•iffls ,.«gi ->t >¦ •td«^ j> Enga"by J C Buttre <^C-e(^'T~z^ y GAZETTEER UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; compkisiss A CONCISE GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, AND FAETICULAR DESCEIPTIONS OF THE SEVEEAL STATES, TEEKITOEIES, COUNTIES, DISTRICTS, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, THEIR MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS, ISLANDS, CAPES, BAYS, HAEBOES, LAKES, RIVEES, CANALS, RAILEOADS, &c; WITH THE GOVERNMENTS AND LITERARY AND OTHER PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF THE COUNTRY; ALSO, ITS MINERAL SPRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS; TO WHICH ARE ADDED VALUABLE STATISTICAL TABLES, MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. BY JOHN HATWAED, AUTHOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, AND SEVERAL OTHER GEOGRAPHICA1 AND STATISTICAL WORKS. HARTFORD, CT.: CASE, TIFFANY, AND COMPANY. 1853. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by John Hayward, In the Clerk's Office of the District Conrt of the District of Massachusetts. Ecompared with the impulses of personal interest and independent adventure. In almost every instance, the lordly proprietor, who managed his estate by agencies, was forced to succumb to the lavish or indiscreet expenditures of his " servants ; " and they who became successful were the men who hazarded their all in person. This has been noticed in the remarks introducing our Gazetteer of New Hampshire.* Sir FerdinaNdo Gorges was the most conspicuous and laborious of these proprietors of the territory. The portion he claimed within the present limits of Maine reached along the shore from Piscataqua to Sagadehoc, estimated at 60 miles, and 120 miles into the interior,. embodying about 6000 square miles. For this he obtained a patent from " the Council for the Affairs of New England," which had been formed by King James I., in 1606, into a com pany, divided into two parts, the one having South Virginia for its object, the other North Virginia. London and Plymouth gave name to these several divisions, which were united under one head, termed the "General Council of Virginia," consisting of thirteen members appointed by the crown, and resident in England. In 1620, chiefly at the solicitation of Gorges, who was a leading member, the patent given originally to the Plymouth division was enlarged and renewed, and now embraced all New England, taking the above title. This measure was deemed necessary, in order to give a " definite extent of territory, with necessary power and privileges," and " an exclusive right to the soil, fishing, and trade within- its limits.' * See Hal/ward's Gazetteer of New Hampshire, p. 10, and repeated in this work. And see the very comprehensive summary'of the history of these claims in an account of "the Plymouth Claim," or "Kennebec Purchase," by Hon. R. H. Gardiner, Pres. of Maine Hist. Soc, in vol. ii. of their Coll. 9 66 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Gorges, whose attention had been early turned to America, as a field for colonization, and who had already made great efforts and expenditures, with but unsatisfactory results, being now strengthened by the zeal and intelligence of Captain John Mason, whose patent adjoined his own at the westward, and extended from Piscataqua to Merrimac, entered on the work with new vigor, although advanced in years and a pecuniary sufferer. He had, in 1623, invested his son Robert with ample powers, and furnished him with stores to aid the settlers already upon his lands ; and at length, in 1635, gave the form and consistency of a Province to them, of which he bore the title,* and to which he gave the name of Maine. It is peculiarly affecting to read the simple and " Brief Narration " which this ardent adven turer has transmitted to posterity, and see with what perseverance he cherished the hope, for near forty years, that, although for himself he were a loser, others would yet obtain great benefits. " I dealt not," says he, " as merchants are wont, seeking only to make my own profit, my ends being to make thorough the discovery of the country." — "I opened the way for others to make their gain." — " Thus much, I presume, will clear the objection made by my example, and give comfort and courage to the industrious to follow the precedents of those more able to act their own parts than I have been." — For he had said, " I found it no mean matter to procure any to go there, much less to reside there ; and those I sent knew not how to subsist but on the provisions I furnished them withal." f But our space will not permit us to dwell longer on this detail. It has already carried our narrative beyond the period of the earliest European settlements, and we must return. The rivalry of the two most powerful princes on the continent' of Europe, Francis I. of France, and Charles of Spain, afterwards emperor, and 5th of that name, evinced itself in maritime affairs, as well as in efforts on land. One of the popes, himself a Spaniard, J had "meted out" the heathen portion of mankind between the Portuguese and Spaniards, assign ing to the latter, under the name of the West Indies, that " new world" of which Columbus had been the discoverer, in 1492 ; to the former, with Africa, the East Indies. Francis, not brooking that his rival should be enriched with a possession so splendid, and roused by the efforts at discovery made by Henry VII. of England, who had patronized the Cabots, and claimed the northern part of the American continent, which they had seen in 1497, attempted to realize a share also. He therefore fitted out an expedition in 1523, under Verrazzano, who discovered Florida, and sailed along the coast from latitude 28° to 50°, denominating it New France. He, however, perished at sea, without effecting any coloniza tion whatever. § In fact, the wars of Europe conspired with other causes to prevent, for more than a century after its discovery, the colonization of any part of North America. Attempts were indeed made by Sir Walter Raleigh within the patent of South Virginia, and had been made pre viously in Florida, by Admiral Colignt, but were both ineffectual. And it may be asserted, that, notwithstanding repeated voyages to different parts of the coast by both French and English, and repeated exertions to colonize, frustrated by untoward circumstances, the six- 'teenth century had closed before any permanent establishments were made. In 1602, the shores of Maine were at least approached by Gosnold, an English navigator, and the following year actually visited by Martin Pring, who fell in with the coast at the mouth of the Penobscot River. The claim of England to Canada and Nova Scotia had been valid until 1600, when the French were in possession of both; and the mutual contentions of the mother countries thenceforward affected the inhabitants down to the peace of 1763. ' But it will be useful to glance at the intermediate period, by retaining a few dates as land marks and assistants of the memory. * Being called " Lord Proprietor of the Province of Maine ; " the name of Maine being supposed to be taken from the province of that name in France — as a compliment to Henrietta of France, queen of Charles I. t See his " Brief Narration," Coll. Hist. Soc. of Maine, ve'. ii. X Alexander VI. (Borgia.) See Holmes's Annals, vol. i. p. 7. } Annals, ut supra, p. 54. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MAINE. 67 1607. The colony of Sagadehoc was temporarily formed at the mouth of the River Ken nebec. The time that had elapsed between Gosnold's voyage and this period had been occupied by the visits of different navigators, who had greatly increased the interest felt in England with respect to America; and especially, as has been seen, in the bosom of Sir F. Gorges and his associates. And, as a result of the division of the royal patent, in 1606, already noticed, this attempt at Sagadehoc was made. But it was unhappily frustrated. The winter proved exceedingly cold, the colonists were poorly sheltered, and a part of their store was consumed by fire. Chief Justice Popham, a' special patron of the enterprise, died; his brother also, George Popham, who was its president and leader, followed. Sir John Gil bert, elder brother of Raleigh Gilbert, admiral of the colony, had deceased, leaving this brother to be his heir. All these conspiring events urged the colonists to desist from their .undertaking, and were effectual. The next year the survivors returned to England, "brand ing the country," remarks Prince, " as over cold, and not habitable by our English nation." * This attempt embodied " a hundred emigrants, besides mariners." 1613. This year is memorable as bringing with it the first open rupture between the sub jects of England and France residing on these shores. On the northern bank of the St. Lawrence the city of Quebec had been founded five years before, and the country to the west and south-west of it explored by the French. On the shores of Acadia also a settlement had been made at Port Royal, now Annapolis ; and two Jesuits, disagreeing with those who formed this settlement, had seated themselves on the Island of Mount Desert, near the mouth of the Penobscot, and were engaged in labors to convert the natives to their system of religion. But the circumstances of the colonists in Virginia requiring aid, vessels had been despatched to the Bermuda Islands for provisions, and to the fisheries on the northern coast. The latter service was assigned to Sir Samuel Argal, who, on hearing the state of the French settle ments, and conceiving that they had encroached on the English patents, attacked and destroyed them, in repeated expeditions, carrying away several of the inhabitants. Yet this act, although in time of peace, was not followed by war between the two nations.f 1615. Passing by the history of the previous voyages of Smith, the hero of Virginia, who visited Monhegan, the preceding year, for purposes of trade, this year is observable, as ex hibiting the first attempt, since the failure of 1607, to colonize under his command ; but it was frustrated-! 1620, November 3. Date of new charter to the Plymouth Company, under which Mason, Gorges, Sir W. Alexander and others subsequently claimed lands, lying between 40° and 48° of north latitude. 1622, August 10. Gorges and Mason obtain a patent for the lands between the Rivers Merrimac and Sagadehoc, " extending from the Atlantic unto the Rivers Canada and Iroquois, and including the savage nations towards the great lakes." This was called " the Province of Laconia." To give effect to this was formed " the Company of Laconia," for fishing and the fur trade, discovery also and settlement. This year the Island of Monhegan is supposed to have received permanent inhabitants. 1623. A permanent settlement commenced at Saco. The coast had been previously recon noitred by Vines and others, sent out by Gorges in 1609. But now, settlers having been procured for the locality south of the River Piscataqua, who founded the colony of New Hampshire, others established themselves along the shore eastward, at Arowsic Island, on the main land at Sagadehoc, at Sheepscot, Damariscotta, Pemaquid, and St George's River. An attempt was first made, this year, to establish a general governor over New England, in the person of Robert Gorges, son of Sir Ferdinando, but the project happily failed. Nevertheless, it became a favorite measure with the government, and in subsequent periods occasioned no little alarm and trouble to the colonies. Agamenticus, or York, settled. 1627. A patent is granted to the New Plymouth colonists who had traded to Monhegan, * See Williamson, vol. i. pp. 197-203, and Prince's Annals. t Holmes's Annals, A. D. 1613. Williamson's Hist. Maine, vol. i. t Id. ib. p. 214. 68 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Damariscove, and the Penobscot previously, and now asked for the exclusive trade of the Kennebec ; on whose bank they established, in the subsequent year, (during which the im portant patent of Massachusetts Bay was issued,) a trading-house.* 1629. Thomas Commock, or rather Camock,! obtained a patent for land between the River Spurwink and Black Point, in Scarboro', on which he settled subsequently, and died in 16434 *Ih this year was also granted, with enlargements, the Kennebec or Plymouth patent, intended as an express favor to New Plymouth, for the encouragement of trade and the fishery, and for the propagation of religion. The area included in it is stated to have been 1,500,000 acres ; but long disputes grew out of it, not settled before 1789. 1630. Grants were made by the Plymouth Council to settlers at Saco ; and another, much more extensive, being 40 miles square, and called Lygonia, in which Gorges was greatly con- - cerned, but still unsuccessful. It extended from Cape Porpoise to Cape Elizabeth.§ During this year was also granted the Muscongus patent, known at an after period as that of Waldo, which included a tract of about 30 miles square. It was not intended for a separate, government, but only for purposes of trade with the natives. 1631. This year the Pemaquid patent was granted, and seems to have closed the series. Of all these it may be said, probably, as of many if not most of the early grants, their boun daries could not be well defined, and therefore disputes would in time naturally arise concerning them. Two territories soon came into notice — the Kennebec, or Maine, and the Sagadehoc, the eastern part of which was Acadian, and claimed by the French. The history of all these claims is given elaborately by Williamson, to whom our limits compel us to refer. They were not settled until the charter given by King William and Queen Mart, in 1691, united them with Massachusetts under the same government. That state had, however, in the year 1677, purchased the entire claim of the Gorges family to Maine, for £1250 sterling, and established a government over it It had also assumed, in 1689, the government of Western Sagadehoc, and in 1690, Sir W. Phips sub dued the remainder. From this period the history of Maine is blended with that of Massachusetts ; and although, as has been hinted, her sufferings from Canadian Indians had been peculiar, and so continued until the conquest of Canada by the British and provincial arms, and peace of 1763, yet the operation of the laws, customs, pursuits, and fortunes of Massachusetts was of the same character in " the district," as in that state. In 1820, after much previous discussion, of. the most deliberate and prudent kind, however, a separation was effected by mutual arrangements, and a new state formed, taking the ven erated name of Maine. The Hon. William King, one of its most distinguished citizens, and who had greatly exerted himself to benefit the country, was, with great unanimity, elected their first governor. For the succeeding thirty years, the affairs of the state have been managed with the regularity, consideration, and fidelity which a well-informed commu nity require of those whom their free suffrages raise to office. The cause of education has * Williamson's Hist. Maine, pp. 233, 234. f He was nephew of Robert, third Baron Rich, and first Earl of Warwick, whose son, of the same name, was president for a time of the Plymouth Company, and in 1644 admiral of England under the com monwealth. Camocks, the ancient residence of the family, was in Essex county, England. Captain Thomas Camock, a widower, father of the patentee, living in the family of the old Baron Rich, became attached to his daughter Frances, and, in consequence of the father's dislike of the match, carried her off on horseback. They were pursued, were compelled to swim a river with difficulty, reached Maldon, in Essex, and were there married — the old nobleman giving at length his blessing, seeing his daughter ¦ " had ventured her life " for her husband. But he was observed to take it to heart until his death, in 1581. Two sons and eleven daughters were the fruit of this marriage. Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. i. pp. 323, 408. X Williamson, Hist. M. vol. i. p. 236, who mistakes the relationship. See Burke's Extinct Peerage of England, and 'Collins's Peerage, ed. of 1756. § Williamson, ut supra, p. 238. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MARYLAND. 69 been cherished with a wise care ; and that of religious instruction has encountered no impedi ment in an officious legislation, but has been left to its own native energy, and the operation of the general laws of the land. It has, therefore, by the blessing of God, been in a flourish ing state, under the management of different denominations. Of these, Congregationalists, Baptists, and Methodists are the principal; and there are Episcopalians, and a few churches of Romanists. They enjoy equal liberty and equal protection. Under a separate head in this work will be found an account of the colleges, theological seminaries, academies, and schools ; as also the statistics of the agriculture; commerce, manu factures, roads, canals, rivers, bays, harbors, cities, towns, and settlements of the state, which has commenced, and is pursuing, under the divine blessing, its high career of well-earned prosperity. Esto perpetua ! MARYLAND is one of the thirteen American states, which, after the close of the revolu tionary war, became parties to the compact whereby they were united into one great national family. It is usually designated as the southernmost of the Middle States, lying on the Atlan tic coast; it extends from 38° to 39° 44' north latitude, and between 75° 10' and 79° 20' west longitude ; and its superficial area, of which about one fifth is water, is estimated as being 9,356 square miles. The present boundaries of the state are as follows : north by Pennsyl vania, east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, south and west by Virginia, from which it is divided by the River Potomac. Its form is extremely irregular. Chesapeake Bay, passing through the state from north to south, near its centre, separates it into two sections, which are known respectively as the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore. It is generally understood that Maryland was comprised in the sweeping grant to the Vir ginia Company, prior to the year 1632 ; but in June of that yeai1, the whole tract now consti tuting the state was conveyed by patent from Charles I. to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore ; when, out of compliment to the then queen, Henrietta Maria, the colony was named Maryland. The earliest settlement was effected by some 200 Catholics of high respectability, under Leonard Calvert son of the original grantee, at a spot occupied as an Indian village, on the north side of the Potomac. The generous offer, by the proprietor, of 50 acres of land in fee to every permanent settler, and the adoption of a form of government upon liberal and humane principles, similar to those contained in the wise model furnished by Roger Williams, and 70 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. afterwards enlarged upon by William Penn, soon attracted large numbers of valuable emigrants. Under this judicious policy, freely admitting associates from all countries, and assuring the enjoyment of equal privileges, including the utmost toleration of all Christian denominations, the colony rapidly increased in population, and continued to flourish, with some few interrup- Stons, until the year 1652. Parliament then took forcible possession, and undertook to admin ister the affairs of the province through the agency of commissioners. But within ten years thereafter, the government reverted to the successors of Lord Baltimore. The first regularly arranged constitution was framed in 1650, two years prior to the act of Parliament above mentioned ; its provisions contemplated a partition of the legislature, then composed.of one body, into two branches, and a division of the territory into three distinct counties. At the outbreak, and during the continuance, of the war of the revolution, the men of Maryland were not behind their fellow-countrymen in patriotic efforts to secure the independence of the nation. In 1776, their first republican constitution was established, and the state formally joined the confederation in 1781. It adopted the constitution of the United States, at a con vention held in April, 1788, by a vote of 63 to 12. A new state constitution was formed inl85L Government. — By the state constitution in force at the date of this article, the governor is elected triennially by a plurality of the popular vote, and is ineligible for the next succeeding term. He is selected in turn from each of the three gubernatorial districts into which the state is divided. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Delegates ; the former, 21 in number, chosen (one third every second year) by the counties and by the city of Balti more, to serve six years. Members of the House of Delegates are elected for two years, from the counties, in proportion to population, the city of Baltimore being entitled to a number equal to that chosen by the largest county. This body may act as a grand jury. In case of vacancy in the office of governor, the executive functions are exercised, first, by the secretary of state ; next, by the president of the Senate ; and, lastly, by the speaker of the house ; or, if in session, the General Assembly may forthwith fill the vacancy by joint ballot ; and in like manner at the next session, should the vacancy occur during a recess. Any bill to abolish slavery must unanimously pass both houses, be published three months prior to the ensuing election of delegates, and, at the following session, again pass unanimously : it shall also pro vide for a full compensation of the slave owners. No gift or devise of property to clergymen is valid without consent of the legislature, excepting land for a church or cemetery, not to exceed two acres. All civil officers must declare their belief in the Christian religion. The right of suffrage is extended to all free white males, after twelve months' residence in the state, and six months in the county wherein they vote. Judiciary. — There are six judicial districts in the state, composed respectively of two, three, or four counties. Each has a chief judge and two assistants. The city and county of Balti more constitute one^if these districts. The justices of each district preside over the several County Courts, which are the common courts of original jurisdiction in the state. There is a State Court of Appeals, including the chief judges of the six districts ; and a Court of Chan cery, comprising chancellor, register, and auditor. Education. — The common school system, so deeply cherished in the Northern and Eastern States, has not yet attained a very great measure of public favor in Maryland. The schools, throughout the state, supported at public cost, do not, in the aggregate, contain so large a number of pupils as are contained in the common schools of the single city of Boston ; and the whole state expenditure for educational purposes, including all that is applied for the support of colleges and academies, as well as for that of grammar and primary schools, does not ex ceed one half the amount expended by the same city upon the two latter grades of seminaries alone. Yet there are numerous private institutions of learning, some of great merit, and generally well sustained : among them are several Catholic colleges, and similar exclusive establishments. The number of white persons upwards of 20 years of age, in this state, at the census of 1850, who could neither read nor write, was upwards of ten thousand. Finances. — The net amount of the public debt in December, 1849, was somewhat over STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MARYLAND. 71 $10,500,000, the interest on which is annually met by means of taxation. Provision has been made for the gradual reduction of this debt, through the operation of a sinking fund, and other resources. The nominal liabilities of the state, at the above date, reached nearly $16,000,000 ; to meet which it had productive assets valued at about $5,300,000, and unproductive property estimated at near $15,500,000. The expenditures for the year ending December 1, 1849, were $1,146,'492-16 ; and the income, from all sources, including the direct tax, amounted to $1,315,439-80. Surface, Soil, cy-c. — The Eastern Shore of Maryland presents, in general, a low and fiat surface, with frequent marshy tracts and stagnant ponds. The soil in this region, though not remarkably fertile, produces wheat of peculiar whiteness and excellence ; also Indian corn, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and most of the ordinary descriptions of vegetables. The western section of the state is more elevated and protuberant, gradually rising towards the north-west, and becoming at that point quite mountainous, being crossed by a part of the Alleghany chain, reaching from Pennsylvania to Virginia. The land in the valleys between these eminences is of superior quality ; and that of the entire section, indeed, is highly productive. The soil is com posed mostly of a heavy red loam. The staple products are tobacco and wheat ; but cotton, hemp, and flax are also raised in large quantities. Fruits of the finest kinds are abundant, particu larly apples, pears, and the choicest varieties of stone fruit. The woodlands contain much valuable timber, and abound with nut-trees, the fruit of which affords subsistence to multitudes of swine. There are many tracts which furnish fine pasturage for cattle and sheep ; and in addition to beef, mutton, wool, and the products of the dairy, vast quantities of poultry are raised in all parts of the state. Rivers. — The Potomac, forming the boundary between this state and Virginia ; the Susque hanna, flowing through Pennsylvania, and emptying into the northerly extremity of Chesapeake Bay ; the Patapsco, and Patuxent, both navigable, and affording good water power, are among the principal streams immediately connected with the trade and commerce of Maryland. There are also several smaller rivers running into the eastern margin of Chesapeake Bay. Internal Improvements. — Among the most important public works in the country are two which owe their origin to Maryland, viz., the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. They were both commenced jn 1828 ; and by their aid the markets of the world may be readily supplied with the treasures of the immense coal regions in the west. A part of the chain of railroads, extending through most of the Atlantic states, crosses Mary land, taking Baltimore in its course. Other railroads, of considerable extent, diverge from Baltimore, Frenchtown, &c. A commodious canal, connecting the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, 42 miles in length, was completed in 1829, at a cost of $2,750,000. Minerals. — Copperas and chrome ores, red and yellow ochres, sulphuret of copper, alum earth, and porcelain clay are found in considerable quantities, chiefly in the eastern and north eastern parts of the state. Iron ore abounds in various localities ; and the bog ore obtained in the southern quarter of the Eastern Shore is wrought to much advantage. But by far the most valuable mineral product of Maryland is the bituminous coal, of which there are exhaust- less beds in the mountainous region near the western border of the state. One tract, in the vicinity of Cumberland, Alleghany county, is said to comprise an area of 400 square miles, the veins measuring from 5 to 15 feet in thickness ; another, lying west of the Alleghany ridge, contains beds some 20 feet in depth. Manufactures. — Wool, cotton, hemp, and iron are manufactured in many parts of the state. There are also numerous tanneries, chandleries, breweries, distilleries, potteries, paper mills, powder mills, &c. ; and a very large amount of capital is invested in the business of manu facturing wheat flour. Indians. — There are no organized tribes of the red races now extant in Maryland. Population. — During the last sixty years, the average increase of population in this state does not seem to have exceeded one per cent, per annum. Nearly one fifth of the inhabitants are slaves. Climate. — The elevated country of the Western Shore is blest with a delightful and 72 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. salubrious climate ; but in the low and moist lands of the opposite section, especially in summer and autumn, where the atmosphere is , so often loaded with deleterious vapors exhaled from stagnant pools and unreclaimed marshes, the climate is decidedly unhealthy. This may be inferred even from the personal appearance of the people, who are subject, periodically, to severe agues, intermittent fevers, &c. Religion. — The descendants of the original settlers, like their progenitors, are Roman Catholics, and probably constitute the most numerous of the several Christian denominations within the state. The next in numerical order are the Episcopalians ; then follow Method ists, Presbyterians, Baptists, German Reformers, and Lutherans ; also a small number of Quakers and Unitarians. MASSACHUSETTS. The rank sustained among nations by the United States of America, as u, consolidated, political body, is high. The second power in commerce on the earth, it compares well, at length, if not with the greatest, at least with the great, in popula tion also. China, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and France, with, probably, Japan, which still refrains from intercommunity with the rest of mankind, exceed it in numbers. Yet the general character of its inhabitants for intelligence, enterprise, and vigor excites inquiry. The rapid growth of the country increases curiosity, and prompts to further investigations. For it is found that, so far as we can be Warranted by the extent of the period of proof, that growth is of a durable character. Republican principles are not new to the world. The effort to maintain them has been made in various ages and countries, from the period of the free states of Greece, and the early years of republican Rome, to the centuries of Venetian, Swiss, and Dutch liberty. But the constituent elements of their liberty seem to have been of a character different from that of the government of the United States. Hereditary aristocracies existed in most of them, as they do still in the only European republic that survives. In ours, this principle isx. unacknowledged ; and the people are, by constitution and actually, the originators of execu tive and legislative power. And the singular phenomenon is beheld, of a sovereign ruler, vested for a time with the exercise of supreme but constitutional power, and descending from that height to the level of private life — then called to and accepting grades of inferior influ ence, without the effort to seize, in any one instance, on a superior station. Such has been the uniform experience of more than half a century. Here, then, a problem important to the welfare of the world is in process of solution: Cm communities be trusted to govern themselves ? Thus far, the system adopted by the United STATES AND TERRITORIES.— MASSACHUSETTS. 73 States succeeds admirably, even beyond the expectation of many wise and good men. And while the ever-varying phases of government, in those provinces of this western continent which shook off the yoke of Spain, exhibit an instability of condition* and character that still portends increase of evils, the march of our Union has been onward ; and its citizens have exhibited the cheering spectacle of a nation enjoying the widest desirable range of human liberty regulated and rendered stable by law. It is true, that to a foreigner, it would appear impracticable to adjust the jarring interests of a multitude of sovereign states composing a federal whole. And great difficulty is, in fact, occasionally found. Yet it is not insuperable, nor of necessity fatal. This truth results, in great measure, from the character, history and circumstances of the members which projected and which compose the Union itself. , It becomes, therefore, a matter of curious research to investigate these, and it should be done with care. Especially is it of consequence to examine the condition, character and progress of those members of the great political community, which, in the providence of God, have exercised, in their respective individualities, any considerable or peculiar influence in forming the general character of the whole body. And in this view Massachusetts shines. She was one of the earliest formed states. Her history, compared with that of almost any other political community, has features of dis tinct peculiarity, more especially in reference to the origin of her colonial existence. Nor has the influence she has since exerted, as regards the rest of the states, been inconsiderable. Far otherwise, indeed ; and there is reason to believe, notwithstanding a variety of counterac tions, that it increases. For she is vigorous and powerful — ¦ not, it is confessed, in extent of territory, or in the number of citizens subjected to her immediate control, and enjoying her maternal solicitude and care ; but from the character of her cherished sons and daughters. To understand as well as to substantiate this, it is necessary to contemplate the causes which, in the Course of divine Providence, contributed to produce this character. And these causes are to be sought, not in the prompt resolution, or wise management, or prudent fore sight merely, attendant on the conduct of the great enterprise itself; we must look beyond the period of the actual settlement of the country, courageous and well considered as the bold project itself was, to a source higher and more remote. What, then, was it which formed the leading actors, such as they were, and nerved them with uncommon vigor to undertake, and prosecute, and, with the blessing of God, to accom plish, the establishment of an energetic civil community, three thousand miles from their native home, and on the shores of a savage, inhospitable country ? It is fearlessly replied, Religion, the religion of the Bible. To this their ancestors had been introduced by the glorious reformation from Popery, under Luther, Zuinglius, Melancthon, Calvin, and their associates. And the sincerity of attachment to the truth of God, which they professed, had, in the case of many of them, been tested by much trial and suffering. This endeared to them that truth, and rendered it precious. They learnt to glory in the possession of the Scriptures, and were earnest in their efforts to carry out into life, and fully to enjoy, improve, and transmit their sacred injunctions and counsels. Add to this the history of public policy in Great Britain for preceding ages ; the contests of the nobles with the crown, producing at length the concession of the Magna Charta, A. D. 1215 ; the establishment of the popular branch of the English Parliament, commencing half a century after, in the ambitious shrewdness of Simon de Moneort ; the rise of new interests by the gradual progress of trade and manufacturing- industry, and the consequent opening of new avenues to political power, and new channels of political influence, — all these eventuat ing in the examination of the first principles of government, and tending to establish the rights of subjects, and to limit the prerogative power of kings ; — let these be considered, as developing popular influence, and tending to establish a reciprocity between ruler and subject, which had * Reminding one of Milton's remark on the Saxon heptarchy, that " the flight of kites and crows might as well be traced as their history." 10 74 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. been indeed discernible at a very early period in the original Saxon character, and previously in the ancient British, and no one can be at a loss to determine, that such successive training, in combination with the deeper excitement of religious conviction and zeal, would produce in the seventeenth century men of moral hardihood, wary, bold, energetic, and effective. Sprung from an ancestry thus disciplined, and possessing the advantages which accrued to England from the light of the reformation, the diffusion of books by printing, and the-access enjoyed especially to the Sacred Scriptures, with the deepest reverence for them, the fathers of the colony of New Plymouth and that of Massachusetts Bay commenced their important work. It was of God, unquestionably. And His providential leading they were accustomed to observe and acknowledge in all their concerns. This was their habit and delight. Equally attentive do they appear to the condition of their children after them. Hence, although, by fleeing to Holland, the persecuted Puritans * were allowed to enjoy freedom from the annoyance and pursuit of officers of the Star Chamber commission, such freedom for themselves lost no small part of its charm, when they found the morals of their offspring en dangered, and the good habits inculcated on them liable to abandonment under the example and influence of the Dutch.f In 1617, therefore, their excellent pastor, the truly reverend John Robinson, countenanced the project of removing to America. That such a motive should be allowed so great influence on the judgment, feelings, and conduct of those much-enduring men, and that they followed its leading with so much con scientiousness, lays their posterity and countrymen under great obligations. We should be grateful to God, and to them. We should gird ourselves to the accomplishment of the object they had in view, and labor to fulfil what appears to be emphatically their " mission," and that indeed of our nation — to fix and stamp the worth of individual man, and develop his power of self-government, in establishing a system of liberty guarded by law. Massachusetts may be viewed, — I. In the establishment and form of its government. Both these seem to have been, very providentially, forced, as it were, upon the earliest undertakers. For, after the repeated dis appointments they had suffered, in applications for aid and authority from the crown, during their stay in Holland, and after the resolution they had taken to remove to America, the Pu • ritans of Leyden were left to unite, as a civil community, after their own choice. Had they landed, as they aimed to do, within the jurisdiction of the colony planted in Virginia, they must, of course, have submitted themselves to its government. But being driven back in their attempts to go south, after they had discovered land, they agreed, November 11, 1620, before leaving their ship, on a few simple but distinguishing articles,! and chose John Carver, one of their company, and a beloved and respected member of their church, to be their governor for the ensuing year. The state of Governor Bradford's, health rendered it expedient to give him an assistant, and a deputy governor was elected by the people ; then a court of assistants was chosen, as * Neale, Hist. Puritans. f Prince, and the other historians. X The agreement, on board the Mayflower, in Cape Cod Harbor : — " In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are here underwritten, the legal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, having undertaken for the glory of God, and the advancement of the Christian faith, and to the honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together in a civil body politic, for our own better ordering and preser vation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid, and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most convenient for the general good of the colony, to^which we promise all due submission and obe dience. In witness whereof," &c. Th«n follow the names of forty-one who thus covenanted, as may be seen in the edition of Morton's Memorial, published by Judge Davis; the whole number of souls being 101, including all members of the several families. See Prince's Annals, and Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims. The names will be found at the end of this article. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MASSACHUSETTS. 75 the growing population increased the business of the government But it was not until near twenty years after the first settlement that deputies were chosen by the towns, to form what is now termed a House of Representatives. No important alterations were made in this system of government, while the old colony of Plymouth retained its separate establishment ; that is, until the union with the government of Massachusetts' Bay, in 1692, except during the inter ruptions occasioned by the assumptions of Andros. Governor Winthrop,* on the other hand, had been appointed to the direction of the colony of the Bay, and which took more appropriately the name of Massachusetts, by the Plymouth Company in England, instead of Governor Cradock, who never came over. Thomas Dud ley was also appointed deputy governor. Yet, previously to their leaving England, the principal members of the company entered into a solemn agreement, providing that " the whole government, together with the patent [obtained about five months before] for the said plantation, be first by an order of court legally transferred and established to remain with us and others which shall inhabit upon the same plantation." f This company landed, with their charter or patent, at Salem,}: (a settlement formed but a few years before, and then under the government of John Endicott,) July 12, 1630. From Salem they went first to Charles- town, and then settled at Boston, which became, from nearly that period, excepting only a few meetings at Newtown, or Cambridge, the seat of government down to the present day. The instrument which vested the executive power in a governor, deputy governor, and eighteen assistants, constituted a General Court, consisting of these officers and the freemen of the colony. But alterations were soon made ; for, in 1631, the General Court enacted that the governor, deputy governor, and assistants should be chosen by the freemen alone ; and, in 1634, they erected a representative body, which, ten years after, when the court was divided into two houses, took the name of deputies, as the other house took that of magis trates. Trial by jury was early introduced ; yet not until the Court of Assistants had often judged and punished in a summary way. Thus it was, that, while a respectful acknowledgment of subjection to the mother country and dependence on her was frequently made, and the colonists boasted the name and privileges of Englishmen, they still retained the right of popular elections, and formed a government representative, yet dignified, and in all respects paternal. II. In its literary institutions. If in Holland the Puritans exhibited an anxious apprehension of injury to the youth from the irreligious influences surrounding them, the considerate, religious colonists of Massachu setts manifested, with much consistency, a wakeful care to instil instruction into their minds, when removed to the wildernesses of America. As early as 1636, the General Court appro priated £400 to the erection of a public school at Newtown, afterwards called Cambridge. "Scarcely," says the Rev. Dr. Holmes,§ "had the venerable founders of New England felled the trees of the forest, when they began to provide means to insure the stability of thejr colony. Learning and religion they wisely judged to be the firmest pillars of the church and commonwealth." What the General Court had contemplated and partially provided for, the liberality of John Harvard, the worthy minister of Charlestown, who died in 1638, aided tq accomplish. To the public school at Newtown he left by will £779 17s. 2d. ; and by order of court, and in honor of its earliest benefactor, the school was named Harvard College, and the town called Cambridge, in memory of the place in England, at whose university sev eral of the influential " planters " had received their own education. The establishment of this college, consecrated " to Christ and the church," has been generally regarded as a striking proof of the far-seeing wisdom of the fathers of Massachusetts. * — Cui pudor, et justttiae soror, Incorrupta fidea, nudaque Veritas, Quando ullum invenient parem ? f American Annals, vol. i. p. 247. Also President Quincy'a elaborate History of Harvard College. X Hutchinson, Coll. Papers, pp. 25, 26. } See Winthrop's History of New England, edited by Hon. J. Savage. 76 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. It shared the prayers and best wishes of ministers and churches, and proved a nursery of many " plants of renown," distinguished not in the walks of sacred labor alone, but in council, at the bar, upon the bench, and even in the field. For more than half a century it was the only col lege in North America, and is now the best endowed of all our literary institutions. Within the present bounds of the commonwealth, two other institutions, Williamstown and Amherst Colleges, have since been incorporated, and have enjoyed a very considerable share of legis lative patronage, besides the results of private liberality. In addition to these is the important Theological Seminary at Andover, whose graduates are found, not officiating as pastors of our own churches only, but laboring in the missionary stations, from the Sandwich Islands, in * the east, to the regions assigned our own Indians in the west ; also a similar institution of the Baptist denomination at Newton, emulating its elder sister, and the " Wesleyan Academy " of the Methodists at Wilbraham.* Equal attention was at an early period paid to the establishment of common schools in the several townships; and academies have been founded in not a few of the counties of the state, as at Andover in Essex county, Leicester in Worcester county, &c. Thus it has resulted that the inhabitants are found capable of reading, writing, and casting accounts, with very rare exceptions among male and female adults, to an extent as great, probably, as in any state of the Union, with the exception perhaps of Connecticut, and comparing with any the most favored population in the world. Indeed, the schools of Massachusetts have been and are the just cause of gratulation and pleasure with every intelligent friend to the permanent prosperity ,of its citizens. III. In its churches. These were esteemed by their founders the glory of the community. For the enjoyment and transmission of religious liberty, mainly, the country had been settled. As is specified in then- patent, and as they profess in the articles of their association, it was to advance the kingdom of Christ by the conversion of the savages of America, as well as to escape the pains and penalties of unrighteous orders in council against liberty of conscience in religion, that they were willing to encounter the perils of the sea, or the equally threatening perils of the land. " O that I might have heard you had converted some, before you had killed any," exclaimed the pious Robinson in Holland, when, in 1623, he heard of the bold energy of the warrior Standish,j who had stifled a threatening insurrection of Indians against the feeble colony, by killing with his own hand its fomenter' and leader. And this was the feeling which prompted the missionary labors of " the apostle" Eliot, as that early, consistent, and attached friend of the Indians, and who translated the whole Bible into their language, has not unaptly been named. Nay, it was chiefly through the efforts of Governor Winslow, when visiting England on the affairs of the colony, that in 1649 was founded the Society for propagating the Gospel, having principally in view America as its field of labor. Gookin, the Mathews, and other worthies exerted themselves nobly in this cause ; and several Indian churches were gathered, and sustained as long as subjects for such attention continued anion" us. Hafvard College was soon in a. capacity to supply no small number of those worthy men, who formed an efficient ministry for the multiplied religious communities that grew up with the .respective settlements or towns. These churches were gathered, served, and maintained, with direct reference to the authority of the Holy Scriptures. Their first supply came, of course, from abroad, for not a class received the honors of the college till more than twenty years after the settlement at Plymouth ; and even afterwards, especially on the disgraceful persecutions that so soon followed the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Charles II., several excellent ministers accrued to our commonwealth, and shone as lights in the churches, aiding to maintain in them a primitive faith and a holy practice. IV. In the industrial pursuits of its inhabitants. The evidence of thrift, in an application to all those arts and employments by which human life is sustained, rendered Comfortable, or adorned, is in few communities more rife, percep- * See State Institutions. f See Allen's Biog. Diet, &c. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MASSACHUSETTS. 77 tible, and tangible, than in the industrious communities of the citizens of Massachusetts. For the special statistics which exhibit this evidence, reference is made in this work. But, although the present notices must be rapid and brief, it will be of benefit' to classify a few of the par ticulars that deserve attention in the general estimate. The soil of the state, when compared with portions of the Union, is not considered as the most inviting from its fertility, being hard and unyielding, generally, and often rocky. But the climate is wholesome, the air bracing ; and patient, skilful cultivation brings its reward. Yet at a very early period the whale, cod, and other fisheries attracted many. The coasts of New England had been visited successfully before any European settlements of a perma nent nature were made. And, since that period, the fisheries have been pursued with highly important results — not merely as relates to the supply. of food and increase of wealth, Dut the training also of a hardy, and skilful, and adventurous race of mariners. These pursue the whale in every ocean, and return richly laden with the spoil. That perilous employment has found no men more energetic and able than the whalemen of Massachusetts. Manufactures of almost every kind have flourished, and still flourish, in this state. Those of cotton fabric are detailed in the account given of Lowell, Waltham, &c, exhibiting not merely a large and judicious investment of capital, and the application of ingenuity and skill, to the several facilities for rendering the labor easy and profitable, but, more especially, delighting the philanthropist with the appearance of health, sound morals, and a cheerful devotion to labor, joined with self-cultivation, particularly in the female operatives, hardly, if at all, paralleled in any other portion of the civilized world. t In regard to commerce, it has often been said of New England, that " her canvas whitens every sea ; " and Massachusetts is the most commercial of this family of states. Salem engaged among the first in the trade to the East Indies, and derived immense wealth from the skill, hardihood, and faithfulness of her intelligent seamen. But Boston has been a noted mart from its very settlement. Its commerce has literally extended to every sea, and the first American vessel that circumnavigated the globe sailed in 1787 from her port. The manufacture of iron was commenced as early as 1643 ; but the minerals of the common wealth are not abundant, and its furnaces and forges are supplied chiefly from other states. In carpentry of every kind much is annually effected, and furniture of all sorts is extensively exported to the West Indies, along with the produce of the dairy, the orchard, and the meadow. Passing from this view of the commonwealth, its history demands attention, and may be considered advantageously in several periods. 1. From the settlement, respectively, of the Plymouth colony, in 1620, and that of the Bay in 1626, or '8, and 1630, to the union of both in one government, 1692.* These two colonies alone are mentioned, as space cannot here be afforded to a labored survey of the variations in the jurisdiction of the state at different times. Thus, at one period, Maine and Nova Scotia - were attached to the Plymouth colony, and included in its gbvernment. At another, New Hampshire formed a part of Massachusetts, and shared the cares of its rulers. Maine, too, was an important portion of the state for many years, until it became itself a sovereignty in 1820. The period above stated includes, then, the emigrations from England, which lasted without intermission to the times of the commonwealth under Cromwell, when the friends of a repub lic could enjoy at home what had been sought before in America. It includes, likewise, the bloody struggles with hostile, marauding savages, stung by want, by envy and criminal neglect, as well as corrupted by the evil examples of worthless men, such as in every period since have abounded on Indian borders. And it embraces particularly that critical season in which, under the brave and cunning Philip, son of Massasoit, and sachem or king of the Wampanoags, * Plymouth colony embraced the territory of the present counties of Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket, with the exception of the town of Hingham, — and that of Massachusetts Bay, the residue of the state. See Borden's Map of Massachusetts 78 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. a most deadly warfare had well nigh depopulated several of their rising settlements, although it terminated fatally for the Indians.* Yet this period, as we have seen, though it be one that includes such a calamitous contest with the natives of the country, extensively leagued together, and ably led on, was not barren of Christian effort to civilize and convert them. The history of these exertions is no small part of the true glory of the state. This period, too, embraces the trials of leading men with the arbitrary councils and exactions of a corrupt and licentious court, under the brother Stuarts, Charles and James, until, in the memorable case of Andros, the faithful representative of the latter king, a weak, yet tyrannical despot, the abuse of power met not only a firm resistance, but personal violence, in actual seizure and imprisonment. The revolution of 1689 could in no part of the British dominions give greater joy than in Massachusetts. For it quelled the fear of a retribution for certain convenient assumptions of power, which might, for very many years, have well been anticipated. And it prepared the way 'or a government, which, although it abridged subsequently, and for a long period, the exercise of a popular voice in elections, commenced with a chief magistrate named by a clergyman of Massachusetts,-]- one of the agents of the colony. 2. The next period may extend to the taking of Louisburg from the French in 1745. It oegins with the operation of the new charter, which was soon effected, and the government organized ; and it develops a series of contentions between the provincial assembly, or magistrates and deputies, and the crown officers, beginning with the successor of Sir Wil liam Phips, and lasting for near a quarter of a century. These disputes tended to discipline the minds of those who engaged in them, and to extend their views, rendering political sub jects familiar ; while, at the same time, the extent of territory subjected to the jurisdiction of the crown governors, embracing, not the colonies of Plymouth and the Bay alone, (as before observed,) but also Maine, Nova Scotia, the territory of New Brunswick, and the islands J along the coast, and also New Hampshire occasionally, increased the connection by sea, at least, with a broad country, and familiarized the colonists to enlarged calculations and ex tended enterprise. Much, however, of the distinctive features of the old and rigid Puritans had" now been softened. Other views in theology were occasionally broached. The discipline of the churches began, with the increase of trade and commerce, to decline ; and although, in the main, a spirit of religion continued to distinguish the community, when compared with other portions of the British dominions, it cannot be denied that " the gold had become dim, and the most fine gold changed." Near the end of the period, nevertheless, a revival of religion was witnessed, of great power. It commenced at Northampton, under the searching ministry of the eminent Jonathan Ed wards^ and extended widely ; for in the midst of it Whitepield visited America, and fanned, though he -did not produce, the flame. But the sagacity and energy of Governor Shirley, in planning the expedition to Cape Breton, engrossed soon the cares and efforts of the colonists, and prepared the way for the suc ceeding period, of their history, the opening and presentation of a drama in which the world is concerned. The complete success of the expedition drew the attention of the mother country towards its colonies, which it had previously underrated ; the pay, in ready money, added greatly to the colonial aggrandizement, and encouraged an active industry, while it empowered the hitherto straitened inhabitants to avail themselves of the resources of their country, and, in various ways, aided the advance of the approaching revolution. Still they were among the most loyal subjects of the crown, and gloried, as yet," in the privileges as well as name of Englishmen. * See Holmes's Annals, Drake, and their authorities. f Increase Mather, when desired by King William III., nominated Sir W. Phips. X Holmes's Annals, sub 1692, and Allen. ' \ See Tracy's Great Awakening. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MASSACHUSETTS. 79 3. From 1745 to the revolution, the history of Massachusetts is familiar to every politician of the day. In the war for subduing Canada provincialists took a deep interest, and were extensively and warmly engaged. And it proved a school for not a few of those whose courage was soon to be tested in the scenes of Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill, and Boston. And as the difficulties with Great Britain originated in Massachusetts,sher peoplp were at no time backward to discharge their full share of duty, in council and in action, when the flames of war spread widely, and the whole series of English colonies along the coast were roused, as by the community of one spirit, to draw the sword in defence of their injured rights. But the history of the American revolution, its causes, progress, accomplishment, and results, forms a theme too vast to be comprised in limits such as are assigned to this brief and rapid sketch. Men were in long preparation for the opening contest. The British ministry are encroaching and arbitrary. A decided stand is taken and maintained ; and Massachusetts and her sister colonies become, at length, an independent nation. 4. The formation of a constitution for the state, which was effected in 1780, marks an im portant era in its history. A sublime spectacle indeed was presented, when the delegates were engaged in fixing the boundaries of civil rights and claims, and establishing the foundations of social order and prosperity. Yet not a less sublime spectacle appeared, when, in 1820, after a lapse of forty years, a revision of the same constitution was publicly effected, under the presiding auspices of that distinguished son of Massachusetts, who succeeded Washing ton as President of the United States, and had been a principal framer of the civil constitu tion of his own state. That must be a people of pepuliar character, among whom it is possible, without war, or contentious turbulence, or violence of any kind, or tendency to abandonment or licentious ness, to take apart the constituent portions of a civic system, and readjust them as quietly and orderly as if they formed but the mechanism of a watch. Yet several of our states have suc cessfully followed the example. How nearly impracticable has it been in South America ! In 1786, the strength of attachment to " law and order " was tested by the rebellion. Yet this served, probably, to convince the majority, that, in order to maintain their freedom, that freedom must be guarded sedulously by wise provisions, to which men must submit. The quelling of that rebellion seems to have destroyed the very seeds of anarchy and confusion. Still, the sympathy excited by the French revolution threatened for a time no little disturbance of the, political quiet, until the extravagances of the miserable leaders alienated from them all sober men. 5. The actual adoption of the federal constitution forms another era. The state had just experienced the necessity of resorting to arms to preserve its own domestic government And it was but right to expect that its leading men should prove warm advocates for a system of rule that should fulfil the legitimate end of such an establishment, and be " a terror to the evil, and a praise and encouragement to them that do well." Under the subsequent operation of this government, Massachusetts has partalten both of the weal and woe of the United States. She has furnished from the beginning her quota of able men in the -councils of the nation, and twice has a citizen of her own been promoted to the presidential chair. Her orators and statesmen from Ames to Webster have distinguished themselves, and honored and gratified their constituents, while they have contributed to advance the welfare and fame of their country. In the mean while, that is, in 1820, Maine, ripe for self-government, was disconnected, and became a separate and independent state. The measure, it was apprehended, would greatly diminish the weight and influence of Massachusetts in the national councils, by the withdraw- ment of so large a constituency in respect to representation. Yet has the increase of popu lation since been such, that at the present time it is nearly as great within the actual bounds of Massachusetts proper, as it was in both territories during the last year of the union of Maine with the state. The deliberate adjustment of the various civil and political rights and privileges of a people, as asserted and maintained on this side the Atlantic, published in regular codes of law ; the enrolment of citizens authorized to vote, whereby the violences attending some elections 80 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. elsewhere are avoided — violences, in the detail of which the' enemies "of republican institu tions greatly delight and triumph ; the deeply-engraven spirit of their forefathers,' which can with difficulty be erased ; the strong love of home and its enjoyments, ruling in the hearts of absentees,* and exerting an attractive influence in every climate ; the general respect for re ligion and its ministers, which yet lingers in the population, and is sustained by the ordinary worth of those who bear the character of pastors and sacred guides ; the introduction and general ex tension of instruction by schools on the Sabbath as well as the week days ; the ample provision made for education, and the distinction and influence gained by real science and moral worth in heads of colleges and eminent professors ; the improvements made in agriculture, rendering the farmer desirous and capable of raising much from a few acres, rather than superficially to run over a large extent but half cultivated ; the improved character of seamen ; the introduc tion of the temperance reform, and establishment of literary and benevolent associations, — all conspire to augur well for the future prosperity of the state. In the catalogue of governors will be seen the names of several whom the people "delighted to honor," and whose memory will be dear to the intelligent, sober, religious patriot. The names of Carver, Winslow, Bradford, Winthrop, Hatnes, among the early chief magistrates, and Strong f among those of recent years, can hardly be named without emotion. The fame of Pownall and Hutchinson, as faithful recorders, and of Hancock and Adams in the list of patriots, is spread as widely as the history of the state; and Franklin, Bowdoin, Adams, both the father and son, can never be forgotten. Among judges and counsellors, ministers of the gospel, authors and teachers, physicians, merchants, farmers, and mechanics, in short, in every department of life will be found those who have honored themselves by their talents, integrity, and usefulness, and proved worthy sons of a distinguished mother. All such will join in the devout aspiration with which the public document for her annual fasts and thanksgivings closes, — " God save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ! " See Pittsfield. t Heu pietas, heu prisca fides ! NOTE REFERRED TO ON PAGE 74. 1. Those with this mark (*) brought their wives with them; those with this (f), for the present, left them either in Holland or England. 2. Some left behind them part, and others all their children, who afterwards came over. 3. Those with this mark (}) deceased before the end of March. Names. No. in Family. 1. Mr. John Carver * 8 2. "William Bradford* 2 3. Mr. Edward Winslow,* 5 4. Mr. William Brewster,* 6 5. Mr. Isaac Allerton,* 6 6. Captain Miles Standish,* 7. John Alden, 8. Mr. Samuel Fuller.-f 9. Mr. Christopher Martin,* 10. Mr. William Mullms,*} 11. Mr. William White,*} 12. Mr. Richard Warren,t 13. John Howland, c . 14. Mr. Stephen Hopkins,* Names. No. in Family. 15. Edward Tilly,** 4 16. John Tilly,*} 3 17. Francis Cobk,f 2 18. Thomas Rogers,} 2 19. Thomas Tinker,*} 3 20. John Ridsdale,*} 2 21. Edward Fuller,*} 3 22. John Turner,} 3 23. Francis Eaton* 3 24. James Chilton,*} 3 25. John Crackston,}e 2 26. John Billington,* 4 27. Moses Fletcher,}/ 1 28. John Goodman,} 1 Names. No. in Family. 29. Degory Priest,} g 1 30. Thomas Williams,} 1 31. Gilbert Winslow, 1 32. Edmund Margeson,} 1 33. Peter Brown, 1 34. Richard Britterige,} h 1 35. George Soule, i 36. Richard Clarke,} 1 37. Richard Gardner, 1 38. John Allerton,} 1 39. Thomas English,} 1 40. Edward Dotey.y > , 41. Edward Leister. J * 101 So there were just 101 who sailed from Plymouth in England, and just as many arrived in Cape Cod harbor. And this is the solitary number who, for an undefiled conscience, and the love of pure Chris ¦ tianity, first left their native and pleasant land, and encountered all the toils and hazards of the tumul tuous ocean, in search of some uncultivated region in North Virginia, where they might quietly enjoy their religious liberties, and transmit them to posterity, in hopes'that none would follow to disturb or vex them. Prince's Annals. a One of theso was the Bervant who diod bofure their arrival. k Besides the son born in Cape Cod harbor, named Per egrine. r. He was of Govornor Carver's family. d One of these was a son born at sea, and therefore named Ocoanus. e Mr. Morton calls him Craxton. / Mr. Morton seems to mistake in calling him Jose. fMr. Morton calls him Digery. Mr. Morton calls him Bitteridge. i He was of Governor Winslow's family. j Mr. Morton seems to mistake in calling him Doten. k They were of Mr. Hopkins's family. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MICHIGAN. 81 MICHIGAN. This is one of those members of the American Union which were for merly comprised in the " North-west Territory." In the year 1640, it was partially explored by a few French traders from Canada ; and the first settlement was formed at Detroit, in 1670. By the peace between France and England, in 1763, the latter obtained possession of the territory, and, at the termination of the revolutionary war, ceded it to the United States — retaining control of Detroit, however, until 1796. It was organized as a territory of the United States in 1805 ; but, in the course of the war of 181.2, again fell into the hands of the British, from whom it was recovered, in a short period, by the American forces under General Harrison. In 1836, it was admitted into the Union as an independent state. . Boundaries and Extent. — Bordered on the northern and eastern fronts by two of the great lakes, and parted near its centre by another, the land surface exhibits two distinct peninsulas — the base of one lying adjacent to Ohio and Indiana on the south, and that of the other com mencing at the boundary of Wisconsin on the south-west The main peninsula, known as Michigan proper, is bounded north by the waters, of Lakes Huron and Michigan ; east by Lakes Huron and St Clair, and by a portion of Lake Erie, with the intermediate- straits or rivers ; south by the states of Ohio and Indiana ; and west by Lake Michigan. The northern or upper peninsula is bounded north by Lake Superior ; east and south-east by Lake Huron and the waters therewith connected ; south by Lake Michigan ; and south-west by the Me*- nonomee and Montreal Rivers, which separate it from Wisconsin. The southern peninsula is 282 miles long, with an average breadth of 140 ; the length of the northern is 324 miles, and its mean width 60. The whole area of the state, including some 36,300 square miles of water surface, comprises about 92,500 square miles. Its geographical position is between- 41° 30' and 47° 20' north latitude, and extends from 82° 25' to 90° 3C west longitude. Government. — The governor, lieutenant governor, and senators are elected biennially, and' the representatives annually — the latter numbering 54, and the Senate consisting of 18; These elections are by the people, who, by a late amendment of the constitution, elect also the judges and cabinet officers. The sessions of the legislature commence annually on the first Monday of January ; and the present seat of government is established at Lansing, Ingham county. A residence of only six months in the state, immediately preceding an elec tion, confers the right of voting on all white males who have attained their majority. Judiciary. — Until the recent modification of the constitution, the judges of the Supreme Court were appointed by the governor and Senate for seven years. The Supreme- Court comprises a chief justice and four associate justices, one being assigned to each of th& 11 82 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. five judicial circuits into which the state is divided. These courts hold one or two terms an nually in each county ; and there are also County Courts, having general common law juris diction, both civil and criminal. Persons charged with offences punishable by confinement in the State Prison may demand trial before the circuit judge, who in such case is to preside in the County Court. The county judges hold office four years. Probate Courts are held in each county, the judges of which, as well as those of the county courts, are elected by the people. Education. — The subject of education has received a just share of public attention. The common school system is generously supported, and many literary institutions of a higher order have also been established and liberally endowed. At Ann Arbor is located Michigan University, which has academic branches in various other parts of the state. There are sundry colleges, maintained by different religious denominations, and generally in a flourishing condition. In 1849, the number of scholars in the state, which derived benefit from the public funds appropriated for purposes of education, was upwards of 125,000. There is a Board of Education, consisting of eight members, chosen by the legislature, which has charge of a well-endowed state Normal School, at Ypsilanti. Munificent appropriations have also been made for the erection and maintenance of asylums for the deaf, dumb, blind, and insane. Finances. — At the opening of the year 1850, the state debt exceeded the immediate available means of payment by somewhat more than $2,000,000. During the year ending November 30, 1850, the receipts into the treasury amounted to $429,268, and the expendi tures to $449,355. The revenue is derived not only from direct state taxes, buf from specific taxes, charges on sales of public lands, and other sources. It was estimated by the governor, in a late annual message, that the assessment of property for purposes of taxation, instead of being based, as heretofore, on a valuation of only about $30,000,000, would be more equitably made if based upon a cash valuation ; in which case the value of taxable property, it is sup posed, must exceed $100,000,000. Surface, Soil, e/c. — Michigan proper presents a diversity of surface. It is mostly either level or slightly swelling, but is occasionally rough and hilly ; and towards the central points, between the eastern and western shores, is elevated to a height of some six to seven hundred feet, forming rugged and irregular ridges. On the western side of this range of eminences, the land slopes gently and smoothly towards the lake, but again rises on the coast into steep and broken sand banks and bluffs. The northern half of this peninsula is as yet but sparsely peopled ; and its soil is regarded as inferior to that of the southern portion, although most of the lands in the interior are said to be, in general, well adapted to agricultural purposes. In the settled parts, the soil is quite productive ; and flax, hemp, all the varieties of grains, garden vegetables, &c, are raised in abundance. The forests yield excellent timber, of almost every description known in this climate ; as, the oak, walnut, hickory, elm, ash, maple, syca more, whitewood, hackberry, Cottonwood, poplar, butternut, cherry, &c. There are also large tracts of pine, spruce, and hemlock-trees in the northerly parts of the state. Of the upper or northern peninsula, no very great amount of knowledge has yet been obtained, beyond what is, in some degree, connected with the recent geological survey of this region. It is but thinly inhabited by permanent residents, its soil promising but poor remuneration to the culti vator. Mountains, valleys, hills, plains, forests, and rivers variegate the surface. The most lofty of the elevations ascend to a height of 2000 feet ; some of the forests embrace millions of acres of pines and other evergreens ; and a hundred rivers, large and small, affording valuable mill sites, flow from the uplands into the lakes, on either side of the Porcupine Mountains, the grand ridge which towers as a sort of dividing barrier between Lakes Superior and Michigan. Rivers. — The high lands in the central parts of Michigan proper give rise to several large streams, which generally run into the lakes on either side. The principal of these are Raisin and Huron, flowing into Lake Erie ; the Rouge, Clinton, Black, Saginaw, Thunder-Bay, and Cheborgan, emptying into sundry straits and bays on the east ; and the still larger rivers, St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Monistic, Maskegon, and Grand, which connect with Lake Michigan on the west, and are partly navigable. Small lakes, yielding plenty of fine fish, abound in the STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MICHIGAN. 83 southern counties of this peninsula. Excepting the Montreal and Menonomee, which form a part of the boundary, the rivers of the northern peninsula, though numerous, are com paratively inconsiderable, so far as they have yet been explored. The most important appears to be the Ontonagon River, which flows into Lake Superior. Internal Improvements. — The Central Railroad, extending from Detroit to Lake Michigan, and the Southern Railroad, finished as far as Hillsdale, are the principal public works of this class within the state. They were both originally projected, and partially com pleted, under the authority of the state, whose property they were until 1846, when they were sold to certain incorporated companies. The Central was disposed of for $2,000,000, and the Southern for $500,000. Several branches extend in different directions from the above roads, embracing an aggregate length of some 70 miles. Other works have been projected, and will doubtless be prosecuted. Minerals. — The northern peninsula of Michigan is known to be peculiarly rich in mineral treasures. In Ontonagon River, about the centre of the region, immense masses of native copper have been found ; and there are doubtless vast beds of that and other minerals that yet remain to be developed. Iron and lead are known to exist in abundance. Manufactures. — Several millions of capital are employed in various descriptions of manu factures ; but the articles produced are such, in general, as are only required for domestic use, -or home consumption. Wheat flour is, perhaps, the only manufactured commodity which is exported to any considerable amount from the state. In 1849, there were 228 flouring mills in the state, which manufactured 719,478 barrels of flour. There are some hundreds of saw mills scattered throughout the several counties, which prepare for market large quantities of lumber, and some portions of this product are also sent abroad. Indians. — There are several tribes, or parts of tribes, of the red races, dispersed in dif ferent quarters of the state, the most numerous of which are the Chippewas, which compose upwards of one half of the Indian population, and reside mostly in the upper peninsula. The Ottawas are next in numerical order ; then follow the Monomonies and Pottawatamies, with a few Wyandots. These, altogether, number nearly 8000. They occupy various localities, dwelling for the most part on tracts specially reserved for their use. Population. — Michigan, like the other North-western States, is peopled by tHe representa tives of divers lands and races. The natives consist of the descendants of the aborigines, of the first French settlers, and mestizoes, or the offspring of white and Indian progenitors. Among the foreign population are immigrants from Great Britain, Germany, and other Euro pean countries ; and there are multitudes of settlers from New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Canada. Very few of the African race are found in the state. Climate. — There is a marked dissimilarity between the climates of the upper and lower peninsulas of Michigan, arising from their different geographical positions. The former is subject to great extremes of heat and cold, to sudden and severe changes, while the latter enjoys a comparatively mild and uniform temperature. Long and cold winters, followed by short and hot summers, are the principal seasons in the upper peninsula ; for the transitions are so rapid as to afford but a brief interval of spring or autumn. The contrast between the two portions of the state, in this respect, is owing, doubtless, to the varied influences of the winds from the lakes. The general adaptation of the climate to human health may be said to equal that of the central portions of Indiana and Illinois. Among the diseases most common are fever and ague, and other maladies originating in malaria. In some seasons, affections of the lungs, of the bowels, the limbs, &c, prevail to greater or less extent, depending upon atmospheric agencies. The goitre, or swelled neck, is a disease peculiar to the inhabitants residing on the lake shores. Religion. — Of the religious denominations the Methodists are the Inost numerous. Pres byterians, Baptists, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics constitute the bulk of the remainder. There are, however, a few congregations of Lutherans, Dutch Reformed, Unitarians, Uni- versalists, &c. 84 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Curiosities. — Among these may be classed the ancient forts or mounds, the relics of former races, many of which are found in this and the neighboring states, varying in form and dimen sions, and containing remains of human bodies, arrows, medals, ornaments, strangely-shaped vessels, &c, but as yet yielding no clew to the development of their mysterious origin. Cer tain " garden beds,'' so called, are found in various parts of the state, evidently of very ancient Indian origin. In many instances they cover hundreds of acres, exhibiting traces of the most careful labor in the regularity of their outlines and compartments, and the fineness of their soil, as compared with the surrounding land. MINNESOTA (Territory.) This was formerly a part of the vast country belonging to the United States which was acquired by the Louisiana purchase in 1803. It was then, with the surrounding regions, a rugged and unmeasured wilderness peopled only by savages, and had never been systematically explored by civilized man until about the period of its transfer. The tract now embraced within the limits of the territory was duly organized, and its boundaries defined, by an act of Congress, passed March 3, 1849, " to establish the terri torial government of Minnesota." Boundaries and Extent. — Bounded on the north by the boundary line between the posses sions of the United States and Great Britain ; east and south of east by said boundary line to Lake Superior, and by a straight line thence to the northernmost point of Wisconsin in said lake ; also along the western boundary of Wisconsin to the Mississippi River, and down the main channel of said river to the point where the line of 43J° north latitude crosses the same ; south on said line, being the northern boundary of Iowa, to the north-west corner of that state, whence the boundary proceeds southerly along the western limit of Iowa, until it strikes the Missouri River ; and west by the main channel of said river, as far as the mouth of White- earth River, and by the main channel of the latter until it strikes the boundary of the British possessions. The territory, at its northern extremity, reaches from east to west between the 90th and 103d degrees of west longitude, and comprehends an area of 83,000 square miles. Government. — The government is, of course, temporary, subject to such alterations, and to such further division of the territory, as may be determined by act of Congress. All free white inhabitants, 21 years of age, are voters, and were eligible for any territorial office at the first election. A Council and House of Representatives compose the legislative assembly ; the former consisting of 9 members, chosen for two years, the latter comprising 18 members, elected annually. The legislature may increase the Council to 15 members, and the rep resentatives to 39. The governor is appointed for four years, by the President and Senate of the United States. The secretary of state, in like manner appointed, is acting governor in the absence of the executive magistrate. Judiciary. — The Supreme Court is composed of a chief justice and two associates, appointed for four years by the President of the United States. Two of these constitute a quorum. This tribunal holds an annual session at the seat of government There are three judicial districts, in each of which one of the justices must reside, and hold a District Court, having the juris diction of the United States District and Circuit Courts. Both courts possess chancery powers. The laws of Wisconsin, until repealed or modified, are valid in this territory. Education. — To this subject all due regard is given. Two sections in each township are set apart for the support of schools. In all the settled places, school-houses are among the first edifices erected. In some towns public libraries are established, and courses of instruc tive lectures maintained. Finances. — By returns from five counties in the territory, made in January, 1851, it appears STATES AND TERRITORIES.— MINNESOTA TERRITORY. 85 that the assessed value of property in those counties amounts to somewhat over $800,000 ; and measures are in progress for completing the valuation of the residue. The salaries of the territorial officers, as in other and like cases, are provided for by the general government. By the act of organization, $20,000 were appropriated for the erection of public buildings at the capital, and $5000 for the purchase of a territorial library. Surface, Soil, fyc. — The face of the country, in the central parts of the territory, is gently undulating in its general character, and exhibits about equal proportions of prairie and timber land, intersected in every direction by clear and beautiful streams, tributary to the Mississippi and Minnesota or St. Peter's Rivers, and navigable always in the spring for flat boats. This region also abounds in lakes of pure water ; and its soil is represented as being unrivalled in fertility. With some modification, the same remarks may apply to the other sections of the territory. The valley of the Red River of the north, extending south some 300 miles, from the northern boundary of the territory into the centre, is about 150 miles wide, and perfectly level, with the exception of a few tracts of wet prairie, and is admirably adapted to the culture of wheat and other grains. The soil, for the most part, throughout the territory, consists of a mixture of sand and black loam, and, being loose and porous, is peculiarly favorable to the rapid growth of bulbous and other roots. Potatoes have been known to yield 450 bushels to the acre. Vegetable crops of all kinds, and in luxuriant profusion, are brought earlier to matu rity than in many regions farther south. In the valley of Minnesota River, the strawberry vine commonly attains a height of twelve inches. A large part of the territory is overspread , with vast forests of excellent pine and other trees of great value for building. Rivers, Sfc. — Almost the entire eastern boundary, by the Mississippi and St Croix Rivers, is navigable water: steamboats ply upon the former, within the territory, for upwards of 300 miles. At the north-east, the territory is bounded by that immense expanse of waters, Lake Superior. The Minnesota winds through a delightful valley, in a south and easterly direction, and has been ascended more than 200 miles. The Big Sioux, and other tributaries of the Missouri, flow southerly and wes^wardly. The Red River of the north, taking its rise near the centre of the territory, flows northerly, and is navigable for some 400 miles before passing into the British possessions. The Missouri, which constitutes a great portion of the western boundary, affords navigation during nearly its whole course along the territory. There are many other fine streams, and numerous large lakes, all presenting facilities for inland com merce, such as are possessed by no one state or other territory in the Union. Internal Improvements. — A canal, to connect Lake Superior with Lake Huron, has been much talked of, and probably at no distant day will be constructed ; as such a work will secure uninterrupted water communication down the great chain of lakes to the Atlantic coast. The removal of obstructions in the Mississippi and other rivers — surveys for which purpose have been authorized by Congress — will add many hundred miles to the already immense extent of navigable waters lying within and around this territory. The aid of railroads will of course soon be called in, to complete that system of internal improvements which Nature herself seems to have suggested. Minerals. — In this newly-settled country no explorations on any considerable scale, for the purpose of developing its mineral resources, have as yet been undertaken. There can, be no doubt that this territory possesses its full share of geological treasures, which in due time will excite the attention and repay the industry of its hardy and enterprising people. Manufactures. — The only manufacturing branches now carried on to any great extent are those which are connected with the business of house-building, especially the manufacture of lumber. Of this article, although the work was begun so recently, a sufficiency is produced, not only to supply the home demand, but to furnish annually some 20,000,000 feet of boards, logs, &c, for exportation to the markets below, on the Mississippi. A number of steam and saw mills have already been erected ; and so numerous are the mill sites, and so immense the water power within the territory, that this pursuit, together with others to which these advan tages will apply, especially the manufacture of flour, must naturally add greatly to the public prosperity. 