persons as are scrupulous of taking an oath with the ceremony of touch ing and kissing the Book of the Gospels, by allowing that of holding up the hand in lieu thereof, and making them guilty of perjury by taking a false oath in this way. The publisher of the "Gazette" advertised to be sold at the printing office drugs. of every description, and "that he would put up doctors' prescriptions ; also on sale, tea, coffee, choco late, sugar, pepper, ginger, soap, pins, needles, and a variety of queensware, &c, diaper and damask table cloths, frying-pans and tar" — by which it appears that he kept everything neces sary for family use. The paper also contains a number of adver tisements for runaway "niggars and wenches," ranging from four dollars to four thousand dollars reward, continental money. William Churchill Houston was the receiver of continental taxes in .the state of New Jersey in 1782. On the 18th of September, 1782, the Trenton Academy was founded. The following advertisement appears in the " New Jersey Gazette," published by Isaac Collins, corner of Queen (now Greene) street and Second (now State) street. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3^3 " Trenton Academy. " A number of the inhabitants of Trenton and the country adjoining, in order to render the means of education more easy and certain, have formed a regular permanent establishment for that purpose. A commodious, handsome stone building has been erected, and is now open for the reception of scholars. A school, in which reading, writing, common arithmatick, and book-keeping are taught, has been formed some time, under the care of an able teacher, and is carried on with great propriety and success. To improve the system, another is now opened, in which are taught the English, Latin, and Greek languages gram matically ; geography, practical mathematicks, the principles of natural philosophy and astronomy, public speaking, and the rudiments of any other branch of useful education, either to fit pupils to finish a course at college, or to go immediately into business. The subscribers, the present trustees of this institu tion, are determined to spare no pains to render it as beneficial as possible ; to which end they have put it under the care of George Merchant, B. A., a gentleman graduated at the College .of New Jersey several years ago, who has, from the time he com menced his studies, been engaged in teaching, and whose pru dence and ability have been highly approved. The situation of the place is pi easant and beautiful ; boarding may be had in gen teel, reputable families, and on reasonable terms; and strict attention will be paid to the morals and behavior of the youth. A school for the study of the French language will be opened as soon as a sufficient number of scholars to support a teacher are engaged. "It is not the intention of the subscribers to trouble the pub lick with strained and pompous representations in favor of this academy — they are persuaded the success and usefulness of it will soon recommend it more effectually. "Moore Furman, "Stacy Potts, " William C. Houston, "James Ewing, "Isaac Collins." December nth, 1782, James Ewing, the clerk of the board of 364 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. trustees, advertised for a writing master and accountant in the academy at Trenton, as follows : "Any person well qualified to teach writing, arithmatick, and book-keeping, and who can be well recommended for sobriety, industry, and capacity, will meet with generous encouragement by applying to the trustees of the academy in Trenton. " By order of the trustees. "James Ewing, Clerk." On the 23d of December, 1782, at nine o'clock in the fore noon, the examination of the grammar school, at' the academy in this place, occurred. The scholars acquitted themselves greatly to the satisfaction of the trustees and other gentlemen present. "In the afternoon several of the scholars of both sexes exhibited a specimen of their improvement in the art of speaking, in the presence of a crowded assembly of ladies and gentlemen pf the town and neighborhood, several members of the honorable the court of commissioners now sitting here, and other strangers of distinction, all of whom expressed the highest approbation of the performances. "We cannot but remark that the proficiency of the youth exceeded anything that could have been expected from the shortness of the period since they have engaged in these studies, and that the conduct and success of the institution reflect honor upon the abilities and care of the teachers." David Brearley and Isaac Smith were added to the board of trustees, in the place of Moore Furman and William C. Houston. September 25th, 1782, we find the following item : "Yesterday Joseph Davison and John Mulliner, who were sentenced at the last Supreme Court to be hanged here for horse stealing, were pardoned under the gallows." We find the following advertisement, October 9th, 1 782 : "to the publick. " A set of large stills are now completed at Mr. Beatty's ferry, at the head of Trenton falls ; also, a large set of fomenting tubs, containing five hundred gallons each, to receive the cyder of HISTORY OF TRENTON. ,5- any person who favors the subscribers with their custom ; the convenience of emptying the cyder into those large tubs, will enable all persons immediately to take back their hogsheads. From the size of the stills and their construction, spirit of a very superior quality will be produced than from small stills, or stills of any other construction, no copper being made use of in this distillery, which ever throws up verdigris that is prejudicial to the spirit. " The terms for distilling are one-third of the spirit ; cash for cyder at one dollar and a half per barrel, or two gallons of high proof cyder spirit in exchange for each barrel of cyder, which will prevent any delay by the publick' s humble servants. " Lynch, Neil, and Pool. "N. B. The publick may be supplied by the ioth of October with excellent cask beer, Irish stingo, and porter ; also, bottled beer at twelve shillings per dozen ; Irish stingo at fifteen shil lings, and porter at fifteen shillings; empty bottles to be brought in exchange, by applying to Neil and Pool, at their store in .Trenton." In the same issue appears the following : "The publick are hereby informed that American porter, assembly beer, Irish stingo, and table beer are now ready for sale at the porter brewery in York street, Burlington. " N. B. The assembly beer is a choice, pretty liquor to smoke a pipe with ; the Irish stingo is a strong, excellent beer, prescribed by the faculty, is a balsamic to the stomach, and a never-failing remedy to an uneasy mind ; the porter gives vigor to the body, animation to the face, and occasions a healthy, blooming coun tenance, if drank regularly a few months. "October 8th, 1782." The following advertisement appears in the "New Jersey Ga zette" of November 6th, 1782 : "LOWER TRENTON FERRY. " The road on each side of the river Delaware to the landing is now completed ; the best attendance and quickest dispatch will be given to all persons who may please to favor it with their 2h* 366 HISTORY OF TRENTON. custom. In this part of the river there are no obstructions, the water is deep and smooth, and the shores gravelly, so that the boats may at all times be brought so near the shores as to land their passengers without wetting the soals of their shoes. ' ' On the nth of July, 1782, a number of the inhabitants of Trenton met together on short notice, for the purpose of con sidering a plan of association to prevent trade and intercourse with the enemy, and a draught being proposed, was agreed to, and subscribed by all present. A committee was then appointed to take measures for offering it to the inhabitants of the town and neighborhood, to devise the best means of rendering it effectual, and to call a general meeting of the inhabitants of the town and country adjoining, on Friday, the 19th inst, in order to determine upon such things as were necessary to be done. The following is a copy of the draught : "We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, being convinced that the king and ministry of Great Britain, their agents and adherents, despairing of the conquest of these states by force, are resorting to the arts of duplicity and intrigue ; that among other devices, they are endeavoring by means of those among us who are opposed to the present revolution or devoted to sor did gain, to introduce into the country large quantities of British goods, and to draw off our money in payment for them ; thus they expect to disable us from paying our taxes, rob us of a medium of business, and put an end to our opposition, in the support of which money is indispensably necessary ; that care is taken to send out such species of goods as are not only useless, but are likely to have the greatest effect in corrupting the man ners of the people ; that the better to insure success, the highest encouragement is afforded to such as will engage in the traffick, either personally or by connexion in interest ; and, on the other hand, every effort is made use of to shut up, as far as possible, all the channels by which goods have been, during the war, im ported among us, or the produce of the country sent out to mar ket ; that those among us who favor this trade, either from the malignity of principle, or the inordinate love of gain, are doing everything in their power to secure it under the feigned appear- HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 3^7 ance and cover of the law, and that they have but too far and too often succeeded ; that they are endeavoring to slacken the bands of those who are disposed to be active and vigilant in putting a stop to such intercourse and traffick, by propagating an opinion that interference of this kind is mean and dishonor able; that notwithstanding the salutary measures taken by the legislature, the evil is become so dangerous and inveterate that it will not be in the power of the magistrates to correct and re move it, unless the citizens in general exert themselves to bring offenders to justice ; that to approve, connive at, or not to use every means to destroy such intercourse and traffick with the enemy, is not only unworthy the character of men of principle, but a mark of disrespect and ingratitude to a nation from which we have derived the most seasonable and effectual aid in the progress of this revolution, and whose exertions and sufferings in our favor claim from us every possible acknowledgment and preference; that such clandestine traffick is a discouragement and injury to the fair and upright trader, and has a baneful ten dency to lead away others by the example. And being also con vinced that it is the duty of every good citizen to recollect the glorious principles which gave rise to the revolution, and to recur to those principles, which, under Providence, have brought it to the present state, and will be the most powerful means of bringing it to a happy and successful termination, we have asso ciated ourselves fofthe following purposes : "1. We will, to our utmost, detect and bring to justice all who may be in any wise concerned in this pernicious traffick, and use every lawful means to prevent and suppress it. "2. To which end we will, to the utmost of our power and influence, strengthen the hands of all officers, civil and military, in the discharge of their duty, and support the full and vigorous execution of the laws. " 3. We will give every assistance to those who are vested with authority, to restrain and punish all suspicious persons trav eling without proper passports or certificates, or carrying British goods or other property made seizable by law. " 4. We will avoid, as far as possible, all intercourse, commu nication, and dealings with such as have been or may be con- 368 HISTORY OF TRENTON. -cerned in trading with the enemy, or who have been or may be justly suspected of being so concerned. "5. We will give every support and assistance in our power ¦to those who shall exert themselves to detect and bring to jus tice persons concerned, either directly or indirectly, in trading ¦with the enemy, and treat as mean, false, and designing every insinuation that such endeavors are in the least degree inconsis tent with honor and good citizenship, or that they are not highly becoming and praiseworthy. "6. In prosecution of these objects, we will, at the same time, discountenance and oppose all acts of oppression and vio lence, and whatever may be inconsistent with the peace and good order of the community, being determined not to resort to force, except where the same may become indispensably neces sary. "Subscribed by one hundred and fifty-three inhabitants of Trenton and the neighborhood. Trenton, July nth, 1782." They issued the following address : "Friends and Fellow Citizens-: We cannot too often recollect the principles which gave rise to the present revolu tion : principles as pure and dignified as ever actuated a people. As long as they remain, this country cannot be conquered ; the moment they become extinct, we are gone. There has been a time when the infamous traffick and intercourse pointed to in the above association would not have been suffered to exist a week ; we hope to see that time revived. We are all convinced of the pernicious effects produced by it. We see it destroying that simplicity of manners which is the glory of a republican government. We see it poisoning the principles and morals of the community. We see it draining off that money with which we ought- to pay our taxes, and without which all the publick movements must stop. We see it increasing the number of our secret enemies, by means of the powerful allurements of gain. That the system of the war is changed from force to cunning, is known to all ; that the latter is the more dangerous, is equally known; one secret enemy is worse than ten open ones, particu larly in the present posture of affairs. As friends and fellow citizens, we request your exertions. In times of peace it is com- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 36„ paratively easy to support good order ; in times of publick com motion, the exertions of every individual are more necessary. Every one can do something ; and every one ought to do all he can. The vigorous and attentive execution of the laws against vagrant and idle people, of the act passed twenty-fourth of June last, to prevent illicit trade and intercourse with the enemy, and of the act of the tenth of June, 1779, t0 prevent persons travel ing through the state without the proper passports, seems par ticularly requisite. ' This we ought especially to do, and at the same time to leave nothing else undone. The labor is great, but the object is greater. The safety of our country calls loudly upon us. Let us recollect who we are. Let us recolleet what we contend for; perseverance, prudence, and resolution will insure us success. "On behalf of the committee. "Robert L. Hooper, Jr. "Trenton, 12th July, 1782." "The inhabitants of Trenton, and of the country adjoining, will please to meet at the court-house, on Friday the 19th inst., at four o'clock in the afternoon, upon business respecting an association to prevent trade and intercourse with the enemy. "Pursuant to the above notice, the inhabitants of this place,. and the country adjoining, met at the court-house on Friday the 19th instant. "Samuel Tucker, Esq., was appointed chairman. "The association to prevent illicit trade and intercourse with the enemy being read and considered, the fourth article was altered to read as follows : ' "We will avoid, as far as possible, all intercourse, communi cation, and dealings with such as may be concerned in trading with the enemy, or who may be justly suspected of being so concerned.' ' "The whole being then unanimously approved, was subscribed by all present. "A committee of nine was appointed for the purpose of carry ing the objects of the association into the most effectual execu tion, to continue two months, and to meet for the first time on Monday, the 22d instant. 37o HISTORY OF TRENTON. " The gentlemen elected were Samuel, Tucker, William C. Houston, Robert L. Hooper, Jr., Esq., Colonel John Neilson, Mr. Robert Neil, Mr. Benjamin Smith, Captain John Mott, Captain Israel Carl, and Mr. John Reeder. "The committee were authorized to call a general meeting of the associators, whenever circumstances, in their opinion, render it necessary. "Samuel Tucker, Chairman." Monday, July 22d, 1782, the committee met. Robert Lettis Hooper, Jr., Esq., was appointed chairman. "Agreed, that such parts of the laws of the state to prevent persons from coming into, or traveling through the same, with out proper passports, as may appear most immediately necessary, be published in the ' New Jersey Gazette' as soon as possible, to the end that all may be informed thereof. " Resolved, unanimously, That it is the duty of all, and particu larly of this committee, and of every associator, to be vigilant and active in putting the laws in execution against suspected persons and others, traveling without proper passports ; in giving information, assistance, and support to those who are vested with proper authority, for restraining and furnishing such as do not pay proper attention to the laws, or encourage, in the remotest degree, directly or indirectly, any trade or intercourse with the enemy; and that the greatest care ought to be taken, on the other hand, to avoid everything inconsistent with prudence, good order, and the vigorous execution of which is the great object of the association. "By order, "Robert L. Hooper, Jr., Chairman." Saturday, the 28th of September, the period for which the committee of the associators were appointed, having expired, a meeting was called by the chairman, at the court-house, at three o'clock in the afternoon of said day, which was adjourned to the next Saturday, October 5 th, at which time the committee again met, with Mr. Stacy Potts in the chair, when it was re solved unanimously, "That we will, to the utmost of our power and influence, dis courage the use of all British manufactures HISTORY OF TRENTON. -^ whatsoever, except prize goods legally condemned, and encour age the use of those of such nations as are in alliance with the United States, and friendly to their cause ; regarding this not only as the best means of putting a total stop to all traffick and intercourse with the enemy, but as a great political duty, and a just tribute of gratitude to those who have given us their assist ance in the day of our distress. "Resolved, unanimously, That we look upon a punctual pay ment of our taxes as one of the best means, under Providence, to put a speedy end to the present war, and disable the enemy from making further attempts upon our liberties ; and that we will, to our utmost, promote and further the same. "Resolved, That the committee first chosen be continued, and in order more fully and certainly to carry the design of this association into effect, that six members be added. " The following are the names of the members added : Messrs. John Bell, Charles Axford, Jr., Conrad Kotts, Ebenezer Rose,. John Howell, and Joseph Tindall. "By order of the association. " Stacy Potts, Chairman." The ratification of the treaty of peace caused the most un bounded enthusiasm throughout the country. Public meetings were held, bonfires and beacon lights illuminated the heavens from one end of the country to the other. As hostilities had commenced on the 19th of April, 1775, in many places the peace, so happily concluded, was celebrated on the 19th of April, 1783. At Princeton, the people met in the college hall, where an excellent discourse, suitable to the occasion, was delivered by the venerable Rev. Dr. Witherspoon, to a very numerous audience. Entertainments were prepared at the houses of Mr. Hyer and Mr. Beekman, at three o'clock in the afternoon of that day, at which time the company divided and repaired to each house, and after dinner numerous toasts were drank, and cannon discharged. At seven o'clock in the evening the houses in the town were splendidly illuminated, in many of which great taste was. displa yed in the arrangement of the lights. 3^2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. At eight o'clock the infantry company of the town fired thirteen volleys, with great regularity and exactness, after which the company retired, having spent the day with that fes tivity, decency, and good order which characterize a free and virtuous people. The thirteenth toast was as follows : " May the recollection of the 19th of April, 1775, the 4th of July, 1776, and the 3d of February, 1783, prove a terror to tyranny and oppression throughout the world." On the same day the glorious peace was celebrated at Borden town, at Colonel Okey Hoagland's, at twelve o'clock. The governor's proclamation was read, after which thirteen cannon were fired, succeeded by three huzzas of the people, with every expression of real joy. At three o'clock they dined at Colonel Hoagland's, when thirteen toasts were, drank, accompanied by the discharge of artillery and small arms. At seven o'clock in the evening the houses were beautifully illu minated, more particularly the house and academy of the Rev. Burgis Allison, whose windows were ingeniously decorated with the following transparent paintings : ist. The sun, in its meridian splendor, shedding his rays on the segment of a globe comprehending North America, with this motto — " Shine on this Happy Land.J' 2d. The portrait of His Excellency General Washington, encompassed with thirteen^ stars, representing the United States of America, with this motto — " Independent, United, and Free," above; and " Success to our Allies," below. 3d. Peace, represented by implements of husbandry, and a dove with an olive branch; motto — "They shall beat their Swords into Plough-shares, and Spears into Pruning-hooks." 4th, Plenty, represented by two cornucopias of fruit and flowers, the cornu supporting a festoon, two wheat sheaves, and a basket of fruit. 5th. The crown of France, in the middle of three fleur de lis, with this motto — "Long live Louis XVI." 6th. A trophy adorned with British arms, drums, and inverted HISTORY OF TRENTON. 373 standards; motto— "The Spoils of our Foes;" over which was Fame, flying, with a trumpet, and the words, "America shall be Free," issuing from it. 7th. Britannia, sitting in a disconsolate posture, pointing at her broken spear, and saying, (by a label), "Alas! I've lost America." Mars, standing with his sword extended over her, saying, (per label), "I've Humbled thy Pride." 