86 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Indians. — There are several tribes, or parts of tribes, still inhabiting certain tracts at the northern and western parts of the territory. To some of these, the Chippewas and others, lands had formerly been ceded ; but negotiations for the removal of the former have been en tered into, and treaties for the extinction of the Indian title to other tracts have been provided for by Congress. Many of the most civilized are solicitous to become subjects of the laws of the territory, and to participate in its free institutions. Climate. — Considering its high northern latitude, Minnesota enjoys a climate quite mild, in comparison with that of the more eastern states on the same parallel. The winters are less severe, except at some points in the neighborhood of the great lake ; but the weather is uni form, regular, and subject to few or no sudden changes. The summers are temperate, and of sufficient length to bring forth and perfect the numerous agricultural products for which the soil is so well adapted. With abundance of pure water, and a salubrious atmosphere throughout the year, the people cannot but be favored with an uncommon measure of health. Religion. — There are four beautiful church edifices in St. Paul, the capital, and several others in the towns of St. Anthony Falls and Stillwater. The several denominations of Christians consist of such as are usually found in the New England States. Population. — The inhabitants of this territory, at the census of 1850, numbered but 6038, exclusive of Indians. But so desirable a country must soon attract towards it large reinforcements from the Northern and Eastern States. The tide of emigration, in fact, is already turned, and is moving with so strong an impulse in that direction, that long before the next decennial enumeration, Minnesota will no doubt have acquired the complement of inhab itants necessary to her admission as an independent state. MISSISSIPPI, one of the most southern states of the American Union, was formerly included in the country claimed by France as a part of Louisiana. As early as 1716, a French colony settled on the spot now occupied by the city of Natchez, where they erected a fort; but in 1729, the inhabitants, together with those of two other settlements in the vicinity, were exterminated by the neighboring Indian tribes, only three or four persons, out of 700, escaping the general massacre. The territory, for many years thereafter, remained exclusively in possession of the savages. In 1763, France ceded the whole territory east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, the subjects of which power soon afterwards occupied and strength ened the various posts, and began to settle around them. After several changes of proprie torship, and much negotiation, during some 15 years prior to 1798, between England, Spain, STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MISSISSIPPI. 87 and the United States, the country lying east of the Mississippi, and west of the boundary of Georgia, was, in 1800, erected into a distinct territorial government. It then comprehended both Alabama and Mississippi, under the name of the latter. In 1817, a separation took place, and Mississippi, having formed a constitution, was admitted into the Union as an inde pendent state. Boundaries and Extent. — This state is bounded north by Tennessee, east by Alabama, south by Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Mississippi and Pearl Rivers, dividing it from Arkansas and Louisiana. It extends from 30° 10' to 35° north latitude, and from 88° 10' to 91° 35' west longitude, and contains 47,156 square miles, its extreme length being about '338 miles, and its breadth averaging 135. Government. — The governor is chosen every two years by the people, and is eligible only for four in any period of six years. The Senate consists of 30 members, one half elected every two years ; the term of service of each is four years. The representatives, 91 in number, are chosen biennially. The people also elect judges, state secretary and treasurer, chancellor, and sheriffs. White male residents in the state for one year, being 21 years of age, enjoy the right of suffrage. The legislature meets at Jackson, in the month of January, every other year. Judiciary. — The State is divided into three judicial districts, in one of which, every two years, a judge of the High Court of Errors and Appeals is chosen for six years. Circuit Courts are held in seven different districts, by judges resident and chosen therein, and have original jurisdiction of all criminal cases, and in civil cases involving more than 50 dollars. The Court of Chancery has full equity powers. Education. — There are several colleges in the state, which are generously endowed and in flourishing condition. Academies and other literary institutions are numerous and well sustained. Common schools are also established throughout the state. In 1840, there were 8360 white inhabitants above the age of 20 years who could neither read nor write. Finances. — The receipts into the. state treasury for the year ending 30th April, 1850, amounted to $379,402-63, and the expenditures during the same period to $284,999-58. The sources whence the revenue is derived are, a state tax, internal improvement, sinking and other funds. The chief items of expenditure are for judicial and legislative purposes. Among the enumerated items per last returns is one of 17 cents, as the contribution of the state for common schools — the support of these institutions being confided, under special laws, to the several counties. The state debt, incurred for banking purposes, amounted, in 1840, to $7,000,000. Surface, Soil, cj-c. — For about 100 miles inland, from the junction of the southern border of the state with the Gulf of Mexico, the surface is low and generally level, presenting a series of swamps and woodlands, overgrown with cypress and pines, with occasional open prairies, and flooded marshes. The land then becomes more elevated and uneven, and so con tinues to the northern extremity of the state, but nowhere rises to a height sufficiently lofty to deserve the name of a mountain. A vast tract of table land extends over much of the state, terminating in the low coasts of the Mississippi River. This produces, in its natural state, an immense growth of oak, maple, ash, and other timber, together with an undergrowth of grape-vines, spicewood, papaw, and other plants. The soil throughout is naturally very fertile, especially those alluvial lands on .the river banks, which are not liable to inundation. The staple product of the state is cotton, which is raised in great abundance ; and, by slight cultivation, the soil yields profusely Indian corn, rice, wheat, rye, and other grains, sweet potatoes, indigo, tobacco, melons, grapes, figs, apples, plums, peaches, lemons, oranges, &c. Rivers. — Besides the Mississippi, which washes the western margin of the state by its windings through a space of 530 miles, the Yazoo is the most considerable stream which flows wholly within the state ; this is 200 miles in length, passing through a healthy region, affording navigation for large boats some 50 miles, and emptying into the Mississippi near Vicksburg. Big Black River is of the same length, is alike navigable, and enters the Mississippi near Grand Gulf. Pearl River rises near the centre of the state, and in part divides it from 88 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Louisiana. There are several other rivers of considerable magnitude ; as, the Tombig- bee, Homochitto, Pascagoula, &c. The state has a sea-coast of 70 miles, but no harbor sufficient for the admission of large vessels. Pascagoula Bay, 65 miles long by 7 wide, affords some inland navigation ; but its entrances admit no craft drawing more than 8 feet of water. Internal Improvements. — Several railroads have been completed, or partially finished, within the state, and others have been projected. The most extensive work of this kind commences at Vicksburg, and proceeds in an easterly direction, partly across the state. Another extends from Natchez, and either intersects or is intended to intersect the former. The state presents numerous opportunities for advantageous public improvements, which in due time will doubt less be prosecuted. Minerals. — Mississippi is probably not rich in mineral products ; at least no extensive investigations of her resources in this respect have yet been made. Clay, of good quality, suited to the manufacture of pottery and bricks, abounds in various localities ; and sundry descriptions of pigments have also been found. It is not known whether any coal formations, or any indications of metallic deposits, have yet been discovered. Manufactures. — There are in the state a number of cotton factories, on a small scale, several mills of considerable importance for the manufacture of flour, and numerous other establishments, producing most of the articles required for domestic consumption or family use. The amount of capital employed for manufacturing purposes, in 1840, was less than $2,000,000. Indians. — Large portions of the northern and eastern sections of the state are still held by the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians. These tracts include some of the best lands in the state, abounding in broad and fertile prairies, which are well cultivated by their owners, who possess also large numbers of cattle, horses, swine, and sheep. These Indians are intelligent and industrious, many of them being good mechanics. The females, also, are expert at spinning and weaving. Population. — Between the years 1820 and 1830, the population of Mississippi increased more than 80 per cent ; and between the latter year and 1840, the increase was more than 175 per cent. Of a population of 175,000, upwards of one half were slaves. The people are almost exclusively engaged in agricultural employments. Population in 1850, 606,555. Climate. — For the most part the climate is decidedly healthy. The low country is of course subject to the ordinary diseases which prevail throughout all similar regions in the Southern States. But in the upper districts, the atmosphere is pure, and the climate, though variable, is temperate and salubrious. Religion. — The most numerous of the religious denominations are the Methodists and Baptists — the former, compared with the latter, numbering as 3 to 1. The Presbyterians are next in numerical order ; and the Episcopalians have several flourishing parishes. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MISSOURI. 89 MISSOURI is one of the- Western — or, at present, more properly, one of the Central — states of the American Union. It formerly composed a part of the extensive tract, which, under the name of Louisiana, was purchased of France by the United States in the year 1803. In the following year, that portion of the country which now forms the State of Louisiana was set off from the residue, and denominated the Territory of Orleans ; the remainder being styled the District of Louisiana, until 1812, when the name was changed to the Territory of Missouri. Another division took place about eight years afterwards, and in 1821 the state was formed out of a section of that territory, and duly admitted into the Union. Some of the places within the present limits of Missouri were settled as early as the year 1764, by hunters and traders generally from the north and east. In that year the city of St. Louis was founded, now the largest commercial place on the Mississippi, excepting New Orleans. St. Charles, on the Missouri, was established in 1780, and New Madrid on the Mississippi, in 1787. Boundaries and Extent. — Missouri is bounded north by the State of Iowa ; east by the Mississippi River, which separates it from the States of Illinois, Kentucky, and part of Ten nessee ; south by the State of Arkansas ; and west by the Indian Territory, and by the River Missouri, dividing it from the Deserts of Nebraska. It extends from 36° to 40° 36' north lati tude, and lies between 89° and 95° 45' west longitude. Its area is estimated at 67,380 square miles, being about 278 miles in length by 235 in breadth. Government. — The governor and lieutenant governor are chosen, by a plurality of the pop ular votes, for four years, and are not eligible for two terms in succession. The lieutenant governor is ex officio president of the Senate. The legislature consists of a Senate, in number not less than 14 nor more than 33 ; and a House of Representatives, not to exceed 100 in num ber. The former are chosen for four years — one half every second year ; and the latter every second year, in counties, to serve two years. The legislature meets biennially, on the last Monday in December, and the members receive three dollars per diem for sixty days of the session, after which their pay is reduced to one dollar — a feature that might be profitably adopted in other states. Judiciary. — The Supreme Court, having appellate jurisdiction only, is composed of three judges, who hold office for twelve years. It holds two sessions annually. There are fourteen judicial circuits, with a like number of judges, who hold office for eight years. Circuit Courts are held twice a year in each county. These have exclusive jurisdiction in criminal matters, with power to correct the proceedings of County Courts and justices of the peace, subject to appeal to the Supreme Court The supreme and circuit judges are appointed by the governor 12 90 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. " and Senate. County Courts are established for each county, and are composed of three jus tices elected by the people for four years. Their jurisdiction is limited to matters of probate and to county affairs. There are, also, at St. Louis and some other cities, local tribunals, with the ordinary powers of Municipal or Police Courts. Education. — Several colleges flourish in different quarters of the slate, most of them under the special auspices of some religious denomination. A good number of academies and other literary institutions have also been established. The common and primary schools are tolera bly numerous ; but in 1850 there were over 20,000 white persons above the age of 20i years who could neither read nor write. Finances. — The amount of the state debt is about $685,000 ; the interest whereon is some $73,000 annually: In 1843, the public debt was less than one half the above sum. Surface, Soil, cy-c. — The surface and soil are much varied throughout the state. In some quarters, the lands are undulating and hilly, not rising, however, to a height that can be de scribed as mountainous. Other portions are swampy, and subject to inundations, though heavily timbered, and having an alluvial soil of great fertility. The soil upon the uplands is in gen eral very productive, consisting both of prairies and extensive tracts of woodland ; but these are interspersed with rocky ridges and elevated barrens. The low lands, bordering on the rivers, are extremely rich. Indian corn and other grains, hemp, flax, tobacco, and sweet potatoes, are among the products of the field. Cotton is raised in the southern section of the state. Among the forest-trees are various species of oak, walnut, locust, ash, cedar, &c. Yellow and white pine abound in some localities. Grapes are found in profusion among the underwood of the forests ; and most of the fruits common to the latitude of the state may be successfully cultivated. Rivers. — This state is watered by numerous large streams, besides the great Rivers Missis sippi and Missouri, the former of which flows along the eastern margin of the state, a distance, including indentations, of 550 miles ; while the latter strikes its south-west angle, passes southward along its western boundary, and, crossing its centre, after having traversed the territory 384 miles, enters the Mississippi near St Louis. The Osage, affording boat naviga tion for 660 miles, the Grand, Salt, Gasconade, Chariton, Maramec, and St. Francis, are rivers of considerable magnitude. Internal Improvements. — The people of Missouri are favored with extraordinary facilities for internal intercourse, especially by water communication. These advantages are prosecuted to an incredible extent between St Louis and all the great commercial marts of the south and west, and intermediate places, by means of steamboats and other craft, which navigate the principal rivers for hundreds and even thousands of miles. Such facilities naturally suggest numerous projects of improvement ; and a system of railroads and canals, in all probability, will ere long be superadded. At the session of the legislature in 1851, bills were passed, appropriating $2,000,000 for expediting the construction of the Pacific Railroad, and $1,500,000 towards completing the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. This measure caused an immediate flow of emigration into the counties contiguous to the proposed routes. The city of Hannibal, in particular, one of the termini, received greater additions to its population within the spring of 1851 than it had acquired during the whole of the three preceding years. Minerals. — Missouri is remarkably rich in mineral treasures, especially in the value of its lead mines. These are known to occupy an area of over 3000 square miles. They are sit uated within an average distance of 70 miles from file city of St Louis. The ore is of that description denominated " galena," and is found, not in veins, but in separate masses. It yields from 80 to 85 per cent. 5,000,000 or 6,000,000 pounds are produced annually. Iron ore, of excellent quality, also abounds. In Washington county, there is a hill some 400 feet in height, three miles in length, and one mile wide at its base, known as the " iron mountain," which appears to be entirely composed of iron ore, yielding some 80 per cent, of the pure metal. There is also another eminence, about 300 feet high, one and a half mile wide at the base, consisting wholly of the species of iron ore called " pilot knob," and which is equally valuable. Copper, zinc, calamine, antimony, cobalt, nitre, plumbago, salt, &c, are among the STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEBRASKA. 91 mineral products of the same county and the contiguous region. Bituminous coal is abundant in various localities near the Mississippi. Manufactures. — Iron, lead, and lumber are among the chief articles manufactured. There are also large numbers of grist mills, distilleries, potteries, brick, stone and marble yards, salt works, breweries, carriage and machine factories, and other establishments for the production of commodities requisite for home use, the whole employing a capital of several millions of dollars. Indians. — There are no organized or distinct bands of Indians permanently settled within the state, most of the indigenous tribes having withdrawn to their allotted country beyond the western boundary of the state. Population. — In 1810, the population was less than 20,000. During the following ten years, it had increased to upwards of 66,000. In 1830, it numbered 140,000 ; and in 1840, 383,000, including 58,000 slaves. Population in 1850, 684,132. Climate. — The central and inland position of the state assures to its inhabitants extraordi nary freedom from the sudden and trying changes which are felt by residents 'nearer the sea- coast in the same latitudes. The difference of temperature between the cold of winter and the heat of summer is great — the extreme range of the thermometer being from 8° below zero to 100° above. But the seasons, in their progress, are gradual and uniform, subject to few or no abrupt and violent transitions. The air is pure and salubrious, and the climate may . be classed among those most favorable to health. Religion. — The Methodists are the most numerous of the various religious denominations within the state. Next in numbers are the Baptists ; then the Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, and Episcopalians. There are, besides, several congregations of " Cumberland" and " Asso ciate Reform" Presbyterians, and a few Unitarian societies. NBBQ&SRa NEBRASKA is the name by which an immense wilderness, lying among the north-western possessions of the United States, is now designated. It is bounded on the north by the British possessions; on the east by Minnesota Territory and the State of Iowa; on the south by the Indian Territory, (proper,) the State of Texas, and the Territory of New Mexico ; and on the west by the Territory of Utah and Oregon Territory. The Missouri flows along its entire eastern frontier, and the Platte and Arkansas Rivers water its southern borders, while its western limits are formed by the Rocky Mountains. With a vast sweep from the north-west towards the central part of the country, and thence curving to the north, a portion of this lofty chain encloses, as it were, in an amphitheatre nearly one half of the whole region. It reaches from the 38th to the 49th degree of north latitude ; its extreme south-eastern point lies in 95°, and its extreme north-western in 114° west longitude. It is between 600 and 700 miles in length, and from 400 to 500 miles in breadth, and contains an area of some 300,000 square miles. All this broad expanse is yet to be subdivided, and gradually furnished with distinct forms of civil government, or remain as the barren heritage of the untamed races for whose behoof it seems naturally designed. At present, it is almost exclusively the abode of savages and wild beasts, and is traversed by civilized man. only through the like necessity which impels him to cross the pathless ocean on his way to countries beyond. Its natural resources have never yet been developed, and little more is known of its topography, its waters, forests, plants, minerals, &c, than what has been gathered by dint of a few partial explorations, or by travellers in their hurried journeys towards Oregon and California. From its geographical position it must be inferred that its soil, climate, natural products, and capacities for improvement do not differ essentially from those of the states and territories by which it is encompassed. But there are no authentic data from which may be compiled any satisfactory amount of statistical information in the premises. 92 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Maps, exhibiting the outlines of its principal features, have from time to time been con structed and published, wherefrom the names and localities of the most prominent and striking objects — such as mountains, rivers, and lakes — may in some partial degree be ascertained. Reliable and accurate surveys are yet to be undertaken and accomplished by authority ; until when the inquirer who would obtain exact details must be content with the meagre accounts of casual tourists, or the unauthenticated reports of adventurous visitors from the neighbor ing regions. The manifold nations or independent tribes of aboriginal inhabitants sustain different relations to the people xof the United States. Some of them, with whom treaties have been made, or negotiations held, are professedly friendly ; while others are treacherously hostile, and almost irreclaimable. They are frequently at war with each other, and in all the arts of civilization are generally behind the Indians who reside farther south. The number of Indians occupying the country between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains may be estimated at not far from 250,000, including those who have emigrated from the eastern side of the Mississippi, and settled in the Indian Territory proper. A view of the map of the country presents some striking lineaments, especially in the north-western quarter. The great basin, circumscribed as with a massive wall by the bold curvature of the Rocky Mountains, sends forth countless streams of varied extent, forming the sources of the Missouri River, and supplying the tract throughout with an abundance of watercourses, at remarkably regular distances. These streams are mostly dignified with names upon the maps ; but whether their positions, dimensions, and tendencies are correctly delineated, is a question to be determined by future and more exact inspection. The southerly and easterly portions of the country are also amply furnished with those aquatic arteries and veins so necessary to the t existence of a nation. The rivers already mentioned, as washing the eastern and southern boundaries, also receive innumerable branches ; and there are some important streams which extend quite across from the very bases of the great mountain ridge on the west to the points of their junction with the Missouri, &c. Among the principal of these are the Platte, the Ni-obrarah, the Whiteearth, &c, with their numerous forks, all of which flow in an easterly direction. NEW HAMPSHIRE. It is generally conceded that the inhabitants of the New England States, as a body, exhibit some peculiar characteristics, when compared with those who dwell in other sections of our widely-extended and diversified Union. And it is known that the varied face of the country, and hence the local facilities for different occupations, together STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE. 93 with the history of different settlements, have all tended to produce diversities of character, habits, and employments. To these considerations must be added the different views and pursuits of the original settlers, the object of settlement being by no means the same in all the colonies. Now, it is not pretended that the first Europeans who colonized within the bounds of New Hampshire were, like those at Plymouth, seeking an asylum from persecution for their religion. We know that expeditions for fishing along the coast, and the trade in furs, occupied the attention of the earliest visitors, and that a considerable time elapsed, after the discovery and partial colonizing of the shores, before a regular government could be formed ; whereas, at the settlement of Plymouth, the principles on which the power of rule was to be based, and even those who were to exercise that power, were designated and resolved on before the land ing of the company. Very different was the condition of those who confmenced the efforts which resulted in establishing the State of New-Hampshire. Their arrangements, therefore, consisted more in the regulations of a mercantile company than in u, civil legislation, with its provisions for insuring a permanent, dignified administration of well-adapted laws, the result of deliberate consideration. By the necessity of the case, however, this became their condition, in pro cess of time. No 'proof is found of actual settlement before 1623. The precise date of the settlement, it has been candidly acknowledged, " cannot probably be ascertained." * This acknowledgment, however, relates only to some overt act, connected with settling; since both the year and season of the year are ascertainable. But the settlements were, for many years, greatly troubled by the conflicting claims of patentees. These claims were derived, originally, from the council of Plymouth, in the mother country. And of them it is remarked by Chalmers, that, " during the fifteen years of the existence of that company, it adopted the policy of conferring on various men several inter fering parcels of New England ; which has thrown the greatest obscurity over its earliest history ; which long occasioned perplexing embarrassments to the different claimants, to the different colonies, and to England." \ These transactions have, notwithstanding, been placed in as clear a light as the subject admits, by Dr. Belknap, the accomplished historian of New Hampshire, at a cost of much research. And we learn that Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason, as joint partners, obtaining a. title to a territory they called Laconia, extending from Merrimac River to Sagadehock, (or the Kennebec,) and far inland, Mason having previously acquired the grant of another, reaching from the River Naumkeag to that of Piscataqua, and back to their sources, employed men to settle the country. Accordingly, successive establishments were made at Little Harbor and Dover, to which, from other causes, were added those of Exeter and Hampton, forming for themselves severally, in a few yes/s, separate jurisdictions. Without entering into an account of these various governments, which of themselves were only of short duration, it is 'Sufficient for our purpose to state in this place, that, by the year 1642, they were all absorbed in the general government of Massachusetts. This absorption was not, however, an arbitrary or violent act on the part of that state. In each instance of its occurrence, it was, from the necessity of the case, solicited by the settlements. Their feeble condition, exposed as they were to the attacks of the savages of the wilderness, who, especially about the year 1637, appear to have plotted the destruction of all European settlers along the coast ; the want of some superior authority, to act as an umpire in the disputes and difficulties which arose among themselves ; and, added to this, a desire to hold tlieir lands not as tenants, but in simple fee, — these were sufficient reasons for wishing to avail themselves of the matured authority, experience, and prosperity of Massachusetts. The three governments, therefore, of Dover, Exeter, and Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, after struggling for years with difficulties of a civil and ecclesiastical nature, were united to the * Farmer and Moore's Coll. vol. ii. p. 32. t Polit. Annals, vol. i. ch xvii. p. 472. 94 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. settlements in their vicinity to the south ; Exeter being first joined, by the authority of the court, to Essex county ; and afterwards, with the others, forming, for a time, the county of Norfolk ; * their history being blended, for the next forty years, with that of their neighbors. Hampton had, in the mean time, been settled from Massachusetts, and was, therefore, ac counted as naturally belonging to that government, although within the present bounds of New Hampshire.f This latter name was assumed as early as 1629 ; when, after Gorges and Mason had been for several years united in the possession of a patent from the Plymouth council, embracing " all the lands between the Rivers Merrimac and Sagadehock," before cited, " and extending back to the great lakes and River of Canada, X and called Laconia," and under which patent their settlements had been made, as we have seen, Mason obtained for himself a new patent. The extent is thus described: "From the middle of Pascataqua River, and up the same to the furthest head thereof, and from thence- north-westward, until sixty miles from the mouth of the harbor were finished; also, through Merrimac River, to the furthest head thereof, and so forward up into the land westward, until sixty miles were finished ; and from thence to cross overland to the end of the sixty miles accounted from Pascataqua River ; together with all islands within five miles of the coast." The territory included within these limits received the name which the state at present bears. The same council which issued the patent above cited had given to Gorges, in 1621, " a grant of all the land from the River of Naumkeag, now Salem, round Cape Anne to the River Merrimac ; and up each of those rivers to the furthest head thereof; then to cross over from the head of the one to the head of the other ; with all the islands lying within three miles of the coast." § It had also, after giving several other discordant grants, sold to a company of gentlemen, named by Hutchinson, || " all that part of New England three miles to the south of Charles River, and three miles to the north of Merrimac River, from the Atlantic to the South Sea." The date of the last patent was March 19, 1627. It could hardly be expected that grantees of property so indefinite, or, if defined, so incon sistently done, should mutually agree. We are not, therefore, surprised to find that the people of Massachusetts regarded Gorges's and Mason's claims with jealousy, and considered them in a hostile light ; nor that the death of Mason, who had been for some time using all his influence to procure a royal order for a general governor- to be appointed for all New Eng land, and thus to supersede those of Plymouth and Massachusetts, should be recorded by Governor Winthrop as a " mercy." IT The conflicting claims we have alluded to must, almost necessarily, have originated hostile feelings, however we regret and disapprove them. Gorges, in his History of New England, declares, "that he could hardly get any, for money, to reside " in the country he claimed ; but the change of times and interests soon made it a place of refuge for persecuted religionists, and tjie settlements then advanced rapidly, until, attracting the attention of the royal government, " it was especially ordered, by the king's command, that none should be suffered to go without license." Yet, though destitute of royal patronage, the settlements nevertheless " grew," as Colonel Barre, in the period of the American revolution, declared of them before the British Parliament, "by the neglect of them," chargeable on their mother country — a neglect which rendered their own most stren uous exertions necessary, and finally successful. i * Including Salisbury, Haverhill, Hampton, Exeter, Portsmouth, and Dover. + See Belknap's History of New Hampshire, chaps, i. ii. iii. iv. X Wood, in 1634, says, " The place whereon the English have built their colonies is judged, by those who have the best skill in discovery, either to be an iland, surrounded on the north side with the spa cious River Cannada, and' on the south with Hudson's River, or else a Peninsula, these two rivers over lapping one another, having their rise from the great lakes, which are not farre off one another, as the Indians doe certainly informe us." Such, at that time, was their geography of the country. N. E. Prospect, pp. 1, 2. } Belknap, ut supra. |] History Massach. vol. i. p. 16. H Winthrop' s Journal, vol. i. 187, and Dr. Savage's note there. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE. 95 In fact, to this principle we must refer the difference between the success that attended on the settlers of the Bay State and that of the people employed by Gorges and Mason. This is sensibly and strikingly described by the judicious Belknap. " The difference between a man's doing business by himself, and by. his substitutes," observes the doctor, "was never more finely exemplified than in the conduct of the Massachusetts planters, compared with that of Sir Ferdinando Gorges ; what the one had been laboring for above twenty years, without any success, was realized by the others in two or three years ; in five they were so far advanced as to be able to send out a colony from themselves, to begin another at Connecticut ; and, in less than ten, they founded a university, which has ever since produced an uninterrupted succession of serviceable men in church and state." * The history of New Hampshire may, with convenience, be divided into four distinct periods. The first will be the period we have just been reviewing — that from the earliest settlements by the English to the union with Massachusetts. The time of that union will form another, consisting of nearly 40 years. The third embraces the royal government of the province, and down to the American revolution, and the fourth what has transpired since. I. Not much of interest, except that which is purely local, attaches to the history of the inconsiderable communities which were first formed. And yet it is no trifling subject for the contemplation of humanity. Courage and fortitude were needed, to face and endure the dis tresses of an American wilderness, 3000 miles from home. The names, therefore, of Hilton, Waldron, Williams, Neale, Wiggin, Chadbourne, and others, their associates, will be cherished not merely by their posterity, but by a grateful community of free, prosperous men, who inherit the result of their sacrifices and labors. Nor less in the church of Christ will the recollections of piety and faith dwell on the founders of the sacred institutions under the gospel, by which light was communicated to the ignorant, and consolation to the afflicted, and benefit to all. This will perpetuate the names of Dalton, Dudley, Leveridge, Gibson, Parker, and even Wheelwright, notwithstanding his occasional deviations and errors ; nor, in the lustre of a succeeding period, will their " less light " be overlooked, or " shorn of its beams." It must not also be forgotten, that the original proprietors, especially Gorges and Mason, to whom others, discouraged by the multiplied and long-enduring difficulties they met) sold their respective shares;- were themselves great losers by the enterprise. Neither of them lived to see the success of his expenditures, large and liberal as they were, and reckoned at £20,000 sterling for each of them ; but they transmitted to disappointed heirs a succession of lawsuits, crushed hopes, and mortifications. Yet they seem to have cherished to the last an approbation of their unrewarded efforts, and to have encouraged themselves in the hope that posterity would still reap important benefits from them. Let their names, then, be had in honor, and their example commend to their successors the exercise of that public spirit, which " seeketh not its own ; " but, in the overruling providence of God, secures, though perhaps undesign edly, in many instances, the welfare of coming thousands. II. A new scene opens in the next period. It presents, indeed, not a species of inde pendent sovereignty, with which, apparently, some had flattered themselves, but — what is of higher moment in the scale of human enjoyment and progress — safety, encouragment, and aid. All that Massachusetts had realized she was ready to share ; and perhaps there is hardly to be found in history an instance wherein 'political power was exercised in a more paternal manner ; nor, a few instances only excepted, its exercise met with more of grateful recog nition and willing subjection. Often did it occur, say the faithful recorders of the time, that, while the people had the acknowledged right to elect into office in their several towns such of their fellow-citizens, or, rather, fellow-subjects, as they might prefer, they yet requested the court to nominate and appoint them — a course of conduct which very few of the sturdy republicans of succeeding times would be disposed to adopt. In proof of the exercise of the disposition now alluded to, and such a proof as is peculiarly * Life of Gorges, in Amer. Biogr. vol. i. p. 381. 96 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. attractive, when the important and cherished seat of learnmg at Cambridge needed a substi tute for its old and humble building of wood, contributions for reedifying the structure with brick were liberally bestowed. " Portsmouth, which was now become the richest" of the New Hampshire towns, charged itself with " £60 per annum for seven years ; Dover gave £32, and Exeter £10 for the same laudable purpose." * At a subsequent period, we shall find this example of a wise liberality to the cause of good learning followed by the government of the province in a highly valuable donation to the library of Harvard College, notwithstand ing its location in a neighboring community, These instances it is delightful to record ; for they tended to prepare the way for that wider union of interests which was, in process of time, to be developed in all its vast and important bearings. Indeed, at the commencement of the period we are now reviewing, a measure fraught with consequences inappreciable, perhaps, by those who engaged in it, was adopted in the confederacy of colonies effected in 1643. New Hampshire shared in the benefits of this judicious and necessary arrangement, being included in Massachusetts. The other parties were Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. And it cannot escape the notice of any who attentively observe " the leadings of divine Providence," that, in this manner, while the present perils of their great enterprise prompted these governments to counsels of fraternal union, they were preparing gradually the way for the final independence of their country.-)- Probably, without a similar course, they could hardly have sustained the horrors of the Indian war of 1675, and triumphed over Philip and his widely-extended confederates. It deserves mention here, that, although the inhabitants of Massachusetts had formed for themselves what may be termed a " test act," and admitted none to " the freedom of their company," and thus to the bearing of office among them, but such as had been received into some one of the churches, — a regulation made, as Hutchinson informs us, by the freemen themselves, in 1631, and " continuing in force until the dissolution of the government ; " that is, while they were under their original charter, — yet, on the admission of the New Hamp shire towns, no such order was extended to them ; and they elected their officers without the restriction. A similar course was held subsequently with regard to Maine. Thus the way was preparing for a wider toleration, the principles of which were in that age but little understood or felt J It is not improbable, also, that the application of this measure to the New Hampshire towns was of influence in forming their temper to a remoteness from the strict Puritan features which characterized the Old Colony and the Bay State in their earliest times. And, indeed, it was not until 1671 that a Congregational church was gathered in Portsmouth, their capital ; there having previously been only an Episcopal church in the town, which was formed in 1638. III. The way had been gradually preparing for a change of government. The enemies of that system of rule which prevailed in Massachusetts had been, from the very first, busy in their complaints to the crown, and had been often on the point of succeeding, but were remarkably prevented. Thus, in 1635, an effort had been made to cause the surrender of their much-cherished charter. And at the restoration of the monarchy these were renewed, after a comparative quiet, on that subject at least, of near 20 years. But, in the course of a short period, complaints having been made by the heirs of Gorges and Mason, a commission was given by Charles II. to Colonel Nichols, Sir Robert Carr, and two others, to investigate the state of the colonies, particularly in regard to the grievance complained of, apply all proper remedies in their power, and make report. This report, although it failed of effecting all that was intended against the government of Massachusetts, prepared the way for the mission of * Belknap, vol. i. p. 64, F. and M's ed. ; also Hutchinson, &c. t See this confederacy exhibited in an Address of the late Ex-President J. Q. Adams. Mass. Hist. Coll. III. vol. ix. X In 1665, Dr. J. Mather, in a private letter, charges on the commissioners of the New England colo nies the declaration, " that they would have liberty given to all sorts and sects of men." — See Hutch inson, vol. i. p. 208. STATES AND TERRITORIES.— NEW HAMPSHIRE. 97 Randolph, which resulted in his advice to separate New Hampshire from that government, and to erect it into a province by itself. This arrangement was at length effected ; and in 1680, at the beginning of the year, John Cutt, Esq., an aged and worthy citizen of Portsmouth, was appointed, by royal authority, president A council was assigned him, a portion of the members being specially named, with permission to fill up the prescribed number at their pleasure ; to which was added a House of Representatives, to be chosen by the people — a form of government which,- in itself considered, Belknap characterizes as being " of as simple a kind as the nature of a subor dinate government and the liberty of the subject can admit."* The new president died, however, before the expiration of his year of office, and was greatly lamented, as a gentleman of high moral worth and unblemished reputation. He was succeeded by his deputy, Major Waldron, who had long been distinguished by his public spirit and many services, and was therefore greatly esteemed. The alteration of the form of government was not, however, allowed to pass off without another trait of genuine feeling, which does the parties great honor. With consent of his council and of the General Assembly, President Cutt communicated, as early as Marcljt25, 1680, to the governor and council of Massachusetts, to be made known at their next session to the General Court of the province, a very grateful letter ; " first to acknowledge," says he, " your great care of us, and kindness towards us, while we dwelt under your shadow ; owning ourselves deeply obliged, that you were pleased, upon our earnest request and i supplication, to take us under your government, and ruled us well, while we so remained ; so that we cannot give the least countenance to those reflections that have been cast upon you, as if you had dealt injuriously with us." They then profess as follows: "no dissatisfaction with your government, but merely our submission to divine Providence, to his majesty's commands, to whom we owe our allegiance, without any seeking of our own, or desires of change, was the only cause of our complying with that present separation from you that we are now under ; but should have heartily rejoiced, if it had seemed good to the Lord and his majesty to have settled us in the same capacity as formerly." They add, " We hold ourselves bound to sig nify, that it is our most unfeigned desire, that such a mutual correspondence betwixt us may" be settled, as may tend to the glory of God, the honor of his majesty, whose subjects we all are, and the promoting of the common interest, and defence against the common enemy, that thereby our hands may be strengthened, being of ourselves weak, and few in number ; and that, if there be opportunity to be any Ways serviceable unto you, we may show how ready we are thankfully to embrace the same." They close with saying, " We subscribe, wishing the presence of God to be with you, and craving the benefit of your prayers and endeavors for a blessing upon the heads and hearts of us who are separated from our brethren."! A document like this is well worthy of transmission to posterity. But, after the year's ser vice of Walter Barefoote, who was one of Randolph's friends and abetters, the next ad ministration, that of Cranfield, was unpleasant in the extreme. His self-seeking spirit, his contempt for the inhabitants, whom he found to be not more than four thousand in number, his tyrannical exactions, and his persecution and oppression of the respected minister of Portsmouth, the Rev. Joshua Moody, whose name will eyer be held in affectionate respect, alienated from him the minds of the people, and caused them to rejoice when, chagrined and disappointed, he left them for Barbadoes. We have not room, in this department of the present work, to enter into particulars of the history of so many changes as occurred in the administration of government, further than to say, that New Hampshire was again united with Massachusetts, under the presidency of Joseph Dudley, in 1686 ; also under that of Andros in 1687, and of Bradstreet in 1689. From 1692, however, the separate government obtained again, under Usher, Partridge, and Allen, for ten years ; when Dudley was once more appointed governor, having Massachusetts also * Hist, of N. H. p. 89, F. and M.'s edition. t See the whole paper in Hutchinson, vol. i. 295, 296. 13 98 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. under his charge. The two governments were thus again united, and so continued from 1702 to 1741, sharing in each other's sympathies, and in weal or woe. In the last-named year, Benning Wentworth, a graduate of Harvard College, was appointed governor, and succeeded in that office by his nephew, John Wentworth, in 1767, whose term of service closed but with the revolution. IV. The revolution produced, of course, its own heroes, as every period of such excite ment must. But there had been a long training of them, unknowingly, as throughout our country. New Hampshire furnished her full quota of these, several of them reared in the hardships of Indian warfare, or in the laborious occupations of husbandry ; and not a few were experienced in those scenes of conflict between Britain and France which ended in the reduction of Canada. A few years only after that event, the discussion of stirring questions between the colonies and the mother country called forth the best talents. The right of Par liament to tax, without the privilege of representation vested in the subject, and thence without his consent, was boldly denied. The stamp act excited alarm, and was resisted. Feudal institutions were reviewed, in an essay by the elder Adams, in 1765, and the canon law inves tigated ; and, in short, the doctrines of civil freedom began to engage the public mind long before the actual independence of the country was seriously contemplated. The country, too, had gained strength and wealth. Of both these New Hampshire partook. Ship-building, from the facility of obtaining every kind of lumber, flourished on her scanty seaboard. Vessels of war had been for many years constructed within the waters of Piscat aqua, which form almost her only harbors from the sea ; and her merchants were known abroad, and their connections extensive and profitable at home. Besides this, the increase of population in the country towns became observable. They had been gradually settling, after the disputes with the heirs of Mason were in good degree adjusted, and more especially after the purchase made of their claim by a company of New Hampshire gentlemen, in 1746, which had introduced an increase of agricultural products, by encouraging a more general acquisition of farms, the cultivation of which had been found the true source of wealth and general prosperity. In addition, a new interest was given to the great subject of education. We have before alluded to the regard shown to Harvard College. At the destruction by fire of its library, in 1764, under the government of Benning Wentworth, a generous donation was made, in order to replace it* But, under the succeeding administration of his nephew, a magistrate dis tinguished for learning, good judgment, and public spirit, and therefore deservedly popular, the foundation was effected of a university within the state itself. The application for public aid by the Rev. Dr. Wheelock, and his offer of locating his institution where the greatest encouragement might be had, elicited such returns abroad, and especially such grants of land from the General Assembly, as fixed Dartmouth College at Hanover, in the county of Grafton, by royal charter, 13th December, 1769. The rank of this institution is high among the col leges of New England and the best literary establishments of the Union. To recount the catalogue of worthies, whose names impart a lustre to their native state, and give the history of their lives, pleasing although it would be, cannot within the limits of this introductory sketch be admitted. The memories of Stark and Sullivan, and of Pepperell at an earlier period, who should be reckoned, probably, to New Hampshire, though locally of Maine, of Dearborn, and other military men, will not be suffered to perish. Those of Me- shech Weare, the first president of the state, after the commencement of hostilities with Great Britain; and the governors, Langdon, Oilman, Smith, and Plumer, not to mention * " The province of New Hampshire not having as yet any college of its own to divert its interest from Harvard College, hitherto the Alma Mater of her educated men as well as those of Massachusetts, the General Assembly of that province, by the recommendation of Governor Benning Wentworth, who had been applied to"by the corporation on the subject, voted £300 sterling for the purpose of purchasing books for the library. A catalogue was sent to the Rev. Dr. East Apthorp, then in England ; and by his care books to the number of 743 volumes, enough to fill three quarters of an alcove, were purchased with that sum." — See Peirce's Hist, of Harvard University, edited by the late Hon. J. Pickering, Esq. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE. 99 others of merit who have honorably filled the chair of state ; of Mason, and of Webster, the former of whom has recently been lamented as one of the first, if not the first, of the lawyers of New England, and the latter happily living, as a glory of his birtliplace, the able and successful expounder and defender of the constitution, — will pass down to posterity with still increasing esteem, and do honor to New Hampshire. They will excite the virtuous emulation of her aspiring youth, and tend to guide their steps to eminence. Nor should the religious interests of the state be overlooked. These have been superin tended by a ministry consisting of, apparently, as sound and faithful men as can be found laboring together in any state of our Union, among an equal population. A recent review of their history has been taken ; and its well-informed author, addressing " the general associa tion," a body which dates its origin in 1747, declares, " Of 686, who from the first have filled the office of pastors in our churches, but about 150 now survive. All settled previous to 1780 are starred on the register of their names. Of those settled between 1780 and 1800, we can find but eight among the living, and not one of them in the active duties of the ministry. But though dead, they yet speak. Some of them experienced great trials and hardships for Christ's sake, enduring perils in the wilderness and perils among savages. But they were strong in faith, constant in labors, enduring unto the end. Never, probably, has there existed," he adds, " through a period of more than two centuries, a succession of one class of ministers more united in sentiment, more harmonious in practice, more consistent in example, more free from ambition and envy, and the strife of controversy, more self-denying, more useful as citizens, and more respected in their several fields of labor, than the Congregational and Presbyterian ministers of New Hampshire. A few, indeed, though very few, have proved themselves un worthy of their calling and office. Some have renounced their first faith, but the great body of them have stood firm amid changes, and were found faithful unto death." * The writer then notices the closing scenes of the lives of several of the pastors, as evi dences of their sincerity and faithfulness ; and especially commemorates Moody of Portsmouth, McGregor of Londonderry, Dr. McClintock of Greenland, Hidden of Tamworth, Dr. Harris of Dunbarton, and Dr. Church of Pelham, among those who have given their dying testimonies to " the truth as it is in Jesus." Many other names are precious to the churches and to sur viving friends ; and that such a ministry, still more and more enriched with divine grace, may be perpetuated through the coming generations, every Christian patriot must desire ; since it is only through the prevalence of the religion of the gospel that any community cari truly prosper. For the Christian ministry is the institution of God for human welfare. And its usefulness is found not merely in reference to eternity, but the present life also. Says the commissioner of common schools, in his last Report to the legislature of New Hampshire, " The clergymen of the various towns that I have visited deserve especial notice for the lively interest they cherish in this movement, [to improve the schools,] for the valuable assistance they rendered me in my visits, and for the controlling influence which they exert on the minds of the people in favor of general intelligence and sound learning." f Although allusion has thus been made to the important subject of training the youth of the state, and to the promotion of " sound learning," it yet seems proper to insert in this place a general view of it, with which the compiler of this work has been very obligingly favored by the late Rev. Dr. Cogswell, president of the Theological Seminary at Gilmanton. It is inserted entire, under the head of " Education in New Hampshire. The common school system of education," observes the doctor, " so generally prevalent in New England, was very early adopted by the inhabit ants of New Hampshire. In this respect, the state was probably as observant of duty as Massachusetts and Connecticut. " The first law enacted for the establishment of what are termed ' town schools,' was passed ' in 1647, by the General Court of Massachusetts. The preamble and law are as follows : ' It being one chiefe project of that old deluder, Sathan, to keep men from the knowledge of * Rev. Mr. Bouton's Hist. Discourse, Aug. 22, 1848, p. 24. t See Report for 1848, p. 4. 100 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Scriptures, as in former times, keeping them in an unknowne tongue, so in these latter times, by persuading them from the use of tongues, so that, at least, the true sence and meaning of the original might be clouded with false glosses, of saint-seeming deceivers, and that learning may not bee buried in the grave of our forefathers in church and commonwealth, the Lord assisting our endeavors : — '"It is therefore ordered by this Courte and authority thereof, That every townshipp within this jurisdiction, after that the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty hows-holders, shall then forthwith appoint one within theire towne, to teach all such children as shall resorte to him, to write and read ; whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in general!, by way of supplye, as the major parte of those who order the prudentials of the towne shall appointe ; provided that those who send theire children bee not oppressed by paying much more than they can have them taught for in other townes.' • " This law extended to the inhabitants of New Hampshire, as the union between this state and Massachusetts took place in 1641. The ultimate object to be obtained by our Puritan ancestors in these schools was, that their children might be enabled to read and understand for themselves. They were zealous for the maintenance of the Protestant principle of private judgment in matters of religious faith and practice. " The first law passed by New Hampshire, after it became a province, was enacted in 1693, amid the terrors and distresses of the sanguinary war with the Indians and the French, and shows how regardful of education the people at that time were. The law runs thus : it is ' enacted and ordained, that for the building and repairing of meeting-houses, ministers' houses, school-houses, and allowing a salary to a schoolmaster in each town within this prov ince, the selectmen in the respective towns shall raise money by an equal rate and assessment upon the inhabitants ; and every town within this province (Dover only excepted during the war) shall, from and after the publication hereof, provide a schoolmaster for the supply of the town, on penalty of ten pounds ; and for neglect thereof, to be paid, one half to their majes ties, and the other half to the poor of the town.' " In 1719, a law was passed which ordained that every town having fifty householders, or upwards, shall be constantly provided with a schoolmaster to teach children and youth to read and write. " In 1783, the voice of New Hampshire on the subject of education was expressed in lan guage worthy of a free and sovereign state, and contained in the constitution of government then voluntarily adopted. It is as follows: 'Knowledge and learning, generally, diffused through a community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, and spreading the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being highly conducive to promote this end, it shall be the duty of the legislators and magistrates, in all future periods of this government, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries and public schools, to encourage private and public institutions, rewards ^and immunities for the promotion of sciences and natural history.' " Since the adoption of the constitution, the acts of the government in favor of common schools have been liberal. They are now by law established throughout the state, and every child and youth may enjoy the benefits of education proffered by them. For their support, by a law of the state, about $100,000 is annually raised by a tax upon the people.* The literary fund, amounting to $64,000, formed by a tax of one half per cent, on the capital of the banks, has been distributed to the different towns. The proceeds of this fund, and also an annual income of about $10,000, derived from a tax on banks, are appropriated to aid in support of schools, besides what is raised by the several districts themselves. > " There are, according to the last census of the United States, 2127 common schools, and 83,632' scholars attending them, being 1 in every 3-^yV of the whole population of the state, and being a greater number, in proportion to the inhabitants, than is furnished from * Whole amount raised in 1848, #147,744-82. — See Report, cited above, p. 43. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE. 101 any other state in the Union, with but one exception. There are only 942 individuals in the state, over 20 years of age, who can neither read nor write, being only 1 to 307 of the pop ulation, and being a less number than in any other state, one only excepted. " The number of academies and high schools in the state is about 70, being 1 to every 4000 inhabitants. The number of students attending them is 5799, being on an average more than 80 to an institution, and 1 to about every 50 of the inhabitants. This intermediate class of institutions between common schools and colleges is generally in a flourishing condi tion. Most of them are private corporations for public purposes, and need more funds for their support, that they may accomplish with greater energy the work devolving upon them. " Dartmouth College, named after the Earl of Dartmouth, an early benefactor, is one of the most flourishing in the United States, and is situated in the south-west part of Hanover, about half a mile east of Connecticut River, on a beautiful and extensive plain, where there is a handsome village. It was founded by the Rev. Eleazar Whoelock, D. D., and chartered by royal grant in 1769. The funds, which are respectable, were obtained by donations from individuals, and by grants from the legislatures of New Hampshire and Vermont. The build ings are good, and six in number — all of them of brick except one, and most of them bearing names of benefactors." Boundaries. — This state is bounded north by Eastern Canada, east by Maine, south-east by the Atlantic and the State of Massachusetts, south by Massachusetts, and west and north west by Vermont. Situated between 42° 40' and 45° 16' north latitude, and 70° 35' and 72° 27' west longitude. Its length is 168, and its greatest breadth about 90 miles, and it com prises an area of about 7987 square miles. First Settlers. — The first discovery of New Hampshire was in 1614, and the first settle ments made by Europeans were at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623 ; only three years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. Government. — The executive power is vested in a governor and five councillors, chosen annually by the people. The legislature consists of the Senate, comprising 12 members, chosen in 12 districts, and the House of Representatives, chosen annually in the month of March, every town having 150 ratable polls being entitled to send one, and an additional representative for every 300 additional polls. The legislature assembles annually at Concord, on the first Wednesday of June. All male citizens, of 21 years and upwards, except paupers and persons excused from taxes, have a right to vote for state officers — a residence of at least three months within the town being required to entitle the person to vote. Judiciary. — The Superior Court of Judicature consists of a chief justice and two associate justices, who hold one term annually in each of the ten counties of the state, for the hearing and determining of questions of law, and petitions for divorce. This court is also vested with chancery powers. The judges of the Superior Court of Judicature are, ex officio, judges of the Court of Common Pleas. This court, before whom all actions for the recovery of debts and the en forcement of contracts, and all jury trials, are brought, consists of one of the justices of the Superior Court, or one of the justices of the Circuit Court of Common Pleas and of two county judges, who are generally appointed from among the yeomanry, whose principal duty it is to attend to the ordinary business of the county, its roads, expenses, &c. Terms are held semi annually, in each of the counties. Most of the religious denominations, which are found in the country at large, appear in New Hampshire, as might be anticipated from the freedom of religious inquiry and profession. In numbers, the Baptist denomination ranks next to the Congregationalists and Presbyterians. But the Episcopal branch of the church of Christ was early founded in the colony, and was greatly encouraged by several of the royal governors. The Methodists are numerous, and there are communities of Friends, or Quakers. But it is believed that the many important interests of society, in which good citizens may unite without infringing on a good conscience, are tending to soften the asperities of religious controversy, and to bring the community more 102 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. and more into a state of mutual forbearance, if not of mutual esteem. Thus Bible societies, and societies for the promotion of temperance, the associations which spring out of the great cause of education, and those which relate to agriculture, mechanic arts,' general science, and mutual improvement in knowledge, especially by lectures and the founding and use of social libraries, all tend to occupy healthily the powers of the mind, and produce or promote that condition of civilization which becomes a free, vigorous, moral, and Christian state. That such advances are really making is evident to the observer. They have, indeed, been gradual, but actual. The early colonjsts were often almost disheartened at the prospect before them, and complained of the difficulty of procuring a subsistence. It is well remarked by Dr. Belknap, that they too much neglected the cultivation of the soil, whose productiveness they had not properly tested, while their chief attention was given to the fishery, the lumber trade, and the procuring of furs. Many temptations, too, were thrown in their way, as occurred to other settlers in New England, by invitations to settle elsewhere. Lord Saye and Sele urged the colonists to people Barbadoes, where he possessed an interest. Cromwell, at a subsequent period, invited tho tried and faithful Puritans to settle in Ireland, where the province of Ulster had long been devastated, and stood in need of inhabitants ; or to enter on his new conquest of Jamaica, and become West India planters. Few, comparatively, however, were prevailed on to go ; and those who staid became more and more accustomed to the country, and attached to it. And now, what is the result ? A healthy, active, intelligent, and industrious population is found, even among the mountain fastnesses of " the Granite State," not unaptly characterized as the Switzerland of America. They subdue the soil, and it yields its treasures ; and if not in so great abundance of cereal grains, at least in valuable pasture — the grazing interest being very considerable throughout the state. Yet the improvements of modern agriculture are noticed and adopted. In islands of the beautiful Winnipiseogee — a favorable location, it must be confessed — 136 bushels of Indian corn have been raised on the acre ! * One would suppose that the fertility of the western prairie could offer little temptation to the farmer who might produce such a crop, and remain among his own paternal fields ; especially when the contrast is made between the healthiness of a northern climate, in a high, hilly region, pure water flowing plentifully, all facilities for happily training a family; and a country where, indeed, labor is comparatively light, land cheap, and winters lose much of their rigor and length ; but fever and ague sap the constitution, and send back the adventurer a lean, sallow invalid for life, or lay him prematurely in the grave. Of recent years, the legislature has, in its wisdom, encouraged the investigation of the mineral treasures of New Hampshire. The employment of Dr. C. T. Jackson for this pur pose has resulted in the discovery that this state is richer in this respect than any of its sisters. We do not say that it has the gold of California, ¦ — as, happily for its inhabitants, it has not, — nor that of North Carolina or Georgia ; but the variety of its minerals is great, and the de posits of several of the most useful, if not most costly ores, are not infrequent. Grant that it abounds in%ranite and in ice. It has also a hardy and sagacious population, which can make that ice and granite articles of profitable commerce. The increase of manufacturing establishments, in which scientific skill is tasked to mould the raw material into useful fabrics and forms, renders the possession of water power a great desideratum. In few spaces of equal extent, it is believed, does there exist a greater water power than in this state. And human ingenuity will not be backward in turning this encouraging circumstance to profit. Statistics of several establishments will be found in the following work, under the heads of their respective localities. Of all the features of the state, the White Mountains must be regarded as not only the most prominent, but the most interesting. Forming the highest land in North America east of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes, they have become a favorite resort of the tourist, who is in search either of health or pleasure. Dr. Belknap supposed that the highest peak * See Dr. Jackson's Agricultural Report. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE. 103 would be found to be, when accurately measured, — which in his day it had not been, — over 10,000 feet high. But since that period it has been satisfactorily ascertained that it falls short of 7000. The ascent, perilous as it has been accounted, is often effected, and generally repays the task. But the remembrance of those dreadful avalanches, which, in one melancholy in stance at least,* produced havoc, and ruin, and loss of life, will long impress the imagination seriously, and give solemnity to the wild solitudes of the mountains. The engineer will think and calculate otherwise. And his is, in fact, the prevailing view now taken of heights of land and bodies of water. The latter, which abound in the region of the White Mountains, not only give animation to a landscape, and irrigate for the agriculturist or cattle-breeder the lands in their vicinage, but, directed by the hand of Science, and duly restrained and managed, facilitate human labor, and lay a foundation for national wealth. For if, as one of this profession f argued, "rivers were made to feed navigable canals," the eleva tions where are found the sources of the Androscoggin, Saco, Merrimac, Connecticut, and many other streams, on whose banks and by whose waterfalls villages of manufacturers must rise, will not be contemplated by the practical improver without deep interest. It is a great happiness, as well as honor, for the state, that its history has been so ably and respectably written, and at so early a period in the development of its resources. Dr. Belknap was eminently calculated to accomplish the work he undertook. It required research and patient labor ; but he could labor and persevere, though under great embarrassment and diffi culty, unknown, probably, by his successors in the ministry, but requiring in his day all forti tude and. faith. His education had providentially fitted him for his task. Brought up under the eye of the New England historian, the ReVl Mr. Prince, whose spirit of accurate and industrious inquiry is celebrated, he had the advantage of consulting his collections, and im bibed a taste for the employment. Prince followed Mather, and Mather drew from Hubbard, and he from Winthrop and Winslow. Belknap completes the chain to our own times ; and his history is quoted with that respect and confidence which honor his name, still further honored by the state in being attached to a lately constituted county. Deficiencies in his work are, indeed, noticed, particularly in articles of natural history and natural philosophy. But, with the progress in science that has since been made, and the facilities for observation which have since been secured, the supply of these deficiencies will be easy. Nor can it be so difficult as it was originally to secure the evanescent tradition of events. The late and lamented John Farmer, Esq., and -his living associate,^ as well as other . members of the Historical Society, have done much to perpetuate New Hampshire history, whether of the state or of smaller communities, or of individual men. The state is restricted on the sea-coast, and has but one avenue to the ocean. The Piscat aqua presents for -future improvement advantages that a perspicacious and thriving people will not be long in ascertaining and employing. The railroad from Portsmouth to Concord, opening an easy access to the great north and west, will give to the beautiful harbor of Ports mouth a foreign and domestic commerce hitherto unknown. Though restricted on the sea-coast, and in this view not to be compared with her sister states of New England, the State of New Hampshire is yet second among them in extent of territory. That it may be filled with a prosperous, happy, exemplary population, who shall enjoy and improve the rich privileges of Christian freemen, which, in the good providence of God, now form their favored lot, and transmit them unimpaired to the latest posterity, is the writer's fervent wish and prayer. * The destruction of Mr. Willey's abode and family. t Brinley, the Duke of Bridgewater's surveyor. J J. B. Moore, now librarian of the N. Y. Hist. Soe. 104 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. NEW JERSEY is one of the central states on the Atlantic coast of the country comprising the original thirteen United States. The earliest settlement was made in the county of Bergen, between the years 1620 and 1630, by some Dutch people from New York. They were joined by parties of Danes and Norwegians, who, in 1638, were followed by a body of Swedes and Fins, which formed a colony on the Delaware River, and purchased of the aborigines the lands on "both sides of that stream, as far as the river was navigable. In 1664, the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers was granted to the Duke of York, brother to Charles II. The charter included New Jersey, of which the Dutch were forthwith dispossessed by the English ; and it was then conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. These latter proprietors drew up a form of government, and sent over Philip Car teret as governor, who fixed upon Elizabethtown as his seat of government, in 1665. Sundry political changes ensued, and in 1676 the province was divided, the western part annexed to New York,, and the eastern remaining as a separate colony, under the direct dominion of the crown. Six years afterwards, the latter section was assigned to William Penn and his associates. Twenty years subsequently, it was surrendered to Queen Anne, and incorporated with New York, under the government of which both provinces continued until 1738, when they were again placed under the immediate jurisdiction of the British sovereign, and so re mained until the royal authority was abrogated by the revolution of 1776. The republican constitution of the state is dated July 2d of that year. During the war with Great Britain, New Jersey suffered more than her proportion of the hardships, and rendered her full measure of the services, incident to that eventful struggle. Boundaries and Extent. — New Jersey is bounded north by New York State, east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by Delaware Bay, and west by the State of Pennsylvania. It lies be tween 38° 58' and 41° 21' north Jatitude, and extends from 73° 58' to 75° 29' west longitude. Its extreme length, from north to south, is about 160 miles, and its average breadth not far from 50 miles. Its area, by official report, is 8320 miles. Government. — The government is vested in a governor, Council, and House of Assembly, all of Whom are elected annually, the former by the legislative branches in joint ballot, the latter by the people. The Council consists of 18 members, the president of which is, ex officio, lieutenant governor, and the Assembly comprises 58 members. No persons are eligible for either of these offices without a previous residence of one year, and the possession of property valued at £1000 in the case of councillors, or at £500 in the case of assembly men. Voters must also have resided Within the state one year, and possess property worth £50 " proclamation money." STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW JERSEY. 105 Judiciary. — The judicial tribunals consist of a Court of Errors and Appeals, a Court of Chancery, a Supreme Court, and Courts of Common Pleas. The Court of Errors comprises the chancellor, the justices of the Supreme Court, and six other judges appointed for six years by the executive, one of the latter vacating his seat in rotation each year. This court holds four stated terms every year. The chancellor and judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the governor and council for seven years ; the Court of Chancery holds four regular terms per annum, and the Supreme Court the same, the judges of which also hold Circuit Courts quarterly in each county. Judges of the Common Pleas Courts, five in each county, are chosen for five years by the legislature, and hold courts four times a year. Education. — The state holds an available school fund amounting to $377,413-01. There are some 1600 school districts in the state ; but the system of free school education, judging from the latest returns, does not seem to have met with that favor from the legislature, or that solicitude on the part of the people, which its great importance demands ; for it appears that, out of 119,000 children, between the ages of 5 and 16 years, only 70,000 receive instruction ; that the average length of time within the year, for which schools are kept, is but nine months, and tliat the average cost of tuition is $2-06 per quarter for each pupiL New Jersey, how ever, has long sustained a large number, of literary institutions of a respectable order. At Princeton, there are the College of New Jersey, an ancient and distinguished establishment, and the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, of like eminence. At New Brunswick is Rut gers, formerly Queen's College, founded in 1770, with which also is connected the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch church. There are likewise numerous academies, &c, in all parts of the state. The Friends have several respectable schools' under their partic ular charge. Finances. — The absolute debt of the state, on the 1st of January, 1850, was $67,595-82, the annual interest upon which amounted to $4075-84. The productive property of the state was valued at $262,397-53, and the unproductive at $764,670-60 ; the latter consisting of the " surplus fund " received from the United States, which has been loaned without interest to the respective counties. The revenues are derived mainly from transit duties on railroads and canals, dividends on stocks of ditto, taxes on railroad stock, interest on railroad bonds, special loans, &c. The aggregate receipts from these sources, for the year ending on the above-mentioned date, amounted to $125,690-82, and the public expenditures for the same period were $126,552-75. There are between 20 and 30 banks in the state, with an aggregate cap ital of from three to four millions of dollars. Surface, Soil, e/c. — The face of the country at the north is rather mountainous and broken, being crossed by portions of the Blue Ridge and other elevated ranges. From this point to the central part of the state the land is gradually depressed, and becomes undulating. At the south it is still lower and more level. The soil in the hilly region furnishes many excellent tracts for grazing ; in the centre it is quite fertile ; while towards the Atlantic coast it is sandy and naturally sterile. The latter district, however, by manual toil, has been made uncommonly productive, the proximity of two great markets having stimulated the industry and the agricul tural skill of the inhabitants. Wheat and all the grains peculiar to the Middle States, potatoes, all descriptions of garden vegetables, and fruits of the finest sorts, as peaches, apples, pears, plums, cherries, strawberries, &c, are raised in great profusion, wherever due regard has been given to the improvement of the soil. Rivers. — Several navigable streams intersect the state or flow along its borders, furnish ing fine mill sites and abundance of water power for all needed manufacturing purposes. Besides the Hudson and the Delaware, which wash the eastern and western shores, the chief rivers are the Raritan, navigable for 15 miles, with important waterfalls beyond ; the Hacken- sack, of about the saiUe navigable extent, though supplying water power for about 20 miles farther ; the Passaic, Salem, Cohanzey, and others, all more or less convertible to the purposes of commerce or manufactures. Internal Improvements. — Among the most important works of internal improvement are the Morris Canal, the Delaware and Hudson Canal ; the Camden and Amboy, the Paterson and 14 106 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Hudson, the New Jersey, the New Brunswick and Trenton, the Morris and Essex, and other railroads, with divers branches. These pass through various quarters of the state in almost every direction, and afford great facilities for internal and external commerce. Most of the trade of the state is carried on or benefited by means of these valuable public works. They afford convenient egress to the vast quantities of agricultural produce, cattle, domestic animals, poultry, manufactured articles, &c, which are annually exported from the state,. Minerals. — Valuable iron, zinc, and copper ores are found in the state, and have been extensively worked, the smelting establishments and numerous furnaces being well supplied with fuel from the great sandy tracts which are covered with forests of pine timber. Manufactures. — The manufacturing branches principally pursued in New Jersey are those of iron, glass, cotton, and woollen. There are also large numbers of paper mills, tanneries and other manufactories of leather, potteries, hat, cap, and bonnet factories, distilleries, machine shops, flouring mills, ropewalks, &c. ; besides which, great quantities of home-made or family articles are annually produced. Indians. — Few, if any, of the descendants of the aboriginal tribes are found within the limits of the state. Population. — The character of the people has undoubtedly been essentially modified during the lapse of the several generations that have successively followed in the train of time, since the date of the earliest settlements. But few of the characteristics of the original emi grants from the north of Europe are now discoverable. Most of the inhabitants probably are of English extraction. The last census (1850) shows a population of near 500,000, including about 22,000 free colored persons. * Climate. — New Jersey enjoys a mild and healthful climate. Towards the sea-coast, the air is pure, and the temperature varies less between the seasons than in the high regions at the north, the thermometer seldom indicating a greater heat in summer than 87°, or less than 13° in winter. In the mountainous districts, the weather in winter is quite severe. Religion. — The Presbyterians are the most numerous ; the Methodists, Baptists, Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, and Quakers nearly equally divide the remainder of the population. There are, however, some Roman Catholics, Congregationalists, Universalists, &c. as^/ BaaaaaQ NEW MEXICO (Territory.) The region now comprehended within the limits estab lished by Congress as the United States Territory of New Mexico formerly constituted a portion or portions of a Mexican province. During the war between the United States and Mexico, (1846,) General Kearney took peaceable possession of Santa Fe, the capital of the prov ince, and established a temporary government therein. In the early part of the following year, a revolt against the American authorities took place, and six of the civil officers, including the governor, were barbarously murdered. Several battles were subsequently fought in different parts of New Mexico, in all which the combined forces of the Mexicans and Indians were repulsed! By the treaty of peace in 1848, the Mexican title was cancelled, and the immense country, of which this territory forms a part, became an adjunct of the United States. By the act of Congress, passed September 9, 1850, for defining the northern and western boundaries of Texas, &c, a territorial government for New Mexico was also established. Boundaries and Extent. — New Mexico is bounded north by the Territory of Utah, and by a part of the scarcely explored wilderness called Nebraska ; east by the State of Texas ; south by a portion of Texas, and principally by the boundary line between the United States and the Mexican possessions ; and west by the State of California. Its eastern quarter ex tends from the 32d to the 38th degree of north latitude, and the residue of the territory from STATES AND TERRITORIES.