8th. America, in the figure of an Indian, with his bow and arrow by his side, and the British crown carelessly lying at his feet ; Mercury standing by him, presenting him with a laurel crown, saying, (per label), "The Laurels Thou Hast Won." The evening closed with a ball for the further entertainment of the ladies. At New Brunswick, the same day was celebrated ; the morning was ushered in by the display of colors and the ringing of bells. The foot militia, under Captain Guest, and the artillery, under Captain Supp, paraded the streets and marched to the common, attended by a numerous concourse of citizens. Thirteen can nons were discharged, followed by the musketry. Rev. Israel Reed, of the Presbyterian Church, delivered a discourse in the Dutch Church, from Ecclesiastes, vii., 14, "In the day of prosperity be joyful." In the afternoon an en tertainment was served up at White Hall tavern, and at the house of widow Haffert ; thirteen toasts were drank. At half- past six o'clock the companies retired. A curious and magnificent bonfire was lighted up in the even ing, consisting of sixteen tar barrels, supported by separate poles of a great length, all of which being set on fire at the same in stant, together with a large quantity of combustibles collected around the tallest pole, really exhibited a splendid and brilliant appearance, which could only be exceeded by the superior taste displayed by the ladies in illuminating the town. At Cranberry the celebration took place on Tuesday evening, the 15 th inst., at the Sign of the Thirteen Stars, present among whom was Rev. Thomas Smith. An elegant entertainment was served up at the house of Mr. Thomas Nixon, of which all pres ent partook. After the cloth had been removed, the usual num ber of toasts (thirteen) were drank. 2i 374 HISTORY OF TRENTON. On Wednesday, the 16th, the inhabitants of the township of Amwell assembled at Snyder's tavern. At noon thirteen can nons were discharged, succeeded by the cheers of the people. After dinner the usual number of toasts were drank. At Woodbridge, New Broomley, Mount Pleasant, and other places similar demonstrations were held. The celebration at Trenton came off on Tuesday, the 15 th of April. His Excellency Governor Livingston, the honorable the vice president of the state, with several members of the legisla ture, the judges of the Supreme Court, and other magistrates, together with a great number of the inhabitants of the town and vicinity, met about eleven o'clock, at the house of Mr. Wil liams, from whence they, with the trustees, directors, and stu dents of the academy, went in procession to the court-house, where the governor's proclamation, declaring a cessation of hos tilities, was publicly read, after which thirteen cannons were fired, succeeded by the cheers of the people. At twelve o'clock, divine service was attended, where a dis course adapted to the occasion was delivered by the Rev. Elihu Spencer, D. D. , before a very numerous audience. At three o'clock p. m., his excellency the governor, with a number of the gentlemen of the town, repaired to the house of Mr. Fran cis Witt, where, as well as at the houses of Mr. Williams and Mr. Cape, entertainments were provided for the occasion. After dinner the following toasts were drank : 1. "The Glorious Peace of the 3d of February, 1783." 2. "The United States of America." 3. " His Most Christian Majesty. " 4. "The United Netherlands." 5. " The General and the Army." 6. " General Greene and the Brave Troops under his Com mand." 7. "The American Commissioners at Paris." 8. " Count de Rochambeau and the French Troops who served in America. ' ' 9. "The Marquis de Lafayette, and all such Distinguished Patriots. 10. "All the Whigs in America." HISTORY OF TRENTON. 375 n. "Agriculture, Trade, and Navigation." 12. "The Memory of all those who have lost their Lives in Defence of our Liberties." 13. "The state of New Jersey, may she ever stand distin guished as a pattern of Virtue, Public Spirit, and Strict Justice to all who have generously supported her in the hour of difficulty." CHAPTER XXIV. Every Man a Soldier — To Provide Himself a Musket, and all the Necessary Ammunition — First Organized Military Compa nies — Names of the Different Military Companies and their Officers, from 1776 to 1870 — The Late Rebellion — Number of Men Liable to do Military Duty in the State — Number of Men Sent into the Field — Excess Over all Calls Made by the Ex ecutive of the United States — Expenses of Fitting Them Out- Soldiers' Children' s Home. PREVIOUS to the American revolution we know but very little of the military of our state — in fact, we can find no state records that there were, previous to that eventful struggle, any organized companies in our city. Every man was consid ered, under the old English law, as enrolled for military duty. Under the grants by Berkley and Carteret, in the year 1664, every freeman was " to provide himself a good musket, bore twelve bullets to the pound, with ten pounds of powder, and twenty pounds of bullets, with bandiliers and match convenient." Every able man servant he should carry with him, was to be armed and provided in the same way. And although the military spirit was fully aroused during the revolution, we cannot learn from the state records that more than two regularly organized military companies existed in Tren ton, until the year 1806. The following were called the first battalion, foot militia of Hunterdon county, Isaac Smith, colonel. The first company here mentioned was organized June 17th, 1776. The officers were John Hunt, captain ; Henry Mershon, HISTORY OF TRENTON. 377 first lieutenant ; Ralph Laning, second lieutenant ; Eli Moore, ensign. The second company was organized June 19th, 1776. Wil liam Tucker, captain ; John Fitch, first lieutenant ; Isaiah Yard, second lieutenant ; Joseph Clunn, ensign. Between the years 1806 and 1808, there were five regularly organized military companies in what is now comprised in the city of Trenton ; three of these were in Hunterdon county, north of the creek, and two in Burlington county, south of the creek, although at that time the two sections comprised less than five thousand inhabitants. In the township of Nottingham, now comprising the third, fourth, and sixth wards of Trenton, was the second company of the second regiment of the first battallion. This company was organized April 26th, 1806. Its officers were Samuel Redman, captain ; John Sutterly, lieutenant, and William Lloyd, ensign. This company, although located in the township of Nottingham, was attached to the Hunterdon militia. The officers of the third company were Jonathan Stevenson, captain ; William Chambers, lieutenant ; William Hancock, ensign. The commissions of the officers of this company were dated May 5th, 1806, about two weeks later than those of the second company above mentioned. On the 24th of May of the same year a company was started north of the creek, called the fifth company of the regiment. The officers were James J. Wilson, captain ; Samuel T. Bel lerjeau, lieutenant ; John Hollingshead, ensign. January 23d, 1807, the Second Light Infantry was started. Its officers were John Beatty, captain; James Agnew, lieutenant, and Josiah Fithian, ensign. May 24th, 1808, the third company was started. Its officers were John Sunderland, captain ; Alexander Witherup, lieuten ant; Peter Van Cleve, ensign. June 27th of the same year James Agnew, was elected captain ; Josiah Fithian, lieutenant, and Alexander Wright, ensign, of the first company, third regi ment. December 21st, 1809, Josiah Fithian was commissioned captain ; Alexander Wright, lieutenant, and Israel Fish, ensign. 2 1* 37g HISTORY OF TRENTON. A second company, called the Light Infantry, was organized April 6th, 1811. Its officers were Samuel T. Bellerjeau, captain; Joseph McCulley, lieutenant ; William Sanderson, ensign. The seventh company was organized February 5th, 1813. Its officers were Archibald McCain, captain; Joseph Yard, ensign; and on the 27th of March of the same year Joseph Yard was promoted to a lieutenancy, and Jasper Scott, made ensign. April 15th, 1814, the Jersey Blues, or eighth company, was organized. The officers were James Wilson, captain ; William Sanderson, lieutenant, and James Hillman, ensign. August 20th of the same year, the Union Light Infantry was organized. Its officers were Charles Moore, captain ; Samuel T. Bellerjeau, lieutenant, and Thomas McCulley, ensign. September 19th of the same year, the Phoenix Company was organized. Its officers were Garret Dorset Wall, captain ; Israel Fish, lieutenant, and Daniel Baker, ensign. March 25th, 1816, the Jersey Blues were organized. The officers at the time of organization were Zachariah Rossell, cap tain ; afterwards John B. Potts was elected captain ; John Woolley, lieutenant, and William Southwick, ensign. April 29th, Thomas McCully, was elected lieutenant. September 17th, 181 7, Thomas McCully was elected captain, and David Hutchinson, lieutenant. April 19th, 1819, David Hutchinson was elected captain; An drew M. McCully, lieutenant, and Jacob Yard, ensign. June 24th, 1838, the Pike Infantry was organized. Its officers Were Samuel Dickinson, captain ; Joseph Witherup, first lieu tenant ; Richard Brandt, second lieutenant ; Henry C. Boswell, third lieutenant. ' December ioth, 1842, the National Guard was organized. The officers were James W. Wall, captain ; Richard Brandt, first lieutenant ; Anthony Rowley, second lieutenant ; David S. An derson, third lieutenant. June 26th, 1843, Captain Wall re signed, and Samuel Dickinson was elected captain ; James W. Wall, fii-st lieutenant ; William Napton, second lieutenant, and William H. Rossell, third lieutenant. December ist, 1843, the Flying Artillery was organized. Samuel R. Hamilton, captain; Jacob Kline, first lieutenant; HISTORY OF TRENTON. 37g William Snowden, second lieutenant; William R. Mcllvaine, bugler. December 19th, 1845, Samuel Quicksall was elected third lieutenant of the National Guard. January 27th, 1846, the Jersey Blues were organized, with William Napton as captain ; Barker Gummere, first lieutenant ; David S. Anderson, second lieutenant ; Samuel Mulford, third lieutenant. April 4th, 1867, Samuel Mulford was transferred to first lieutenant, and Barker Gummere, third lieutenant. April 2 ist, 1848, Samuel Mulford was elected captain ; David S. An derson, first lieutenant, Charles J. Gummere, second lieutenant ; John W. Neal, second second lieutenant. January 30th, 1846, Heathcoat J. Disbrow, second lieuten ant National Guard — June 26th, 1847, nrst lieutenant; Samuel Quicksall, second lieutenant ; Emerick Walton, third lieutenant. June 12th, 1848, Sylvester Vansickel, captain; Samuel B. Scat- tergood, third lieutenant. June ist, 1849, Samuel McClurg, Jr., second lieutenant. June 22d, 1848, the Trenton Jersey Blues were organized. Samuel Mulford, captain; John W. Neal, first .lieutenant; Charles J. Gummere, second lieutenant ; Joseph C. Hill, third lieutenant, who was promoted to second lieutenant February 27th, 1849, upon the resignation of Charles J. Gummere, when Albert G. Enos was elected second lieutenant,, and on June 6th he was promoted to first lieutenant, and Barnet T. Slingerland, third lieutenant, was promoted to first lieutenant; December 14th, John L. Gordon, second lieutenant, Benjamin M. Ander son, third lieutenant. January ioth, 1850, the Washington Artillery was organized, with the following officers : John W. Neal, captain ; Jeremiah R. Wilgus, first lieutenant ; John N. Lindsay, second lieuten ant; Job M. Bennett, third lieutenant. January 21st, 1850, the South Trenton Rifles were organized. William Napton, captain; Adolphus Combs, first lieutenant;- Thomas D. Hutchinson, second lieutenant ; Joseph Hill, third lieutenant. September 16th, 1852, Thomas C. Branin, first lieutenant; Samuel E. Branin, second lieutenant; John J. Mundy, third lieutenant. 38o HISTORY OF TRENTON. November 23d, 1852, the Trenton Irish Volunteers were organ ized. Hugh McQuade, captain'; William Smith, first lieuten ant; Richard Killian, second lieutenant; Patrick Redman, third lieutenant. March 23d, 1858, Patrick McMickle, first lieutenant ; Stafford Downey, second lieutenant ; James McCor- mick, third lieutenant. December ist, 1852, the Republican Rifles were organized. Simon Kahnweiler, captain ; Joseph Ruellius, first lieutenant ; Martin Dapper, second lieutenant ; Frederick Mauer, third lieu tenant. September 7th, 1855, the Trenton Rifles were organized. George P. Fuhrman, captain; Joseph Ruellius, first lieutenant; Martin Dapper, second lieutenant ; Frederick Mauer, third lieu tenant. November 24th, 1854, Martin Dapper, first lieutenant ; Frederick Mauer, second lieutenant ; John Haws, third lieu tenant. April 30th, 1857, Martin Dapper, captain; Frederick Mauer, first lieutenant ; John Haws, second lieutenant ; Albert Bentz, third lieutenant. March 25d, i860, John Haws, first lieutenant; Henry Thoene, second lieutenant; John Winter, third lieutenant. March 13th, 1854, the Irish Volunteers were organized. John Gibbons, first lieutenant; Dugald Frael, second lieutenant; Pat rick Martin, third lieutenant. March 13th, 1854, the Sarsfield Guards were organized. Richard Killian, captain ; Charles Lyons, first lieutenant ; Wil liam Tyrrell, second lieutenant ; John Gallagher, third lieuten ant. June 29th, 1857, Charles Harley, captain; William Anglin, third lieutenant. September 8th, 1854, the Trenton Sarsfield Guards were organized. John Travers, captain ; Charles Lyons, first lieuten ant; William Tyrrell, second lieutenant; John Gallagher, third lieutenant. September 2 2d, 1854, the Trenton City Guards were organ ized. William H. Rossell, captain; William Halsted, Jr., first lieutenant ; William F. Pitcher, second lieutenant ; William I. Shreve, third lieutenant. December 12th, 1854, the Stockton Artillery was organized. HISTORY OF TRENTON. ,8l Sylvester Vansickel, captain ; Heathcoat J. Disbrow, first lieu tenant. October 8th, 1855, the Trenton Volunteers were organized. John B. Gribbon, captain ; Anton Muller, first lieutenant ; Pat rick McMickle, second lieutenant ; William P. Kane, third lieu tenant. June 29th, 1857, Thomas L. Hanley, third lieutenant. June ioth, 1856, the Liberty Rifles were organized. Thomas D. Hutchinson, captain ; Aaron S. Lovett, first lieutenant ; John W. Cook, second lieutenant ; Joseph R. Roberts, third lieuten ant. February ioth, 1858, the Jackson Guards were organized. Charles Harley, captain ; Charles Lyons, first lieutenant ; Thomas Hanley, second lieutenant. November 30th, i860, Company A, National Guard, was organized ; William R. Murphy, captain ; Robert C. Belville, first lieutenant ; Joseph Ott, second lieutenant. Captain Mur phy resigned, and Robert C. Belville was appointed captain, Joseph Ott, first lieutenant, and Charles H. McChesney, second lieutenant. August 27th, 1867, William H. Skirm was elected in the place of Charles H. McChesney, resigned. Eighty-six members of this company were in the three months' service, under the proclamation of the president of April 15th, 1861 — from April 16th to July 16th, 1861. Seventy-two were emergency men of 1863, called out by proclamation of Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, under date of June 17th, 1863. They were in service in Pennsylvania from June 19th to July 19th, 1863, and forty-three were officers in the army, navy, and marine corps of the United States. August 1 2th, 1 86 1, the Wilson Zouaves were organized. Wil liam Scudder, captain; Robert S. Johnston, first lieutenant; John B. Warren, second lieutenant. October 17th, 1861, Company C was organized. Charles H. Dean, captain; John Poland, first lieutenant; Charles H. Knowles, second lieutenant. October 17th, 1861, Company D was organized. William C. Vansant, captain ; Christopher Wentz, first lieutenant ; Ed ward C. Flock, second lieutenant. October 19th, 1861, Company E was organized. John Clow- 382 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. ney, captain ; Thomas E. Boyd, first lieutenant ; Samuel Cam- inade, second lieutenant. October 19th, 1861, Company F was organized. Barnet T Slingerland, captain ; Thomas Francis, first lieutenant. October 19th, 1861, Company G was organized. Jasper A. Lloyd, captain ; Alfred R. Lloyd, first lieutenant. October 19th, 1861, Company H was organized. Hugh McQuade, captain ; Patrick McMickle, first lieutenant. October 17th, 1861, Company I was organized. William Valentine, captain ; George F. Vanhart, first lieutenant. October 17th, 1861, Company K was organized. Joseph J. Hawk, captain. October 17th, 1861, Company A, second regiment, was organ ized. Joseph W. Bond, captain ; John O. Raum, first lieuten ant, promoted to captain ; Simon B. Conpver, second lieutenant. October 17th, 1861, Company B was organized. Joseph B. Becker, captain ; William M. Yard, first lieutenant ; John Glenn, second lieutenant. June 29th, 1861, Company C was organized. Charles Bech tel, captain. December 24th, 1861, the Woolverton Infantry was organized. Ephraim R. Cook, captain; George F. Vanhart, first lieutenant; John Moran, second lieutenant. December 14th, 1861, the Hunt Guards were organized. Jacob D. Joslin, captain ; John C. Branin, first lieutenant ; Lewis Lenox, second lieutenant. September 24th, 1861, the Union Light Infantry was organ ized. Benjamin F. Craig, first lieutenant; Budd S. Bodine, second lieutenant. April 22d, 1861, the Olden Guards were organized. Joseph A. Yard, captain; Robert S. Gould, first lieutenant; Charles Ewing, second lieutenant. April 2 2d, 1 86 1, the Wilkinson Volunteers were organized. Isaac Paul Lykens,[captain ; John W. Neal, first lieutenant ; John R. Beatty, second lieutenant. April 23d, 1861, the Jersey Blues were organized. Samuel Mulford, captain ; Franklin S. Mills, first lieutenant ; Henry K. Zehner, second lieutenant. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 383 - April 24th, 1861, Company B, National Guard, was organ ized. Sylvester Vansyckle, captain ; William H. Tantum, first lieutenant; John Parker, second lieutenant. May 29th, 1861, the Constitutional Guards were organized. Andrew Dutcher, captain ; John N. Lindsay, first lieutenant ; Lewis H. Vanhorn, second lieutenant. August 7th, 1861, the Stevens Guards were organized. Heath- coat J. Disbrow, captain; Calvin T. Speer, first lieutenant; Robert W. Roberts, second lieutenant. June 25th, 1861, the Trenton Rifles were organized. John Haws captain ; Henry Thoene, first lieutenant ; John Winter, second lieutenant. August 20th, 1861, the Livingston Guards were organized. Charles Ewing, captain ; William C. McCall, first lieutenant ; Aaron C. Wilkes, second lieutenant. August 20th, 1861, the Lewis Guards were organized. Robert S. Gould, captain ; DeKlyn Lalor, first lieutenant ; Henry H. Woolsey, second lieutenant. August 2 2d, 1 86 1, Company C, National Guard, were organ ized. Charles F. Howell, second lieutenant. October 18th, 1861, Company K was organized. John Cart- mill, captain ; William F. West, first lieutenant ; John C. Titus, second lieutenant. October 18th, 1861, the Belville Guards were organized. John J. Willis, captain; Aaron Bennett, first lieutenant; Dennison Davis, second lieutenant. August 12th, 1861, the Jersey Blues were organized. ¦ Barzilla Ridgway, first lieutenant ; John M. Pearson, second lieutenant. May 30th, 1861, the Trenton Artillery was organized. Charles P. Smith, captain ; Ogden W. Blackfan, first lieutenant ; James P. Stephens, second lieutenant. October 29th, 1861, Company B was organized. Alexander M. Johnston, captain ; Alfred W. Packer, first lieutenant ; James B. Gray, second lieutenant. October 29th, 1861, Company E was organized. Frederick R. Mauer, captain ; William Moore, first lieutenant ; Frank D. Holmes, second lieutenant. October 29th, 1861, Company F was organized. John Tay- 3g4 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. lor, captain ; Lafayette Stradling, first lieutenant ; John G. Stout, second lieutenant. October 29th, 1861, Company G was organized. Simon Kahnweiler, captain; Spencer S. Bower, first lieutenant; Ben jamin F. Britton, second lieutenant. October 29th, 1861, Company H was organized. Orrin B. Faussett, captain ; Christian Fell, first lieutenant ; Patrick O'Neil, second lieutenant. November 7th, 1861, Company A was organized. John R. Beatty, captain ; F. Augustus -Auten, first lieutenant. November 7th, 1861, Company I was organized. Joseph C. Mayer, captain ; George W. Paulley, first lieutenant ; James Ronan, second lieutenant. November 7th, 1861, Company C was organized. Job Moore Bennett, captain ; Thomas S. Stephens, first lieutenant ; James H. Wilson, second lieutenant. November 15th, 1861, the Jackson Guards were organized. James O. Sullivan, captain; John Cahill, first lieutenant; Michael Spain, second lieutenant. November 22c!, 1861, Company D was organized. Michael Dewan, captain ; William K. Bendel, first lieutenant ; William G. Middleton, second lieutenant. November 7th, 1861, the Trenton Rifles were organized. John Winter, first lieutenant ; Frederick Manheck, second lieu tenant. December 18th, 1861, the City Guards were organized. Simon Kahnweiler, captain ; Henry Thcene, first lieutenant ; John Thines, second lieutenant. December nth, 1868, Company B, National Guard, was organized. John Dobbins, captain ; John W. Barber, first lieu tenant ; John Zehner, second lieutenant. Captain Dobbins re signed, and John Schofield was elected captain on January 17th, 1871. July 21st, 1871, James C. Manning was elected captain, and Ambrose Hendershot, second lieutenant. August 19th, 1869, Company C was organized. Henry A. Speeler, captain; Sheffield Tuesday, first lieutenant; Henry Lawton, second lieutenant. August 20th, 1869, Company D was organized. John H. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 335 Leary, captain ; Edward Mullen, first lieutenant ; Michael Cant- well, second lieutenant. Captain Leary died, and Robert S. Johnston was elected captain on November 15th, 1870, and James Campbell, second lieutenant, September 14th, 1869. Of the companies formed in 186 1, the Wilson Zouaves, Union Light Infantry, Olden Guards, Wilkinson Volunteers, Jersey Blues, Company B, National Guard, Stevens Guards, Livings ton Guards, Lewis Guards, Belville Guards, Jersey Blues, sec ond, and Company H, took part in the suppression of the rebel lion. There was no state in the Union that showed a clearer record during the last war than New Jersey. Out of ninety-eight thou sand eight hundred and six men liable to do military duty, she sent into the field during the struggle eighty-eight thousand three hundred and five, being an excess over all calls made by the executive of the United States of ten thousand and fifty- seven, and within ten thousand five hundred and one of her entire militia. The expenses were as follows : Accoutrements, $16,035 °° Arresting deserters, 402 85 Arms and ammunition, 9, 701 52 Advance pay, - - 60,278 00 Army transportation, 74>°32 09 Barracks and quarters, - i3ij593 99 1 Books and stationery, - 5,438 32 Bounty, - 5>95° °° Commandants in charge of camps of rendezvous, i7;7l8 54 Commissioners to conduct the draft, - 3;974 37 Camp and garrison equipage, 161,163 64 Clerk hire, - i35>825 42 Carting and freight, i9>74° 96 Clothing, 889,448 96 Equipments, - 18,074 03 Enrolling, - - - 7>363 6a Examining surgeons, - - - 4,3^4 95 Expenses of volunteer surgeons and nurses, 655 84 Forage, - - - 4°j°99 61 2k 86 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Hospital expenses, - #17,72850 Horses, - 3IO,42o 00 Miscellaneous, - - - 3S>548 72 Ordnance and ordnance stores, 499'9°5 37 Organizing militia preparatory to draft, 7»oi8 62 Pay, - ... - - 39,577 38 Premiums, 16,376 00 Printing, - 42,79° 87 Postage and telegraphing, - 8,805 75 Recruiting, 51,618 84 Subsistence, - -' 174,290 81 Transportation, 88,442 42 Total expenses, - $2,894,384 99 There were no troops in the field better supplied with every thing that contributed to their comfort and effectiveness than were those from our state. On the 23d of March, 1865, an act was passed to incorporate the Soldiers' Children's Home, and upon its being determined to locate it here, the sum of five thousand dollars was appropri ated towards its maintenance. The home was located near Millham, but the buildings were soon found to be too small, and a site was purchased on the Sandtown road, and commodious buildings were erected thereon. The institution was established originally in Jersey City. An appropriation of five thousand dollars was granted by the legis lature. When the home was removed to Millham, Mrs. W. L. Dayton was chosen president ; Mrs. J. S. Davenport, and Mrs. A. G. Richey, vice presidents ; Miss M. A. Hall, treasurer, and M. F. Johnson, secretary, with a board of directors residing in Jersey City and Trenton. Their house at Millham being uncomfortable, and a consider able distance from the city, and being unable to rent a suitable building, they purchased the house No. 92 Warren street, for four thousand dollars. The average number of children in the house up to 1866, was about forty. At the suggestion of Governor Parker, the Camden and Am- HISTORY OF TRENTON. ,g? boy Railroad Company gave them the munificent donation of eight thousand dollars. From the second annual report made to the legislature in 1867, we condense the following: " While reviewing the past year, we would offer most earnest thanksgiving to our Father in Heaven for his unnumbered bless ings. Unusual sickness has prevailed in the city among chil dren : the joy of many a household has been taken away, but no serious illness visited us. The death angel passed by the home. We have to-day an unbroken circle of healthy, happy children — orphan children, whose fathers fell on almost every battle field, consecrating the soil of every southern state. "Though the graves of these patriots may not be decorated with beautiful but perishing flowers, they are not forgotten. Their memory is green in the hearts of our people, and the principles for which they sacrificed their lives form yet the foundation of our government, and, like the sturdy oak, are but more firmly rooted by the fierce and stormy trials of the last few years." The new home was completed in January, 1867, and up to this time has cost the state sixty thousand five hundred dollars. It is exceedingly plain in its external appearance, while in its interior everything has been done in its arrangement to make it a comfortable, pleasant home. There is connected with it seven acres of land, upon two of which is a delightful grove, giving abundant room for garden, play -grounds, &c. It will only be occupied for its present purpose ten years from the time of its first occupancy, when it will be turned over to the state, and can be turned into a reform school for juvenile offenders, or be devoted to some other charitable purpose. The house contains spacious and well-arranged school rooms, dining rooms, dormitories, and play rooms, those for the boys and girls being in different wings. They are together in school and at meals; there being many brothers and sisters among them, the managers desire to cherish and cultivate a fraternal affection. The building is of brick, two stories high, with attic and base ment. The centre building contains class rooms, committee 388 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. and matron's room, two nurseries, sewing room, kitchen, and laundry. In the basement of the east wing is a play room ex clusively for girls, and an ironing room. On the first floor is a school room fifty by forty feet, furnished with desks for one hun dred and forty pupils, piano, black-boards, maps, cards, &c. On the second floor there are dormitories for girls, and bath room, &c. In the basement of the west wing there is a store room and boys' play room. Opening from each play room is the wash room, with basins, towels, glasses, combs, &c. On the first floor is the dining room, fifty by forty feet, with tables and seats for one hundred and fifty, each child having its own place. The house is heated by furnaces and lighted with gas. From the report for the year ending 1870, we learn that they have had under their care in the institution, two hundred and forty-eight children, but at the time of rendering the report there were two hundred and twenty-two. Of this number one hundred and twenty-seven were boys, and ninety-five girls, sev enteen being entire orphans ; one hundred and sixty-nine have no fathers, and thirty -six have both parents living, in which case the father is either disabled by wounds or illness, or is, from other causes, unable to provide for his children. They have a Sunday-school, under the superintendence of Mr. Thomas J. Stryker, with a suitable library, and on one Sunday in each month services are held by some of the various clergymen of this city, at the home ; on the intervening Sundays the chil dren are taken by their teachers to the different churches. There are five teachers in the school, who instruct the children in the fundamental branches of a plain English education. Miss Campbell is matron, and Drs. Charles Hodge and Rich ard R. Rogers have given their services as physicians, gratui tously, ever since the opening of the home. The 4th of July is usually celebrated with appropriate ad dresses from friends of the institution, and songs and dialogues by the children. On Thanksgiving day an excellent dinner is usually provided, and Christmas is pre-eminently the children's day, as it is made, as far as possible, a pleasant day for them. A Christmas tree, with a gift for each child, constitutes that part of the ceremo nies of the day which renders the little ones happy. CHAPTER XXV. Fire Department — Fire Association for the Relief of Disabled Firemen — Firemen' s Beneficial Association — Fire Companies — Union — Restoration — Hand-in-Hand — Resolution — Eagle — Delaware — Good Will — Harmony— Trenton Hose, No. i — America Hose, No. 2 — Hook and Ladder Companies — Protec tion — Trenton Hose. THE first ordinance organizing and regulating the fire de partment was passed May 5th, 1846. It provided that the department should consist of a chief engineer, two assistants, eight fire wardens, and such firemen and hosemen as were then, or should thereafter become, attached to the several fire engine and hose companies of this city. The members of the several companies were to meet on the third Monday of May in each year, at the City Hall, at seven o'clock in the evening, for the election of a chief engineer and two assistants. This ordinance not being satisfactory, they did not all come under its provisions, but continued to act indepen dent, until October 9th, 1854, when common council passed a new ordinance, which provided for a chief engineer and as many assistants as. there were companies connected from time to time with the department, who constituted a board of engineers. The several companies connected with the de partment were to meet in their several engine-houses on the first Monday of November in each year, and elect an engineer to represent them in the board. The board were to elect a chief and two assistants, within one week after their election. The chief engineer was, at fires, to have sole and absolute 2k* 390 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. control and command over all the engines and persons con nected with the department, and in his absence the assistants were to act by seniority. This ordinance, for a while, seemed to be satisfactory, and the several companies in due time availed themselves of its pro visions by signifying their assent to the board of engineers, and sending a representative to that body, with authentic credentials. Through what was considered by some of the companies un warranted action on the part of the board of engineers in 1859, in regard to the companies located in th^ southern part of the town, the ordinance became a dead letter, the firemen refusing to act under it, and failing to elect representatives to the board of engineers. In 1866 the different companies appointed delegates, who met in convention, and drew up an ordinance, which they presented to common council, and asked that body to adopt it as a satis factory one, which is the law which now governs the depart ment. The mode of electing the board of engineers is similar to that prescribed by the ordinance of 1854, but it differs from that, as it gives one assistant north and south of the creek. The following persons have held the office of chief engineer : John P. Kennedy, William J. Idell, Jonathan S. Fish, Charles Moore, John G. Gummere, Samuel P. Parham, A. S. Livings ton, Levi J. Bibbins, Charles C. Yard, and John A. Weart. The last named is the present efficient chief, and has held the posi tion since 1866, with the exception of the years 1869 and 1870. On the 1 2th of November, 1855, a meeting of the board of engineers and the presidents of the different fire and hose com panies was held at the Union engine-house, for the purpose of organizing an association under an act of the legislature entitled "An act to incorporate benevolent and charitable associations," approved March 9th, 1853, for the relief of the members of the fire department organized under the ordinance of the city, who may become sick or disabled in the discharge of their duty as firemen, and to provide for the decent burial of such as may die without leaving sufficient means for that purpose. The name adopted was " The Fire Association for the Relief of Disabled Firemen of the City of Trenton." HISTORY OF TRENTON. 39I The officers elected were A. S. Livingston, president ; Jona than S. Fish, vice president ; Charles Moore, secretary ; Joseph G. Brearley, treasurer. On the 13th of November, Mr. Livingston addressed a letter to the president of the Commonwealth Fire Insurance Company of New York, concerning a donation for the association from the underwriters, upon the fire at the mill of Gaunt & Derrick- son, on the water power, and on the 24th received the following reply, which formed the nucleus of the association. He says: "Yours of the 13th inst. would have received an earlier reply but for the absence of Mr. Wilmarth, chairman of the committee that settled the loss of Messrs. Gaunt & Derrickson. " At his request I now have the pleasure to inform you that the amount contributed by the insurance companies of this city (New York) interested in the loss (say four hundred and thirty- seven dollars and fifty cents), has been paid to me, and your treasurer's draft for that sum will be honored. " I doubt not the Delaware Mutual will gladly add their pro portion, sixty-two dollars and fifty cents, making the sum -five hundred dollars for1 your ' Fire Association for the Relief of Dis abled Firemen of the city of Trenton.' "It affords me peculiar pleasure to be the organ of communi cation with you on this subject, and to assure you of the high estimation in which your fire department is held by the insurance companies of this city interested in the loss. "Hoping that your fund may always be equal to any and all -demands made upon it, "I am, with great respect, your obedient servant. "Joseph Hoxie." The above communication was presented to the association December ioth, by Mr. Livingston, and at the same meeting he reported that he had also received twenty-five dollars, from the Bucks County Contributionship. The first funeral benefit was fifteen dollars paid on account of funeral expenses of Henry Nice, March 12th, 1856, since which time the expenses of thirteen have been paid, amounting, in the ¦aggregate, to two hundred and fifty-one dollars and thirty-eight 392 HISTORY OF TRENTON. cents. The invested fund amounts at the present time to four thousand six hundred dollars. The present officers of the association are George Furman, president ; Edward Steepy, vice president ; Charles B. Cogill, secretary; A. S. Livingston, treasurer. The funds of the association are derived from the tax on all foreign insurance companies, whether fire, life, accident, marine, or live stock, doing business in this state. Under the act of the legislature, approved April 9th, 1867, each foreign insurance company is required to pay the secretary of state a license of fifty dollars, and a tax of two per centum on all premiums received by said companies in this state for the preceding year, for the support of the fire association located in the town where the agency exists. The usual certificate was made out and filed in the county clerk's office, and the association became incorporated under the above act. The credit of organizing this association belongs to A. S. Livingston, Esq., at that time our worthy and efficient chief engineer. A. S. Livingston and J. S. Fish were appointed a committee to draw up a constitution and by-laws for the government of the association, to be submitted to the next meeting, which was adopted December ioth, 1853. In 1870, the firemen formed an association called "The Fire men's Benefit Association," the object of which was to con sider any and all matters that would tend to benefit the depart ment. It was through the influence of this association, all the companies working in concert, that the present mode of support of the department was inaugurated. They also attend to getting up benefits, as their name implies, for the good of the entire department. This association was originated by the whole de partment, and is composed of three delegates from each com pany, who hold monthly meetings at the different engine and hose-houses. They meet for the purpose of exchanging senti ments upon matters relating to the department, and any question proposed relating to the same is decided by a majority of the association. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3g3 This association has done more to reconcile the various con flicting interests in our department than anything previously devised, and tends to unite the members more closely together as a band of brothers working for the common good, than any thing else previously devised could do. The association was organized at the Good Will engine-house in January, 1870. The delegates from the Union Company were Harvey Ham- mill, Peter Mutchler, Stephen O. Lanning; Hand-in-Hand — James S. Kiger, Peter M. Kafer, Charles W. Biles ; America Hose —William McGill, James Connell, Charles C. Yard ; Eagle- Robert S. Johnston, Charles S. Jones, Charles Dougherty ; Good Will, William H. Barton, Frank H. Taylor, William M. Van Sickel ; Delaware — Walter Fagin, John B. Warner, John Tyr rell ; Harmony — Frank Pashley, Oliver Howell, Charles Zehner. The following are the present officers : William H. Barton, president ; Robert S. Johnston, vice president ; Frank Tashley, secretary ; Charles W. Biles, assistant secretary ; James S. Kiger, treasurer. The pride of our city is our fire department. We have now seven steam fire engines, fully equipped with everything neces sary to insure effectiveness, one hose company, and one hook and ladder truck ; in addition to this, each steamer runs a hose car riage, all of which is done at an average expense to the city of about ten thousand dollars per year. An effective paid depart ment would cost about double this sum. We can boast of having the oldest company in the United States, which has kept up an unbroken organization from 1747 to the present time, a period of one hundred and twenty-five years. On the evening of the 7th of February, 1747, Mr. Obadiah Howell, George Ely, John Hunt, William Plaskett, and Thomas Tindall met at the blacksmith shop, situate on the corner of Greene and Front streets, (and afterwards occupied by Jacob Warner), for the purpose of forming a fire company. At this first meeting they appointed Mr. Obadiah Howell a committee to procure buckets, baskets, fire-hooks, and ladders. Messrs. Ely and Plasket were appointed a committee to draft a constitution. 3o4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. After talking over the matter of organization, they adjourned to meet the next evening, at which time William Plaskett was appointed chairman, and Thomas Tindall, clerk. They-again met on the 8th, at the same place ; the articles were read and discussed, and a question arose as to the name of the company — Mr. Ely advocating the name of Union, in con sequence of there being at that time a company in Philadelphia by that name. It was then resolved that the name should be Union Fire Company. Mr. William Plaskett was elected treasurer, the office at that time being captain and president, and Mr. George Ely was elected clerk. These gentlemen continued to act in that capacity until 1751, when Obadiah Howell was elected president. The regular meetings of the company were held once a year, and a special meeting was held on the Monday night next after a fire. The oldest complete constitution of the company in their possession was adopted February 13th, 1792, and commences as follows : "Articles of the Union Fire Company of Trenton, instituted the 8th day of May, 1747; revised and corrected the 5th day of May, 1783; revised and amended the 13th day of February, 1792." The original constitution was signed by the following mem bers : Hezekiah Howell, Conrad Kotts, Charles Axford, Benja min Smith, Joseph Milnor, John Singer, Abraham Hunt, Isaac Barnes, George Ely, James Ewing, Moore Furman, Samuel Leake, Samuel W. Stockton, Maskell Ewing, James F. Arm strong, Samuel Taylor, Joseph Brumley, William Tindall, Rob ert L. Hooper, Pontius D. Stelle, John Potts, and James M. McKinley. From the above names it will be observed that the Union Fire Company was composed of some of the very best citizens, men prominent in public life, and also members of the Presbyterian Church, of which Rev. James F. Armstrong was pastor at that time. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 39g The company was incorporated by an act of the legislature, December 29th, 1824. Its incorporators were Isaac Barnes, Samuel McClurg, Daniel Bellerjeau, John R. Tucker, James Hillman, and John D. Green. In 1772, the company purchased a small engine of James Gibbs, of Philadelphia, which was worked by two men, they being Peter Smythe and Joseph Milnor. In 1786, they purchased a larger one of Parmel Gibbs, also of Philadelphia, for one hundred pounds. June. 5th, 1786, the president informed the company that Mr. Parmel Gibbs, who made the new engine, was in town, and that they were called to determine about said engine, which engine not being satisfactory to the company, Mr. Gibbs agreed that the company should keep the same on paying him fifty pounds now, until he could make one that would be satisfactory. Mr. James, Ewing and Charles Axford were appointed a committee to settle with Mr. Gibbs. August 7th, it was ordered that "Mr. Barnes do purchase ma terials to repair the little engine, and that the treasurer do pay for the same." At the same date, M. Ewing and Charles Ax ford, Jr., reported that they had waited on Mr. Gibbs, and paid him fifty pounds, as directed, and had entered into an agree ment with him to make a new engine for the company, for one hundred pounds, and to use the present engine until the new one was completed. November 6th, 1786, Isaac Barnes, who was ordered to pur chase materials for finishing the little engine, reported that he had complied with the order, and the treasurer was directed to pay the account, one pound seventeen shillings and four and a half pence ; but that in his opinion an addition to the pipe was necessary ; when he was ordered to get the pipe lengthened. August 6th, 1787, the clerk reported that one of the pumps belonging to the large engine was out of order, and Mr. Barnes had repaired the same at the cost of five shillings. February 5th, 1791, it was ordered that "Messrs. Armstrong and Taylor be a committee to have a good trail rope put to both engines, and a necessary harness for one horse for the large en- . gine." The members being at one time required to give an account as to whether they had done their duty, it is entered 396 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. that "Mr. Armstrong, the ladder man No. i, attended and brought forth his ladder and hook to the late fire. August 6th, 1788, the company having no house for their small engine, Mr. Hezekiah Howell offered them ground to build one on, adjoining his house and church lot, and Mr. Charles Axforcl, Jr., agreed to undertake the building of the same. February 4th, 1788, Mr. Axford reported that, agreeably to the order of the company, he had built a house for the small engine, and that it wanted a lock. November ist, 1790, the small engine-house was removed opposite, on the lot of Miss Barnes. This house was built on the corner of the lot of St. Michael's Church, and afterwards removed opposite, near where the Third Presbyterian Church now stands. The following gentlemen subscribed the sum of one pound ten shillings each, for the purpose of purchasing a new en gine in July, 1785: Samuel Leake, Samuel W. Stockton, Maskell Ewing, James Mott, Aaron Dunham, James F. Arm strong, Samuel Taylor, Joseph Brumley, William Tindall, Rob ert L. Hooper, John Potts, James M. McKinley, Pontius D. Stelle, Thomas Atkinson, Peter Gordon, Randle Rickey, George Ely, Peter Payan, Philip Fester, Albert M. Collins, Lewis Evans, Roger Parmele, Jonathan Doane, John Rickey, Jr., John Raum. In 1798, James Ewing was elected president, John Sutterly, secretary, and Peter Gordon, treasurer. At that time the com pany was composed of thirty-two active members. The annual expenses at this time were about four hundred dollars, exclusive of the cost of fire buckets and extraordinary expenses. The company had two engines, one stationed in Trenton and one on Mill Hill. Ellett Tucker was captain of the large engine, and John Sutterly of the small one. In 1 810, Benjamin Smith was elected president, the number of members being forty-three. In 181 3, Isaac Barnes was elected president, the number of members being twenty-eight. This year the company added six fire ladders and seven fire hooks to their apparatus. The HISTORY OF TRENTON. 