— NEW MEXICO. 107 the 33d to the 37thv It lies between 103° and 116° west longitude, reaching from east to west about 600 miles, is from 240 to 360 miles in width, and comprises an area of some 200,000 square miles. Government. — By the act establishing the territory, the governor is appointed by the President of the United States for four years, who must reside in the territory, and is also superintendent of Indian affairs. A secretary of state is appointed in like manner for the same term, who is acting governor in the absence of that magistrate. The legislature .is com posed of a Council, to consist of 13 members, chosen for two years', and a House of Represen tatives, consisting of 26, who serve one year. The legislature is elected by a plurality of the popular votes. Its session cannot exceed 40 days. All laws must be submitted to Congress for approval. The right of suffrage is held by all free citizens of the United States, resident for a prescribed period within the territory. By the same act it was required that a census should be forthwith taken, in order to apportion the members of the legislature, according to the number of inhabitants. This was done in the spring of 1851, and the result showed a population of 56,984, exclusive of Indians. The ratio of representation has thereupon been fixed, for members of the Council at 4384, and fpr those of the House at half that number. The Legislative Assembly convened for the first time on the 2d day of June, 1851. Education. — After the lands shall be surveyed under the direction of^the general govern ment, for the purpose of bringing them into market, two sections in each township are to be set off for the support of schools. Judiciary. — The judicial power of the territory is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and justices of the peace. The former is composed of a chief justice and two associates, either two of whom form a quorum. An annual term of the court is held at the seat of government. The judges hold office four years. Three judicial districts are established, in each of which a District Court is held by the justices of the Supreme Court. The above tribunals possess chancery as well as common law jurisdiction. Appeals are allowed to the Supreme from the District Courts, but in such cases there is to be no trial by jury. Appeals are also allowed from the final decisions of the Supreme Court of the territory to that of the United States, in cases involving a sum in controversy of $1000 and upwards, and also in cases affecting the title to slaves. Finances. — The sources from which to meet the public expenditures, excepting those pro vided by Congress, will ordinarily consist of direct taxes, and the income arising from land sales, as is the case generally in all the new states and territories. Surface, Soil, Ifc. — The face of the country presents much variety. Stupendous ranges of mountains — portions of the great vertebra? of the continent — traverse the eastern half of the territory from north to south, pierced occasionally by rugged and precipitous gaps, and some times by tracts of prairie, affording passage to travellers. This region includes the former provincial limits of New Mexico, and the oldest and most populous settlements. The country on the west of these elevations exhibits immense plains or plateaus, over which are scattered numerous isolated mountains and broken ridges of volcanic origin, the peaks of some of which rise to a great height. The valleys and slopes between the eminences in the eastern section consist generally of very productive land ; and the river bottoms, especially near the southern boundary, comprise broad tracts of exceedingly rich soil, adapted to the culture of sugar, and of most of the products of that latitude. The portion of country lying on the Gila and Colorado Rivers, where these advantages are very apparent, will doubtless attract the early attention of settlers. The interior of the western half of the territory, so far as it has yet been topographically examined, is, for the most part, an arid and sterile desert, with the ex ception of some fertile spots and stunted forests along the margin of streams, or among the nooks of the high lands. The soil in this region seems to be either sandy or to consist of a light, porous clay, bearing a species of coarse grass, said to be good winter fodder for cattle. The country does not abound in timber, but in some locations is overgrown for miles with almost impenetrable thickets of mezquite and other thorny shrubbery. Corn, wheat, grapes, peaches, and other grains and fruits, are cultivated in a small way near the villages, and by some tribes of Indians in different parts of the territory ; but it is only in the immediate 108 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. vicinity of streams that the land may be considered productive, or even inhabitable by civilized beings. Rivers. — The Rio Grande takes its rise many miles above the northern boundary of New Mexico, flows entirely across the territory, and, after passing for several hundreds of miles between Texas and the Mexican states on the west, discharges itself into the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable during a great part of its course. The Gila and Colorado are also among the • principal streams ; the latter a fine river, flowing from the north in a westerly direction, until it strikes the eastern boundary of California, from which point it proceeds southerly between that state and New Mexico, passes beyond their southern limits, and finally empties into the Gulf of California, affording steamboat navigation for 350 miles. There are numerous other streams, some of them very extensive, and most of them tributaries to the rivers already mentioned. The country, as a whole, is poorly watered, either for purposes of internal com munication, for the propulsion of machinery, or for appeasing the thirst of men and animals. Internal Improvements. — There are no public works of the character understood by this caption now existing in this territory, neither is it known that any are in contemplation, beyond that of constructing a road through it, from eas* to west, to facilitate the progress of emigrants into California. Surveys have been made with this view by military men under the authority of the United States, but the question of the construction of such a work remains undetermined ; and it is further problematical whether, if a highway be decided on, it will ever assume the costly and important shape of a railroad. The enervating effect of the climate upon the inhab itants ,will probably tend to prevent for a long time any attempt at internal improvement by means of works of art. Minerals. — Evidences of volcanic action abound upon the surface of all parts of the territory ; and gold, silver, copper, and iron deposits exist in many places. Mines of the three former metals have been worked in past years to some extent, but discontinued within a short period. All the ordinary geological features peculiar to such a region are discoverable here. The character and composition, and the combinations of the masses which form the mountainous ridges, and other enormous protuberances scattered confusedly over the face of the country, refer to the fires below for the origin of their present appearance, at least, if not for the cause , of the general barrenness of the earth around them. Manufactures. — Nothing can yet be said of the manufacturing genius or industry of those who now constitute the people of New Mexico. Their ancestors, and those of the savages in the same region, were noted for little more in this line than the fabrication of a rude kind of pottery, and some few other sorts of household articles. The territory, or state, — as it may be hereafter, — will probably never become either a manufacturing or agricultural country for any important commercial purposes. Indians. — The vast wilderness, of which the western half of the territory consists, is peopled by numerous tribes of Indians. Some of these are mild, peaceably disposed, honest, indus trious, and hospitable, living in villages and permanent settlements, and obtaining their subsistence mainly by hunting, fishing, and tillage. Others wander about in hordes, living by plunder, and constantly engaged in thievish depredations and bloody warfare. With one of the most formidable tribes of the latter, the Apaches, Governor Calhoun, of this territory, has recently concluded a treaty, whereby they are restricted to such limits as may be prescribed by the United States government, and to form permanent settlements, the United States stipu lating to furnish all necessary facilities for tilling the soil. , Population. — The census taken by the civil authorities of the territory showed a population of 56,984 ; but that of the United States, taken at nearly the same period, (1850-1,) gives a population of 61,547, exclusive of Indians, of whom, perhaps, it is impossible to obtain a correct enumeration. Climate. —In those mountainous parts where water is easily accessible, the residents may be said to enjoy a good share of health throughout the year ; but in other localities, at certain seasons, the heat is extremely oppressive, and the climate decidedly insalubrious. The winters are not uncomfortably cold for any great length of time ; but, even at the extreme south snow is by no means uncommon, although the streams rarely freeze. During the march of STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW YORK. 109 Lieutenant Colonel Cooke from Santa Fe to San Diego, in the latter part of October, 1846, snow fell, and his party suffered for about two weeks with cold, though then at the southerly border of the territory. In the vicinity of Santa Fe, about latitude 36° north, on the 31st of December, 1846, the snow was five inches deep. Religion. — The Roman Catholic, having formerly been the established religion throughout all Mexico, still maintains its ascendency in this territory. Other denominations, however, are now tolerated, under the laws of the United States. Curiosities. — Among these, the most remarkable, perhaps, are the ruins of singularly con structed religious temples, and other large edifices, which are occasionally met with upon the sites of ancient Indian or Mexican villages, the inhabitants of which have long since passed beyond the reach of historical research, and left scarcely any traces even of legendary remem brance. The village of Pecos, not far from Santa Fe, furnishes one illustration among many of these extraordinary remains. In various quarters are found vestiges of mounds and other monuments, of strange forms and divers dimensions, the uses of which baffle inquhy or con jecture. Among the extraordinary natural phenomena may be enumerated the high volcanic peaks in the mountainous district near the centre of the territory, and the character of some of the sandstone rocks composing the walls of many chasms and bluffs in the same region. From one of these, which had broken so as to leave a perpendicular face 180 feet in height, Lieu tenant Abert, in the course of his topographical exploration in 1846, gathered a number of shark's teeth, shells, and bones offish. The ruins of the singular structures left by the Aztecs, an ancient race, of common origin with the New Mexicans, once inhabiting several large dis tricts in this territory, are also among the striking curiosities of the country. In their wander ings from a point near the centre of the present northern boundary, they left at different spots many ponderous memorials of their laborious skill, in the shape of immense edifices, designed to serve, it is supposed, as fortified habitations. Near the River Gila, in November, 1846, Captain Johnson, U. S. A., visited one of these ruins, called the " Casa de Montezuma," pre sumed to be many centuries old, an account of which is given in his journal, communicated to the war department by General Kearney, in 1847. NEW YORK is the northernmost of what were considered the Middle States at the estab lishment of the American republic. The first approach to a settlement within its present limits, by civilized Europeans, was made in 1610, by a party under the auspices of a company of Dutch merchants, who constructed a small fort on an island in the Hudson River, not far distant from the site now occupied by the city of Albany. Another fort was erected by the Dutch, in 1612, on York Island, the spot on which the city of New York is built. The whole 110 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. territory was then denominated New Amsterdam. In 1614, a body of English from Virginia took possession of it, which they soon after relinquished ; and the Dutch continued to hold it thenceforward for about 50 years. During this period, their relations with the settlers in neighboring territories were not uniformly amicable, especially with those in New England. In 1629 it was erected into a regular colony, with a chief magistrate appointed by the Dutch govern ment. He and his successors maintained jurisdiction until the year 1664, when the colony was captured by an English force, under authority of a royal patent, conveying it to the Duke of York, from whom its present name is derived. In 1673, the chief settlement was retaken by the Dutch, but restored in the course of the following year; from which time it remained a dependency of Great Britain for upwards of a century, until, through the results of the American revolution, it became an independent member of the federal Union. The first republican constitution was formed in 1777 : this continued in force until 1822, when it was remodelled. In 1846 it was again revised ; and, in the shape then given it, still remains the supreme law of the state. Boundaries and Extent. — The state is bounded north by the British province of Canada; east by the States of Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut ; south-east by the Atlantic Ocean ; south by the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; west and south-west by Lakes Erie and' Ontario, and by the River St. Lawrence. It extends from 40° 30' north latitude to 45°, and lies between 71° 56' and 79° 56' west longitude. Its extreme length from east to west, measuring from the Atlantic shore of Long Island, is 408 miles ; exclusive of that island, 340 ; and its breadth from north to south is 310 miles. Its area is estimated at 46,000 square miles. Government. — By the constitution adopted as amended in October, 1846, a plurality of the popular vote elects the governor and lieutenant governor, who are chosen for two years. The people also choose in like manner, and for the same term of service, a secretary of state, treasurer, comptroller, attorney general, state engineer, and surveyor. Three canal commis sioners and three inspectors of prisons are also elected by the people, to serve for three years each, one to retire every year, upon the principle of rotation. The legislature comprises a Senate and House of Assembly. There are 32 senatorial districts, each entitled to one senator, who serves two years. The House of Assembly consists of 128 members, apportioned among the several counties according to population, and elected annually. Every white male citizen, 21 years of age, a resident for one year next preceding an election, ten days a citizen of the /State, four months a resident of the county, and thirty days of the district, is entitled to the right of suffrage, without other qualification. Colored persons, to be entitled to that right, must have resided three years within the state, and have owned and paid taxes on a freehold worth $250 for one year next preceding an election. Judiciary. — All judicial officers, except justices of the peace, are appointed by the exec utive, and hold office during good behavior, or until 60 years of age. The judicial power is ' vested, 1. In a Court for the Trial of Impeachments, which is composed of the members of the Senate, or a majority of them, with their president at the head of fhe court, — or, in his absence, the chief judge of the Court of Appeals, — together with a major part of the judges of the latter court. This tribunal is a court of record, and its officers and clerk are those of the Senate. A party impeached cannot be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present; nor punished by this court farther than by sentence of removal from or disqualification for office, though still liable to indictment. 2. The Court of Appeals, which consists of eight judges, four of whom are elected by the people, (one every second year,) and hold office eight years ; and the other four are selected each year from those justices of the Supreme Court whose terms are soonest to expire. Six judges constitute a quorum ; and the court holds four terms in each year. There must be one term in each judicial district every two years. 3. The Supreme and Circuit Courts, composed of justices elected by the people, — four in each of the eight judicial districts into which the state is divided, — one jus tice in each to retire from office every two years. One general term of the Supreme Court must bo held annually in every county containing 40,000 inhabitants ; and in other counties, one in two years. Two special terms each year are held in every county ; also two Circuit STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NEW YORK. HI Courts : of the latter, the city and county of New York has four. The , Supreme Court has general jurisdiction in law and equity, and power to review judgments -of the County Courts. At the general and speciaKterms are heard all equity cases ; and the Circuit Courts are held exclusively for the trial of issues of fact 4. County or Surrogates' Courts, with the ordinary jurisdiction of Probate Courts ; and extending also to actions of debt, &c, involving not more than $2000, to actions for damages not above $500, for trespass or personal injury, and to replevin suits wherein not more than $1000 are claimed. They have likewise equity jurisdic tion for the foreclosure of mortgages ; for the sale of the real estate of infants ; for the partition of lands ; for the admeasurement of dower ; for the custody of lunatics and inebri ates ; and for the satisfaction of judgments where upwards of $75 are due on an unsatisfied execution. 5. Criminal Courts ; viz., Courts of Oyer and Terminer, and the Court of Ses sions. The former, which are held in each county, except that of New York, at the same time and place at which the Circuit Courts are held, consist each of a justice of the Supreme Court, the county judge, and the two justices of the peace who are members of the Court of Sessions. In the city and county of New York these tribunals are composed of a justice of the Supreme Court and any two of the following magistrates: judges of the Court of Common Pleas for that county, mayor, recorder, and aldermen. Courts of Sessions are held by the county judge, and the two justices of the peace chosen as members of said courts. Besides the foregoing, there are in the city and county of New York a Superior Court and a Court of Common Pleas, each having three judges. Education. — This important subject commands a full share of public solicitude in this state. Colleges and other literary and scientific institutions, of a high order,' are established and well sustained in various quarters. Some of ihese are supported in whole or in part by different religious associations. The oldest, — Columbia, formerly King's College, — founded nearly a century since, is chiefly under the direction of the Episcopalians, who also maintain another college, and an eminent theological institute. The Baptists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, and Associate Reformed church have also their respective theological seminaries. A very large number of academies and high schools, generally sustained by individual subscriptions, are to be found in every part of the state. The common school system is honorably cherished by the bounty of the legislature ; and consequently the blessings of free instruction are diffused among children of all classes, through thousands of grammar and primary schools, under positive requisitions of law. For purposes of general education, the most liberal funds have been provided, amounting to $1,900,000 annually, of which $800,000 are raised by a state tax. The school fund produces $300,000. The deaf and dumb, and the blind, likewise participate amply in these appropriations. There are in the state, probably, upwards of 50,000 persons, of adult age, who can neither read nor write ; most of whom, without doubt, are of foreign extraction. Finances. — The aggregate debt of the state, at the beginning of 1851, was $23,463,838. About two thirds of this liability arises from the canal debt, and the residue from debts contracted on account of railroads, the general fund, &c. It is estimated that, by the operation of the canal and other sinking funds, the public debt can be liquidated in the course of some 18 years from the above date. The annual revenues are derived from state taxes, auction and salt duties, canal fund, &c, which, in general, largely exceed the amount of expenditures for the support of government and of state institutions, for interest on the state debt, &c. Surface, Soil, Sfc. — The state exhibits much variety of surface. The eastern part is crossed by two chains of lofty hills, rising to an elevation of 1200 to 1700 feet. One of these ridges, entering from New Jersey on the south-west, strikes the Hudson1 River at West Point, is there divided by the stream, and resumes its prominence on the opposite shore, showing almost perpendicular walls on either side, as though cut in sunder by some sudden convulsion. These remarkable heights are known as the " Highlands." Their bases comprehend a breadth •of some 15 to 20 miles. From the eastern margin of the river they take a northerly course, in detached masses, dividing the waters of the Hudson from those of the Connecticut, and 112 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. finally mingling with the mountain ridges which bend to the north-east and spread towards the coast of Labrador. A second range enters the state from the north-western side of New Jersey, and passes northward, forming the Shawangunk Mountains. A third, from the northerly part of Pennsylvania, proceeds in the same direction through a great portion of the state, with varied elevations, sometimes rising to a height of 3800 feet, and are known as the Catskill Mountains. The Adirondack Mountains, in the north-east part of the state, are still loftier, one of the peaks reaching to an altitude of 6460 feet. In the eastern quarter, as well as the southern, the surface is hilly, and occasionally much broken, though abounding in excellent grazing lands ; but the western section is generally level, and the soil admirably adapted to the growth of grain. Indeed, the soil throughout is of good quality ; and in some parts ex tremely rich and productive. Wheat, corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, barley, &c, together with potatoes, and every description of garden vegetables, are raised in profusion. Fruits of all kinds known to the climate, as apples, pears, peaches, plums, &c, are cultivated with great success. The forests yield excellent timber, in great variety and abundance. Rivers, fyc — A number of noble streams pass through the state, or along its borders, in different directions ; the chief of which are the Hudson, 324 miles in length, and navigable to Troy, 151 miles from its mouth ; the Mohawk, which falls into the Hudson, near Troy, and is 1.35 miles long ; the Genesee, which, after flowing 125 miles, occasionally over immense falls, affording prodigious water power, discharges itself into Lake Ontario, into which also flows Black River, a stream of 120 miles in length ; the Saranac, falling into Lake Champlain, after a course of 65 miles ; the Ausable, 75 miles in length, entering the same lake ; the Oswegatchie, 100 miles long, emptying into the St Lawrence; the Oswego, reaching between Oneida Lake and Lake Ontario, 40 miles ; the St. Lawrence, forming a part of the north-western boundary ; the Delaware, after a course of 50 to 60 miles, crossing the south-western border ; the Susque hanna, flowing through a considerable portion of the southern margin ; the Alleghany, coming from Pennsylvania, and returning thither, after a sweep of 45 miles in Cattaraugus county ; and the Niagara, with its far-famed magnificent cataract Numerous tributaries, of various extent, are connected with all these principal rivers. Portions of the great inland seas, Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, lie within the limits of the state. Numerous others are wholly imbosomed therein, most of which may be considered as arms of Lake Ontario. Several of these minor sheets of water are of considerable magnitude, and many of them are celebrated for their romantic beauty. The facilities for commercial and manufacturing purposes, which are supplied by these various bodies of water, are of incalculable value to the people of New York. They form one of the bases of that grand series of internal improvements, of which the enlightened patriots of that state, in years not long past, were the memorable pioneers. Internal Improvements. — To New York belongs the honor of having given the earliest and strongest impulse, on the American continent, to a system of public works, on a great scale, designed for the promotion, unitedly, of the important interests of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures. The first of these noble enterprises was the Erie Canal, which, at its inception, was denounced, by a portion of the people, as an extravagantly bold and visionary undertaking. It was commenced in 1817, and finished in 1825, at a cost of upwards of $7,000,000. It unites the waters of Lake Erie with those of the Hudson River, extending from Buffalo to Albany, a distance of 363 miles. Operations for enlarging it in breadth were not long since commenced, and, after having progressed considerably, were suspended, but will, in all proba bility, be shortly resumed. Some six or seven other important works of this kind are also completed ; several more are in course of construction ; and a further number have been pro jected. Those already finished are the Champlain Canal, connected with the Erie at Water- ford, and proceeding 64 miles to Whitehall, on Lake Champlain ; the Oswego Canal, also united with the Erie, and extending from Syracuse, 38 miles, to Oswego, on Lake Ontario ; the Cayuga and Seneca, from Geneva to Montezuma, 21 miles ; the Chemung, from the head of Seneca Lake to Elmira, 39 miles ; Crooked Lake, between Penn Yan and Dresden, 8 miles ; Chenango, another branch of the Erie, extending 97 miles from its junction at Utica, to Bing-^ hampton, on the Susquehanna. The aggregate cost of the six last-named canals is stated at nearly $5,000,000. STATES AND TERRITORIES.— NEW YORK. 113 Besides the foregoing, large portions of the following have been completed : the Genesee Valley Canal, to extend from Rochester, 108i miles, to Olean, on the Alleghany ; and the Black River, from the Erie at Rome, 35 miles, to the High Falls. The Delaware and Hudson Canal, from Rondout, Ulster county, 84 miles, to Delaware River, whence it extends 25 miles to Honesdale, Pa., where it connects with a railroad of 16£ miles to the coal mines at Carbondale, is the work of a private corporation, though assisted by a state loan, and partly lying in Penn sylvania. It was completed at a cost of $1,875,000. In addition to these artificial watercourses, New York has further provided for her own prosperity by the establishment of numerous extensive and costly railroads. A series of these commodious highways, with a large number of branches under divers names, and owned by various bodies of proprietors, extends from New York to Buffalo. A railroad from the latter place, via Niagara Falls, extends to Lewiston, and is there connected with a steamboat line to Oswego. A branch of this road runs to Lockport. There are also railroads between Schenectady, Ballston Spa, and Troy. A railroad of 50 miles (24 of which are in Pennsylva nia) extends from Steuben county to the Blossburg coal mines, Pa. The Hudson and Erie Railroad, from Newburg and Piermont, on the Hudson, to Dunkirk, on Lake Erie, is between 400 and 500 miles in length, and has numerous extensive branches. There are many others, either partially completed or in contemplation ; so that at some not very remote day the entire state will be intersected by these important public works. Minerals. — The mountainous region at the north-east part of the state, south-west of Lake Champlain, is exceedingly rich in iron ore. This mineral is also abundant in several other localities, and is extensively wrought into pigs and various castings. In Clinton county, the . ore is of extraordinarily fine quality, great quantities of which, in a manufactured state, are annually exported. Vast beds of lead ore are found in St. Lawrence county. At Ticon- deroga, and at some other spots, abundance of exoellent plumbago, or black lead, is found, and forms a valuable article of commerce. Indications of copper have been discovered in a few places. Salt and gypsum are obtained plentifully in several of the central counties eastward of Lake Ontario ; and the former article is manufactured in such quantities as to supply a very extensive market; the latter is quarried largely,' and sent by canals and railways to dis tant markets in all directions. Quarries of excellent marble are being worked in Westchester county and the region contiguous. Few indications of coal have yet been found. Limestone, sandstone, and granite are abundant in several parts of the state. Manufactures. — New York is a large manufacturing as well as agricultural and commer cial state. Countless establishments for the transformation of all her natural products into articles of trade are maintained every where. Millions of capital are invested in woollen and cotton factories ; in the manufacture of salt, iron, and lead ; in the fabrication of articles of leather, straw, glass, clay, marble, &c. ; in distilleries, breweries, machine shops, flouring mills, and other mechanical agencies for the conversion of raw material into shapes fitted for the use and comfort of man. Indians. — The numerous aboriginal tribes by which the entire state was formerly overrun have left comparatively but few living representatives within the state. The causes which have contributed to their annihilation, or dispersion, are those. which have ordinarily produced ' the same results in all other parts of the United States. The hostile have been subdued by- superior force ; the friendly have been treated with liberality ; and all who remained at the- close of the American revolution have either been provided with, or allowed to possess them selves of, appropriate and comfortable homes elsewhere. Popxdation. — The population of New York, especially of the metropolis, and of the cities- generally, exhibits more diversity of character, probably arising from their great variety of origin, than that of any other state of the Union, or, possibly, that of any other country on the- earth. The ahcient Dutch and English characteristics, so distinctly marked and preserved.' through many successive ages, are no longer discernible, except in sundry secluded local- {ties, or within the circle of certain exclusive neighborhoods. The present generation is com posed of new and multiform materials. People Who can trace their ancestry to every nation^ 15 114 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. i and kindred, and tongue, on the face of the globe, are now among the moving masses of this most populous state in the western hemisphere. New York city, the commercial capital, in an especial manner exhibits an example of this aggregation of " all sorts and conditions of men." And the interior is also receiving daily its contributions of settlers or wanderers from every quarter of the old world. Among these, the most impoverished districts of Ireland pre sent, perhaps, the largest number of representatives. Every other European country has furnished also a sufficient quota. Asia and Africa, even, are not without their delegates ; nor , are the two Indies, nor the foreign provinces both north and south of the boundaries of the republic. The ease with which emigrants may attain to all the privileges of citizenship, the facilities afforded for trade of every description, and the rewards procurable by the exercise cf every species of active industry, are the chief causes and provocatives of this vast influx from abroad. Within the ten years ending with the census of 1850, the population of, New York has increased from 2,428,921 to 3,097,394. Climate. — There is, in this state, a, considerable variety of climate. In the southern sec tion, it is mild, but mutable, both in winter and summer. In the northern, the winters are more Severe, but" uniform, and the summers are pleasant. Westward of the mountainous ridges, the climate is more equable and salubrious than in like latitudes on the eastern side. At Albany, the temperature varies between the extremes of heat and cold generally more than 100° ; that is, from 15° below zero to 90° above. At Canandaigua, there is nearly the same difference, the mercury sinking lower in winter, and rising to a less height in summer. On Long Island, near the Atlantic Ocean, the thermometer indicates a difference between the two extremes of about 90° ; namely, from 4° below zero to 87° above. But, with the excep tion of occasional epidemics, not imputable, however, in general, to local causes, the climate of New York may be considered as one of the most healthy in the world. Religion. — Every variety of religious doctrine prevalent in other parts of the United States has its disciples in this state. The different Christian denominations may be classed, accord ing to numbers, as follows : Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Dutch Reformed, Episcopa- . lians, Associate Reformed, Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Universalists, and Unitarians. There are also sundry congregations of Jews, Quakers, Shakers, &c. Curiosities. — Among several remarkable phenomena, in various departments of nature, existing within the State of New York, the cataract of Niagara stands most prominent A detailed description of this world-renowned prodigy would require an amount of space incon sistent with th,e general object of the present work. But the subjoined extract from an account of the Falls of Niagara, written by Father Hennepin, who visited them in 1678, and published in,London twenty yeare thereafter, presents a picture, the fidelity of which, notwith standing its antiquity, will be. recognized by all who have viewed the wonderful original in more modern times. The accuracy of the statistical facts therein presented is, of course, not assured ; but the delineation is expressive of the impressions of almost every one who beholds this awfully grand object for the first time, and would undertake to describe it without actual admeasurement. " Betwixt the Lakes Ontario and Erie," says Father II., " there is a vast and prodigious cadence of water, which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, insomuch that the universe does not afford its parallel. 'Tis true, Italy and Swedeland boast of some such things ; but we may well say that they are but sorry patterns, when compared with this of which we speak. At the foot of this horrible precipice we meet with the River Niagara, which is not above a league broad, but is wonderfully deep in some places. It is so rapid above this descent, that it violently hurries down the wild beasts, while endeavoring to pass it to feed on the other side, they not being able to withstand the force of its current, which inevitably casts them headlong above 600 feet high. " This wonderful downfall is composed of two great streams of water, and two falls, with an isle sloping along the middle of it. The waters which fall from this horrible precipice do foam and boil after the most hideous manner imaginable, making an outrageous noise, more terrible than that of thunder ; for when the wind blows out of the south, tlieir dismal roaring may be STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NORTH CAROLINA. 115 heard more than 15 leagues off. The River Niagara, having thrown itself down this in credible precipice, continues its impetuous course, for two leagues together, to the great rock above mentioned, with an inexpressible rapidity; but, having passed that, its impetuosity relents, gliding along more gently, for other two leagues, till it arrives at the Lake Ontario. From the Great Fall unto this rock, which is to the west of the river, the two brinks of it are so prodigious high, that it would make one tremble to look steadily upon the water, rolling along with a rapidity not to be imagined. Were it not for this vast cataract, which interrupts navigation, they might sail with barks, or greater vessels, more than 450 leagues, crossing the Lake of Hurons, and reaching even to the farther end of Lake Illinois ; which two lakes, we may' easily say, are little seas of fresh water." NORTH CAROLINA is one of the Southern States of the American republic, and one of the thirteen which originally adopted the federal constitution. It was( included in the exten sive region granted, in 1584, by Queen Elizabeth, to Sir Walter Raleigh, under the general name of Virginia. Its earliest permanent settlement was commenced about the year 1650, by a company of fugitives from religious persecution in the more northern part of Virginia, who estab lished themselves at a spot near Albemarle Sound. In 1661, another body of English emigrants, from Massachusetts, settled on the shores of Cape Fear River. The colonists suffered many hardships and much trouble for want of a recognized independent representative at the court of the parent country. This they obtained in 1667 ; but, not far from this date, the province comprehending the country now forming both North and South Carolina had been granted to Lord Clarendon and others, who undertook to introduce a grotesque form of government, pre pared for the grantees by the celebrated John Locke. Among the singular features embodied in this constitution were provisions for establishing an hereditary nobility, for vesting the legislative power in a " Parliament," and for the exercise of executive authority by a chief magistrate, to be styled the " Palatine." After trial of this system for a few years, its practical defects became palpable, and it was abandoned in 1693. The colony, however, made but slow progress, hiving to contend with numerous vexations, not the least of which was the sanguinary hostility of the neighboring savages, by whom, in 1712, a murderous and destruc tive war was carried on, rendered Sadly memorable by the horrible atrocities with which it was attended. In 1729, both the Carolinas were ceded to the king for the sum of £17,500, and by him formed into two distinct colonies, which have ever since remained thus separated, and which now constitute the States of North and South Carolina. 116 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. The people of this state, in the early stages of the American revolution, were distinguished for their patriotic devotion to the cause of national independence. They opposed the encroach ments of the crown, in 1769, with success, and were among the foremost of the colonists to declare themselves free from all foreign control. In May, 1775, a military convention was held in the county of Mecklenburg, which passed a series of resolutions, displaying the spirit, and even embodying some of the language, of the great Declaration of Independence issued to the world on the 4th of July of the next year. A state constitution was formed in 1776, which, with some amendments, still remains in force. Several severe battles were fought upon the soil of North Carolina in the course of the revolutionary war. The state adopted the federal constitution November 27, 1789, by a majority in convention of 118. Boundaries and Extent. — North Carolina is bounded north by the State of Virginia, east and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by South Carolina and Georgia, and west by the State of Tennessee. It extends from latitude 33° 50' to 36° SO1 north, and lies between 75° 45* and 84° west longitude ; is 430 miles in length, and varies in breadth from 20 to 180 miles, and contains about 45,000 square miles. \ Government. — The executive and legislative officers are elected by the people, once in two years. The governor cannot serve more than four out of six years. He is assisted by a council of seven members, appointed by the General Assembly. The Senate is limited to 50, and the House of Commons to 120 members. The required qualifications of voters for the latter, besides having arrived at the age of 21, are, a residence in the county one year prior to an election, and the payment of taxes : to be entitled to vote for senator, the possession of 50 acres of land is required in addition. The right of suffrage is denied to all persons of negro blood. Judiciary. — The judges of the Supreme Courts of law and equity, judges of admiralty, and attorney general, are chosen by the General Assembly in joint ballot. The latter holds office four years, and the judges during good behavior. The Supreme Court holds three sessions per annum, two at Raleigh, and one at Morgantown, the latter for the western part of the state. The sessions continue until all the cases on the docket are either decided or deferred for good cause shown. It has jurisdiction in all cases of law and equity brought by appeal or by the parties. The superior courts of law, and the courts of equity, which have complete equity jurisdiction, hold one session semiannually in every county of the state. About ten counties compose a circuit, of which the state is divided into seven. These are visited alter nately by the judges, so as not to preside in the same circuit twice in succession. Education. — The free school system in North Carolina has not yet attained a very near approximation to that of the New England, Middle, and some of the Western States. In 1840, there were but 632 common schools in the state, and these contained less than 15,000 scholars, while there were more than 56,000 adult white persons unable either to read or write. The census of 1850 shows no better result. There are two colleges, and about 150 minor literary seminaries : the oldest of the former was founded in 1791. Provision for the establishment and maintenance of asylums for the insane, and for the deaf and dumb, has recently been made by the legislature. Finances. — The net amount of the state debt, arising from the loan of its credit to certain railroad companies, is somewhat short of $1,000,000. The receipts into the treasury, for some few years past, have very considerably exceeded the expenditures. Surface, Soil, Sfc. — Along the Atlantic coast of the state, through a space of from 50 to 75 miles in breadth, the land is low, level, and swampy, intersected by many streams, which, from the nature of the surface, are neither rapid nor clear. Westwardly, beyond this tract, for a distance of some 40 miles, the land is more hilly and broken, and the soil sandy. Farther on, above the falls of the rivers, the country becomes elevated, and, in some places, mountainous. ¦The highest mountain peak in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountaihs, is said to be Black Mountain, in Yancey county, which rises to a height of 6476 feet. There are other prominences, reaching to nearly as great an elevation. The soil in the district bordering on the sea-coast is generally poor, producing naturally no other timber than the pitch pine, from STATES AND TERRITORIES. — NORTH CAROLINA. 117 which are procured large quantities of tar, pitch, and turpentine, constituting the chief articles of export from the state. The contiguous and more elevated region is somewhat more produc tive, though the soil is thin and sandy. The swampy spots are well adapted.to the culture of rice. In the uplands, and beyond the mountain ranges, the land is exceedingly fertile. Indian corn grows well in all parts of the state, and cotton is successfully cultivated in many places. The low country, especially on, the river borders, produces spontaneously plums, grapes, straw berries, and other fine fruits ; it is also well adapted to the growth of rice, the sugar-cane, &c. The table lands at the west yield a fine natural growth of Walnut, oak, lime, cherry, and other timber. The pitch pine, of which the low lands produce such large quantities, is generally of a prodigious size, far exceeding the dimensions of this description of timber found in the more northern states. The celebrated Dismal Swamp, 30 miles in length by 10 in width, lies in the northern part of this state, and reaches into Virginia. This tract is covered with a thick growth of pine, cypress, juniper, and oak-trees. There are within the state upwards of two million acres of swampy land, which may be reclaimed and made to produce abundant crops of rice, corn, cotton, and tobaccbi Rivers. — The Chowan and Roanoke, taking their rise in Virginia, flow tlirough a portion of the state into Albemarle Sound. Cape Fear River is the longest which runs entirely within the state, being 280 miles in length, and is navigable, for vessels drawing 11 feet of water, to Wilmington, 40 miles from the sea. The Yadkin is also another cons'iderable stream. They are all, however, subject to obstructions by sand bars at their mouths, owing to their sluggish course through a long distance of low and level country. Internal Improvements. — There are several railroads and canals in this state, most of which are connected with those of Virginia. One of the railroads extends from Wilmington, 161 miles, to Weldon, on the River Roanoke ; another reaches from Raleigh, 85 miles, to Gaston, on the same river. The Dismal Swamp Canal, which commences in Virginia, is extended into North Carolina. A canal of five miles passes round the falls of the Roanoke. Minerals. — The state contains gold, iron, and other valuable minerals ; but the public atten tion is chiefly directed to the former. The region which is most prolific in gold occupies both sides of the Blue Ridge, in the western part of the state. The mines have been extensively wrought ; and, for some years, thousands of persons have been engaged, with varied success, in the business. The ore is found occasionally in veins, sometimes in small lumps, but more frequently in grains or dust. The amount annually obtained has been estimated at some $5,000,000. Only a comparatively small part of this, ho wever, finds its way to the United States mint, or is retained in this country, a considerable portion being transmitted to Europe. Manufactures. — Coarse fabrics of cotton and of wool are manufactured to some extent, principally for home use. There are numerous furnaces, forges, and smelting houses, for the conversion of the native mineral ores, iron, lead, and gold, into marketable shape. The manufacture of flour is carried on somewhat largely ; and among the remaining commodities manufactured in the state are hats and bonnets, hardware and cutlery, soap and candles, fur niture and carriages, leather and saddlery, distilled and fermented liquors, &c. Indians. — No distinct tribes, and but few scattered families, of the Indian race remain within the limits of North Carolina. As in most of the early settled states, the aboriginal pro prietors of the soil have gradually given place to the advancing influences of civilization, and either become extinct, or sought out new hunting-grounds in remote and still unsubdued regions. At the last census, the inhabitants of Indian blood numbered only 710. ^Population. — During the 4b years ending in 1830, the population of this state increased very steadily, though showing at each decennial census some differences in the ratio of aug mentation. Between the above date and 1840, it remained comparatively stationary; but between the latter year and 1850, had increased from 753,419 to 868,903, about one third of whom are slaves. Climate.— In some parts of the state, especially in the elevated country at the west, the climate is delightful, and quite healthy. In the low lands, towards the sea-coast, however, it " is mostly otherwise, excepting in the winter season. The low and marshy surface engenders 118 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. unwholesome vapors in the summer and autumn, and, consequently, fevers, agues, and other diseases incident to such localities, frequently prevail. Religion. — The most numerous religious denominations are the Methodists and Baptists These generally reside in the low country. At the west, there are many Presbyterians The Episcopalians and Lutherans have a number of congregations in various parts of the state ; and there are also several bodies of Roman Catholics, Moravians, and Quakers. OHIO. This state has heretofore been classed among the North-west States of the Ameri can Union ; but the vast accumulation of territory lying still farther west and north has left Ohio more properly among the Middle States, on the Atlantic side of the continent : indeed, her relative position, considered in regard to the present north-western possessions of the United States, is actually that of one of the Eastern States of this republic. Marietta, the oldest town in the state, was settled, in 1788, by the " New England Ohio Company." The next permanent settlement was at Columbia, in the following year. In 1791, a company of French emigrants founded the town of Gallipolis. Large bodies of New England people, in 1796, settled several towns on Lake Erie. Before the above settlements were undertaken, several of the neighboring states, which, by charter or otherwise, were proprietors of various tracts of unappropriated western lands lying within this territory, had, from time -to time, relinquished their claims ; and numerous Indian titles were also extinguished by treaty. A territorial gov ernment was formed in 1799, in which year the legislature convened for the first time, at Cincinnati, and elected General William H. Harrison as delegate to Congress. A state con stitution was formed in 1802, by virtue of which, and under authority of Congress, Ohio became an independent member of the federal Union. Boundaries and Extent. — Bounded north by the State of Michigan and Lake Erie ; east by the States of Pennsylvania and Virginia, being separated from the latter by the Ohio River ; south by said river, which divides it from Kentucky ; and west by the State of Indiana. The Ohio River washes the border of the state, tlirough its numerous meanderings, for a distance of over 430 miles. The state contains 40,000 square miles, and measures 200 miles from north to south, by 220 miles from east to west. It lies between 38° 30' and 42° north latitude, and between 80° 35' and 84° 42' west longitude. Government. — The constitution provides for the election of a governor biennially ; but he cannot be elected for more than three terms in succession. Members of the Senate, 36 in number, are elected for two years, one half chosen annually. The House of Representatives • STATES AND TERRITORIES.— OHIO. 119 is composed of 72 members, elected for one year. All these elections are by the , people. The state secretary, treasurer, and auditor are chosen by the legislature, in joint ballot, for three years. The sessions of the General Assembly commence annually on the first Monday in December, at Columbus, the capital of the state. White males, 21 years of age, residents for one year in the state, and tax-payers, are entitled to the right of suffrage. The constitu tion has been recently revised and modified ; but its new features do not seem to be essential improvements in principle upon its former provisions.* Judiciary. — The judges of the Supreme Court, of the Common Pleas Courts, and of the city courts, are appointed, by concurrent vote of the two houses of the legislature, for seven years. The oldest Supreme Court judge in commission officiates as chief justice. There are four of these judges, two of whom hold a court in each county once a year. The Common Pleas Courts are held in some counties three times in each year, in others only twice, by a president judge and three associates. There are Superior Courts established in Cincinnati and in Cleve land ; also a commercial court in the former city. Education. — On the admission of this state into the Union, it was stipulated, for certain considerations, that one thirty-sixth part of all the territory should be set apart for the main tenance of common schools. This liberal reservation makes ample provision for securing to coming generations the advantages of early instruction ; and, thus far, the compact, on the part of the state, has been faithfully carried out Good schools are diffused all over the land ; and all needful attention and aid are given by the people to their support and improve ment There are many thousands of public grammar and primary schools in the state, some hundreds of academies or similar seminaries, and about twenty universities, colleges, and other institutions of a high order. The amount of the school fund owned by the state is above $1,700,000; and nearly $300,000 is annually apportioned to the several counties for school purposes. The number of persons over 20 years o£ age, who can neither read nor write, is about 35,000. Finances. — The state revenues are chiefly derived from taxes of various descriptions, viz., on real and personal property, professions, pedlers, foreign insurance agencies, auctioneers, brokers, banks, joint stock companies, &c, also from land sales, canal tolls, dividends on state property, interest on surplus revenue and other investments, &c. The expenditures include appropriations for state government purposes, interest on foreign debt, common schools, repairs on public works, &c. The total amount of the state debt, at the close of the fiscal year of 1849, including nearly $17,000,000 foreign debt, was somewhat over $19,000,000. The difference between the receipts and disbursements for the same year showed a balance in the treasury of $554,000. Upwards of $3,000,000 worth of stock in various public works is owned by the state, which yields liberal dividends. The gross income of these works, in 1849, was over $740,000. The total value of taxable property was about $430,000,000, and the revenue from taxes on real and personal estates amounted to $1,260,000. Surface, Soil, cyr. — Near the borders of Lake Erie, and for some distance in the interior of the northern part of the state, the surface is generally level, and occasionally somewhat marshy. The section of country in the vicinity of the Ohio River, in the eastern and south eastern quarters, is elevated and broken, although there are no lofty mountains in the state. But the entire region is a table land, reaching to a height of 600 to 1000 feet above the ocean level. The most level and fertile lands are situated in the interior, through which flows the River Scioto. Vast prairies lie near the head waters of that river, of the Muskingum, and * Among the amendments introduced are the following : The House of Representatives to consist of 100 members — both branches to be chosen for two years ; the legislature to hold its sessions once in two years ; the lieutenant governor to be acting president of the Senate, with only a casting vote ; on the passage of every bill, the yeas and nays to be required, and a majority of all the members elected, of each house, to be necessary to the passage of any law ; all judicial officers to be elected by the people— the judges of the Supreme and Common Pleas Courts for five years; no state debts to be contracted to an amount of over #750,000, except in certain emergencies, nor the state credit to be loaned, nor the state, nor any county, city, or town to hold stock in corporations. 120 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. the two Miami Rivers, upon which there is no growth of timber, but which yield abundance of coarse grass. The forests, in other parts, produce oaks, walnut, hickory, beech, birch, maple, poplar, sycamore, papaw, cherry, buckeye, and whitewood, in all their varieties. Pines are uncommon, and the whitewood is generally substituted. The staple agricultural product of the state is wheat, of which enormous quantities are annually exported. Rye, oats, buck wheat, Indian corn, and other grains, are raised in great profusion ; and nearly every species of garden vegetable is cultivated successfully. It is estimated that nine tenths of the land is adapted to purposes of agriculture, and that three fourths of it is extraordinarily fertile. Fruits of all descriptions known in the same latitude grow luxuriantly in all parts of the state. Rivers. — Besides the noble Ohio, which washes the south and south-east borders of the state, there are its numerous tributaries, some of which are streams of considerable magni tude, and extensively navigable. The Muskingum, which enters the Ohio at Marietta, affords navigation for boats through an extent of 100 miles. The Scioto, navigable for 130 miles, discharges itself into the Ohio at Portsmouth. The Great Miami, a rapid stream, after a course of 100 miles, joins the Ohio in the south-west corner of the state. The Little Miami, 70 miles in length, falls into the Ohio near Cincinnati. These rivers have many branches and forks, extending in various directions. A number of large streams flow northwardly into Lake Erie ; as the Maumee, Huron, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, Vermilion, Ashtabula, Grand, and Black Rivers. These also have many branches. Internal Improvements. — Many important public works have been undertaken and accom plished in this state. The Ohio Canal, 307 miles in length, extends from Cleveland, on the shore of Lake Erie, to Portsmouth, on the Ohio River ; and there are connected with it sundry branches, one of which reaches 50 miles. This work, commenced in 1825 and completed in 1832, cost $5,000,000. The Miami Canal, 178 miles long, extends from Cincinnati, and con nects with the Wabash and Erie Canal at Defiance. This is also intersected by several branches. The Mahoning, a branch of the Ohio Canal, commences at Akron, and extends 88 miles, to Beaver River. Two continuous lines of railroad extend across the state, from north to south — one from Cincinnati to Sandusky, the other from Cincinnati to Cleve land, which is also connected by railroad with Pittsburg, Buffalo, Sandusky, and Toledo. There are numerous important lines in progress, extending east and west, and, indeed, in almost every direction. Minerals. — Ohio does not present so great a variety of geological formations as are found in most other states. It is found that there are five distinct divisions of rocks, viz., blue lime stone, the thickness of which is estimated at from 700 to 1000 feet ; black shale, 250 feet; fine-grained sandstone, 350 feet ; conglomerate, 200 feet ; and coal series, 2000 feet. Indica tions of all these several formations are found in some counties ; while in others those of only one or two of them are discoverable. The great coal region lies on the western bank of the River Ohio, and occupies not far from one fourth part of the whole state. The strata, as usual elsewhere, are interspersed with beds of iron ore ; and immense quantities of both these mate rials are obtained from this quarter of the state. It is affirmed, in a Cleveland journal of March, 1851, that 1200 square miles in Ohio are underlaid with iron ; and that a tract ex plored in 1838 was found adequate to furnish iron throughout an extent of 61 miles long by 60 wide, one square mile of which would yield 3,000,000 tons of pig iron — so that this dis trict would contain 1,000,000,000 tons. If 400,000 tons were taken from it annually, it would require 2500 years to remove the whole. Manufactures. — The manufactures of this state are confined principally to articles the raw materials of which are of home growth, as wool, iron, leather, tobacco, flour, sugar, wax, lard, silk, potash, &c. All the usual collateral branches are also carried on to any required extent. Though not strictly connected with this item, it may be proper here to remark that millions of horses, mules, neat cattle, sheep, and swine are raised witliin the state, and that great numbers of living animals, as well as vast quantities of packed beef and pork, are annually sent to eastern markets. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — OREGON. 121 Population. — The people of Ohio are remarkable for industry, enterprise, arid public spirit They have " increased and multiplied," through accessions from the older states, and from Europe, in an almost incredible ratio. The growth of the population has been without paral lel, until, perhaps, the recent thronging towards the golden land in the farthest west. From the time when the first census was taken, a period of only 60 years, the number of inhabitants has' been augmented from 3000 to nearly 2,000,000. Climate. — In general, the climate throughout the state is highly favorable to human health. The summer season, though warm, is regular, with the occasional and somewhat rare excep tion of a whirlwind or hurricane. The winters are not severely cold, nor subject to violent storms ; and the intermediate seasons are delightfully pleasant. It is true that in some of the marshy localities, giving rise to unwholesome vapors, the inhabitants are subject to those peculiar distempers always prevalent in such districts ; but even there, the range of disorders scarcely extends beyond fevers and agues. Curiosities. — The remains of ancient Indian villages, mounds, and fortifications, discov erable in many counties of the state, constitute the most remarkable subjects of curious interest. Particular descriptions of these vestiges may be found in Howe's Historical Col lections of Ohio, a work of 600 pages, octavo, full of minute detail, published at Cincinnati, in 1850. In the Scioto valley, within a compass of 12 to 15 miles around the city of Chili- cothe, these extraordinary monuments are very numerous. A map, showing their respective positions, and an ample and very able account of a series of explorations made in that region, and elsewhere in the valley of the Mississippi, by Messrs. Squier and Davis of Ohio, between 1845 and 1847, may be found in the Transactions of the American Ethnological, Society, vol. ii. OREGON (Territory.) One of the recently-organized territories of the United States, embraoing a vast region, extending from the Rocky Mountains on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west The Columbia River, its principal stream, was discovered in 1792, and named by Captain Gray, of ship Columbia, of Boston. Having penetrated the river for some distance, and established the, fact of its existence, the title by discovery belonged to the United States. Under the authority of this government, Captains Lewis and Clarke, in 1804 and 1805, explored the country from the mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia. where they passed the following winter, thus strengthening the claim of the United States to 16 122 UNITED STATES GAZE1TEER. the territory ; this exploration of the river being the first ever made by civilized adventurers. The first trading-house established in that region was erected on Lewis's River, a branch of the Columbia, in 1808, by the Missouri Fur Company ; and in 1811, the town of Astoria was founded by the Pacific Fur Company, under John Jacob Astor, of New York. This post was subsequently transferred to the British " Hudson's Bay Company," in consequence of its ex posed situation during the war of 1812; but was afterwards ¦ restored, according to a stipula tion in the treaty of Ghent. The British government, however, claimed certain portions of the northern part of.'tho country ; and the question of boundary between the English and American possessions was for a long time a matter of controversy and negotiation. The sub ject was at length adjusted in 1847, and the 49th parallel of north latitude agreed upon as the ljne of demarcation. Congress, at about the same period, passed an act for the organization of a territorial government. The provisions of this act, so far as they relate to civil and judicial magistrates, to the Indians, the public lands, school reservations, &c, are similar to those established in the case of Minnesota Territory. (See Minnesota.) The act has since been amended in some particulars ; but its general features are not essentially altered. The Territory of Oregon is bounded north by the British possessions, from which it is dyvid\ed at the parallel of 49° north latitude ; east by the main range of the Rocky Mountains, separating it from the waste region of Nebraska ; south by the Territory of Utah, and the State of California ; and west by the Pacific Ocean. It extends from latitude 42° north to the above parallel ; and, along its southern boundary, reaches from the 108th to the 124th degree of west longitude. Its area is estimated at upwards of 340,000 square miles. The surface presents three distinct sections or tracts of country, formed by separate and nearly parallel mountain ranges, two of which extend through the territory from north to south. The Cascade Mountains form the eastern limit of the first section, its western boundary being the ocean ; between these mountains and the next eastern range, called the Blue Moun tains, lies the middle or second section ; and the third section, still farther eastward, reaches to the Rocky Mountains. These divisions differ considerably in most of their physical characteristics — in soil, climate, and natural products. The soil of the western or coast section, for the space of 100 to 150 miles east of the ocean, is not remarkably well adapted to the growth of grains, although many kinds of vegetable esculents may be successfully cultivated. The land is well tim bered with firs, spruce, pine, oaks, ash, cedar, poplar, maple, willow, and other forest-trees. Fruit-trees of the more hardy kinds, shrubbery, vines, &c, are found to thrive in all unexposed places. Towards the coast, some of the forest-trees attain a prodigious size and height. Near Astoria, eight miles from the sea, there is, or recently was, a fir-tree 46 feet in girth, and 300 feet high ; the trunk rising to a height of 153 feet before giving off a single branch. On the banks of the River Umpqua is a still more enormous specimen of the fir, being 57 feet in circumference, and 216 feet high below the branches. Pines reaching an altitude of 200 to 300 feet, and 20 to 40 feet round, are quite common. Good grazing tracts, and lands suited to the culture of many kinds of grain, and to the growth of pears, apples, and similar fruits, are found in the interior of this section, and at the base of the Cascade Mountains. The climate in this quarter is mild, though affected unfavorably at times by the raw sea fogs. It is not, however, unhealthy. The winters continue only from two to three months, com mencing in December, though the rainy season lasts from November to March. Snow is not common, except upon the summits of the mountains. The middle section of the territory possesses a fair soil, consisting in part of a light, sandy loam, with many tracts of rich allu vion in the valleys. It is peculiarly suited to the production of wheat, and is fruitful in almost every description of vegetation. The climate here, especially towards the south, is uniformly pleasant and salubrious. The third division, lying between the Blue and Rocky Mountains, is extremely rough, and generally barren, with a correspondingly uncongenial climate. It is traversed by gigantic and lofty mountain ridges in various directions, and so broken into rocky masses as to present few level or productive spots. It is covered, in the elevated parts, with snow, to a greater or less depth, during almost the entire year. Rain STATES AND' TERRITORIES. — OREGON. 123 seldom falls, nor are there any dews. The temperature often varies 40° between sunrise and noon. Much less is known of the two last-mentioned sections of country than of that which lies on the The original limits of Virginia have, at various periods, and under divers circumstances, been materially circumscribed. In the early period of its colonial existence, its boundaries had never been accurately defined. It was an immense unexplored wilderness, to all appear ance illimitable, especially on the north and west, and confined by no natural barrier then known to its new residents. As the population multiplied, and spread itself into the interior, and along the coast, to points remote from the seat of government, legislation upon local affairs became difficult, and the management of the general interests grew unwieldy. With this advance of civilization in every direction arose the necessity of forming new and distinct communities. Thus, from time to time, large portions of territory, with their inhabitants, were setoff from the parent commonwealth, made independent of the latter, and endowed with the prerogative of establishing their own constitutions and laws. Most of the circumjacent regions, since erected into states, were meant, in all probability, to be included in the patents primarily granted to the London Companies by James I. His successors, however, at different periods, subdivided the country, and established distinct colonies within its supposed origi nal borders. The incipient principles of national freedom, the diffusion of which resulted in the American revolution, were as early recognized and inculcated in Virginia as in any of her sister colonies. 1 * The massacre, in 1622, of 347 colonists, — men, women, and children, — through a stratagem of the cruel successor of Powhatan, was one of the most severe afflictions ever experienced by the colony. f Mr. Jefferson, in his "Notes on Virginia," (1781,) laments in strong terms the existence and in crease of this "blot on our country," and ardently advocates a system of gradual emancipation. " During the regal government," he says, " we had at one time obtained a law which imposed such a duty on the importation of slaves as amounted nearly to a prohibition ; when one inconsiderate Assem bly, placed under a peculiarity of circumstances, repealed the law. This repeal met a joyful sanction from the then sovereign, and no device, no expedient, which could ever afterwards be attempted by subsequent Assemblies,. — and they seldom met without attempting them, — could succeed in getting the royal sanction to a renewal of the duty. In the very first session held under the republican govern ment, the Assembly passed a law for the perpetual prohibition of the importation of slaves. This," he continues, "will in some measure stop the increase of this great political and moral evil, while the minds of our citizens may be ripening for a complete emancipation of human nature." — Notes, Boston ed., 1832, p. 93. 156 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. When that momentous event took place, she furnished her full complement of patriots and warriors, participated largely in the toils, and conflicts, and sacrifices of "the time that tried men's souls," and in the consummation of the high purposes of that struggle, merited and received an ample share of its glorious fruits. Among the illustrious names that adorned her annals at this epoch, it may be sufficient to point to those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Madison, and John Marshall. The names of these distin guished men and their compatriots not only shine prominently upon the records of their renowned day and generation, but their effulgence will irradiate the nations of the earth, as a constellation of political light, commanding the homage of every friend of rational liberty in all coming time. The first constitution of Virginia, in which her people took part, was, formed in 1776. The previous dismemberments of the state, under various British monarchs, whereby Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas had been gradually detached, were never formally confirmed by the people of Virginia until the adoption of this civil compact. Although those acts of the royal government had frequently been subjects of remonstrance, it was deemed advisable now to acknowledge them, that there should arise in future no cause of dissension among the members of the new confederacy. The constitution thus framed, in a season of critical emer gency, without the advantages of leisure, deliberation, and of experience, (being the first in the whole United States,) was naturally imperfect. It was soon found to be unequal in its operations ; and at the close of the war, much discussion arose upon divers projects for its improvement. It was not, however, essentially amended until 1830, when it underwent im portant modifications. • Its principal features are as follow : the governor is elected by joint. vote of the two branches of the General Assembly ; his official' term is three years, and he cannot be reelected for the next succeeding term ; he is assisted in his executive duties by three counsellors of state, the senior of whom, in office, acts as lieutenant governor ; the legis lature comprises a Senate, consisting of 32 members, chosen for four years, (one fourth of whom are to retire- each year,) and a House of Delegates, 134 in number, chosen annually by the people; clergymen are excluded from participation in the civil government; the judges are chosen by the legislature. The Assembly convenes at Richmond, the capital, annually, on the first Monday of December. Every white male, 2] years of age, and possessed of a freehold valued at $25, or being a housekeeper, or head of a family, and having paid taxes, is qualified to vote for state or other officers ; but subordinate officers, Soldiers, marines, or seamen, in the national service, as \yell as paupers, and men convicted of infamous crimes, cannot exercise the right of suffrage. The manner of voting at all elections is the open or viva voce mode. Virginia is now divided into 119 counties. Its seat of government is the city of Richmond, and its greatest commercial port is' Norfolk. There are many other cities and poupldus towns in the state, more particular descriptions of which will be found in their proper order in this r/olume. Within even its present boundaries flow some of the finest rivers in America, the most important of which are the Potomac, Rappahannock, James, and Kanawha Rivers. It is also watered by the Ohio and its tributaries on the west. (See Rivers.) The surface of the state is greatly diversified ; insomuch that those familiar with its topography have consid ered its soil and climate under several distinct zones or divisions. The eastern section is generally a low country, with a soil partly sandy and partly alluvial, abounding in swamps and unproductive tracts, and for the most part, especially towards the sea-coast and along .the margins of rivers, noted for the prevalence of fatal epidemics during the season extending from August to October. From the head of the tide waters, the mountainous district com mences. Here the soil becomes more fertile, and the climate more genial. Across this portion of the state stretch the widest bases of the stupendous Alleghanies — " the spine of the country." Between the numerous ridges, into which this vast chain is riven, there lie extensive and beautiful valleys, presenting a soil of the richest quality, a salubrious and delightful climate, and the most picturesque and magnificent natural scenery. Beyond these lofty eminences lies a third section, extending to the Ohio River in one direction, and to the STATES AND TERRITORIES. — VIRGPNIA. I57 1 Cumberland Mountains in another, commonly distinguished as West Virginia. This, too, is an elevated and broken region, less productive in general than the middle section, and less populous, but enjoying an atmosphere quite as healthy, and waters equally pure. The chief agricultural products of Virginia are wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Cotton is also cultivated considerably in the alluvial district contiguous to North Carolina ; and in other quarters, hemp and wool are among the chief staples. All the varieties of grain, vege tables, and fruit, peculiar to the climate, are also raised ; and these in great abundance where due attention is paid to their culture. In mineral 'wealth, Virginia- is sufficiently rich to divert much capital from employment upon. the surface to the development of actual or supposed treasures lying beneath. Iron, lead, copper, gypsum, salt, anthracite and bituminous coals are among the most plentiful and profitable of the rewards of these efforts and researches ; although, in some localities, the more precious metals have become objects of -inquiry ; and numerous explorations, particularly in pursuit of gold, have been undertaken, (some of them quite recently,) with different degrees of success. The manufactures of the state are confined principally, with some exceptions, to the preparation of its staples for market, or for domestic consumption. The capital invested in all the branches of this department of home industry amounts to several millions. For all its purposes of trade, the commercial facilities of Vir ginia are ample. Its sea-coast and principal rivers afford many excellent harbors ; and its means of intercommunication, both natural and artificial, extending through all parts of the state, are well adapted to the convenience and requirements of the people. Much attention has latterly been paid to the improvement of river navigation, the construction of canals, railroads, &c. Among the remarkable natural phenomena existing in Virginia, besides' its mountainous .ridges, in some places singularly penetrated by noble rivers, are a number of mineral springs, cascades, caverns, and, above all, the celebrated structure in the county of Rockbridge, between the Blue Ridge and the North Mountain, called the Natural Bridge, and described by Mr. Jefferson, as " the most sublime of nature's works." * Many of the springs are so highly impregnated with salt, as to induce numbers of capitalists to enter into the manufacture of this article, and to erect salt works in various places ; at one of which, near Charleston, on the Great Kanawha River, about 3,000,000 bushels of salt are made annually. The medicinal springs of Virginia, to the waters of which many virtues have been ascribed, are much frequented by invalids. The extraordinary cascade in the county of Augusta, called the Falling Spring, where the water descends perpendicularly, though in a comparatively small volume, from a height said to be 60or 70 feet greater than that of the cataract of Niagara, is to the curious traveller an object of great interest and wonder. The sheet of water, only some 15 feet broad at the top, is divided in two or three places, at the commencement of the fall, by the rock over which it passes, but is nowhere else interrupted until it reaches the valley imme diately below. So directly does the stream descend, that a person may pass dry-shod between the base of the rock and the bottom of the fall. Another extraordinary specimen of nature's * " It is on the ascent of a hill," says the author of the Notes on Virginia, " which seems to have been cloven through its length by some great convulsion. The fissure, just at the bridge, is by some admeasurements 270 feet deep, by others only 205. It is about 45 feet wide at the bottom, and 90 feet at the top ; this of course determines the length of the bridge, and its height from the water ; its breadth in the middle is about 60 feet, but more at the ends ; and the thickness of the mass, at the summit of the arch, about 40 feet. A part of this thickness is constituted by a coat of earth, which gives growth to many large trees. The residue, with the hill, on both sides, is one solid rock of lime stone. The arch approaches the semi-elliptical form ; but the larger axis of the ellipsis, which would he the chordpf the arch, is many times longer than the transverse. Though the sides of this bridge are provided insome parts with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet few men have resolution to walk to them, and look over into the abyss. You involuntarily fall on your hands and feet, creep to them, and peep over. If the view from the top be painful and intolerable, that from below is delightful in an equal extreme. It is impossible for the emotions arising from the sublime to be felt beyond what they are here ; so beautiful an arch, so elevated, so light, and springing, as it were, up to heaven ! The rapture of the spectator is really indescribable ! " — p. 21. 158 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. ( handiwork is the wild and magnificent torrent at Harper's Ferry, formed by the tumultuous rushing of the waters of the Potomac and Shenandoah through a gorge in the Blue Ridge, where they meet, and after momentarily beating with tremendous power against the rugged and rocky sides of the mountain, pass rapidly away together on their journey to "the ocean, Several very curious caverns are found in the hilly regions, the most noted of which are Madison's Cave, on the north side of the Blue Ridge ; another in Frederic county, near the North Mountain ; and the " Blowing Cave " in one of the ridges of the Cumberland Moun tains. 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CO .COas©COOJCOHH . .© fflrtN . . >o £ £ OJ H -HH OS ©-HH©iocO©© . •¦ »H .00CNJ . . . »o H H HNCN Ol CO ,00 . oicm©©hhhhoshoj . . .i^ '«co , : . HH IO CO OCNH £35 .CO . eot-iocoioeqHHHoi . . ,co *osas . . CO CM I>-I>-1MtH© . h . |~- 10OJC00h*O©© .H OS H ^ t^. H . ¦"* ¦ CO H C0«5Nh» . . ' . ... *-** a <& "*> : : H CO « . • • ... CO rH ill H • * rt - : M " ecf ccf H a 1 New Hamps Vermont, .. Massachuset RhodeIslan Connecticut, NewYork,.. NewJersey, Pennsylvani Delaware, . . Maryland, . District of C Virginia, NorthCaroli SouthCaroli •E H C 1$ Mississippi, . Tennessee, . Missouri, .. . Ohio, Kentucky, . Michigan, . . Illinois, .... California, . Oregon, .. .. *ca o H i rHCNCOHHlo©I^COc3"©Hc5cOH*vocO H CM Cane Creek, N. C, rises in the Blue Ridge, flows S. W. by W., forming the boundary between Bun combe and Henderson counties, and empties into the French Broad River. Cane Creek, Pickens district, S. C, unites with the Kcowee to form Seneca River. Caneadea Creek rises in Chatauque co., N. Y., flows E., receiving several tributaries, most of which afford good water power, and empties into Genesee River. Caney Fork, Ca. A small W. tributary of Grand River. Canisteo River rises in Alleghany co., N. Y., flows E., and enters Tioga River, 5 miles above the village of Painted Post, in Steuben co. It is a good mill stream, and is boatable about 40 miles. Its length is 50 miles. Cannon River, Ma. The principal head branches of this river rise in Wita Sheda and Titanka Tinniiian Lakes., It flows N. E., and empties into the Mississippi, at the enlargement called Lake Pepin. Cannouchee River, Ga. This is , the W. and largest confluent of the Ogechoe, being 140 miles long, and navigable 50 miles, to Cedar Creek. Canoe Creek, Henderson co., Ky., flows N. W., and empties into the Ohio at the town of Henderson. Canoe Rimr, On. It rises in the N. part of On. Ter., flows S. W-, and falls into Pond Oreilles, or Kulluspolm Lake. . , „ . ,, „ Canseraga Creek rises in Alleghany oo., N. Y., flows N., and enters tho Genesee River in Living ston co. Several thriving villages and manufac turing establishments are situated on this stream. Cany Creek, Johnson co., As. A small branch of the Arkansas River. . Cape Fear. N. C, is on the S. extremity of Smith's Island, near the 'mouth of Cape Fear River, in lat 38° 48' N. and Ion. 78° 9' W. Cape Fear River, N. C. Deep and Haw Rivers unite, to form its N. W. branch ; it then, after flow ing 100 miles, receives the N. E. branch of Clar endon River, above Wilmington, and 34 miles below it enters the Atlantic by two channels, one on each side of Smith's Island. By means of em bankments the channel has been deepened, and steamboats now proceed 90 miles, to Fayetteville, at the lowest water. It affords -the best naviga tion of any river in the state. Cape Horn Mountain, N. H. See Northumberland. Cape May, N. J., is situated 1 8 miles N. of Cape Henlopen, on the N. side of Delaware Bav. On it is a light-house. It is 38° 57' N. lat., 74° 52' W. Ion. See Fashionable Resorts. Cape Vincent, N. Y.. formerly called Gra>elly Point, lies in the town of Lyme, Jefferson co., between St. Lawrence River and Chaumont Bay. It terminates in a broad, rounded point, on the E. side of Lake Ontario, opposite Fox and Grena dier Islands. Capers Inlet, Charleston district, S. p. A nar row passage between Capers and some other small islands. Captina Creek, 0. and Va., falls into the Ohio River, 23 miles below Wheeling, Va. Cardigan Mountain, N. H. See Orange. Carleton Island, Jefferson co., N. Y., lying m the St. Lawrence River, is equidistant between Grand Island and the American shore, and is at tached to the town of Lyme. It contains about 1200 acres of good land, and was the scene of some military preparations during the war of 1812. Caribou Lake, Piscataquis co., Me., lies S. W. from Chesuncook Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. Carlos Bay, Fa. Situated in the Gulf of Mex ico. Lon. 82° 20' W. and lat. 26° 40' N. Carp River, Mn.. rises in Chippewa and Mich- ilimackinac counties, flows S. E., and empties into Lake Huron. Carp River, Mn., waters the N. E. part of Schoolcraft co., and empties into Lake Superior. Carr's Mountain, N. H. See Ellsworth. Carson Lake, Uh., lies N. from Walker's Lake; and receives Carson River from the W. Carson River, Ca. and Uh. It rises in the Sierra Nevada, Ca.. and flowing N. E., empties into Carson Lake, Uh. Carter's Mountain, Albemarle co., Va. It lies 2 miles S. from Charlottesville, and is elevated about 800 feet above the Rivanna. Carter's Mountain, N. H, lies between the towns of Adams and Chatham. Cascade Creek, Ma. A small stream emptying into the Mississippi at the Falls of St. Anthony. Cascade Mountains, On. This range extends through the territory, nearly parallel with' the Pacific coast. It contains many high peaks, and is crossed near the middle of its course by the Columbia River. Cascadilla Creek rises in Dryden, Tompkins co., N. Y.,' flows W. through Ithaca, into the S. part of Cayuga Lake. Cascasalica Creek, Ga., rises in the S. W. part IN THE UNITED STATES. 179 of Pulaski co., and flows S. E. into the Ocmulgee River. Casco Bay, Me., situated between Capes Eliz abeth and Small Point, is one of the finest bays on the American coast. It is 20 miles long, and extends inland about 15 miles. Within it are some of the best harbors in the world. It con tains numerous islands, some of which are very large, fertile, and well cultivated. The view of the bay and its islands from the high grounds in the vicinity is one of great beauty. Cash River, Is. This stream drains the W. part of Johnson Co., flows S. W., separating Pulaski from Alexander co., and empties into the Ken tucky River. Cashaque Creek rises in Alleghany co., N. Y., flows N, and enters Genesee River in Livingston co., near Mount Morris. . Cashong Creek rises in Benton, Yates co., N. Y., and flows E. into Lake Seneca. Caspian Lake, Vt. See Greensborough. Cass Bay, Mn. Situated between Grand Island and the main land of Schoolcraft co. Cass Lake, Ma. A large, irregularly-shaped body of water, through which the head waters of the Mississippi River pass. It contains one or two large islands, and has Pike's and Allen's Bays on the S. and S. W. Cass River, Mn., is a branch of the Saginaw, which it enters 20 miles from its mouth. It is an excellent mill stream, and in high water is boata ble 15 or 20- miles from its mouth. Cassadaga Creek, N. Y. This fine mill stream rises in Cassadaga Lake, Chatauque co., flows S., receiving several tributaries, most of which afford water power, and enters Conewango Creek. Cassadaga Lake, N. Y., is a small sheet of water, lying in the towns of Pomfret and Stoc- ton, Chatauque co. ' Castete Creek, Franklin co., As. A branch of the Arkansas. ' Castle Hill. Saugus, Ms. Height 288 feet. Castleton River, Vt, rises in Pittsford, and flows S. and W. through Rutland, Ira, Castleton, and Fair Haven, into Poultney River. In Castleton, it receives the waters of Bomhazine Lake, and a considerable mill stream from the N. Length about 20 miles. Castor Creek, Mo. The head branches of this stream water the W. part of Madison co. ; it then flows in a S. direction, and empties into the St. Francis. Cat Island, St. Bernard parish, La., lies in Ship Island Sound, W. from Ship Island. Cat Point, Franklin co., Fa. A point of land extending into Appalachicola Bay. Catahoola Lake, La., lies in Catahoola and Avoyelles parishes, receives several large streams, and flows into Red and Black Rivers. Catahoola Ri»er, La., rises in Claiborne parish, enters a lake on the S. part of Catahoola parish, and after passing through it enters Wachita River. The lake, which is of considerable dimensions, is filled at high water, and nearly or quite dry when the river is low. Catamount Mountains, N. H. See Pittsfield and Allenstown. Catawba River. See Santee River. Catherine's Creek rises in Chemung co., N. Y., flows N., and enters Seneca Lake, of which it is the inlet, at tho village of Jefferson. This stream has a descent of 400 feet, in a distance of 1 5 miles, affording extensive water power. Cathlatates River, On. It rises among the Cas cade Mts., and flows S. into Columbia River. ' Catistobole River, Fa., drains the W. part of the state, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. Catskill Creek, N. Y, a good mill stream, rises in Schoharie co., flows through the S. W. corner of Albany co., and enters the Hudson in Greene co. at the village of Catskill. It has a descent of more than 1000 feet in 35 miles. Catskill Mountains, N. Y. A spur from, the Sha- wangunk ridge, which is a detached portion of the great Appalachian chain. They extend W.of the Hudson River, in the counties of Ulster, Greene, Albany, and Schoharie, and constitute (the largest and most extensive range of moun tains in the state. Their course is first northerly, near the Hudson, afterwards bending to the W. Their general elevation is about 3000 feet above tide water. Round Top and High Peak, two of the highest summits, as measured by the barom eter, are, the former, 3804 feet, and the latter 3718- feet above the level of the sea. The Catskill Mountain House, upon a terrace of rock at the eastern extremity of the ridge, 2212 feet above the Hudson, and about 12 miles from the place of landing on the river, "is a place of much resort in the summer season, for the clear and bracing atmosphere, and the extensive and beautiful pros pects there to be enjoyed. See Pine Orchard. Cattaraugus Creek rises in Cattaraugus i and Genesee counties, N. Y., flows W., forming the boundary between Cattaraugus and Erie counties, and empties into Lake Erie. It is a fine large stream, and has a fall of 800 feet in about 50 miles, affording extensive water power. Cattotong Creek rises in Tompkins co., N. Y., flows S., and enters the Owego.in Tioga co., a little above the entrance of the latter stream into the Susquehanna. Caucomgomac Lake, Me. Situated in the W. part of Piscataquis co., and connected by outlets with many small ponds. Cauquaga Creek, Erie co., N. Y., flows W. into Lake Erie, 15 miles S. of Buffalo. Cawenisque River, Pa. A branch of the Tioga, which it enters on the borders of New York. Cayudulta Creek rises in Fulton co., N. Y., flows S., and enters the Mohawk near the village of Fonda, Montgomery co. Cayuga Creek, N. Y., rises in Genesee and Wy oming counties, flows in a W. direction, and unites with Seneca Creek to form Buflalo Creek, in Erie co. Cayuga Island, N. Y, lies in Niagara River, op posite Grand Island. It is 1 mile long and a quar ter of a mile wide. Cayuga Lake, N. Y, lies between Cayuga and Seneca counties, and extends several miles S. into Tompkins co. It is a beautiful sheet of water, about 40 miles long from N. to S., and from 1 to 34 miles in width. The outlet flows N. into Seneca River, and thence through the Oswego into Lake Ontario, about 35 miles distant. Its shores, in some places, are precipitous, but generally rise gradually from 100 to 150 feet, covered with highly-cultivated farms and thriving villages. The celebrated " Cayuga bridge," a mile and eight rods in length, crosses this lake at Cayuga village, near its northern extremity : likewise, the bridge of the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, which is a mile and a half in length. Steamboats run daily between this point and Ithaca, which is beautifully situated at the southern extremity of 180 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, the lake, touching at the several villages and land ing-places on the eastern and western shores, forming a connection between important routes of travel, and affording one of the most agree able pleasure excursions. The lake is very deep, in some places, it is said, exceeding 500 feet ; its water is very transparent, and, owing to its depth, rarely closed by ice, even in the severest winters. It abounds with the choicest fish, such as the salmon trout, pickerel, perch, and pike. Cdyuta Creek, a rapid mill stream, rises in Ca- yuta Lake, Chemung co., flows in a S. direction, forming part of the boundary line between Che mung and Tioga counties, and falls into the Sus quehanna a short distance below the state line. Cayuta Lakej N. Y. This small body of water lies in the N. part of Chemung, on the confines of Tompkins co. Trout, and other fish of a fine flavor, are abundant in its waters. Cazenove Creek, N. Y. A large, fine mill stream, rises in Erie co., and enters Buffalo Creek a few miles above its mouth. Cazenovia Lake, Madison co., N. Y. This beautiful lake is situated in the town of the same name. It is 4 miles in length, 1 in width, and abounds with different kinds of fish. Cedar Creek, Monmouth co., N. J. A small stream emptying into the Atlantic opposite Island Beach. Cedar Creek, la., rises in the N. W. part of De Kalb co., flows in a southerly direction, and falls into St. Joseph's River of the Maumee. Cedar Creek, Mo. This stream forms the boundary between Callaway and Boone coun ties, and empties into the Missouri, opposite Jef ferson City. Cedar Creek, Io. It rises in Monroe and Lucas counties, and flows N. E. into the Des Moines River. Cedar Creek, Ts, The principal branch of Navisoto River. Cedar Island, Accomac co., Va., lies off the Atlantic coast, opposite the town of Richmond. Cedar Island, Carteret Co., N. C. Situated in the S. part of Pamlico Sound, and washed on the N. W. by Long Bay. Cedar Keys, Fa. A small group of islands lying off the mouth of Suwannee River. Cedar Point, St. Mary's co., Md., extends into Chesapeake Bay, just below the mouth of Pa- tuxent River. Cedar River, Mn. It drains the W. part of Livingston co., flows Nf of W., and empties into Grand River at the city of Lansing. Cedar River, Mn., flows S. S. E., and empties into Green Bay. Cedar River, Io. This river rises in the neutral ground, its head branches draining a large ex tent of country. It flows S. E. through Black- hawk, Benton, Linn, Johnson, and Cedar counties, into Muscatine co., where it turns to the S. W., and falls into Iowa River in Louisa co. Center's River, Wn. It rises in tho S. part of Brown co., and flows S. E. into Manitowoc CO., where it empties into Manitowoc River. Chagrine River, 0. It rises in tho S. W. part of Geauga co., flows in a northerly direction through Cuyahoga and Lake counties into Lake Erie. Champlain', Lake, N. Y. and Vt. This delight ful expanse of water is the boundary line between New York and Vermont. Vermont embraces about two thirds of its surface. New York is on the W. side, and the counties of Franklin, Chit tenden, Addison, and a part of Rutland, in the state of Vermont, lie on the E. At the N. it extends a few miles into Canada, and receives the waters of Pike River. It discharges into the St. Lawrence by the Richelieu, Sorel, or Chambly River. Among its tributaries from Vermont are the Missisque, Lamoille, Winooski, Otter, and Pawlet Rivers. .From New York it receives the waters of the Chazy, Saranac, Sable, Boquet, and Wood Rivers, and of Lake George. Its length is about 130 miles i its breadth varies from 1 to 12 miles : average breadth about 3 miles. It abounds with salmon, trout, pickerel, and other fish. It is navigable for vessels of 90 tons' burden, and splendid steamboats are con tinually plying, in the season of navigation, from Whitehall, along its beautiful shores, to St. John's, in Canada. This lake contains about 60 islands, is remarkable for its splendid scenery, and re nowned in ancient and modern stories for its scenes of warlike achievements. Lake Cham plain is a great resort, both for business and pleasure. It is supposed that Lake Champlain once covered a much greater extent than at pres ent, and that its waters were capable of being navigated by large vessels to the Atlantic Ocean, both by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Hud son River. See Charlotte, Vt. Chandeleur Bay, La. This large bay lies S. from the Chandeleur Islands, E. from Black Bay, and N. from the mouth of the Mississippi River. Chandler's Hill. Worcester, Ms. Height 778 ft. Changa Creek, Pickens district,-S. C. A branch of the Tugaloo. Chanjushka River, Ma. A large W. tributary of the Mankato. Chanpepenan River, Ma., rises in a lake, flows S. W., and empties into the Missouri River,' just above Prospect Island. Chaplain's Fork, Ky., joins the Rolling Fork at Ion. 86° 1' W. and lat. 37° 34' N. Chariton River, Mo., rises in Iowa, and after a S. course of 130 miles, it empties into the Missouri at the S. extremity of Chariton co. It is boatable for 50 miles. Charity Isles, Mn. Situated at the mouth of Saginaw Bay. Charles River, Ms. The Indian name of this river is Quinobequin. It rises on the borders of Hopkinton and Milford, and flowing through Bel- lingham, Franklin. Medway, Medfield, Sherburne, Dover, Dedham, Needham, Natick, Newton, Wal- tham, and Watertown, it meets the tide waters,, and forms a part of Boston harbor. It is navi gable to Watertown, 7 miles W. from Boston. Charles River, Washington CO., R. I., rises in a pond, and flows in a westerly direction into Paw- catuck River. Charlotte Harbor, Fa. See Gasparilla Sound. Charlotte Lake, N. Y., is a small sheet of water lying in the town of Gallatin, Columbia co. Charlotte River, N. Y., drains the W. part of Schoharie CO., flows W. 30 miles through a part of Delaware into Otsego co., where it enters the Susquehanna. Charlotte River, Fa., waters the E. part of the state, and falls into a bay'of the same name. Charlton River, Mo., falls into the Missouri, about 220 miles from the Mississippi. Chartiers Creek, Pa., rises in Washington co., and, after a course of 30 miles, falls into the Ohio, 4 miles below Pittsburg. It flows through IN THE UNITED STATES. 181 a fertile country, abounding with bituminous coal. Chatauque Creek, Chatauque co., N. Y., flows N. through a deep ravine into Lake Erie. It af fords good water power, and a number of manu facturing establishments are located on its banks. Chatauque Lake, Chatauque co., N. Y., is a beautiful sheet of water, 18 miles in length, and from 1 to 3 miles in width, except near the middle, where it contracts to a few rods. Steamboats as cend by its outlet from Conewango Creek, and thence to Mayville, on the W. extremity of the lake. It is the highest body of water in the U. S. on which a steamboat floats, being 726 feet above Lake Erie, and 1291 feet above the Atlantic. Chateaugay Lake, N. Y, is situated in Beek man- town, Clinton co., on the borders of Franklin co. It is elevated 1400 feet above the Hudson, is 4 miles long and 2 miles wide. Its waters abound in fish.Chateaugay Mountains, N. Y. This range com mences in Canada, and extends S. through the ¦ N. W. part of Clinton into Franklin co. Some of the highest peaks are in the vicinity of Cha teaugay Lake, Franklin co. ' Chateaugay River, N. Y., rises in Clinton and Franklin counties, flows N., and enters the St. Lawrence in Canada. Chattahoochee River rises in the Appalachian Mts., and forms, for a considerable distance, the boundary between Ga. and Aa., and is the largest branch of Appalachicola River. It is navigable for steamboats to Columbus, Ga. Chaumont Bay, N. Y., is situated in the town of Lyme, Jefferson co., E. of Lake Ontario ; it is about 7 miles long, 2 miles wide, of an irregular shape, and abounding in fish. Chaumont River flows into it from the N. Chaumont River, Jefferson co., N. Y., flows 15 miles in a S. direction, and enters Lake Ontario through Chaumont Bay. Chazy Lake, Beekmautown, Clinton co., N. Y., is 4 mites long, and averages 1 mile in width. Chazy Riveti, N. Y., waters the W. part of Clin ton co., and flows E., in a circuitous course of about 40 miles, into Lake Champlain, in the town of Champlain. It affords good water power. Chazy River, Little, rises in Clinton CO., N. Y., flows in an E. direction about 20 miles, through the town of Chazy, into Lake Champlain. Cheat River, Va., an E. branch of the Monon- gahela, is navigable for boats, except in dry sea sons. Chedi Hanska Lake, Ma. Situated S. from Tewapa Tankyan Lake. Cliegowawegon Point, La Pointe Co., Wn., en closes Chegowawegon Bay on the E. Chemquaassabamtook Stream, Piscataquis co., Me., is the outlet of a series of ponds, and emp ties into Alliguash River. Chemung River, N. Y., the main feeder of Che mung Canal, is formed in 'Steuben co. by the junction of Conhocton and Tioga Rivers, and flows in a S. E. direction through the county of Chemung into Pa., where it enters the Susque hanna at the village of Athens. It is a good mill stream. Chenango River, N. Y., rises in Madison and Oneida counties, flows through Chenango co., and enters the Susquehanna at the village of Bing- hamton, in Broome oo. It runs 75 miles in a S. direction through Chenango valley, and on its banks are several pleasant and thriving villages. It is used to a considerable extent to feed the Chenango Canal, and boats and rafts ascend it 50 miles from the mouth. Cheputnetecoolc Lakes, Me. See St. Croix River. Chera River, Cherokee co., N. C, enters the Tennessee on the N. W. border of the county. Cheraw Hills, S. C, lie on the W. side of the Great Pedee, 10 miles N. W^ from Greenville. Cherry Creek, Samlac co., Mn. A small stream" emptying into Lake Huron. Cherry Valley Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of Cherry Valley, and enters the Susquehanna in Otsego co. Chesapeake Bay, Md., the largest bay in the U. S., is about 200 miles long, from 7 to 20 broad, and generally 9 fathoms deep. Its entrance is in the state of Va., between Cape Charles on theN and Cape Henry on the S. But the bay lies mostly in Md., dividing the state into two parts, called the eastern and western shores. This great bay furnishes many fine harbors, and a safe and convenient navigation. The principal rivers which flow into it are the Susquehanna on the N., the Potomac on the W., and the James on the W., near its mouth. Besides, there are the Rappahannock, thePatuxent, the Patapsco, Ches ter. Elk, Choptauk, Nanticoke, and many others. The surface drained by the rivers which flow into the Chesapeake has been estimated at 70,000 square miles. Chester River rises in Kent co., De.. and flowing through Md., empties into a large estuary of Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable 30 miles to Chestertown. Chestnut Ridge, Pa. A branch of the Alleghany Mountains, extending through Fayette and West moreland counties. Chesuncook Lake, Piscataquis co., Me. This lake, through which Penobscot River passes, also receives Kakkoguamook and Umbazookskns Rivers. It is about 25 miles long and 3 miles wide. The surrounding country is very fertile, and well adapted to the growing of wool and wheat. Its centre is about 130 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. Chetimaches Lake, La., is situated between At- chafalaya and Tcche Rivers. The former sup plies its waters in time of high water, and receives them again at all seasons, 15 miles above its en trance into the sea. The lake is shallow, and sur rounded by a low, marshy country, which it annu ally overflows. It is 40 miles long and from 1 to 6 broad. Chew Island, Md. Situated in Eastern Bay, opposite the mouth of Wye River. Chews River, Md. A small tributary of the Chesapeake. Chicago River, Is., which forms the harbor of Chicago, on the S. W. border of Lake Michigan, is composed of two branches. The N, which is about 40 miles long, rises in the N. part of the state, and unites with the S. about three fourths of a mile from its entrance into the lake. The S. branch, which is about 6 miles long, is sufficiently deep to afford a secure harbor for any vessels which navigate the lake. The natural portage from Chicago River to the Des Plaines, a branch of the Illinois, is only 6 miles, and is so low that at high water it is often overflowed, so that boats can pass from one river to the other. Chicagua, or Skunk River, Io. This large river rises mostly in Boone and Story counties, flows S. E., receiving numerous large tributaries, 182 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, and falls into the Missouri on the boundary be tween Des Moines and Lee counties. Chickahominy River, Va. This river rises about 25 miles N. W. of Richmond, and after a course of 60 miles, forming the boundary between several counties, falls into James River, 37 miles above Point Comfort. Chickamanga River rises in the N. ,W. part of Ga., and enters the Tennessee, in the state of Te., a few miles above Lookout Mt. Chickasawhu River, Mi. See Pascagoula. Chickeeles Point, On., encloses Gray's Harbor on the S. Chickeeles River, On. It rises S. from Puget Sound, and flowing N. of W. empties into Gray's Harbor. Chickopee River, Ms. This river has its sources in Spencer, Leicester, and Paxton, and receives the waters of Quaboag Pond, in Brook- field. It crosses Warren. At Palmer it receives Ware and Swift Rivers, and falls into the Con necticut in the N. part of Springfield. * Chico Creek, Ca., rises among the Sierra Ne vada, and flows S. W. into the Sacramento River. Chimney Point, Addison co., Vt., lies in the town of Addison, opposite Crown Point, and is the most western land in Vt. It was upon this point that the first settlement was made by the French in 1731, and here they erected a stone windmill, which was garrisoned during the colo nial wars, and hence it has sometimes been called Windmill Point. Chingoleagul Island, Va. A small island lying in the Atlantic, in Ion. 75° 26' E. and lat. 37° 56' N. Chingoteaque Island, Va. A small island lying in the Atlantic. Chipola River. This river rises in the S. E. part of Aa., takes ' a southerly course through Jackson and Calhoun counties, Fa., and empties into the Appalachicola River. Chipook Creek, Va. A tributary of James River. Chippewa Bay, N. Y., in which are situated a portion of the " Thousand Islands," is on the E. side of St. Lawrence River, opposite the town of Hammond, St. Lawrence co. Chippewa River, Wn., rises on the boundary line between Mn. and Wn., and pursuing a S. course receives several streams, outlets of lakes, and Red Cedar River, when, after a course of 150 miles, it falls into the Mississippi immediately below Lake Pepin. Chippewayan Mountains, or Rocky Mountains. The great spine of North America, extending from the Isthmus of Darien to the Arctic Ocean. That portion which lies within the U. S. is gen erally called the Rocky Mountains. The great western tributaries of the Mississippi flow from these mountains. Chittenango Creek, N. Y., has its source in the town of Nelson, Madison co., and flows N. into Oneida Lake. Chockoloche Creek, Aa. A branch of tho Coosa River, which it enters in Talladega co. Chocolate Creek, Ts. A small stream emptying into the Gulf of Mexico opposite Galveston I. Choctawatchee River rises in Aa., and falls into a bay of the same name in Fa., after a course of 130 miles. Clioptank River, Md., E. shore, empties into a largo estuary in Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable for sloops 40 miles from its mouth. Chowan River, N. C. This river is formed by the Nottaway, Meherrin, and Blackwater Rivers, which rise in Va. It flows into Albemarle Sound, a little N. of the Roanoke. It is navigable, on the Meherrin Branch, for large vessels to'Mur- freesboro', near the line of Va. Chrysopylat, or Golden Gate, Ca. A narrow strait connecting San Francisco Bay with the ocean. Christiana River, or Creek, De., has its head branches in Pa. and Md., .and flows into the Brandywine at Wilmington. It is navigable for vessels drawing 9 feet of water to Newport, and those requiring 6 to Christiana bridge, 9 miles above Wilmington. Chrystler's Island; St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town of Louisville. Chunctanunda Creek rises in Fulton and Sara toga counties, N. Y.. flows S., and enters Mo hawk River at the village of Amsterdam, Mont gomery co. Church Island, N. C, lies in Currituck Sound. City Island, N. Y., lies ill East River, and is attached to the town of Pelham, Westchester co. It is 2 miles long, and 1 mile Wide. Clam River, Wn„ drains the N. part of St. Croix co., flowing W. into St. Croix River. Clarion River, or Great Toby's Creek, Pa., rises in McKean co., and after a S. W. course of 70 miles, falls into Alleghany River. It is navigable 55 miles for boats, and for canoes 10 miles farther. Vast quantities of lumber are sent down this river to Pittsburg, and towns on the Ohio. Clark's River, Ky., rises on the N. border of Te., flows N. N W., and empties into the Ohio af its junction with the Tennessee. Clarke, or Flathead River, On. Ter., a tributary of the Columbia, rises in the Rocky Mountains. Clarksburg Mountain, Clarksburg, Ms. Height 2272 feet. Claverack Creek, Columbia co.. N. Y., flows into Kinderhook Creek. Several factories and mills are located on this stream and its tributaries. Clay Lick Creek, Crittenden co., Ky., a small branch of the Cumberland River. Clear Creek rises in Chatauque co., N. Y., and flows into Conewango Creek, -in Cattaraugus co. Clear Lake, N. Y., is one of a small cluster, situated in the town of Alexandria, Jefferson co. dear Lake, Barry CO., Mn. A small body of water lying in the S. interior of the county. Clearfield Creek, Pa., a large branch of the W. fork of the Susquehanna, rises in Cambria co. Clear Stream River, N. II., rises in the moun tains in the town of Dixville, and passes through the centre of Erroll into the Androscoggin,about 3 miles W. from Umbagog Lake. Cliffu River, Va., falls into Kanawha in Ion. 81° 8' W. and lat. 37° 52' N. Clifton Springs, Manchester, Ontario co., N. Y. These sulphur springs arc situated on the line of the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, and are considerably resorted to for medicinal purposes. Cliffy Creek, White co., Te. A small tributary of the Caney Fork of Cumberland River. Clinch River, Va. and Te., rises in Va., and, after a course of 200 miles, unites with Holston River at Kingston, and forms the Tennessee. It is boatable through most of its course. Clinton, Fort, N. Y. See Montgomery, Fort. Clinton Mountains, N. Y. The N. range of mountains in this state is sometimes so called See Adirondack Mountains. Clinton River, Mn, This stream drains Oak IN THE UNITED STATES. 183 land and Macomb counties, and falls into Lake St. Clair. Cloquet River, Ma. This river is supplied by a series of small lakes, and flows S. W. into St. Louis River. Closter Mountains, or Palisade Range, com mences in N. J., enters N. Y. in Rockland co., near the margin of the Hudson, and extends N. to Verdrietje's Hook, in Clarkstown. The ridge known as Nyack Hills affords excellent red and brown sandstone, which is extensively quarried. The highest peak of this range rises about 1000 feet above the Hudson, and the Palisades are re markable for their picturesque appearance, being in some places almost perpendicular. Clove Kill rises 'in Union Vale, Dutchess co., N. Y., flows S. W., and enters the Fishkill, of which it is a head branch, at Beekman. t Clyde River, Vt., rises in Pitkin's and Knowl- ton's Ponds, in the town of Brighton, flows N. W. through Charleston, Salem, and Derby, and emp ties into Lake Memphremagog. This is a slug gish stream, with the exception of a few short rapids, until it comes within 3 miles of Lake Memphremagog. It runs through Round Pond, in Charleston, and through Salem Lake, a fine sheet of water nearly 2 miles in length and 1 mile in width, lying in the towns of Salem and Derby. Clyde River, N. Y., is formed in Wayne co. by the junction of Flint and Mud Creeks, and enters Seneca River after an E. course of 20 miles. Coal River, Va. A fine mill stream rising in the S. W. part of Fayette co., and flowing N. W., partly on the boundary between Kanawha and Boone counties, into the Great Kanawha River. Coal Fire Creek, Pickens co., Aa. A small branch of the Tombigbee River. . Coan River, Northumberland co., Va. A small stream emptying into Chesapeake Bay. Cobbessecontee Waters, Me. This pond is a fine sheet of water, lying W. of Hallowell, and con nected with smaller ponds, situated in the towns of Monmouth, Winthrop, Readfield, and Mount Vernon. The outlet of the pond, a river of the same name, after passing through another beau tiful pond, enters the Kennebec River at Gardiner. These waters afford charming scenery, great water power, and abundance of fish. Cobscook Bay, Me. This large bay, situated W. of Passamaquoddy Bay, receives as its tributaries a number of large ponds. See Eastport. Cocheco River, N. H. See Dover. Cod, Cape: See Barnstable County. Codden's Hill, Marblehead, Ms. Codorus Creek, Pa., after a course of 30 miles, falls into the Susquehanna, near New Holland village. e Coeymans Creek rises in New Scotland, Albany co., N. Y., and flows into the Hudson at the town of Coeymans. Cohera Rivers, Little and Great, N. C. They drain the interior of Sampson Co., unite in the S. part, and their waters, flowing S., fall into South River, in New Hanover co. Cohoes Falls, N. Y., on the Mohawk River, near Cohoes village, is an object of great attraction for visitors from all parts of the Union, during the summer. Besides a rapid descent above and be low, the river has a perpendicular fall of 70 feet at this place. Its banks present a grand and pic turesque appearance, rising to the almost perpen dicular height of from 50 to 120 feet for the dis tance of half a mile below the falls, where is erected a substantial bridge across the stream, 800 ft. long, presenting a beantafulview of the cataract. Cohuttah Spring, Murray co., Ga., one of tho most valuable mineral springs in this part of tho country, is situated at the base, of Cohuttah Moun tain, and on the S. side of a beautiful little stream which issues from the mountain and enters Con- nesauga Creek 6 miles below. Cold Creek, N. Y., a good mill stream, rises in Centreville, Alleghany co., and flows E. into Gen esee River. Cold River, N. H. See Acworth. Cold Camp Creek, Benton co., Mo. A branch of Osage River, which it enters from the N. Cold Water River, Mi. This river rises in Marshall co., flows W. through De Soto co. into Tunica 'co., whore it connects with the Mississippi ' by means of an outlet ; it'tllen pursues a winding southerly course until its entrance into the Talla- hatchee. Colleberg Mountains, or Hills, N. Y., lie S. of the " Highlands," in the town of Cortland, West chester co. Collins River, Grundy co. Te. A head branch of the Caney Fork of Cumberland River. Colonel's Mountain, Palmer, Ms. Ht. 1172 feet. Colorado Hills. Ts. A range extending along the Colorado River, N. from the city of Austin. Colorado River, Ts. The head branches of this large river rise in the mountains in the W. part of the state ; it then flows S. E., draining a large extent of country, and empties into Matagorda Bay. Columbia River, the great river of Oregon, the territory west of the Rocky Mts. Its sources are among the most elevated valleys in those moun tain ranges, interlocking with those of the Missou ri, the Rio Grande del Norte of the Gulf of Mexico, the Colorado of the Gulf of California, and the Buenaventura of the Pacific Ocean. It is composed of two great constituent branches, the Lewis River and the Clarke River, which take their names from their discoverers, Captains Lewis and Clarke, who, in 1804-5. under the direction of the United States government, explored the country from the mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the Colum bia. Clarke River, which, is the great tributary of the Columbia from the north, is likewise con stituted by two main branches. The northern branch takes its rise in about 50° N. lat. and 116° W. Ion., and pursues a northern route at first, to near McGillivray's Pass in the Rocky Mountains, where it receives Canoe River, at an' elevation of 3600 feet above the level of the sea. It then turns S., and receives many tributaries in its course, among which are the Cootanie. or Flat Bow, and the Flat Head, or Clarke River proper.' It pursues this general course among high mountains, often expanding into lakes, iuntil it reaches Fort Colville, a distance in this direction of 220 miles, where it is still at an elevation of 2049 feet above the level of the sea. Passing this point,' it tends towards theW.; and after receiv ing Spokan River from the E., it pursues a still more westerly course for 60 miles ; when, bend ing again to the S., it receives Okanagan River, which is the outlet of a line of lakes extensively navigable for canoes. Thence it passes on south ward until it reaches Wallawalla, and here, in 45° N lat., it forms a junction with Lewis River, the other great tributary, coming from the S. E. The entire valley of Clarke River embraces an area of 75,000 square miles ; and the entire com- 184 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, parative course of the river to this point is about 800 miles. Lewis River takes its rise in the ele vated regions of the Chippewayan system, about 10 degrees of latitude S. of the sources of Clarke River, and is, perhaps, of the two rivers, the main constituent of the Columbia. It pur sues a northwesterly course, receiving large tribu taries from both sides, particularly from the E., until, after a course of about 520 miles, it unites with Clarke River, the great northern tributary at Wallawalla. The valley of Lewis River ex ceeds an area of 100,000 square miles. Com bining the two valleys of Lewis and Clarke Rivers, and measuring from the most northern source of the latter to the most southern source of the former, gives an entire breadth, for the sources of the Columbia, along the sides and summits of the Chippewayan range, of about 1000 miles from N. to S. After the confluence of these two large streams, the Columbia, which now carries a volume of water 3500 feet wide, and has yet to traverse a distance of about 300 miles, and make a descent of nearly 1300 feet, before reaching the Pacific, takes its final direc tion to .the westward, pursuing a rapid course for 80 miles, to its passage through the range of Cascade Mountains, so called from the series of falls and rapids over which the waters of the river are carried, at this point, opposing an insur mountable obstruction to boat navigation. From Wallawalla to this pass, the Umatilla, Quisnel's, John Day's and Chute Rivers are received from the S., and Cathlatate's River from the N. From these falls there is still water navigation for 40 miles, when it is again interrupted by rapids. Thence to the ocean,' a distance of 120 miles, the river is navigable, even at the lowest stages, for vessels requiring 12 feet of water, though ob structed more or less by many sand bars. In this part of its course, it receives the Willamette from the S., and the Cowelitz from the N. The width of the Columbia is greatly enlarged within the last 20 miles, and where it enters the ocean, between Point Adams andCape Disappointment, it is about 7 miles across. There are flats and sand bars which extend nearly across the mouth between these points, and render the entrance of -ships somewhat dangerous ; though it would ap pear, from surveys and soundings, that there are about 20 feet of water over these flats at low tide ; and that, in the channel, which lies near to Cape Disappointment, the depth of water is not less than 24 feet. The tide from the ocean flows back into the river nearly the whole distance to the grand rapids ; and the reflux at Cape Disap pointment, where the rise is about 9 feet, is gen erally, in the spring, 5 or 6 knots an hour. On the 7th of May, 1792, Captain Robert Gray, in the ship Columbia, of Boston, discovered and entered the mouth of this majestic stream, and, giving it the name of the vessel in which he sailed, called it the Columbia River. He was the first person who established the fact of its exist ence, and gave the title, from discovery, to the United States. In 1804-5, Lewis and Clarke made the first exploration of the river ever made by civilized men, and passed the winter of 1805-6 at its mouth, The Missouri Fur Company, in 1808, established a trading-house on Lewis River, the first ever formed on the waters of the Columbia ; and, in 1811, Astoria was founded, at tho mouth of the river, by the Pacific Fur Company, under John Jacob As tor, of New York. Columbus, Fort, N. Y. See Governor's Island. . Comite River, Mi. and La., rises in Mi., and running into La., unites with the Amite 12 miles E. from Baton Rouge. Compadre River, Ca. It rises in two widely- spread forks, which unite and flow N. W. into Eagle River. Conception Point, or Punta Conception, Ca. Sit uated on the Pacific coast W. from the town of Santa Barbara. Concord River, Ms., is formed at Concord by the junction of Assabet and Sudbury Rivers: after passing 'through the towns of Bedford, Bil- lerica, and Chelmsford, it falls into the Merrimac, between Lowell and Tewksbury. Concordia Lake, La., was evidently, in former times, the bed of the Mississippi, and in seasons of very high flood, the water from the Mississippi flows into it, through a small bayou, and passes into Bayou Tensas. Conecuh River rises in Pike co., Aa., and flows through Fa. into Pensacola Bay. Two miles below the* Fa. line, it unites with the Escambia, a river of inferior size, the name of which, however, it afterwards assumes. It is navigable for more than 100 miles, but the country is sterile. Conedogwinit Creek, Pa., runs E., and discharges its waters into the Susquehanna, a little above Harrisburg. Conemaugh Paver, Pa. It rises in the Alle ghany Mts., and flows W. N. W. into the Alle ghany, 29 miles N. N. E. of Pittsburg. In the lower part of its course it takes the name of Kiskeminetas. Fifteen miles N. E. of Greens- burg it has salt works on both its banks. Its length is about 1 50 miles. Conequenessing Creek, Pa., falls into the Mahon ing, 12 miles from its mouth. Conescheague Creek is formed by two branches, which rise in Pa., and unite 3 miles N. of Md. line ; it then passes through Md., and empties into the Potomac, at Williamsport. Goneseus Lake, Livingston co., N. Y. This lake is 9 miles long, 1 mile wide, and is said to exceed 300 feet in depth. It is well stocked with fish, and its waters are pure and cold. Conestoga River, Lancaster Co., Pa., enters the Susquehanna 10 miles below Columbia. Conewago Creek, or River, Pa., rises in Adams co., and after a course of 40 miles, falls into the Susquehanna, opposite Bainbridge. Conewago Creek, Pa. This river enters the Susquehanna 5 miles below Middletown, after a W. S. W. course of 15 miles. Coney Island, King's co., N. Y., forms a part of the town of Gravesend. It is much resorted toby visitors for sea air and bathing, as it directly faces the Atlantic, being divided from the main land by a narrow channel, over which is a toll bridge. There is no more convenient and de sirable watering-place in the vicinity of New York than this island. It is 4j miles long, and averages half a mile in width. Congaree Creek, Lexington district, S. C. A branch of the Congaree River, which it enters a little below Columbia. Congaree River, S. C, which is formed by tho union of the Broad and Saluda at Columbia after a course of 30 miles, unites with the Wa- tereo to form Santee River. Conhocton River rises in Steuben Co., N. Y., and unites with the Tioga to form Chemung River, near the village of Painted Post. There are a IN THE UNITED STATES. 185 number of fine mill sites on this rivet and its tributaries, and it is navigable for arks and rafts to the village of Bath, during high water. Its length is 55 miles. Connanicut Island, Newport CO., R. I. Situated in Narraganset Bay, S. S. W. from Prudence Island. Conneaut Creek, 0. and Pa., has its sources in Erie and Crawford counties, Pa., and Ashtabula co., 0., and enters Lake Erie in the latter county. Connecticut Creek, Long Island, N. Y., rises in Brookhaven, Suffolk co., and runs S., into Fire place Bay. Connecticut, Lake, N. H. This lake, which is the source of one of the principal branches of the Connecticut, lies in lat. 45° 2', and is 5J miles in length, and 2£ in width. It is .supplied by several Small streams rising in the highlands N. from the lake.- Its waters are remarkably clear, containing abundance of fish, and the scenery on its banks is very beautiful. Connecticut River. This beautiful river, the Quonektacut of the Indians, and the pride of the Yankees, has its sources in N. II., and the moun tainous tracts in Canada. Its name in the In dian language is said to signify Long River, or, as some render it. River of Pines. Its general course is N. and S. After forming the boundary line between N. H. and Vt., it crosses the western part of Ms., passes the state of Ct. nearly in its cen tre ; and, after a fall of 1 600 feet, from its head, N. of lat. 45°, it falls into Long Island Sound, in lat. 41° 16'. The breadth of this river, at its en trance into Vt., is about 150 feet, and in its course of 60 miles, it increases to about 390 feet. In Ms. and Ct, its breadth may be estimated from 450 to 1050 feet. It is navigable to Hartford, 45 miles, for vessels of considerable burden, and to Middietown, 30 miles from the sea, for vessels drawing 1 2 feet of water. By means of canals and other improvements, it has been made navi: gable for boats to Fifteen Mile Falls, nearly 250 miles above Hartford. The most considerable rapids in this river are Bellows Falls ; the Falls of Quecchy, just below the mouth of Water- queechy River ; the White River Falls, below Hanover ; and the Fifteen Mile Falls, in N. H. and Vt. ; the Falls at Montague and Holyoke, in Ms., and the Falls at Enfield, in Ct., where it meets the tide water. The perpendicular height of the falls, which have been. overcome by dams and locks between Springfield, in Ms., and Han over, in N. H., a distance of 130 miles, is, 240 feet. Bars of sand and gravel extend across this river in various places, over which boats with difficulty pass in low water. The most important tributa ries to the Connecticut, in N. H., are Upper and Lower Amonoosuck, Israel's, John's, Mascomy, Sugar, and Ashuelot Rivers ;' in Vt., Nulhegan, Passumpsic, Wells, Wait's, Ompomponoosuck, White, Waterqueechy, Black, Williams, Saxton's, and West Rivers; in Ms., Miller's, Deerfield, Agawam, Chickopee, and Westfield Rivers; and the Farmington, in Ct. The intervales are gen erally spread upon one or both sides of the river, nearly on a level with its banks, 'and extending from half a mile to five miles in breadth ; but its borders are in some places high, rocky, and pre cipitous. In the spring it overflows its banks, and, through its winding course of nearly 400 miles, forms and fertilizes a vast tract of rich meadow. In point of length, utility, and beauty, this river forms a distinguished feature of New 24 England. Large quantities of shad are taken in this river, but the salmon, which formerly were very plenty, have entirely disappeared. Con necticut River passes through a basin or valley of about 12,000 square miles; it is decorated, on each side, with towns and villages of superior beauty, and presents to the eye a wonderful variety of enchanting scenery. Connesauga River, Ga. This river has its source in Glimmer co., Ga., flows N. W., making a curve into Te., and then takes a winding southerly course, until its junction with the Coosawattee, to form the Oostenaula. Connewango Creek rises in Chatauque and Cat-- taraugus counties, N. Y., and flows W. into the Alleghany. This stream is boatable during high water, and numerous rafts also descend it during certain seasons of the year. Chatauque Lake, and a number of other tributaries, flow into it. Conoloway Creek, Pa., falls into the Potomac, near Hancock's Town, Md. Constitution Island, N. Y., on which, during the revolution, some fortifications were erected, lies in the Hudson River, opposite West Point. Contoocook River, N. H. This is a stream of considerable length and importance, originating in several ponds in Jaffrey and Rindge, and flow ing N. it receives tributaries from Dublin, Peter borough, Sharon, Nelson, Stoddard, Washington, Antrim, Deering, and Hillsborough. In Hillsbor ough it takes aN. E.andE. direction, andproceeds through Henniker to Hopkinton, where it receives Warner and Blackwater Riyers. From Hopkin ton it pursues a winding course through Concord, and falls intb the Merrimack between Concord and Boscawen. Near the mouth of this river is Duston's Island, celebrated as the spot where Mrs. Duston destroyed several Indians, in 1698. Conway Peak, or Chocorua Mountain, N. H. See Albany. Cooper River, S. O, together with Ashley River, forms Charleston harbor, entering the Ashley on the E. side of the city. A canal 21 miles long unites this river with the Santee. Coosa River, Aa., rises in the N. part of Ga., runs S. W. into Aa., and unites with the Talla poosa to form Alabama River, 8 miles below We- tumpka. The Coosa is navigable for steamboats 8 miles above the, junction. Its whole length is about 240 miles. Coosaw River, Beaufort district, S. C. A kind of a strait connecting Broad River with St. Helena Sound. ¦ ¦ Coosawhatchie River, S. C, runs S. S. E., and empties into Broad River. An eastern outlet, called Whale Branch, and also Coosaw River, forms the Island of Port Royal. Coosawattee River, Ga. Ellijay and Carticary Creeks unite to form this river, which reeeivesi several large branches, the principal of which are Talkey, Rock, and Calico Creeks, and flows in a winding S. W. course until it unites with the Con nesauga to form the Oostenaula. Copake Creek, N. Y., a branch of Claverack stream, rises in Columbia co. Several factories and mills are located on this stream. Copake Lake, Copake, Columbia co., N. Y., covers about 600 acres. Its shores are gently undulating and highly cultivated, and its waters pure and clear. Copecut Mountain, Fall River, Ms. Height 355 feet. Copper Creek, Va., rises in the S. part of Rns- 186 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, sell co., flows S. W., and falls into Clinch River, in Scott co. Copper Harbor, Houghton co., Mn. Situated on the N. coast of Keewaiwona Point. Corbeau Creek rises in Chazy, Clinton co., N. Y., flows N. E., and enters the Chazy River at the village of Corbeau, in the town of Champlain. Core Sound, N. C, opens on the N. E. into Pam lico Sound: It is 40 miles long. The island which encloses it contains Cape Lookout on its S. extremity. Corkin's Creek, Pa., falls into the Delaware River in Ion. 75° 10' W. and lat. 41° 18' N. Corpus Christi Pass, Ts. The passage between two islands which lie at the mouth of Nueces River, and opposite the town of Corpus Christi. Cortableau River, La., flows into the Atcha- falaya. It is 35 miles long. Cote'au Percee Creek, Ma. It rises in the Benton Lakes, flows S. W., and falls into the Sioux River. Cote Blanche Bay, La. This bay sets up from the Gulf of Mexico, and connects on the N. W. with Vermilion Bay. Cotentnea River, N. C. A branch of the Neuse River, which it enters on the boundary between Pitt and Lenoir counties. Cottonwood Creek, Ca. It rises among the Coast Mts., flows E., and empties into the Rio Sacra mento, of which it is a head branch. Cottonwood Fork, Ca. A small W. branch of Grand River. Coupe River. On. An E. branch of the Willa mette River, which it enters below the Sandehan. Cove Point, Calvert co., Md. A small point of land projecting into C.hesapeake Bay. Cow Bay, North Hempstead, Queen's co., N. Y., an arm of Long Island Sound, extends inland about 5 miles. It is navigable for steamboats. and is partly surrounded by highly cultivated farms and country seats. Cow Neck, North Hempstead. Queen's co., N. Y., a point of land about 6 miles long and 24 miles wide, lies between Hempstead harbor on the E. and Cow Bay on the W. Sands' Point is on the N. part. Cowikee Creek, Aa. This stream is formed by the junction of three principal forks, and enters the Chattahoochee in Barbour co. Coxsackie Creek rises in Greene co.. N. Y., flows N. E., and enters the Hudson in the town of New Baltimore. Crab, or Hospital Island, N. Y., a part of the town of Plattsburg, Clinton co., lies in Lake Champlain, near Cumberland Head. Crab-Tree Creek, Wake CO., N. C., rises in tho S. W. part of Wake co., takes a circuitous easterly course, and falls into the Neuse River. Crabb River, Alleghany co., Md. A small trib utary of the N. fork of the Potomac River. Craig's Creek, Bottetourt co., Va., is formed in the S. W. part of the county by the junction of two branches, flows N. E., and empties into Cow Pasture River. Cranberry Islands, Hancock Co., Me. These islands lie a few miles E. by S. from Mount Desert, and embrace Great and Little Cranberry, Sutton's and Baker's Islands, and were attached to the town of Mount Desert until 1830, when they were incorporated. They afford good harbors, and are well located for the shore fishery. Cranberry Lake, N. Y. This small sheet of water is situated in the S. part of Parishville, St. Lawrence co. Crane Island, N. C, lies in Hunting Sound, and is about 6 miles in length. Crane Island lies in the Potomac, 30 miles S. W from Annapolis. , Crane Lake, Io. A small sheet of water sit uated near the head of Iowa River. Crane Neck, in the town of Brookhaven, Suf folk co., N. Y., is a broad peninsula, extending into Long Inland Sound. , Craney Island, Va.. lies in Hampton Road, at the mouth of Elizabeth River, 5 miles S. W, from Fort George. A strong fort on this island defends the entrance of James and Elizabeth Rivers. Crendrick Lake. N. C. Situated in Ion. 76° 55' W., lat. 35° 46' N. Cripple Creek, Va., rises in the E. part of Smyth co., flows N. of E., and empties into New River. Croatan Sound, N. C. Situated between Roan oke Island and the main land of Tyrel co. It contains several small islands. Crockery Crek. Mn., rises in Kent and Neeway- go counties, and flows S. W. across a part of Ottowa co. into Grand River. Crooked Creek, Is. It rises in the N. W. part of McDonough co., flows S.E., and empties into the Illinois River, between Schuyler and Brown counties. Crooked Creek, As. This stream rises in the S. part of Carroll co., pursues a very winding course, and falls into White River, having formed a part of the boundary between Marion and Searcy coumies. Crooked Lake, N. Y.. lies chiefly in Steuben co., but extends N. into Yates co. ; is 18 miles long, and 1 J miles wide. Near the centre it separates into two forks, running northward, one 12 miles and the other 8, and receding from each other, until, at their extremities, they are 5 miles dis tant. At the point of their separation, ,i high promontory, called Bluff Point, rises from the water 800 feet. The outlet is at the north end of the eastern branch, running 7 miles E. by N., until it falls into Seneca Lake, at Dresden. This stream, in its course, has a fall of 269 feet, afford ing an excellent water power. Upon it, about one mile below the outlet of the lake, stands the village of Penn Yan. From this place to Seneca Lake, a canal, called " Crooked Lake Canal," has been constructed, with 27 locks, at a cost of $137,000. Through Seneca Lake, this navigable communication is continued to the Erie Canal. In the opposite direction, a steamboat plies daily between Penn Yan and Hammond's Port, at the S. end of Crooked Lake. Crooked Lake, Mn. Situated in the N. W. part of Wyandot co. It receives the waters of several streams, and connects by its outlet with Cheboy gan River. Crooked Rim; Oxford Co., Mc. This river joins the outlet of Long Pond, and falls into Sebago Lake. Crooked Hirer, Ky. A small branch of the E. fork of Salt River, forming the boundary between Anderson and Spencer counties. Cross Island, Me. An island 3 miles long aud 2 wide, lying off Machias Bay, and attached to the town of Cutler. Cross Creek, or River, rises in Westchester CO., N. Y., and flows E. into Croton River, in the town of Lewisborough. Cross Lake, N. Y., through which flows Seneca River, lies between the counties of Cayuga and IN THE UNITED -STATES. 187 Onondaga ; it is 4 miles long and half a mile in width. Crotched Lake, N. Y., lying between Racket and Long Lakes, in the N. part of Hamilton co., is an irregular body of water, as the name im plies. Pahmechinbaguck — water right across us — is said to be the Indian name. Croton River, N. Y., rises in several beautiful lakes in Dutchess and Putnam counties, flows in a S. W. direction, and enters the Hudson in Westchester co., about two miles above the vil lage of Sing Sing. This river is the source of the Croton Aqueduct. Crow Creek, Is., rises in the W. part of Liv ingston co.. and flows W. into the Illinois River. Crow Islands. N. Y. This cluster of small islands is situated in Huntington Bay. ¦ Crow's Nest, N. Y., a high peak of the " High lands," is situated in the town of Cornwall, Orange co., on the W. side of the Hudson. Crow River, Ma. This river rises in two large forks, flows in an easterly direction, and empties into the Mississippi N. W. from Ruin River. Crow Wing River, Ma. This river rises among the labyrinth of lakes in the N. part of the 'terri tory, flows S. E., and empties into the Mississippi just below Gayashk Lake. Crum or Cram Elbow, N. Y., 4 miles above Poughkeepsie, is formed by a sudden turn of Hud son River. Crum Elbow Creek, Dutchess co., N. Y., rises in the towns of Clinton and Rhinebcck, and flows S. W. through Hydepark into the Hudson. It is a pretty good mill stream. Crumhorn Mountain, N. Y., situated in the town of Maryland, Otsego CO., is a wild and barren eminence. Cryaer's Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of Inde pendence, Alleghany co., and flowing S. W. enters Genesee River in the state of Pa. Crystal Lake, N. Y., is one of a small cluster lying in the town of Alexandria, Jefferson co. Cub Creek, Te., rises in trre N. part of Hender son co., flows S. E., and falls into the Tennessee River. Cubb Creek, Va., rises in the S. part of Appo mattox co., and flows S. into the Roanoke River. Cumberland Bay, N. Y., situated in Lake Cham plain, opposite the village of Plattsburg, is en closed by Cumberland Head, a point of land on the W. shore, stretching 4 miles into, the lake. Macdonough gained his famous naval victory over the British, under Com. Downie, in this bay, on the 1 1th September, 1814. Cumberland Head, N. Y., projects into Lake Champlain. N. from Plattsburg, and opposite South Hero. Cumberland Island, Camden co., Ga. This is quite a large island, lying between St. Andrew's Sound on the N. and St. Mary's Sound on the S. The N.part is cut off by a small river, and called Little Cumberland Island. On the S. part is the Dungeness light-house. Cumberland Mountains, Te. This range com mences in the S. W. part of Pa., takes the name of Laurel Mts.in Va., passes through the S. E. part of Ky. and Te., and terminates in the N, part of Aa. Cumberland River, a large river of Ky. and Te., rises in Ky., on the W. slope of the Cumberland Mts., near the boundary of Va., and pursues a very circuitous course to the Ohio, which it enters about 12 miles above the entrance of the Ten nessee. The elevation of its sources above its mouth is supposed to exceed 1000 feet. Its course is first W. and S. W. until it enters Te., and, bearing 'still S., passes round with an extensive sweep to Nashville. Its course is then north westerly until it reenters Ky., and flows in this direction about 50 miles across the state to its junction with the Ohio. Its comparative length is about 450 miles ; although from the great tortu- ousness of its channel, its entire length, following the course of the stream, cannot be less than 600 miles. Without reference to the inflections of the river itself, the valley which it drains is 350 miles long, with an average breadth of 50 miles, comprehending an area of 17,500 square miles, which, in superficies, is the third in rank of those of the tributaries of the Ohio. The greatest part of this valley lies between lat. 36° and 37°, and Ion. 6° and 12° W. from Washington. In an or dinary stage of water, the river is, navigable for vessels and large steamboats to Nashville, 200 miles, and for boats of 15 tons 300 miles farther. For half its length it is navigable for small craft at all seasons. The Cumberland is the second river in size, that enters the Ohio, being inferior only to the Tennessee. Cunningham's Island, O. Situated in Lake Erie, N. from the mouth of Sandusky Bay. Current River, Mo. and As., rises in the Ozark Ridge, Mo., and, taking a course of about 150 miles, falls into Black River. Currituck Island, Sound, and Inlet, Currituck co., N. C. The island which encloses the sound is 30 miles long and 2 broad. The sound is 50 miles long, from 1 to 10 broad, and rather shallow. The inlet is a narrow entrance into the sound between two islands. Cutfoot Creek, N. C. A small branch of Neuse River. Cuyahoga River, O. This river rises in Geauga co., runs southerly through Portage co., then pro ceeds in a N. N. W. direction through Summit and Cuyahoga counties to its entrance into Lake Erie, at Cleveland. It is one of the most impor tant rivers in Northern O., its length being over 60 miles. Its falls, which are numerous, afford fine mill seats, and it is but little affected by drought. Cypress Creek, As. It rises in the E. part of Van Buren co., flows S. W., and empties into the Arkansas at Cadron. Cypress Creek, La. A head branch of the Mid dle Fork of Bayou d'Arbone. Dacheet River, rises in As., and flowing S. into La., falls into Lake Bistineau. Daddy's Creek, Te., rises in Bledsoe co., flows N. E., and unites with Obed's River near its en trance into Emery's River. Damariscotta River, Lincoln Co., Me. This broad arm of the sea has its source in several ponds in Jefferson and Nobleborough. It flows in a southerly direction, between Newcastle, Edgecomb, and Boothbay on the W., and Bristol on the E. It is navigable for vessels of any bur den to the bridge, which crosses it between New castle and Nobleborough, a distance of 16 miles. Large quantities of lumber descend this stream, and many merchant ships are built on its borders. Damiscove Island, Me., lies off the town of Boothbay, Lincoln co. Dan River, N. C. and Va., unites with Stanton River in Va., and forms the Roanoke. It has falls of 23 feet at Danville, but by a canal con- 188 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, structed around them, is navigable 100 miles from its mouth. D'Arbone, Bayou, La. This stream rises in Claiborne parish, flows in a S. E. direction, and enters the Wachita River in Wschita parish. Darby Creek, 0., rises in Union co., and after a S. E. course of 60 miles, enters the Sciota, nearly opposite Circleville. Dartiga Lake, Nachitoches and Rapides par ishes, La. This lake receives a river of the same name from the N. W., and connects on the S. with Red River. Dauphin Islands,- Great and Little., Aa., lie at the mouth of Mobile Bay,- and are attached to Mobile co. Dawfuskey Island, S. C, is 7 miles long, and 24 miles broad, and lies-3 miles N. E. from the mouth of the Savannah. _ Dead River, Me. This important tributary of the Kennebec rises on the border of Lower Can ada, in Franklin co. It flows 40 or 50 miles in a S. E. direction, then N. about 10 miles ; it then turns to the E., and flows about 15 miles to its entrance into the Kennebec, about 20 miles below Moosehead Lake. The land on its borders is fertile and heavily wooded. Dead River, N. H., rises in the N. W. corner of the state, in Coos Co., and after receiving several tributaries, empties into the Margallaway. Dead Stream, Me., is a W. tributary of the Pe nobscot, which it enters at Orono, opposite Indian Village-. Dead Fish Lake, Ma. Situated N. W. from Seven Beaver Lake, and at the head of Second Embarras River. Deadman's Bay, Fa. A curvature of the Coast in Madison co. De Chute River rises in the E. part of Aroos took co., Me., and flows E. into Canada, where it enters the St. John's River. Decker's Creek, Is. A small branch of Bear Creek, which it enters in Hancock co. Deep Creek, Io. A S. branch of the Maco- quetais River, which ii enters in Jackson co. Deep River, N. C, unites with the Haw to form the N. W. branch of Cape Fear River. Deer Creek, N. Y., rises in Lewis co., and flows N. E. into Black River. Deer River, N. Y., rises in Franklin co., flows N. W., and enters the St. Regis in St. Lawrence co. Deer Creek, Hartford co., Md., empties into the Susquehanna. Deer Creek, Perry co., la. A small branch of Ohio River,. Deer Creek, Ca., rises among the Sierra Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio Sacramento. Deer Islands. A group of islands, five in num ber, lying in the Connecticut River, between the towns of Lyman and Barnet, Vt. The largest of these islands contains 38 acres of land. Deer Island, Hancock co., Me., lies in Penob scot Bay, off the town of Sedgwick. See the town of Deer, Isle. Deerfield River, Vt. and Ms. This beautiful rapid stream rises in the high grounds of Wind ham co., near Stptton, Dover, and Somerset, Vt., and, proceeding m a S.E. course, it passes through Monroe, Florida, Rowe, Charlemont, Hawley, Buckland, Shelburne, and Conway, and falls into the Connecticut between Greenfield and Deerfield. The most important tributaries to this river are Cold River; a river from Heath and Coleraine ; one from Leyden, and one from Conway. It is very rapid in some places, and its passage through the mountains is very romantic. Length about 50 miles. Delaware Bay, at the mouth of Delaware Riv er, is an arm of the sea, stretching up in a N. W. direction, for a distance of 75 miles. The en trance to the bay is between Cape May on theN., and Cape Henlopen on the S., distant about 20 miles from each other. The width of the bay in the middle is 30 miles. There are many shoals, which render the navigation difficult and danger ous ; and there is no good natural harbor within 70 miles of the ocean. The want of any secure anchorage on this coast, for several hundred miles from New York, has induced the government, at a heavy expense, to erect a breakwater, forming an artificial harbor, witliin Cape Henlopen. The anchorage ground thus provided is in a cove directly W. of the cape, having a depth of water of from 4 to 6 fathoms, and a superficial extent of over half a square mile. An internal commu nication has been formed between this bay and the Chesapeake by a canal 14 miles long, run ning between Delaware City, at a point 42 miles below Philadelphia, and Back Creek, which com municates through Elk Creek with the Chesa peake. , This canal has a depth of 8 feet, a width of 60 feet at the surface, and 36 feet at the bottom, and admits of the passage of vessels of consid erable size. Delaware River rises among the western spurs of the Catskill Mts., in N. Y. The two streams which constitute its principal sources are the- Mohawks and the Popacton. The first of these, which is the most remote, and the real source of the Delaware, rises from a small lake near the border of Schoharie co., N. Y, in 42° 45' N. lat., at an elevation of 1886 feet above tide water, and flows S. W. about 50 miles, to within 10 miles of the Susquehanna River, where, turn ing suddenly to theiS. E., it flows about 12 miles to its junction with "he Popacton. This branch rises in Delaware co., N. Y., and pursues a course nearly parallel to that of tlie main brandy, for about 50 miles, to the point of meeting. After the junction of these two branches, the Delaware flows on in a S. E. course, forming the boundary between Pa. and N. Y., for about 60 miles, to the N. W. comer of N. J. It then bends tq the S. W. 35 miles, along the base of the Kittahing chain of mountains, until it finds a pass through this~ mountain, by the celebrated " Watei* Gap," which is considered a great natural curiosity. The view in passing through this chasm is highly pictur esque and impressive. The distance is about two miles, between rugged and lofty walls, rising almost from the water's edge to the height of 1600 feet, and often overhanging with immense masses of the rock. Towards the N. W. the passage widens somewhat, and there are some beautiful islands in the river, which here has great depth. Continuing S. about 21 miles, it reaches Easton, Pa., where it receives an important tribu tary from the right in the Lehigh. About two miles below Easton, it pierces the Blue Ridge ; and, five miles still lower, the South Mountain ; having obliquely traversed, in its course thus far, a great part of the Appalachian system. From . South Mountain its course is S. E., about 35 miles, to the falls at Trenton, at the foot of which it meets the tide water. The distance between Easton and Trenton is 60 miles, in which the IN THE UNITED STATES. 189 river passes over twenty-five rapids, with an aggre gate fall of 165 feet. These rapids are navigable at high water. Below Tfenton the Delaware turns to the S. W., and, passing Philadelphia, continues this course until near its entrance into the bay. A few miles below Philadelphia it receives the Schuylkill, which is one of its largest tributaries, from the N. W. The whole course of the river, from its remotest source to its entrance into the bay, is about 300 miles ; and to its entrance into the Atlantic, 375 miles. There are five bridges crossing the Delaware, the lowest of which is at Trenton. It is navigable for ships of the line to Philadelphia, 125 miles from the ocean by the course of the river and bay, and 45 miles from the head of the bay. For sloops it is navigable 35 miles farther, to Trenton. The Delaware is connected with the Hudson by two canals, the " Delaware and Hudson Canal," and the " Morris Canal." A vast amount of coal is transported on these canals ; and, aside from this immense business, the Delaware is one of the principal channels of internal traffic in the Eastern States. The basin of the Delaware is about 250 miles in length, with a mean breadth of 45 miles ; com prehending an area of 11,250 square miles. The surface is greatly diversified, with much difference of relative height.' ' De Lama Point, Ca. A point of land on which the town of San Diego is situated. It extends into the Pacific just above the boundary between Upper and Lower California. Denny's River, Me. A small branch of the Schoodic. Dernier Island, Terre Bonne parish, La. This is the largest of a chain of long, narrow islands. Des Moines River, Io., rises in the Coteau des Prairies, and flowing in a S. E. direction, enters the Mississippi just below Des Moihes Rapids, on the boundary between Io. and Mo. In high water it is navigable for steamboats 100 miles, and for keel boats at all seasons. Des Plaines River rises in the S. E. part of Wisconsin,' and after flowing through a fertile country, mostly over a bed of limestone rock, en ters the Illinois River. Destruction Island, On. Situated in the Pacific Ocean, N. W. from Greenville Point. Detroit River is the river or strait through which the waters of the upper lakes, Superior, Huron,- Michigan, and St. Clair, are discharged into Lake Erie. The length of the river, from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, is about 28 miles. At its putlet from Lake St. Clair, it is over a mile wide. Opposite to Detroit, about 8 miles below, it is three fourths of a mile wide. Its course to Detroit is a little S. of W. ; but here it makes «. curve, and pursues a more southerly direction. About 5 miles below Detroit, the river is divided into two channels, by Grand Turkey Island, and soon widens to 3 or 4 miles, and continues of this width for 16 or 17 miles, until it opens into the N. W. angle of Lake Erie. There are many islands, in the river, rendering the naviga tion somewhat intricate ; nevertheless, vessels of considerable burden can be carried through into Lake St. Clair. The principal channel is on the eastern side, between Boisblanc Island and the Canada shore. The banks of the river, in all its narrower parts especially, being settled and cultivated on both sides, present a beautiful view, in summer, to those who traverse its waters. The principal towns on its banks are Detroit and Brownstown on the American shore, and on the Canada shore Sandwich and Amherstburg. It receives from Michigan the River Rouge, about a mile above Grand Turkey Island, and the Huron, at the point of connection with Lake Erie. From Canada, the only stream worthy of notice is the Canard, which enters the Detroit about 34 miles above Amherstburg. > Devil's Hole, N. Y, is a gulf in Niagara River, about 1 4 miles below the falls. Dial Mountain, Nipple Top, or Noon Mark, N. Y., a peak of the Adirondack range, is situated in the town of Keene, L^ssex co. It is elevated 4900 feet above the Hudson. Diamond Island, N. Y. See Lake, George. Diamond River, N. H., rises principally in Dia mond Pond, in Stewartstown ; thence it passes through Dixville, and after receiving several tributaries, falls into Dead River, near its junc tion with the Margallaway. Dick's River, Ky. This stream waters the W. part of Rock Castle co., flows N. W. through Lincoln co., separates Garrard from Boyle and Mercer counties, and empties into the Kentucky River. Dickson Creek, Ts. A small stream emptying into the S. W. part of Galveston Bay. Dike Creek, N. Y., rises in Steuben co., flows W., and enters Genesee River in Alleghany co. The N. Y. and Erie Railroad extends through the valley of this stream for a considerable dis tance. Disappointment, Cape, On. Situated at the mouth of Columbia River. Dismal Swamp. An extensive tract of marshy, wooded land, lying partly in Virginia, and partly in North Carolina. It commences a little S. of Norfolk, Va., and extends S. 30 miles, with an ave rage breadth of 10 miles, covering 150,000 acres. Some of the trees upon this tract grow to an enormous size, and the brushwood among them is so thick, as in some parts to be almost imper vious.' In the midst of this swamp is the lake, called Drummond Lake, 15 miles in circumfer ence, which supplies the main trunk of the Dis mal Swamp Canal, by a navigable feeder, 5 miles in length. This canal is 23 miles long, uniting the waters of Chesapeake Bay with those of Pas quotank River, flowing into Albemarle Sound. In the Dismal Swamp the following rivers take their rise : the Nansemond and Elizabeth Rivers, flowing N. into the estuary of James River ; Pas quotank and Perquiman's Rivers, flowing into Albemarle Sound ; and some small creeks, run ning S. E. into Currituck Sound. Dividing Creek, Va., separates Lancaster and Northumberland counties, and falls into the Chesapeake. Doctor's Bay, Duval co., Fa. An enlargement of St. John's River just above Black Creek. Dog River, Vt. It is formed in Northfield by the union of several streams, and taking a northerly course through Berlin, falls into Winooski River, nearly, a mile below the village of Montpelier. Its length is about 16 miles, and it waters about 80 square miles. Dorcheat Bayou. This stream rises in Hemp stead co., As., and flows S. into La., where it enters Lake Bistineau. Dolores River, Ca. A small stream flowing N. W. into the River St. Michael. Drake's Creek. The head branches of this stream rise in Sumner co., Te. It flows in a 190 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, northerly direction, and empties into the Big Barren, in Warren co., Ky. Drifting Island Lake, Ma. This lake is the source of ojie of the head branches of Waton wan River. Drowned Lands, N. Y. A name given to a large marsh, through which the Wallkill flows.' It is .mostly situated in the town .of Warwick, Orange co., and contains about 50,000 acres of land. The stream flows sluggishly through this swamp, which is used for the pasturage of cattle, on the subsiding of the spring freshets which submerge it, but is a desolate waste during the rest of the year. Although there are some fertile islands or elevated spots, all efforts to wholly drain it have been unsuccessful. , Du Chesne Fork, Ca. A head branch of Unita River. Duck Creek, De.' A small stream separating New Castle and Kent counties, and emptying into Delaware Bay. Duck Creek, Scott co., Io., drains the S. part of the county, flowing W. into Mississippi River. Duck Islands, Me., lie S. of Mount Desert Island. Duck Lake, N. Y.' This small sheet of water lies in the town of Conquest, Cayuga co. Duck River, Brown co., Wn., rises in the S. part of the county, and flowing N. E., falls into Green Bay, N. W. from the mouth of Fox River. Dudley Island, Me., lies in Passamaquoddy Bay, and belongs to Eastport. Du Fil River, Mn., rises in the N. interior of Tuscola co., flows N, through Huron Co., into Saginaw Bay. Dug Hill, Blandford, Ms. Height 1622 feet. Dugdemona River, La. This large stream rises in Bienville and Jackson parishes, flqws S. E., receiving numerous tributaries, and empties into Calatroola Lake. Duncan's Creek, S. C, rises in the interior of Laurens district, flows E. by S., and empties into Ennoree River. Duncan's Rocks, On. Situated at the mouth of the Straits of Juan de Fuea, off Cape Flattery. Dunderberg Mountains, or Hills, Haverstraw, Rockland co., N. Y.', constitute the S. part of the Highlands. Dunmore Lake, Vt., sometimes called Trout Pond, is about 4 miles long, and three fourths of a mile wide. It lies in Leicester and Salisbury, and communicates through Leicester River with Otter Creek. Trout weighing 25 pounds have been taken out of this lake. Dunn's Lake, St. John's co., Fa. A long, nar row sheet of water, N. E. from Lake George, and connected on the N. W. with St. John's River. Duston's Island, N. H. This small island in the Merrimack, at the mouth of Contoocook River, between Concord and Boscawen, is celebrated for the heroic defence of a lady, whose name it bears, against a party of Indians, on" the night of the 1 5th of March, 1 698. See Hayward's Gazetteer of New Hampshire. Dutchers Creek, As. A small stream which enters Petit Jean Creek near Danville. Dyer's Bay, Me. See Steuben. Eagle Creek, Ky. This stream drains, the N. interior of Scott co., flows N. N. W. to Gallatin co., where it turns to the S. W., separating Owen from Gallatin and Carroll counties, and empties into the Kentucky River. Eagle Creek, Wn. A small branch of the Mississippi, draining the N. W. part of Craw ford co. Eagle Harbor, Houghtonco., Mn. Situated on the N. W. coast of Keewaiwona Point, W. from Great Marais Harbor. Eagle Lakes, Aroostook co., Me., lie between the Aroostook and St. John's Rivers, and are connected with several smaller lakes. The gen eral outlet is Chipquedopshook River, which flows about 14 miles into St. John's River. Eagle Lake, Kosciusco co., la. Situated S. E. from the town qf Warsaw. Eagle River, Houghton co., Mn., drains the N. W. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falls into Lake Superior. Eagle River, Ca. It rises on the E. border of the state, flows W., and empties into Grand River. East Bay. N. Y., is the E. part of the Great Bay. S. of Long Island. East Bay, I/\. The body of water lying be tween the S. and S. W. passes of the Mississippi River. East Canada Creek, N. Y., rises in Hamilton co., flows S., dividing Fulton and Montgomery coun ties on the E. from Herkimer co. on the W., and falls into the Mohawk. It is a rapid stream, af fording good water power. Eastern Bay, Md. An arm of Chesapeake Bay, extending between Queen Ann and Talbot counties. East Koy Creek, N. Y., a fine mill stream, rises in Genesee co., flows S., and unites with the W. Koy in Alleghany co. ; it then flows in an E. di rection until its entrance into the Genesee. East River, N. Y., is an arm of Long Island Sound, dividing Long Island on the E. from the Island of New York and a part of Westchester co. on the W. It communicates with the Atlan tic Ocean through the " Narrows," with the har bor of N. Y., and with Hudson River. It is about 1 5 miles long, contains several important islands, and is navigable for large vessels. The celebrated pass called '¦ Hell Gate " is opposite Great Barn Island, 7 miles N. E. of N. Y. city. East Savannah River, Ma., flows N. E. into Em- barras River. East Swan River, Ma. It rises near Swan River, in a series of small lakes, flows S. S. E., and empties into St. Louis River. Eaton's Neck, N. Y., a bold promontory, or. which there is a light-house, lies in the town of Huntington, on the N. side of Long Island. Ebeeme Mount, Piscataquis co., Me., lies S. E. of Mt. Baker. Ebeeme River, Piscataquis co., Me., consists of two branches, which rise 'near Mount Ebeeme, and unite in Brownville to form Pleasant River. Ebenezer Creek, Ga., rises in the S. E. part of Scriven Co., flows S. E., and falls into the Savan nah River in Effingham co. Echeconno River, Ga. This stream rises in the W. part of Pike co., flows S. E., separating Bibb from Crawford and Houston counties, and falls into the Ockmulgee River. Eckford Chain of Lakes, N. Y., comprises three beautiful lakes, of which Eckford and Genet are the principal, iying E. of Racket Lake, Hamil ton co. Edisto River and Island, S. C. This river, the two main branches of which, called the North and South Edisto, rise in Edgefield co., pursues a S. E. course into Colleton co., where it turns to the S., and enters the Atlantic by two mouths, IN THE UNITED STATES. 191 which form Edisto Island. It is navigable 100 miles for large boats. The island is 12 miles long and from 1 to 5 broad* Edward, Foit, Fort Edward village, Washing ton co., N. Y. , Edwards River, Is. This stream drains the S. interior of Henry co., flows a little S. of W. across Mercer co., and empties into the Mississippi. Eel River, la., rises in Hendricks co., and, after a winding course, falls into the W. fork of White River, at Point Commerce, Greene co. Egg Harbor, Great, River and Bay, N. J. The river rises in Gloucester co., and flows 45 miles into the bay. It is navigable for sloops over 25 miles above May's landing, below which it flows through a marsh. The harbor is 5 miles long, and from one half to 4 miles broad. Egg Harbor, Little, River and Bay, N. J. This river rises in Burlington and Gloucester counties, and flows S. E. into the bay. It is navigable 25 miles, and is approached through New Inlet, which is from 15 to 18 feet deep. Egmont Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa. Situated at the mouth of Tampico Bay, S. from Mullet Island. Eighteen Mile Creek, N. Y, rises in Niagara Co., andfiows N. into Lake Ontario.. Eighteen Mile Creek, Putnam co., Va. An E. branch of the Great Kanawha. Eighteen Mile Creek, S. C. A branch of Seneca River, which it enters in Anderson district. Elbow Lake, Ma. This lake, which receives its name from its shape, is the principal source of tho head branch of North Red River. Eleven Mile Branch, Barnwell district, S. C. A small tributary of the Savannah River. Eleven Point River, Mo. and As. This river has its source in Oregon co., Mo., flows S. E. into As., and, uniiing with Spring River, empties into the Big Black. Elizabeth Bay, Mn. A large curvature of Lake Michigan, extending into Miuhilimackinac co. Elizabeth, Cape, Me., lies in the town of Cape Elizabeth, and forms the W. boundary of Casco Bay. Near the extremity of the- cape is a light house, 50 feet in height, in N. lat. 43° 33', W. Ion. 70° 11'. • Elizabeth Islands, Ms. See Chilmark. Elizabeth River, Va. This river rises in Princess Ann and Norfolk counties, and, flowing N. W. 25 miles into a large estuary at the mouth of James River, forms the1 fine harbor of Norfolk. It forms, in conjunction with the Dismal Swamp Canal and Pasquatank River, a communication from Chesapeake Bay to Albemarle Sound. Elk Creek, Sanilac co., Mn., flows into Lake Huron. Elk River, Md., rises in Pa., and flows" into a broad estuary on the N. part of Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable to Elkton, 15 miles. Elk River, Aa., rises in Te., and, flowing S. W. into Aa., enters the Tennessee a little above Muscle Shoals. Elkhart River, la., rises in Noble and Lagrange counties, and flows N. W. into St. Joseph's River, in Elkhart co. Elk Head River, Ca., rises in the Rocky Mts., and flows S. W. into Yampah, or Bear River. Elkhorn River, Ky., enters the Kentucky on the E. side, in Frar.klin co., after a course of 30 miles. Elkhorn River, Is., rises in Washington co., and Cows N. W. into the Kaskaskia. • Ell e jay River, Ga. A branch of the Coosa. Ellwott's Creek, N. Y., rises in Genesee CO., flows W., and enters Niagara River near the mouth of Tonawanda Creek, in Erie co. This stream affords a number of good mill sites. EUigo Pond, Orleans co., Vt. This pond lies in the towns of Greensborough and Craftsbury, and is sometimes called EUigo Scotland, a cor ruption of the Indian name of Elligo Scootlan. It is about 2 miles long and half a mile wide, and has two outlets, one to the N. and the other. to the S. The N. outlet constitutes one of the head branches of Black River; the S., after passing through Little Elligo Pond, communicates with the River Lamoille in Hardwick. The scenery on the borders of this pond is very fine, and near its centre are two smajl islands. The waters abound with trout of excellent quality. This was for merly a favorite hunting-ground of the St. Francis Indians, to whom the N. part of the state once belonged. Ellis Island, N. Y., sometimes called Gibbet Island, from the executions which take place here, lies at the mouth of Hudson River, opposite the city of New York. It belongs to the U. S. gov ernment, and Fort Gibson is situated on it. Ellis River, Me., rises in the N. part of Oxford co., flows S. through the town of Rumfbrd into the Androscoggin. Ellis River, N. H, rises on the E. side of the White Mountains, near the sources of Peabody River. Its two main branches unite in the town of Jackson, and fall into the Saco River at Bart- lett. Elm Creek, Is. It rises in the S. part of Clay co., flows S. E., and empties into the Little Wa bash River. Elm River, Houghton co., Mn. A small stream rising in Juliet Lake, and flowing N. W. into Lake Superior. Elm River, Ma. A W. branch of North Red River. Embarras River, Ma. A small stream flowing S. E. into St. Louis River. Emenija River, Ma. This river flows S. W. into the Sioux, which it enters at the N. W. cor ner of Iowa. Emery River, Te., is a branch of Clinch River. English Lake, Stark co., la. A sheet of water lying near the centre of the county, and through which the Kankakee River flows. English River, N. Y., rises in Clinton co., flows N. 30 miles, and enters Chateaugay River in Canada. Englishman's Bay, Washington co., Me., is sit uated a few miles W. of Machias Bay. Chan dler's River, a considerable stream, flows into it, and it contains many islands and fine harbors. Head Harbor Island is its W. boundary. Eninandigo River, La Pointe co., Wn., rises in the N. W. part of the county, and flows S. into. the St. Croix River. Ennoree River, S. C. A branch of Broad River. Eno River, Orange co., N. C. This stream rises in the interior of Orange co., flows E., and empties into the Neuse, of which it is a head branch. Enty Catecome River, On. It flows S. E., and empties into Clark's Fork of Columbia River, a little below Barrier River. Erie, Lake, one of the chain of great lakes lying between the United States and the British pos sessions in North America. Its waters wash the shores of four of the states, N. Y., Pa., O., and Mn., and of a large section of Canada. The greatest length of the lake, from the mouth 192 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, of the Maumee on the W. to the outlet of Niag ara River on the E., is within a fraction of 270 miles. The width varies from 15 to 50 miles, the widest part being opposite to Ashtabula co., O. The depth is much less than that of either of the other great lakes, not exceeding 120 feet, or 20 fathoms, on an average, and becoming gen erally very shallow towards the shores. Its surface, as ascertained by the engineers of the Erie Canal, is 555 feet above the Hudson River at Albany, and 334 feet above Lake Ontario. It receives, at its extreme N. W. angle,, through the Detroit River or Strait, the influx of the waters from the great upper lakes; and discharges them at the N. E. extremity, through the Niagara River, into ' Lake Ontario. This lake is the only one of the series in which a current is supposed to be percep tible. From the W., the rivers which come in are the Maumee, the Raisin and the Huron ; from the-N, the Ouse, or Grand River; and from the S., Portage, Sandusky, Huron, Cuyahoga, Grand Conneaut, Cattaraugus, and Buffalo. The waters of Lake Erie are united with the Hudson River by the Erie Canal, with the Ohio River by the Ohio Canal, and with the Wabash, at Terre Haute, la., by the Wabash and Erie Canal. The Wel- land Canal opens from Lake Erie a navigable channel into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Lines of railroad communication, also, connect it with Boston, with New York, with Cincinnati, and, by the way of Detroit, with a point on Lake Michigan, near to Chicago. This central position of Lake Erie gives it a greater importance, as a medium of transportation and travel, than can ever belong to either of the other great lakes, notwithstanding much greater impediments to its navigation, from the shallowness of its harbors, and the great number of rocks projecting from its northern shore. The navigation of the lake becomes dangerous as the stormy season ap proaches,, and during a part of 'the winter is wholly prevented by ice. In the season of com merce upon its waters, between 300 and 400 ves sels are employed, besides a great number of steamboats. The principal ports are those of Buffalo and Dunkirk, N. Y, Erie, Pa., Cleveland, Sandusky, and Toledo, O. Error Mount, Me., is situated in the N.E. part of Somerset co. Escambia River, Fa. and Aa., receives the Co necuh, a larger river than itself, and flows into Pensacola Bay. Escatawpa Creek, Aa. and Mi. This stream rises in Washington co., Aa., flows in a S. S. W. direction, and enters the Pascagoula River near its mouth, in Jackson co., Mi. Esconawba River, Mn. This large river drains the N. E. interior of Marquette co., flows S. E., and empties into the Little Bay de Noquet. Esopus Creek, N. Y., a fine mill stream, rises in Ulster co., flows S.E. to the town of Marbletown, whence it flows N. E. until its entrance into the. Hudson, at the village of Ulster. Espiritu Santo Bay, Ts. This bay, which is enclosed by narrow islands, extends from Nueces River on the S. W. to Matagorda Bay on tho N. E. Espiritu Santo Pass, Ts. A narrow passage between two islands, and leading into Espiritu Santo Bay. , Establishment Creek, St. Genevieve co., Mo., flows N. E. into the Mississippi River. Etowah River, Ga., one of the two branches which unite in Floyd co. to form the Coosa. Eustis, Lake, Marion co., Fa. A small body of water lying in the E. part of the county, S. from Lake Griffin,. • Eutaw Springs, S. C, a small S. branch of San- toe River, is famous for the battle fought on its borders, Sept. 8, 1781, between Greene, American general, with a loss of 555, and Stewart, British general, with a loss of 1000. Fabius River, Mo., rises in Io. and Mo., and after a course of about 100 miles, enters the Mis sissippi in Marion CO., Mo. Fairlee Lake, Vt. See Fairlee. Falcon Islands. Two or three small islands lying in Long Island Sound, off the coast of Ct. Fall Creek, N. Y., rises in Cayuga co., and enters Cayuga Lake, near the' village of Ithaca, in Tompkins co. This stream has several beau tiful falls, which afford excellent water power. Tliose near Ithaca are particularly interesting. An artificial tunnel, through which there is a passage for visitors, has been constructed here, affording the most charming views imaginable. Fall Creek, la., rises in the N. W. part of Henry co., flows S. W., and empties into the W. fork of White River at Indianapolis, Marion co. Fall Creek, On., flows N. N. W. into Lewis Fork, of Columbia River. Fall River, On. This river rises, by two widely- spread forks, in the Blue and Cascade Mts., flows in a northerly direction, and empties into Colum bia River. Fall River Hill, Fall River, Ms. Height 259 ft Falling Spring Rivulet, Va. This tributary of Jackson's River rises 20 miles S. W. from Warm Spring. It has a perpendicular fall of 200 feet, and a person may walk between the water and the rock without being wet. Falls of Niagara. See Fashionable Resorts, &c. Farm River, Ct. It rises in a pond on the border of Middlesex and New Haven counties, flows S. W., and empties into Long Island Sound. Farmington River, Ms. and Ct. This river rises in Hampden and Berkshire counties, Ms., flows S. E. and N. E., across Litchfield and Hartford coun ties, Ct., and empties into the Connecticut River. Fausse Riviere, Lake, Mo., was the bed of the Mississippi until about 1714, when the river took a shorter course, and, filling up the old channel near its junction with the new, left the remainder a large lake. It is bordered with fine farms of a very fertile soil. Fay's Mountain, Westborough, Ms. Height 707 feet. Federal Point, N. C. The S. extremity of New Hanover co., jutting into Cape Fear River. Fenahollowa River, Madison co., Fa. This is a small stream flowing in a south-westerly direc tion into the Gulf of Mexico. Fetrand River, Vt. This river rises in Avery's and Warner's Gores, waters the towns of Morgan and Wehlock, and unites with Clyde River in Brighton. Fifteen Mile Falls, Vt. See Lunenburg. Finley's Lake, N. Y., lies in the town of Mina, Chatauque co. Fire Islands, N. Y. These small islands lie opposite the town of Islip. in the Great S.Bay of Long Island. Fireplace Bay, Brookhaven, Suffolk co., N. Y., is a curvature of tho Great S. Bay of Long Island. Fire Steel River, Mn., rises in the W. part of Houghton co., and flows N. W. into Lake Superior. IN THE UNITED STATES. 