3g7 same year the company resolved to pay one dollar to the person who should first ring the Presbyterian and State House bells for an alarm of fire. Up to the year 1822, all the members of the company were required to be house-holders in this city. In this year the con stitution was so amended as to admit young men as members. The same year the two engines were sold, and the one now in Pennington was bought by the company. In 1823 the company built a house in State street, near the Government House, at an expense of three hundred and fifty dollars. In 1832, they purchased their double-decker of the Reliance Company, of Philadelphia, and on October 3d, 1848, they had it rebuilt by John Agnew, of Philadelphia, and in July, 1849, they had a new suction put in it. It was sold in March, 1855, to a company in Belvidere, for four hundred dollars. In 1836, they removed their house from the government lot to Academy street, near the old buttonwood tree. In March, 1856, the company purchased a hand engine, piano style, of Mr. Button, of Waterford, New York, at an expense of twelve hundred dollars. In August, 1864, the company sold this engine to the Union Fire Company, of Lambertville. October 3d, 1865, they received the steamer now in use by the company. It was built by Mr. Button, of Waterford, New York, and is a third-class engine. June 14th, 1870, they purchased their iron-gray horses. The company at present has sixty-four active members. Its officers are Jacob R. Freese, president; Daniel Lodor, vice- president ; James F. McClurg, secretary ; Joshua Jefferies, trea surer. Among the members of the Union Fire Company we find the following who have held prominent positions among their fellow- men: Rev. James F. Armstrong, pastor of First Presbyterian Church in 1787, and chaplain in General Sullivan's brigade in 1777; John Beatty, physician, commissary-general of prisoners 2L 393 HISTORY OF TRENTON. in the revolutionary war, president Trenton Bank, president Delaware Bridge Company, member of continental congress in 1776, and member of house of representatives at Washington; Isaac Collins, publisher "New Jersey Gazette " in 1777, printer of the first Testament and Bible issued from the press in this country ; Thomas Cadwalader, the first chief burgess of Tren ton in 1746 ; Joseph Clunn, captain in a state regiment in 1776; John Dagworthy, Jr., was a merchant; Maskell Ewing was clerk of the assembly twenty years ; James Ewing, auditor in 1785, member of the legislature in 1774, and mayor from 1797 to 1803; Moore Furman, deputy quartermaster-general, and first mayor of Trenton in 1792; Peter Gordon, captain in the revolutionary war in 1777, commissioner on damages sustained by the inhabitants of this state in 1781, and state treasurer eighteen years ; Abraham Hunt, merchant ; Robert Lettis. Hooper, vice president of council, and the man who first laid out Mill Hill and Bloomsbury for a town ; William Churchill Houston, receiver of continental taxes from 1782 to 1785, clerk of the Supreme Court from 1781 to 1788, professor of mathe matics and natural philosophy in Princeton College, five times elected member of Congress, first in 1779, one of the commis sioners at Annapolis who suggested the convention which formed the constitution ; John P. Kennedy, chief engineer of the fire department; Samuel Leake, counselor-at-law; Joseph Milnor, merchant; James Mott, state treasurer in 1785; Imlah Moore, chief engineer ; Rev. John Mott, captain in the revolu tionary war; William Boswell, sheriff and United States assessor of internal revenue ; William Napton, sheriff, member of assembly,. and mayor ; Joel Parker, governor ; Samuel P. Parham, chief engineer ; Jonathan S. Fish, member of assembly, city treas urer, and chief engineer ; Andrew Reed, treasurer of Trenton ;; Cornelius Ringo, adjutant-general continental army; Samuel Witham Stockton, secretary of the American commission to the courts of Austria and Prussia, alderman of Trenton in 1792,. and secretary of state in 1 794 ; William Tindall, clerk in com missary department in the revolutionary war, commissioner to go east to exchange prisoners with the Indians, collector of revenue for this district ; Samuel Tucker, sheriff of Hunterdon, mem- HISTORY OF TRENTON. ber of assembly, president of continental congress, justice of the Supreme Court, state treasurer, and chairman of the provin cial committee of safety; James W. Wall, United States senator. After the organization of the Union Fire Company, and pre vious to that of the Hand-in-Hand, there was a company in ex istence called the Restoration, but we have been unable to get any history of it, from the fact of not being able to find any records relating to it. The only knowledge we have of it is contained in the records of the Hand-in-Hand Company, when in 1789 they gave up their engine to the Hand-in-Hand Com pany, upon condition that they put it in repair, in which case they were to keep it until the Restoration Company reorganized, when they had a right to demand their engine, paying the ex penses of repairing ; and at the time of fire they expected an equal benefit from said engine. The Hand-in-Hand Fire Company was organized April 2d, 1772, at the house of Renssalaer Williams. The original mem bers at the date of organization were Joseph Toy, David Cowell, M. D., Renssalaer Williams, Isaac Pearson Rodman, Archibald William Yard, Joseph Clunn, Richard Borden, and Samuel Bel lerjeau. The constitution adopted at the date of organization pro vided in the first article, "that each member, within the space of three months from the date of the adoption of the same, should provide himself, at his own proper cost and charge, two leather buckets, one bag, and one convenient basket ; the bag to be made of strong osnabergs or wider linen, to contain at least three yards, with a running string at the mouth ; which buckets, bag, and basket shall be marked with the name of the person to whom they belong and company, and shall be hung up near the front door, as conveniently as may be, for view, in each mem ber's house, to be ready at hand, and to be applied to no other use than for preserving our own and our fellow-townsmen's houses, goods, and effects from fire; that each new member who shall be hereafter admitted shall provide themselves in like manner, within three months after his admission." And in case they were not provided, or, after being provided, were not kept in order, a fine of two shillings was imposed for each 400 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. bucket so neglected, and for bag or basket, one shilling each, unless they were lost or rendered useless by a fire, in which case the loss was to be made up as soon as possible by the treasurer, out of the company's stocks. On the first notice of fire, "they were immediately to repair to the place, with their buckets, bag, and basket, and there employ their best endeavors to extinguish the same ; and if any house or houses, goods, and effects belonging to any member of the com pany were likely to be consumed, two of them were immedi ately to repair to the door of each such house or fire, there to stand and deliver such goods as may be saved into the hands of such persons as they shall think proper to intrust them with, to be carried to some place appointed by their owner," where one or more was to attend them until they could be conveniently restored to or secured for the owner ; and the others members should, if there be occasion, divide themselves as near as may be to be equally helpful, and that they were to be ready and will ing to help and assist all others. And in case of default in doing this duty, they were to forfeit and pay five shillings, unless they could give a sufficient reason to the company at its next meeting. On the first alarm of fire in the night-time, every member was to cause two or more lights to be set up in his windows ; and such of the company whose houses might be thought in danger,. were required to place candles in every room to prevent confu sion, and that their friends might be able to give them the more speedy and effectual assistance. They held their meetings on the first Thursday in every other month. The clerk served two months, commencing at the top of the roll, and each one in rotation acted as clerk, and for re fusal to serve they^were fined five shillings. They met, in addi tion, on the first Thursday evening after each fire. The treasurer was elected by ballot, at the regular meetings in April and October, and was, in addition, president of the com pany. They possessed^fire hooks and ladders, which were purchased immediately upon their organization. August 6th, 1772, a proposition was made to raise money to HISTORY OF TRENTON. 40I assist the company in purchasing a fire engine, and that a scheme be set on foot to be called the " Fishing Island Lottery," and for that purpose Messrs. Chambers, Cowell, and Williams were appointed managers to report to the company. On the expiration of the first six months, the treasurer re ported stock on hand to the amount of five shillings ; number of persons joined during the year, twelve. June 3d, 1773, Alexander Chambers, Isaac Pearson Rodman, Joseph Clunn, and Josiah Appleton, Jr., were appointed a com mittee to settle the lottery account with the managers of said lottery, and on the 25 th of the same month they reported as follows : "Balance in hands of David Cowell, twenty-five pounds two shillings four-pence ; Joseph Toy, nine pounds fourteen shillings four and a half-pence ; Archibald William Yard, twelve pounds five shillings." The'first fire the company attended was November 25th, 1773, which was a building owned by Hezekiah Howell. From the date of organization till the regular meeting in December, 1776, the company kept up its regular meetings, until the war of the revolution, when the enemy was quartered here, and those favoring the cause of America had to flee, and the company ceased to hold meetings until February nth, 1779. At the first meeting in 1779, the treasurer reported that he had in hand thirty-one pounds six shillings and four-pence. At the same meeting, Alexander Chambers and Renssalaer Wil liams were appointed a committee to wait on the Restoration Fire Company,, to ascertain whether they would unite with them, or whether they would give their engine up to this com pany, upon condition that they put it in repair. On the 4th of March, 1779, the committee reported that they had waited on the Restoration Company, and that they agreed that "the Hand-in-Hand Company shall take the engine and keep it till they form a company, and then they have a right to demand the engine, paying the expenses of repairing the said engine, and at the time of fire they expect an equal benefit of said engine." Jacob Benjamin was appointed to provide a pipe for said ¦engine, and at the next meeting he reported that said pipe was 402 HISTORY OF TRENTON. done at Philadelphia, andjpresented a bill of one hundred and seventy-five pounds for the same, which was more than the stock of the company ; a subscription was started for the purpose of raising the amount, and Jacob Benjamin and Josiah Appleton were empowered to go about and receive the same. In April, 1780, the treasurer reported that, on account of the depreciation of currency, he had not been able to collect what was due the company, whereupon it was unanimously agreed that the debts should be paid double what they were at the time. It was not till June, 1780, that the company had doors and locks to its engine-house, and in August a bill for a lock was presented to the company for sixteen pounds seventeen shillings and six-pence. At this time the first continental money, to the amount of eight pounds, was received for fines, and bills were presented for repairs to engine, for new engine pipe, and re pairing engine-house doors, to the amount of two hundred and thirty-two pounds ; also for putting a new bottom in the engine, forty-one pounds five and shillings. In 1782, the clerk was authorized to hire out the ladders of the company at the rate of one shilling per day. In 1784, Mr. Isaac De Cou presented the company with a new ladder, for which he received a vote of thanks, and the lad der was ordered to be hung up at the house of Mr. Chambers, where William Reeder then resided, and the clerk was ordered to notify the members of the company to give their assistance in removing the engine-house from the place where it then stood! to the lot of Abraham Hunt. In those days it was customary to locate an engine-house on any vacant lot, and for it to remain there until the owner desired possession of the lot. The engine must have been a very small one, for in April 1789, James Machett and Isaac De Cou, were appointed to work the engine at fires. In August, 1793, Richard Howell, then governor, became a- regular active member of the company, and in April, 1796, he was chosen treasurer. Permission was given the company to hang up one of their ladders in the market-house. In June, 1798, it was ordered "that the engine-house be re- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 4o3 moved from the road, and placed on stone pillars close by the house where Mrs. Taylor lives, (in State street, where "Manning's Building ' ' now stands,) over the old cellar, and flush with the fence." In February, 1801, General John Beatty reported new rules for the company, separating the offices of treasurer and presi dent, and making a director who was to fill the position of presi dent. Under the new articles, in April, 1801, General John Beatty, was elected director ; Alexander Chambers, treasurer ; Jonathan Rhea, clerk, and Alexander Witherup, engineer. In January, 1804, the director was instructed to make inquiry for what sum a good engine might be procured, and that a sub scription list be circulated to raise money to procure a good and competent engine, and in February he reported proposals from Philip Mason, of Philadelphia, whereupon he was instructed to contract for a competent engine, the price not to exceed four hundred dollars, and in April he reported that he had contracted with Philip Mason, for a third-class engine, at the price of three hundred and sixty dollars, which was delivered in June of the same year, whereupon a committee was appointed " to have a suitable house built on the spot where the old one now stands on the government lot, and have the old house and engine moved and fixed in some convenient spot on the side of Warren street, above the tavern-house now owned by the heirs of Mark Thom son." The new engine required six persons to manage it. This year application was made to the common council for fifty fire buckets, to be deposited around town for use in case of necessity. At the fire on the 7th of January, in the buildings occupied by Thomas Potter, P. Douglas, and Thomas Cain, a number of buckets belonging to the company were lost, whereupon the clerk was ordered to set up two or three advertisements, giving a description of the lost buckets, which were finally found in a brick-pond, considerably damaged. In July, 1805, it was proposed by the Hand-in-Hand Company to bring the two engines together for trial. At the same time a committee was appointed to wait on the other fire companies to 404 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. know whether they would join in procuring new hose, and to in quire the price of the best quality. _ The committee reported that they could do nothing in consequence of the prevalence of the yellow fever in Philadelphia. In January, 1806, they again reported that the other compa nies would not join them in procuring new hose ; they, there fore, did not purchase any at that time, but in January, 1808, they purchased fifty-two and a half feet, at a cost of nineteen dollars and ninety-seven cents. This was the first hose the ¦company ever had. In 1804, the old engine and engine-house were removed from the government lot, and a new house was built for the new engine, and the old house was removed to the corner of John Chambers' lot, in Warren street, near where the feeder of the Delaware and Raritan Canal now is. On the 7th of July, 1804, General John Beatty resigned as president of the company, having filled the position eight years. In January, 1810, the subject of building one or more cisterns, or erecting pumps for the purpose of securing a more sufficient supply of water in time of fire, was agitated, The other com panies failing to take action in the matter, nothing was at this time done. In January, 1814, the company thinking it necessary for a more speedy and general alarm in case of fire, Garret D. Wall, Jacob Hester, and Thomas Ryall were appointed a committee to cause the academy, Presbyterian Church, and State House bells to be rung immediately upon an alarm of fire ; this was also adopted by the Resolution Company, and a premium of one dollar was offered to the person who should first ring either of the above bells, and fifty cents to the person who should ring the second or third bells. The clerk was also ordered to pro cure an iron bar for the purpose of raising the cover of the cis terns, and also two chains to be affixed to the plugs of the logs. April, 1 81 5, it was resolved to strike out the^article in the con stitution requiring members to keep buckets, and in January, 1816, the clerk was ordered to procure for the use of the com pany twenty-one leather buckets, to be kept in the engine-house, and lettered with the words "Hand-in-Hand," but in October HISTORY OF TRENTON. 4og he was ordered to get the buckets numbered and to distribute the same among the members, keeping a register of the persons and numbers of the same. Upon the resignation of General Beatty as president, in 1808, Aaron Dickinson Woodruff was elected, and held the position until his death, in 181 8, when Gideon H. Wells was elected to the position. In October, 1821, Richard L. Beatty requested permission to withdraw his name from the company in consequence of his appointment as president of the Delaware Fire Company, of Bloomsbury. In June, 182 1, Gideon H. Wells withdrew from the company, having been elected president of the Eagle Fire Company, of Mill Hill, on the 15 th of June of that year. On the 29th of December, 1824, the company was incorpo rated by an act of the legislature, with the usual corporate pow ers. The capital stock was not to exceed two thousand dollars, but this was increased, in 1867, to ten thousand dollars. During the summer of 1825, Alexander Chambers, who had been president of the company nearly three years, and treasurer about seventeen years, was removed by death. October 2d, 1828, a resolution was adopted to admit young men under twenty-one years of age, this being the first company that admitted minors. Joseph G. Brearley, being under the age of twenty-one, was the first one admitted under this rule. In January, 1837, Dr. John McKelway and John Titus were appointed a committee to sell the small engine at private sale. Previous to 1839 the meetings had been held at the houses of the members, but that year common council set apart a room in the City Hall for the meeting of the different fire companies. There were at this time three companies, the Union, Hand-in- Hand, and Resolution. This year they appointed a committee of three to organize the boys who had volunteered to take charge of the small engine, under the control and general supervision of the company. The boys called their engine the Hibernia. The same year the Union Company organized the boys in 406 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. like manner to take charge of their small engine, under the name of Union, No. 2. In July, 1848, they procured a new suction engine of Mr, John Agnew, of Philadelphia. In March, 1850, they, by their own request, were accepted under the city ordinance regulating the fire department, passed in 1847. In June, 185 1, they purchased a hose carriage from the Nep tune Hose Company, of Philadelphia, at a cost of between four and five hundred dollars, and on the ist of July, the carriage was brought home by the company. This carriage was run as the Neptune, the company being divided, one portion running the engine the other the carriage, though both under the same government. They continued these two organizations until 1854, when the Neptune was merged into the Hand-in-Hand, and the engine and carriage were run as one company. In June, 1854, the engine purchased of John Agnew, in 1848, was sent back to the shop of Mr. Agnew, to be thoroughly over hauled and rebuilt, and on the 7th of February, 1855, they re ceived it, thoroughly repaired and repainted. In February, 1859, they passed stringent resolutions against the action of the board of engineers in numbering the different companies, and instructed their engineer to use his best endeav ors to have said resolution repealed, or to take any other action his judgment might dictate to restore harmony and good feeling throughout the department. In March, 1867, they purchased a bell weighing nine hundred pounds, at a cost of about two hundred dollars. The 2d of April, 1867, being the ninety-fifth anniversary of the organization of the company, James S. Kiger collated from the