193 First Lake, Dane co., Wn. It lies S. E. from Second Lake, and supplies the head waters of the W. branch of Rock River. Fish Creek, N. Y., an important mill stream, rises in Lewis co., and enters Wood Creek, in Oneida co. It is boatable a few miles above its mouth. Fish Creek, Saratoga co., N. Y., the outlet of Saratoga Lake, enters the Hudson at the village of Schuylerville. Fish Creek, Ma. This stream waters the S. W. part of the territory flowing S. into the Missouri River. Fish Lake, Fulton co., N. Y. This lake, which is surrounded by high hills, is 2 miles long, and 1 mile wide. Its waters are clear and deep, abound ing in salmon and brook trout of a superior quality. Fish Lake, Oswego co., N. Y. This beautiful little sheet of water lies in the town of Granby, W. of Oswego River. It is 2 miles long, and 1 mile wide. Fish River, Me., a tributary of the St. John's, flows in the N. part of Penobscot co. Fish River, Baldwin co., Aa., pursues a S. course, and falls into Bon Secour Bay. Fish River, Schoolcraft co., Mn. A small stream flowing into Lake Superior. Fish River, La Pointe co., Wn., flows N. E. into the S. extremity of Chegowawcgon Bay. Fisher's Island, Ct. Situated in Long Island Sound, off the mouth of Mystic River. The beautiful steamer Atlantic, with many valuable lives, was lost at this island, in November, 1846. Fisher's Island, Suffolk co., N. Y., lies near the E. end of Long Island Sound, off the Ct. shore. It is distant 14 miles from the nearest point of Long Island, and 137 miles from the city of N. Y. It is 8 miles long, 1 wide, owned by one proprie tor, and sustains a very fine dairy. Fisherman's Island, Me., lies off the town of Boothbay, Lincoln co. Fisherman's Island, Northampton co., Va., lies off Cape Charles, at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Fishing Creek, Va. It rises in the S. part of Wetzel co., flows N. W., and empties into the Ohio River at the town of New Martinsville. Fishing Creek, S. C, rises in York district, flows S. E., and falls into the Wateree in Chester co. Fishkill or Matteawan Creek, N. Y., an impor tant mill stream, rises in Dutchess co., flows S. W., through the town of Fishkill, and enters the Hud son opposite the village of Newburg. The impor tant manufacturing villages of Glenheim and Mat teawan are located on this stream. Fishkill or Matteawan Mountains, N. Y., in the S. part of Dutchess CO., are a continuation of the Highlands, through which the Hudson River passes. They extend N., under different names, to the Green Mts. of Vt. Five Mile Run Creek, Cattaraugus co., N. Y.,' rises in Hinsdale, and flows S. into the Allegha ny River. Flambeau Lake, Portage co., Wn. Situated in the N. part of the county, and connected by an outlet with one of the head branches of Chippewa River. Flat Head Lake, On. A large body of water in the N. E. part of the territory, and supplying one of the head branches of Clark's Fork of Co lumbia River. Flat River, N. C, rises in the W. part of Person 25 co., flows S. E., and enters Neuse River just be low the junction of the Eno and Little. Flat Rock Creek, la. This stream waters the W. part of Henry co., flows S. W., and empties into the E. fork of White River, at the tow,n of ' Columbus, in Bartholomew co. Flat Shool Creek, Ga., rises in Merriwether co., ' flows S. W., and falls into the Chattahoochee River. Flattery, Cape, On. This cape is the N. W. ex tremity of the territory, being situated at the mouth of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Flattery Rocks, On. Situated in the Pacific, S. from Cape Flattery. Flint Creek, N. Y, rises in Yates co., flows S., and enters Canandaigua Outlet in Ontario co. Flint River, Ga. The two head branches rise in Campbell and De Kalb counties. Its length is 300 miles, its depth 6 feet, and its width, where it enters the Chattahoochee, 150 yards. It is nav igable for steamboats to Bainbridge, 50 miles above its confluence. Flint River, Mn., one of the largest branches of the Saginaw, rises in Lapeer and Sanilac coun ties, and enters the Saginaw 30 miles from its mouth, in Saginaw co. It is 100 miles in length, and, together with its branches, affords extensive water power. It is boatable 20 miles from its mouth. Flint Steel River, Mn. A small stream empty ing into Lake Superior, W.from Fire Steel River. Flintstone Fork, Ca. One of the head branches of Eagle River. Florida, Cape. A promontory situated on an island called Key Biscayune, off the S. E. coast / of Fa. ¦ A light-house, which was burnt by the Seminoles, was erected here to mark the entrance of Hawk's Channel. It was situated in 28° 15' N. lat. and 3° 22' W. Ion. from Washington. Florida Keys, Fa. This is a long chain of islands extending in a south-westerly direction from Dade co. It embraces many groups, Key Largos being at the N. E. and the Tortugas at the S. W. extremity. Floyd's River, Io., drains tho N. W. part of the state, and falls into the Missouri River, near the entrance of the Sioux. Flushing Bay, N. Y., lies S. of East River, with which it communicates. It is 3 miles long, 1 mile wide, and navigable for steamboats to the village of Flushing. Folly Island, Colleton district, S. C. A long, narrow island, lying S. E. from James Island. Fontaine Creek, Greenville co., Va. A W. branch of the Meherrin River. Ford River, Mn. It rises in the S. interior of Marquette co., flows S. E., and empties into Green Bay, just at the mouth of Little Bay de Noquet. Forest Creek, S. C. This is the E. fork of Tyger River, which it enters in Union district. Forked Deer River, Te., rises in Carroll and Henderson counties, and, after a course of about 100 miles, enters the Mississippi in Tipton co. Fort Point, Mn. The N. extremity of She boygan co., extending into the Straits of Mack inaw. Foulweather Cape, On. Situated at the mouth of a small river, S. from Cape Lookout. Fountain Creek, Monroe co., Is. A small stream flowing in a semicircular form, and emptying into the Mississippi River. Fourche Caddo, As. A considerable stream of this name crosses Montgomery and Clark coun- 194 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, ties, and enters the Wachita a little above Archi- delphia. Fourche Dumas, Mo. and As. This stream rises in Ripley co., Mo., flows S., and enters the Big Black in Randolph co., Mi. Fourth Lake, Dane CO., Wn. Situated near the centre of the county, forming the N. boundary of the city of Madison. Fox Creek, N. Y., rises in Albany co., flows W., and enters Schoharie Creek in Schoharie co. Fox Creek, Smyth co., Va. A head branch of the S. fork of Holston River. Fox Islands, Me. See Vinallmven. Fox Island, Jefferson Co., N. Y, lies in the E. part of Lake Ontario, and is attached to tho town of Lyme. Fox Lake, Dodge co., Wn. Situated in the N. W. part of the county, at the head of Ahmie River. Fox River, Is., rises in Wn., passes through a number of small lakes near the boundary of the state, and enters the Illinois, of which it is a prin cipal branch, at Ottawa. Fox River, Wn., is composed of two main streams coming from the S. and from the N., and forming a connection a few miles W. of Winne bago Lake. The southern stream of those two, known as Fox River proper, is composed of two branches, which take their rise in the level table land lying E. of the Wisconsin River, and unite at Fort Winnebago, leaving a portage of only about two miles from the navigable channel of the Wisconsin. The general course of the river from this point is N. E. It passes through, or rather itself dilates into, several small lakes in the upper part of its course, after which it more distinctly preserves its character as a river for about 60 miles, to its junction with its great northern confluent, as before mentioned. This confluent, formerly known as Wolf River, but now as Fox River, northern branch, has its sources a hundred miles or more to the N., among those of the rivers flowing into Lake Superior, and into the N. W. side of Green Bay. After the confluence of these two great branches, the Fox River takes a S. E. direction, and falls into the W. side of Lake Winnebago. It emerges again at the N. W. angle of this lake, and pursues a N. E. course for about 45 miles to the head of Green Bay. The Fox River is navigable, tlirough Fox River proper, and the lakes into which it spreads itself out, for a distance of 200 miles, and forms, with Green Bay, or is destined to form, an important link of the navigable route from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River, through the River Wisconsin. ( Fox River, Io. and Mo. This stream rises in the F. part of Appanoose co., Io., flows S. E. into Mo., and empties into the Mississippi River a little below the Des Moines. Fox Springs, Ky., which consist of white sul phur and chalybeate, are situated 10 miles E. from Flcmingsburg, between two mountains. It is a pleasant resort, the surrounding country abound ing in game. French Creek, N Y., rises in tho town of Sher man, Chatauque co., flows 100 miles in a S. di rection, and enters tho Alleghany River in the state of Pa. It is boatable more than 50 miles. It was on this creek that the French built one of their forts designed to keep up a communication between Lake Erie and the Ohio at Pittsburg, and thence its name. French Broad River, a head branch of the Ten nessee, rises on the N. side of Blue Ridge, Bun combe co., N. C, and entering Tennessee through a gap in the mountains, unites with Holston Riv er, 5 miles above Knoxville. It is navigable to Dandridge for boats of 15 tons. The Nolaehucky River on the N., and Great and Little Pigeon Rivers on the S., are its principal branches. French's Hill, Peru, Ms. Height 2237 feet. French River rises in Leicester, Ms., flows thrqugh Auburn, Oxford, and Dudley; it then enters Ct, and unites with the Qiiinebaug at Thompson. Some French Protestants settled on this river in 1685. Frenchman's Bay, Hancock co., Me. This im portant bay extends from the Atlantic about 20 miles inland, and contains many fine harbors and beautiful islands. It is bounded W. by Baker's Island, one of the Cranberry group, and on the E. by a peninsula in the town of Goldsborough. The width of this bay, from Baker's Island to Goldsborough point, is 10 miles. It is surround ed by the towns of Eden, Trenton, Hancock, Franklin, Sullivan, and Goldsborough, and re ceives many valuable streams. It is one of the best retreats in a storm on the American coast, being easy of access, and never obstructed by ice. Freshwater Island, S. C, lies in the Atlantic, in Ion. 79° 15' W., lat. 33° 5' N. Friend's Lake lies in Chester, Warren co., N. Y. Frog Bayou, As., falls into the Arkansas River in Crawford co. Fulton Chain of Lakes, N. Y. This chain of eight small lakes lies in Herkimer and Hamilton counties ; they are connected by navigable outlets, forming the head branches of Moose, a tributary of Black River. Fundy, Bay of. This bay washes a part of the E. shore of Me., and is an important channel of commerce between the U. S. and the British prov inces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. This large and important bay sets up N. E. round Cape Sable, the most southern point of Nova Scotia, in N. lat. 43° 24', W. Ion. 65° 39', and crosses to the shore of Me. a little W. of Frenchman's Bay. From the mouth of Frenchman's Bay to Cape Sable is about 150 miles; from Eastport to St. John's, N. B., is 60 miles ; from St. John's to An napolis, in a bay of that name, on the' Nova Sco tia side, is 40 miles ; from thence to Halifax, by land, is 80 miles. From Eastport direct to An napolis, across the bay, is about 70 miles. The . Bay of Fundy is divided near its head by Cape Chignecto. The N. W. part is called Chignecto Bay ; the S. E. part the Basin of Mines. From Eastport to Cumberland, at the head of Chignecto Bay, is about 170 miles; to Windsor, at the head of the Basin of Mines, is about 150. From Windsor to Halifax is 45 miles. The commerce on this bay with our friends and neighbors, the English, is very considerable. While they re ceive bread stuffs and other productions of our soil, we are indebted to them for vast quantities of grindstones and gypsum. The gypsum is principally from tho Basin of Mines : it lies em bedded in elevated masses along the shores of the bay ; it is easily quarried and taken on board of vessels by the sides of the cliffs. The grindstones from Cumberland, or Chignecto bay, are every where celebrated. The source is inexhaustible, and the manufacture immense. The tides in the Bay of Fundy are supposed to rise to a greater height than in any other part of the world. IN THE UNITED STATES. 195 Their elevation increases as yon ascend the bay. At Eastport they rise 25 feet ; at St. John's, 30 ; at Cape Split, 55 ; at Windsor, 60 ; and at Cum berland, at the head of Chignecto Bay, they rise to the enormous height of 71 feet. Thesetides announce themselves, some time before their ap proach, by a sound resembling that of a rushing wind in a forest; they dash against the shore with a reddish hue, the color of the clay bottom over which they pass, with frightful violence, at first to the height of from 8 to 10 feet, overwhelm ing all within their reach. There are but few islands within this bay. Grand Menan. and a cluster of small islands round it, off West Quoddy Head, and Campo Bello, near Eastport, are the principal. They belong to the British. The ra pidity of the tides within this bay, the fogs which frequently prevail, and the absence of good har bors above St. John's, render the navigation difficult and often dangerous. The harbor of St. John's is easy of access, safe, and of sufficient expanse for a large fleet of any draught of water. Gale's Creek, N. C, falls into the Atlantic in Ion. 77° 12' W. and lat. 34° 44' N. Galien River, Berrien co., Mn. A small stream watering the S. part of the county, and emptying into Lake Michigan. Gallatin's River, Mo., is one!,of the S. W. sources of the Missouri River. Flowing N. it unites with Madison and Jefferson Rivers to form the Mis souri. Gallivan's Bay, Monroe co., Fa. The Gulf of Mexico stretches inland at this place, and receives the waters of Long Creek. Gallop Island, Jefferson co., N. Y., lies in the E. part of Lake Ontario, and is attached to the town of Henderson. Galveston Bar, Ts. The passage leading into Galveston Bay, between Galveston Island and Point Bolivar. Galveston Island, Ts. Situated in the Gulf of Mexico, S. W. from Galveston Bay. Garden Island, Mn., lies in the N. part of Lake Michigan, N. N. E. from Great Beaver Island. Garden Island Bay lies E. from East Bay, be tween the S. E. and S. passes of the Mississippi. Gardiner's Bay, N. Y.. is a somewhat circular expanse of water, 8 miles in diameter, lying be tween Gardiner's Island and the E. extremity of Long Island. Gardiner's Island, N. Y., is distant 3 or 4 miles from the E. end of Long Island. It is 4 miles long and 2 miles wide, forming the E. boundary of Gardiner's Bay. The island was settled in 1639 by Lyon Gardiner, a Scotchman, formerly a lieutenant in the British army. His descendants still occupy the island, which is under a high state of cultivation ; it also sustains an extensive dairy and large flocks of fine sheep. Gardiner's Point is a long neck of land extending N. Garoga Creek, N. Y., 'rises in Bleecker, Fulton co., flows S., and falls into Mohawk River at the village of Palatine, Montgomery co. Garoga Lake, .N. Y.. lies in the town of Bleecker, Fulton co., and is surrounded by picturesque hills, thickly wooded with large forest-trees. It is 3 miles long and half a mile wide, abounding in salmon and brook trout. Gasconade River, Mo., rises in Pulaski co., and after a course of 140 miles, enters the S. side of the Missouri, 100 miles from its mouth, in Gas conade co. It affords extensive water power. Gasparilla Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa. This is a small island lying at the mouth of Charlotte Harbor. Gasparilla Sound, Fa. It extends 6 miles on the W. coast of Fa., from Clini Inlet to Char lotte Bay, and is about 2 miles wide. Clini Inlet has 4 feet of water, and Gasparilla Inlet 6 feet on the bar. Gauley River, Va., rises on the W. side of the Alleghany Mts., in Pocahontas co., and enters the Great Kanawha River on the N. side, just above the great falls. Gauthier Creek, Chippewa eo., Wn. A small branch of the Chippewa, which it enters near the mouth of Yellow River. Gayared Rivei-, Clayton co., Mn., enters the Mississippi a little above the Wisconsin. Gayashk Lake, Ma. A large sheet of water lying near the mouth of Crow Wing River, with which it is connected on the S. by an outlet. Geducy's Channel. See N. Y. Lower Bay. Geese Islands, N. H, lying in the Connecticut River, are five in number, and belong to the town of Haverhill. The largest contains about 49 acres, and the others contain, in all, about 15 acres. Geneganslette Creek, Chenango Co., N. Y., rises in the town of Pharsalia, and enters Chenango Riyer near the village of Greene. This stream affords many good mill sites, and abounds with fine trout. Genesee Falls, N. Y. See Genesee River. Genesee Port, N. Y. See Charlotte. Genesee River. N. Y., takes its rise in the western part of the state of Pennsylvania, and running at first N. W., enters the state of New York near the S. E. corner of Alleghany co. After pursuing this course diagonally nearly across the county, it bends to the'N. W., and con tinues in this direction, through Livingston and Monroe counties, to Lake Ontario. There are falls in this river, near its mouth, at Car thage, of 75 feet; at Rochester, 7 miles from its mouth, of 268 feet in all ; and in the town of Nunda, at the northern border of Alleghany co- two falls of 60 and of 90 feet. By the falls and rapids at Rochester, a vast water power is created on which are many extensive flouring mills and other hydraulic works, not surpassed by anv in the world. The river is navigable for vessels and steamboats from the lake to Carthage, about 2 miles N. of Rochester, to which point there is a railroad from the city. S. of Rochester, steam boats of light burden run to Avon, about 20 miles, and the river is navigable for boats to the head of the rapids, a distance of 53 miles. Some of the best land in all the state is found in the valley of this river, in an alluvial tract of about 40 miles in breadth. Genet Lake, N. Y., one of theiEckford chain of lakes, lies W. of Mount Emmons, in Hamilton co., and is surrounded by wild and romantic scenery. It contains several beautiful little islands. George, Fort, N. Y. ' See Caldwell. George, Lake, or Lake Horicon, N. Y., a beautiful body of water, lying principally in Washington and Warren counties, about 36 miles long, from N. to S., and from 2 to 3 miles wide. It dis charges its waters S., through an outlet about 3 miles long, into Lake Champlain. This outlet has a descent of about 160 feet. The lake is elevated; 243 feet above tide water in the Hudson. It is surrounded by hills, rising sometimes to moun- 196 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, tains, and presenting a most picturesque variety of bold and beautiful forms, and dotted with islands of every shape and size, said to equal in number the days of the year. The water is of such extraordinary clearness and transparency that the bottom, of yellow sand, may be seen at depths of 30 and 40 feet. The reflected images from the shining bosom of the lake, of the sur rounding hills and mountains, and of the hun dreds of islands all bearing upon their margins, or their summits, clusters of graceful trees and shrubbery, added to other features of a bolder and more striking character, render this one of the most delightful resorts for those who have an eye for beautiful scenery. The village of Caldwell is pleasantly situated at the S. W. end of the lake, and' contains between 7 and 800 inhabitants'. The Lake House, in this village, is a spacious and con venient hotel, situated within a few rods of the steamboat landing, and designed especially for the convenience of travellers and parties of pleasure, who find this a most grateful resort, at all times, during the summer season. From this point a steamboat runs daily, during the season of travelling, to the southern extremity of the lake, where the passengers find stages to convey them, about 4 miles, to Ticonderoga, on the western shore of Lake Champlain. There are several localities on the shores of this lake, which are interesting from their historical associations. The position of the lake, as forming a part of the most feasible route, in former times, between the navigable waters of the St. Lawrence and the North River, gave it much importance as a channel of communication to be commanded and defended by either power, which, in the changing fortunes of war, might come into possession of it. Fort William Henry, near the S. shore, the remains of which are still visible, was garrisoned by the English, in 1757, with a force of 3000 men. It was assaulted by the French army, of 10,000 men, under the Marquis de Montcalm, and compelled to capitulate. It was then razed to the ground by Montcalm, and never afterwards rebuilt. From this point Gen eral Abercrombie, with 15,000 men, embarked, in 1768, to attack Fort Ticonderoga. Sabbath-day Point is a projection from the western shore of the lake, about 24 miles from Caldwell, where a party of the English landed, during the French war, and were all killed by the Indians. Fort Ticonderoga, at the outlet of the lake, commanded the approach to it from the N., and was, for a long time, considered as almost impregnable, until it was taken from the French, by General Amherst, in 1759. It was again taken by surprise from the English, in 1775, by a small party of Americans from Vermont, commanded by Ethan Allen, but was retaken two years afterwards by General Burgoyne, who bore upon it with his cannon from the top of Mount Defiance, a position hitherto supposed to be inaccessible for any such effective battery. Since the close of the revolutionary war this fortress has been suffered to go to decay. Lake George abounds with the finest fish, such as the delicious salmon trout, weighing from 5 to 20 pounds, the silver trout, brook trout, pickerel, pike, and perch. In conse quence of the extraordinary purity of the waters of this lake, the French formerly procured it for sacramental uses, on which account it was by them called Lac Sacrement. Giant of the Valley, Essex co., N. Y., one of the high peaks of the Adirondack range. Gibbet Island, N. Y. See Ellis Island. Gibson, Fort, N. Y. See Ellis Island. Gilbolo River, Ts. An E. branch of the San Antonio. Goat or Iris Island, N. Y., lies in the Niagara River, at the Great Falls, dividing the waters into two unequal parts. See Niagara Falls. Gogebic Lake, Mn. This sheet of water lies in the W. part of the upper peninsula, and is the source of the W. branch of Ontonagon River. Goodwin Creek, S. O, a branch of the Great Pedee, which it enters about half a mile below Westfield Creek. Goose Creek, Chatauque CO., N. Y., rises in the town of Harmony, and flows N. E. into Cha tauque Lake. Goose Creek, Va., rises in the Blue Ridge, 5 miles S. W. of the Peaks of Otter, and after a course of 30 miles, enters Staunton River, in Campbell co. Goose Creek, On., flows N. N. W., and empties into Lewis Pork, of Columbia River, a little above Malade River. Gooseberry River, Ma. It flows S. E., and empties into Lake Superior. Goose Neck Island, St. Lawrence CO., N. Y., lies in St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town of Louisville. Goose River, Ma. A W. branch of North Red River. Goose Sound, Carteret co., N. C. Situated be tween Old Topsail and Bogue Inlets, separating a long, narrow island from the main. " Gopher Creek, Io. A small stream entering the Missouri, just below the mouth of Boyers River. Governor's Island lies in N. Y. harbor, at the junction of East and Hudson Rivers, and belongs to the U. S. government. It is finely situated for the defence of the city of N. Y., should an enemy pass the fortifications at the Narrows. On it are erected Fort Columbus, Castle Williams, and the South Battery, commanding altogether more than 200 pieces of armament. Fort Colum bus, in the centre of the island, is the most im portant. These fortifications, when fully garri soned, require 800 men. Graham Lake, Ma. It lies N. W. from Oka- bina Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. Grand Bayou, La. This stream rises in Bien ville parish, flows S. E., and uniting with Black Lake Creek, enters Black Lake. Grand Calliou, Bayou, Terre Bonne parish, La., flows in a S. W. direction, and enters the Gulf of Mexico, S. from Lake Calliou. Grand Island, Erie co., N. Y., lies in the Niag ara River, and is comprised in the town of Tona- wanda. It commences 6 miles below Buffalo, and extends to within 3 miles of the falls, being 9 miles in length, and in one place 6 miles in width The soil is very fertile, and well wooded with white and black oak, beech, maple, ash, &c. The navigation along its shores is good, and the sce nery exceedingly beautiful. Grand Island, Schoolcraft CO., Mn. A pretty large island, lying in Lake Superior. Grand Island, La. A large island lying in the Gulf of Mexico, between Vermilion and Cote Blanche Bays. Grand Lake. This large body of water lies partly in Washington co., Me., and partly in New Brunswick, and is 90 miles N. E. from Bangor. IN THE UNITED STATES. 197 It contains many islands, receives the waters of numerous small lakes and rivers, and is the prin cipal source of the River St. Croix. There are several other lakes in this state of considerable magnitude and beauty bearing the same name. Grand River, Me., rises in New Brunswick, and flows S. S. W. into St. John's River. Grand River, 0. It rises in Portage and Trumbull counties, flows N. through the W. part of Ashtabula co., then it turns to the W., and crossing Lake CO., falls into Lake Erie. Grand River, As., flows S. E. into the Arkan sas. Navigable about 200 miles. Grand River, Mo., rises in Iowa and, flowing S.E., enters the Missouri 240 miles from its mouth. It is boatable 100 miles. Grand River, Mn., is the largest river running wholly in the state. Its two principal branches unite in Jackson co., and, pursuing a winding N. W. course, it enters Lake Michigan at Grand Haven, Ottawa co. It is 270 miles long, and about 60 rods wide at its mouth, admitting ves sels drawing 1 2 feet of water. It is navigable for steamboats 40 miles, to the Grand Rapids, and 240 miles for bateaux. Grand River, Ca. It rises in the W. part of Na., flows S. W. into Ca., and unites with Green River to form the Rio Colorado. Grand Rand River, On. It rises among the Blue Mts., flows N. E. and empties into the Lewis Fork of Columbia River, just above Salmon River. Grand Sachem of the Highlands, N. Y. See Beacon, New. Grand Traverse Bay, Mn. This is a consid erable inlet from Lake Michigan, towards the N. part of the state. Grand Traverse River, Mn., drains Kaleasca and Omena counties, and empties into Grand Traverse Bay. Grant's Island, N. H, lies in Connecticut River, opposite the town of Lyme, and contains 24 acres. Grant River, Grant co., Wn. It flows in a gen eral southerly direction, and empties into the Mis sissippi River. Grass Lake lies in the town of Hammond, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. Grass Point, Brown co., Wn., extends into the ¦ S. part of Green Bay, opposite Point au Sable. Grass River, N. Y., rises at the S. E. part of St. Lawrence co., flows N., and enters St. Law rence River at the N. boundary of the state, op posite Cornwall Island, Canada. Grassy Brook, Vt. See Brookline. Gratiot, Fort, St. Clair co., Mn., consists of a stockade, including a magazine, barracks, &c, for a garrison of one battalion, and was erected in 1814. Grave Creek, Marshall co., Va., rises in the E. part of the county, flows N. W., and empties into the Ohio River at Elizabeth. Gravelly Point, Arenac co., Mn., extends into Saginaw Bay, S. from Whitestbne Point. Gravesend Bay, N. Y., is formed by a curve on the W. end of Long Island, and enclosed by Coney Island. On this bay is situated the well- known Bath House, a favorite resort during the summer months. Gray's Harbor, On. A small bay situated be tween Points Brown and Chickeeles, and receiv ing the waters of Chickeeles River. Great Bay, Belknap co., N. II., lies between the towns of Sanbornton and Meredith, and is con nected with Winnipisiogee Lake. Great Barn Island, N. Y. See Barn Island, Great. Great Egg Harbor, N. Y. See Egg Harbor, Great. Great Hog Neck, N. Y. This peninsula lies in the town of Southampton, Suffolk co., between Gardiner's and Great Peconic Bays. It is con nected to Long Island by a narrow isthmus. Great Island, N. H. See New Castle. Great Island, Ms., encloses Wellfleet Bay on the N. W. Great Island, N. Y. See Hempstead. Great Kills, N. Y., on the S. E. side of Staten Island, extend some distance inland, receiving several small streams. Great Marais Harbor, Houghton co., Mn. Sit uated on the N. W. coast of Keewaiwona Point. Great Meadow Hill, Rehoboth, Ms. Height 266 feet. Great Neck, North Hempstead, Queen's CO., N. Y., lies between Cow and Little Neck Bays. It is about 4 miles long and 2 wide. Hewlett's Point is situated on the N. end. Great Ohoopee River, Ga. This river rises in the S. E. part of Washington co., flows S., re ceiving many large branches, and empties into the Alatamaha in Tatnall co. Great Peconic Bay, N. Y. See Peconic Bay. Great Pine River, As., has its rise in the S. part of Newton co.. and flows S. into the Arkansas. Great Rock Hill, Rehoboth, Ms. Height 248 ft. Great Salt Lake, Uh. This is the largest sheet of water in the state, lying in the N.E. part, W. from the Bear River Mts. It contains several islands, and its waters are Salter than those of the ocean. Bear River flows into it from the N. E., and Utah River, the outlet of Utah Lake, on the S. E. Great South Bay, N. Y., commences at the New Inlet, 25 miles E. of the city of N. Y., and ex tends 50 miles along the S. coast of Long Island. It is from 1 to 5 miles wide, and affords good navigation. Its waters abound in fine shell and scale fish, and different kinds of wild water fowl are found here in great numbers, affording pleas ant and profitable employment for the sportsmen, and an article of traffic for hundreds of people. Great South Beach, N. Y., encloses Great S. Bay. It is 40 miles long and half a mile wide. On the W. end, near the Fire Islands, is a light house called the Fire Island light. Great Valley Creek, N. Y, a tributary of the Alleghany River, rises in Cattaraugus co. Great Works Stream, Me., an important tribu tary of the Penobscot, which it enters on the E. side, opposite the Indian settlement at Oldtown. Great Works Stream, York co., Me., rises in North Berwick, and enters Salmon Fall River at South Berwick. Green Bay, Wn., runs parallel with the N. W. part of Lake Michigan, and is connected with it by a broad opening. It is 100 miles long, and from 15 to 30 broad. It receives Fox and Meno- monee Rivers, and is navigable to its head for ves sels of 200 tons. . At its entrance is a succession of islands, extending 30 miles. Green Brier River, Va., rises in the N. E. part of Pocahontas co., and flowing S. W. through Greenbrier and Monroe counties, enters the Ka nawha at the passage through Laurel Ridge. Green or Tibbett's Island, Albany co., N. Y.,lies in the Hudson, opposite the city of Troy, to which it is connected by bridges, and is attached 198 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, to the town of Watervlict. It is about 2 miles long, half a mile wide, and is crossed by the Rens selaer and Saratoga Railroads. Green Lake, N. Y, an extremely beautiful sheet of -water, lies in the town of Manlius, Onondaga co., and within a few rods of the Erie Canal. It is about three fourths of a mile long, and quarter of a mile in width. It affords several kinds of excellent fish, and the water is so clear and trans parent they can be plainly seen at the depth of 50 'feet with the naked eye. Its depth is 176 feet, and in several .places the water is 60 feet deep within five feet of the shore. A small circular lake, whose depth has never been ascertained, lies about 20 rods N of this. Green Lake, Marquette co., Wn. It lies in the E. part of the county, and communicates on the N. with Neenah or Fox River. Green Lake, Ma. Situated near St. Croix Riv er, S. from Buried Eagle Lake. Green Mountains, Vt. This range of moun tains rises in Lower Canada. They pass nearly through the centre of the state of Vt., from N. to S., and the westerly parts of the states of Ms. and Ct., and terminate near New Haven, on Long Island Sound. From their green appearance they give the name to Vt., and decrease in height as they approach the S. The north peak, in Mansfield, is the greatest elevation, being 4279 feet above the surface of Lake Champlain. Green Mountains, Ts. A branch of the Rocky Mountain range, lying in the N. W. part of the state, between Arkansas River and Rio Grande. Green or Quodotchquoik River, Penobscot co., Me., is an important branch of the St. John's, which it enters about 24 miles W. from the New Brunswick boundary. Green River, Vt., rises in the town of Eden, and falls into the Lamoille in Wolcott. Green River, N. Y., rises in Austerlitz, Colum bia co., flows S. E., and enters the Housatonic River in Ms. Green River, Wayne Co., Te., flows N. N. W. into Buffalo River. Green River, Ky., rises in Lincoln co., and pur suing a W. N. W. course, enters the Ohio 200 miles below Louisville, and 50 above the mouth of Cumberland River. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and is navigable for boats nearly 200 m. Green River, Is., rises in Winnebago Swamp, in the N. part of Bureau co., flows W. across Henry co., and empties into Rock River. Green River, Ca. This large river rises among the Wind River Mts., flows in a winding S. course, and unites with Grand River to form the Rio Colorado. Greenville Point, On. Situated N. N. W. from Gray's Harbor. Greenwood Cemetery, N. Y. See Brooklyn. Gregory Cape, On., extends into the Pacific just below the mouth of Umpqua River. Grenadier Island, Jefferson co., N. Y., lias in the E. part of Lake Ontario, and is attached to the town of Lyme. Grindstone "island, Jefferson co., N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town of Clayton ; it is one of the largest of the " Thousand Islands," being 5 miles long and 2 miles wide. Grive Cmur Lake, St. Louis co., Mo. A small sheet of water lying near the Missouri River. Grosse Point, Cook co., Is., juts into Lake Michigan a little W. of N. from Chicago. Grover's Island, on the coast of Ga., belongs to the U. S. government, and contains between 300 arid 350 acres. Gnadaloupe Mountains, Ts. A range running N. W. and S. E. between Colorado and Grand Rivers. Guadaloupe River, Ts. A large stream flowing S. E. into San Antonio River, which it enters near its mouth. Guests River, Va., rises in the Cumberland Ridge, flows S. E., forming the boundary between Russell and Scott counties, and empties into Clinch River. Gull Island, Great and Little, Suffolk co., N. Y., are attached to the town of Southold ; they are situated in what is called the Race, from the swiftness of the . current, and, had they not been composed of solid rock, must have long since disappeared. Gull Islands, Mn. Situated in Lake Michigan, at the entrance of Green Bay. Gull Island, Mn. A small island lying in the N. part of Lake Michigan, W. from the Beaver Islands. Gun Lake, Mn. A small sheet of water lying in the W. part of Barry co. ¦ Gunpowder Falls River, Baltimore co., Md., rises'in the N. part of the county, flows S. E., and uniting with the Little Gunpowder Falls, empties into Chesapeake Bay. Guyandot Big River, Va., flows N. W., entering the Ohio 327 miles below Pittsburg. It is nav igable for canoes 60 miles. Guyandot Little River, Va., falls into the Ohio in Ion. 81° 12' W., and lat. 38° 14' N. Gwinn's Island, Va. Situated in Chesapeake Bay, off the N. E. coast of Matthews co. Gwinn's River, Baltimore co., Md. A small branch of the Patapsco River, which it enters at Baltimore. Hackensack Rivei; N. J., rises in Rockland Lake, Rockland co., N. Y., and after a S. course of about 40 miles, enters Newark Bay. The upper part of its course affords fine mill seats. The tide meets it at the town of Hackensack, after which its course to the bay is through a marsh. Hadley's Falls, N. Y., are in the Hudson, just above the mouth of Sacandaga River, between the towns of Hadley and Luzerne. Haivnakraus Kill, N. Y., rises in Albany co., flows E., and enters the Hudson near the village of Coeymans. Hakah, or Root River, Ma. It rises a little above the sources of the Upper Iowa River, flows in an E. direction, and empties into the Mississippi. Halifax River, Orange co., Fa. This river runs parallel with the Atlantic coast, receives several branches, the principal of which is Tomoco Creek, and enters the Atlantic at Musquito Bar. Hallett's Cove, N. Y. See Astoria. Hall's Stream forms the N. W. boundary be tween Canada and N. H, from its source to its junction with the Connecticut at Stewartstown, N.H. Ham Fork, Ca. A small W. branch of Green River. Hammonasset River, Ct. This stream flows S. E., forming part of the boundary between New Haven and Middlesex counties, and empties into Long Island Sound. Hammond's Bay, Mn. A curvature of Lake Huron on the N. border of Presquo Isle co. IN THE UNITED STATES. 199 Hampton Roads, Va. The local name given to a portion of the bay at the mouth of James River, opposite the entrance of Nansemond and Elizabeth Rivers. A line drawn across, from Old Point Comfort on the N. to Point Willoughby on the S., may define the limit between these Roads and Chesapeake Bay. Within the mouth of James River the limit is not so definite. The water is sufficiently deep for the largest ships of war, where, by the erection of adequate defences, which have been reported to be entirely feasible, they might ride in safety from the attack of an enemy's fleet. Hannahutchee Creek, Stewart CO., Ga., unites with Hicheto Creek at its entrance into the Chat tahoochee. Harbor Hill lies in the town of North Hemp stead, Queen's co., N. Y. It is elevated 319 feet above the Atlantic, and is visible for 25 miles at sea, being the highest point of land on Long Island. Harbor of New York. See New York Bay. Hardin's Creek, Te., is formed in the W. part 'of Wayne co., by the junction of two forks, flows N. W., and falls into the Tennessee in Hardin co. Harger's Creek, O. A small stream that falls into Sciota River at Circleville. Harlem River, N. Y., a creek or strait, running from East River, as it is called, to North River, and forming the northern boundary of the Island of Manhattan, on which the city of New York is built. The island is connected, with the main land by three bridges, Harlem bridge, Macomb's bridge, and King's bridge. There is also the massive and beautiful structure of stone masonry, upon which the Croton aqueduct is carried over the Harlem Valley and River, a little more than a quarter of a mile in length. The width of the river itself, at this place, is 620 feet. The west ern part of this river, from King's bridge to the Hudson, was named by the Dutch Spuyten Duyvel Creek. The whole length of Harlem River is 6 miles, and its width from one eighth to one fourth of a mile. Harney Lake, Orange Co., Fa., lies E. from Lake Jessup, with which it is connected by an outlet. On its S. W. border is Fort Lane. Harpeth River, To., rises in Williamson co., and pursues aN. W. course of 60 miles, to its entrance into Cumberland River, 19 miles N. W. of Nashville. It is boatable to Pranklin. liaison's Island, Mn. Situated in the N. part of Lake St. Clair. Hart's Island, N. H., lies in Connecticut River, in the town of Plainfield, and contains 19 acres. Hart's Island, Westchester co., N. Y., lies in Long Island Sound, and is attached to the town of Pelham. Hassencleaver Mountains, N. Y. This range of hills lies N of the Mohawk Valley, extending through part of Herkimer and Oneida counties. They are from 1000 to 1200 feet in height. Hatchee River, Te., rises in McNairy co., and pursuing a N. W., W., and S. W. direction for 100 miles, enters the Mississippi at Randolph. Hatchet Creek, Aa. A branch of the Coosa River, which it enters in Coosa co. Hatchet Hill, Southbridge, Ms. Height 1016 ft. Hatteras. Cape, N. C. A dangerous cape, in 35° 15' N. lat., and 75° 30' W. Ion. It is on the S. W. end of a low, sandy, and rocky island, which encloses Pamlico Sound. The sea, in this place, is generally very rough, and this part of the American coast is probably more dreaded by sailors than any other. , Haver's Island, Albany CO., N Y., lies at the mouth of the Mohawk River, and is attached to the town of Watervliet. Haverstraw Bay, N. Y., lying opposite the town of Haverstraw, Rockland co., is formed by an expansion of Hudson River. It is 6 miles long, and from 2 to 3 miles wide, extending from Tel ler's to Verplank's Point. Haw River, N. C, rises in Rockingham co., and flowing S. E., unites with Deep River, in Chatham Co., to form the N. W. branch of Capo Fear River. Hawpee Creek, Macon CO., Aa. This stream flows in a general westerly direction, and falls into the Tallapoosa River. Hawses Hill, Barre, Ms. Height 1285 feet. Hay River, Wn. This river drains the E. interior of St. Croix CO., flows S. E., and enters Red Cedar River, in Chippewa co. Hazen's Notch, Vt. A remarkable passage through the mountain, between the towns of Lowell and Montgomery. Head Harbor Island, Me., lies off Jones Port, Washington co. Helderberg Hills, or Mountains, N. Y., stretch through the W. part of Albany co., into Scho harie co., where they unite with the Catskill range. They consist of a series of limestones of varied mineralogical character, upon a foundation of graywacke, and abound in fossil remains. and extensive caverns ornamented with stalac tites and stalagmites. These mountains are very precipitous, and are from 400 to 500 feet in height. Hell Gate, or Hurl Gate, a strait in the East Riyer, 8 miles from New York city, between the Islands of Manhattan and Parsell, on the N. W., and Long Island, on the S. E. It is said that the proper name of this strait is Horll. Gatt, a Dutch term, signifying a whirlpool. Through this nar row pass the tides flow in and out, between the harbor of New York and Long Island Sound. At certain stages of the tide, the waters rush through here with a powerful current, and pass ing over sunken rocks, are made to whirl and roar with fearful violence. There is no great difficulty, however, in navigating the strait with safety, under the guidance of a skilful pilot. Hell Gate, On. An E. branch of Bitter Root River, rising among the Rocky Mts. Helley's Keys, Fa. These islands separate Taga- bona Bay from the Gulf of Mexico. Hemlock Island, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town of Clayton. Hemlock Lake, N. Y., lies partly in Livingston, and partly in Ontario co. It is 6 miles long, and 1 mile wide, discharging its waters into the outlet of Honeoye Lake. Hempstead Bay, N. Y., lies in the town of Hempstead, Queen's co., is 6 miles long, from 1 to 2 miles wide, and abounds with shell and scale fish, and wild water fowl. It is separated from the Atlantic by Long Beach. Hempstead Plains, N. Y., an immense heath or barren, of more than 1 5,000 acres, is used merely as a common pasturage of the town of Hemp stead, on which several thousands of cattle and sheep are annually fed, and is the site of the old Newmarket race course, where, in years past, immense sums of money have been lost and won. 200 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, The soil of these plains is good, and might be made fertile by cultivation. Henderson Lake, N. Y., one of the head sources of the Hudson, lies in the town of Newcomb. Essex co., near the Adirondack Iron Works. It is elevated 1936 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson. Henderson's River, Is. This river rises in the N. W. part of Knox co., flows S. W., and empties into the Mississippi in Henderson co. Henlopen, Cape, De., is the S. W. extremity, at the entrance of Delaware Bay. It is 18 miles S. W. of Cape May. the opposite point in N. lat. 36° 47', and W. Ion. 75° 6'. There is a light house on it. Henry, Cape, Va., is on the S. side of the entrance into Chesapeake Bay, 12 miles S. Cape Charles, in 36° 58' N. lat, and 76° 21' W. Ion. Henry's Fork, On. It rises among the Rocky Mts., flows S. S. W., and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Henry s River, N. O, rises in Burke co., flows E., and unites with Jacob's River to form the Little Catawba. Herring Bay, Md., sets up from Chesapeake Bay, between Ann Arundel and Calvert counties. Hickman Creek, Ky., rises in Fayette co., and flows S. W. through Jessamine Co., into the Ken tucky River. Hickory Creek, Will Co., Is., flows W., and emp ties into Des Plaines River a little below Juliet. Hidden Wood River. Ma. An E. branch of the Inyan Reakah, or River of the Rock. Higgins's Lake, Roscommon co., Mn., lies N. from Houghton's Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. High Falls, Lewis co., N. Y., occur in the Black River just before it is entered by Black River Canal. They are so called in distinction from Long Falls, which occur in the same river, 40 miles below, in Jefferson co. The river has a descent of 60 or 70 feet, and is well worthy a visit from l/he lovers of the picturesque. Highlands, Matteawan or Fishkill Mts., N. Y. These mountains lie in the counties of Rockland, Orange, Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess, and are probably connected with the Alleghanies, as indicated by their geological formation. They are 16 or 18 miles in breadth, and extend in a N. E. and S. W. direction about 25 miles. They present some of the most romantic features of the scenery upon the North River, which is here contracted to a narrow space, by its passage through the mountain pass. Anthony's Nose, one of their lofty elevations on the eastern shore, is a pile of rock rising to the height of 1128 feet above the level of the river which washes its base. Two miles above is the Sugar Loaf Mountain, which rears its summit to the height of 860 feet. Crow's Nest and Butter Hill are on the W. side of the river. They rise abruptly from the water's edge, the latter 1520 feet, and tho former nearly as high. Beacon Hill, on the E. side, sometimes called the " Grand Sachem," is the highest peak of tho Highlands, being elevated 1685 feet above tho Hudson. Several of the eminences in view from the river are celebrated in history for being the scenes of stirring events during tho struggle for American independence. The sites of Forts Clinton and Montgomery aro on the W. side of the river, from whence chevaux-dc-frise, boom, and chains, were stretched across to the base of Anthony's Nose, in 1777. These forts, which were garrisoned by six hundred men, were at tacked Oct. 6, 1777, by a British force three thou sand strong, under Sir Henry Clinton, and cap tured during the night. At the base of Sugar Loaf Mountain, on the E. side of the river, is seen the site of the house where the traitor Arnold lived. About a mile farther up, the garden and monument of Kosciusko are distinctly seen. The historical interest associated with West Point is familiar to every reader. Highland Creek, Ky. This stream forms the boundary between Union and Henderson coun ties, and empties into the Ohio River. High Ridge, Williamsburg, Ms. Height 1480 ft. Hilliard's Knob, Rochester, Ms. Height 1 1 20 ft. Hillsboro' Inlet, Fa. A long, narrow inlet, ex tending from the mouth of HiHsboro' River some distance into St. Lucie co. Hillsboro' River, Fa., rises in the E. part of Or ange co., flows S. W., and enters Tampa Bay at the town of Tampa. Hitchcock's Hill, Wales, Ms. Height 1190 feet Hockhocking River, 0., rises in Fairfield co., winds through a hilly country 80 miles, in a S.E. direction, and enters the Ohio at Troy, 25 miles below Marietta. It is boatable 70 miles, except the lower falls and some mill dams. It has a fall near its source of 40 feet. Hog Island, N. Y., is situated in Hempstead Bay, Long Island. Hog Island, or Neck, in Oyster Bay; Queen's co., N. Y., is connected to Long Island by Oak Neck. Hog Island, Northampton co., Va., lies in the Atlantic, N. E. from Prout's Island. Hog Island, Surry co., Va. A small island ly ing in James River. Hog Island, Mn. Situated in the N. part of Lake Michigan, E. from Garden Island. Hog Neck, N. Y. See Great Hog Neck. Holeb Pond, Me., is a considerable body of wa ter lying in Franklin and Somerset counties. Hollow Creek, Barnwell district, S. C, enters the Savannah River at the S. E. corner of Edge field district. Holland Islands, Md., lie in Chesapeake Bay, N. from Smith Island and W. from Fishing Bay. Hollinger's Creek, Baldwin co., Aa. A tributary of Perdido River. Holston River, Te. This river unites with the Clinch, in Roane co., to form the Tennessee. Witli the exception of a fall of 7 feet, it is navi gable 70 miles. There are valuable salt works near its source ; also a fall of water of 40 feet. Holt's Hill, Andover, Ms. Height 423 feet. Homochitto River, Mi. It runs S. W., and falls into the Mississippi above Fort Adams, between Adams and Wilkinson counties. Honeoye Creel; N. Y., an important mill stream, is formed by the outlets of Honeoye, Canadice, and Hemlock Lakes. It flows S. W., and enters Genesee River in Monroe co. Honeoye Lake, N. Y. This beautiful sheet of water lies mostly in the town of Richmond, Ontario co. It is 5 miles long and 1 mile wide, and abounds in fine fish. Honey Creek, Sauk co., Wn. A small tribu tary of Wisconsin River. lionet/ Island, Holmes co., Mi. This is a large island formed by an outlet of the Yazoo River. Iloosick River, N. Y., a large and important mill stream, rises in Ms. and Vt., flows E., and enters tho Hudson in Rensselaer co. IN THE UNITED STATES. 201 Hood's Canal, On. A long, narrow channel extending S. W. from Admiralty Inlet. Hood Mount, On. A high peak of the Cascade range, situated S. from Columbia River. Hoopers Island, Md. Situated in Chesapeake Bay, off the S. W. coast of Dorchester co. Horkon Lake, N. Y. See George, Lake. Horn Island, Mi., lies in Pascagoula Bay, off the coast of Jackson co. Horn Lake Creek, De Soto co., Mi. A small stream which flows through a lake of the same name, and enters the Mississippi. Horse Head Creek, Johnson co., As., flows S., and empties into the Arkansas River. Horse Island, Barnstable co., Ms. This island is situated in Wellfleet Bay, at the mouth of Blackish Creek. Horse Race, N. Y. A name given to the Hud son, just before it leaves the Highlands, at its lower entrance. The river here takes a sudden turn of a mile to the E., and resumes its S. course at Caldwell's Landing. Hosmer's Ponds, Vt. See Craftsbury. Hot Springs, Hot Spring co., As. There are about fifty of these springs, which break out from the W. side of a mountain, and flow into a small creek, which, taking a S. course of 6 miles, emp ties into the Wachita River. The temperature of the springs is from 110° to 150° Fahren heit The cold Chalybeate Springs, situated 3 miles N. E. of the Hot Springs, are much fre quented by invalids. There are Sulphur Springs in the same county, 30 miles N. W. from the Hot Springs. Houghton's Lake, Roscommon co., Mn., lies in the W. interior of the county, and is one of the head sources of Maskegon River. Houghton Lake, Houghton co., Mn. Situated on Keewaiwona Point, N. E. from Portage Lake, with which it communicates. Housatonic River, Ms. and Ct The sources of this river are in the towns of Lanesboro' and Windsor, Ms. The main stream is formed at Pittsfield, and thence passes S. into Ct. After watering the county of Litchfield in that state, it separates the counties of New Haven and Fairfield, and meets the tide water at Derby, 14 miles above its entrance into Long Island Sound. The source of this stream is more than 1000 feet above the ocean, and in its course of nearly 150 nfiles, it affords numerous mill sites. The vol ume of water is not very large, except in seasons of freshet; but the scenery on the borders of the river is exceedingly beautiful ; and the cataract at Canaan, Ct., where the water falls perpendicu larly 60 feet, is well worthy the notice of travel lers. The Indian name of this river signifies over the mountains. Howland's or Superior Island, Cayuga co., N. Y., attached to the town of Conquest, is formed by the dividing branches of Seneca River. Huhbandton River1 Vt. This is a good mitt stream, rising from several small ponds in Sud bury. It runs in a S. W. direction through Greg ory's Pond, in Hubbardton, through Benson, and fells into East Bay in West Haven, after a course of about 20 miles. Hudson River, N. Y., has its sources in numerous small streams which rise among the Adirondack Mountains, west of Lake Champlain. It pursues a straight course, almost directly south, for about 300 miles, until it enters the Atlantic through the harbor of New York. This river is one of the 26 best for navigation, in proportion to its length, of any in the United States. Notwithstanding it flows through a mountainous region, it is navigable for small sloops, and for steamboats of large size, to Troy, 166 miles from its mouth. The action of the tides at the mouth of the Hudson, coming in as they do from the ocean through the Narrows, and from the Sound through the East River, is such as to carry the swell of the river upwards, it is said, at the rate of 15 to 25 miles an hour; so that swift-sailing vessels, leaving New York at new tide, with ail things favorable, sometimes run through to Albany with the same flood tide. The river has three large expansions, or bays, as they are called — Tappan Bay, Haverstraw Bay, and a third between Fishkill and New Windsor. Tap- pan Bay, or Tappan Sea, as it was formerly called, commences at Piermont, about 20 miles from New York, and extends northward to Teller's Point, a distance of 10 miles, with an average width of 3 miles. In some places the width is full 5 miles. Haverstraw Bay is also from 2 to 3 miles wide, and 6 miles long, terminating on the north at Verplank's and Stony Points. The passage of the Hudson through the Highlands is among the most romantic and sublime to be found any where upon our navigable rivers. The Mohawk River, which comes in from the west, at Waterford, about 10 miles north of Albany, is almost the only tributary of the Hudson of any importance. Through ar tificial channels, however, its navigable waters are connected with the great lakes at the west, and with the St. Lawrence at the north. The great Erie Canal unites the Hudson, at Albany, with Lake Erie, at Buffalo, 364 miles distant, by the route of the canal. The Champlain Canal unites the. river at Albany with the southern extremity of Lake Champlain. The length of this canal is 72 miles. From Albany to West Troy, 8 miles, the Champlain and Erie Canals are in conjunction with each other. By the Delaware and Hudson Canal, the Hudson is also united, at a point about 90 miles from New York, with the Delaware, at the N. W. corner of New Jersey. Through this communication immense quantities of coal from the Lackawana district in Pennsylvania are transported to New York. During the season of navigation on the Hudson, numerous steamboats leave New York every morning and evening for the different places upon the shores of the river. From about the 20th of March to the 1st of December the bosom of this river presents the appearance of a great thoroughfare of travel. Steamboats of the largest class, nowhere excelled for comfort, elegance, and speed, run back and forth continually between New York and Albany or Troy; making the trip of 150 or 160 miles in from 10 to 12 hours running time, and touching at all the principal places on the route, to land and receive passengers. One of the most striking and peculiar features of the scenery on the Hud son is that of the Palisades, a designation given to a majestic range of columnar rock, varying in height from 50 feet to 300 and even 400 feet, and walling in the stream for about 20 miles from Weehawken to Piermont. For a great part of the distance, on the western shore, they rise almost perpendicularly from the water's edge. The shores of the Hudson between New York and Albany are studded with bustling towns, and beautiful villas, and country seats; which, mingling with the bold and picturesque features pf the natural scenery, render the passage up and 202 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c.', down upon its waters one of the most inviting any where to be enjoyed. Humboldt Lake, Uh., lies E. from Pyramid Lake, and receives the waters of Humboldt River. Humboldt Lake, Ma. Situated E. from North Red River. Humboldt River. It rises in two large forks among the Humboldt Mts, flows in a circuitous S. W. direction, and empties into Humboldt Lake. Humboldt River Mountains, Uh., lie in the N. interior of the state, and run nearly N. and S. Humphrey's Creek, Ballard Co.. Ky., flows N. W., and empties into the Ohio. Humquolques River and Pond, Me., are situat ed in Aroostook and Penobscot counties. The river is a branch of Aroostook River. Hunger's Creek, Northampton co., Va. A small inlet from Chesapeake Bay. Hungry Bay, Jefferson co., N. Y., is a large ex panse of water in the E. part of Lake Ontario. Black and Chaumont Rivers empty into it through bays of the same name. Hunter's Island, Westchester co., N. Y., lies in Long Island Sound, and is attached to the town of Pelham. Hunting Islands, Beaufort district, S. C. This group lies between St. Helena Sound and Broad River, and S. E. from St. Helena Island. Huntington Bay is situated in the town of Hunt ington, Suffolk co., N. Y., on the N. side of Long Island, between Eaton's and Lloyd's Necks. It is a safe harbor, and abounds with shell and scale fish and wild fowl. Huntington River, Vt, waters the towns of Lincoln, Starksborough, and Huntington, and joins Winooski River in Richmond. Its course is very rapid. Length about 20 miles. Huron Bay, Houghton co., Mn., lies E. from Keewaiwona Bay, and communicates on the N. with Lake Superior. Huron Islands, Mn. A small group lying in Lake Superior, at the mouth of Huron Bay. Huron, Lake. One of the five great lakes of North America, and the third of the chain, pro ceeding W., lying between Canada West and the United States. This extensive sheet of. water is nearly divided, by the peninsula of Canada West and by the chain of Manitou Islands in the N. part, forming, with this peninsula, almost a continuous land barrier, into three sections, the - largest of which, lying S. of the islands, may be called Lake Huron Proper, while that directly N. of this range of islands has been denominated, by Tanner, Manitou Bay, and that which is nearly cut off by the peninsula and the N. pro jection of Great Manitou Island, lying to the N. E., has, by the same authority, been named Lake Iroquois, and, by others, the Georgian Bay. A considerable arm of the lake, also, on the S. W., stretching into the state of Michigan] has received the name of Saginaw Bay. Irrespec tive of these different sections, Huron Proper lies nearly in the form of a crescent, stretching from the Straits of Michilimackinac to the head of the River St. Clair, a distance, upon the middle curve, of 260 miles. The greatest breadth, inde pendent of the bays, is about 70 miles, and the superficial oxtent about 20,000 squaro miles. The depth of this portion of the lake is very great, being at least 1000 feet deep towards the W. shore, which is its deepest part. Like all the other lakes,, however, it is generally shallow near the shores, though it has several fine harbor* It receives the waters of Lake Superior through St. Mary's Strait, and those of Lake Michigan through the Straits of Michilimackinac, and discharges its own waters, through the River St. Clair, into Lake Erie. The waters also of several small lakes are received from the N. W., the principal of which are Lake Nipis-iing and Lake. Simcoe, which empty themselves, by rivers of a few miles' extent, into the Georgian Bay. This bay, or lake, as it might be separately regarded, lies nearly in the form of an ellipse, connected with the body of Lake Huron, and with Manitou Bay, at its N. W. extremity. It is 140 miles long by 70 miles wide, having an area of about 7000 square miles. Manitou Bay, which is that section of the lake lying directly N. of the great chain of islands, is in length, from E. to W., 80 miles, with an average breadth of 20 miles. Its area is about 1600 square miles. Taken in its whole extent, as including the sec tions here described, with the islands between them, Lake Huron covers an area of nearly 29,000 square miles. The number of islands in Lake Huron is very great. Among them, the chain which has been already mentioned, retain ing their Indian name of Manitou (Great Spirit) Islands, includes all which are worthy of special notice. These are divided into the Great Mani tou and Little Manitou Islands, besides which, at the W. extremity of the chain, is one which is called Drummond's Island. Great Manitou is much the largest of the series, being in length about 90 miles, E. and W., and in breadth, ia the widest part, about 30 miles. The boundary between the United States and Canada parses along the middle of Huron Proper from the outlet of St. Clair River 225 miles, and thence, between Drummond and Little Manitou Islands, and over the W. end of Manitou Bay, to the in flux of the N. branch of St. Mary's River. This lake holds a very important position as a com mercial link in the chain of internal navigation. The main lake opens a spacious communication from Lake Erie, both into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan ; and being connected with a series of smaller lakes and rivers, extending from the S. E. angle of the Georgian Bay almost to the N. W. angle of Lake Ontario, it affords great facilities for completing a separate and much shorter channel of transportation between the ports of Lake Ontario and those of Michigan and Superior. An expenditure, comparatively moderate in improvements of this kind, might reduce the distance full one half between the head of the River St. Lawrence and the head of Lake Huron, This is a matter which has long • ago attracted attention, and which, in this age of commercial enterprise, may not improbably ere long be acted upon. Huron River, O. This river rises in Richland co., flows tlirough Huron and Erie counties, and falls into Lake Erie at Huron. It is navigable 6 or 7 miles. Huron River, Mn., rises in Oakland and Liv ingston counties, and flows 90 miles, to its entrance into Lake Erie, below the mouth of De troit River. This river and its branches afford extensive water pnvil Huron River, Houghton co., Mn. This small stream flows N., and empties into Lake Superior E. from Huron Bay. Hurricane Creek, Stewart co., Te., empties into the Tennessee River. IN THE UNITED STATES. 203 Hurricane River, Schoolcraft co., Mn. A small stream in the N. E. part of the county, and emptying into Lake Superior. Hutchinson's Island, St. Lucie co., Fa. A large island lying between St. Lucra Sound and the Atlantic Ocean. Itherville River, La. ¦ This river leaves the Mis sissippi, of which it is an outlet, 14 miles below Baton Rouge, and flows 20 miles into Amite River. The Mississippi flows into it at high flood only. Illinois Creek, As. This stream rises in Van Buren and Pope counties, flows S. S. W., and empties into the Arkansas. Illinois River. The Illinois River has its entire course within the state to which its name has been given. Its upper tributaries take their rise in In diana and Wisconsin. Those coming from Indi ana are the Kankakee and the Iroquois ; those from Wisconsin are the Des Plaines and the Fox Rivers. The two former unite, after flowing W. in a curve corresponding with the S. shore of Lake Michigan, in the N. part of Iroquois coun ty, Illinois ; and thence their waters flow still W. until they unite - with those of the Des Plaines coming from the N. After the confluence of the Kankakee with the Des Plaines, the river takes the name of Illinois. From this point it flows nearly W. to Hennepin, in Putnam co , or alrhost to this place, receiving Fox River from the N, at Ottawa, and Vermilion River from the S. E., near the foot of the rapids. Its course then turns to the S. and S. W., in which direction mainly it flows as far as Naples, in Morgan co., receiving the Spoon River from the W., and the Sangamon from the E. From Naples it flows S. until it approaches within a few miles of the Mississippi, when it curves to the S. E., and afterwards to the E., and empties itself into the Mississippi, a few miles above the mouth of the Missouri. Its length, exclusive of its windings, is about 260 miles. It is navigable 210 miles, to the foot of the rapids, and, in high water, 9 miles farther, to Ottawa. Below the rapids the character of the river approaches to that of a tortuous canal, occasionally widening into swells which appear similar to lakes. Upon the W. shore of one of these beautiful expansions of the river the flourishing town of Peoria is sit uated. The navigable part of the river has a gentle current, unbroken by rapids, and peculiarly favorable to a safe and easy commerce by steam boats. From its relative position the Illinois is a river of great importance as a connecting link in the chain of internal navigable waters. The Il linois Canal, of 100 miles in length, connects its navigable waters with those of Lake Michigan at Chicago ; thus opening a communication for com merce between the St. Lawrence and tho Missis sippi, and between the whole country bordering on the great lakes and the ports of New Orleans and the Atlantic. The valley of the Illinois in its widest part, from the sources of the Sanga mon River on the E., to the sources of the Spoon River on the W., is 120 miles in breadth. In the N. part, however, branching into two long, nar row arms, the mean breadth does not exceed 60 miles. In this portion it encircles the S. part of Lake Michigan for a distance of about 200 miles. The area included in this basin is about 24,000 square miles. Illinois River, In. Ter., rising in Benton and Washington counties, As., passes into the In. Ter., and flows south into Arkansas River, 4 miles above tho mouth of Canadian River. There are salt springs a few miles from its mouth. Independence River, N. Y, rises in Hamilton co., flows W., and enters Black River in Lewis co. Indian Creek, S. C. A branch of the Sunoree River, which it enters in Newberry district. Indian Creek, Te., formed in Wayne co., by the junction of Indian River and Rutherford's Creek, flows N. W., and enters the Tennessee in Har din co. Indian Creek. Is. This stream rises in the S. W. part of Clark co., and flows S. W., across Floyd and Harrison counties, into the Ohio River. Indian Fields, N. Y., are a part of the peninsula of Montauk, on the E. extremity of Long Island. The surface is very rough, yet the soil is gen erally good, affording fine pasturage. A rem nant of the Montauk tribe of Indians still resides here. Indian Hut Island, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, near the Thousand Islands, and is attached to the town of Hammond. Indian River, Me., is a small stream, watering the town of Addison, Washington co. Indian River, N. Y. and Vt. This small stream rises in Rupert, Vt, waters the corner of Pawlet, and joins Pawlet River, in Granville, N. Y. — Another small stream of this name waters the towns of Essex and Colchester, Vt., and empties into Colchester Bay. Indian Lake, Hamilton Co., N. Y., is sur rounded b*y a mountainous region of country, covered with deep forests of pine, spruce, birch, and poplar, which, contrasted with the smooth waters of the lake, present a scene of remarkable beauty. The mountain peaks attain an eleva tion of from 1 500 to .2000 feet above the surround ing country. The lake is 4 miles long, 1 mile wide, and abounds in various kinds of fish. Indian River, N. Y., the outlet of Indian Lake, flows N. E., and enters the Hudson, in Essex co. Indian River, N. Y. This stream rises in Lewis co., flows N. W., through Jefferson, and enters Black Lake, in St. Lawrence co. The outlet of the lake flows into Oswegatchie River, which enters the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg village. Indian River, Sussex co., De., drains the E. part of the co., and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Indian Rivei; Fa. The length of this river, from its head branches to Juniper Narrows, is about 100 miles. Its width and depth are ex tremely variable. In some places it is 4 miles wide; in others, not 50 yards. The depth of water is greatest when the S. inlets are closed. It runs nearly parallel with the E. coast of the state, its course being a little E. of S. Indian Stream, Coos co., N. H, is the princi pal and most N. source of Connecticut River. It rises in the Highlands, near the N. border of the state, and pursuing » S. W. course, unites with the E. branch flowing from Connecticut Lake. Inlet of Cayuga Lake, N. Y., has been rendered navigable for 1 mile S. of the lake, by the canal commissioners. There is now a toll taken for all boats passing and repassing to Ithaca village. Inonque River, Ts. A head branch of Brazos River. Inquest Creek, Io., rises in Appanoose and Monroe counties, flows E. across Davis and a corner of Van Buren co., and falls into the Des Moines River in Wapello co. 204 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, Intpah River, Ma. A W. branch of the Mine sota, or St. Peter's River. Inyan Reakah, or River of the Rock. It rises in Ma., flows S. W. across the N. W. angle of Iowa, and falls into the Tchankasndata, or Sioux River. Inyan Yankey, or Little Sioux River, Io. This large river rises in a number of lakes, on the N. border of the state, flows in a S. direction, re ceiving numerous large tributaries, and empties into the Missouri. Iowa River, Io., rises in the N. part of the state, and passes between 200 and 300 miles S. E. to the River Mississippi, in Louisa co. It is navigable from the Mississippi to Iowa City at all seasons. This is a beautiful stream, and its waters are exceedingly clear. Ipswich River, Essex co., Ms. See Ipswich. Iron River,. Mn. A small stream draining the W. part of the upper peninsula, and falling into Lake Superior. Irondequoit Bay, Monroe co., N. Y., is 6 miles " long, 1 mile wide, and communicates on the N. with Lake Ontario. It abounds with the differ ent kinds of fish peculiar to the lake. Irondequoit Creek, N. Y., a good mill stream, rises in Ontario and Monroe counties, and flows N. into Irondequoit Bay. Iroquois Point, Chippewa co., Mn., extends into the S- part of Tahquamenaw Bay. Irving Lake, Ma. Situated N. E. from Cass Lake, and connected on the S. with the Missis sippi River. Ischua Creek, N. Y., rises in Cattaraugus co., flows S. into Oil Creek, which enters the Alle ghany River at Olean village. Isinglass River, N. H, rises in ponds in Bar- rington and Strafford, and joins the Cocheco in Rochester.. Islands in Boston Harbor. See Boston. Isle au Chats, N. Y., are two islands lying in the St. Lawrence, between which the boundary line dividing the U. S. from Canada passes. The E. one belongs to the town of Louisville, St. Law rence co. Isle au Gallop, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town of Lisbon. Isle au Rapid, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town of Madrid. Isles of Shoals. These islands, 8 miles from the mouth of Portsmouth harbor, N. H, are seven in number, viz. : Hog, Smutty Nose, Star, Duck, White, Malaga, and Londoner Islands. Hog contains 350 acres of rock, and its greatest ele vation is 57 feet above high water mark. Smutty Nose contains about 250 acres of rock and soil — greates,t elevation 45 feet. Star Island contains about 180 acres of rock and soil, and its height is 55 feet These islands, as a town, are called Gosport. Star and Smutty Nose are inhabited by fishermen, who carry on considerable business in their way, supplying Portsmouth and tho neighboring towns with fresh fish, and sending large quantities of cured fish to Boston and other places. The celebrated dun fish are found here, which have heretofore been considered a distinct species of the cod. They differ, however, from the common cod only in the circumstance of their being caught and cured in winter. Star Island and Smutty Nose are connected by a sea wall, built at the expense of government, for the purpose of breaking a strong S. E. current pass ing between them, and forming a safe anchorage on the N. W. side of it. These objects have been attained, and the miniature fleet of the shoalers, riding at anchor in this artificial harbor, is no un pleasant sight. Smutty Nose and Malaga are connected by a sea wall, built at the expense of Mr. Haley, "the King of the Shoals." This wall, 14 rods in length, 13 feet in height, and from 20 to 30 feet in width, effectually secures Haley's Inlet and Wharf from the easterly storms, although the waves not unfrequently break over it in a severe storm. There are a few spots of dry soil upon them under cultivation. The Shoals are a pleasant resort for water parties, and their de lightful, bracing air cannot be otherwise than advantageous to those who are in want of pure sea breezes. See Hayward's New England Gaz etteer. Isle Presque River, Me., has its source in a pond near the centre of Aroostook co., and flows in a N. direction into Aroostook River. Israel's River, Coos co., N. H, is formed by cataracts which descend from the summits of Mounts Adams and Jefferson, and running N. W. it passes through Randolph and Jefferson, falling into the Connecticut in Lancaster. ' This beauti ful stream received its name from Israel Glines, a hunter, who frequented these regions long before the settlement of the country. Istopoga, Lake, St. Lucie co., Fa., lies N. W. from Lake Macaco, and connects by an outlet with Kissimee River. Itasca Lake, Ma. This small lake is the prin cipal source of the head branch of the Mississippi River. It connects with other smaller lakes, and contains Schoolcraft Island. - lyanke Lake, Io. A small sheet of water situ ated near the N. border of the state. Iyedan Lake, or Lac qui Parle, Ma. An en largement of the Minesota or St. Peter's River, just above Intpah River. Izuzah River, Ma. A W. tributary of Minesota or St. Peter's River, which it enters just below Big Stone Lake. Jack's Fork, Mo. A tributary of Current Riv er, which it enters from the W. near Chilton. Jackson's Hill, Blandford, Ms. Height 1717 ft Jackson's Lake, On. It lies S. E. from the1 Three Tetons, peaks of the Rocky Mts., and is the source of the Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Jackson's River, Va. This river rises in Warm Spring Mts., and unites with Cowpasture River to form James River. Falling Springs, one of its head branches, has a perpendicular fall of 200 feet. Jacob's River, N. C, rises in the S. part of Burke co., flows N. E., and unites with Henry's River to form the Little Catawba. Jamaica Bay, N. Y., lies on the S. side of Long Island, and opens into the Atlantic by several inlets. It is navigable for vessels drawing but littlo water, and contains several low, marshy islands. Fish and wild fowl are abundant. Jamany, Lake, Leon co., Fa., lies a little E. of N. from Tallahassee. James Island, Colleton district, S. C. This island extends from Charleston harbor on the N. E. to Stone Inlet on the S. W. James Island, Fa. This island lies between Ocklockony River on the N, the Gulf of Mexico on the E., St. George's Sound on the S., and Crooked River on the W. IN THE UNITED STATES. 205 James River, Va., is formed by the conflu ence of Jackson and Cowpasture Rivers, which rise in the Alleghany Mts., and run in S. W. courses, nearly parallel to each other, for about 50 miles, until they form a junction near the N. W. angle of Bottetourt co. The river here assumes a S. course for a few miles, and receives Craig's Creek from the S. It then takes a more easterly direction, bearing first S. E., then N. E., about 35 miles, to the W. base of the Blue Ridge, where it receives the North River from Augusta co. Here the river begins to break through the Blue Ridge, and, being now a fine navigable stream, it traverses a gap in this moun tain range about 1 5 miles N. E. of the Peaks of Otter. Its general course through the mountains is S. E., in which course it cbntinues for 30 miles farther, forming the- dividing line between Am herst co. on the N. and Bedford and Campbell counties on the S. Here, traversing another lat eral chain of mountains, the river is inflected to the N. E., and pursues this course 40 miles, be tween Amherst and Nelson counties on the N.', and Appomattox and Buckingham on the S. It then assumes a course a little S. of E., which it pursues in general about 70 miles, to the head of tide water, separating Albemarle, Fluvanna, Goochland, and Henrico counties on the left, from Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhattan, and Chesterfield on the right. It receives the Appo mattox River from the S. at City Point, 34 miles below Richmond. This is the largest tributary of James River, being about 150 miles long, and ^navigable for large merchant vessels 20 miles; to Petersburg, and for boats through nearly its whole course. After meeting the tide, James River increases considerably in width, and con tinues by comparative courses about 100 miles in a S. E. course, until it passes through Hamp ton Roads, and merges in Chesapeake Bay, between Old Point Comfort and Point Willough- by. The whole distance from the farthest source of James River in the Alleghany Mts., to its mouth, following all the windings of the stream, is about 500 miles. Its comparative length through the centre of its valley is about 370 miles. A line drawn in a S. S. W. direction from Old Point Comfort to the Alleghany Mts. 225 miles, will pass very nearly through the centre of that portion of the ' valley of James River which lies E. of the mountains. Its broadest part, including those of its confluents, is W. of the mountains, where it has a width of 90 miles ; but the mean width of the entire valley is about 45 miles, and its area something over 10,100 square miles. Lynchburg on the S. side, and ^Richmond on the N., are the principal places "on James River. The river is navigable for ships of large size as far as Jamestown. Vessels of 200 tons may go up to Warwick, and of 120 tons to Rockets, the port of Richmond, 110 miles from its mouth. Here are falls which entirely obstruct ship navigation. A canal, however, connects the tide waters below with the boatable waters above the falls, at Richmond, which are thence navigable for bateaux 220 miles. The first English settlement in the United States was made on this river in 1608. It was on a point of land projecting into the river from the north Bide, 32 miles from its mouth. A few ruins are all that now remain of this ancient and once important place. James River, Mo., pursues a S. S. W. course through Greene and Taney counties, and falls into White River. Jefferson Mount, On. This is an elevated peak of the Cascade range, situated S. from Mount Hood. Jeffrey's Creek, S. C, falls into the Great Pedee River in Ion. 79° 29' W. and lat. 34° 8' N. Jessup, Lake, Orange co.,Fa., lies S.from Lake Monroe, with which it is connected by an outlet. Jessup's or Indian River, N. Y., rises in Hamil ton co., and flows N. E. into Indian Lake. Jewell's Island, Me., lies in Casco Bay, off the town of Cumberland, Cumberland co.', and about 10 miles E. of Portland. Jilico Creek. A small stream rising in the N. part of Campbell co., Te., and flowing N. into the Cumberland River, which it enters in Whitely CO., Ky. Jocoe Fork, On., rises among the Rocky Mts., , flows W., and empties into Clark's Fork of the Columbia River. Joe's Pond, Vt. See Danville. Joe's Rock Hill, Wrentham, Ms. Height 486 feet. John's River, N. H, a branch of the Connecticut, has its principal source in Pondicherry Pond, in the town of Jefferson. Its other branches rise in Carroll, Whitefield, Dalton, and Lancaster. John's River, N. O, rises in the Blue Ridge, Burke co., and empties into the Catawba. John Day's River, On. A large stream rising among the Blue Mts., and flowing N. W. into Columbia River. Johnson's Creek, N. Y., rises in Niagara co., flows N. E., and empties into Lake Ontario in Or leans co. Jonathan's Creek, Ky. A small branch of the Tennessee River, which it enters in Marshall co. Jones Creek, Kent Co., De. This stream rises in the N. W. part of the county, and flows S. E. into Delaware Bay. Jones Creek, Ware co., Ga. This stream, which is one of the head branches of the Suwanee, flows through the W. part of Okefinokee Swamp, and unites with the Suwanuchee near Fort Gilmer. Jones Creek, Mcintosh co., Ga. A branch of the Alatamaha. Jones Falls Creek, Baltimore co., Md. A small branch of the Patapsco River, which it enters at Baltimore. Johnson's Creek, Ky. A branch of Licking River, which it enters from the E. in Nicholas co. Judith, Point, R. I., is situated in the town of South Kingston, 1 1 miles S. S. W. from Newport, in N. lat. 41° 24', W. Ion. 71° 35'. A light-house, the tower of which is 35 feet high, was erected here in 1810. The Point is about midway be tween Vineyard and Long Island Sounds, Mon tauk, ori Long Island, being about. 