minutes a lengthy and highly-interesting history, which was read on that occasion, in the presence of a number of promi nent citizens. The Hand-in-Hand Fire Company may be said to be the mother of four companies at present in existence in our city. First, they furnished the president of the Eagle, Gideon H. Wells, organized in June, 182 1. The same year, and about four months later, they furnished a president for the Delaware Fire HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 407- Company, in the person of Richard L. Beatty. In 1839 they organized the boys into a company, who volunteered to take charge of the small engine, and be under the control and gen eral supervision of the Hand-in-Hand Company. This was the original organization of the Good Will Fire Company, and in 1859, a number of the members withdrew and formed the America Hose Company. The engine-house stood on the government lot, where the residence of Mrs. William E. Hunt now stands, after which it was removed into Academy street, on the southwest corner of the academy lot. In June, 1850, it stood on Isaac Heulings' lot, in the rear of the American Hotel, at which time the board of directors re ported they had sold the said house for eighty dollars. At this time the company entered into a contract with Joseph C. Potts for the use of the building in Chancery street, in the rear of the Chancery buildings, at an annual rental of fifty dollars for ten years. They remained here until the year 1861, at which time the city built the house in Willow street, now occupied by them. The company took possession, and moved the property and apparatus into it on Tuesday afternoon, September ioth, 1861. The present steam fire engine was built by Messrs. Clapp & Jones, of the city of New York, and was received by a public parade July 3d, 1868. It is a horizontal motion engine, with one steam cylinder, eight and three-quarter inches in diameter, with nine inch stroke ; the pump is five inches in diameter, with nine inch stroke. The boiler is of a drop tube, constructed under Peter M. Kafer's patent of March ioth, 1868, is thirty- five inches in diameter, and four feet eight inches high, contain ing one hundred and twenty-eight one and a half inch drop tubes, also twenty-two two inch, and thirty-three one and a half inch smoke flues. This engine weighs four thousand five hun dred pounds, light, and five thousand two hundred and thirty pounds, loaded, ready and complete for service, and will com mence working with 'fifteen pounds of steam, which can be generated in six minutes. In the early part of the winter of 1868, a heating apparatus was erected in the engine-house, built under the patent of Peter- 4o8 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. M. Kafer and Joseph M. De Lacy, bearing date May 7th, 1867, and January 7th, 1868. The object of this arrangement was to keep the water in the boiler of the engine at any degree of tem perature desired, even boiling, as it has often occurred that the ¦ engine was worked from steam generated by this heater. This kept the engine at all times ready for service at fires in the im mediate vicinity. It consisted of a furnace or stove, on which was arranged a small amount of tubing. This tubing being connected with the engine by two pipes to the boiler of the engine, the connecting cock was so well arranged that when the engine was pulled' ahead, all were operated by the forward motion of the engine, and during its absence at a fire, the water would be heated in a small tank. This apparatus required no no other attention than to be supplied with two hods of coal every twenty-four hours. The hose carriage purchased by the Neptune Company and run under that name, has been in constant use ever since it was purchased, but being now nearly used up, the company are about negotiating for the purchase of a new one Such a one is now being built by Messrs. Kafer & Swan, of this city, members of the company, and known as a three-wheeled tender, con structed on principles both scientific and practical, and intended to meet the wants of the department by being light, and easily managed and controlled. The hand engine built by John Agnew, of Philadelphia, was sold about the ist of June, 1867, to Charles Megill, of this city, as agent for a newly-organized company at Owensboro', Ken tucky, which, on reception of the engine, retained the old name. About the 27th of January, 1870, the company purchased a team of horses, which were accepted after due trial, and they were placed on duty February nth, 1870. Number of active members since date of organization, four hundred and thirty; contributing members, three hundred; active members transferred to honorary list after five years' serr vice, seventy-five ; number of fires attended, of which a record has been kept by the company, three hundred and ten. The following persons, members of the Hand-in-Hand Fire Company, have held prominent positions in our city, and in our state and national government : HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 409 David Cowell, M. D., was a senior physician and surgeon in military hospitals ; Renssalaer Williams was a justice of the peace, librarian of the Trenton Library Company in 1781, and one of the founders of the Trenton School Company, or acad emy ; Joseph Clunn, captain in one of our state regiments in the American Revolution, and kept an inn, which bore the sign of "Alexander the Great;" Alexander Chambers, one of the directors of the school-house in 1765, the first to establish Bloomsbury as a port for sloops ; Bernard Hanlon kept a woolen mill at Millham, and was also engaged in the auction business ; John Yard was a captain in the revolutionary war ; John Cape, was a lieutenant in the continental line, in the revolution; William Douglass was a celebrated physician, and wrote a book entitled "A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North America, from 1749 to 1753;" William Tucker, captain in the revolutionary war; Isaac DeCou, high sheriff of Hunterdon county, and alderman; Nicholas Bellville was at the head of the medical profession ; William Smith kept the hotel where Fitch, the inventor of the steamboat, hired a room, where he carried on the business of silversmithing, and the manufacture of silver and brass buttons for peddling ; Aaron Dickinson Woodruff was . attorney-general of the state twenty-four years, mayor of Trenton three years, a member of the legislature, and was instrumental in having Trenton selected for the state capital ; Richard Howell became an active member of the company during the time he occupied the gubernatorial chair ; George Holcomb was a major in the revolutionary army, and afterwards member of the house of representatives at Washington ; Jonathan Rhea was a major in the revolutionary army ; John Beatty was a celebrated physician, ¦commissary-general of prisoners in the revolutionary army, president of the Trenton Bank from May, 1815, till his death, May 30th, 1826, president of the Trenton Delaware Bridge Company, and laid the foundation stone of the first pier, May 21st, 1804, was a member of the continental congress in 1776, and afterwards member of the house of representatives at 2 M 4I0 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Washington ; Joseph Brittain was the principal owner of the lot on which the State House is built; Rev. Nathaniel Harris; Lucius H. Stockton was district attorney of the state, and nomi nated by President Adams as secretary of war; Samuel T. Machett, city treasurer ; Garrett D. Wall, United States senator ; Samuel L. Southard, United States senator, governor and chan cellor of the state, secretary of the navy, attorney-general of the state, associate justice of the Supreme Court, and acting vice president of the United States. The following were the officers of the Hand-in-Hand Fire Company in July, 1871 : President, Charles B. Cogill ; vice president, Joseph M. DeLacy; secretary, James S. Kiger; assistant secretary, Thomas A. Dempsey; financial secretary, Charles W. Biles; treasurer, James]tA. Howell; foreman, Abram Swan; first assistant foreman, Charles W. Biles ; second assistant foreman, Michael Campbell; engineer, Andrew S. Groves; assistant engineers, Joseph Nolen and Thomas A. Dempsey. The Resolution Fire Company was organized on the 4th day of February, a. d. 1804, and incorporated on the 28th day of December, a. d. 1824. The minutes relating to the organization do not contain anything of special importance. They simply refer to the organization and its object, without even giving the names of those who took a prominent part in the organization. From what we can' gather from the minutes we conclude that Zachariah Rossell was called to the chair, and that he con tinued to be the president of the company for many years thereafter. The ink with which the secretary's name was written has grown so very pale that we are not able to make it out. The minutes of the Resolution, from the date of its organization until 1805, do not make mention of anything more than trials of the engine, and the mere fact that meetings were held. Among the most prominent members of the Reso lution were Zachariah Rossell, president ; Samuel Evans, secre tary ; John R. Smith, Lambert Rickey, Timothy Curlis, Robert McNeely, Charles Ewing, William Hise, William Boswell, John Buckman, John Probasco, William Vanhart, Jasper S. Hill, Wil- HISTORY OF TRENTON. 411 liam Kerwood, William Clossen, John Rossell, James J. Wilson, William Gould, Peter Forman, Israel Taylor, Seth Wright, Daniel Coleman, Evan Evans, David Johnson, Thomas C. Ster ling,. John Howell, Joseph M. Bispham, Charles Burroughs, Wil liam Potts, Samuel R. Hamilton, Thomas J. Stryker, Timothy Abbott, Jr., Stacy G. Potts, Philemon Dickinson, William C. Brannin, Henry B. Howell, Edward W. Scudder, Jasper Scud der, James B. Coleman, and Charles Parker. Many of the above-named gentlemen have long since died, while some are still with us, and are engaged in the active pursuits of life. The rules and regulations of the Resolution Fire Company were very different from what they are now in the various fire companies. The membership was divided into committees, namely, the ladder committee, the alarm committee and the bucket committee. Each committee was required, under penalty of a fine, to attend strictly to the duties assigned it. This company had one very peculiar rule, which was that of holding a meeting one week after every fire. This was done in order to give the members who were absent from fires an opportunity of explaining their absence. Zachariah Rossell seems to have occupied the position of president of the Resolution during nearly the whole of its existence, and the office of secretary was filled by Samuel Evans, Charles Burroughs, Charles Parker, Edward W. Scudder, Charles ¦Moore, and Benjamin Moorehouse. The company at first had what was called a bucket engine, which in 1839 was given to a party of boys who pulled it to fires until the Good Will Company came in possession of it. In the minutes of July 6th, 1837, we find the following: "The committee appointed to inquire of the expense of a suc tion engine made the following report : ' Mr. Farnum, of New York, offers to furnish an engine, possessing the combined powers of a suction and propelling engine, for the sum of four hundred and fifty dollars. He guarantees the engine to throw water one hundred and fifty feet horizontally, and to be worked with perfect ease by ten. men. By means of an engine of this construction the water may be drawn from any reservoir in the 4I2 HISTORY OF TRENTON. city, and propelled to any point that the length of hose will reach. " 'Respectfully submitted. '"Thomas J. Stryker, " ' William C. Brannin.' "The committee are authorized to accept the proposition of Mr. Farnum, and purchase the engine and sell the old one to the best advantage possible. ' ' The engine, when completed, was received by the company in due form. It was a mahogany engine, and was much admired by the citizens. In those days an engine of that kind was con sidered a big thing. The only bill we find unpaid by the Resolution Fire Company was a bill of Stacy Potts for seventy-five cents, for oiling hose ; the company thinking the bill too large, referred it back to Thomas J. Stryker for correction. We presume this bill still remains unpaid, as there is nothing on the minutes to show that it was ever satisfied. The initiation fee of the Resolution Fire Company was three dollars. In the minutes of October 2d, 1848, we find the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : " First. That Resolution Fire Company do hereby agree to recognize the members of the Good Will Fire Company as associate and constituted members of this company, they con senting thereto, to enjoy all the privileges and be subject to all the duties of this company. " Second. Resolved, That the united members be divided into three sections; that the duty of No. 1 section, on the alarm of fire, be to take charge of the Resolution fire engine ; No. 2 to take charge of the Good Will engine ; No. .3 to take charge of the hose carriages and apparatus. "Third. Resolved, That the first meeting of the united com panies-be held at the call of the Resolution Fire Company. "Fourth. Resolved, That the secretary be requested to pre sent these resolutions to the Good Will Fire Company at their meeting this evening, and report at the next meeting of the company." HISTORY OF TRENTON. 4I3 The minutes of December 8th, 1848, contain the following: " A resolution from the Good Will Fire Company was consid ered and accepted and ordered to be placed on the minutes, in lieu of those passed at the meeting of this company, and the secretary of this company gave the Good Will Fire Company notice of the same. The following was the resolution : ' Resolved, That this being an auxiliary company to the Reso lution Fire Company, its members be admitted to all the privi leges of the members of the Resolution Fire Company.' " On April 2d, 1849, the members of the Resolution Fire Company severally resigned, and the secretary was authorized to hand all the books and effects to the president of the Good Will Fire Company. "Benjamin Moorehouse, Secretary." The Good Will Fire Company was formally organized on the 24th of January, 1848, but having become auxiliary to the Reso lution Fire Company, dates its organization from February 4th, 1804. Previous to this organization a number of gentlemen had formed themselves into a company, calling themselves the Good Will Company, and used the old bucket engine, as it was called, this being the same engine that was used by the Resolu tion Company previous to the one which was purchased of Mr. Farnum in 1837. Charles Moore presided at the meeting held in the City Hall on the 24th of January, 1848, and Peter B. Geary acted as sec retary. At this meeting Charles Moore, William D. McClain, and Benjamin K. McClurg were appointed a committee to draft a constitution and by-laws. The next meeting was held on the 7th of February, 1848, at the City Hall, Charles Moore in the chair ; Peter B. Geary, sec retary. At this meeting a committee, consisting of McClurg, McClain, and Gray, was appointed to procure hats and capes. On motion, the secretary was requested to prepare a petition to present to common council, asking for the sum of seventy-five dollars, to make repairs on engines. The engine used by the Good Will Company after it had formally organized was the same one used by the gentlemen above alluded to, who called themselves the Good Will Company. The said sum of seventy- 2m* 4I4 HISTORY OF TRENTON. five dollars was granted by council, which, together with the money raised by subscription, was used in having the engine changed in to a suction engine, and in making other repairs on the same. \ At the meeting held on the '4th of February, 1848, a consti tution and by-laws were adopted. This meeting was held at the printing office of B. F. Yard. The following persons signed the constitution : Charles Moore, John McMilnor, William B. McClain, Benjamin K. McClurg, David Pullen, Peter B. Geary,- James F. Starin, George E. Curslys, Richard Callis, John M. Tunison, Jacob S. Yard, and Aaron Dansbury. At the meeting held on the 3d of April, 1848, the committee on hats and capes made a report that the hats and capes were to cost two dollars and sixty-four cents per pair, which report was adopted. Peter B. Geary held the position of secretary until October 2d, 1848, when Benjamin K. McClurg was elected to fill the vacancy, At the meeting held October 9th, 1848, the following resolu tion was adopted : "Resolved, That this company, being an auxiliary com pany to the Resolution Company, its members be admitted to all the privileges of the members of the Resolution Fire Com pany." This resolution, it will be remembered, was received and adopted by the Resolution Fire Company. The following supplement to the charter of the Resolution Fire Company was passed by the legislature February 9th, i860 : "Whereas, By resolution passed at a regular meeting of the Resolution Fire Company, held October 2d, 1848, it was resolved that all the rights and privileges of the said Reso lution Fire Company be extended and transmitted to the Good Will Company of Trenton — " ist. And be it enacted by the senate and general assembly of the state of New Jersey, That the corporate name of this com pany be changed to the Good Will Fire Company of Trenton, New Jersey. HISTORY OF TRENTON. ^5 " 2d. And be it enacted, That the said company may increase the number of its members to one hundred and fifty, and may increase its capital stock to one thousand dollars. " 3d. And be it enacted, That all provisions to the act to which this is a supplement, inconsistent with this act, be and are hereby repealed." The first regular election of officers in the Good Will Fire Company was held on Thursday evening, February ioth, 1848. The following persons were elected officers : Charles Moore, president; P. B. Geary, secretary; John M. Millnor, treasurer; Charles Moore, Benjamin K. McClurg, William B. McClain, Richard Callis, and James F. Starin, directors. In August, 1850, the company purchased a new engine, built, by Young & Son, Philadelphia, at a cost of two thousand dol lars. The color was red, and it was then considered a very hand some engine. On receiving the same the company paraded ninety men, fully eq'uipped with red hats, red shirts and black pants. This engine they used until they procured their present steamer, which was built at the Amoskeag works, Manchester, N. H., and received on the 20th of February, 1864. The steamer cost thirty-two hundred and fifty dollars, and is consid ered one of the best steam engines in Trenton. The first engine-house occupied by the Good Will Company was situated on Front street, near Willow. It was an old one story house. The next house occupied by them was situated on Warren street, on the north side of Coleman's mill. This was, also an old one story house, with two planks for a floor to run the engine on ; an old stove was rolled against the door for a lock. In 1849, application was made to council by the company for a new house, and in the same year one was built on Washington- street, which, at that time, was considered a beautiful building for an engine company. It occupied this house until 1861. Before removing therefrom, the company purchased a lot of land on Warren street, where it is now located, from Samuel K. Wilson, which was afterwards conveyed to the city in con sideration that the city would put up a new house on said land. This the city agreed to do, and until it was completed, 4i6 HISTORY OF TRENTON. the company housed its apparatus in the building occupied by Casper Martino, on Greene street. The house it now occupies is a two story brick building, large and convenient, and is one of the best and finest engine-houses in the city. The company has spared no expense in furnishing the rooms in this building, the parlor being fitted up as neatly and beautifully as any prU vate parlor in the city of Trenton. The building has been re cently enlarged by the addition of a stable. This addition makes a fine meeting room on the second story, and avoids the necessity of using the large parlor. The large tower in the rear of the engine-house was com menced in November, 1869, and was completed in the course of four or five months thereafter. It is seventy feet high, and sup plies a much-needed want. The alarm bell hanging therein was purchased by the company January ist, 1870, of Meneely & Son, of Troy, New York, at a cost of eleven hundred dollars. It weighs nineteen hundred and ninety-seven pounds. The tone of this bell is unsurpassed by any bell in Trenton. It can be heard in any part of the city, and whenever it strikes it is the signal for- fire. The Good Will Fire Company deserves a good deal of credit for procuring such a bell. The members of this company pulled their engine by hand until the 4th of July, 1 87 1. Before this date, however, they had purchased two large and beautiful black horses, at a cost of six hundred and seventyr five dollars, but did not put them into service until the 4th of July, 1871. The membership of the company is three hundred,. of which number one hundred and thirty-three are fully equip ped, active members. The remaining number is made up of honorary and contributing members. The present officers of the company are — president, Charles Moore ; vice president, William H. Barton ; secretary, Charles G. Hillman; assistant secretary, Charles W. Krier; treasurer, A. K. Perry; collector, Sylvester Van Syrkel, Jr.; foreman, Frank H. Taylor; assistant foreman, Richard Degraw; steam engineer, Thomas Boyd. Charles Moore has filled the office of president since the or ganization of the company, and the office of secretary has been filled respectively by Peter B. Geary, Benjamin K. McClurg, Charles Megill, Frank H. Taylor, and Charles G. Hillman. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 4I? Among the oldest members of the Good Will Fire Company, now living, are Henry B. Howell, Charles Moore, James Kelly, Thomas E. Boyd, James E. Hillman, James H. McGuire, Felix McGuire, Jacob Langstine, William Pearson, John R. Pearson, James H. Morris, Charles Megill, Charles Bechtel, John L. Gor don, David Campbell, James Wylie, John W. Cassidy, Franklin S. Mills, John Clowney, Henry J. Bennett, and Harvey Howell. The Good Will Company was the first equipped fire company in Trenton, and no one can or will deny that it did very much toward creating a spirit of emulation in the department ; and through its earnestness and activity, and the co-operatiou of the other companies, the department grew and became the pride of every fireman and every citizen. Since their organization, the members of the company have taken five regular excursions : two to Easton, Pa. ; one to Phila delphia, on which occasion they took part in the great firemen's parade as guests to the Hibernia Fire Company, No. i ; one to Providence, R. I., as guests of the whole fire department ; and the last to Charlestown, Mass., and Newport, R. I. In Charlestown they were the guests of the Howard Fire Company, and at New port the guests of No. 5. Upon all these occasions they were heartily received and kindly cared for. They have received many visiting fire companies, and have always extended to them their hospitalities in the largest degree. The Good Will Company wore the Philadelphia style of fire hat until sometime in 1863, when it made a change for the New York style, which style has been adopted throughout the whole country. During the war, one whole company was made up of members of the Good Will Fire Company. Some, after the war, returned to mingle again with their friends, while others fell upon the field of battle while manfully fighting for their country's rights. The assets of the company are worth about five thousand dollars. This is in brief a history of the Resolution and Good Will Fire Companies. A good deal yet remains to be written, but we have not the space here in which to write it. Gideon H. Wells, Robert Chambers, William Aitken, William Hankinson, Fairfax Abell, Wollaston Redman, John Aborn, 4i 8 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Lewis Evans, Foster Hart, Lamar G. Wells, Richard J. Bond, Charles Stevenson, John Mount, Jacob Raum, John Ingleton, Jesse Redman, James Hope, Thomas W. Morgan, Charles M. Wells, Welling Napton, Thomas Dearth, and George D. Abra ham were the original organizers of the Eagle Fire Company. They met at the house of John Hutchinson, on Friday even ing, the 15th of June, 1821, completed their organization, and adopted a constitution, which sets forth in its preamble, the fol lowing : " We, the subscribers, inhabitants of Mill Hill and its vicinity, for the greater security of our own and our neighbors' property from loss by fire, do associate and form ourselves into a company to be known and styled the Eagle Fire Company of Mill Hill." At their first meeting the following officers were elected : Gideon H. Wells, president ; Lewis Evans, vice president ; Thomas W. Morgan, secretary ; Jesse Redman,' treasurer ; Robert Chambers, inspector. Their second meeting was held at the same place, Friday evening, June 2 2d, when a bill was presented by Welling Napton, for seventeen dollars and sixty-seven cents, for lumber for build ing the engine-house, and five dollars for labor, which was ordered paid ; and a^bill of R. Chambers for repairs done to the house, one dollar, was also ordered paid. Thomas Dearth and Welling Napton were elected engineers, and John Mount, Jacob Raum, Wollaston Redman, Robert Chambers, James Hope, and Fairfax Abell, assistants. Messrs. Bond, Mount, and Aborn were appointed a committee to make the necessary inquiries respecting the procuring of buckets for such members as wished to purchase them. February 2 2d, 1822, Richard J. Bond was authorized to have the constitution printed in pamphlet form, and each member supplied with a copy at twelve and a half cents each. Lewis Evans and Jacob Raum were appointed a committee to have the front of the engine-house painted and the name of the com pany placed over the door, and on November 7 th they reported that it was unnecessary to have anything further done to the house at that time, and were thereupon discharged. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 4lg At a meeting held at the house of John Pearce, Thursday, May 2d, Stacy G. Potts, James Martin, Cornelius Raum, and John Pearce were elected. Lewis Evans, Robert Chambers, and Welling 'Napton were appointed a committee to procure a ladder, and on the 6th of February, 1823, they reported a bill of nine dollars and twelve and a half cents for the same, and were authorized to find a proper place for keeping it, and also to procure hooks for hang ing it up. November 7th, 1822, Lewis Evans presented a bill of two dollars and thirty-four cents for painting the engine-house, which was ordered paid. The company then adjourned to meet at the house of John Pearce, Thursday, February 6th, at six o'clock, at which time supper was to be prepared for it. May 6th, 1824, James R. Tomlinson, the secretary, was au thorized to have a good and sufficient covering put over the lad ders, and attend to the necessary repairs of the same, and on the 4th of November he reported the same complete, and presented a bill for two dollars and ninety-three cents, which was ordered paid. Fairfax Abell and Richard J. Bond were appointed a commit tee to procure fire hooks. Mr. C. Raum was authorized, May 6th, 1825, to let out the ladders at twelve and a half cents per day for the large one, and six and a quarter cents for the small one; February ist, 1827, they were ordered not to be loaned to any one. February 2d, 1826, John Whittaker was fined twelve and a half cents for not having his buckets painted. February 7th, 1828, Charles M. Wells and Fairfax Abell were appointed a committee to purchase eight feet of hose. August 6th, 1829, the engineers were authorized to purchase four pairs of buckets for the use of the company, which was done at an expense of twenty dollars. February 5 th, 1830, a committee was appointed to apply to the legislature for an act of incorporation for the company, which was accordingly passed on the 26th of the same month. The incorporators were Robert Chambers, Fairfax Abell, Richard J., 42Q HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. Bond, Wollaston Redman, John Whittaker, and William Wain. The capital stock was two thousand dollars, which was afterwards, by a supplement approved March nth, 1864, increased to eight thousand dollars. The meetings of the company were held usually at the hotel of Mrs. Gordon, and the members were in the habit of indulging in the use of liquors, as appears by the following resolution offered by William C. Howell, November 4th, 1830. "Resolved, That in future the company abstain from the use of ardent spirits in meetings of business ; and that our usual mode of throwing in our sixpences be continued, and be given for the use of the house." This resolution was laid over from one meeting to the next, until May 5th, 1831, when it was considered and lost. February 2d, 1832, the committee appointed at a previous meeting reported that they had purchased two sections of hose, at an expense of sixty-seven dollars. At the same meeting Richard J. Bond, John A. Hutchinson, and Henry M. Lee were appointed a committee to purchase a tender for carrying the hose, and on the ist of November they reported that they had purchased one at a cost of fourteen dollars and twenty-five cents. November 13th, 1833, Richard J. Bond and Fairfax Abell were appointed a committee to have a new ladder made, and on February 6th, 1834, it was resolved that the old ladder be sold, and that Joseph Whittaker be the auctioneer. The ladder was accordingly put up at auction, and purchased by John Whitta ker for two dollars and fifteen cents. The house of the company was a small one story building about sixteen by thirty feet, and located on the lot where the court-house now stands, and in front of the southerly end of it, on Broad street. North of the engine-house, and adjoining the same, the hooks and ladders were located, having a covering over them, chained fast to the fence, and locked with a padlock,. the key of which was kept by Cornelius Raum, who occupied the house on the corner of Broad and Market streets, immedi ately in front of the surrogate's office, and adjoining the engine- house. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 42I August 4th, 1836, a proposition was made to fit up the lower story of the Mill Hill school-house for an engine-house, and Messrs. Joseph Whittaker, Robert Aitken, and Wollaston Red man were appointed a committee to inquire into the expediency and probable cost of fitting up said building, and report to the company and citizens of Mill Hill, at the school room, on Wed nesday evening, the 17th instant. August 17th, 1836, the company met, together with such citi zens of Mill Hill as were disposed to attend, in the school room, at which time the committee appointed to ascertain the probable cost of fitting up the lower story of the school-house for an en gine-house reported that to build it with a nine inch wall would cost eighty dollars, and to build it with inch boards, plowed and grooved, would cost about forty dollars. Horace Smith and Joseph Whittaker were appointed a committee to collect money from the citizens and members to build the house, and at the meeting of August 24th, the committee reported that they had collected funds enough to warrant the undertaking, and Wollas ton Redman, Robert Aitken, and Joseph Whittaker were ap pointed a committee to have the work done, at an expense not exceeding fifteen dollars, and instructed that the same be com pleted in thirty days, and to remove the engine to the riew house. The committee appointed at a previous meeting to have the engine painted reported that the work was now done, and that a place had been left for the purpose of inserting a motto. The question now arose as to what motto they should adopt — a number of which were proposed by different members, and were all rejected. The following, proposed by Wollaston Red man, was unanimously adopted, viz., "Efficient Aid," which has stood as the motto of the company ever since. The committee on building were also authorized to ascertain-, what they could sell the old engine for. The meetings of the company were then changed from the hotel to the school room. The cost of fitting up the new house was forty-six dollars and eighteen cents. February 2d, 1837, Horace Smith, Richard J. Bond, and' Wollaston Redman were appointed a committee to dispose of" 2n 422 ; HISTORY OF TRENTON. tlie old engine-house by public sale, to the highest bidder, on Monday, the 13th, between the hours of twelve and one o'clock. May 4th, 1837, the committee reported that they had sold the old engine-house to John Whittaker, for sixteen dollars and fifty cents, and also that during the month of March, the cooper shop of Jafed L. Cool, adjoining the engine-house, had been destroyed by fire, and in order to save the engine-house it was removed, and in removing it, it was broken to pieces, and Mr. Whittaker having demands against the company for twelve dol lars and fifty cents, asked the company, in consideration of the loss sustained, to accept his claim as an off-set against it, which was agreed to. A committee was appointed to inquire the cost of firemen's hats, who reported that they would cost from one dollar and thirty-seven and a half cents to one dollar and eighty-seven and a half cents. Joseph Whittaker and Robert Waddell were appointed a com mittee to procure thirty leather badges with the words "Eagle Company" painted on them, to be worn on the hat. The com mittee procured twenty-five at eighty-one cents each, being one for each member. The members were required to wear their badges at all fires, and at every quarterly meeting to work the engine. May 3d, 1838, Joseph Whittaker and Henry Page were ap pointed a committee to prepare a place to hang the ladders. November 5th, 1841, the custody of the ladders was placed in the hands of George James, with the privilege of hiring them out at twelve and a half cents for one or two hours, and twenty- five cents per day, and if they were retained over night, fifty cents, without respect to persons, and that he be accountable for them, and receive twenty-five per cent, on all moneys col lected for their use. February ist, 1844, four torches were procured at one dollar each. May 2d, 1844, Joseph Whittaker, John Bucknum, and Ed ward W. Page were appointed a committee to select a location to build an engine-house, and also to ascertain the probable cost of the same. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 423 December 24th, 1846, Joseph Whittaker and Richard J. Bond were appointed a committee to solicit donations for the purpose of purchasing a new engine, and Robert Aitken, Joseph A. Bond, and James A. Howell were a committee to raise funds for building a new engine-house ; and on the 4th of February, 1847, Richard J. Bond and Joseph Whitaker were appointed a com mittee to purchase a new engine. The first engine used by this company was built by Pat. Lyon, of Philadelphia, at that time the most celebrated engine builder in the country. The next one was made by John Agnew, of Philadelphia, in 1847, who was, in his day, also celebrated as an engine builder. This engine was six and a half inch cylinder, ten and a half inch stroke, with suction and side stream, the cost of which was seven hundred and seventy dollars. The engine built by Pat. Lyon worked from the ground, with two arms, while that of Agnew'shad a gallery and four arms. At a special meeting held December 30th, 1847, suitable reso lutions were adopted on the death of Richard J. Bond, who had been president of the company since May, 1830, a period of seventeen years, and who was one of the original members at its first organization, and at the time of his death the only remain ing one of that number. May 3d, 1849, it was ordered that the members of the com pany equip themselves with hat and cape at a cost of two dollars and fifty cents ; device, a spread eagle on hat, with the figures 1821, and the letter E on the back. The engine-house was removed from the academy, and a small house erected in Market street, near Jackson, which the company continued to occupy until • the city built the present house in Broad street, in 1858. In 1859 a difficulty occurred in the department in conse quence of the board of engineers numbering the different com panies. Those in Trenton proper were given the first numbers, and those in that district which had been annexed were num bered last. This created considerable dissatisfaction among the companies affected thereby. The Eagle Company rebelled, on the ground that its rights were interfered with, and this was carried to such an extent that the sheriff closed up the house, 424 HISTORY OF TRENTON. levied on the property, and sold the hose carriage and other property at public sale, to pay the expenses of the suit. During this year the Delaware Company was fitting up a new house, and had its engine and apparatus housed with the Eagle Company. Upon closing the house they removed their apparatus to a stable, where it was kept until the Hand-in-Hand Company ten dered them the use of their house, September, 1859. The new house of the Eagle Company was dedicated July 5th, 1858, and was the first house built by the city, since which time the city has supplied all the companies with good engine- houses. 1 The Eagle Company purchased the first steamer that was brought to this city, in 1864, which underwent considerable repairs in 1869. From time immemorial it had been the custom for the mem bers of the company to pull the engine to fires, but when the steam engines were introduced this mode was found to be entirely too slow, too much labor, and not in accordance with the progressive times ; consequently, it was found necessary to have some greater motive power, and horse power was substituted for human muscle. The Eagle Fire Company at present wears the New York style of equipments, about one hundred members being fully equipped. The first presidents of the Eagle were Gideon H. Wells, Richard J. Bond, and Joseph Whittaker; then followed John 0. Raum, who has filled the position about thirteen years, and is the third oldest active fireman now on the rolls of the company. The company has made several excursions, one to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and another to New Haven, Connecticut, at which cities they were received in the best possible manner, the most unbounded respect being shown' towards them — particularly in the latter city, where receptions, illuminations, and other marks of congratulation were extended to them, not only by the fire men, but by the city officers and people generally. The Eagle at the present day ranks second to no company in the city. She has had her trials in days gone by, but the more she has been tried the greater has proved her glory, and the HISTORY OF TRENTON. 42g Eagle has arisen from the fiery ordeal, with her plumage unruffled, only to soar higher up, and perch herself upon the loftiest pinnacle. On the 15 th of June, 1871, the Eagle celebrated her fiftieth anniversary by a supper at the engine-house, prepared by John J. Ford. x Among those present were three of the oldest members — John Bucknum, who has been a member thirty-two years, William D. Laning, who has been a member twenty-seven years, and John 0. Raum, who has been a member twenty-six years. Interest ing remarks were made by the above gentlemen, contrasting the present prospects and condition of the company with its humble. origin fifty years ago. Remarks were also made by other mem bers of the company, and invited guests. Some years ago an addition was built to the engine-house by the city, which gives the company, in addition to their meeting room in the second story, a handsome large parlor, fitted up in grand style. The present membership of the Eagle company is a little over three hundred; the officers are, John O. Raum, president; William Johnston, vice president ; Jesse Thornley, secretary ; John Dobbins, assistant secretary ; Charles S. Boyd, financial secretary; William Ossenberg, treasurer. We have no record of the date when the first meeting was held for the purpose of organizing the Delaware Fire Company. It must have been, however, prior to April 5th, 1821, because in one of the old minute books we find a list of the actual and honorary members under the above date. We give this list as a matter of some interest to our citizens, since in it will be found some of our veterans, whose span of life has been extended far beyond the ordinary limit, and two or three of whom are to-day .among our most active and energetic business men. The following is a list of the actual members of the Delaware Fire Company, April 5th, 1821 : Benjamin Fish, John Phares, James F. Rock, James Phares, Lewis Parker, J. H. Mershon, Isaac Yard, John McMackin> Aaron O. Shuff, William Cook, William Briggs, James Short, Charles Holland, Morris Jackson, Thomas Hamilton, Isaac 2n* 426 HISTORY OF TRENTON. Blackford, James Bell, Abner Mershon, David Schenck, Matu- rin Redway, Wilson A. Coleman, Alexander C. Wood, John Drummond, John Sunderland, Jr., John Laing, John B. Abbott, The following is a list of the honorary members at the above date : Philip F. Howell, Samuel Crowell, Charles B. Carman, Rich ard McGannon, Clark Chambers, Lamar Phares, James G. Van- syckal, Caleb Carman, Thomas McKean, Daniel D. Moore, Lawrence Fagoli, Jacob W. Lupardus. We also find that soon after their organization, they made arrangements for procuring an apparatus. A subscription was started, and they collected three hundred and forty-five dollars and fifty cents. They bought two engines, paying for them two hundred and thirty dollars ; and after these entries in the trea surer's books, without date, we find the balance of fifteen dollars and fifty cents carried to a new account, and charged to the treasurer June 25th, 1821. Many of our citizens will remember the old hand engine owned by this company for many years. Although built in the simplest manner possible, without any of the gay trappings which decorate the engines of our clay, she was yet considered a very efficient apparatus, 'and always performed her duty when circum stances required it. The engine-house at that time was a small one story frame building, situated on the southerly side of what is now Bridge street, near Warren. It was long since removed to make way for other improvements. During the month of March, 1856, the company bought a new hand engine, made by Button, of Waterford, New York, for one thousand one hundred dollars, and at the same time purchased another engine-house, which was located on the north side of Bridge street, near Fair. In the fall of 1865, it was resolved to purchase a second-class steam engine of Mr. Button, the maker of their engine then in service, and early in the following year the present engine was received. During the past winter (1870-71) she was thoroughly overhauled, and several improvements were added. In the fall of 1868, the company left the building in Bridge HISTORY OF TRENTON. 