30 miles S. W., and Gay Head, on Martha's Vineyard, E. by S. about 35 miles. Juliet Lake, Houghton co., Mn. A small sheet of water lying in the N. W. part of the county. Juniata River, Pa. This river is formed by the Raystown and Franktown branches, which rise at the foot of the Alleghany Mts. It unites with the Susquehanna 15 mites above Harrisburg. Its length is about 200 miles. The Pa. Canal runs parallel with the Juniata and Franktown Rivers to Hollidaysburg: Jylcill Island and Sound, Ga. They are situated at the mouth of Turtle and Scilla Rivers, on the S. E. shore of Glynn co. 206 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, Kaaterskill, N. Y. This, river rises in Hunter, Greene co., among the Catskill Mts., flows N. W., and enters Catskill Creek in the town of Catskill. It is formed by the outlets of two little lakes about a mile and a half in circumference. At Pine Orchard, near the Mountain House, are a series of beautiful falls, which are much visited by travellers. The water falls perpendicularly 175 feet, and, after resting a moment on a ledge of rock, falls 85 feet more, making a total descent of 260 feet. It then rushes through a dark ravine into the valley of the Catskill. Kaatsberg Mountains. See Catskill Mountains. Kabitawi River, Ma. This river rises in two forks S. W. frdm the source of Rum River, flows S. W. for some distance, and then turning to the S. E., empties into the Mississippi. Kadikomeg Lake, Ma. Situated N. E. from Gayashk Lake, and connected through Pine River with the Mississippi. Kagino Lake, La Pointe CO., Wn. Situated near the centre of the county, at the head of one of the main branches of Bad River. Kalamazoo River, Mn. This river rises in Hillsdale co., and after a winding W. N. W. course of 200 miles, through Calhoun, Kalamazoo, and Allegan counties, enters Lake Michigan 41 miles N. of St. Joseph River, and 29 S. of Grand River. Its average depth for 8 miles from its mouth is 1 2 feet. At low water the bar at its mouth has but 6 or 7 feet. It is navigable 38 miles, to Alle gan, for boats of 50 tons. The water power of the river and its branches is extensive. Kandiotta Lake, Ma. One of the principal sources of the Psihu or Wild Rice River. Kanhawa River, N. C. and Va. The Great Kanhawa River has its most remote sources in Ashe co., N. C, between the Blue Ridge and the main Appalachian chain, there denominated the Iron Mountain, though the river is not known as the Kanhawa until after it leaves this state and traverses several counties in Virginia, having in its course broken through the Iron Mountain, and also the Western chain of the Alleghanies, and received from the N. E. the two important tribu taries, the Green Brier and Gauley Rivers. Above the Gauley, which enters in Nicholas co., the river is known as New River, and below as the Great Kanhawa. Its course in N. C, and, so long as it continues to traverse the region of the mountains, in Va.. is, in the main, N. and N. E. In Mont gomery co. it turns to the N. W:„ and, breaking tlirough the western chain of the Alleghany Mts., continues this general course to its conflu ence with the Ohio. Besides the tributaries that have been mentioned above, it receives the Elk River from the N. and Coal River from the S., both entering it in Kanhawa co. It falls into the Ohio at Point Pleasant, in Mason co., lat. 38° 52' N. The entire length of the valley of the Great Kanhawa, from the point in the Alleghany Mts. where the river turns towards the Ohio, to its mouth, is about 200 miles. The greatest breadth from the sources of New River to those of Green Brier is about 180 miles, and the mean breadth about 60, giving an area drained by this river of about 10,800 square miles. The whole length of the river from its sources in Ashe co., N. C, by comparative courses, is about 300 miles, and its width, at its mouth, 500 yards. Following all the windings of the stream, its length, of course, is considerably greater than that here given. The comparative elevation of the valley of the Great Kanhawa, as a physical section of the country, is its most remarkable feature, having an altitude, at the mouth of the river, of 525 feet above the tide waters of the Atlantic, at the foot of the mountains of 1585 feet, and at the sources of New River of about 2500 feet. The valley of the Great Kanhawa, proper, below the confluence of the Gauley, lies between that of the Little Kanhawa on the N. E. and that of Guyandot on the S. The most important enterprise of inter nal improvement, in Va. is that undertaken by the James River Navigation Company, first char tered in 1784, on the line of the James and Kan hawa Rivers, and the intervening space, with a view to connect the commerce of the Ohio with the Atlantic. A portion of their outlay has been expended upon the Kanhawa, but the principal part upon the more eastern sections of the route, while much more remains to be done to complete all the improvements projected. Kankakee River, Is. This stream rises in the N. part of la., and, entering Is. in Will co., it re ceives Iroquois Creek from the S., and unites with the Des Plaines to form Blinois River at Dresden. Kanranzi River rises in Ma., flows S. of W., and empties into the Inyan Rekah, or River of the Rock. Kansas River, In. Ter., has its source between the Platte and Arkansas Rivers, near the Rocky Mts., and, receiving several large branches on the N. side, it enters the Missouri at the W. boundary of the state of Mo. It is 340 yards wide at ita mouth. Its whole length is about 1200 miles, and it is navigable 900. Kaskaskia River, Is. This large branch rises in Champaign co., and enters the Mississippi 7 miles below Kaskaskia village, after a S. S. W. course of 300 miles. It is navigable to Vandalia, 150 miles from its mouth, at high water. Katahdin Mountain, Me., is situated in the E. part of Piscataquis co. Kauwemin River, Fond du Lac co., Wn. A head branch of Milwaukie co. Kawakomik, or Clear Water River, Ma. A W. tributary of the Mississippi, which it enters above Crow River. Kayaderosseras Creek, N. Y., an important mill stream, rises among the Kayaderosseras Mts., in Saratoga co., and flows S. E. into Sara toga Lake. Kayaderosseras Mountains, N. Y., extend 60 miles in a S. W. direction, through Warren, Saratoga, and Fulton counties. The height of this range between the Schroon branch of the Hudson and Lake George is from 800 to 1200 feet, in Saratoga co. from 500 to 800 feet, and as it approaches the Mohawk, it gradually diminishes. Kearsarge Mountain, Merrimack co., N. H, lies between the towns of Sutton and Salisbury, extending into both towns. It is elevated 2461 feet above the level of the sea, and is the highest mountain in the county. Its summits are a bare mass of granite, but the sides are thickly wooded. The prospect from this mountain is, in a clear sky, very extensive and beautiful. Keeiraiwona Bay, Mn. This is a long, pointed bay, extending nearly to the S. border of Hough-, ton co., between Point Abbaye on the E. and Keewaiwona Point on the W. Keewaiwona Point, Houghton CO., Mn. A bold promontory extending into Lake Superior W. from Keewaiwona Bay. It is drained by many IN THE UNITED STATES. 207 small streams, and has numerous bays, harbors, and inlets on its coasts. Kenduskeag Stream, Penobscot co., Me., rises in Dexter and Garland, winds in a S. E. direc tion through Corinth, Levant, and Dutton, and enters the Penobscot in the city of Bangor. It is a beautiful and valuable mill stream, and has many tributaries. Kennebec River, Me. The first source of this important river is Moosehead Lake, of which it is the outlet. From thence it passes in a S. W. course nearly 20 miles, where it receives the waters of Dead River. It then proceeds S. to Starks, about 40 miles, where it receives the waters of the Sandy. Here it changes its course, E., about 12 miles, passing Norridgewock . and Skowhcgan. It then again changes its course to the S. till it receives the waters of the Sebasti- cook, about 15 miles. It continues to descend in nearly a S. course to Hallowell, about 20 miles. Here it inclines to the E. a few miles, and then, resuming a S. course, and passing ' through Merrymeeting Bay, where it receives the Androscoggin River, it passes Bath, and meets the ocean. The whole length of this river, from Moosehead Lake to the sea, is about 150 miles. The tributaries already named are the most considerable; but there are many oth ers that would be considered important rivers in other sections of the country. The whole fall of this river is more than 1000 feet, and its hydraulic power, with that of its tributaries, is incalculable. We are enabled to state that the average or mean time of the closing of this river by ice at Hallowell, for forty-five successive years, was December 12, and of its opening, April 3. The most remarkable years were 1792, when the river closed November 4, and opened April 1 the following year, and 1831, when it closed January, 10, and opened April 13. Since the year 1786,' the Kennebec has not been ob structed by ice in any spring after the 20th of April. Kent's Hill, Me., is situated in the W. part of Kennebec co. Kent Island, Queen Anne co., Md.,' lies in Chesapeake Bay, opposite Annapolis. Length 12 miles. Kentucky River, Ky., rises by three principal branches in the Cumberland Mts., denominated the North, Middle, and South Forks. These unite in Estill co., and the river thence pursues a circuitous course, but, in its lower part, generally N N. W., until it falls into the Ohio at Carrol- ton, 534 miles below Pittsburg. The general course is very nearly S. E. to N. W. The length of the valley drained by this river is about 175 miles, with a mean width of about 40 miles, giving an area of 7000 square miles. This val ley embraces part or the whole of nineteen coun ties, or a fraction over one sixth part of the whole state of Kentucky. The distance from the mouth of the river to its forks, by the course of the stream, is about 260 miles ; in a direct line, about 112 miles. The channel of the river, in its natural state, is navigable, in high water, for steamboats of 300 tons, as far as Frankfort ; and, in the same state of the water, steamboats might descend the river from 200 miles above. But the navigation has been improved by the con struction of seventeen dams between the mouth of the river and the forks, with the corresponding number of locks, overcoming a difference of elevation of 216 feet in the whole. These dams are from 350 to 500 feet long ; and the locks are 178 feet in length by 38 feet in breadth. By means of the facilities thus furnished, boats not requiring more than 6 feet of water navigate the river at all seasons. The Kentucky River is without direct falls, though the natural current is rapid, and the bed rocky. Keowee River. This stream rises in Macon co., N. C, flows S., and enters the Seneca River, of which it is the principal head branch, in Pick ens district, S. C. Kern Lake, Ca. A small sheet of water lying S. E. from Tulares Lake, with which it is con nected by an outlet. Kern River, Ca. This stream rises in the S. part of the Sierra Nevada range, and flows S. W. into Kern Lake. Kettle Creek, Pa. It rises near the W. part of Tioga co., flows S. S. W., and empties into the Susquehanna in Clinton co. Kewaunee River, Brown co., Wn. It rises near the S. part of Green Bay, and flows S. E. into Lake Michigan. Key Biscayune Bay, Fa. Situated off Dade co., and N. E. from Barnes Sound. It contains numerous islands, of which Key Biscayune and Elliot's Key are the principal. Key West, or Thompson's Island, Monroe CO., Fa. This island is 4 miles long, and 1 mile wide. About a foot below the surface is a bed of limestone, which extends under the whole island. On the N. W. part is an excellent harbor. Kiamishi River, In. Ter., rises in As., and falls into Red River 6 miles below Fort Towson. Kickapoo Creek, Is. It rises in the interior of McLean co., flows S. W., and empties into Salt Creek in Logan co. Kickapoo River, Wn. This river rises in Adams and Crawford counties, flows S. S. W., separating Crawford from Sauk Co., and crossing the N. W. corner of Richland co., it reenters Crawford co., where it falls into the Wisconsin. Killbuck River, O. Anorthern branch of the Muskingum. Killington Peak, Vt., is a summit of the Green Mountains, in the S. part of Sherburne, and N. from Shrewsbury Peak. Kill Van Kull, N. Y., a channel, lying between Staten Island and N. J. shore, is a continuation of Staten Island Sound. It extends from New York Bay to Newark Bay, a distance of 4 or 5 miles. Kinderhook Creek, N. Y. This large and im portant mill stream rises in the E. part of Rens selaer co., flows S. W., and enters the Hudson, near the village of Columbiaville, Columbia co. Kinebik, or Snake River, Ma. This stream rises in several lakes, flows S. E., and empties into the St. Croix River. Kingdom Come Creek, Letcher co., Ky. A small head branch of the N. fork of Kentucky River. King's Creek. This small stream rises in the S. part of N. C, flows S. W., and enters Broad River in York district, S. C. King's Mountain, N. C, situated in the W. part of the state, 25 miles W. from Charlottenburg. King's River. This stream rises in the W. part of Newton co., As., flows N. N. W., and empties into White River in Barry co., Mo. Kingston Landing, N. Y., formerly railed Co lumbus Point, is situated in Kingston, Ulster co., 208 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, on the W. side of Hudson River, 90 miles N. of the city of New York. Kinniconinck Creek, Lewis co., Ky. A branch of the Ohio River. Kino Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. Situated in the N W. part of the county, S. E. from Makwa Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. Kip's Bayt N. Y, lies in East River, on the E. side of the Island of N. Y, and opposite the mouth of Newtown Creek. Kishkaupa River, Wn. This stream drains the S. W. part of Sheboygan co., and falls into Mil waukee River in Washington co. Kissimee River, St. Lucie CO., Fa., rises in a lake of the same name, flows in a S. S. E. direction, and falls into Lake Macaco. Kittatinny Mountains, or Blue Ridge. These mountains extend through the N. part of N. J., cross the Delaware River at the Water Gap, pass through the S. E. part of Pa., and the W. part of Md., through Va., the Carolinas, into Ga. Kittoctan Creek, Loudon co., Va., rises in the Blue Ridge of mountains, and flows N. E. into the Potomac River. Klip's Hill, N. Y., is a branch of the Mayfield Mountains. It is sometimes called Anthony's Nose, in Montgomery co., where it crosses the Mohawk Valley. In it there is a remarkable ¦cavern, called Mitchell's Cave, the walls of which are ornamented with incrustations and stalac tites. Knapp's Creek, Wn., drains the W. part of Richland co., and falls into Wisconsin River. Knife River, Ma. It flows in ¦-. winding, S. direction, and empties into the W. part of Lake Superior. Knox Creek, Tazewell CO., Va. A small trib utary of the Tug Fork of Sandy River. Kooskoosky River, On. This large river rises among the mountains in the E. interior of the co., flows W., and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia River. , Koweba Lake, Brown co., Wn. Situated in the N. E. part of the state, near the Menomonee River. Kushkuning River, Wn. It rises in the N. E. in terior of Dane co., flows S. S. E., and empties into Long Lake, in the S. W. corner of Jefferson co. La Bacca Bay,'Ts. Situated W. from Mata gorda Bay, at the mouth of La Bacca River. La Bacca River, Ts. A small river flowing S. E. into La Bacca Bay. Lac Court Oreilles, Chippewa CO., Wn. This lake is situated in the N. part of the county, and is the source of one of the head branches of Chippewa River. Lac Vicux Desert. This lake lies partly in Mn., anfl partly in Brown and Portage counties, Wn., and is the head source of Wisconsin River. Lackawanna River, Pa. This fine mill stream rises in Wayne and Susquehanna counties, and pursuing a S. and S. W. course 30 miles, enters the Susquehanna at Pittston. Lackawannock Mountains, Luzerne and Wayne counties, Pa., extend between tho sources of the Lackawaxen and Lackawannock Rivers. One of the N. peaks is called Moosuck Mountain. Lackawaxen River, Pa. This river rises mostly in Wayno co., and flowing through a deep valley, enters the Delaware in Pike co. Its principal tributaries are the Dyberry, Middle, and Waullen- paupack Creeks. The Delaware and Hudson Canals follow the Lackawaxen 25 miles to Dy berry Creek. La Crosse River, Crawford co., Wn. It flows S. W., and empties into the Mississippi below Black River. Ladies' Island, Beaufort district, S. C. This island lies between Coosaw River on the N, St. Helena and other islands on the E., and Port Royal Island on the W. ¦La Fave River, As. A large stream rising among the Washita Hills, Scott co., flowing E. through Yell and Perry counties, and emptying into the Arkansas River. Lafayette, Fort, N. Y.' See Fort Hamilton. Lafourche River, La. This outlet of the Mis sissippi leaves the river on the S. side, above Donaldsville, and flows in a S. E. course into the Gulf of Mexico. Its length is 90 miles. La Mine, River, Mo., has its source in Lafay ette and Johnson counties, and flowing E. enters the Missouri in Cooper co., 5 or 6 miles above Booneville. It is navigable for a considerable distance for keel boats. Lamoille River, Vt. This river is formed .in Greensborough. Its general course is N. W. It passes through several towns, and falls into Lake Champlain at Milton, 12 miles N. from Burling ton. This river has numerous tributaries : it has several falls, which produce a valuable water power. Its banks in many parts are very fertile. It was discovered by Champlain in 1 609. Lamprey River, N. H, rises in the town of Northwood, on the W. of Saddleback Mountain. It receives the waters of Jones's Pond, Pautuck- away, North, Little, and Piscassick Rivers, and meets the tide two miles above the Great Bay. Laplot River, Vt. This stream rises in the S. E. part of Hinesburg, and running in a N. W. direction through a corner of Charlotte, and through Shelburne, falls into the head of Shel- burne Bay. It is about 15 miles in length, and affords several mill sites. Larguille River, As., has its source in the N. interior of Poinsett co., flows S. S. E.. and enters the St. Francis on the boundary between St Francis and Phillips counties. Laiighery's Creek, la. This stream rises in two forks in Franklin and Decatur counties, flows S. S. E. across Ripley into Dearborn co., where it turns to the N. E., and falls into the Ohio River. Laurel Mountains. These mountains, which are a W. branch of the Alleghanies, extend through Pa. and Va. to Ky., and then, taking the name of Cumberland Mts., divide Va. and Ky., cross Te., and terminate in Aa. Laurence Hill, Pa. This mountain lies be tween the Alleghany and Chestnut ridges, and separates Somerset and Fayette counties. L'Eau Claire River, Chippewa co., Wn. This river, with its numerous branches, drains the S. E. part of the county, and flows in a W. di rection into the Chippewa River. , Leech Lake, Ma. This large, irregularly shaped body of water lies S. from Cass Lake, anil is connected on the E. with the Mississippi River, by Leech Lake River. It receives the waters of small lakes and rivers on every side. Leech's Stream, Vt, proceeds from a small pond in the N. part of Averill, and runs N. E. across the W. part of Canaan, and passes into Leech's Pond, which is about two miles wide and three long, and lies partly in Canada and partly in Vt. From this pond the stream runs nearly E. about IN THE UNITED STATES. 209 three miles, then S. E. into Connecticut River. ¦Its mouth is nearly two rods wide. Lee's Island, Fairfax co., Va., lies in the Poto mac. Lehigh River, Pa. This river rises in the E. part of Luzerne co., and, pursuing a winding course of 100 miles, empties into the Delaware at Easton. The upper part of the river is a rapid stream, with many falls. A navigation is opened by means of this river from Easton to Newhaven, a distance of 84j miles, of which 30j consist of pools, 39J of canals, 24 of locks, and the re mainder of sluices. Lemonfair River, Vt., rises in Whiting and Or well, runs through the E. part of Shoreham, across the S. E. corner of Bridport, and joins Otter Creek in Weybridge. There are some mill sites near its head, but. it is, in general, a very sluggish, muddy stream. Lemonwier River, Wn. It rises in the N. W. part of Adams co., flows S. E., and falls into the ' Wisconsin on the N. border of Sauk co. Lewis Creek, Vt., a valuable mill stream, rises near the N. line of Bristol, runs through the W. part of Starksboro' and E. part of Monkton, through Hinesburg, and the S. E. corner of Char lotte, and, falls into Lake Champlain in Ferris- burg, a short distance N. from the mouth of Little Otter Creek. Lewis Lake, N. Y. This small sheet of water lies in the town of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co. Licking River, Ky., rises in Floyd Co., and falls into the Ohiov at Newport, opposite Cincinnati. It is navigable 70 miles. Its whole length is 180. Licking River', O., is formed by three principal branches, which water Licking co. It affords extensive water power, particularly by a dam at its entrance into the Muskingum. Liepers Creek, Maury co., Te. A small branch of Duck River. Lime Lake, N. Y., is a small lake situated in the town of Machias, Cattaraugus co. Lime River, Brown CO., Wn. The principal branch of Oconto River, which it enters from the N. W. Limestone Creek, Orangeburg district, S. C. A small tributary of. the North Edisto River. Link Creek, Sangamon co., Is. A branch of Sugar Creek. Little Harbor and Piscataqua Harbor, N. H. See Portsmouth. Little River, N. C. It rises in the W. part of Franklin co., flows S. E., and enters the Neuse near Waynesboro', Wayne co. Little River, S. C. This river forms part of the boundary between N. C. and S. C, and emp ties into the Pedee. Little River, Ga., empties into the Savannah, 30 miles N. W. of Augusta. Little River, Blount CO., Te. This river rises among the mountains in the S. E. angle of the county, and flows N. W. into Tennessee River. Little River, Ky., empties into Cumberland River, on the E. side. Little River, la., a tributary of the Wabash, en ters it above Vincennes. Little River, Ts. A W. branch of the Brazos. Little Androscoggin River, Me., has its sources in ponds in the towns of Woodsto6k, Greenwood, and Norway, Oxford co., flows in a S. E. direc tion across an angle of Cumberland co., and en ters the Androscoggin opposite Lewiston. Little Au Sable. See Au Sable. Little Bay de Noquet, ,Mn. Situated N.' from Green Bay and W. from Big Bay de Noquet. It receives the waters of Esconawba, Rapid, and several other rivers. Little Beaver Creek, S. C, forms part of the boundary between Lexington and Orangeburg districts, and empties into the Congaree River. Little Blue River, Mo., rises in the S. W. part of Jackson co., flows N. E., and enters the Mis souri E. from the Big Blue. Little Brazos River, Ts. It rises near the mouth of Big Creek, and flows S. E., nearly parallel with Brazos River, which it finally enters. Little Calf Pasture Creek, Va., rises in the N. part of Augusta co., flows S. S. W., and empties into North River. Little Calliou Bayou, Terre Bonne parish, La., rises near the source of the Grand Calliou, and flows S. into the Gulf of Mexico. Little Catawba River, N. C. This river rises in Catawba and Burke counties, flows S. E., and unites with the Catawba at the S. E. angle of Lincoln co. » Little Chazy River. See Chazy River. ' Little Cedar Creek, Mn. A branch of the Me nomonee River. Little Delaware River, N. Y., has its source in the town of Bovina, Delaware co., and flows W. into the W'. bran ch of the Delaware. Little Eninandigo River, La Porte CO., Wn. A small stream flowing S. into the St. Croix River. Little Falls, Herkimer co., N. Y. A rapid de scent in the Mohawk River of about 42 feet in the course of a mile; so named in distinction from the larger falls, at Cohoes, in the same river, about 2 miles from its mouth. A continuation of the chain of the Catsberg Mt. crosses the Mo hawk here, through a gap of which the river has apparently worn a passage, having now, on either side, a rocky wall of 500 feet in height. The bed of the river is composed of hard primitive gra nitic rock, above which are extensive strata of sandstone and blue limestone. The opposing cliffs here seem once to have been united, and to have constituted the barrier of a lake extending far to the west. The fall in the river consists of two long rapids, separated by an interval of deep water, occupying each about a fourth of a mile. The upper rapids are the largest. Above them a dam across the stream renders it placid, over which the waters, separated by a small island, fall in beautiful cascades into a deep pool beneath,. whence the current rushes tumbling and foaming over ridges and masses of rock in its first descent, then flowing with comparative gentleness for a short distance until it is impelled with new impetu osity over the stony bed below. Tho Erie Canal descends through this pass on the S. side of the ' river, by five locks, in a deep cut through the solid rock, overcoming obstacles inferior to none excepting the deep excavation at Lockport. The village of Little Falls stands on the canal at this point, and enjoys advantages, from the ex tensive water power here created, for carrying on manufacturing operations to a very large extent. The Utica and Schenectady Railroad aiso passes through the chasm, on the N. side of the river- Boats were formerly transported round the falls by a canal on the N. side, which is now super seded by the Erie Canal, and is made to serve as a feeder to it by being brought across the entire valley in an aqueduct of massive stone masonry, supported upon three lofty arches, two of 50, and 210 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, one — the centre arch — of 70 feet span. Few spots can offer more to excite admiration, in romantic features and stupendous achievements, both of nature and of art. See Rockton. Little Genesee Creek, N. Y., rises in Alleghany co., flows S. W., and enters Alleghany River in Cattaraugus co. Little Hoosick Creek, N. Y., rises in Berlin, Rensselaer co., and flows N. into Hoosick River. Little Kentucky River, Ky. It. rises in the N. part of Shelly co., flows in a northerly direction, and empties into the Ohio near the mouth of the Kentucky River. Little Machias and Little Rivers. See Cutler, Me. Little Maquetats Creek, Dubuque Co., Io. Little Missouri River, As. A small stream flowing E. by S., and emptying into the Wachita River. Little Neck lies in Huntington, Suffolk co.,N. Y., between Great and Little Cow Harbors. Little Neck Bay, N. Y., lies mostly in the town of Flushing, Queen's co., on the N. side of Long Island. It is 3 miles long, 1 mile wide, and partly surrounded by fine country residences and farms. Little Ossipee River, Me., has its source in a pond in the W. part of Fork co., flows N. E., and enters the Saco in the town of Limington. Little Otter Creek, Vt., rises in Monkton and New Haven, and falls into Lake Champlain in Ferrisburg, 3 miles N. from the mouth of Otter Creek. This stream, towards its mouth, is wide and sluggish, and runs through a tract of low, marshy ground. Little Pigeon Creek, la., flows S. W., separating Spencer and Warwick counties, and falls into the Ohio. Little Prairie River, Ma. It rises in a small lake, and flows in a W. direction into West Sa vannah River. Little Rock River, Ma. A small stream falling into the Minesota or St. Peter's River, near the outlet of Minesota Lake. Little Rock River, Ma. A small stream flowing S. E. into the St. Croix River. Little Saline, Mo. A branch of the Missouri River, which it enters in the N. part of Moni teau co. Little Saluda River, Edgefield district, S. C. This stream receives numerous branches, flows in an E. direction, and falls into the Saluda. Little Snake Lake, On. A small sheet of water on the S. border of the territory, and connecting by an outlet with Bear River. Little Sequatchy Creek, Marion Co., Te. A branch of Sequatchy River, which it enters near Jasper. ' Little Sodus Bay, N. Y.. is a deep body of water lying in the town of Sterling, Cayuga co., and connected on the N. with Lake Ontario. Sodus Creek flows into it from the S. E. It is 2 miles long, 1 mile wide, and has a bar at the mouth. Little Sugar Creek, Wn., rises in the S. W. part of Dade co., and flows S. E. across Green co., into Sugar Creek. Little Thibeau River, Benton co., Mo. A trib utary of Osage River, which it enters at Warsaw. Little Tlamath Lake, On. Situated among the Cascade Mts., N. E. from Tlamath Lake. Little Waraju River, Ma. It flows N. E., and empties into the Minesota, or St. Francis River, a little below the Waraju. Little Wachita River, Ts. A small W. tribu tary of Red River. Little Wisconsin River, Portage co, Wn. This river has its sources in several chains of small lakes, flows S. S. E, and falls into the Wisconsin ¦ River. Little Yadkin River. See Yadkin River. Livingston Creek^Ky. A small stream, forming part of the boundary between Caldwell and Crit tenden counties, and emptying into the Cumber land River. Lizard River, Io. This river rises in the N. part of the state, flows S. E, and empties into the Des~Moines, a little above Boone River. Lloi/d's Neck, N. Y, lies in the town of Oyster Bay, Queen's co, on the N. side of Long Island. It has Long Island Sound on the N, Huntington Bay on the E, Oyster Bay on the W, and a deep inlet, called Lloyd's Harbor, on the S. Lochalmtchee River, St. Lucie co. Fa. This small stream flows in an E. direction, and reaches the ocean through Juniper Inlet. At its mouth is Fort Juniper. Loekwood's Folly, River, and Inlet, Brunswick co.. N. C. This is a small stream rising near the centre of the county, and passing through the inlet into the ocean. Locust Creek, Vt, rises in Barnard, and falls into White River, at Bethel. It is mostly a rapid little stream, and affords several good mill sites. Locust Creek, Mo. A stream rising in the N. part of Putnam co, and flowing S. into Chariton co, where it enters Grand River. Long Bay, N. H, at the head of Winnipisiogee River, lies between Guilford and Meredith. The waters of the Lake Winnipisiogee pass through this bay into the river of that name. Long Creek, As, takes its rise in the N. part of Newton co, flows N. E, and enters White River on the S. border of Taney co. Mo. Long Cane Creek, Troup co, Ga, pursues a S. W. course, and falls into the Chattahoochee. Long Falls, Black River, N. Y. The first fall is at the village of Carthage, Jefferson co, where there is a descent of 60 feet in half a mile, below which the river is navigable 4 miles ; it then descends about 100 feet in 2 miles, thence is navigable to the Great Bend, between Champion and Le Ray, a distance of 4 miles ; then flows in a succession of rapids to the- villages of Water- town and Brownville, from whence the rapids are made navigable, by locks and dams, to Black River Bay. which connects with Lake Ontario. See HighFalls. Long Island, Me, lies in Blue Hill Bay, oppo- . site Seaville. Long Island, Va. A small island, lying at the mouth of York River. Long Island, N. Y, is the largest of the islands on the coast of the Atlantic belonging to the U. S. From Fort Hamilton, at the W. end, to Mon tauk Point, at the E. extremity, the length is about 140 miles. The average width is only 10 miles ; although the most important portion of the island lying W. of Peconic Bay is from 12 to 20 miles wide. It contains about 1 500 square miles. It is separated from the continent, on the N, by Long Island Sound, lying between the island, through its whole length, and the coast of Connecticut, and varying from 2 to 20 miles in width. It is bounded on the E. and S. by the Atlantic, and on the W. by the Narrows and har bor of New York, and by the strait whicn con nects the harbor with the Sound, called East River, from half a mile to 2 miles wide. The IN THE UNITED STATES. 211 island belongs to the state of New York. It is divided into three counties — King's co. in the W., which is the smallest in territory, but the largest in population; Queen's co. in the middle; and Suffolk co. in the E, which comprises two thirds of the territory of the island. A rocky ridge, or chain of hills, extends from the W. end to near Oyster Point,' in the E. part, the highest eleva tion of which is in N. Hempstead, 319 feet above the level of the tide. On the N. side of this ridge, the land is rough and hilly ; on the S. side, level and sandy. Much of the central por tion of the island is covered with wood, con sisting of an extensive pine forest, in which the deer still roams at large. The whole island is underlaid with granitic rock, which rises high in the ridge, or Spine, as it is denominated, and breaks out at Hurl Gate, and other places on the East River. The shores are much indented with bays and inlets. Towards the E. side, the island divides into two parts ; the S. of which is a prom ontory, over 30 miles in length, and not gener ally more than a mile wide, terminating in Mon tauk Point. This constitutes the township of East Hampton. ' The N. part, which is much shorter, terminates at Oyster Point, and consti tutes the township of Southold. The bay, ex tending up between these two portions of the main island, is the Great Peconic Bay. In its bosom are included several islands, the most con siderable of which are' Gardner's and Shelter Islands. On the S. side of Long Island is Great South Bay, which is itself another sound in miniature, extending from HemPstea|i Bay, E, 50 miles, with a width of from 1 to 5 miles, and separated from the ocean by a narrow island, or beach of stones and sand, with several inlets, in no part more than 3 miles broad. West of this, upon the S. W. shore of the island, is Rock- away Beach, which extends for about 22 miles, and is much resorted to by the citizens of New York and Brooklyn for sea bathing, and the sea breezes, so refreshing there in the hot season. From its vicinity to New York, there are many pleasant places of resort upon Long Island, which are much frequented, and many which are occupied for rural residence. Williamsburg and New Rochelle are pleasant places, where many citizens doing business in New York per manently reside. Flatbush, 5 miles from the city ; Flushing, 9 miles ; Jamaica, 12 miles ; and Hemp stead, 24 miles, are all delightfully situated. Fort Hamilton, at the Narrows, Gravesend Bay, and Coney Island are favorite bathing-places. Greenwood Cemetery is situated in the S. part of Brooklyn, about 3 miles from the Fulton Ferry, containing about 242 acres, with a great variety of surface, tastefully laid out, to attract the living to the resting-places of, the dead. See Brooklyn and Williamsburg. Long Island, Charleston district, S. C. This island is one of a small group, lying N. E. from Charleston harbor. Long Island, Hillsboro' co. Fa. Situated S. from the mouth of Tampa Bay. Long Island Sound. This inland sea washes the whole S. boundary of Ct, and is formed by Long Island and the state of N. Y. It is navi gable as far as Hurl Gate for vessels of any bur den, and the passage to and from the sea around Montauk is remarkably easy at any time of tide, and in all weather. See Judith, Point. Some of the distances from Providence, and along the northern coast of this sound, to the city of New York, are here given. From Providence to New port, 30 miles ; to Point Judith, 11 ==41 ; to the mouth of Stonington harbor, 27 = 68; to the mouth of New London harbor, 8 = 76; to the mouth of Connecticut River, 13 = 89; to the mouth of New Haven harbor, 27 = 1 1 6 ; to Stratford Point, 10=126; to the mouth of Fairfield harbor, 6 = 132; to Norwalk, 8 = 140; to Greenwich, or Sawpits, 15 = 155 ; to Throg's Point, 14 = 169; to Hurl Gate, 6 = 175; to New York, 8 miles ; making the distance from Providence to New York, by water, 183 miles. Long Lake, Me, lies in the N. part of Piscata-, quis co, 210 miles N. by E. from Augusta. It is about 15 miles long and 2 wideband sujiplies Namjamskillecook River, which flows into Tem- isconata Lake, the source of Madawaska River. Long Lake, N. Y, called Weechobadchonee-puss ¦ (lake abounding in basswood) in the Indian tongue, lies in the N. part of Hamilton co. It is situated in a wild, uncultivated part of the state, and is 1 8 miles long and from 1 to 2 miles wide, being one of the largest of the cluster of lakes in this vicinity. It flows N, and empties into Racket River, although there is so little differ ence of level at its extremities that it might be made to flow S. into the Hudson. Long Lake, Mn. Situated E. from Crooked Lake, mostly in Wyandot co. It receives the waters of the Sheboygan and several other rivers. Long Lake, Wn. Situated mostly in the S. W. part of Jefferson co. It receives the waters of Rock River in the N. E, and discharges them at the S. W. extremity, on the N. border of Rock co. Long Lake, Ma. A small sheet of water at the head of Chapah River. Long Pond, Me. See Bridgeton. Long or Runaway Pond, Vt. See Glover. Long Pond, Litchfield co, Ct. Situated in the town of Winchester, and connected on the N. E. with Mad, a branch of Farmington River. Long Prairie River, Ma. A large river sup plied by a chain of lakes, and flowing N. E. into Crow Wing River. Long Sault Island, Lower, St. Lawrence co, N. Y, lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town of Massena. It is 5 miles long and 1 mile wide. Here are situated the Long Sault Rapids, 12 miles long, with a descent of 80 feet, around which is a canal on the Canada side of the river. Long Sault Island, Upper, St. Lawrence co, N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town of Louisville. It is 3 miles in length and from 1 to 1 4 miles in width. Long Skoal River, N. C, flows through the E. part of Hyde co, and empties into Pamlico Sound. Looking Glass River, Mn. This river drains the S. part of Shiawassee co, flows W. across Clinton into Ionia co, where it empties into Grand River. Lookout, Cape, On, extends into the Pacific about midway between Capes Foutweather and Disappointment. Loon Lake, N. Y. This small body of water lies in Chester, Warren co. Loosahatchy River, Te, rises in the W. part of Hardeman co, flows in a W. direction, and, unit ing with Wolf Creek, empties into the, Missis sippi a little above Memphis. Loosaschoonah Creek, Mi, rises in Pontotoc CO., flows S. W, and enters the Yallabusha. 212 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Lost Lake, Antrim co, Mn. A long, narrow sheet of water lying W. from Great Traverse Bay. Loutre Island, Montgomery and Warren coun ties, Mi. Situated in the Missouri, N. E. from the mouth of Gasconade River. Lovewell's Pond, N. H. See . Wakefield. Low Point Landing, N. Y. See Carthage, Dutchess co. Lower Montreal River, Houghton co, Mn. A small stream draining the N. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falling into Bete Gris Bay. Lower Saranac Lake. See Saranac Lake. Lower Three Runs, Barnwell district, S. C, pursues a winding S. course, and falls into the Savannah. Lumber River rises in N. C, and flows S. E. and S. S. W, forming the boundary between Marion and Harry counties, S. C, until its junc tion with the Little Pedee. Lya Hende, or River of the Lakes. This chain of lakes commences in the N. part of Io, and, flowing in a N. direction into Ma, empties into Chanjushka River, Lynhaven Bay or Harbor, Va, is situated in Chesapeake Bay between the mouth of James River and Cape Henry, and receives the waters of Lynhaven River. Maccason Creek, Va, rises in the S. E. part of Russell co, and flows S. W. into Scott co, where it falls into the N. fork of Holston River. Mc Crady River, On. and Uh, rises in a lake in the S. part of On, flows in a winding S. course, and empties into Rhett Lake in Uh. Mc Gee's Creek, Pike co. Mi. A small branch of the Bogue Chitto. Machias River and Bay, Washington co. Me. The two head branches of the river are supplied by several ponds near the centre of the county, and unite at Machias Port, affording extensive water power in their course. The bay lies at the mouth of the river, between the towns of Cutler and Machias Port. It is 10 miles long, 4 or 5 wide at its mouth, and contains several coves, harbors, and islands. Machias and Little Machias Rivers, Penobscot co. Me, are important tributaries to the Aroos took, which they enter near each other in Aroos took co, about 30 miles W. N. W. from Mars Hill. Mclndoes Falls, Vt, a considerable fall in Con necticut River, at the head of boat navigation, and opposite the S. E. corner of Barnet. Mackinaw Island, Mn. Situated in the N. part of Lake Huron, a little above the Straits of Mackinaw. Mackinaw River, Is, has its source in a prairie near the centre of McLean co, and passing through Tazewell co, falls into the Illinois 3 miles below Pekin. It affords water power, and its borders are mostly fertile. McKee's Creek, Is, waters the E. part of Mar quette co, and flows S. E. into the Illinois River. McKenny's Creek, As. This stream joins Red River at the N. W. extremity of Fayette co, takes a semicircular bond, and unites with the Sulphur Fork of the same river. Mackenzie's Fork, On. A head branch of the Willamette River. Macon's Islands, La. A group of small islands lying in Chandeleur Bay, off St. Bernard parish. Macoauetais River, Io. It rises in tho S. E. part of Fayette co, flows S. E, and empties into the Mississippi River in Jackson co. Macoupin Creek, Is. This stream rises in the N. p£rt of Macon co, and passing through a fer tile country, enters the Illinois 26 miles above its junction with the Mississippi. McQuam Bay, Vt. A large open bay in the W. part of Swanton." McTiger Creek, Orangeburg district, S. C. A head branch of the South Edisto River. Mad River, N. H, rises among the mountains in the N. E. part of Grafton co, and crossing the S.E. part of Thornton, falls into the Pemigewas- set at Campton. Mad River, Vt. A rapid stream, which rises in the highlands S. from Warren, and passing through Waitsfield, falls into Winooski River at Moretown. Mad River, 0, rises in Logan co, and, after a course of 50 miles, enters the Miami on the E. side, at Dayton. It affords extensive water power, its current being rapid and broken. Madamiscontis River, Me, has its source in a large pond, flows S. E, and enters the Penobscot about 45 miles above Bangor. Madawaska River, Penobscpt co. Me, is sup plied by Temisconata and other large lakes in the N. part of the state, flows more than 100 miles in a S. E. direction, and enters the St. John's River about 240 miles N. N. E: from Augusta. This river and these lakes water a country of great extent, and hardly surpassed in fertility by any land on the globe. Madeline Island, La Pointe co, Wn. Situated in Lake Superior, at the mouth of Chegowa wegon Bay. Madison Barracks. See Sackett's Harbor. Madison Fort, situated in the town of the same name, Lee co, Io, was erected in 1808 as a de fence against the Indians, who obliged the garri son to burn the fort in 1813. A few ruins are now to be seen. Madunceunk River, Penobscot co. Me. This river enters the Penobscot on the W. side, about 6 miles above the Madamiscontis. Magothy River, Ann Arundel co, Md. This little stream flows S. E. into Chesapeake Bay. Mahanoy River, Pa. This river rises in Schuyl kill co, and flowing through Northumberland co, enters the Susquehanna 11 miles below Sun- bury. Its length is 50 miles. Mahantango River, Pa, is an E. branch of the Susquehanna, which it enters 18 miles below Sunbury, in Northampton co. Mahoning River, Pa. and O. This river rises in Portage co, passes through Trumbull co, 0., and enters Beaver River in Beaver co. Pa. The Pa. and 0. Canal follows the lower part of this river. Mahopack Lake, N. Y. This beautiful sheet of water lies in the town of Carmel, Putnam co. It is about one mile in diameter, contains two or three small islands, and is much resorted to for the fine fish with which it abounds. Maiden Creek, Pa, flows S. W, and falls into the Schuylkill, 7 miles N. from Reading. Makwa Lake, Chippewa co, Wn. One of a chain of lakes situated at the head of Red Cedar River. Malade River, On. This river rises S. E. froni the souvce of Big Wood River, flows S. S. W, and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Malheureux Islands, St. Bernard parish, La. A small group lying at the mouth of Lake Borgne. Malheur River, On. This river has its source IN THE UNITED STATES. 213 in a chain of lakes, flows N. E, and empties into ¦Lewis , Fork of Oblumbia River, nearly opposite Payette River. ' Mamaroneck Creek, N. Y, rises in the town of White Plains, Westchester co, flows S, and en ters Long Island Sound at Mamaroneck village. Manataquot River, Ms, rises in Randolph, and after meandering through this town and receiving the waters of Great and Little Ponds, meets the tide waters of Boston harbor at Braintree Land ing, on Weymouth Fore River, 10 miles from Boston. Manatoulin Islands. A chain of islands lying in Lake Huron. They extend about 90 miles in length and 6 in breadth. Mandowish Lakes, Portage co, Wn. A chain of small lakes situated in the N. part of the county, at the head of Chippewa River. Manhattan Island. See New York City. Manhegin Island, Me., lies off Muscongus Bay, Lincoln co, about 12 miles S. from the mouth of St. George's River. There is a light-house on the island, the tower of which is 30 feet high. Manistee River, Mn. This is a large river, rising in Antimand Otsego counties. It flows S. through a part of Crawford, then S. W. through Kalcasca, Wexford, and Manistee counties, into Lake Michigan. Maniteau Creek, Mo. A small stream rising in the S. part of Cooper co, and flowing E. into the Missouri River. Manitosawin Lake, La Pointe co, Wn. Situ ated at the head of one of the W. branches of Chippewa River. Manitou Island, Houghton co, Mn. Situated in Lake Superior, . off the extremity of Keewai wona Point. Manitowoc River, Wn. This river drains Cal umet and Manitowoc counties, and empties into Lake Michigan at the town of Manitowoc. Mankato River, Iowa and Ma. It rises in many branches in the N. part of Iowa, flows N, and falls into the Minesota or St. Francis River at the great bend opposite Marrah Tankah Lake. Manomet Hill, Plymouth, Ms. Height 394 ft. Manomin Lake, Ma, lies at the head of Mano- min River. Manomin River, Ma. It rises in Manomin Lake, flows W, and empties into the Mississippi a little above Muddy River. , Manomin or Wild Rice River, Ma. It rises in the N. part of the territory, flows in a westerly direction, and falls into North Red River. Manominikan Lake, Chippewa co, Wn. A small sheet of water through which Red River passes. Mansfield Mountains, Vt, extend through the town of Mansfield, from N. to S. They belong to the Green Mountain range, and the Nose and Chin, so called frbm their resemblance to the face of a man lying on his back, exhibit some of the loftiest summits in the state. Manya Wakan River, Ma. It rises near the head ot Long Prairie River, flows S, and empties into the Minesota or St. Peter's River a little be low Iyedan or Qui Parle Lake. Maple River, Mn It rises in the interior -of Shiawassee co, flows in a winding W. course, and empties into Grand River in Ionia co. Maple River, Ma. It flows E, and empties into the Shuyenn Oju River. Maramec River, Mo, rises in Crawford and Washington counties, unites with the Bon Homme in Franklin co., and enters the Mississippi .20 miles below St. Louis. Length 200 miles. Margallaway River, Me. and N. H, has its source among the highlands which separate Me. from Canada, in the N. E. extremity of N. H, about 30 miles N. from Erroll. After a southerly course of nearly 20 miles on the W. border of Me,' it enters N. H, where it forms a junction with the united streams of Dead and Diamond Rivers. Thence, after a S. course of about 6 miles to Erroll, it receives tho waters of Umba- gog Lake, and forms the Androscoggin River. Maria Lake, N. Y. This small body of water lies in the town of Duanesburg, Schenectady co. Marquette Bay, Mn. A curvature in Lake Michigau extending between Little and Great Au Sable Points. Marrah Tankah Lake, Ma. A large sheet of water lying at the bend of the Minnesota" or St. Peter's River, S. E. from Minnesota Lake. Mars Hill, Aroostook co, Mc, is situated about 1 mile W. of the Canada line, 200 miles N. N. E. from Augusta, and 80 miles N. W. from Frederick- ton, New Brunswick. The sides of this mountain are nigged, anil the approach to it difficult. It has two spurs, one of which is elevated 1506 feet and the other 1363 feet above the waters of the Goose- quill River. Marsh Creek. A small stream rising in the N. part of Campbell co, Te, and flowing N. through a part of Whittey co., Ky, into the Cumberland River. Marsh Island, Terre Bonne parish, La, lies in the Gulf of Mexico, S. from Atchafalaya and Four League Bays. On its N. W. extremity is Point Au Fer. Marsh River, Waldo co, Mc, rises in the N. part of the county, flows E, and enters the Pe nobscot above Orphan Island. Martha's Vineyard, Ms. See Dukes Co. Martin's Creek, Harlan co, Ky. A small stream rising among the Cumberland Mts., and emptying into Cumberland River at the town of Mount Pleasant. Martin Creek, Brown co, Wn. A head branch of East Twin River. Maryland Point, Md. A projection formed by a bend of the Potomac, 12 miles S. W. from Port Tobacco. Mary's Lake, N. Y, is a small body of water situated in the town of Parish, Oswego co. Mary River, Ca. It flows S. W, and empties into Green River above Vermilion Creek. Marrowbone Creek, Henry co, Va. A small W. branch of Smith's River. Mascomy Pond, N. H. A brief description of this, lovely sheet of water is given under En field. Mascomy River, N. H, has its source S. of Smart's Mt, which lies in the towns of Lyme and Dorchester, and, running through .Canaan, falls into Mascomy Pond, in the town of Enfield. See Enfield. Maskegon River, Mn. This river has its source in several small lakes in Mikenauk co, and en ters Lake Michigan 14 miles N. of Grand River. Length 175 miles. Masonboro' Inlet, N. C. A passage among the islands on the S. E. coast of New Hanover co. Mason's Islands, Ct. A group of small islands lying at the mouth of Mystic River. Massabesick Pond, N. H. See Chester. , Massachusetts Bay, Ms. The whole of this bay 214 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, is within the limits of Massachusetts. The exte rior bounds of this celebrated bay are Capes Cod and Ann. The former is in N. lat. 42° 6', and W. Ion. 70° 7 ; the latter in N. lat. 42° 45', and W. Ion. 70° 17'. Cape Ann bears from Cape Cod N. N. W. about 40 miles. The length of this bay is about 60 miles, from N. W. to S. E.; its breadth is about 25 miles. Numerous bays and rivers of va rious sizes set in from this bay, and its whole coast is lined with commodious harbors and pleasant commercial towns. This bay is noted for its delightful scenery, and as containing the first settlements of the Pilgrim Fathers of New Eng land. t Massena Springs, N. Y, are situated about 1 mile S. of Massena village, on Racket River. They are a good deal resorted to for the cure of cutaneous disorders. Masseme or Ozark Mountains. This range commences in Mo, near the junction of Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, and runs in a S. W. direc tion, through Mo, As, and In. Ter, into Texas. It is crossed by Arkansas and Red Rivers. Mount Cerne, the highest peak, gives name to the range. Massie's Creek, 0. This fine mill stream rises in Madison co, and, after a highly picturesque course through a chasm 20 or 30 feet wide, and 60 deep, falls into Little Miami River 4 miles above Xenia. Matagorda Bay, Ts. Situated at the mouth of the Colorado River, and N. E. from Espiritu Santo Bay. Matakeunk River, Penobscot co. Me, has its source in small ponds, and flows in a N. direction into the Matawamkeag, near its junction with the Penobscot. Matawamkeag River, Mc, is one of the most important tributaries of the Penobscot. It rises in Aroostook co, flows through Matawamkeag Lake, and enters the Penobscot about 60 miles N. by E. from Bangor. Matchapungo Inlet, Northampton co, Va, emp ties into Broad Water Gulf, between Prout's and Hog Islands. • , Slate Creek, Logan co, Va. A small branch of the Tug Fork of Big Sandy River. Matinac Island, Me, lies off St. George, Lin coln co. Matinicus Islands, Me. This group of islands lies at the entrance of Penobscot Bay. Mar shall's Island, the largest of the cluster, is a plantation , attached to Hancock co. The light on Matinicus is about 15 miles S. by E. from Thomaston. Matomkin Island, Accomac co, Va. It lies off the Atlantic coast, between Wallops Island on the N. and Cedar Island on the S. Mattapony River, Va. This river rises in Spottsylvania co, and is formed by the union of Mat, Ta, Po, and Ny Rivers. It unites with tho Pamunky to form York River, at the S. E. ox- tremity of King William co. Mattawomon Run, Md, rises on the boundary between Prince George's and Charles counties, and flows S. of W. into the Potomac River. Matteawan or Fishkill Mountains, N. Y. See Highlands. Matthias Point, King George co, Va. This is the N. E. extremity of the county, extending into the Potomac River. Mattimuskeet Lakc,^ Hyde co, N. C. A large sheet of water lying in the S. interior of the co. Maumee Bay, 0. and Mn. This bay, which lies at the S. W. extremity of Lake Erie, is about 5 miles Iqng and 2 wide. It receives the waters of Maumee and several smaller rivers. Maumee River, O, is formed by the junction of Little St. Joseph's, St. Mary's, and Great and Little Anglaize Rivers. ' It rises in the N. E. part of la, and, pursuing a N. E. course of about 100 miles through fertile borders, enters Lake Erie through Maumee Bay. For 50 miles from its mouth it is 70 rods wide, and is navigable for steamboats and schooners 18 miles to Perrys- burg. In the spring and fall it is boatable 18 miles farther, to Fort Wayne. The Wabash and Erie Canal follows its banks. Maurice River, Gloucester co, N. J. This river rises in Deptfbrd and Franklin towns, and in its upper part affords water power. It is navigable 20 miles for vessels of 80 or 100 tons. Excellent oysters are taken at its entrance into Delaware Bay. May, Cape, N. J, received its name from Cor nelius May, a Dutch navigator, who visited the bay in 1623. It is situated on the N. E. side of Delaware Bay, in lat. 38° 56' N, and Ion. 74° 56 W. There is a light-house on the S. extremity. May River, S. C, falls into the Atlantic in Ion. 80°' 55' W, lat. 32° 15' N. Mayfield Mountains, N. Y, the S. termination of the Clinton or Adirondack range, lie in Fulton and Montgomery counties. Klip's Hill, or, as sometimes called, Anthony's Nose, is the S. peak. Mayfields River, Ky. This river rises in the S. W. part of Graves co, flows in a N. direction to McCraken co, where it takes a turn to the W, crosses Ballard co, and empties into the Mis sissippi. Mayo Rivers, North and South, Va. and N. C. These streams rise in the N. part of Patrick co, flow S. E, uniting in the S. W. angle of Henry co, and empty into Dan River, in Rockingham co, N. C. Meadow River, Me. A small stream flowing into Casco Bay. Mecock Bay, Suffolk co, N. Y.. lies on the S. side of Long Island. It is 4 miles long, .and from 1 to 2 miles wide. Medicine Creek. Mo. Its head branches rise in Sullivan and Mercer counties, and flowing S, it enters Grand River in Livingston co. Medina River, Ts. The head stream of the River San Antonio. Megunticook River and Pond, Waldo co. Me. The river rises in the pond of the same name, and enters the Penobscot at Camden, affording excellent water power. The pond lies in the town of Lincolnvillc, is about ,9 miles long, of an irregular shape, and a very beautiful sheet of water. Melicrin River, Va, rises in Charlotte co, and flowing S. of E, unites with the Nottaway, to form Chowan River, in N. C. Meigs Creek, O, falls into the Muskingum, 20 miles ubove Marietta. Meminis Lake, La Pointe co, Wn. This lake supplies one of tho head branches of Namekagon River. Memokage River, Ma, flows S. E. into the St Croix River. Memoosic River, Mn, rises in the E. part of Lake co., flows N. W, and empties into Manistee River, near its mouth. Memphremagog LakeNt. and Canada, is 30 miles IN THE UNITED STATES. 215 in length, and 2 or 3 miles wide. It lies mostly in Canada, only 7 or 8 miles of the S. end ex tending into Vt. It is situated about half way between Connecticut River and Lake Champlain, and the part within Vt. lies between the towns of Derby and Newport. A bay extends S. into Or leans. These waters cover about 15 square miles in Vt, and receive from this state Clyde; Barton, and Black Rivers. The waters of the lake are discharged to the N. by Magog Outlet into the River St. Francis, and through that into St. Pe- , ter's Lake, about 1 5 miles below the mouth of the River Richelieu. Menan Islands. Grand Menan, belonging to the British, lies off the mouth of the St. Croix River, and Passamaquoddy Bay. On its S. side are a number of small islands and harbors. The inhabitants are principally fishermen. Little or Petit Menan, Washington co. Me, lies about 3 miles S. S. E. from Goldsboro' harbor. On it is a light-house, with a tower 25 feet in height. Menee Creek, Wn, rises in the S. part of Mani towoc co, flows S. E. into Sheboygan co, and_ empties into Lake Michigan, a little above She boygan River. Menomonee River, Mn, has its source in a small lake, and running E. by S. about 100 miles, enters Green Bay. It forms part of the boundary be tween Mn. and Wn. Ter. Mequacumecum River, Mn, drains the W. inte rior of Marquette co, flowing S. into the Wesa- cota, or Brule River. Mequon River, Washington co, Wn. A small stream rising in Musquenoc Lake, and flowing S. E. into Milwaukee River. Mermentau River, La. This river drains the ex tensive prairies of the S. W. part of the state for a distance of 200 miles. After passing through a lake of the same name, it falls into the Gulf of Mexico, 200 miles W. of Mississippi River. It has but 3 feet of water on the bar at its mouth. The country through which it flows is covered with grass, with the exception of a narrow strip of woodland, partly live oak, which skirts its borders. Merritt's Island, Orange co. Pa. This island lies in Indian River, and occupies nearly the entire length of it. Merrimac River. See Franklin, N. H. Merrymeeting Bay, Me, is about 5 miles above Bath, at the junction of the Androscoggin and Kennebec Rivers. It is 10 or 12 miles in length, and contains Swan and other islands. Merrymeeting Bay, N. H. See Alton. Merrymeeting Pond, N. H. See New Durham. Meshoppen Creek, Pa, flows S. W, and enters the Susquehanna, about 17 miles above Tunk- hannock Creek. Metargamook Lake, Me, lies in the W. part of Penobscot co. ' The E. branch of Penobscot River passes through it. Mexico Bay, Oswego co, N. Y, lies in the E. part of Lake Ontario, opposite the mouth of Salmon River. Mexico, Gulf of. This great gulf, situated S. of the U. S, is 1000 miles long and 600 broad, containing 660,000 square miles'. It washes the W. coast of Fa. and the S. coast of Aa, Mi, La, and Ts. Miami River, O, rises in Hardin co, and, after a S. W. course of 100 miles, affording extensive water power, falls into the Ohio in the S. W. corner of the state. It receives many large branches, and is 200 yards wide at the mouth. It is connected with the Anglaize, a1 S. branch of the Maumee, by a portage of 5 miles, and, al though its course is rapid, it is navigable to a limited extent for 75 miles. Michell's Cave, N. Y. See Klip's Hill. Michemanetue Lake, Lenawee co, Mn. A small. sheet of water supplying the head branch of Tiffins River. Michiconi Lake, Portage co, Wn. Situated S. E. from Flambeau Lake, with which its outlet connects. Michigamme Lake, Mn, lies in the N. interior of Marquette co, and is the source of Peshakeme River. Michigan, Lake. One of the five great lakes, lying wholly in the United States, and the larg est body of water within its boundaries. It lies chiefly between the states of Mn. proper and Wn, touching' also la. and Is. in its S. part. Its length is great in proportion to its breadth, being 330 miles long, and, on an average, 60 miles broad. It covers an area of 16,981 square miles, or 10,868,000 acres, being inferior in size onlv to Lake Superior and Lake Huron. It is between 41° 38' 58" and 46° N. lat, and be tween 84° 40' and 87° 8' W. Ion. Its surface is elevated about 600 feet above .tide water ; but its bottom is estimated to be, on an average, 900 feet deep, so that, if there were a free channel sufficient to drain this lake into the ocean, there would still remain a sea, in this position, nearly as large as the lake now is. Its waters are dis charged N. into Lake Huron through the Straits of Michilimackinac, or Mackinac, from 4 to 8 miles wido, and 40 miles long. It has Green Bay on the N. W, which by itself is a large sheet of water, 120 miles in length by 25 in width, con nected with the lake by a strait at its N. part. Into this bay are received also, through Fox River, the waters of the small lake Winnebago. The principal rivers which flow into Lake Mich igan, beginning at the S. or upper end, are the two Calamicks'and Riviere du Chemin, from la, and, from the peninsula of Mn. proper, the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand River, Maskegon, White River, Pent Water, Pere Marquette, Sandy, Monistic, Piatt, Carp, Grand Traverse or Ottawa, and some others of less note. Grand Traverse is the name applied to that part of the Ottawa River which widens to a bay for a distance of 30 miles before it enters the lake. On the W. shore the confluents of Lake Michigan are more creeks, among which Manawakee, about 70 miles long, is the most important. Several rivers of consid erable importance, however, come in from the W. through Green Bay, among which arc Fox River and the Menomonee. The waters of Lake Michigan are pure and clear, and abound in excellent fish. There are many good harbors upon its shores, upon which commercial towns are rapidly growing up. On the W. are Chica go, Kenosha, Racine, Milwaukee, Washington, Sheboygan, and Manitoowoc, and Grand Haven, Richmond, St. Joseph, and Michigan city on the E. The relative position of this lake is most advantageous for becoming the medium of an extensive commerce. Its longest diameter lies in the direct line of communication between the valley of the Mississippi and that of the other great lakes and of the St. Lawrence. It is navi gable for the largest vessels and steamboats, which ply between Buffalo and Chicago, touch ing at the several ports on the way. A grand 216 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. canal, constructed through part of its extent for a ship canal, and capable of being completed on that scale, connects the waters of Lake Michigan at Chicago with those of the River Illinois, the Mississippi, and the Gulf of Mexico. Mic/nlimackinac Strait. Sec Mackinaw. Middlebury River, Vt, rises in Hancock, passes through Ripton, and, flowing W„ falls into Otter Creek in the S. part of Middlebury. The length of this stream is about 14 miles, and it affords several mill sites. Middle Island Creek, Va. This stream rises in the E. part of Doddridge, flows N. W. and W, and empties into the Ohio River opposite Middle Island. Middle Three River, Io, rises in two forks in Madison co., flows N. E. across Warren co. into the Des Moines River. Miles's River, Vt, rises in Lunenburg, and, pursuing a S. course into Concord, where it re ceives the outlet of Miles's Pond, bends its course E, and falls into Connecticut River by a mouth 7 or 8 yards wide. • Mill Brook, Vt. See Windsor. Mill Creek, la, has its source in the S. W. part of Hendricks co, flows in a winding S. W. direc tion, and empties into White River. Mill Creek, Mn. It rises in the E. part of La peer co, flows S. of E, and empties into Black River in St. Clair -co. Mill Creek, Ca, rises among the Sierra Nevada, and flows S. W, into the Rio Sacramento. Mills River, Is, rises in the N. part of Jackson co„ takes a semicircular bend, and empties into the Mississippi in Randolph co. , Mille Lues, Chippewa co, Wn. This lake is the source of an E. branch of Red Cedar River. Millers River, Vt, rises in Sheffield, waters a part of Whcelock, and falls into the Passumpsic, in Lyndon. It is generally a rapid stream, and affords some good mill privileges, particularly in Wheelock, where there is a considerable fall. Miller's Paver, Ms. This is a fine mill stream, rising in ponds in Ashburnham and Winchendon ; it has many tributaries, and passes through Athol, Orange, and Wendell, and falls into the Connecticut at Irving. Millinoket Lalce, Penobscot co. Me. This large sheet of water receives many rivers, and is an important source of the W. branch of the Penob scot. Its outlet, a river of tho same name, con nects it with Pemadumcook Lake near the great falls at Pemadumcook Outlet. Millstone Creek, N. J. This rapid stream rises jin Monmouth co, and flowing N. N. E, enters the Raritan in Somerset co. The Delaware and Raritan Canal follows this stream a considera ble distance. Mill Tail Creek, Tyrrell co, N. C, flows N. W. into Alligator River. Milwaukee Bay, Wn. A curvature of Lake Michigan in the E. part of Milwaukee co. Milwaukee Rivet; Wn. This large stream rises in Sheboygan and Fond du Lac counties, flows S. S. E. tlirough Washington into Milwaukee co.„where it empties into Milwaukee Bay, at the town of Milwaukee. Mini Skuyah or Salt Lake, Ma. A long, nar row sheet of water, connecting by an outlet on the S. with Tchan Sansan or River i\ Jaqucs. Minesota Lalce, Ma. A small sheet of water, the outlet of which communicates with Minesota or St. Peter's River. Minsi Sagaigoning or Mille Lacs, Ma. This is a large, circular sheet of water, lying between Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers, and connecting on the S. with Rum River. Misery River. Houghton co, Mn. A small stream in the N. W. part of the county, flowing into Lake Superior. Mispillon Creek, Md. A small stream sepa rating Kent and Sussex counties, and emptying into Delaware Bay. Missisco Bay, Vt. and Canada, is a large arm of Lake Champlain, which extends into Canada between Swanton and Highgate on the E. and Alburg on the W. Its width from E. to W, on Canada line, is about 5 miles, and it extends 4 or 5 miles into Canada. This bay covers an area of about 35 square miles. Missisco River, Vt, rises in Lowell, and, flow ing N. E. through a part of Westfield and Troy, crosses the N. iine of the state into Potton, in Canada, where it receives a large stream from the N. E. After running several miles, it re turns into Vt. about 1 mile W. from the N. E. corner of Richford. Thenco it runs S. W. through tho corner of Berkshire, where it- re ceives Trout River, into Enosburg. It then passes through Sheldon and Highg.ate into Swan- ton, and, after performing a circuit of several miles in that town, returns into Highgate, and, running N. W, falls into Missisco Bay, near Canada line. This stream affords a considerable number of valuable mill sites, and besides its tributaries above mentioned, Black Creek and Taylor's Branch are the most important. The length of this river, including its windings, is about 75 miles, and it is navigable for vessels of 50 tons' burden 6 miles to Swanton Falls, where is hydraulic power of great value. , Mississippi River. The largest and most im portant river of the United States, or of North America. The import, in the Algonquin lan guage, of the name Missi Sepe, is Great River. Whether we consider its great length, its mighty and numerous tributaries, the extent of country which it drains, or the distance to which it is navigable, it well deserves the title which the Indians have given to it, " The Father of Waters." If estimated by the criterion which is now considered as determining the comparative importance of the great rivers, — the extent of the area drained by its waters, — it is the fifth, or perhaps the fourth, in rank among the rivers of the. earth, and the third among the rivers of the American continent. The basin, or valley, of the Mississippi extends from the Appalachian chain of mountains on the E. to the Rocky Mts. on the W, and from the Gulf of Mexico on the S. to the great lakes and the boundary between the United States and the British possessions on the N. and N. W. This great basin is composed of two very unequal slopes, or inclined planes. One, tho W, and most extensive, falling E. from the Rocky Mts, has a mean width of about 800 miles ; tho oilier, which declines from the Appalachian Jits. W, has a mean width of about 400 miles. The. base line, or line of common depression, follows the valley of the Illinois, and of the Mis sissippi below the point where the former unites with the latter. A line drawn from the Appa lachian chain, at the source of the Tennessee, to the source of the most N. W. tributary of the Mississippi, measures a distance of about 2000 miles ; and a line drawn nearly at right angles IN THE UNITED STATES. 217 to this, from the sources of the Red River, to those of the Wisconsin, measures about 1100 miles. The average width of the TVIississippi basin is about 550 miles. The extent of surface included in this vast area is about 1,100,000 square miles. This exceeds the aggregate of all the valleys drained by the rivers of the Atlantic slope, in cluding that of the River St. Lawrence. The principal tributaries of the Mississippi are the Red River, the Arkansas, the White, the Missou ri, and the Yellowstone, from the W, and the Ohio and Illinois from the E. These great riv ers, with many others of inferior magnitude, draining the different parts of the great basin from which they come, unite with the Mississippi proper, and pour their waters through its channel into the Gulf of Mexico. Above the confluence of the Missouri with the Mississippi, the former, although denoted as a secondary to the latter, is much the larger of the two. But the Mississippi, having been first explored, retains, through its course, the name which it then received. Above the entrance of the Missouri, it is known in com mon parlance as the Upper Mississippi. The river is called the Mississippi proper, in distinc tion from this great tributary, so much its supe rior; inasmuch as, from the natural features of the entire basin denominated the valley of 'the Mississippi, it would seem that the Missouri should bear the same name, or that it is better entitled to be considered as the true Mississippi. The extreme source of the Mississippi was dis covered by Schoolcraft, July 13, 1832, to be the Itasca Lake, in 47° 10' N. lat, and 94° 54' W. Ion, at an elevation of 1 500 feet above the ocean, and 3160 miles from its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. This is a beautiful sheet of water, of irregular shape, about 8 miles long, situated among hills covered with pine forests, and ted by springs. It has its outlet to the N, which is about 10 or 12 feet wide, and from 12 to 18 inches deep, which, flowing N, passes through Lakes Irving and Traverse. It then turns E, and passes through several small lakes to Lake Cass, which is about 16 miles long, and contains several islands. Thence it flows E. to Lake Winnipec, and S. E. to Little Lake Winnipec, below which -it receives Leech Lake through an outlet, which was formerly supposed to be the source of the Mississippi. From, this point the river expands to a hundred feet in width, and flows through a low prairie country till it reaches the Falls of Peckagama, where it descends about 20 feet over a rapid of 300 yards. These falls are about 685 miles above tho Falls of St. Anthony. All the sources of the Mississippi take their rise in lat. 42°_to 48° N, and the general course of the river is S, bearing E. in the upper part through about 20 degrees of lat, to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. By this rule of computation, the length of the valley of the Mississippi proper is about 400 miles; but the extent of travel, by the course of the river is probably twice this number of miles. It has indeed been estimated higher than this; but the length of rivers extending far into these remote and sparsely-settled regions of the country has been generally overrated. The gradual declivity of the Mississippi valley, how ever, is so very slight, giving a fall to the waters of not more than five or six inches to the mile upon an average, and the soil through which its channel is made is so tender and easily worn away, that the smallest, obstacles in the stream, 28 or the most inconsiderable variations in the sur face of the country, have been sufficient to divert the current from an onward direction, and togive it oftentimes a very serpentine and circuitous course. The Mississippi meets with very few falls or rapids in its course. The Falls pf St. Anthony, about 2000 miles from its source, ter minate the route of steamboat navigation. Down these falls,' the river, which is here about half a mile wide, precipitates its waters in a perpendic ular descent of about 16 or 17 feet, making, with the descent of the rapids above and below, a fall of about 40 feet. For a long distance below it is a clear, placid, and beautiful stream, skirted with wide and fertile bottoms, or alluvial margins, which are under water at the season of floods. A few miles below the mouth of the River Des Moines, and about 100 miles above the entrance of the Missouri, there are rapids of about 10 miles in extent, which at low water in the sum mer occasion considerable impediment to the navigation. Where the Missouri enters, the river has a width of a mile and a half; but below this, to the mouth of the Ohio, although* the volume of its waters is greatly increased by those of this mighty tributary, the width of the stream is con siderably less. Its channel, however, has greater depth, and its current a more accelerated and turbulent movement. At the lowest stages, 4 feet of water may be found from the rapids of Des Moines to the mouth of the Missouri. Be low that point, to the mouth of the Ohio, there are 6 feet in the channel of the lowest places, at low water. Between the mouth of the Ohio and the St. Francis there are various shoals, where pilots are often perplexed to find a sufficient depth for their boats during low water. Below that point there is no difficulty at any season, except in finding the right channel. The river washes the entire western border of the state of Mississippi, which it separates from Arkansas and Louisiana, for a distance, by the windings of the stream, of 530 miles. A large portion of its banks, in this section of its course, consists of inundated swamp covered with cypress, excepting occasional elevated bluffs, which rise immediately upon the borders of the river. Natchez, the largest and most commercial place in this state, is situated on one of these bluffs, elevated 250 feet above the surface of the river. About 500 miles from its mouth, the Red River enters the Mississippi from the W. This is the last of the tributaries of any consequence which it receives. Next to the Missouri and the Arkansas, it is the largest which comes in from the W, and dis charges about as much water as the latter. Here the Mississippi carries its greatest volume of wa ter, as immediately below this it sends off, at intervals, several large outlets, which make their way in separate channels to the ocean. Three miles below the mouth of Red River, the Atch- afalaya, or Chiaffalio Bayou, as it is called, passes off on the W. side, which is supposed to carry off as much water as the Red River brings in. The Atchafalaya has been supposed to be the ancient bed of the Red River itself, by which it continued its course to the ocean without forming a connection, as now, with the Mississippi. The latter has here effected a change in its course by cutting through the isthmus of a'large bend, in consequence of which its main channel does not now pass by the mouth of the Red River. By these changes, it is probable there has been some 218 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. disturbance of the natural course of that river. The Atchafalaya, inclining to the E. of S, enters the bay of the same name in the Gulf of Mexico. The outlet Plaquemine leaves the Mississippi 128 miles below the outlet Atchafalaya. Thirty- one miles below the Plaquemine, and 81 above New Orleans, is the outlet of La Fourche, which also communicates with the ocean. Below this there are numerous small streams leaving the. Mississippi at different points. On the E. side the principal outlet is the Iberville, which passes off a little below Baton Rouge, going through Lakes Maurepas, Ponchartrain. and Borgne, into the Gulf of Mexico. In times of flood this out let carries off considerable water. Between this outlet on the E. and Atchafalaya on the W. is included what is called the Delta of the Missis sippi. At the distance of 105 miles below New Orleans, by the course of the river, and of 90 miles in a direct line, this majestic river enters the Gulf of Mexico by its several mouths, the principal of which is the N. E. pass, called the Balize, 29° V 25" N. lat, and 89° 10' W. Ion, and the S. W. pass, 29° 8' N. lat, and 89° 25' ,W. Ion. Most of the vessels enter and leave the river by the Balize. The depth of water on the bar, at each of these passes, is from 1 2 to 1 7 feet, but much greater immediately within and with out. The river is navigable for vessels of any size, which are now for the most part taken up to New Orleans by steam tow-boats, as the most expeditious and economical method of reaching the city. Sailing vessels seldom go farther up than Natchez, 322 miles above New Orleans, as the navigation of the river by steamboats is much more convenient. The Delta of the Mississippi, if we regard the efflux of the Atchafalaya as its apex, and the Gulf of Mexico as its base, stretches over two degrees of latitude and three degrees of longitude. The distance from the outlet of Atchafalaya to the mouths of the Mississippi is 220 miles. Its breadth varies from 10 miles' to 100, and its area amounts to at least 12,000 square miles, or one fourth part of the state of Louis iana. The very trifling elevation of the Delta, by its acclivity from the ocean, is demonstrated by the fact, that in autumn, when the rivers are reduced to tlieir lowest mark, the tides of the gulf, of only about 2 feet mean elevation, are sensibly felt in the Atchafalaya and Iberville, at their effiux from the Mississippi, sometimes even causing the current to flow back from the former into the latter. From the physical characteristics of the Delta, it has been supposed by some ge ographers that the main channel of the Missis sippi 'is changeable. But this must be a mistaken opinion. When the annual inundations occur, the surface of the river is indeed above that of the surrounding country ; and the effect of the action of its powerful current in leaving a greater deposit of alluvion upon its immediate banks than farther back, has been to give them a per manent elevation above the general surface. Nevertheless these superficial banks, which of course are liable to accretion or abrasion iii the lapse of time, are as nothing to the deep bed of the stream, which, as in the case of all other riv ers, is the deepest valley of the region through which it flows. That this is the character of the main channel of the Mississippi is apparent from the soundings which have been made, showing a depth at the head of the Delta, at the lowest water, of 75 to 80 feet; of 130 feet near the out let of La Fourche, at Donaldsonville ; of 100 feet and upwards opposite New Orleans ; and of 75 to 80 feet 3 miles above the main bars, at its moutn. Comparing these elements with those of the deepest lake of La, Lake Ponchar train, the bottom of which is not more than 18 to 25 feet below the general level of the Delta, the bed of the river is seen to be from 75 to 80 feet below the bottom of the lowest adjacent de pression. With the exception of some changes which have been effected, both in and above the Delta, by the cutting off of the necks of isthmuses, formed originally by almost circular , bendings in the river, the current of the Mississippi is as effectually and permanently confined to its chan nel as that of any other river. In this phenom enon, such lakes as that of Fausse Riviere, (False River,) of which there are some six or seven, either formed or forming, have had their origin. This fine lake, in the parish of Point Coupee, 172 miles above New Orleans, was once a bend of the Mississippi. In or about the year 1714, the change above described was effected, from which both the names Fausse Riviere and Point Coupee (Point Cut Off) are derived. By cutting through this narrow neck of land, the Mississippi shortened its course upwards of 30 miles. Near the new channel the old bed was rapidly filled with alluvion, but in all other parts it retained its original form, and is now a lake, with a mar gin possessing the usual fertility of the river banks, and occupied with farms and farm-houses. From the extent of country drained by the Mis sissippi, it necessarily follows that its spring floods are very great, and of very long continuance. In a mean of ten years, it appears that the swell commences on the Delta about the end of Feb ruary, and continues rising to the middle of June, ' when the waters begin to abate. This long and gradual discharge is occasioned by three causes, depending on the vast extent of the region from which the floods descend : first, varieties of tem perature from a difference of latitude and an increase of elevation ; second, contrariety of di rection in some of the streams which constitute the sources of the river ; third, the time required for the waters of the Upper Mississippi, of the Missouri, and of other distant regions, to traverse the long distance from the sources to the mouths of this mighty river. The difference of latitude from the mouths to the remotest sources of the Mississippi is about 20 degrees, and the relative elevation not less than 5000 feet. These elements combined would give a winter climate to the sources of the Missouri or Mississippi, equal to that of Labrador, in lat. 61°, on the Atlantic- coast. Permanent snows cover the earth in win ter, over the Atlantic slope and Mississippi basin, as low as lat. 31°, the waters from which, it is ob vious, cannot be simultaneously discharged. The general course of the flood being S, the spring- advances in a reverse direction^ and releases in succession the waters of the lower valley, then tliose of tho Ohio, and last those of the Missis sippi proper and the Missouri. Rising in lat. 42° to 50° N, and at an elevation of from 1200 to 5000 feet, tho higher sources of the Mississippi are locked in ice and snow long after summer reigns on tho Delta. Then the course of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers is to tho N. E. at first, for 500 or 600 miles, from which circum stances, together with the slow movement of the waters, it results that the waters of the upper IN THE UNITED STATES. 219 sources of the Mississippi do not reach the Delta before the beginning of August, about 100 days after the breaking up of winter, and more than a month after the inundation has been abating. The average height of the floods, below the mouth of the Missouri, is 15 feet. From the Missouri to the Ohio it rises 25 feet, and for a. great distance below the mouth of the Ohio it rises 50 feet. Before reaching Natchez, the height of the floods begins to decline. At Baton Rouge it seldom exceeds 30 feet, and at New Orleans 12. This gradual diminution in the flood, in the lower part, has been, supposed by some to result from the draining through the numerous effluxes of the river, conveying away such considerable portions of its waters by separate channels to the sea. So greatly does the quantity of snow and rain differ in different years, that it is quite im possible, even for those who have had the longest experience, to anticipate, with an approach to certainty, the elevation which the flood will attain in any given year. Some years the waters do not rise above their channels, and no inundation takes place. As the banks of the river in the Delta, from the cause above noticed, are higher than the general level of the country, constituting an alluvial margin of from half a mile to a mile and a half wide, it becomes important to protect some of the more valuable tracts in the rear from the annual overflow of the river, from which they could not easily be drained. For this purpose an artificial embankment has been raised at great expense upon the margin of the river, called the Levee. On the E. side this embankment com mences 60 miles above New Orleans, and extends down the river more than 130 miles. On the W. side it commences 172 miles above New Orleans. The vast trade of the valley of the Mississippi centres at New Orleans. Vessels are often from 5 to 30 days ascending the river to this port, un less , they employ the steam tow-boats, though they will often descend with a favorable wind in 12 hours. Before the introduction of steam boats it required 8 or 10 weeks to go to the mouth of the Illinois. The use of steamboats has nearly superseded all other vessels for ascending the river. Boats of 40 tons ascend more than 2000 miles, to the Falls of St. Anthony. The passage from Cincinnati to New Orleans and back has been made in 19 days. The first steamboat on the western waters was built at Pittsburg in 1811, and there are now over 300 on the Mississippi and its tributaries, many of them of great bur den. By the opening of the Illinois Canal from Chicago to the head of navigation in the Illinois, River, a connection has been formed between the waters of the River St. Lawrence and the Mis sissippi, of sufficient draught to admit the passage of small vessels, laden with their cargoes of mer chandise. Some time in the autumn of 1849, the first vessel was reported at New Orleans as hav ing arrived from the St. Lawrence, via the Wel- land Canal, the great lakes, the Illinois Canal and River, and the Mississippi. Returning by the Atlantic coast, she might then have circum navigated the United States. Mississinewa River, la. and 0. This river rises in the N. W. part of Dark co, 0, flows N. W. into la, and empties into the Wabash River in Miami co. Missouri River. The sources of this great river take their rise in the Rocky Mts, and some of their springs are within a mile of other springs which discharge themselves W, through the Co lumbia River, into the Pacific Ocean. The three principal streams which constitute the head waters of the Missouri are the Jefferson, the Madison, and the Gallatin, which unite at the same point in lat. 45° 10' N, and Ion. 110° W. From their confluence at this point, the river takes the name Missouri, and flows onward, receiving numerons tributaries in its course, through a distance of more than 3000 miles, to its junction with the Mississippi, in lat. 38° 51' N, and Ion. 90° W. Its course is at first N. and N. E, to the mouth of White Earth River, lat. 47° 25' ; thence S- E, about 220 miles, to the Mandan villages, or Indian settlements. From this point, the river takes a S. course, through a distance of several hundred miles ; and then, being inflected more to the E, it pursues this general direction to the Mississippi. Although it loses its name at its confluence with the Missis sippi, it is, before it reaches this point, much the longest and largest river of the two, and, phys ically considered, is entitled to be denominated the principal, rather than the secondary. The Missouri is already a very large river, when it approaches and passes the sourqes of its very inferior rival. If it be ranked f according to physical preeminence, as including the Missis sippi from its confluence with that river to its mouth, it has an entire length of about 4350 miles, and is probably the longest river of the earth. Ranking it as a secondary to the Missis sippi, and having reference to the area drained by its channel, it is the largest river of that class in the world. A direct line drawn along its valley, from its junction with the Mississippi River to the head of Maria's River, one of its most N. W. sources, is nearly 1400 miles in extent, and the width of the upper valley of the Missouri, as that part is called which is above the confluence of the Yellowstone, is not less than 600 miles across the sources, and has a mean of 300 miles in tho general direction of the streams. The entire valley, drained by the Missouri proper, includes an area of 523,000 square miles, or a surface more than double that of the whole Atlantic slope of the United States. The upper valley of the Mis- ¦ souri presents a surface, on the W. side, broken by mountains, and gradually spreading into plains, as the rivers descend in their courses. The whole face of -the country, with partial ex ceptions along, the rivers, is open prairie, exhibit ing a strong resemblance to the steppes of Asia, in nearly the same latitude. The surface of the lower valley is also extensively occupied with prairie, the alluvial and fertile soil on the rivers not having a very great breadth. The first large tributary of the Missouri is the Yellow stone. This river, 800 yards wide at its mouth, and probably the largest tributary of the Mis souri, enters it on the S. W. side, about 1800 miles from its junction with the Mississippi. The Yellowstone, at its junction, is as large as the Missouri. Steamboats ascend to this point, and can ascend farther by either branch. After their junction, the 'united' waters of the Yellow stone and Missouri form a river as large in volume, and as wide and deep, probably, as at its entrance into the Mississippi. Chienne River, 400 yards wide at its mouth, enters the Missouri on the S. W. side, 1310 miles from its mouth : White River, 300 yards wide, enters it on the S. W. side, 1130 miles from its mouth; Big 220 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Sioux River, 110 yards wide, enters it 853 miles from its mouth, on the N. E. side ; Piatt Riv er, 600 yards wide, enters it on the S. W. side, 600 miles from its mouth; Kansas River, 233 yards wide, enters it on the S. W. side, 340 miles from its mouth ; Grand River, 1 90 yards wide, enters it on the N. E. side, 240 miles from its mouth ; La Mine River, 70 yards wide, enters it 200 miles from its mouth ; Osage River, 397 yards wide, enters it on the S. W. side, 133 miles from its mouth ; and Gasconade River enters it on the S. W. side, 100 miles from its mouth. The largest of these _ tributaries are navigable from 100 to 800 miles*. Through the whole course of the Missouri there is no serious obstruction to the navigation, except, perhaps, from the shallow ness of the water, during the season of the greatest drought, before arriving at Great Falls, about 260 miles from the Mississippi. The Mis souri is over half a mile wide at its mouth, and through the greater part of its course it is wider than this. ' It is a rapid and turbid stream, and generally carries along a powerful volume of water ; but owing to its passing through a dry and open country, and being subject to extensive evaporation, it becomes low at certain seasons, hardly affording sufficient water for steamboat navigation. From much greater relative eleva tion, from higher latitudes, and from the pecu liar courses of some of its tributaries, the flood in the Missouri is the latest in order, and does not reach the Mississippi proper until after the flood in that river, the Ohio, Arkansas, and Red Rivers have in great part subsided. At the Great Falls, distant about 2600 miles from the Mississippi, the river descends, by a succession of rapids and falls, 375 feet, in about 16A miles. The lower and greatest of these falls has a perpendicular pitch of 87 feet, the second of 19 feet, the third of 47 feet, and the fourth of 26 feet. These falls, next to those of Niagara, are the grandest on the continent. At the distance of 110 miles above these falls is a remarkable pas sage of the river through the mountains, denomi nated the Gates of the Rocky Mts. The scenery at this place is exceedingly grand. For a dis tance of about 6 miles, the rocks rise perpendicu larly from the margin of the river to an eleva tion of L200 feet. The river is compressed to the width of 1 50 yards, and for the first 3 miles, there is only one spot, and that only of a few yards, on which a man could stand between the water and these perpendicular walls of the mountain. Nothing can be imagined more gloomy and impressive than the passage through this deep chasm. Mobile Bay, Aa. This bay is connected with the Gulf of Mexico by two straits, ono on each side of Dauphin Island. The strait on the W. side will not admit vessels drawing more than 5 feet of water : that on the E. side, between the island and Mobile Point, has 18 feet of water, ¦ and the channel passes within a few yards of the point. There is a bar across the upper end of the bay, which has only 11 feet of water. The length of the bay is 30 miles, its average width 1 2 miles. Mobile River, Aa. The Alabama and Tom- bigbee unite, 40 miles above Mobile, to form this river. A few miles below the junction it divides into several channels. The main W. channel is called the Mobile ; the main E, which is widest and deepest, the Tensaw. It is navigable to St. Stephen's for vessels drawing 5 or 6 feet of water, by the Tombigbee branch, and to Claiborne by the Alabama branch. ,The two branches unite in 3 1 ° 6' N. lat, and 1 1 ° 5' W. Ion. from Washington. The river sometimes rises 50 or 60 feet in time of flood. Mob Jack Bay, Va. An arm of Chesapeake Bay, lying between Matthews and Gloucester counties. Moffet's River, Augusta co, Va. A small stream flowing into Middle River, a branch of the Shenandoah. Mohawk River, N. H, rises among the moun tains of Dixville, and in its course through Cole- brook, receives some considerable branches from Stewartstown, and falls into the Connecticut. . Mohawk River, N. Y, the principal branch of the Hudson River, rises in Oneida co, near the source of Black River, and runs S. about 20 miles, to Rome, and thence nearly E. to the Hudson River, which it enters at Waterford, be tween Albany and Saratoga. Its whole length is about 135 miles. The river has many rapids, and two large falls in its course. At Little Falls, it de scends over a stony bed, and through a remarka ble gorge in the mountain, 42 feet in the course of a mile. At Cohoes Falls, about 2 miles from its mouth, it pours its waters down a perpendicu lar descent of about 70 feet. Three fourths of a mile below this point is a bridge over the river, from which a fine view of the cataract is obtained. The Erie Canal now passes along, chiefly on the S. bank of the Mohawk, nearly through its whole course; consequently the channel of the river is but little used for navigation. The banks of the river are very level, and in some parts very fertile, particularly in Herkimer co, though in other parts they are poor and rocky. Molechunkamunk Lake, Me, lies about 80 miles N. by W. from Portland, and is one of the chain of large lakes extending N. W. from Umbagog Lake, through Oxford and a part of Franklin co, and emptying into the Androscoggin River. The borders of these lakes are thinly settled. but the soil is extremely fertile, and the scenery equal in beauty to that of the celebrated Winni pisiogee. Molly's Pond, Vt. See Cabot. Molumkus River, Me. This large stream rises mostly in Aroostook co, flows in a S. direction, and falls into the Matawamkeag about 8 miles from its mouth. Momsco Bay, Chippewa co, Mn. A branch of the Straits of St. Mary, opposite St. Joseph Island. Momsco River, Michilimackinac and Chippewa bounties, Mn, flows N. E, and empties into Momsco Bay. Mongaup Creek, or River, N. Y, rises in the N. part ol Sullivan co, and flows S. into Delaware River. Monistique Lake, Mn. Situated on the S. bor der of Schoolcraft co. Monistique River, Mn. This river and its nu merous branches drain the E. part of School craft co, and empty their waters into Lake Michigan. Monk's Hill, Kingston, Ms. Height 313 feet. Monocacy River, Pa. and Md. This river rises in Adams co. Pa, flows S. S. W, and empties into the Potomac at the S. angle of Frederick co, Md. N Monody Creek, Fa, falls into the Swatara 12 miles W. from Lebanon. IN THE UNITED STATES. 221 Monomoy Island, Barnstable cu, Ms. A long, narrow island, lying off the town of Chatham, Monongahela River, Pa. This river has its source in Randolph co, Va, at the foot of the Laurel Mts, and after flowing 300 miles in a N. direction, unites with Alleghany River at Pitts burg, to form the Ohio. It is crossed by a bridge at its mouth, where it is nearly 400 yards wide. It is navigable for large boats 60 miles to Browns ville, and for small boats 200 miles from its mouth. It is entered on its E. side by. Cheat and Youghiogeny Rivers, its principal tributaries. Monroe, Lake, Orange co. Pa. A small lake which is supplied by the waters of St. John's River. On its S. border is Fort Mellon. Montauk Point, N. Y, lies 140 miles E. from the city of New York, and about 60 miles W. S. W. from Gay Head light-house on Martha's Vine yard, Ms. Near this place are high and rugged cliffs, against whose base the waves of the At lantic dash with almost continued violence, any thing like a perfect calm being of rare occur rence. There is a sublimity and wildness, as well as solitariness, here, which leave a. powerful im pression on the heart. In a storm, the scene which the ocean presents is awfully grand and terrific. At this place are fine sea air and bath ing, and many -resort here, during the summer months, for health and pleasure. At the extrem ity of this point is a light-house, one of the most important beacons to mariners on the American coast. We copy the following beautiful lines, descriptive of the place, written by Mrs. Sigour- ney, the celebrated American poetess : — " Ultima Thule ! of this ancient isle, Against whose breast the everlasting surge, Long travelling on, and ominous of wrath, Forever beats. Thou lift'st an eye of light Unto the vexed and storm-tossed mariner, Guiding him safely to his home again. So teach us, 'mid our own sore ills, to wear The crown of mercy, and, with changeless Eye, look up to Heaven." Montezuma or Cayuga Marslies, N. Y, extend 14 miles along the outlet of Cayuga Lake and Seneca River. They are from 2 to 3 miles wide, and in summer are covered with rank grass from 3 to 4 feet high. Montgomery, Fort, N. Y. This old fortress, and that of Fort Clinton, both on the W. side of the Hudson River, 6 miles below West Point, were memorable spots during the revolutionary war. Montreal River. This small river rises in small lakes in La Pointe and Portage counties, flows N. W. on the boundary between Wn. and Mn, and falls into Lake Superior. Moore's Creek, N. J, falls into the Delaware about 6 miles above Philadelphia. Moose Mountain, N. H, is the name of a peak situated between Middleton and Brookfield, and also of a mountain in Hanover. See Brookfield and Hanover. Moose Lake lies in the town of Wilmurt, Her kimer co, N. Y, in ah uncultivated and almost uninhabited region of the state. Moose River, Me. This large tributary to Moosehead Lake rises in the W. part of Somer set co, and in its course flows through Atieh, Woods, Brassua, and several other ponds. Moose River, N. H. This stream rises on the N. side of the White Mts, near the town of Ran dolph, through which it passes, and unites with the Androscoggin in Shelburnc. Moose River, Vt, is an E. branch of the Pas sumpsic, and rises in Granby and East Haven. Taking a S. W. course through Victory, Brad- leyville, and a part of St. Johnsbury, it falls into the Passumpsic, opposite St. Johnsbury Plain. Length 24 miles. Moose River, N. Y, rises in Hamilton co, flows W., and enters Black River, a short distance above High Falls, in Lewis co. Moose Head Lake, Me. This lake, the outlet of which is the source of Kennebec River, lies in the county of Piscataquis. Its form is very irregular. Its length is between 40 and 50 miles, and its breadth, in the widest part, about 12 miles. The tributaries are numerous, and flow from almost every direction. It contains a number of islands, the largest of which is Sugar Island, containing 5440 acres, and Deer Island, containing 2000 acres. These islands are fertile, as is the whole country surrounding the lake, except in some places where the banks are high and precipitous. The waters are deep, and abound in trout of an extraordinary size. It is remarkable that the territory surrounding this inland sea, possessing in rich abundance all tho necessary requirements for the uses and comforts of man, and within three hundred miles of the capital of New Eng land, should be left a wilderness garden, unin habited and almost unexplored, while thousands of New England men are pressing to distant regions, less healthful, and less productive, when markets for surplus produce are considered. ' A steamboat plies up and down the lake, for the purpose of transporting passengers, more par ticularly those who are engaged in felling timber, and for the purpose of towing the timber down to the Kennebec outlet. The lumber business on this- lake is very extensive, and doubtless lucrative ; but the time is not very distant when this and other sections of Maine will be as much valued for the fruits of the soil, and, under the wise system of geological exploration, adopted by the legislature, for the quarries of slate, lime, granite, marble, and even coaI7 as they are now for their forests of timber. This lake may be divided into two bays. A little above the centre of it is a narrow pass, of rather less than a mile across. At this place, on the western side, is Mount Keneo, an elevation of 500 or 600 feet. projecting over the water. From this height a picturesque view of the lake, its islands, and a boundless wilderness, is presented. MoosehiUock Mountain, N. H, is a noble emi nence, in the S. E. part of Benton, and ranks among the highest mountains in New England. Baker's River rises on its E. side. Mooseluclcmaguntic Lake, Me, lies about 2 miles S. of Molechunkamunk Lake, into which it empties. Moreau Creek, Mo, is formed in Cole co.? by the junction of its two forks, flows E, and enters the Missouri River, a little above the Osage. Morehouse Lake, N. Y, the head source of East Canada Creek, lies in the town of Morehouse, Hamilton co. More's Hill, Goshen, Ms. Height 1713 feet. Moriah, Mount, N. H, an elevated peak of the White Mountains, situated in the S. part of Shel- burne. Mormon Creek, Crawford co, Wn. A small branch of the Mississippi. Morrison's Island, Colleton district, S. C., lies 222 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. at the mouth of Charleston harbor, N. E. from James Island. Mother Kill, Kent co, De. A small stream emp tying into Delaware Bay, just below Jones Creek. Mountain Ridge, N. Y, lies S. or Lake Ontario, and once, without doubt, formed its S. shore, of which the Ridge Road, or Alluvial Way, run ning parallel with the S. border of the lake, and from 6 to 8 miles from it, is an important proof. Niagara River flows through the ridge. Mount Daniel, Webster, Ms. Height 785 feet. Mount Defiance, N. Y, a high eminence, is sit uated in the S. part of the town of Ticonderoga, Essex co, on the W. side of Lake Champlain, and overlooks the site of old Fort Ticonderoga. Gen eral Burgoyne ascended this mountain with some pieces of artillery in 1777, and obliged the Amer icans to evacuate Fort Ticonderoga, which had been considered almost impregnable. Since then it has been thought useless as a military station, and suffered to go to decay. On the summit of this mountain are still to be seen the remains of Burgoyne's Block House, which commands a beautiful and extensive view of Lake Champlain and the surrounding country. Mount Desert Sound, Me, lies S. of the Island of Mt. Desert, from which Mt. Desert Rock lies about 20 miles S. Mount Emmons, N. Y. This isolated peak lies mostly in the town of Gilman, Hamilton co, and is elevated about 4500 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson. Mount Esther, Whately, Ms. Height 995 feet. Mount Grace, Warwick, Ms. Height 1628 feet. Mount Hope and Mount Hope Bay. See Bris tol, R. I. Mount Ida, N. Y. This fine eminence lies about half a mile E. of Hudson River, within the city of Troy. Mount Independence, Vt, lies in the N. W. corner of the township of Orwell, and about 2 miles S. E. from Ticonderoga Fort. It is inter esting on account of its connection with the .early history oPbur country. Mount Lincoln, Pelham, Ms. Height 1248 feet. Mount Mclntyre, N. Y, a peak of the Adiron dack range, lies in Essex co, and is elevated 5183 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson. Mount Many, N. Y, the highest eminence of the Adirondack range, lies in the town of Keene, Essex co. It is elevated 5467 feet, or upwards of a mile, above the tide waters of the Hudson, and overlooks several other peaks of nearly the same height. The view of these mountains, cov ered with a dense, luxuriant forest, as seen from Lake Colden, is grand and picturesque in the extreme. Mount Misery, N. Y, lies in the town of Brook- haven, Suffolk co, on tho N. side of Long Island, and commands a view of Long Island Sound and the surrounding country. Mount Nebo, situated in the town of Middle bury, Vt, is sometimes called Chipman's Hill. It rests on a base of about 2 miles by 1, and rises gradually 439 feet above the level of Otter Creek. A part of the village rests upon its S. declivity, and it affords some of the best ara ble land in the township. The scenery from its summit is also very fine, commanding an exten sive view of Lake Champlain and the surround ing country. Mount -Seward, N. Y. A lofty group of the Adirondack range bears this name. It lies in the S. E. part of Franklin co, and is elevated 4800 feet above the Atlantic. Mount Tom, Woodstock, Vt, is an eminence of some height. Mount Tom, Northampton, Ms. Height 1 2 1 4 ft. Mount Vernon, Fairfax co, Va. This town, which contains the mansion and tomb of Gen eral Washington, is situated on the W. side of the Potomac, 6 miles below Alexandria. Many a pilgrimage has been made to the spot hallowed by the memory of the father of his country. Mud Creek, N. Y, rises W. of Canandaigua Lake, in Ontario co, flows N. E, and unites with the Canandaigua outlet in Wayne co. The united streams then take the name of Clyde River, which flows 20 miles in an E. direction, and empties into Seneca River. Mud Creek, N. Y, rises in Yates co, flows S, and enters Conhocton River in Steuben co. Mud Lake, N. Y. This small body of water lies mostly in the town of Tyrone, Steuben co. Mud Lakes, Uh. A chain of lakes lying N. from Pyramid Lake, 'with which they are con nected by outlets. Muddy Brook, Vt. This stream divides Wil- liston from Burlington, , and falls into Winooski River. Muddy Creek, York Co., Pa. This stream drains the S. E. part of the county, and empties into the Susquehanna River. " Muddy Creek, Is. A branch of the Little Wa bash River, which it enters in Clay co. Muddy River, Ky, a S. tributary of Green River, rises in Todd and Logan counties, and, flowing north, forms the boundary between But ler and Muhlenburg counties. Muddy Lake and River. Ma. The lake lies N. W. from the Minsi Sagaigoning or M^lle Lacs, and the river connects it with the Mississippi. Mugget Hill, Charlton, Ms. Height 1012 feet. Mulberry Creek. Ga. A tributary of the Chatta hoochee, which it enters in Harris co. Mulberry Creek, Aa. This is a branch of the Alabama River, which it enters on the N. side, after forming the boundary between Autauga and Dallas counties. Mulberry Creek, As. A pretty large stream, which rises in the S. part of Newton co, and flows S. W. into the Arkansas. Mullet Island, Hillsboro' co. Fa. Situated at the mouth of Tampa Bay. Mullet River, Wn, rises in a small lake in the E. part of Fond du Lac co, and flows W. across Sheboygan to. into Sheboygan River. Mullicas River, N. J, forms the boundary be tween Burlington and Atlantic counties, and en ters the Atlantic 9 miles E. of Leeds, through New Inlet, 'it is navigable 20 miles for vessels of 60 tons. Murderer's Creek, Orange co, N. Y, flows E, and enters the Hudson at the town of New Windsor. Murphy Islands, Charleston district, S. C, lie S. from the mouth of the Santee River. Muscatauck River, la. The head branches of this river rise principally in Decatur and Ripley coun ties. ,Its two largest, called Vernon and Graham's Fork, unite on the W. border of Scott co. It then flows W, separating Jackson and Washington counties, and empties into the E. fork of White River. Muscle Fork, Mo. A branch of the Chariton River, which it enters just below Keytesville. IN THE UNITED STATES. 223 Muscoot Creek, N. Y, rises in Putnam co, flows S, and enters Croton River, in Westchester co. Muskeg River, La Pointe co, Wn. The most W. branch of Bad River. Muskeget Island, Nantucket co, Ms. Situated off the N. W. extremity of Smith's Point. Muskingum River, 0. This large river is formed by two main branches, Tuscarawas and White Woman's Rivers, which unite at Coshoc ton. The Tuscarawas rises in Medina co, and a portage between them gave name to Portage town and county. The Muskingum is navigable for large bateaux to Coshocton, 100 miles. A canal, with a dam and locks, affording great water power, is constructed around the falls at Zanes- vill«. There is a slack water navigation from Zanesville to Dresden, where a channel, 24 miles long, connects Muskingum River with the Ohio Canal. The river is 225 yards wide at its en trance into the Ohio, at Marietta. Musquewoc Lake, Washington co, Wn, lies in the N. W. interior of the county, at the head of Mequon River. Musquito Creek, Io. A small branch of the Missouri, which it enters below Boyer's River. Musquito Harbor, Me, lies in the S. part of Gouldsboro', Hancock co. Musquito South Lagoon, Fa. Situated in the E. part of Orange CO., between Indian River and the Atlantic. Mystic River, Ms. The head of this river is at the beautiful towm of Medford, 5 miles N. from Boston. At the junction of this river with the Charles, near the city of Charlestown, the British ships of war lay at the battle of Bunker Hill. Nahant, Ms. See Fashionable Resorts. Nuhmyoo Bay, Brown co, Wn. Situated on the E. part of Green, W. from Sturgeon Bay. Namebin Lake, La Pointe co, Wn, is the source of one of the main branches of Bad River. Namejoy Bay, Charles co, Md. This is a small opening above Port Tobacco, on the E. side of the Potomac. Namekegon River, Wn. This river drains the S. part of La Pointe, and, crossing the N. E. an gle of St. Croix co, falls into the St. Croix River, of which it is a head branch. Nansemond River, Va, has its source in Dismal •Swamp, and enters Hampton Roads by a broad estuary. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons to Suffolk, more than 20 miles. Nanlick River, New London co, Ct, flows in a S. direction, and empties into Long Island Sound. Nanticoke Falls, Pa, are occasioned by the Susquehanna River's piercing a mountain in the N. part of Newport, 8 miles below Wilkesbarre. A dam is erected here for feeding the North Branch Canal, which affords great water power, and supplies. a great quantity of surplus water. Nanticoke River, De. and Md. This river rises in Suffolk co, De., flows S. W, and after entering Md, receives Marshy Hope River, which rises in Kent co, Md. The stream, then enters, by a broad estuary, Fishing Bay, a branch of Chesa peake Bay. Nantucket Island, Ms. See Nantucket, county and town. Narmarcungawack River, N. H, rises in the town of Success, and unites with the Androscoggin in Milan. Narraganset Bay, R. I. This delightful bay is 28 miles in length, and from 3 to 12 in breadth, lying wholly within the state of R. I. It extends from Point Judith on the W. to Seaconnet Rocks on the E, and terminates about 6 miles below Providence, at Bullock's Point. Taunton, Prov idence, Pawtuxet, and other rivers flow into it, and on its borders are Newport, Bristol, Warren, and other flourishing towns. It contains many beautiful islands, the principal of which are Con- nanicut, Prudence, Patience, Block, and Hope. This bay is accessible at all seasons, is well pro tected by forts, and affords some of the best harbors in the world. Narraguagus River and Bay, Washington co. Me. The river has its source in several ponds in Beddington, and flowing in a S. S. E. direction, enters Narraguagus Bay between Harrington and Steuben. The bay contains a number of islands, and communicates on the E. with Pleasant Bay. Narrows, N. Y. This great channel, through which most of the vessels going or returning from distant voyages enter the harbor of New York, lies between Long Island on the E. and Staten Island on the W. It is 8 miles S. of the city of N. Y, and communicates with the Lower Bay, which here contracts to one mile in width Its shores are bold and commanding, and on them are situated the principal forts and batteries for the defence of the harbor and city. Narrows, or Chimney Narrows, N. Y, situated on the Chemung River, near the village of Com- irig, Steuben co, are formed by rocky cliffs on the N. side of the river. They derive their name from the rocks which, left bare by the action of the water, resemble rude chimneys. A road, which is not without danger to the traveller, ' has been constructed along the narrow pass. Nashua River, N. H. and Ms. This beautiful stream rises in Worcester co, Ms, and is formed of two branches, called the N. and S. branches. The N. branch is formed of two streams, one from Ashburnham, the other from Wachuset Ponds. The S. braneh is composed of Still River, issuing from the E. side of Wachuset Mountain, and a stream from Quinepoxet Pond, in Holden. These branches unite in Lancaster, whence the main river proceeds in a N. E. course to Harvard, Shirley, Groton, and Pepperell, in Ms, and from thence into N. H, through Hollis, and nearly through the centre of Nashua, and falls into the Merrimack on the border of Nashville. Nash's Stream, N- H, originates in the vicinity of Stratford, and falls into the Upper^ Amonoo suck, in the N. W. part of the town of Stark. Nassau River, Fa, after an E. course on the S. border of Nassau co, enters the Atlantic by Nassau Inlet, i Natchang River, Ct, is the largest branch of the Shetucket. It rises in Union and Woodstock, and enters the Shetucket near the boundary of Chaplin and Mansfield. Natural Bridge, Va. See Fashionable Resorts. Natural Canal, in the town of Canton, St. Lawrence co, N. Y, connects the waters of Os- wegatchie and Grass Rivers. It is very straight, is 6 miles long, from 10 to 20 rods wide, and navigable at high water for boats of 10 tons. Naugatuck River, Ct. This important mill stream is about 50 miles in length. It rises in the N. part of Litchfield co, and after traversing a S. course nearly the whole length of that coun ty, it crosses the W. part of New Haven co, and falls into the beautiful Housatonic, at Derby. Nauneesha River, Wn. This stream flows S. E. 224 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. across the N. E. corner of Dane co, then turns to the N. E, crossing the N. W. corner of Jeffer son co, and empties into the W. branch of Rock River, in Dodge co. Navidad River, Ts. The E. fork of La Bacca River, which it enters at the town of Texana. Navisolo River, Ts. A small stream flowing S. into Brazos River. Nawizi River, Ma. This river runs W. of the Wananri, and nearly parallel to it, and empties into the Missouri. Neat's Brook, Vt. It rises in several branches in Lunenburg, and, flowing S, falls into a pond of the same name, which lies near the centre of 'Lunenburg, and is about one mile long and half a mile wide. The stream then continues its course S, meets a W. branch, and after running about half a mile farther, falls into Connecticut River by a mouth nearly two rods wide. Nebish Island, Mn. Situated in St. Mary's Straits, S. from Sugar Island. Neches River, Ts. This river flows in a S. S. E. direction, and empties into Sabine Lake near the mouth of Sabine River. Neddock, Cape, Me, is a rocky bluff, situated about 3 miles N. of York harbor, and inhabited by a few fishermen. Neepeeskunk Lake, Wn, lies in Winnebago and Fond du Lac counties, and communicates on the N. with Neenah or Fox River. Neil's Creek, Steuben co, N. Y, flows E. into Conhocton River. Nekomenon River, Marquette co, Mn, flows E. into Lake Superior. Nemaslcet River, Ms. A fine mill stream. See Middleboro'. Nenelau River, Mn. It rises in Oscoda and Alcona counties, flows N.E. across Alpena CO., in Thunder Bay River. Neosho River, In. Ter. This river rises in the dividing ridge between Arkansas and Kansas Rivers, runs S. E. and E. through the Osage and Cherokee lands, and enters the Arkansas 3 or 4 miles S. of Fort Gibson. Its length is 240 miles. Neponset River, Ms. This is a noble mill stream, rising in Canton, Stoughton, and Sharon. It, receives Mother Brook, a tributary of Charles River, and meets the tide water at Milton Mills ; and after meandering 4 or 5 miles through beau tiful meadow land, it meets Dorchester Bay at the delightful villages of Neponset and Commer cial Point, about 5 miles S. from Boston. ' This river is navigable for large vessels to the Lower Falls in Dorchester and Milton. Nescopeck Creek, Luzerne co. Pa, rises in the town of Hanover, and empties into the Susque hanna at Nescopeck Village, after a W. and N. W. course of 30 miles. Nescopeck Mountain, Luzerne co. Pa. This mountain is about 850 feet in height and 20 miles in length, running parallel to Wyoming Mt, on the N. side of Nescopeck Creek. Neshaming River, Pa, has its source in Hill- town, Bucks co, and after a winding course of 35 miles, crossed by several fine bridges, enters the Delaware 3 miles below Bristol. Nesaquake River, N. Y, rises in Smithtown, Suffolk co, and runs N. into Long Island Sound. The tide ascends it 5 miles, and it is navigable that distance. Neuse River, N. C. This river rises in Person and Orange counties, and after a course of about 300 miles, falls into a large estuary, connected with Pamlico Sound. It is boatable 200 miles, and navigable for vessels 1 2 miles above Newbern. Neversink Highlands, Monmouth co, N. J These highlands lie near the ocean, and are about 300 or 400 feet high. They are mostly covered with wood, and, lying in a low country, although their height is not great, they have become a noted landmark for sailors. . Neversink River, N. Y. This fine mill stream rises in Ulster co, flows through Sullivan co, and empties into the Delaware at the village of Port Jervis, Orange co. New Inlet, N. C. The passage between Federal Point and Smith's Island. New River, Va, rises in the N. part of N. C, and flowing into Va, is called the Great Kana wha, after passing through Peter's Mountain. New River, N. C, falls into New River Inlet, on the coast of the Atlantic, 45 miles W. S. W. of Cape Lookout. New River, Beaufort district, S. C. This river runs nearly parallel with the Savannah, and enters Tybee Sound by several mouths. New River, Ga. A small branch of the Chat tahoochee, which it enters in Heard co. New River, La, rises in Ascension co, between Mississippi and Amite counties, and empties into Lake Maurepas. Newaggen, Cape, Me. This cape extends from the town of Boothbay about 5 miles into the sea, and forms thb E. boundary of Sheepscot Bay. Newfound Pond, N. H. See Bristol. Newfound River, N. II. See Bristol. Newichawannock River, N. H. See Piscataqua. New Point Comfort, Va. The S. E. extremity of Matthews co, between Chesapeake and Mob Jack Bays. Newport Rivers, Ga. The N. River is naviga ble to Riceboro', 20 miles. Its length is 25 miles. The S. River, a smaller stream, empties into St. Catharine's Sound. Newtown Creek, N. Y. rises in Newtown, Queen's co, flows W, and enters East River, opposite the city of N. Y. Newtown Creek, N. Y, a fine, rapid mill stream, rises in Erin, Chenango co, and enters Chemung River, at the village of Elmira. New Topsail Inlet, New Hanover co, N. C. Situated N. E. from Sandy Inlet. Nickojack Creek, Ga, issues from a remarkable cave, situated in the N. W. extremity of the state. The cave is in Lookout Mt, is about 80 feet wide, 50 feet high, and 1^ miles in length. The creek is a powerful stream, being 60 feet wide at the mouth of the cave. Niagara River discharges the waters of the great upper lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, into Lake Ontario. It forms part of the boundary of the United States and of the state of New York, and is about 35 miles in length. It partakes more of the character of a strait, perhaps, than of a river. As it flows from Lake Erie, it is about three fourths of a mile wide, and from 20 to 40 feet deep. Its current for 3 miles is rapid, after which it becomes smooth and placid, resembling a prolongation of the lake, interspersed with low, wooded islands until it reaches the rapids, about 20 miles be low Lake Erie, and throe fourths of a mile above the falls. Five miles below Lake Erie, the river begins to expand, or, perhaps, more properly, to divide, flowing, in about equal vol ume, upon each side of Grand Island, which IN THE UNITED STATES. 225 is 9 miles long, and nearly the same in width in its widest part. At the foot of Grand Island is Navy Island, containing about 300 acres, which belongs to. Canada, and was occupied by the Patriots, so called, in 1837-8. There are many other small- islands in this section of the river, among which are Bird Island, between Buffalo and Fort Erie ; Squaw Island, opposite to Black Rock, containing 131 acres ; Strawberry Island, 100 acres ; Beaver Island, 30 acres ; Rat tlesnake Island, 48 acres ; Tonawanta Island, 69 acres ; Cayuga Island, 100 acres, about 4 miles above the falls; Buckhorn Island, 146 acres; ' and Goat or Iris Island, upon ,the very brink of the cataract, containing 75 acres. The shores of the river are low, and nearly level, from Lake Erie to the falls, and are but little inhabited. Black Creek and Chippewa Creek empty into it from the Canada side, and Shojockety, Tona wanta, Cayuga, and Gill Creeks from the Ameri can side. All these are above the falls. Below the termination of Grand and Navy Islands, the two channels are again united, and the river, be ing compressed to a width of about two miles and a half, begins to flow on with an accelerated motion, in a gradually contracting channel, un til it reaches the rapids, over which it is hurried, foaming and roaring, with irresistible velocity, for about three fourths of a mile farther, to the great Cataract of Niagara. Here its" whole vol ume is precipitated over a perpendicular wall of rock, into a chasm from 150 to 160 feet in depth, to the surface of the stream below. Immediate ly under the cataract the depth to which the channel has been excavated cannot, of course, be fathomed ; but a short distance below, where the river is compressed to less than one fourth of a mile in width, the current has been ascertained by soundings to be about 250 feet deep. For a more particular description of this great natural phenomenon, the reader is referred to a separate article, embracing many details which do not so properly belong to an account of the'river. The general course of the river from Lake Erie to the falls is about N. W. by N. # Below this point its general direction to Lake Ontario, 14 miles, is about due N. For about half this distance, to Lewiston, the river flows with concentrated vol ume, and with great velocity, in a descent of 104 feet, between banks gradually increasing in height from 1 50 to nearly 400 feet. These high banks terminate abruptly just above Lewiston ; and the river thence flows on over an extensive plain, with scarcely more than two feet declivity, through the whole remaining distance of seven miles, to Lake Ontario. The river here becomes wider, and of course more tranquil, and its clear waters, flowing between even and regular banks, assume an appearance as lovely as it was before majestic Nearly opposite Lewiston is Queens- town, on the Canada side. To these places the river is navigable for steamboats, and vessels coming into it from Lake Ontario. The whole descent of the river, from Lake Erie to Lake On tario, is 334 feet See Fashionable Resorts. Nicollet Lake, Ca. Uh. A large sheet of water lying S. S. W. from the Great Salt Lake. Its principal outlet is Nicollet River. Nidjikwe Lake, La Pointe co, Wn. Situated E. from Meminis Lake, at the head of Nameke- gon River. Nine Mile Creek, Onondaga co, N. Y., flows N. into Onondaga Lake. 29 Nipple Top. See Dial Mountain. ' Nishnabatona River, Io. and Mo. It rises in the S. W. interior of. Io, flows S. W, crossing Mills co, Io, and Atchison co. Mo, and empties into the Missouri in Holt co. Noddaway River, Mo, rises in the S. W. part of In. Ter, and enters the Missouri'iu the N. W. part of the state, after a course of 200 miles. Nodding's Point, Camden co, Ga, juts into Jykill Sound just above Dover Island. Nokay River, Ma. It rises in a chain of lakes, flows S. W, and empties into the Mississippi, a little below Crow Wing River. . Nolachucky River, N. C. and Te, has its source in Buncombe co, on the W. side of" the Blue Ridge, and enters the French Broad River in Te. Noland's Creek, Ts. It rises in the Cross Tim bers, and flows S. into Brazos River. Nolin Creek, Ky, rises in Hardin and Laure counties, flows S. W, forming the boundary be tween Grayson and Hart counties, and falls into Green River, opposite Brownsville, Edmonson co. Noman's Land Island, Dukes co, Ms. Situated off , the town of Chilmark, and directly S. from Gay Head. Nonesuch River, Me. A small stream which waters Scarboro', and falls into the sea. Norley River, one of the head branches of the Hiawassee, rises in Ga, flows N. N. W, and en ters the Hiawassee in Cherokee co, N. C. Normanskill, N. Y, rises in Schenectady co, flows S. E, and falls into Hudson River in the town of Bethlehem, Albany co. North Fork, White River, drains Ozark co. Mo, flows S. into As, and enters White River in the N. W. part of Izard co. North Island, Georgetown district, S. C. Sit uated at the entrance of Winyaw Bay. Na-th Riper, Ms. The head of this river is at Pembroke ; it is very deep and narrow, and s» exceedingly crooked that it meanders 18 miles in its course from Pembroke to Scituate harbor, when the distance by land is less than 6 miles. North River, N. Y. See Hudson River. North River, N. C, forms the boundary between Currituck and Camden counties, and empties inte Albemarle Sound. North River, St. John's co. Fa. A small stream running parallel with the sea-coast, and falling into St. Augustine harbor. Northern Fork, or Fall River, Io. It rises in the N. W. part of Dubuque co, flows S. E, and emp ties into Macoquetais River in Jackson co. North Newport River, Ga. This stream rises in some small lakes in the centre of the county, flows S. E, and falls into St. Catherine's Sound. North, West Bay lies in the town of Westport, Essex co, N. Y, on the W. side of Lake Cham plain. Norwalk River, Fairfield co, Ct, flows in a S. direction into Long Island Sound. Notipecago River, Mn. This is quite a large stream, having its sources in Oceana, Neewayga, and Lake counties, and flowing W. across Mason co. into Marquette Bay. Nottoway River, Va. and N. C, rises in Prince Edward co, Va, and after a course of 110 miles, joins the Meherun in Gates co, N. C, to form Chowan River. Nowadaga Creek, Herkimer co, N. Y, rises in the town of Warren, flows N. across Danube, where it enters the Mohawk. Nowaynin Bay, Brown co, Wn. An inlet from 226 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Lake Michigan, situated in the N. E. part of the county. Nueces River, Ts. This large river rises in a lake, flows S. E, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico through Corpus Christi Pass. Nulhegan River, Vt, rises in the towns of Aver- ill and Wenlock. The N. branch' takes a S. course through Averill, Lewis, and a part of Bloomfield, and the W. branch flows in an E. direction through Wenlock and a part of Brunswick. They unite in Bloomfield, and flow ing S. E, fall into the Connecticut just above the N. E. corner of Brunswick. The course of this stream is generally rapid, except that part which runs through Wenlock and Brunswick. Through this and Clyde River the Indians formerly had their navigation from Lake Memphremagog to Connecticut River. They had a carrying-place of about 2 miles from the head of one river to that of the other. The Nulhegan waters about 120 square miles, and is about 3 rods wide at the mouth. Oak Creek, Otsego co, N. Y, the outlet of Canaderga or Schuyler's Lake, flows S. through the town of Otsego, and falls into the Susque hanna River. Oak Creek, Milwaukee co, Wn, drains the S. part of thei county, and empties into Lake Michi gan. Oak Island, N. Y, lies S. of Long Island, in the Great South Bay. Oak Neck, N. Y, is situated in the town of Oyster Bay, Queen's co, on tho N. side of Long Island. ' Oakhill Landing, Livingston, Columbia co, N. Y, is situated 5 miles S. of the city of Hudson, on the E. side of Hudson River. Oak Orchard Creek, N. Y, rises in Genesee co, flows N, and enters Lake Ontario in Orleans co. Obed's River, Morgan co, Te. A W. branch of. Emery's River. Obed's River, Te., rises in two principal forks, which unite in Overton co. It then flows in a N. W. direction, and enters Cumberland River at Celina. Obion River, Te. A large extent of country is drained by this river and its tributaries. The prin cipal head branches rise in Henry and Carroll counties, and the river pursues a S. W. course until its entrance into the Mississippi. Oblong Creek, N. Y, rises in Dutchess co., and falls into Ten Mile River, which enters the Hou satonic in the state of Connecticut. Occohannock Creek, Va, forms part of the boun dary between Northampton and Accomac coun ties, and falls into Chesapeake1 Bay. Occoquan River, Va. This stream rises in Fau quier and Prince William counties, flows S. E, separating Fairfax and Prince William counties, and empties into the Potomac. Ochee River, Wn. It rises in the S. E. part of Columbia co, flows S. S. E, and empties into Nauncesha River in Dodge co. Ocheyedan Lake, Io. Situated near the N. border of the state, at the head of Ocheyedan River. Ocheyedan River, Io. It rises in Ocheyedan and another small lake, flows S. E, and falls into the Inyan Tankey or Little ,Sioux River. Ochapah Lake, Ma. Situated E. from Marxah Tankah Lake, and connected with the Minesota or St. Peter's River b'y Tehankaska River. Ooilla River. This river rises in the S. part of Georgia, flows in a S. S. W. direction through Florida, separating Madison and Jefferson coun ties, and empties into Appalachee Bay. Ocklawaha River, Fa. This river has its source in Lake Griffin, flows N. and E, and enters St. John's River just above Lake George. Ockmulgee River, Ga. This river, the main branch of the Alatamaha, rises in Gwinnett and De Kalb counties, and flowing 200 miles in aS. S.E. direction, is joined by the Oconee on the S. border of Montgomery co, where they form the Alata maha. It is navigable to Macon for steamboats. Oconee River, Ga. The head branches of this river water Jackson co, and flowing in a S. S. E. direction, it unites with the Ockmulgee 280 miles below Milledgeville, to which place it is navigable for steamboats. Oconto River, Brown co, Wn. It rise's near the centre of the county, flows S. and E. into Green Bay. Oeracoke Inlet, N. C. This is a narrow pass from the Atlantic Ocean to Pamlico Sound. There are 14 feet of water on the bar at low tide, and at the side of the passage are dangerous shoals. Octaro Creek, Pa. and Md, separates Lancaster and Chester counties, Pa, and falls into the Sus quehanna in Md, about 5 miles below the state line. Ogeechee River, Ga, rises in Green co, 7 miles N. W. of Greensboro', and flows into Ossabaw Sound, 17 miles S. of Savannah, after a course of more than 200 miles. It is navigable for sloops 30 or 40 miles from its mouth, and for boats of 30 tons to Louisville, Jefferson co. Ogunquit River, York co. Me, rises in two branches, and enters the Atlantic just above Cape Neddock. Ohio River. The Ohio River, from the extent of the area drained by its waters, the large facil ities which it affords to internal commerce, and its relative position in the heart of the country, connecting the largest maritime states with the west, is second in importance only to the Mis sissippi. . It is the great N. E. tributary of the " Father of Waters." Its general course is from the N.E. to me S. W, making about 10° of Ion. and 34° of lat. ; and, flowing from the border of N. Y. through Western Pa, it separates the states of Va. and Ky, on the S., from O, la, and Is. on the N. Physically considered, the River Al leghany, which rises in Potter co. Pa, on the W. slope of the Alleghany Mts, and which is navi gable for' boats of 100 tons for 270 miles above Pittsburg, is one river with the Ohio, although it docs not receive this name until it forms a junc tion with the Monongahela, another large tribu tary of the Ohio, coming down from the Alle ghanies in the opposite, direction. This river, though a less important stream than the Allegha ny, is about equal to it in width at their confluence, and is navigable, at a good stage of water, for boats of a large size for about 100 miles from its mouth. The Ohio proper is formed by the confluence of these two rivers at Pittsburg, where the elevation is 680 feet above tide water, and 380 feet above the point of junction with the Mississippi. Its average descent is not quite five inches to the mile. Immediately below the junc tion the Ohio is 600 yards wide, and is a placid and beautiful stream. The French called it La Belle Riviere, the beautiful river. Its name, how ever, according to Heckewelder, ij) an abbreviation of the Indian word Ohiopehhanne, meaning a IN THE UNITED STATES. 227 very white stream, and alluding probably to the white caps with which its gentle surface is cov ered in a high wind. The physical section of the great Mississippi valley which is drained bv the Ohio River, lies between lat. 34° 12' and 42° 27', and Ion. 78° 2' and 89° 2' W. from the meridian of Greenwich. According to Darby and Dwight, who have minutely recorded the elements of these calculations, the distance in a direct line from the sources pf the Alleghany to the mouth of the Ohio is 680 statute miles. Yet this is not the longest, nor, in regard to the proportions of the area included, the most central line which can be drawn through the valley of the Ohio. Such a line, extended from the sources of Cat taraugus Creek in N. Y. ' to those of Bear Creek in Aa, the extreme distances reached by the N. E. and the S. W. tributaries of the Ohio, gives a length of 750 statute miles. If this be con sidered as' the transverse diameter, and another line extending from the Blue Ridge, where the Sources of the Great Kenhawa and those of the Wetauga branch of the River Tennessee arise, to the N. W. sources of the Wabash, a distance of 450 statute miles, be taken as the conjugate di ameter of an ellipse, to the regular form of which the Ohio valley so nearly ¦ approaches, the whole area amounts by calculation to. over 200,000 square miles. The two opposing inclined planes of this valley are of unequal extent, about in the ratio of 2 to 3, the larger being that which falls to the S. W. from the Appalachian Mts, contain ing an area of 120,000 square miles. This also, declining from a mountainous outline, has a much more rapid declivity than its opposite. The most elevated table lands from which the E. trib utaries of the Ohio flow have an altitude of 2200 feet above the bed of the river ; and there is no part, from the sources of the Alleghany to those of the Tennessee, which has a less elevation than 700 or 800 feet. Of course the declivity in this great inclined plane is much the most rapid as it approaches its apex upon its mountainous border. In this respect the opposite plain, or that on the N. W. side of the river, is directly the reverse. The ,more remote parts of this more gentle de clivity, lying near the borders of Lake Erie and of Lake Michigan, are, to a great extent, level and marshy, and it is not until the waters run ning towards the Ohio have travelled far on their courses, that they gradually begin to descend more rapidly towards their recipient, as the face of the country changes slowly from a level into hill and dale. The principal tributaries of the Ohio on the E. side are the Monongahela, the Great Kenhawa, the Big Sandy, the Kentucky, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee. Those on the W. side are the Muskingum, the Scioto, the Miami, and the Wabash. Prom the difference of feature above mentioned, in the two opposite inclined planes, down which these tributaries de scend from the E. and from the W, it results that the scenery upon those on the E. side, as they are ascended towards their sources in the Appalachian chain, becomes more and more bold and picturesque, while that upon the W. tributa ries, as you ascend their streams, becomes more and more tame and monotonous. The scenery upon the Ohio itself partakes of the peculiarity in this respect which belongs to its E. tributaries. Descending the river from Pittsburg, the scenery along its banks and hills is highly picturesque and varied ; but these fine features gradually disappear, and are entirely lost long before reach ing the mouth of tho river. Many villages and farm-houses are passed through the whole course of the river; but as the bottom lands on its im mediate margin are liable to be overflowed, the inhabitants usually settle a little back, so that the buildings' in view give no .adequate impression of the population or improvements of the coun try. The ordinary current in the Ohio is very gentle, not exceeding, at the medium height of water, 2 or 3 miles an hour. In the lowest stages of the water, a floating substance would probably not advance amilo an hour. Like all the western rivers, the Ohio is subject to great elevations and depressions. The average range between high and low water is 50 feet. Its highest stage is in March, and its lowest in September. It is liable, however, to great and sudden elevations at other times tlirough the year. It has been known to rise 12 feet in a single night. In 1832 an extraor dinary flood was experienced, and on the 18th of February the waters flowed at 63 feet above low water mark at Cincinnati. This of course inundated the lower parts of the city. From Pittsburg to the mouth of the Ohio there are as many as 100 considerable islands, besides nu merous sand-bars and tow-heads, as those low sandy islands are called which are covered with willows, and are incapable of cultivation. Some of the islands are very beautiful, and seem in viting as, places of residence. Heavy forests cover a great portion of the banks, and limit the prospect from the river; but they exhibit a beautiful verdure, which is often exuberant with blossoms. As a channel for navigation, few, if any, of the rivers of the globe equal the Ohio. The only direct cataract in 'the river is that at Louisville, which is now, for all the purposes of navigation, obviated by a canal, which admits of the passage of the largest steamboats. The river descends hero, in its natural bed, 224 feet in the course of 2 miles. Even over this the boats arc able to pass in high water. The average time of the suspension of navigation on the Ohio by the ice, in winter, is five weeks. One half of the rest of the year, on an average, it is navigable by large steamboats in its whole course. The other half it can be navigated easily only by boats of a smaller draught. Flat and keel boats descend the river at all seasons, bnt are liable in periods of low water to frequent groundings upon the sand-bars, and the necessity sometimes of lightening to get off the boat. Steamboats are sometimes grounded on the bars, where they are compelled to wait in peril for the periodical rise of the river. It is reckoned that the Ohio and its tributaries have not less than 5000 miles of navigable waters. The length of the principal river from Pittsburg to its mouth, according to the Western Pilot, is 959 miles, although the distance in a direct course is only about 614 miles. The following distances upon the river are derived from the same authority : from Pitts burg to Steubenville, O, 70 miles ; to Wheeling, Va, 92; to Marietta, O, 174; to Gallipolis, 0, 264|; to Portsmouth, 0, 349; to Maysville, Ky, 397 ; to Cincinnati, O, 4554 ; to Lawrence- burg, la, 4794 ; to Louisville, Ky, 587 ; to New Albany, la, 591 ; to the mouth of the Cumber land River, Ky., 900 ; mouth of Tennessee, Ky, 9114; and to the confluence of the Ohio with the Mississippi, 959 miles. The commerce of the Ohio is connected with the Atlantic by a canal 228 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &o. and railroad, uniting Pittsburg and Philadelphia. A railroad is also in operation from Baltimore as far as Cumberland, which is to cross the Al leghanies to Wheeling. Ohiopyle Falls, Pa. This cataract is at the head of boat navigation in Youghiogeny River, where it passes Laurel Hill, 60 miles above its junction with the Monongahela.; The rive^r falls perpendicularly about 20 feet, and there is a total descent of 60 feet in the space of a mile. Oil Creek, Pa, derives its name from a spring on its bank, near the boundary between Venango and Crawford counties, on the surface of which floats an oil valuable for medicinal purposes. The creek enters Alleghany River 8 miles E. of Franklin. Oil Creek, Perry co, la. A small stream flow ing into Ohio River. Oil Spring Creek, N. Y, rises in Alleghany and Cattaraugus counties, and flows S. W. into the Alleghany River. Oil Spring Reservation, N. Y. This is an In dian reservation of about 1 mile square, contain ing a pool of water, the surface of which is cov ered with an oily substance much used for the cure of sores and chronic diseases in man and beast. It lies in the towns of Cuba and Hins dale. See Oil Creek, Pa. Okabena Lake, Ma. Situated in the S. part of the territory W. from the Moingonan River. Okaman Lake, Ma. It lies at the head of Leseur River, and S. E. from Ochopah Lake. Okamenpiden Lake. Situated on the boundary of Io. and Ma. Okanoxubee River, Mi. and Aa. This river is formed in Mi. by the junction of the Noxubee River, Dancing Rabbit, Horse Hunter, and other creeks. It flows S. E. into Aa, and enters the Tombigbee at Gainesville. Okeechobee or Macaco Lake, Fa. This large lake lies mostly in St. Lucie cq, to the N. of the Everglades. It receives the waters of Kissimee River on the N, and Fish Eating Creek on the W, and contains several islands. Okanogan River. This river rises principally in, the British possessions, flows in a S. direction, and empties into Clark's Fork of Columbia River, in On. Old Caney Creek, Ts, empties into the Gulf of Mexico a little E. from Mattagorda Bay. Old Field Point, N. Y, is situated in the town of Brookhaven, Suffolk co, on the N. side of Long Island. On it is located a light-house. Old Man's Kill, N. Y, rises in Plattekill, Ulster co, flows E. through Marlboro' into the Hudson. Old Plantation Creek, Northampton co, Va. A small inlet communicating with Chesapeake Bay. Old Point Comfort, Elizabeth City co, Va. Situated between Chesapeake Bay on the E. and Hampton Roads on the W. Old Topsail Inlet, Carteret co, 'N. C. A pas sage between the, islands in the N. E. part of Onslow Bay. Oliverian River, N. II, is formed of two branch es, both having their sources in the town of Ben ton : the E. branch from the W. side of Moose- hillock Mountain, and the N. branch from Owl's Head Mountain. These branches unite near the E. line of the town of Haverhill, and the main stream passes through the S. part of the town, and falls into the Connecticut. Olympus, Mount, On. Situated in the N. W. part of the state, S. from the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Ompompanoosuck River, Vt, rises in the N. W. part of Vershire, and runs E. into West Fairlee. It then takes a S. E; course into Thetford, where it receives a stream from Fairlee Lake, which is a large body of water lying partly in Fairlee and partly in Thetford. In the S. part of Thetford it receives a considerable stream from the W, which originates in Tunbridge and Strafford, and it finally mingles with the Connecticut in the N. E. part of Norwich. The whole length of the Ompompanoosuck is about 20 miles, and it affords a number of valuable mill sites. The name, which is Indian, is said to signify a stream where many onions are found. One Hundred and Two River, Mo. This stream waters the S. interior of Nodowry co, flows S, and empties in the Little Platte River in Bu chanan co. Oneida Creek, N. Y, rises in Madison co, flows N. W, dividing Madison and Oneida counties, and empties into Oneida Lake. This river and its tributaries afford a number of good mill sites. It is also a feeder to the Erie Canal. Vessels ascend it to the village of Oneida Castle, a dis tance of 3 miles. * Oneida Lake, N. Y, is bounded by Oneida, Madison, Onondaga, and Oswego counties. It is 22 miles long, and from 4 to 6 wide. Wood, Oneida, and Chittenango Creeks, besides several smaller streams, flow into it. There is a fine shelving beach on the E. end, which is much resorted to for fishing with seines. White fish, pickerel, pike, perch, and catfish are taken in great quantities. Oneida River, N. Y, formed by the outlet of Oneida Lake, flows 20 miles in a circuitous W. direction, and unites with the Seneca River. The united streams then take the name of Oswego River, which flows N. into Lake Ontario. Onion River, Vt. See Winooski River. Onion River, Sheboygan co, Wn. It rises in the W. interior of the county, flows S. E. nearly to its S. border, and then flows N. N. E. until its entrance into Sheboygan River. Onondaga Creek, Onondaga co, N. Y, flows N. into the lake of tho same name. Onondaga Lake lies in the N. part of Onondaga co, N. Y. It is 8 miles long, and from 2 to 4 miles wide, and abounds in pickerel, pike, bass, and catfish. The number of salt springs on its borders have led to the supposition that the wa ter at the bottom of this lake was salt, but exper iments to the contrary have since been made. Onslow Bay, N. C, is a portion of the Atlantic contained within the curve between Cape Fear and Cape Lookout. A chain of long, narrow islands, with inlets between them, stretches along the shore, at a distance of 1 or 2 miles from it. Ontario, Lake. One of the chain of the great American lakes, lying between the state of New York and Canada. This is the easternmost and smallest in extent of the series. It is 190 miles long, with an average wid th of 40 miles. Its great est width is 55 miles. Its circumference is 480 miles. It is very deep in every part, varying from 500 to 600 feet, so that its bottom is considerably below the surface of the Atlantic. Its surface is 334 feet below that of Lake Erie, from which, through the Niagara River, or Strait, it receives the waters of all the great upper lakes, at its western IN THE UNITED STATES. 229 end. Its outlet, at its N. E. extrem ity, is the River St. Lawrence. A large number of creeks and rivers enter thejake on the S. side, the principal of which are the Genesee, Oswego, and Black Rivers. The principal bays are those of Quinte and Burling ton, in Canada ; and Chaumont, Gerondiquot, and Braddock's, on the American shore. The Bay of Quinte is a considerable body of water, into which a river descends, forming the outlet of several small lakes. The shores of this lake are gen erally rather low, and in some places marshy; in other parts, however, they are elevated, and the land is generally good. The " alluvial way," so called, is a remarkable ridge of land from 7 to 10 miles distant from the S. shore of the lake, and extending in a course nearly parallel to it for a long distance, having the appearance of being in some way formed by the action of the lake, at a period when it may have been higher and spread „over more surface than at present. There is an excellent road upon the summit of this ridge. ' There are a number of good harbors, and several places of increasing commerce and business, upon the shores of Lake Ontario, the most important of which, on the Canada shore, are ' Toronto, Kingston, and Coburg; and on the New York shore, Oswego, Sackett's Harbor, and Port Gene see. This lake is subject to violent storms and heavy swells ; but it is safely navigated by steam boats, which are large and stanchly buUt, and by other vessels. By the Welland Canal, which connects this lake with Lake Erie on the W, vessels are carried around the Falls of Niagara, and also around the rapids in the upper part of the St. Lawrence. It is connected with the Erie Canal and the Hudson River by a canal from Oswego ; and much valuable trade to and from New York passes by this channel through the lake. Ontario has such a depth of water that even its harbors are seldom closed or much ob structed by ice. Daily lines of steamboats run through the lake from Ogdensburg, on the River St. Lawrence, to Lewiston, touching at all the in termediate ports. Sackett's Harbor, at the mouth of Black River Bay, about 150 miles N. from Os wego, is one of the best and most secure harbors op Lake Ontario. It was an important naval and military station during the last war with Great Britain. Ontonagon River, Mn. This large river drains the W. part of the upper peninsula. Its E. branch rises in Marquette co, its middle and S. in small lakes near the border of Wn, and its W. in Gogebic Lake. The main stream flows in a N. N. W. direction, and empties into Lake Superior. Oostenaula River. Te. and Ga, vises in Te., and unites with the Etowah in Floyd co, to form Coosa River. Opequan River, Va. This river rises in the S. E. part of Frederick co, flows N. E, separating Clark and a part of Jefferson from Frederick and Berkeley counties, and empties into the Potomac River. Oquossak Lake, Oxford co. Me. This large sheet of water lies a few miles N. E. of the Moose- luckmaguntic. It is irregular in its form, and con tains many islands. Orange Lake, Fa. This is an irregular sheet of water lyrhg in Alahua and Marion counties. Its outlet connects with the Ocklawaha, a branch of St. John's River. Oriskany Creek, N. Y, a very important mill stream, on which are situated extensive cotton and woollen factories, rises in Madison co, and falls into the Mohawk at the village of Oriskany, Onei da co. Orphan's Island, Penobscot co. Me. This beau tiful island, containing about 5000 acres of land. lies at the mouth of Penobscot River, and is 4 miles in length. Its N. part lies opposite the town of Bucksport, to which it is attached. It divides the Penobscot into two branches, the W or main branch of which is called the " Narrows," on which side is a fort constructed by the U. S. government. The other branch is called E. River. The island derived its name from having been the property of .an orphan who inherited it as her part of the Waldo estate. Osage River, Mo., has its source in In. Ter, flows into Mo, and after a winding course through fertile borders, falls into the Missouri 133 miles above the Mississippi. It is 397 yards wide at its mouth, and navigable for steamboats 200 miles. Osakis River, Ma., is supplied by numerous, lakes, and flows W. into the Mississippi. Ossabaw Island and Sound, Bryan co, Ga., are situated at the mouth of Ogeechee River. The island is flat and sandy, and 10 miles long ; and the sound is an inlet between this island and Warren Island. Ossipee Lake, N. H. See Ossipee. Ossipee Mountain, N. H. See Ossipee. Oswegatchie River, N. Y, rises in Herkimer co, and pursues a winding N. W. course until it enters the St. Lawrence at the village of Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence co. Oswego River, N. Y, furnishes the final outlet of the small lakes iri the interior of the state of N. Y. into Lake Ontario, into which it flows at the town of Oswego, on the S. shore. The Oswego River flows directly from the outlet of the Oneida Lake, and receives the waters of the other small lakes by the Seneca River, into which their sev eral outlets are discharged, and which unites with it about 24 miles from its mouth. Its course is about N. W. The lakes with which it is con nected are, besides the Oneida, Fish, Cross, Otsego, Onondaga, Owasco, Skeneateles, Canan daigua, Crooked; Cayuga, and Seneca Lakes. This river, for the greater part of its course, serves the purpose of- the Oswego Canal, con necting the Erie Canal at Syracuse with Lake Ontario, the falls of about 100 feet, 12 miles from its mouth, being overcome by lockage. From the foot of these falls the canal is carried along upon the E. bank of the river to its mouth, where it descends by locks to the level of the lake. An immense water power is furnished by this canal for mills and manufacturing purposes at Oswego. This river served in early times as the great channel of intercourse between the French, and subsequently the English, in Canada, and the Six Nations of Indians in Western N. Y. It was not, however, navigable from the lake, on account of the falls at its mouth. Otego Creek, N. Y, rises in Burlington, Otsego co., and flows into the E. branch of the Susque hanna. It affords good water power. Otisco Lake, N. Y. This beautiful sheet of .water lies in the W. part of Onondaga co, sur rounded by romantic scenery, and is 5 miles long . and 2 miles wide. Otsdawa Creek, N. Y, rises in Laurens, Otsego co., and flows S. into the Susquehanna River. Otsego Lake, N. Y. This beautiful body of water lies in the N. part of Otsego co. It is 9 230 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. miles long, from 1 to 2 miles wide, and abounds with a variety of fish of fine flavor. At its outlet, which is the source of Susquehanna River, lies the flourishing village of Cooperstown. This lake and vicinity is a favorite resort of the sports man and angler, and noted for pleasant scenery. Otselic River, N. Y, rises in Madison co, flows through Chenango and Cortland counties, and enters Toughnioga River in Broome co. This stream affords good water power, and abounds in fine trout. , Otsquaga Creek, N. Y, rises in Herkimer co, flows N. E, and enters the Mohawk in Mont gomery co. Otta Quechee River, Vt, (called also Water Quechee and Quechee River,) rises in Sherburne, runs E. through the S. part of Bridgewater, thence E. N. E. through Woodstock, into the S. part of Hartford, and thence S. E. through the N. E. cor ner of Hartland, into Connecticut River, about 2 miles above Quechee Falls. In Bridgewater it receives two considerable mill streams, namely, North Branch, which rises in the N. part of this township, and South Branch, which rises in Plymouth. In Woodstock it receives two other fine mill streams : one, rising in' the N. E. corner of Bridgewater and S. E. corner of Barnard, falls into Quechee River just below the N. village in Woodstock. Quechee River, in its course, re ceives numerous other tributaries. It is about 35 miles in length, and waters about 212 square miles. The name is of Indian origin, and is said to signify quick whirling motion, probably given on account of appearances at the falls. Otter Creek, Vt., is the longest stream in the state. It rises in Mount Tabor, Peru, and Dor set, within a few rods of the head of the Batten- kili. In Dorset it turns suddenly towards the N, and returns into Mount Tabor, running through the W. part of this township and Wal- lingf'ord, and through the central part of Claren don into Rutland ; it then takes a N. W. course through Pittsford and Brandon, between Leicester and Salisbury on the E, and Whiting and Corn wall on the W, tlirough Middlebury, between New Haven and Weymouth, through the N. E. corner of Addison, between Waltham and Pan- ton, and through Vergenncs and Ferrisburg, into Lake Champlain. From the S. W. it receives in Ferrisburg a large creek, which rises in Bridport ; in Weybridge, Lemonfair River ; in Rutland, Littlo West River, or Furnace Brook; and in Mount Tabor, Mill River. From the E. it re ceives New Haven, Middlebury, Leicester, and Furnace Rivers, East Creek, Cold and Mill Riv ers, all of which are considerable mill streams. Otter Creek affords many excellent mill sites, and is navigable & miles for the largest vessels on the lake. Its whole length is about 90 miles, and it waters about 900 square miles. The allu vial flats along this stream arc very extensive and fertile. It was named by the French Riviere aux Loutres, ihe River of Otters, long before any settlements were mado by the English in this state. Otter Creek, N. Y, rises in Herkimer co, flows W, and falls into Black River in Lewis co. Otter Creek, la. A small branch of the Wa bash River, which it enters in the N. part of Vigo co. Otter Creek, Is, flows S. W. through Macoupin co, and empties into Macoupin River. Otter, Peaks of, Va, are situated between Bed ford and Bottetourt counties, 30 miles W. by N. of Lynchburg. They are a part of the Blue Ridge, and the highest land in the state. The E. peak is 3104, or, according to some statements, 4260 feet high, and the W. 2946 feet. Otter Tail Lake, Ma. The largest and most N. of the chain of lakes supplying the head wa ters of North Red River. Ottonwey River, Ma. It rises in several small lakes, flows S. S. W, and empties into the Mis sissippi a little below Pcterah River. Ottowas Bay, Mn. A part of Saginaw Bay, bordering on Iosco and Arenac counties. Overslaugh. N. Y, is situated in the Hudson River, 3 miles below the city of Albany, and formerly consisted of a succession of bars or flats, through which there were narrow channels, affording but a small depth of water at low tide. This obstruction, however, has been mostly re moved by the U. S. government, and the in creased depth of water has much improved nav igation. Owasco Lake, Cayuga co, N. Y, is 12 miles long and about 1 mile wide. Its waters are very transparent, abounding with trout and other fish. The banks are rugged and picturesque. Owasco Outlet, N. Y, commences in the town of Auburn, 2 miles S. of the village, and falls into Seneca River in the town of Metz. This stream affords extensive water power, and many of the fine mill sites are already occupied. Owawichah River, Ma. It flows S. W, and empties into the Missouri a little above Third Cedar Island. Owego Creek, N. Y., rises in Cortland and Tompkins counties, and empties into the Sus quehanna at the village of Owego, Tioga co. This creek passes several pleasant villages, and, together with its tributaries, affords extensive water privileges. Owen's Lake and River, Ca. The lake is a small sheet of water situated at the S. part of the Sierra Nevada, and the river a stream empty ing into it from the N. Owl's Head, Me. See East Thomaston. Owyhee River, On. This river rises in the S. part of the territory, takes a semicircular course, bending into Ca. for a short distance, and finally enters the Lewis Fork of Columbia River a little below Big Wood River. Oxbow Lake, N. Y, is a beautiful little sheet of water lying in the town of Lake Pleasant, Ham ilton co. Its waters abound with trout of a fine flavor. The outlet of this lake is a valuable mill stream, emptying into Piseco Lake. Oyster Bay, N. Y, a large and important body of water, lies in the town of Oyster Bay, on tho N. side of Long Island, and is connected with Oyster Bay and Cold Spring harbors, all of which abound with shell and scale fish, and wild fowl. Oyster Creek, Ts, falls into the Gulf of Mexico N. E. from the mouth of Brazos River. Oyster River, N. H. See Durham. Packard's Mountain, New Salem, Ms. Height 1278 feet. » Pacolet River, N. and S. C, has its source in the Blue Ridge, N. C, and falls into Broad River at Pinckneyville, Union co, S. C.» Paint Creek, 0, rises in Madison co, and after a , course of 60 miles enters the W. side of the Sciota, 5 miles below Chillicothe. Palah Creek, Ga, rises near the centre of IN THE UNITED STATES. 231 Stewart co, flows S. W, and falls into the Chat tahoochee. Palisades, N. Y. This range of precipitous rocks extends about 20 miles along the W. bank of the Hudson. They first approach the imme diate borders of the. river at Fort Lee, in N.J, where they are from 300 to 500 feet in almost perpendicular height, and extend N. to Piermont at the commencement of, Tappan Bay. They are appropriately named Palisades, meaning " palings set out for an enclosure," as they will probably restrain the waters of this noble river so long as the earth keeps its foundation. Palm Island, Hillsboro' co. Fa. Situated be tween Long Island on the N. W. and Clam Island on the S. W. Palmei-town •> Mountains, N. Y. This range, which runs parallel with the Kayaderosseras Mts, commences in the N. W. part of Washington co, extends in a S. direction between Lakes George and Champlain, through a part of Warren, into Saratoga co. They rise to a height of from 1 000 to 1200 feet in Washington and Warren counties. Palmetto Creek, Laurens co, Ga, flows S. E. into the Oconee River. Pamlico River, N. C, is a broad estuary leading from Tar River into Pamlico Sound. It is from 1 to 8 miles broad, deep enough to admit any ves sels which navigate the sound, and 40 miles long. Pamlico Sound, N. C. This shallow body of water is 80 miles long, and from 8 to 30 miles wide. The principal entrance to it is Ocracoke Inlet. The N. part is connected with Albemarle Sound. It is separated from the Atlantic by long, sandy islands, hardly a mile wide, covered with ' bushes, the outer point of one of which is Cape Hatteras. Tar and Neuse Rivers flow into the sound. The land around it is low, and in some places marshv. Pamunky liiver, Va. This river is formed by the junction of N. and S. Anna Rivers, between Hanover and Caroline counties, and unites with the Mattapony to form York River, between Now Kent and King William counties. Panther Gap Creek, Bath co, Va. A small stream, flowing in a S. W. direction into Cow Pasture River. Panther River, Mo. A stream rising in the S. part of Jackson co, and flowing S. E. into the South Grand, a branch of Osage River. Papacton Rivet; N. Y, the E. branch of the Delaware, rises in the N. part of Delaware co, flows S. W. into the town of Hancock, where it unites with tile Mohawk, or W. branch. Paradox Lake, lying in the town of Schroon, Essex co, N. Y, is 4 miles long, and from half a mile to a mile wide. Tiere are many small lakes in the vicinity, which abound with trout and other fish. Paris Island, Beaufort district, S. C, lies in Broad River, between Port Royal and St. Helena Islands. Parker's Islands, N. H. See Hanover. Parker's Island, Md, lies in the Chesapeake, about 15 miles S. from Annapolis. Parrotl's 'Creek, "Jackson co. Fa. A small trib utary of the Choctawhatchie River. Partridge Lake, Brown co, Wn. Situated on the S. border of the county, and connected on the E. with Wolf River. Pascagoula River, Mi. Chickasawhay and Leaf Rivers unite to form this river, which falls into Pascagoula Sound, in the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 200 miles. It is boatable 150 miles, and navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet of water 60 miles. Pascagoula Sound, Mi. and Aa, into which Pas cagoula River empties, is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by several low, narrow islands. Its average breadth is 8 miles, and its length about 55 miles. Pasquotank River, N. C, rises in Lake Drum- mond, in Dismal Swamp, and runs S. E. into Al bemarle Sound. It is connected with Elizabeth River by a canal, which forms a communication between Albemarle Sound and Hampton Roads. Passadumkeag River, Me. This fine mill stream rises in the N. E. part of Penobscot co, flows through the N part of Hancock co, then refinters Penobscot co, and receives Cold Stream 2 miles above its junction with the Penobscot. Passage Island, Hillsboro' co. Fa, lies at the mouth of Tampa Bay, S. E. from Egmont Island. Passaic River, N. J. This stream rises in Mendham, Morris co, and though flowing through a mountainous country, pursues a winding and somewhat sluggish course of about 70 miles to its entrance into Newark Bay. It has some falls which afford good water power, particularly the great falls at Paterson, where there is a perpen- diuular fall of 50 feet, and a total descent of 70 feet, with a width of about 60, affording immense water power. It is navigable for sloops to Ac- quachunonck, 12 miles, and is bordered by marsh es near its mouth. Passumpsic River, Vt, rises in a pond on the E. border of Westmore, and, running S. through Newark, passes into the W. corner of East Haven ; thence it pursues nearly a S. course tlirough Burke, Lyndon, St- Johnsbury, Waterford, and Barnet, and falls into the Connecticut 1 mile be low the foot of Fifteen Mile Palls. This river flows through much rich interval.is generally deep, and measures from 4 to 6 rods in width below St. Johnsbury Plain. It receives several large branches in Lyndon, two in St. Johnsbury, and one in Barnet. The name of this stream is said to be derived from the Indian phrase, Bas-soom- sue, signifying a stream where there is much med icine. Length about 34 miles. Pataguangomis River, Me, in the N. part of Pis cataquis co, is an enlargement of the Alliguash River. Patapsco River, Md. This fine mill stream rises in Baltimore co, and enters Chesapeake Bay, by a broad estuary between North and Bodkin's Points. It is navigable for vessels drawing 18 feet of water 14 miles, to Fell's Point. Paikasha River, Ma, flows E, and enters the Tehan Sansan or River a Jaques, a little below Wamdushka River. Patoka River, la, rises in Orange co, and pur sues a W. course until it enters the Wabash, op posite Mount Carmcl, Is, and 1 or 2 miles below the mouth of White River. Patsaliga River, Aa. This is one of the prin cipal branches of the Conecuh River, which it enters from the N. W. in Covington co. Patten's Creek, Ky, enters the Ohio in Ion. 85° 50' W. and lat. 38° 22' N. Patterson's Creek, Va. It rises in the N. part of Hardy co, among the Alleghanies, flows N. E. across Hampshire co, and enters the N. branch of the Potomac. Patterson Point, Michillimackinae co, Mn, en closes Elizabeth Bay on the W. 232 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Patuxent River, Md, forms the boundary be tween Montgomery and Anne Arundel counties, and flowing S. E. 40 miles, it turns to the S, and flows 50 miles, nearly parallel with Chesapeake Bay, which it enters on the W. side by a large es tuary. It is navigable 50 miles, to Nottingham, for vessels of 250 tons. Pauwaicun Lake, Winnebago co, Wn. A large sheet of water, which receives the waters of Wolf River in the N, and communicates with Neenah or Fox River on the S. E. Pawcatuck River. This river rises in the W. part of R. I, where it receives Wood and Charles Rivers, two good mill streams, and empties into Long island Sound, between the towns of West erly, R. I, and Stonington, Ct. It is navigable 6 miles. • Pawlet River rises in Vt, flows W. and N. W. through Washington co, N. Y, and falls into Wood Creek just before its entrance into Lake Champlain. This stream affords good water power, and on its banks are situated several pleasant villages. Pawnis Deserted River, Ma. A small stream flowing S. W. into the Missouri River. Pawtuxet River, R. I, rises in the W. part of Providence co, and, with its branches, waters a large part of the state. It enters Nairaganset Bay 5 miles below Providence, and is celebrated for its fine mill sites. Payette River, On. It rises among the Salmon River Mts, flows S. of W, and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Pea River, Aa, is the largest branch of Choc- tawhatchie River, which it enters near the S. bor der of the state, in Dale co. Pea Patch Island. Situated in Delaware River, and contains the ruins of Fort Delaware, which was erected during the American war. Peabody River, N. H, rises in the E. pass of the White Mts, near the head of Ellis's River, a branch of the Saco, and passes N. into the An droscoggin. Peaked Mountain, Monson, Ms. Height 1239 ft. Pearl Island. A small island lying in the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi. Pearl Lake, Avoyelles parish, La, discharges its waters through the Bayou de Glaze into the Atchafalaya River. Pearl River, Mi. and La. Its head branches rise near the centre of Mississippi, and running S. it joins by several mouths the Rigolcts, which forms a communication between Lakes Pon- chartrain and Borgne. It forms the boundary line between Mi. and La. from lat. 31° N. It is navigable for small craft to Jackson, the capital of Mi. Some efforts have been made to improve the navigation, which is obstructed by sand bars, shallows, and rafts of timber. Pecan. Creek, Ts. An E. branch of Colorado River, which it enters just above the San Saba. Peck's Beach, Cape May co, N. J. A long, narrow island, lying S. from Great Egg Harbor. Peconic Bay, Great, lies on the E. end of Long Island, opposite Shelter Island, by which it is separated from Gardiner's Bay. It is 14 miles long, from 4 to 5 miles wide, and is separated from Southold Harbor by Great Hog Neck. Its borders are somewhat irregular, and Robbins's Island is situated near its centre. Little Peconic Bay extends inland 4 or 5 miles. Sloops navi gate it to the village of Riverhead, which is the shire town of Suffolk co. Peconic River, N. Y, rises in the town of Brookhaven, Suffolk co, flows E. through Little Peconic into Great Peconic Bay. Pedee, Great, River, N. and S. C, rises at the foot of the Blue Ridge, Wilkes co, N. C, and bears the name of Yadkin River until it enters S. C. It then flows in a S. direction until ¦ it unites with the Wacamaw, a little below George town, and forms Winyaw Bay, which enters the Atlantic 12 miles below Georgetown. It is nav igable 200 miles for boats of 60 or 70 tons. Pedee, Little, River, rises in N. C, and, flowing S. S. W, enters the Great Pedee, 32 miles above its mouth. Pekatonica River, Wn. and Is, rises in Iowa co, Wn, and, flowing S. and E, receives Sugar Creek from the N, and falls into Rock River, Is, 6 miles below the N. boundarv of the state. It is navigable to Mineral Point, Wn, for flat boats. Pekende River, Ma, rises in a small lake, and, flowing W, empties into the Missouri River opposite Prospect Island. Pehishino River, Ma. It rises in a small lake near the source of Rum River, flows S. W, and empties into the Mississippi nearly opposite Sag- atagon or Spunk River. Peloose or Flag River, On. A N. branch of Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Pemadumcook Lake, or the Bamedumpkolc, Pis cataquis co. Me. This lake lies a few miles N. of Baker's Mt, is of an irregular shape, and contains many islands. The soil on the borders of the Pemadumcook and the numerous lakes connected with it is remarkably good. The Jo-Mary Lakes, lying near, are beautiful sheets of water, and are surrounded by some of the best timber land in the state. The facilities for raft ing timber down the Penobscot tlirough these lakes render this part of the state very valuable. Pemigewasset River, N. H. This stream and the Winnipiseogee constitute the Merrimack. The Pemigewasset is formed of three principal branches, having their sources in Woodstock, Franconia, and the Ungranted Lands S. W. from the White Mts. These branches unite in Wood stock, from whence the main stream passes in a S. direction, through Thornton, Campton, be tween Plymouth and Holderness ; Bridgewater, Bristol, .and New Hampton ; Hill and Franklin ; at which latter town it unites with the Winnipis eogee. Pemmaquid Point, Lincoln co. Me. This im portant point of land is situated between Mus- congus Bay on the E. and Pemmaquid River on the W. It contains a light-house, which bears about 9 miles N. E. from Bantam Ledge, and 10 W. from St. George's Island. Pendleton River, Ga, rises in Laurens co, Ga, flows S. W, separating Emanuel and Montgomery counties, and receiving Alligator, Tiger, Swift, and Wolf Creeks, and empties into the Great Ohoopee in Tntnall co. Pend Oreilles or Kulluspelm Lake, On. A large sheet of water through which flows the Clarke Pork of Columbia River. Penn's Creek, Pa. This stream rises in the N. part of Huntingdon co, flows N. E. and E, and empties into the Susquehanna River in Union co. Penobscot Bay, Me. This bay extends from Owl's Head on the W. to Burnt Coat Island on the E, a distance of 30 miles. At its mouth are Fox Islands, Deer Isle, Isle of Haut, and several smaller ones. It extends inland to Belfast Bay IN THE UNITED STATES. 