42? street and occupied the new engine-house built by the city, in Warren street, just above Bridge, where they are at present located. Soon after getting the steamer the company found it necessary to procure horses— the weight of the apparatus proving too severe a task for human muscle. Since then the company has not been without a team, which is hired out in the city for vari ous kinds of work, and thus made to yield a small revenue. The company was incorporated by act of the legislature, Janu ary 31st, 1833. The corporators were Benjamin Fish, John B. Abbott, Maturin Redway, Jacob B. James, Charles Skelton, Thomas N. Hamilton, William R. Howell, John Phares, and John Sunderland. , The capital stock was originally one thousand five hundred dollars, but this was increased on February 18th, 1856, to two thousand five hundred dollars. It is gratifying to look back over the past history of this com pany and note the changes that have taken place. From very humble beginnings, this company is now on an equality in every respect with the other fire companies of the city. To the great number of fires which occurred during the winter ¦of 1838-39, and the want of sufficient apparatus for their extin guishment, does the Trenton Hose Company owe its existence. Trenton, at this time, was well supplied with fire engines, and , in a manner supplied with the necessary apparatus for carrying hose ; yet there was ample room for improvement, and an excel lent opportunity afforded for mail to display his willingness to help his fellow mortal in his hour of need and danger. And to give tovthe citizens of Trenton the aid of a suitable apparatus for carrying hose and all its necessary adjuncts, and to insure its speedy arrival at the scene of conflagration, a number of gentle men, actuated by the best of impulses, assembled at the house of John Van Fleet, in Warren street, on the evening of February 25th, 1839. A. P. Atkinson, Esq., was elected chairman, and the following resolution was adopted : -" Whereas, The numerous cases of fire occurring in the city of Trenton renders it necessary, and the undersigned, actuated by a sincere desire to assist their fellow-citizens in the hour 428 HISTORY OF TRENTON. of danger, have resolved to form themselves into an organi zation or company, to be denominated the Trenton Hose Company, No. i." This resolution was signed by A. P. Atkinson and others. Nothing of much importance was done that evening, and they adjourned to meet on Friday evening, March 8th, 1839, at which time the Trenton Hose Company was organized, and the following gentlemen elected as its officers for the ensuing year : A. P. Atkinson, president ; George Furman, vice president ; Charles C. Bellejeau, secretary ; Samuel F. Hart, assistant secre tary; George W. Van Hart, treasurer; Charles W. Johnston, John R. S. Barnes, and David S. Anderson, directors. The organization being without a hose carriage, a committee, consisting of Benjamin T. Howell, David S. Anderson, A. P. At kinson, R. W. Furman, and George W. Van Hart, was appointed to wait upon the Resolution Fire Company, and request the loan of their hose carriage until one could be procured ; this request was cheerfully complied with. With the proper apparatus and a full complement of men, they were without a hose-house, and the members were compelled to hold their meetings at private houses,1 hotels, auction rooms, or wherever they could find a suitable room for the purpose. In the course of a few months they purchased a new hose' carriage, and secured a house in Warren street, opposite the Third Presbyterian Church. This house afforded scarcely room enough to accommodate the mem bers and hose carriage at the same time, but by using the car riage as a presidential chair and for seats, it was considered suf ficiently large ; no doubt the gentlemen who were then members of the company were actuated by, and possessed warm and noble impulses, for they had many difficulties to contend with, but labored earnestly for the worthy cause in which they were en listed, and overcame all obstacles. No change of officers occurred until January, 1841, when death invaded their ranks and claimed their much-loved and highly-respected president. It was a sad blow to the organiza tion, for to him and their worthy vice president belonged much of the honor of adding this branch of the service to the fire department. George Furman, Esq., was elected president, and HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 42g shortly after, John B. Johnston was selected as vice president, and ever since, except for a short period, they have occupied the same positions; other changes in the board of officers have taken place, but it would be tedious to mention them. Since 1841 many changes have occurred, both as to members and the finan cial condition of the company. Some of its members have grown grey in the service — while many have passed away from the busy cares of life. That energy which marked the early members of the company and caused them to remove from their quarters on Warren street to a better one in Hanover street, and purchase a new hose carriage, and again remove to the corner of Hanover and Greene streets, and again purchase a new hose carriage, is highly appreciated by the present members. During this time they visited Easton and New Brunswick, as an organization, and won the high esteem and regard (of both citizens and firemen of both cities. In 1859, that celebrated organization, the "Lynn Fire Asso ciation," visited Trenton, and were the guests of the Trenton Hose Company. Too much cannot be said of Lynn firemen, for never before had such a gentlemanly body of firemen visted Trenton, and the citizens were indeed thankful that the Trenton Hose Company had afforded them the opportunity to hold forth the hand of welcome and friendship to so noble an organization. At the breaking out of the war of the rebellion, the Trenton Hose Company nobly responded to the call of its country, and for a time the organization was almost without men. Of those who aided their country in her hour of need, all so conducted themselves as to reflect honor on their state and city ; and at the close of the' war many returned to us wearing the insignia of high rank, won only through true bravery; and as civilians, many have gone forth from the organization to occupy positions of honor and trust in the affairs of the state and city. In 1865, when it was deemed best to re-organize the fire department of this city, and when the city council adopted an ordinance for its proper government, from the ranks of the Trenton Hose Company was selected as chief engineer, John A. Weart, Esq. ; how well he has fulfilled the expectations of 43o HISTORY OF TRENTON. the citizens, the present excellent condition of the department unmistakably shows. Until 1866, the Trenton Hose Company had been almost self- sustaining ; being the owner of its apparatus and hose-house, it only required the city to supply it with the necessaries incident to a fire organization to protect the property of the citizens from fire. At this time a new building was needed, and the city purchased its property and erected thereon the present building, and before it was completed, the organization, in order to enlarge its sphere of usefulness, had purchased a hook and ladder truck, the money with which to make this purchase being jointly contributed by the company and the citizens in general, thus proving that they were willing to give both labor and money for the Welfare of thecity. To the year 1868 was given the honor of presenting the brightest page in the history of the Trenton Hose Company. In that year the company made its famous trip to Boston and Lynn — the "Hub" and the "City of Soles." Here again did it display its indomitable energy, for at the time it, resolved to make the journey, the company was in possession of apparatus fit only for use at fires. Nevertheless, before three months rolled around it was the owner of one of the finest hose carriages in the state, fully one-half of the purchase money having been contrib uted by individual members at a single meeting ; the balance was the gift pf the citizens of Trenton. To those who had been entrusted with the arrangements of the excursion,' the morning of the ioth of August came only with fear, for they were far from being sure that success would crown their efforts. At Jersey City the excursionists were the recipients of many honors at the hands of the fire department, under the direction of Diligent Hose Company, No. 3, and after a day's sight-seeing in and around New York harbor, they left for Boston, arriving, there on Tuesday morning, expecting to find only a small body of firemen in waiting to escort them across the city, but found Chief Damrell, a full board of engineers, a representative from each company of the city, and a vast concourse of people to welcome them. To Melville, No. 6, of Boston, is much honor due for this kind greeting, and for the oration which followed. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 43I During the company's march through the city, it was greeted by cheers and rounds of applause. The streets were densely crowded, and doors and windows held their full complement of glad and smiling faces. Arriving at the American House, Mayor Shurtleff and the board of aldermen were in waiting to receive them in the mame of the city. A banquet had been provided, at which Mayor Shurtleff presided ; and among the many words of welcome, none fell upon the ears of the Trentonians with so much meaning as those of the mayor and chief engineer, who stated that in their recollection of the city government, which 'extended back over twenty years, it had never tendered the free dom of the city and a public reception to a fire organization until the coming of the Trenton Hose Company. At two o'clock that afternoon the company started for Lynn, where an ovation awaited it which far surpassed the greatest ex pectations — in fact, its coming had given to Lynn a gala-week. The visitors were met at the depot by the entire fire department, and by thousands of citizens, whose countenances plainly spoke a genuine welcome. Bunting floated from every conceivable place, and buildings, both public and private, were gaily deco rated. Lynn's citizens in general vied with each other to make the visit as pleasant as possible, and in every respect did they sustain the time-honored and oft-quoted Yankee hospitality. The doors of the rich and the poor were alike thrown open in cordial welcome to the Trentonians. They were strangers in a strange land, and right nobly were they taken in and cared for. While yet in Lynn, the board of aldermen of Boston held a special meeting and passed a series of resolutions, inviting the company to become the guest of that city for a number of days, and also placing at its command steamboats and cars, in order that it might visit points of interest in and around Boston. To present this invitation to the company for its acceptance, a committee, composed of the mayor, chief engineer, and three aldermen, was appointed to visit Lynn to ask the company's acceptance; but circumstances were such that it was forced to decline this more than generous offer of the authorities of Boston, not, however, without assuring the committee that it appreciated the honor tendered. The day arrived for its 432 HISTORY OF TRENTON. departure from Lynn, and the mayor, with thousands of the citizens, had come to speak the parting word. After returning thanks to the citizens of Lynn for the many courtesies received at the hands of the people, the company with difficulty reached the cars, and soon were far distant from Lynn. The Trenton Hose Company would be derelict in duty did they not accord to Lynn the praise of giving them such a hearty welcome. On its return to Boston the company found the mayor, alder men and fire department awaiting its arrival, and it was escorted at once to the American House, where, in the name of the city of Boston, it was invited to partake of a banquet already pre pared. A few short hours were spent in merry-making and a general good time, when the hour to start on the journey home ward arrived. Boston was still loth to part with the company, and marched it through the principal streets, while the train which was to bear it away was detained at the request of the city authorities until a long time after the hour named for its departure. Ar-r riving at the depot, it quickly embarked and was soon speeding homeward. And thus terminated a most brilliant visit. Feted and welcomed on all occasions, the Trenton Hose Company may justly feel proud. On its return, the Trenton firemen gave them a most cordial welcome. From that time until the present the members have preserved their character and reputation as firemen, and are numbered ampng the most useful and efficient in the city. And it is to be hoped that the record of the past which has added so much to the bright history of the Trenton Hose Company will never be tarnished by any act or deed in the future. The present officers are, George Furman, president ; John B. Johnston, vice president; John G. Bigelow, secretary; Wm. H. Titus, assistant secretary; A. W. Phillips, treasurer; John G. Bigelow, foreman; G. A. Bennett, assistant foreman; Wm. C. Dunn, assistant foreman. The Harmony Fire Company was organized May 9th, 1849. The first meeting was held at the house of Daniel T. Beller jeau, in Warren street, above the Feeder bridge, for the purpose of forming a fire company in the northern part of the city. Edward H. Brown was chosen chairman, and Charles R. Faus- HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 433 sett, secretary. It was resolved, "that this meeting believe it to be essential to the citizens of the northern part of the city to have a fire engine, as all the engines are situated in the lower part of the city." Edward H. Brown, Charles R. Faussett, John B. Creed and Samuel Bellerjeau were appointed a committee to solicit the aid of the citizens for the purpose of purchasing an engine and house. The next meeting was held May 14th, at the house formerly occupied by Dr. Walker, above the Feeder bridge in Warren street, for the purpose of hearing the report of the North Tren ton engine committee, but the committee were not ready to report at that time. It was, however, resolved that Edward H. Brown, Samuel T. Bellerjeau, and George P. Fuhrman be a com mittee to look after an engine. At the meeting of May 22d, they reported an appropriation from common council towards purchasing their engine, for which they tendered to that body a vote of thanks. Samuel McClurg, Jr., and Thomas J. Combs were appointed a committee to look after an engine. At the meeting held May 25 th, the company resolved to come under the city ordinances. At this meeting it resolved to purchase an eight hundred dollar engine, and on motion of Thomas J. Combs the name of Harmony was adopted. A committee on constitution was appointed, who reported the same, which was adopted on the 31st day of May, in which the admission to mem bership was fixed at one dollar. June 7th, the following officers were elected : John Chambers, president ; Edward H. Brown, vice president ; George J. Miller, secretary, and John Covert, treasurer. John Chambers declin ing to serve as president, and John Covert as treasurer, Edward H. Brown was elected to fill the former. S. T. Bellerjeau was elected" vice president, and Thomas J. Combs, treasurer, at the meeting held November 24th ; and at the meeting held Novem ber 30th, George J. Miller having declined as secretary, Thomas J. Combs was elected to fill the vacancy. The first engine was received January 2 2d, 1852, and in August the rope-walk of Batten Brown was burned, and the en gine-house being on the same lot, was utterly destroyed by the 2o 434 HISTORY OF TRENTON. fire. Mr. Andrew Crozer, residing directly opposite, in the house now occupied by the Children's Home, gave the company permission to put its engine in his carriage-house in Greene street, in the rear of his dwelling, until such time as it should get its new house built. The engine built by John Agnew, of Philadelphia, was re ceived January 2 2d, 1852, on which occasion an escort was given by the Union Fire Company, and the department generally. In 1854, a resolution was adopted fining any member found intoxicated in the house, one dollar and fifty cents, and any one bringing liquor into the house, under any pretence whatever,. should be expelled. May 3d, 1855, it was resolved that all bills should be paid by the city council. Thomas Cain wanted to drain his property through the prop erty belonging to the engine-house lot, when it was, on motion, resolved that he be allowed the privilege upon the payment of one thousand five hundred dollars. This Mr. Cain thought was too much, and declined the offer. In 1855, a committee was appointed to ascertain the cost of a bell weighing two hundred and fifty pounds, and on the 2d of August it reported that a bell could be purchased for thirty cents a pound, and that thirty-one members had subscribed one dollar each for that purpose. January 4th, 1855, a vote of thanks was tendered Protection Hook and Ladder Company, for the presentation of two axes,. and George P. Fuhrman, Jr., was instructed to convey the same to the company. February ist, Samuel T. Bellerjeau and John B. Creed were appointed a committee to proceed in a legal manner against all persons damaging or destroying any property belonging, to the company ; also against all persons behaving in an indecent or disorderly manner about the house. At this meeting two mem bers were expelled for violating this rule. Samuel T. Bellerjeau, George W. Sunningshine, James S. Robinson, Samuel D. Bellerjeau, and John B. Creed were ap pointed a committee to obtain an act of incorporation, which was passed on the 2d day of March of the same year. The in- HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 43S corporators were George W. Sunningshine, Samuel T. Bellerjeau, James S. Robinson, John B. Creed, Samuel F. Price, Matthew Moses, Samuel D. Bellerjeau, Charles Meyer, John Brades, Charles Sweet, and John Haws. The capital stock was not to exceed four thousand dollars, and was to be applied "to the pur chase and holding of real estate, to the procuring, maintain ing, and repairing such fire engine, hose carriage, hose, ladders, buckets, fire-hooks, engine-house, or other property, and such implements and machines, and to such other incidental expenses as shall to the said company appear best calculated to secure the property of their fellow-citizens from injury or destruction by fire." April 5th, 1855, The finance committee were instructed to have the deed of the engine-house transferred to the company. At the meeting of July 20th, 1857, they adopted as their motto "We Strive to Save." On Monday, July 27th, they brought their engine home after having had it repaired and repainted. January 7th, 1858, the committee reported that the bell was hung. January 13th, 1859, three members were fined twenty-five cents each for swearing in the meeting, and it was resolved that if the fine be not paid by the next meeting that they be expelled from the company. February 3d, 1859, two of the members were fined fifty cents each for creating a false alarm by ringing the bell. February 3d, 1859, a handsome bible was presented by Mrs. Theodosia Hammell, and a beautiful hymn book by Miss Eliza Hunt, which were received with appropriate resolutions of thanks, which were ordered to be published in the daily papers. In i860 they furnished their house in a splendid manner, reflecting great credit on the company. In 1861 they adopted the New York style of equipments, which are worn by them as well as all the other companies of this city at the present time ; the same year they had their engine repaired and newly painted. During the year 1861, while the Harmony Company's house was being built, its apparatus was housed with the Good Will, but learning that it would have to leave those quarters, it made 436 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. application to the Hand-in-Hand-Company to house the appara tus with them. May ist, 1862, the company petitioned common council for a new hose carriage, whereupon the sum of one hundred and thirty dollars was appropriated. It was ascertained that it could not get the kind of carriage it wanted for that sum, and the com mittee was instructed to procure one at the cost of two hundred and twenty-five dollars. The carriage was built by William H. Cook, and was received by the company about April ist, 1864, at a cost of two hundred and seventy-five dollars. April 27th, 1863, a committee of five was appointed to meet similar committees from other companies, to procure from the city an annual appropriation to defray the expenses of the differ ent companies, , which object was accomplished in 1871, each steamer being allowed twelve hundred dollars per year, and hose and hook and ladder companies one-half of that sum, to cover all expenses. January 7th, 1864, the company acted as escort to the Eagle Company upon the reception of its steamer from the builder in Philadelphia. February 27th, 1864, it resolved to purchase a steamer, and appointed a committee for that purpose, and instructed them to employ the Amoskeag Company to build the same, which was received October 6th, 1864. May 5th, 1864, the building committee was ordered to peti tion common council to enlarge the house for the reception of the steamer. September 24th, 1865, the company made an excursion to Wilmington, Delaware. September 8th, 1865, the company escorted the Union Engine Company on its arrival from an excursion to Easton. The same year the company acted as escort upon the reception of the Eagle Steam Fire Engine Company upon its return from the excursion to New Haven, Connecticut. October 24th, 1865, the company appointed a committee to meet with committees from other companies to re- organize the fire department. On the 26th of December, 1865, the company participated in the reception of the Delaware steam engine. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 437 December 7th, 1865, the company purchased a bell weighing about five hundred pounds, at a cost of three hundred dollars. The same year the company's stable was completed, and on the 13th of February, 1866, the company purchased a handsome team of horses, at a cost of five hundred and thirty dollars, and on the ist of March it purchased a set of harness at a cost of sixty dollars, and on the 5 th of April it purchased a wagon at a cost of one hundred and twenty-five dollars. November ist, 1866, the company sold its old hand engine for two hundred dollars. In 1869, the company procured a bell cast by Wm. Holmes, of this city, at a cost of thirty-seven cents per pound. In 1871, while the addition was being made to its house, the engine was housed at the Good Will engine-house. The following are the present officers of the company : John Taylor, president; Francis Pashley, vice president, Oliver Howell, secretary; William Zehner, assistant secretary, Wil liam W. Fell, treasurer. The Harmony Fire Company commenced erecting its first building at the forks of Greene and Warren streets, on the lot occupied by the blacksmith shop of James S. Robinson, but - when the cellar walls were up, at the request of Mr. Robinson, and upon the payment of ten dollars to the company, it aban doned the site, and erected a frame building upon the same spot where its present house stands. This house was burned down in 1852, when the company erected a house on Princeton avenue, a few doors north of Pennington street, which it continued to occupy until the -city built the present house. The number of active members at the present time is fifty-three ; honorary mem bers,- ten ; contributing members, one hundred. In 1850, the Protection Hook and Ladder Company was organized. The truck was housed at the Good Will engine-house, in Washington street. This company, although it had but a short existence of about five years, proved of inestimable value in aid of the fire depart ment. It was composed of some of our German citizens, nearly all of whom were members of a military company in existence at that 2o* 43g HISTORY OF TRENTON. time, under the name of the Republican Rifles. The president of the company was also captain of the rifle company. When the company disbanded about 1855, all the property was turned over to the Good Will Company, and is still in their possession. The officers were, Simon Kahnweiler, president; Joseph Ruelius, vice president ; Joseph C. Mayer, secretary, and Wil liam Pheyl, treasurer. The America Hose Company was organized January 19th, 1859, by members from the Hand-in-Hand Fire Company, and was incorporated February 14th, i860. Its incorporators were William T. McDowell, James Madison Drake, William'H. Booz, George W. Brindley, James Wayland, 'Joseph W. Margerum, Charles T. Girten, George A. Smith, John R. Leigh, Abner Warner, John R. Beatty, David B. Fair- brother, Henry K. Heidweiler, Charles J. Hankinson, William P. Conard, John Robbins, Benjamin Skirm, Samuel Mulford, Charles C. Yard, ^Marcus Marks, Samuel I. Lewis, Thomas Mul- lineux, Edward S. Pullen, Asa B. Warner, John C. Rumpf, George W. Heston, James Harding, Peter F. Anderson, James B. Ellis, Frank P. Patterson, George Moll, Richard R. Rogers, and Miles Stitt. They were incorporated as the America Hose Company, No. 2, of the city of Trenton, with a capital stock not to exceed three thousand dollars, "for the purpose of pro curing, maintaining, and repairing such hose carriage, hose, lad ders, buckets, fire-hooks, carriage-house, or other property, and such implements, machines, and apparatus, and for such other incidental expenses as shall to the said company appear best calculated to secure the property of their fellow-citizens from injury and destruction by fire." The -company purchased its first carriage from the Hope Hose Company, of Philadelphia, at a cost of two hundred dollars, which, in consequence of the company having no house of its own, was housed at the Good Will engine-house, then located in Washington street, where C. B. Wainright now has his car riage factory. The city then erected for the company a frame house in Montgomery street, near Perry— the same building now occu* HISTORY OF TRENTON. 43g, pied by the Social Turnverien Association. The house at pres ent occupied by the company, in Perry street, east of the canal, was built by the city in 1870. The company having sent its hose carriage to be repaired, it was received in December, 1863, and in January, 1864, the- company participated in the reception of the Eagle steamer. The America having resolved to procure a steam engine, ap pointed a committee of eight to collect money for the purchase- of the same, thus being the first company, in our city to suggest the adoption of steam fire engines. The committee had received subscriptions amounting to two thousand dollars ; but in conse quence of the war then raging, and most of the members having enlisted, by which the company was almost broken up, the pro ject was abandoned for the time being. In 1866, the matter of building a new house was agitated, and a lot was offered to the company for that purpose. February 17th, 1867, Messrs. Drake, Ryan, and Pearson, were appointed a committee to petition council for the erection of a new house. On the 3d of June, 1867, the company held a pic-nic in Het- zel's grove, and invitations were extended to the Weccacoe Fire Company, of Camden, and the America Hose Company, of Philadelphia, on which occasion the, former company presented the America with a handsome picture, upon the reception of which appropriate resolutions were adopted. The hose carriage was rebuilt in 1867, by Messrs. Gardner & Fleming, of Philadelphia, and carries on the side-badges a beau tiful oil painting of Chief Weart. On the 1 8th of January, 1868, the Clark Fire Zouaves, of Elizabeth, Captain J. Madison Drake, visited this city, and were the guests of the company, and in the evening a grand compli mentary hop was given them. On the. 25th of August, 1869, Chief Engineer John A. Weart presented the company with a beautiful silver fire horn, after which a collation was given by the company at the First Ward Hotel, William McGill, proprietor. In February, 1870, the company procured a bell of Mr. William Holmes, of this city, weighing six hundred and sev enty-five pounds, and costing three hundred dollars. 44o HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. The company has a second-class improved Amoskeag engine, which was purchased of the Shiftier Steam Fire Engine Com pany, of Camden, at a cost of four thousand dollars. This engine weighs, light, five thousand eight hundred and forty pounds, and about six thousand five hundred pounds when loaded. It has a double pump, and a condenser for salt water. On the 14th of November, 1870, the company purchased a team of horses at the sale of French's circus, in this city, the cost of which, including harness, was four hundred and ten dollars. There are now on the rolls of the company forty-three fully- equipped active members, and sixteen honorary members. The present officers of the company are, Thomas Mullineux, president ; William Taylor, vice president ; James Connell, sec retary; Edward Whalen, assistant secretary; William McGill, treasurer. The company has in its house the first Union colors that crossed the long bridge, at Washington, during the rebellion, and which were planted on Fort Runyon, in Virginia. It also has' a miniature hose carriage, about twelve inches long, made by a member of the company from a piece of spar of the Cum berland, which was sunk by the Merrimac, in Hampton roads. Company C, known as the "Wilkinson Guards." (named in honor of Frederick R. Wilkinson, Esq.,) was organized by J. Madison Drake, foreman of the America Hose Company, No. 2, thirty-two members of which organization attached themselves to the third regiment, within two hours after intelligence of the fall of Sumter was received. Drake declined to lead the com pany to the war, but served faithfully as ensign of the third regiment during the term of enlistment — three months. Lieu tenant Franklin S. Mills asserts that Drake unfurled the first flag on the enemy's soil. With this sketch of the America Hose Company we complete our history of one of the oldest and most efficient fire depart ments in the country, on the rolls of which have stood the names of many prominent men— governors, legislators, philosophers, and statesmen — and which have been written, in never-fading characters, on the scroll of fame and honor. CHAPTER XXVI. Additional Manufactories Omitted under their Appropriate Heads — Shoemaker' s Almanac — Thomas Chalkley's Narrative of Travel — Blazing Star Hotel — Bull' s Head Hotel — Indian King and Indian Queen Hotels — Trenton Directories — Veto of Mayor Hamilton — Indigent Widows' and Single Women's Home. IN 1852, the frame machine shop, on the west bank of the water power, was erected by Charles T. Allaire, and in the same year Peter Obert built his large two story blacksmith shop, north of it. In 1849, Messrs. Fisher & Norris built a factory for the manu facture of their superior cast iron anvils, on the water power, north of the Phoenix Iron Works; and in 1851, the same firm- erected the building immediately opposite, for a machine shop ; but visitors being positively forbidden admission thereto, I have never even had a look into these manufactories. I am satisfied, however, of the superiority of the Trenton anvils, and of the new mode of the manufacture of them, from the fact that they are in the daily receipt of orders from all parts of the United States, besides Great Britain and the European continent. The Orleans Mill was built by James M. Redmond, in the year 1841. It is a very extensive building, and was intended for the manufacture of carriages ; but, finding that work of that kind would be too heavy for the building, it was converted into- a cotton mill, and occupied by General Godwin, of Paterson ; it was subsequently occupied by Bela Badger and Mr. Brady, of Philadelphia, for the manufacture of cotton fabrics. In 1848, it was purchased by James Bruere, and shortly after his purchase it was burned. 442 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. In 1852, Mathias Keeler fitted it up as a violin manufactory, under the name of the Cremonia Mills. The mill north of the Phoenix Iron Works was fitted up for a paper mill, and occupied by Jesper Harding until 1850, when he moved into the mill on the Assanpink, associating with him H. H. Bottom, under the firm name of H. H. Bottom & Co. It was afterwards used as a paper mill by Messrs. T. Kelly & Co. In the year 1842, Sutton & Crooks built the foundry after wards occupied by Vancleve & McKean, and the latter gentle men purchased the works, and made very extensive additions thereto. They employed about two hundred workmen, and made some of the largest kind of castings, which were sent to dif ferent parts of the United States. They have also manufactured some of the largest of locomotive engines, and they built the works on the Sandtown road, in the third ward, for the purpose of entering largely into the manufacture of locomotive engines. In the latter mill they had a front of about four hundred feet, and employed about five hundred men. During the war it was used for the manufacture of ordinance, and some very heavy cannons were furnished from this establishment. Messrs. Grice & Long, of Philadelphia, erected works in the rear of it for the manufacture of cars of various descriptions, sending their manufactures to different parts of the world. The cars made by them are acknowledged to have no superiors. In 1845, Peter Cooper, of New York, built the large rolling mill immediately adjoining the print works on the south. This mill has since that time been very extensively engaged in the manufacture of railroad and other iron. It employs about nine hundred hands, and daily consumes, when in full blast, sixty tons of coal. This gentleman has also very extensive iron works at Easton, Pennsylvania, where, own ing an iron mine, and having two blast furnaces, he manufactures his own pig iron. The mill is now carried on by Messrs. Cooper, Hewitt & Co. It was considerably enlarged in 1856, for the purpose of enter ing more extensively into the business. South of Cooper, Hewitt & Co's mill is the Saxony Mill, built in 1846, by Andrew Allinson, as a cotton mill, but after- HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 443 wards converted into a mill for the manufacture of shirts and drawers. It was occupied for a number of years by Samuel H. Wheeler, and was at one time used as a shirt manufactory by a Mr. Hubbard, of Philadelphia, afterwards by James Brooks, and now by Isaac Weatherby. I have been thus particular in describing the mills above- named, only because they are located on the water power, and merely to show to what a great extent the above works have been beneficial to our city and its interests. In 1848, the wire mill, located in the third ward, was built by a stock company, but not realizing their expectations in it, they abandoned it ; it was then stopped for two years, till it came into possession of Peter Cooper, since which time it has been in constant operation. In 1849, John A. Roebling erected in the township of Ham ilton, immediately across the canal, a mill for the manufacture of wire rope and chain cable, which business has been carried on very extensively. He built across the Niagara river a heavy wire suspension bridge, over which rails are laid for the passage of cars. This was pronounced by Professor Stevenson (who erected the tubular suspension bridge across the Menai straits), an impossibility, yet our townsman so far succeeded in accomplishing his object, as to ensure entire success. He also erected several large bridges, and at the time of his death was building the suspension bridge across the East river, New York. In 1849, Bottom, Tiffany & Co. erected their large iron foundry and machine shop on the Assanpink, west of the canal. They here made some of the largest of castings, among which were iron fronts for houses, in which line they did quite an ex tensive business for the short time in which they were in opera tion. They were in constant receipt of orders from all the large cities for their superior iron fronts for houses, as well as other heavy castings. In the rear of this, in 1852, Rossell & Co. erected a mill for the manufacture of anvils ; and they obtained a premium, for their manufacture at the world's fair held at New York in 1853. The number of anvils turned out daily was twelve. 444 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. In 1848, Louis Chevrier commenced the manufacture of spring mattresses and beds, on [Mill Hill, but in 1850 he moved his manufactory to Willow street. In the year 1788, Abraham Shoemaker published an almanac called the New Jersey and Pennsylvania Almanac. The pub lishers were Sherman, Mershon & Thomas, opposite the Indian Queen tavern, in the building which stood on the same site as the store now occupied by James C. Manning. The almanac was published regularly for several years. In the one published in 1800 is an advertisement that Samuel Paxson, apothecary and dry goods dealer, opposite the Eagle tavern,* Warren street, has constantly on hand, drugs and medi cines, dry goods and stationery. Thomas Chalkley, a preacher of the Society of Friends, trav eled extensively through this country, preaching wherever he went. He published a narrative of his travels from 1685 to 1735. His book has been kindly loaned me by Dr. C. C. Abbot, of this city. From his narrative, it would appear that this section was known in the year 1725 as the Falls of the Delaware. He says : " About the 20th of the eighth month (August), I went for Long Island, being drawn in true love to make a general visit to Friends there. ... On the fifth day of the week, Thomas Mas ters and I set out from Frankfort, and in the evening we got to a Friend's house near the Falls of Delaware. . . . From the Falls of Delaware, we traveled next day to Piscataway," etc. In 1736, he says he "visited the meetings of Friends at Bris tol, Burlington, Trenton and Borden's Town." In 1737, he also speaks about going with Isaac Brown, his son- in-law, and several Friends, to Trenton. The Blazing Star hotel was located on the corner of Warren and State streets, where the Mechanics Bank now stands. It was kept by James Witt, in 1785. It was afterwards kept by Jacob Bergen, and called the French Arms hotel. The Bull's Head was located where the Mansion House now * This tavern, was a frame building, formerly occupied .by Judge Trent, of Philadelphia, as his summer residence, and stood where the Third Presby terian Church now stands. HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. 445 stands, in State street. It was at one time kept by a man by the name of Atkinson. It was afterwards kept by Charles Green, and called the Farmers' Inn. The Indian King hotel was located on the spot where Benja min Disbrow' s iron building now stands, and was kept by Wil liam Yard. The Indian Queen hotel was the one now called the United States, in Warren street. At the time it was kept by Edmund Burke, a Fourth of July dinner was held there, for which Joseph Yard, Sr., furnished forty-eight pounds of rock-fish, caught by himself in the Delaware river that morning. The first directory of the city of Trenton was published in 1854, by Jesse M. Clark, Randolph H. Moore, and John O. Raum. It contained the names and locations of all the streets and alleys in existence in the city at that time, numbering eighty-seven, a short history of the city, from whom its name was derived, the first settlements by Friends, the original act of incorporation, the situation of the city at the head of tide water on the Delaware river, its latitude and longitude, a description of the Delaware bridge, the Assanpink creek, and the battle of Trenton. It also contained the boundaries of the city at that time, the boundaries of the several wards, five in number, the state, county, and city officers, churches and their pastors, the hotels, offices, offices in the state house, city hall, public build ings, halls, &c, practicing physicians, dentists, fire department, banks, loan associations, Temperance Hall Association, Trenton Library Association, Trenton Water Power Company, Trenton Water Works, Trenton Gas Light Company, Widows' and Single Women's Home, officers of Lunatic Asylum, Delaware Bridge Company, and a general directory of the names, residences, and occupations of the inhabitants. It contained one hundred and thirty-six pages, including advertisements, three thousand eight hundred and twenty-one names of inhabitants, one hundred and forty-three of whom were colored persons, who occupied a separate portion of the work from the white residents. The next directory was published in 1857, by William H. Boyd, of New York. It contained two hundred and seventy- eight pages, and four thousand four hundred and thirty-eight 2p 446 HISTOR Y OF TRENTON. names, a business directory, about fifty pages of the history of Trenton, furnished by the compiler of this work, together with state, county, and city matters. The third directory was published in 1859, by William H. Boyd, and contained two hundred fifty-five pages, and five thousand three hundred and twelve names, and a business direc tory of Burlington and Mercer counties, together with state, county, and city officers. The fourth directory was published in 1865, by J. H. Lant, of Albany, New York. It contained one hundred and eighty pages, and the names of four thousand seven hundred and seventy-four inhabitants. The fifth directory was published in 1869, by William F. Cros- ley, of this city. It contained two hundred and fifty-nine pages, and the names of six thousand one hundred and thirty-eight inhabitants, a business and street directory, state, county, and city officers, a history of the public schools, together with the different institutions of our city. The sixth directory was published in 1870, by Messrs. Webb Brothers & Company, of Providence, Rhode Island. It con tained three hundred and thirty-one pages, and six thousand five hundred and eighty-six names, a street directory containing one hundred and thirty streets, a Trenton business directory, and a business directory outside of Trenton, national, state, county, and city officers, time of holding courts, banks, fire department, various incorporated companies, insurance companies, churches, secret societies, newspapers and magazines, &c, &c. In the first directory, published in 1854, the name of Jones appears nineteen times, and that of Smith forty-nine times, while in the directory of 1870, the name of Jones appears seven teen times, while that of Smith appears eighty-six times, showing a decrease in the former name and a large increase in the latter in sixteen years. In 1848, when Samuel R. Hamilton was mayor, the common council passed an ordinance to raise by tax four thousand dollars. The mayor vetoed the bill, and gave as his reason for so doing that the amount was excessive. The amount now raised annually is about one hundred and eighty thousand dollars. HISTORY OF TRENTON. 447 The Indigent Widows' and Single Women's Home Society was organized in 1854. The first managers were Mrs. John Hall, Mrs. Edward I. Grant, Mrs. Thomas J. Stryker, Mrs. Charles J. Ihrie, Mrs. Jonathan S. Fish, Mrs. Louisa Krewson, Mrs. David Clark, Mrs. John R. Dill, Mrs. William White, Mrs. Lewis Parker, Mrs. Samuel R. Hamilton, Miss Mary Armstrong, Mrs. William A. Benjamin, Miss Mary Johnston, Mrs. Samuel D. Ingham, Mrs. Helen T. Paul, Mrs. Edith E. Hewlings, Mrs. James S. Sterling, Mrs. Joshua Jones, Mrs. Samuel Evans, Mrs. Henry W. Green, Mrs. Lewis Perrine, Mrs. Lucy Pitman, and Miss Juliet Phillips. The society was incorported by act of the legislature, February 19th, 1855, for the humane and charitable purpose of relieving, assisting, and supporting widows and single women in a state of indigence. The subscription and payment of three dollars annually con stitutes membership, and the payment of thirty dollars confers a life membership. The present officers are Mrs. Lewis Parker, first directress; Miss Mary M. Armstrong, second directress; Mrs. Caleb S. Green, treasurer ; Miss Mary F. Johnston, secretary. John A. Roebling bequeathed to the home the sum of thirty thousand dollars, the interest of which is applied towards its maintenance. From the very able report of Henry D. Rogers, state geolo gist, made to the legislature February 12th, 1836, we copy the following relating to our city, which will be of general interest : "The very extensive belt of stratified primary rocks, which follows a line nearly parallel with the Atlantic coast, forming the western limit of the tide in the rivers of Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, crosses the Delaware at Trenton, after having been regularly and gradually contracting in width from Georgia to this point, where it soon entirely vanishes. "Where it crosses the Delaware, this bed of gneiss is about three and a half miles broad ; narrowing in its course to the north-northeast, it almost disappears at the six-mile-post on the Delaware and Raritan Canal. 448 HISTORY OF TRENTON. " The triangular area which it forms has the valley of the Assanpink very nearly for its southestern boundary. "The mineralogical character of the rock is extremely well marked. It is most usually a triple mixture of quartz, feldspar, and hornblende, or, in place of this, frequently mica. " In the valley of the Assanpink, it is often a greenish sand and gravel, derived from the quartz and hornblende, and is there rather sterile. "The varieties of this rock at Trenton are those of the gneiss formation of the Schuylkill. "A little north of Trenton, and near its border, there is a quartzose variety of the rock containing a little mica, sufficient to divide it into the laminated form ; but the mass of the rock is a close-grained, stratified mixture of feldspar and quartz, al most a petro-silex in aspect. "This land consists, in places, of an intimate mixture of quartzose and feldspathic matter fused together; splitting into rather well-formed large slate, and having a smooth surface, it furnished a very good flagstone for the walks and steps in Tren ton."