233 at the mouth of Penobscot River, a distance of 20 miles N. from Owl's Head. This bay affords many varieties of fish, contains many good har bors, and on its borders are many large and flourishing towns. Penobscot River, Me. This large and impor tant river, with its numerous and extensive' branches, waters a great portion of the state. It pierces the county which bears its name, and receives tributaries from Washington, Hancock, Waldo, Piscataquis, and Somerset counties. Be low the union of the E. and W. branches, the Piscataquis and Matawamkeag are its largest tributaries. From the junction of the two branch es, or " the Forks," to tide water at Bangor, is about 76 miles. The E. branch rises at the N. in the Seboois Lakes, near Aroostook River, and on its passage to the junction, a distance of about 50 miles, it is properly called Seboois River. The W. branch of the Penobscot rises in the high lands on the border of Lower Canada and the W. frontier of Me. It passes through the counties of Somerset and Piscataquis in an E. direction, to its junction with the E. branch, receiving in its course the waters of Lakes Che- suncook, Pemadumcook, Millinoket, and other large collections of water. This branch passes within 3 miles of the N. border of Moose Head Lake, the source of Kennebec River. The length of this branch of the Penobscot, from its source to its union with the E. branch or Seboois River, may be stated at about 140 miles, and the great est length of the river to Bangor, 215, and to the ocean, 275 miles. Some of the most important tributaries of this majestic river are noted under their distinctive names. A description of them all, with their hydraulic powers and boatable capabilities, their rapid courses and beautiful cataracts, their fertilizing qualities, and other peculiarities, would fill a volume. Indeed, these streams, and the immense basin which they drain, are so little known, that some years must elapse before any thing like a fair delineation of the value and beauty of this interesting section of New England can be given. Pensaukie River, Brown- co, Wn. A small strea'm flowing in a N. of E. direction into Green Bay, which it enters S. from Oconto River. Pensacola Bay, Fa, sets up from the Gulf of Mexico, between Barancas Point and the W. end of St. Rosa Island. The entrance to the bay, between these points, is only about three fourths of a mile wide, and is well defended .by a fort on Point Barancas. The bar has 22 feet of water at low tide. Extending in a N. E. direction, the bay has a length in some parts of 28 miles, and an average width of about 3 miles. About 11 miles from its mouth, it divides into three parts, called Escambia Bay, Yellow Water Bay, and East Bay. Escambia Bay is on the W., and is so called from the name of the river, which it re ceives from Florida. Yellow Water Bay also receives the river of that name. East Bay, which is 7 miles long, admits frigates of the largest class to ride at anchor, and is en tirely protected from all winds. The city of Pensacola is situated on the W. shore of the principal bay, about 10 miles from the entrance from the gulf. The harbor of Pensacola is good, being the deepest haven on the N. coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The country around this bay is generally low and barren. Peoria, Lake, Is. This lake, which is an ex- 30 pansion of Illinois River, extends 20 miles in a S. W. direction to Peoria village. It is much wider than the river, has a gravelly bottom, and very little current. It is divided by the Narrows into two parts, and abounds with various kinds of fish. Pepacton River. See Delaware River. Pepin Lake. An expansion of the Mississippi River, 1 mile below the junction of the St Croix, and 100 miles below St. Anthony's Falls. It is 24 miles long, and from 2 to 4 miles wide. Pequannock Creek, N. J, rises in the Walkill and Wawayanda Mts, Sussex co, and flowing S. E. and S. 27 miles, its rapid current affording good water power, falls into the Passaic. It is called Pompton River below Pompton village. Pequawkett River, N. H. This stream bears an Indian name formerly applied to a tract of coun try now including Conway, N. H, Fryeburg, Me, and some of the adjacent towns. The river rises in two ponds in Eaton, and falls into the Saco. Request Creek, N. J, is a large and rapid stream. Its two head branches unite in Independence, Warren co, and after a course of 30 miles it en ters the Delaware at Belvidere village. Pequonoc Creek, New London co, Ct. A small stream emptying into Long Island Sound, be tween Mystic and Thames Rivers. Perch Lake, N. Y, rises in Orleans, Jefferson co,- flows S. W. into the village of Dexter, where it enters Black River. Perdido River, Aa. and Fa, rises in Baldwin co, Aa, and flowing S. 40 miles, enters the Gulf of Mexico through a narrow and shallow bay. Perkiomen River, Pa, rises in Upper Milford, at the foot of South Mt., flows S. about 3Q miles, receiving a number of tributaries, which with the main river afford good water power, and enters the Schuylkill 6 miles above Norristown. Perpetua, Cape, On. A small point of land situated on the Pacific coast, N. N. E. from Cape Gregory. Perry's Peak, Richmond, Ms. Height 2089 ft. Peshtego River, Brown co, Wn. This large river rises in the N. W. interior of the county, flows S. E, receiving numerous branches, and falls into Green Bay a little below the mouth of Menomonee River. Peshakeme River, Mn. It rises in Michigamme Lake, in the N. part of Marquette co, and flows S. into the Wesacota or Brule River. Peterah River, Ma. A small stream emptying into the Mississippi E. from Rum River. Petersburg Mountains, N. Y, are a range of not very high hills extending S. from Washington, through Rensselaer and a part of Columbia co. Petite Jean Creek, As. A large stream rising in the W. part of Scott co, and flowing a little N. of E. into the Arkansas River, which it enters on the boundary between Perry and Yell counties. Pey or Elm River, Ma. ' A large stream flow ing S. E, and emptying into the Tchans Sansan, or River a Jaques, just below Tchanchicanah Lake. Pharaoh Lake lies in the town of Schroon, Essex co, N. Y. Phelps Lake, N. C. A sheet of water lying in the S. E. part of Washington co, and connected by a creek with Albemarle Sound. Philadelphia River, Vt. A small stream origi nating in the S. part of Goshen, and running S. W. through Chittenden into Pittsford, where it unites with East Creek. 234 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Phillips River, N. H, a branch of the Upper Amonoosuck, rises in the towns of Dixville and Columbia, and, after passing through Millsfield and Dummer, unites with the main stream in the town of Stark. Pickerel Bay, Ma. Situated in the N. E. part of Leech Lake, N. W. from Leech Lake River. Pierce Hole River, On. A head branch of Bitter Root River. Pig River, Va, rises in the Blue Ridge, and after a course of 35 miles, falls into Roanoke River. Pigeon River, Te, falls into the French Broad, I in Ion. 82° 56' W, and lat. 35° 46' N. Pilce River, Vt. See Berkshire. Pilot Mountain, N. H. See Killcenny. Pilot Peak, Uh. A high mountain situated between the Great Salt Lake on the E. and Hum- boldt River Mts. on the W. Pine Creek, Pa, rises in Potter co, and flows in a S. direction into the W. branch of Susque hanna River. It is navigable 60 miles to the line of Potter co. Pine Creek, Marshall co, la, flows N. W. across an angle of St. Joseph's co. into the Kankakee River. Pine Creek, As, rises in Fulton co, flows S. W, and enters White River at the town of Athens, Izard co. Pine Barren Creek, Aa, flows mostly in Wil cox co, and falls into the Alabama River. Pinebog River, Huron co, Mn, flows N. into Lake Huron. Pine Log Creek, Washington co. Fa. A small stream emptying into Choctawhatchee Bay. Pine Mountain Creek, Harris co, Ga. A small stream rising in the Pine Mts, and emptying into the Chattahoochee River. Pine Island, Hillsboro' co. Fa. A long, nar row island, lying in Charlotte harbor. Pine Lake, Barry co, Mn. Situated S. from Gun Lake. Pine Lake, Chippewa co, Wn, lies between Birch and Red Cedar Lakes. Pine River, N. H. A small stream issuing from a pond in the town of Wakefield, and passing N. W. into Ossipee Lake. Pine River, Mn, rises by numerous head branches in the S. part of Chippewa co, flows S, and empties into Lake Huron E. from the mouth of Carp River. Pine River, Mn. It rises in the E. part of Mecosta co, flows S. E. across an angle of Mont calm into Gratiot co, then N. E. into Midland co, where it enters Chippewa River. Pine River, Arenac co, Mn, flows S. E. into Saginaw Bay. Pine River, Wn. It rises in the N. W. part of Sauk co, and flows S. into the Wisconsin River. Piney Creek, Ca. A small head branch of Grand River. Pinnacle Creek, Logan co, Va. A head branch of Guyandotte Rivor. Pinos, Point, Ca, extends into the Pacific at the city of Monterey. Pintlala River, Aa, waters the E. part of Montgomery co, and enters tho S. side of Ala bama River. Pipe Creek, Iowa co, Wn, flows in a N. direc tion into Wisconsin River. , Piscassick River, N. H, rises in the N. E. part of Brentford, and passing through New Market, falls into Lamprey River at Durham. Piscataqua River, N. H, the only large river whose course is entirely in this state, is formed by the junction of several small streams in a wide and deep channel, hollowed out partly by them, and partly by the tide. The names of. these streams, beginning at the N. E, are Salmon Falls, Cocheco, Bellamy Bank, Oyster, Lamprey, Squamscot, and Winnicut Rivers. The last five unite their waters in a large and irregular bay, between Durham and Greenland. The waters of this bay meet those of Salmon Falls and Cocheco Rivers, at Hilton's Point, a few miles below Dover. Af ter this junction, they proceed in a direct line to the S. E, and join the ocean 2 or 3 miles below Portsmouth, embosoming several islands, and forming one of the best harbors on the continent. Few rivers make a more magnificent appearance than this ; yet the streams by which it. is supplied are small. Salmon Falls furnishes more than all the rest. This stream is called Ncwichawannock, from the falls in Berwick till it receives the wa ters of the Cocheco, but the name of Piscataqua ought to be applied to the whole of Salmon Falls River. Piscataquis River, Me. This river rises in the S. W. part of Piscataquis co., flows 65 miles in an E. direction, and falls into the Penobscot in Penobscot co. It receives many tributaries^ of which Sebec and Pleasant Rivers, and Seboois stream, are the principal. This river affords good water power, and together with its branches waters large tracts of country. Piscataquog River, N. H, is formed from two principal branches, one from Francestown, the other from Henniker and Deering, which unite near the W. line of Goffstown. The main stream pursues a southerly course through Goffstown and the N. E. corner of Bedford, where it falls into the Merrimack. Piscataway Creek, Prince George co, Md, rises near the centre of the county, and flows S. W. into the Potomac River. Pischous River, On. A W. branch of Clarke Fork of Columbia River. Piseco Lake, lying in Arietta, Hamilton co, N. Y, is 6 miles long, about 2 miles wide, and abounds with salmon and brook trout of a supe rior size and quality. The surrounding country also affords great quantities of wild game, mak ing the region a favorite resort of the angler and sportsman. The outlet of the lake, constitutes the W. branch of the Sacondaga, a tributary of the Hudson River. Piskasau River, Boone co. Is. This stream is a head branch of Rock River. Pistakee Lake, Is, lies in the K. W. part of Lake co. Fox River passes through it. Pitt Mount, On. A high peak of the Cascade range, situated W. from Flamath Lake. Placid Lake, N. Y, lying mostly in the town^ of Keene. in the N. part of Essex co, and sur rounded by a wild and picturesque region of country, is 4 miles long, and from 1 to 14 miles wide. Plaisance Bay, Mn. Situated in the W. part of Lake Erie, opposite the town of Monroe, Mon roe co. Piatt or Plott River, Vt. See Laplot. Platte River, In. Ter, rises by two branches in the Rocky Mts, which unite in the N. part of the territory, 400 miles from their source, and joins the Missouri 700 miles from the Mississippi, after an E. course of about 1600 miles. Its principal IN THE UNITED STATES. 235 branches are the Elkhorn, entering it near its mouth, and the Loupfork, 90 miles above. It is from 1 to 3 miles, broad, and so shallow that, excepting in floods, it is fordable in almost any place. The number of islands, the shifting sands in its bed, and the rapidity of the current, are effectual barriers to all navigation. Platte River, Little, a N. branch of the Mis souri, which it enters 349 m. from the Mississippi. Pleasant Lake, N. Y., is a beautiful sheet of water, lying mostly in the town of Lake Pleas ant, Hamilton co. It is 3 miles long, from 1 to 14 miles wide, and abounds in fine fish of different kinds. The surrounding country is a favorite resort of wild game, and is interspersed with small lakes, the waters of which are well stocked with fish. Pleasant River, Washington co. Me. This river has its source in a pond in Beddington, and flows in a N. E. direction into Pleasant River Bay, which lies on the E. side of Naraguagus Bay. Pleasant River, Piscataquis co. Me. This important mill stream is a tributary of the Pis cataquis. It receives the two Ebeeme branches in the town of Milo, about 15 miles from its mouth. Plum Creek, Is. A small branch of the Mis sissippi River, which it enters in Carroll co. Plum Creek, Delaware co, Io. A small branch of the Macoquetais River. Plum Island, Essex co, Ms. See Newburyport. Plum River, Ma. An E. tributary of North Red River. Plumbgut, N. Y, is the channel between Plumb Island and Oyster Pond Point on the E. end of Long Island. Plaquemine Bayou, La, an outlet of the Missis sippi, is 117 miles above New Orleans, 8 miles below the mouth of the Iberville, and 96 below the efflux of Atchafalaya outlet, which it finally enters. The waters of the Mississippi only flow into it when that river is nearly at its greatest height. It is navigable at such times for vessels and steamboats. Pocomoke River and Bay. The river has its source in Dismal Swamp, on the boundary be tween De. and Md, and proceeds about 70 miles in a S. W. direction to Pocomoke Bay, a branch of Chesapeake Bay. The river is navigable to Snowhill for vessels. Pocotalico River, Kanawha co, Va, flows into the Great Kanawha about 40 miles from its ¦mouth, after a S. W. course of about 60 miles. Bituminous coal and iron ore are found on its borders. It is boatable 20 or 30 miles in high water. Pocotaligo River, Sumpter district, S. C, rises in the W. part of the district, and flows S. E. into Black River. Poestenlcill, N. Y. This valuable mill stream rises in the towns of Grafton and Sand Lake, Rensselaer co, flows W. into the city of Troy, where it enters the Hudson. Poinsett Lalce, Ma. Situated W. from the Sioux River, with which it is connected by an outlet. Poinsett Lake, Orange co. Fa. A small lake, through which flow the waters of St. John's River. Poinsett River, Ca. A small head branch of the Rio Sacramento. Pointe Seuil Choix, Mn, extends into Lake Michigan, opposite the S. W. corner of School craft co. Point au Betsie, Mn. The W. extremity of Leelanau co, projecting into Lake Michigan. Point aux Grais, Arenac co, Mn. Situated near the mouth of Rifle River, and extending into Saginaw Bay. Point. Barro de Arena, Ca. Situated N. W. from Point de los Reyes. Point de los Reyes, Ca. Situated on the Pacific coast, N. W. from San Francisco Bay. Point de Tour, Mn. Situated at the E. entrance of Big Bay de Noquet. Point de Tour, Mn. The S. E. extremity of Chippewa co, extending into Lake Huron. Point no Point, Matthews co, Va, extends into Chesapeake Bay. Point St. Ignace, Michilimackinac co, Mn. This is the S. extremity of the county, extend ing into the Straits of Mackinaw opposite Fort Point. Point St. Vital, Chippewa CO., Mn, extends into Lake Huron W. from Point de Tour. Pollopel's Island, N. Y. This mass of rock lies in the Hudson River, near its E. shore, 6 miles above West Point, and opposite Breakneck Hill. Pomme de Terre River, Mo, rises in Greene co, and flows N. into Osage River. Pompton River, N. J, which is formed by the junction of Pequannoek, Ringwood, and Ramapo Rivers, divides Passaic from Morris co, and falls into the Passaic. Its length is 8 miies. The Morris Canal crosses it in a wooden aqueduct 286 feet long, 2 miles above its mouth. Ponchartrain Lake, La, communicates with Lake Maurepas on the, W, with Lake Borgne through the Rigolets on the E, and with New Orleans through St. John's Bayou and a canal on the S. The largest of its tributaries are Tan- gipaha and Tchefuncte Rivers, which enter it on the N. side. It is 40 miles long, 25 miles broad, and 16 or 18 feet in the deepest parts, but not more than 9 feet near the shore. Pond River, Ky. A tributary of Green River, separating Muhlenburg and Hopkins counties. Pondicherry Mountain, N. H. See Jefferson. Ponguamgamook Lake, Piscataquis co. Me, lies S. of Barnonenungemook Lake. Poplar Island lies in Chesapeake Bay, in Ion. 76° 28' W, and lat. 38° 45' N. It is about 10 miles in circumference. Porcupine's Islands, Hancock co. Me, lie in Frenchman's Bay, off the town of Gouldsboro'. Porpoise, Cape, York co. Me, is situated in N. lat. 43° 22', W. Ion. 70° 23', and forms the N. E. boundary of Kennebunk harbor. Portage Lake, Houghton co, Mn. This lake is very irregular in its shape, having several arms, one of which communicates with Keewaiwona Bay, one with Houghton's Lake, and one extends N. W. almost to the opposite side, of Keewai wona Point, on the head of which the lake is situated. Portage Lake, Livingston and Washtenaw coun ties, Mn. One of a number of small lakes sup plying the head waters of Huron River. Portage River, O, drains Hancock co, and flow ing N. E, enters Lake Erie at Port Clinton. It affords good water power, and flows through Black Swamp, an unhealthy region,' but which would make a very fertile country if suitably drained. Portage River, Mn. One of the head branches of Grand River, draining the N. E. part of Jack son co. Port Douglass, N. Y, is a convenient landing in 236 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Chesterfield, Essex co, on the W. side of Lake Champlain, and 8 miles E. of Keesville village. Port Genesee, N. Y. See Charlotte. • Port Neuf River, On. A small stream flowing W. and emptying into the Lewis Fork of Colum bia River, a little below Fort Hall. Potato River, Midland co, Mn. A small stream flowing E. into Saginaw Bay. Poteau River, As, rises in Scott co., flows W. and then N, mostly in the In. Ter, and falls into the Arkansas at Fort Smith. Potomac River forms the S. boundary of Mary land through its whole course, dividing it from Virginia. It rises by two main branches in the Alleghany Mts, called the N. branch and the S. branch ; and also receives numerous other streams from the same elevated regions, which are among its more distant sources. The course of the two main branches is N. E. at first, until the N. branch passes Cumberland, where it is inflected to the S. E, and breaks through several ridges of elevated lands into the valley of the S. branch, and forms a junction with it. The latter, if estimated by its length, and the extent of the area drained into its channel, must be regarded as the main branch, al though it is to the N. branch that the name of the Potomac has been distinctively applied. The river now pursues a N. E. course, breaking through another mountain chain, until it reaches its most N. latitude at Hancock's Town, where it is again inflected to the S. E, which direction it generally pursues to its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. About 40 miles below Hancock's Town, the Po tomac, after receiving the Shenandoah from the S, which brings in a volume of water nearly equal to that of the principal river, breaks through the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry. The Shenan doah is the longest branch of the Potomac. Its remotest sources are in Augusta co, Va, and its general course is N, and nearly parallel to the W. base of the Blue Ridge, for a distance of about 130 miles, till it unites with the Potomac, having found this remarkable passage through the moun tains. The bold scenery at this pass has been justly admired as among the finest natural curi osities of the country. The level, at low water, at the junction of the two rivers, is 288 feet above tide water. The upper valley of the Potomac, between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mts, including that of the Shenandoah, is in length about 1 60 miles, with a mean breadth of 50 miles, embracing an area of 8000 square miles. Having passed the Blue Ridge, the Potomac continues S. E. about 50 miles to the lower falls, and the head of tide water, at Georgetown. It soon attains the dimensions of a large navigable river. It is a mile and a quarter wide, and 18 feet deep at Al exandria, which is nearly 300 miles from the ocean, and is navigable for ships of the line to the navy yard at Washington. The circuitous course of. its tide water channel renders the navi gation of the Potomac Bay somewhat tedious, though it is in all parts easy and safe. Its gen eral course, for many miles, is nearly the same with that of the Chesapeake Bay, with which it finally unites, by a mouth 10 miles wide and 42 feet deep. Combining the two sections of the Potomac valley, above and below the Blue Ridge, the whole basin embraces an area of about 13,000 square miles, which is a region of great interest, both in physical and political geography. Its en- tiro length is about 600 miles. Above tide water there are three points where are considerable falls. The principal towns and cities on this river are Port Tobacco, Alexandria, Washington, Georgetown, Harper's Ferry, and Cumberland. Pottier's Point, Vt. This point is situated on the W. side of Shelburne, 2 miles 182 rods from the S. wharf in Burlington. It took its name from John Pottier, the first settler upon it, but is often called Shelburne Point. . Poultney River rises in Vt, flows in a W. direc tion, forming the boundary between New York and Vermont for some distance, and falls into the head of Lake Champlain. Powder River, On, rises among the Blue Mts, and flows N. E. into the Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Powell's Point, Currituck co, N. C. A point of land projecting into Albemarle Spund, between Currituck Sound on the E. and North River on the W. PoweVs River, Va, has its source in Powel's Mt, and, passing into Te, unites with Clinch River, 38 miles N. E. of Knoxville. It is boata ble nearly 100 miles. Powow Hill, Salisbury, Ms. Height 328 feet. Powow River, N. H. and Ms, has its principal source in Great and Country Ponds, in Kingston, N. H, and passes over the S. W. part of E. Kings ton into South Hampton ; thence into Aniesbury, Ms, where it turns E. into South Hampton again, and returns into Amesbury, falling into the Mer rimack between Salisbury and Amesbury. There are several falls in this river, those in Amesbury being the most remarkable, the water falling 100 feet in the distance of 50 rods. Prairie Creek, Io. A small head stream of the Macoquetais River, which it enters in Delaware co. Prairie Creek, Io. A S. branch of the Maco quetais River, which it enters in Jackson co. Prairie River, Mn. This stream rises in a small lake in the N. E. part of la, flows N. W. across Branch and St. Joseph's counties, Mn, and emp ties into St. Joseph River. Presque Isle River, Mn. This river rises .in many small lakes on the boundary between Mn. and Wn, flows N. N. W, and empties into Lake Superior. Preston Lake, Ma. Situated near tho Sioux River, and S. W. from Lake Poinsett Presumpscut River, Cumberland co. Me, the outlet of Sebago Lake, falls into Casco Bay at Falmouth, 6 miles N. of Portland. Prince's Bay, N. Y, lying on the S. E. side of Staten Island, is famous for its oysters, which are very abundant and of a fine quality. Profile Mountain, N. H. Dr. Jackson, in his celebrated work on the Geology of New Hamp shire, thus describes this curious specimen of the works of n ature : "The profile is produced by the irregular jutting out of five blocks of granite, giving the effect of the stern visage of an old ¦ man looking over the deep valley below, and having so strong a likeness to a human face as to be regarded as an object of wonder and ad miration, worthy of a visit from travellers. It has been declared to be one of the greatest nat ural curiosities of the state. It is said that the view of the profile is lost when the mountain is approached, as it is also by a considerable change in the point of view on the road, the best spot to see it to advantage being where the guide-board directs the traveller's attention to it." Prospect Hill, Waltham, Ms. Height 482 feet. Prospect Hill, Hingham, Ms. Height 243 feet. IN THE UNITED STATES. 237 Prospect Hill, Rowley, Ms. Height 264 feet. Prout's Island, Northampton co, Va. A pretty large island lying off the Atlantic coast. Proven's Mountain, West Springfield, Ms. Height 665 feet. Providence Lake, Carroll parish, La. A small sheet of water connecting by outlets with the Mississippi River and Swan Lake. Providence River, R. I. This river, or the head waters of Narraganset, extends below the city of Providence to Field's Point, about 3 miles, or to Bullock's Point, 5 miles. On the N, just below Providence, it receives the Seekonk or Pawtucket, and another stream or expanse of water, into which the two small rivers, the Wan- asquiatucket and Moshasick, flow, just above the town. Provost Creek, N. Y. This stream rises in Albany co, flows S, and enters Catskill Creek in Greene co. Prudence Island, R. I, is situated in Narragan set Bay, and belongs to Newport co. Psihu or Wild Rice River, Ma. This large' river rises in several lakes, and flows N. E. into the North Red River. Ptan Ska Lake, Io. A small body of water lying W. from Spirit Lake. Puckaway Lake, Marquette co, Wn. Situated in the S. part of the county, at the head of Nee- nah or Fox River. Puerco River, New Mexico. This river rises among the mountains in the N. W. part of the state, flows S. S. E. nearly parallel with the Rio Grande, which it enters at a great bend which occurs above the Presidio de Rio Grande. Puget Sound, On, is situated at the S. part of Admiralty Inlet, receives the waters of several rivers, and contains many islands. Pumgockamock Lake, Piscataquis co. Me, lies S. E. of Bamonenungemook Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. Pumpkin Vine Creek, Ga. A tributary of the Etowah, which it enters in Cass co. Punepun Lake, Mn. Situated in the S. part of Charlevoix co. Pungo River, N. C, separates Hyde and Beau fort counties, and empties into Pamlico Sound. Pushaw Lake, Penobscot co. Me, lies W. of Oldtown Island, and is connected on the N. with Dead Stream. It is about 8' miles long and 1 wide. Putnam Fort, N. Y. See West Point. Pyramid Lake, Ca, Uh. A large body of water lying E. from the Sierra Nevada Mts. It re ceives the waters of the Mud Lakes on the N, and of Salmon Trout River on the S. E. Pyramid Point, Mn. The N. W. extremity of Leelanau co. projecting into Lake Michigan. Quantuck Bay lies in the town of Southamp ton, Suffolk co, N. Y, at the E. extremity of the Great South Bay. Quogue Neck separates it on the E. from Shinnecock Bay. Quechee River, Vt. See Otta Quechee. Quinebaug River, Ct. and Ms. This beautiful mill stream rises in Mashapaug Pond, Union, Ct, flows N. to Brimfield, Ms, then S. E. to Thompson, Ct, where it receives French River ; thence it flows about 30 miles in a S. direction through a very fertile country, joins the She tucket near the city of Norwich, and takes the name of that river to the Yantic. These three streams unite to form the Thames. Quinepaick, River, Ct. This stream rises in Bristol and Farmington, flows 30 miles in a S. direction, and enters Long Island Sound at New Haven. Quissibis River, Me., rises in the N. E- part of the state, flows S, and enters the Sj, John's Riv er E. of Green River. Quoddy .Head, or West Quoddy Head, Me, is the W. entrance into Passamaquoddy Bay. It is in N. lat. 44° 55', W. Ion. 66° 49', and has a light house 45 feet high. See Lubec and Eastport. Rabbit Creek, Ma, empties into the Mississippi between Nokay and Muddy Rivers. Rabbit River, Allegan co., Mn, flows in a W. direction, and falls into the Kalamazoo. Raccoon Creek, Crawford co, Wn, falls into the Mississippi a little above Bad Axe River. Raccoon River, Io. This long river rises in the N. W. interior of the state, one of its head branch es communicating through a lake with Boyer's River, a branch of the Missouri. It flows in a S. E. direction, crossing Dallas co, and falling into the Desmoines in Polk co. Racket Lake is situated on the table land of Northern N. Y, in Hamilton co, and is elevated 1731 feet above the level of the ocean. It is 14 miles long, from 2 to 5 wide, of an irregular shape, and abounding with fish of uncommon size. It is surrounded by an uncultivated but interesting region, interspersed with numerous small lakes, the sources of rivers which flow in every direction. Racket River, N. Y, rises in a number of lakes in Hamilton co, flows in a N. direction through St. Lawrence co, and enters the St. Lawrence River opposite the Island of Cornwall, in Canada. Two other important rivers enter the St. Law rence, one on each side of this stream, within the distance of 6 miles. The length of the Racket is 145 miles. Raft River, On, flows N. and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia River, between Fall and Swamp Creeks. Ragged Mountains, N. H, so called from their rough appearance, lie between Andover and Hill, extending in a chain about 10 miles from the Pemigewasset to the vicinity of Kearsarge. It is a bleak and precipitous range, and is nearly 2000 feet high in its N. points. Raikut Hill, Gloucester, Ms. Height 205 feet. Rainy River, Is, rises near the W. border of la, flows WVN. W, and joins the Illinois River in Ion. 88° 5' W, and lat. 41° 20' N. Raisin River, Mn, derives its name from the numerous grape vines which formerly covered its banks. It rises in the town of Wheatland, Hills dale co, and after a circuitous course of 130 miles, it enters Lake Erie, 24 miles below Monroe. Its entire length in a direct line is about 60 railes. Its current is rapid, and it is enclosed by high and beautiful banks. Ramapo River, N. Y. The head branches of this stream rise in Orange co. ; thence it flows in a S. direction through a part of Rockland co., and falls into the Passaic River, m N. J. It abounds hvjish, and affords many excellent mill sites. Rancocus Creek, N. J, rises in Monmouth co, and flows N. W. into the Delaware River. Rainer Mount, On. A high peak of the Cas cade Mountains, situated N. E. from Mount St Helen's. 238 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, Rapid Ann River, Va, rises in Madison co, in the Blue Ridge, and falls into the Rappahannock, 10 miles above Fredericksburg. Rapid River, Mn, drains the S. W. part of Schoolcraft co, and falls into the Little Bay de Noquet. Rapids, or Wigobimis River, St. Croix co, Wn. ¦ It rises in a pretty large lake, and flows W. into the St. Croix River. Rappahannock River, Va. This river rises in the Blue Ridge, and flowing S. E. 130 miles, en ters a large estuary from Chesapeake Bay, 25 miles S. of the mouth of the Potomac. It has 4 fathoms of water to Hobbs's Hole, and is naviga ble to Fredericksburg, 110 miles, for vessels re quiring 10 feet of water. Raritan River, N. J, is formed by two principal branches which unite in Somerset co, and empties into Raritan Bay at Amboy. Sloops of 80 tons ascend the river to Brunswick, 17 miles, with 8 feet of water. Raspberry River, La Pointe co, Wn. A small stream flowing N. E. into Chegowawegon Bay. Rattlesnake Island, N. Y. This island, consist ing of 50 acres of grass land, lies in the Niagara River, 4 miles below Black Rock. Raw Creek, Fa. A small stream connecting Dunn's Lake with the ocean, and forming a part of the boundary between St. John's and Orange counties. Rowley's Springs, Rockingham co, Va. This watering-place is situated on Dry River, 12 miles N. W. of Harrisonburg. Reaburn River, S. C, rises in the S. E. part of Greenville district, flows S, and, uniting with Reedy River, enters the Saluda. Red Creek, Mi. This stream rises in Marion co, flows S. W, and empties into the'Pascagoula River. Red Cedar Creek, Ma, flows S. E, and empties into the St. Croix River between Memokage River and Reed Creek. Reddy's River, Wilkes co, N. C , is a branch of the Yadkin. Red Cedar Lake, Chippewa co, Wn. This is the most S. of a chain of lakes supplying the head waters of Red Cedar River. Red Cedar Lake, Ma. Situated S. E. from Muddy Lake, and connected by an outlet with the Mississippi River. Red Cedar River, Chippewa co, Wn. This river rises in a series1 of small lakes in the N. W. part of the county, flows S. S. W, and empties into Chippewa River. Red Eye River, Ma. It rises in a lake, and flowing S. E. empties into Crow Wing, a little above Lpng Prairie River. Red Hill, N. H. See Moultonboro' and Centre Harbor. Red Brush Hill, Wrentham, Ms. Height 456 ft. Red River, La. and As. The first large river which enters the Mississippi above its mouth, coming down from the far S. W. It rises near the base of tho Rocky Mts, in lat. 35° to 40° N, and Ion. 25° to 32° W. from Washington. Its sources are between those of the N. fork of the Arkansas River and those of the Rib Brazos of the Gulf of Mexico. Its course is very nearly E. for more than half of its entire length, until it enters tho S. W. corner of Arkansas, when it is inflected to the S. ; and after flowing in this di rection about 100 miles, and crossing into Louis iana, it bends to the S. E, and continues in this general course until it falls into the Mississippi in lat. 31° 1' N, and in Ion. 91° 42' W. from Green wich. Its entire length is more than 1000 miles. From 10p° 2' of Ion. W. from Greenwich, to about Ion. 94° 32 , it forms the N. boundary of Texas ; it then traverses a small angle of Arkan sas, and enters Louisiana, and traverses the \vhole N. half of the. state diagonally to its junction with the Mississippi, through a comparative course within that state of 300 miles. The greater part of its channel is. through fertile prai ries of a reddish soil, which imparts its color to the waters of the river. These prairies, especially in the remoter regions, are the favorite range of the buffalo, and other wild animals of that coun try. The shores of the river abound with grape ' vines, which produce/ an abundance of delicious fruit. Some distance below, where the river bends to the S. E, having entered Louisiana, it divides into numerous channels, almost. losing its character as a river, and spreading a maze of in terlocking watercourses, without any direct con tinuous channel, over an elliptical region of low lands between the receding hills, varying in width from jB to 10 miles, and about 70 miles in length. This is what is called the " Raft," from its sup posed correspondence with an obstruction in the Atchafalaya, occasioned by an accumulation of timber becoming stationary in its channel. But it is affirmed by the best authorities, upon per sonal observation, that there is nothing in com mon between the two rivers, as it respects this peculiarity, except the obstruction to the continu ity of their streams. That of Red River is not a " raft " in the literal sense, composed of tim ber, as in the case .of the Atchafalaya, but is rather supposed to be the remains of a lake which formerly occupied this low ground, and has been gradually filling up with the d&bris from the riv er's banks, until it is now a mere thicket of islands, through which the waters, coming down from above, slowly make their way to the. former out let of the lake. At Grand Ecor, 4 miles above Natchitoches, the whole volume of the river is united ; but it is soon again divided into several channels, which afterwards unite in one, 30 or 40 miles farther down, again to separate at the out let of the Bayou Rapide. The lower section of the main channel is narrower than above the " Raft," as it is called, but it is increased in depth. After passing Alexandria, there are other outlets, which convey away their waters into the Atchafalaya, thus diminishing somewhat the volume of the river. This river, but for the ob structions above described, would be a fine navi gable water for 400 miles from its mouth. Could this impediment be overcome, much greater fa cilities would be offered for the settlement and profitable improvement of the extensive and fer tile regions upon its banks. Red River, Ca, rises among the Sierra Madre, and flows N. W. into the Rio Colorado. Red Hill River, N. H, has its source in the town of Sandwich, and falls into the Winnipise- ogeo in Marlboro'. Redfcot River, Te, rises in the N. E. part of Obion co, flows S. W, and empiies into Obion River near its junction with the Mississippi. Red Pipestone Creek, Ma. An E. branch of the Sioux River, which it enters, just below Coteau Percee Creek* Reed Creek, Ma. It flows S. E. into the St Croix River. IN THE UNITED STATES. 239 Reedy Creek, Va., rises in the E. part of Jack son co, flows N., and empties into {he Little Kanawha in Wirt co. Reedy Island lies in the Delaware River, 50 miles below Philadelphia, and 20 miles from Bom bay Hook. Length 3 miles, width one fourth of a mile. Reedy River, S. C. This stream rises in Green ville district, flows S. S. E.. and uniting with the Reahurn, empties into the Saluda River. Refugio River, Ts. A small stream entering Espiritu Santo Bay, just above the town of Re fugio. Rehoboth Bay, Sussex co, De. Situated at the mouth of Indian River, through which it com municates with the Atlantic. Revel's Island, Va. A small island near the coast, in Ion. 75° 43' E, and lat. 37° 35'; N. .. Rhett Lalce, Ca. Situated on the N. border of the territory at the head of Tlamatr/ River. Riawaw River and Island, Colleton district, S. C. This little river is properly an inlet, reach ing from Stono Inlet to the mouth of the North Edisto River. The island lies directly S. from the river. Richland Creek, Te, rises in the W. part of Dickson co, and flows W. into Tennessee River. Richland Creek, Knox co, Ky. A small stream emptying into the Cumberland River at Bar- boursville. Richland Creek, As, rises in the interior of Madison co, flows W, and enters White River in Washington co. Richmond Fort., N. Y. See Staten Island. Richmonds Island, Cumberland co. Me.; is a part of the town of Cape Elizabeth. Rifle River, Mn. It rises in the S. part of Os coda co, flows S. S. E. through Ogemaw and Arenac counties, and falls into Saginaw Bay. Rigolets River or Channel, La, connects Lakes Ponchartrain and Borgne, and is 8 or 10 miles in length. Rio Bosque, Ts. A W tributary of Brazos River. i Rio Colorado. This large river rises principally in On. and Na, flows S. W. across the entire length of Upper Ca, and empties into the N. part of the Gulf of California. Rio de Chama, New Mex, flows S. W. into the Rio Grande. Rio de Jemez, New Mex. It rises in the W. part of the state, and flows S. W. into the Rio - Grande. Rio de la Cosumnes, Ca, rises among the Sierra Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio San Joaquin. Rio de la Plumas. Ca. This large river rises in the N. part of the Sierra Nevada, flows S. W, and empties into the Rio Sacramento. Ridge Road, N. Y. See Alluvial Way. Rio Frio, Ts. It flows S. E. into the San Mig uel, a tributary of Nueces River. Rio Gila. This large river runs on the S. bor der of Ca, separating it from Mex, and empties into the Gulf of California at the mouth of Rio Colorado. Rio Grande. This river, which is also called the Rio del Norte, and Rio Bravo, rises in the Green Mts. and the Sierra de Anahuac, flows S. E, separating Ts. from New Mex. and Mexi co, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. Rio San Bueneventura, Ca. It rises among the Coast Mts, flows N. W, and empties into the Pacific just above Monterey. Rivanna River, Va, flows S.E, and unites with James River at Columbia. It is boatable more than 20 miles. Roanoke River, Va. and N. C. Staunton and Dan Rivers, two large tributaries, unite near the S. border of Va. to form this river, which flows into the W. extremity of Albemarle Sound. It is navigable for vessels of 45 tons, 75 miles, to the Great Falls at Halifax. A canal around the falls opens a boat navigation to the junction of Staunton and Dan Rivers, which are both navi gable some distance for boats. Robbins's Island, N. Y, belonging to the town of Southold, Suffolk co, lies in Great Peconic Bay. Roche Port River, Mo, rises in the S. E. part of Randolph co, and flows S. into the Missouri. Rock City, situated in,thd town of Great Val ley, Cattaraugus co, N. Y, about 7 miles S. of EUicottville, is a great natural curiosity. It is approached by a ridge of gradual ascent, extend ing from the base to the summit of the hill, and terminating at an elevation of 600 feet. More than 100 acres are covered with vast fragments of rock at this single spot, the imposing grandeur of which declares them not unaptly named. The masses of rock, although detached from each other, approach nearer and nearer towards the centre, and vary from 15 to 35 feet in height. Most of them are rectangular ; some of them are separated but a few inches, while others have an interval of several yards between them. The removal of large masses from the midst of some groups has left spaces resembling fine court yards. Rockaway, Beach, N. Y. See Fashionable Resorts. Rock Creek, D. C, flows between Georgetown and Washington city, and falls into the Potomac. Rock Creek, On. A small S. tributary of Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Rock Island. Situated in the Mississippi, near Rock River Rapids. It is 34 miles long, and three fourths of a mile wide. The sides are of perpendicular rock, 20 feet above the greatest height of water. Fort Armstrong is situated on the S. border of the island. Rock Island Rapids commence at Rock Island, just above the mouth of Rock River, and extend 15 miles up the Mississippi, with a descent of 21 feet 10 inches. Ledges of rock extend across the river in various places, greatly obstructing navigation' at low water. The U. S. government has done something for the improvement of these ' rapids. Rockland Lake lies in Clarkstown, Rockland co, N. Y. It is 5 miles in circumference, is ele vated nearly 200 feet above the level of the Hud son, and surrounded by high hills. Its waters, which are very pure, abound in fish of various kinds, and great quantities of ice, procured here during the winter season, are annually taken to the New York market. Rock Mountain, De Kalb co, Ga. This isolated peak rises 2226 feet above the stream at its base. It is about 7 miles in circumference. Rock River, Vt. This river rises in Franklin, and runs through Highgate into Missisco Bay. Rock River, Ca. A small W. branch of Green River. Rock River, Wn. and Is. This river has its source in a region of lakes and swamps. One of its principal heads, the Catfish, rises in a swamp a few miles S. of Fort Winnebago, and connects the '; Four Lakes." Rock River receives several 240 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. tributaries after it enters Is, and falls into the Mississippi 3 miles below Rock Island. Much of the country through which it passes in Is. consists of fertile prairie, with some timber land. Its channel is mostly lime and sandstone rock, and it has several rapids, which obstruct naviga tion at low water. Rocky Creek, Ca. An E. branch of Grand River. Rocky Comfort Creek, Ga, rises in Warren co, flows S. E, and enters the Ogechee in Jeffer son co. Rocky River, N. C, has numerous head branch es, which drain the whole of Cabarras co. The- main stream flows S. and then W, separating Stanley from Union and Anson counties, and empties into the Yadkin River. Rocky River, S.'C, rises in the N. part of An derson co, flows S, and enters the Savannah in Abbeville district. Rodman River, Fond du Lac co, Wn. A head branch of Milwaukie River. ' Rondout Creek, or River, N. Y, rises in Sullivan, flows W. through Ulster co, and enters the Hud son near Rondout village. The Wallkill and several smaller streams, all affording considerable water power, are its tributaries. Ronkonkoma Lake, or Great Pond, N. Y, lies in the towns of Brookhaven, Smithtown, and Islip, Suffolk co, and near the centre of Long Island. It is about a mile in diameter, of great depth, and its transparent waters . are filled with perch and other small fish. Its situation, sur rounded as it is byimmense forests of pine and other trees, is beautiful in the extreme. It is within a mile or two of the Long Island Railroad, and distant about 50 miles from N. Y. city. Rouge River, Mn. It rises principally in some small lakes in the S. part of Oakland co, flows S. E. across Wayne co, and falls into Detroit River. Rough Creek, Ky. This stream waters the W. part of Hardin co, flows S. W, and forming part of the boundary between Daviess and Ohio coun ties, empties into Green River. Round Island, Mn. Situated in the N. part of Lake Huron, between Bois Blanc Island on the S. E, and Mackinaw Island on the N. W. Round Lake, N. Y, is a small body of water, situated in the town of Malta, Saratoga co, and abounding in perch, pickerel, and other kinds of fish. Round Lake, N. Y, is a handsome sheet of wa ter, lying in the town of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co, and connected, by an outlet of half a mile in length, to Lake Pleasant. It is situated in a pleasant country, and its waters abound with fish. Rouse's Point, N. Y, on the N. side of Sorel River, which runs into Lake Champlain, a little above lat. 45° N. Until the late treaty with Great Britain this point belonged to- Canada. At this place the raih-oad between Boston and Ogdens burg crosses Lake Champlain. Royse Mountain, N. H, lies N. from Chatham. Rubicon Creek, Wn. It rises in tho W. part of Washington co, and flows W. into Dodge co, where it empties into the E. branch of Rock River. Rum River, Ma. This river is supplied by Minsi Sagaigoning or Mille Lacs and several smaller lakes, and flows in a southerly direction into the Mississippi. Rush Creek, 0, enters the Hockhocking about 7 miles below Lancaster. Russell's Creek, Ky. Formed in Adair co. by tho junction of Sulphur and Reynolds Creeks, flows N. W, and empties into Green River in Greene co.» Russell Mountain, Me. There are two peaks of this name in Piscataquis co, one N. and the other S. of Moose Head Lake. Russell's River, Mn. A small stream draining the S. E. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falling into Lake Superior. Sabbath Day Point, Warren co, N. Y, lies in the town of Hague, on the W. side of Lake George, 24 miles N. of Caldwell village. It de rives its name from the circumstance of some English troops landing here on the Sabbath, dur ing the old French war, and falling in a conflict with a party of Indians. Sabine River, La. and Texas. This river rises in Te«as, in lat. 32° 30' N, flows S. E. and S, and enters La. in Caddo parish, thence forming the boundary be*ween La. and Texas. It is 300 miles long, watering the most hilly parts of La. in the upper part of its course, and in its lower part a broad and sterile prairie. In low water it has but 4 feet on the bar at its mouth. It passes through Sabine Lake, which is 30 miles long and from 1 to 7 or 8 miles wide, before entering the Gulf of Mexico, but is little broader after leaving the lake than when it entered it. Sable, Cape, Monroe co. Fa. This is the S. W. extremity of the peninsula. On it is situated Fort Poinsett. Sable River, Mason co, Mn, empties into Mar quette Bay. Sac River, Mo. This river rises in Lawrence and Green counties, flows N, and enters Osage River in St. Clair co. Sac River, Wn. A small stream draining the N. E. part of Washington co, and emptying into ': Lake Michigan at the town of Ozaukee. Sacandaga River, N. Y, rises in several small lakes in Hamilton co, of which the largest are Piseco, Round, and Pleasant Lakes. The river then flows in a winding E. direction through the N. E. corner of Fulton co, and enters the Hudson in the town of Hadley, opposite the village of Lu zerne, Saratoga co. Saco River, N. H. and Me., is one of the largest in New England, yet, being much broken in its course by falls, is not navigable to any considera ble extent It springs from three sources in the White Mts. ; the branch issuing from the S. W. side of the mountains, near the Notch, is consid ered the main stream ; next to this is the middle branch, which is the smallest ; and beyond is the branch called Ellis's River, which rises on the N. E. side of the mountains, and after a course of about 18 miles, unites with the main branch in the town of Bartlett Cutler's and New Rivers are mountain torrents that discharge into the Ellis. The Ammonoosuck, a branch of the Connecticut, rises within about 2 rods of the Saco, flowing in an opposite direction. The whole length of Saco River is estimated to be 160 miles; running in its general course S. S. E, and discharging into the sea at Saco. The principal falls are, the Great Falls, at Hiram, where the water descends 72 feet ; Steep Falls, at Limington, 20 feet ; Salmon Falls, at Hollis and Buxton, 30 feet; and Saco Falls, 42 feet. The latter are about 4 miles from the mouth of the river. The ordinary rise of the water, in the spring, is from 10 to 15 feet, but in great freshets it has been known greatly to exceed that number. A long storm which occurred in IN THE UNITED STATES. 241 October, 1785, raised the river to an immense height, sweeping away mills and bridges, and in undating houses that stood in its vicinity. In 1814, there was the greatest freshet known since that of 1785. At such seasons the appearance of Saco Falls is truly sublime. Sacramento River, Ca. This river rises among the Sierra Nevada, flows in a S. direction, and empties into San Francisco Bay at the mouth of the Rio San Joaquin, or San Joaquin River. . Sadaquada, or Saquoit Creek, Oneida co, N. Y. This river rises in the town of Paris, and flows into the Mohawk about 1 mile below Whitesboro' vil lage. It is one of the most important mill streams of its size in the state. On its banks are located several large villages and manufacturing estab lishments. Saddle Mountain, Adams, Ms. Height 3505 ft. Saddle River, N. J, rises in the S. part of N. Y, and enters the Passaic about 1 mile above Ac- quackanock. It is a rapid stream, affording ex tensive water power. Its length is 18 miles. Saddleback Mountain, Franklin co. Me. This mountain is a few miles S. of Mount Abraham, and is elevated about 4000 feet above the level of the sea. Saddleback Mountain, N. H. This a peak of tne Blue Hill range. Saginaw Bay, Mn, on the W. side of Lake Hu ron, is 60 miles long and 30 wide, containing a number of islands, the largest of which is Show- angunk Island. It is navigable for vessels of any burden, its numerous coves, 'protected by islands, affording some of the best harbors on the lake. Saginaw River, Mn, one of the largest rivers in the state, is formed by the junction of Cass River from the E, Flint and Shiawassee from the S, and Tittibawassee from the N. W. . Its length from the mouth of Flint River, in a direct line, is 25 miles, but some of its branches are 4 times that length. Its course is N. N. E. to its entrance into Saginaw Bay. It is from 25 to 30 feet deep, but the bar at its mouth has not generally more than 5 or 6 feet of water upon it, although an E. wind often raises it 3 feet higher. St. Andrew's Bay and Sound are situated on the S. coast of Fa. The main part of the bay ex tends N. 1 2 miles, but some of its branches extend 30 miles. Its average width is from 2 to 5 miles. It is easy of access, has 18 feet of water on the bar, and good anchorage within, sheltered from the winds. An arm extends 20 miles parallel with the coast and a mile from it. 10 miles from the sea, another branch, from 1 to 10 miles wide, ex tends E. 30 miles. St. Andrew's Sound, Ga. This sound receives the waters of Santilla River and some small streams. It also contains Dover and other islands. St. Bernard River, Ts, flows S. E, and emp ties into the Gulf of Mexico just below the mouth of Brazos River. St. Bias, Cape, Fa. This is a narrow point of land S. from St. Joseph's Bay. St. Catliarine's Island, Liberty co, Ga, lies off the mouth of Newport River, between St. Cath arine's on the N, and Sapel's Sound on the S, and is 10 miles long and 5 broad. St. Clair Lake, Mn, is connected to Lake Huron by St. Clair River, and to Lake Erie by Detroit River. It is 24 miles long, 30 wide, 90 in circumference, and 20 feet deep. Its banks are alluvial, have a slightly uneven surface, and are elevated 20 feet above the water. Clinton River, ' ' 31 from Mn, and the Thames and others, from Canada, flow into it. St. Clair River or Strait, Mn, discharges the waters of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, and connects the latter with Lake St. Clair. It flows S, and enters the N. E. part of Lake St. Clair by six channels, the N. one of which, on the -Mm side, is the one navigated in ascending and descending the river. It has few islands excepting those formed by its outlets. Its waters are clear and transparent, the navigation easy, and the scenery varied and beautiful. No rivers flow into it on the E. side. Its principal tributa ries from Mn. are Black, Pine', and Belle Rivers. It is 40 miles long, half a miie wide, and on an average 50 feet deep, with a current of 3 miles an hour, and a descent of about 13 feet. St. Croix River. This river, which is also sometimes called by the names of Passama quoddy, Schoodic, and Cheputnetecook, forms the boundary line between the U. S. and New Brunswick, from the ocean to Grand Lake. The length of the river from Eastport to Grand Lake is 82 miles, and it is navigable 28. There are many elevations in this river, and consequently many falls and rapids, affording great water power. The mouth of the Schoodic, its W. branch, is 166- feet above tide water at Calais, and the whole fall of the St. Croix is 444 feet to sea level. St. Croix Lake and River, Wn. The river rises in two principal branches, in the dividing ridge between Lake Superior and Mississippi River, and, flowing S, receives many tributaries, and passing through St. Croix Lake, a long, narrow body of water, it becomes contracted again to the size of a river, just before its entrance into the Mississippi, some distance below the Falls of St. Anthony. St. Francis River, Mo. and As. This river. rises in St. Francis co. Mo, and, flowing S, enters As, where it receives White Water River, a long branch which rises in Mo, and enters the Mississippi in Phillips co. It passes through many lakes and swamps, yet its waters are re markably clear, abounding ,in fine fish. It is navigable nearly 200 miles at high water. • St. Francois River, or the Pecheenegamook, rises in Piscataquis co, on the border of Canada, flows about 50 miles in a S. S. E. direction, re ceiving several branches and the waters of a number of lakes, and enters the St. John's near the line of Penobscot co. St. George River, Lincoln co. Me. This river rises in ponds in the towns of Montville, Sears- mont, and Belmont, Waldo co, and flows 40 miles in a S. direction into Muscongus Bay. . It meets the tide at Warren, 15 miles from the sea, to which place it is navigable.- St. Helena Island, Beaufort district, S. C, lies between St. Helena Sound on the N. E. and Broad River on the S. W. St. Helena Isle, Michilimackinac co, Mn. Sit uated at the W. entrance of the Straits of Mack inaw. St. Helena Sound, S. C. This sound lies be tween Colleton and Beaufort districts, receives Coosaw, Combahee, Ashepoo, and other rivers, and contains several islands. St. Helen's Mount, On. An elevated peak of the Cascade Mts, situated N. from Fort Vancouver. St. John's River rises in Canada and the N. part of Me. It receives the Madawaska, St. 242 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Francis, Aroostook, and many other important tributaries, from Mc. It waters a large portion of its N. territory, and bears many, valuable pro ductions of thltt state to its month. " This ri«er is 350 miles long. The tide flows up about 80 miles. It is navigable for boats 200 miles, and for sloops of 50 tons 80 miles. This river and its branches water a large tract of excellent country. About 30 miles from its mouth com mences a fine level country of rich meadow lands, well clothed with timber. The river fur nishes a great quantity of salmon, bass, and sturgeon. About a mile above the city of St. John's is the only'entrance into this river. It is about 80 or 100 yards wide, 400 yards long, called the falls of the river. It being narrow, and a ridge of rocks running across the bottom of .the channel, on which there are not above 17 feet of water, it is not sufficiently spacious to discharge the fresh waters of the river above. The common tides here rising above 20 feet, the waters of the river at low water are about 20 feet higher than the waters of the sea ; at high water the waters of the sea are about 5 feet higher than those of the river ; so that at every tide there are two falls, one outwards and one inwards. The only time of passing with safety is when the waters of the river and of the sea are level, which is twice in a tide, and continues only about 20 minutes each time." By the late treaty between the U. S. and Great Britain, the navigation of this river is free to both nations. ' St. John's River, Fa. This river rises in an immense marsh, slightly elevated above the level of the ocean, and flows N, nearly parallel with the coast, until it turns to the E, and flows into the Atlantic. It passes through Lake George in the upper part of its course, and afterwards re ceives tho Ocklawaha, a large tributary. Its entire length is about 250 miles. It often spreads " from 3 to 5 miles in width, though in other places it is not more than a quarter of a mile wide. Vessels drawing 8 feet of water enter Lake George and Dunn's Lake, 150 miles from its mouth. It is only 1 mile wide at its entrance, and it has 12 feet of water on the bar. There is a light-house on the S. side of the river at its mouth. St. John's River, Ca. It rises on the E. border of the state, and flows W. into the Rio Colorado. St. Joseph's Bay, Fa, is enclosed by Cape St: Bias, a long, crooked peninsula. The bay is 20 miles long, and from 7 to 8 wide, with a broad entrance on the N. W, near Cape False, afford ing' 17 feet of water on the bar. There is a channel close to the peninsula, on the, S. E. side of the entrance, nearly as deep as the N. W. passage. The N. E. shore of the bay is inter sected by ponds and lagoons. There is a beauti ful island, 2 miles from the S. E. coast, covered with live oak, cedar, and palm-trees. St. Joseph's Island, Mn. Situated N. of Lake Huron, in the Straits of St. Mary, between George's Island on the N. W. and Drummond's Island on the S. E. The S. W. passage,, through which the U. S. boundary passes, is called Muddy Lake. The length of the island is 20 miles, and its greatest breadth 8 miles. On its S. extremity are tho remains of an old British fort. "St. Joseph, Lake, Tensas parish, La. A narrow, semicircular sheet of water, emptying into the Mississippi. St. Joseph's River, Mn, waters the central part of Hillsdale co, flows S. W. across a corner of O. into la, where it joins the St. Mary's at Fort Wayne, forming Maumee River. It affords ex tensive water power. St. Joseph's River, Mn. This river rises in the « N. E. part of Hillsdale CO., flows E, and, after a S. curve into la, proceeds N. W. to its entrance , into Lake Michigan. It is 250 miles long, fol lowing its course, but'not more than 150 in a direct line, being the second- river in size in the state. Its tributaries are numerous, and its wa ter power extensive. It is navigable for keel boats to Lockport, 130 miles. At its mouth is a good harbor, and, by a pier, is sufficient for any number of vessels required by the lake naviga tion. The bar at its mouth has 6 feet of water. There is a good deal of wood land on its borders, and the soil is generally fertile. St. Lawrence River. This great ri'ver forms the outlet of the chain of lakes, or inland seas, lying between the United States and Canada. It may be considered as descending from Lake Superior, and passing through Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, a distance of 2000 miles ; draining an area" of over 500,000 square miles in extent. Its course through the centre of these lakes and below, until it crosses 45° N. lat, forms the boundary between the United States and Canada. After crossing 45° lat, the course of this majestic river is wholly within the territory of Canada. In the upper part of its course it loses its character as a river, when passing through the lakes ; and even when it passes from lake to lake, connecting and bearing along their waters, it is known by different names in different sections ; as the St. Mary between Superior and Huron ; the St. Clair and the Detroit between Huron and Erie, having the small lake St. Clair in the intermediate course ; and the Niagara between Erie and Ontario. From Lake Ontario to Montreal it is sometimes called the Iroquois, though it is more commonly known as the St. Lawrence proper, from the outlet of Lake Ontario to its mouth. Below Montreal the river varies in breadth from half a mile to three miles, and it passes through the Lake St. Peter, 50 miles below Montreal, which is from 12 to 15 miles wide. Below Quebec the river increases rapidly in width, until it enters' the gulf by a mouth nearly 100 miles across. Its average fall is about six inches to the mile, al though this is very unequally distributed, on account of the numerous rapids, and one stupen dous cataract in its course. It receives many tributaries, the most important of which, on the south side, is the Richelieu, which is the outlet of Lake Champlain, entering at the head of Lake St. Peter ; and, on the north, the Saguenay, 140 miles below Quebec ; and the Ottawa, or Grand River, which enters it a little above Montreal. The St. Lawrence, with the chain of lakes which empty their waters through its channel into the N. At lantic, constitutes one of the great -commercial thoroughfares of the North American continent. It is navigable for ships of the line 400 miles, to Quebec, and for ships of 600 tons-to Montreal, and onward through a series of ship canals for passing the falls and rapids into the lakes. In addition to the more customary forms of steam boats, of ships, and other sea-going vessels, and of, the craft usually employed in the navigation of large rivers, the waters of the St. Lawrence, more than any other river, even of thisj forest IN THE UNITED STATES. 243 covered continent, are . frequented by enormous timber rafts, commonly borne along by the force of the current alone, though sometimes acceler ated by spreading a sail, or by huge oars called Bweeps. These floating islands of timber, with huts here and there rising upon their low surface for the accommodation of the raftmen, and also another sort of craft with long, low hulls, no where else known, and designed for the transpor tation of timber of great length, contribute the more remarkable and picturesque features to the animating spectacle presented by the navigation upon this noble river. The navigation is, of course, obstructed by the ice in winter, which in this high latitude continues, either bound or floating, for several months. From Montreal to Lake Ontario the navigation of the river is fre quently interrupted by falls and rapids, which has occasioned the construction, at a heavy ex pense, of *a series of canals, with locks of suffi cient dimensions to admit the passage of the largest steamboats, and of the vessels navigating the St. Lawrence frqm Quebec to Montreal. The line commences with the 'Lachinc Canal, extend ing from Montreal to the village of Lachine, round the rapids of the same name, a distance of 8 miles. From Lachine, the river, or a broad expansion of it, called Lake St. Louis, is naviga ble to the cascades, at the mouth of the Ottawa River. Here commences the Beauharnois Canal, which extends 16. miles, to a point opposite to Coteau du Lac, surmounting the obstacles caused by the several rapids known as the Cascades, the Cedars, and the Coteau du Lac, which make, in all, a difference of elevation of about 60 feet. At this point another expansion of the river is entered, called Lake St. Francois, which reaches to Cornwall, a distance of 40 miles, in 45° lat. . The St. Lawrence Canal commences at this point, and extends to Dickinson's Landing, 12 miles, passing the Long Sault Rapids, which ha^e - a total descent of about 50 feet. This canal, which is a fair sample of all the other works, has 6 locks, of solid masonry, con structed in the most durable manner, each 200 feet long in the chamber, by 50 feet wide, with a depth of 10 feet. From Dickinson's Landing to Lake Ontario, steamers of a large class navigate the river, though there are1 two or three rapids below Ogdensburg. The Welland Canal, which unites the waters of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, by affording a navigable channel round the Falls of Niagara, is a work of great magnitude. It ,is 42 miles long, 56 feet wide, and 16 feet deep ; and the whole ascent from one lake to the other is 334 feet. To accomplish this ascent there are 22 locks, constructed of granite, with a lift of from 1 24 to 14 feet. Those at each en trance from the lakes are 1 85 feet long, and 45 feet wide. The others are 150 feet long and 464 feet wide. This canal has one deep cut through a. mountain ridge, 45 feet deep, where an im mense quantity of earth and rocks was removed. This work was first completed in 1 829, at a cost of $1,000,000; but in 1845 and 1846, it was en larged and improved at a great additional ex pense. All the above-mentioned canals are on the Canadian side of the river, and are the prod uct of British capital and enterprise, designed to furnish a continuous ship navigation through out the whole extent of the valley of the St. Lawrence, and the basin of the great lakes, to the Falls of St. Mary, and to give to the Canadas a direct and independent communication be tween the vast and far north-west and the Atlan-. tiojOcean. • St. Louis River, Ma. The head branches of this river rise in Dead Fish and Seven "Beaver Lakes ; it then flows S. W. for some distance, and-finally flows S. E, forming the boundary be tween Wn. and Ma. until its entrance into Lake Superior. St. Lucra Sound, St. Lucie co. Fa, extends from Gilbert's Bar, parallel with the coast, to Indian River. St. Mark's River, Fa, rises in a small pond, and after a S. W. course of 19 miles, unites with Wakully River at St. Mark's, to form the Ap- palachee. Boats requiring 4 feet of water as cend its whole length. St. Martin's River, Md, waters the N. E. part of Worcester' co, and enters the Atlantic through Sinepuxent "Bay, opposite Fenwick's Island. St. Mary's River, St. Mary's co, Md. It rises near the mouth of the Patuxent River, and flows S. into the Potomac. St. Mary's River, Ga. and . Fa. This river, which was formerly the boundary of ,the United States, rises in Okefinokee Swamp, in the S. part of Ware co,.Ga, and flowing S. for some distance, it suddenly turns N, and finally takes an E. course until its entrance into the Atlantic. It is 105 miles long, at low tide has 134 feet of water on the bar, and at common high tide 194 feet. It forms the only good harbor of the E. coast of Fa. St. Mary's River, O. and la, rises in the S. part of Mercer co, O, flows N. W, and unites with St. Joseph's River to form the Maumee at Fort Wayne. St. Mary's Strait forms the outlet of Lake Su perior, and its connection with Lake Huron. It is about 70 miles long from Maple Isles, in Lake Superior, to the passage between Drummond's and St. Joseph's Islands, into Lake Huron proper.. The strait, is naturally divided into two sections by the Falls of St. Mary, about 30 miles below Lake Superior. The upper section is chiefly free from islands, and gradually contracts in width to about half a mile at the point where it rushes down the falls. This part of the strait is navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet of water. The Falls of St. Mary consist of a rapid descent over ledges of rocks, without any perpendicular fall, for about three fourths of a mile. It is as certained that the rocky barriers of this narrowest part of the strait are gradually yielding to the abrasion of the waters and the ice, and that the surface of Lake Superior is lowering. Below the Falls the channel of the strait or river be comes wider, and is soon divided into two by George's Island, which division is continued by St. Joseph's Islands below quite to the entrance into Lake Huron. On the American side, the channel, which is again subdivided by Sugar Island, 20 miles long, and others of smaller size, forms the more direct entrance into Lake Huron, by a passage between the westernmost of the Manitou Islands and the promontory of the True Detour, from the Michigan shore. The other channel, on the Canada side, terminates in the Manitou Bay of Lake Huron, upon the N. side of the, Manitou Islands. The entire fall from the leyel of Lake Superior is 23 feet. Vessels with a draught of 6 feet may go up from Lake Huron to Sault ue St. Mary at the foot of the Falls. 244 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. St. MichaeVs River, Talbot co, Md, flows S. 10 miles towards Tread Haven Bay, then turns N. W, and flows 6 miles to Chesapeake Bay, which if enters opposite the S. part of Kent Island, by a broad estuary. St. Michael River, Ca, flows N. W, and empties into Grand River. St. Raphael River, Ca, flows S. W, and empties into Green River. St. Regis River, N. Y, rises in Franklin co, flows N. W, through a part of St. Lawrence co, into Canada, where it enters the St. Lawrence River a few miles above the line. St. Simon's Islands and Sound, Ga. This sound lies off Glynn co, between Alatamaha Sound on the N, and Jykill Sound on the -S. It contains St. Simon's, Little St. Simon's, Long, and some other islands. Sdkpam River, On. A small stream flowing W. into Admiralty Inlet. Sal, Point, Ca. Situated on the Pacific coast, N. from Arguello Point. Salamanic River, la. This stream is formed by the junction of two branches near the centre of Jay co, flows N. W, and empties into the Wa bash River in Wabash co. Saline Bayou, Sevier co. As. A tributary of Little Rock River. - Saline Creek, Mo. This small stream falls into the Mississippi in the S. E. part of St. Genevieve co. Salt has been manufactured here from the salt springs, which are numerous on its banks. Saline River, Is. This river is formed near Equality, Gallatin co, by the union of N, S, and Middle Forks, and falls into the Ohio 12 miles be low Shawneetown. There are several extensive salt works on its borders. Saline River, As, rises in the Masserne moun tains, 20 miles S. W. of Little Rock, and falls into the' Wachita, after a southerly course of 50 miles. Saline River, La, rises in Claiborne parish, and flows S. W. into Black Lake, 8 miles N. E. of Natchitoches. Its length is 50 miles. Salkehatchie River, S. C. This stream rises in the interior of Barnwell district, flows S. E, and unites with the Jackson branch to form the Com- bahee River. Salmon Brook, Aroostook co. Me, rises in two large forks, and flows S. into Aroostook River. Salmon Creek, N. Y. There are several streams of this name in the state, the most important of which rise in Oswego, Wayne, and Monroe coun ties, and empty into Lake Ontario. Salmon Falls River, Me. and N. H. See Pis cataqua. There is a remarkable fall in this river, between the towns of Rochester and Lebanon, Me. The river is confined between two rocks, about 25 feet high, the breadth at the top of the bank not exceeding 3 rods. It is called the Flume, is about 4 rods in length, and varies from less than a foot to 24 feet in breadth ; but tho water has a subterraneous passage., In the rocks are many cavities, mostly cylindrical, from 1 to 7 feet in diameter, and from 1 to 4 in depth, Salmon Falls River, N. H. See Piscataqua. Salmon River, Penobscot co., Me, flows S. about 30 miles, and enters the Penobscot about 4 miles below the junction of the E. and W. branches of that river. Salmon River, Ct. This fine mill stream rises in the high lands in Tolland co, flows S, receiv ing many valuable tributaries, and enters the Connecticut at East Haddam, where it produces a beautiful cataract. Salmon River, N. Y, rises in Lewis co, flows W. through Oswego co, and enters Lake Onta rio, through Mexico Bay, at Port Ontario village. It has a tolerably good harbor at its mouth, and is boatable, at high water, 14 miles, to the falls at Orwell. These falls may be classed among the greatest natural curiosities of the country. The current of the river is gentle for 6 miles or more above, then follow 2 miles of rapids, and then it falls almost perpendicularly 107 feet. At high water the sheet is 250 feet wide, , but at low water it contracts to half that width. The banks are rocky precipices of from 70 to 90 feet in height above the falls, and about 200 feet be low them. The river below the falls abounds in salmon, trout, and other fine fish. Salmon River, N. Y. This stream rises in the E. part of Franklin co, flows N. W. into Canada, where it enters the St. Lawrence River. Salmon River, On. It rises among the Salmon Mts, in the E. part of the territory, flows N. of W, and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Salmon River Mountains, On. A range extend ing through the E. interior of the territory nearly parallel with Salmon River. Salmon Trout River, Houghton co, Mn. A small stream W. from Portage Lake, and flow ing N. into Lake Superior. Salt Creek, Porter co, la. A small branch of the Calumic River. Salt Lakes, Ts. Two small lakes lying N. W. from the battle-ground of Palo Alto. Salt Lake,- Ts. A small sheet of water supply ing one of the head branches of Brazos River. Salt River, Ky. Its head waters drain Mercer co, and flowing N. into Anderson co. it turns W.. and enters the Ohio at West Point, 20 miles be low Louisville, between Jefferson and Meade counties. It-is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and boatable 150 miles. On the S. side, 15 miles from its mouth, it receives a branch nearly as large as itself, called the Rolling Fork, which also receives a large branch in Nelson co, called Beechy Fork. Some of tho most fertile parts of the state are watered by this river and its branches. . Salt River, Mo, rises in Io, and flows S. S. E. to Ralls co, where it pursues a very winding N. E. and S. W. course, until it enters the Missis sippi 85 miles above Missouri River. It is nav igable to a limited extent. Salt River, Mn, waters the N. E. part of Isa bella co, flows E, and empties into Tittibawasee River in Midland co. Salt River, Ca. This is a large river flowing S. W. into the Rio Gila. Saltpetre Creek, Md, falls into Gunpowder River 12 miles E. N. E. from* Baltimore. Saluda River, S. C. This large stream rises in the N. W. part of the state, flows S. E, sep arating Greenville, Laurens, and Newberry from Pickens, Anderson, Abbeville, and Edgefield dis tricts, crosses Lexington district, and unites with Broad River at Columbia to form the Congaree Samphire Islands, St. Bernard parish, La. A group of small islands lying N. from the Macons. Sampit Creek, Georgetown district, S. C. A small stream which enters Winyaw Bay at Georgetown. San Antonio Rivei; Ts. It rises near the sources IN THE UNITED STATES. 245 of San Miguel River, flows S. E, and empties into Espiritu Santo Bay. Sand Bay, Houghton co, Mn. Situated on the N. W. coast of Keewaiwona Point, E. from the mouth of Eagle River. Sand Creek, Marshall co. Is, enters the Illinois River a little above Macon. Sandeham River, On. An E. tributary of the Willamette. Sarul .Hill River, Ma, flows W, and empties into North Red, a little above Goose River. Sand Key, Fa. A long, narrow island, lying off the coast of Hillsboro' co. Sand Point River, Ma, flows N. of E, and emnties into Lake Pepin. Sandusky Bay, 0, lies in Ottowa, Sandusky, and Erie counties. It is 23 miles in length, with an average width of about 3 miles. San dusky River flows, into it on the W, and on the E. it communicates with Lake Erie through a narrow strait. Sandusky River, 0, rises in Richland and Crawford counties, flows N, 90 miles, through a fertile country, and empties into Sandusky Bay. A portage of 4 miles connects it with Sciota River, and though a rapid stream, it affords good navigation at high water. Sandy Creek rises in Orleans co, N. Y, flows N. W, and enters Lake Ontario in the town of Ciarkson, Monroe co. Sandy Creek, N. Y, rises- in Lewis co, flows W, and enters Lake Ontario in the town4of EUisburg, in Jefferson co. Sandy Creek, Little, N. Y, rises in Jefferson co, flows S. W. into Oswego co, where it enters Lake Ontario, through Sandy Creek Bay, at the town of the same name. Sandy Hook, Middletown, Monmouth co, N. J. This is a sandy beach from half a mile to a mile wide, extending N. from Old Shrewsbury Inlet, and the S. extremity of the highlands of Never sink, for a distance of 6 miles. It encloses Sandy Hook Bay, which is 7 miles long and 6 wide. As the sand accumulates and extends the point N, a new light house has been erected on Flynn's Knoll, half a mile N. of a former one. Sandy Inlet, N. C. A passage among the islands on the S. E. coast of New Hanover co. Sandy Lake, Ma. This is an irregular sheet of water, situated N. from Minsi Sagaigoning or Mille Lacs, and connected by an outlet on the N. W. with Mississippi River. Sandy River, Me, rises near Saddleback Mountain, in Franklin co, flows in a winding S. E. direction into Somerset co, where it enters the Kennebec at Starks, 37 miles above Au gusta. It has a number of branches, is about 45 miles in length, and affords excellent water power. San Francisco Bay, Ca. This large bay re ceives the waters of Sacramento, San Joaquin, and other rivers, and is connected with the ocean by a narrow strait. San Francisco . River, Ca. A large stream flowing S'. into Salt River. Sangamon River, Is, rises in Vermilion co, in a small lake, flows S. W, then N. W, and finally W, until its junction with Illinois River, between Cass and Mason counties. This river and its numerous tributaries water the most fertile and pleasant parts of the state. It is navigable to the junction of the N. and- S. forks for small steamboats. , San Jacinto River, Ts. This small river flows S. E. into Galveston Bay. San Joaquin River, Ca. It has its source in Tulares Lake, and the Sierra Nevada, flows in a N. W. direction through a fine valley, and empties into San Francisco Bay. . San Lewis Bar, or West Pass, Ts. The pas sage between Galveston Island and the main land. San Marcos River, Ts. The head stream of Guadaloupe River. San Miguel River, Ts. A large E. branch of Nneces River. Sanpoila River, On. A small stream flowing S. into Clarke Fork of Columbia River. San Saba River, Ts. A W. branch of Colora do River, which it enters just below Pecan Creek. Santa Clara River, Ca. A small stream rising among the Wahshatch Mts, and flowing S. into Virgin River. Santa Fe River, Fa. This river is formed by the junction of New and Sampson Rivers, flows in a winding W. direction, and, uniting with the Euchtuckne, enters the Suwannee. Santa Rosa Island, Santa Rosa co. Fa. This long, narrow island extends from Choctawhatchee Bay on the E. to Pensacola Bay on the W. Santee River, 6. C. This large river is formed by the junction of the Congaree and Wataree, and, flowing S. E, enters the sea by two mouths, about 20 miles below Georgetown. Navigable at some seasons nearly 300 miles. Sanybel Island, Hillsboro' co^, Fa. Situated S. from Pine Island, at the mouth of Carlosahatchee River. Sapelo Island, Mcintosh co, Ga. Situated in Sapelo Sound, which also contains Black Bear and some other islands. Saranac Lake, Lower, N. Y, lying in the S. part of Franklin co, is 7 miles long, 2 or 3 wide, and is connected on the W. with Round Lake and several other lakes and ponds. Its waters abound with fine fish. Saranac Lake, Upper, Hamilton co, N. Y. This lake, which lies 3 or 4 miles W. of Lower. Saranac Lake, is 10 miles long,»from 2 to 3 wide, and is surrounded by numerous other lakes and ponds, which are the head sources of Saranac and Rapid Rivers. The lakes and outlets are boatable to a considerable extent, and are well stocked with the fish peculiar to this part of the country. Saranac River, N. Y, rises in the Saranac Lakes, in the S. part of Pranklin co, flows N. E. across the corner of Essex co, and enters Lake Champlain at Plattsburg, in Clinton co. This river rises within a mile of Racket River, and might be rendered boatable a considerable por tion of its length. It has been computed that by excavations and locks a Continuous line of navigation. 210 miles in length, might be formed through these two rivers. Saratoga Lake, Saratoga co, N. Y. .This beau tiful sheet of water is situated 4 miles S. E. of Saratoga Springs village, and 5 miles E. of Ballston Spa. It is 9 miles long, and about 2 wide. It is much resorted to by pleasure parties, during the summer months, as the lake is abun dantly stocked with fish of various kinds, and its shores abound with wild game. Saratoga Springs, N. Y. See Fashionable Resorts. Sassafras River, Md, forms the boundary be tween Cecil and Kent counties, and empties into Chesapeake Bay. 246 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c, Saugatuck River, Ct. See Westport. Savage Creek, Ky, runs on the boundary be tween Greenup and Carter counties, and empties into the Big Sandy River. Savannah River, Ga, is formed by the junction of Tugalo and Kiowce Rivers, in the S. E. part of Franklin co, 100 miles above Augusta., and flows S. E, forming the boundary between Ga. and S. C, until its entrance into the Atlantic, through Tybee Sound, in 32° N. lat. The largest vessels ascend to Five Fathom Hole, 13 miles from the ocean, and 3 miles below Savannah. Large brigs come to the wharves in Savannah. Steamboats ascend to Augusta, 340 miles from its mouth, and pole boats go 150 miles farther. The tide flows 25 miles up the river. Sawkill Creek, Dutchess co, N. Y, rises in the town of Milan, flows W, and enters Hudson River at the town of Redhook. Saw Mill River, Westchester co, N. Y: This stream, on which are situated several factories and mills, flows in a S. W. direction, and enters the Hudson at the village of Yonkers. Saxton's River, Vt, is formed in Grafton by the union of several, streams from Windham, and running in an E. direction about 10 miles, through the S. part of- Rockingham, falls into Connecticut River in the N. E. corner of West minster, about 1 mile below Bellows Falls. Scantic River, Ct. See East Windsor. Scapan Pond, Aroostook co. Me. This is a pretty large sheet pf water, the outlet of which flows into Aroostook River. Scarboro' Creek, Brown co, Wn. A branch of Kewanee River, which it enters from the S. W. Schlosser Landing, Niagara co, N. Y.. is situ ated on the E. side of Niagara River, in the town of Niagara, about a mile and a half aboye the Falls, and opposite Chippewa village, Canada. It has become famous as being the place where the steamboat Caroline was destroyed by the British, December 29, 1837. It was suffered to be precipitated over the Falls, having been pre viously set on fire. Schoharie Creek, *N. Y, rises among the Cats- kill Mts, in Greene co, flows N. through Scho harie co, and enters the Mohawk in Montgomery co. This large stream and its tributaries afford extensive water power. Schoodic Lakes, Me. These lakes are about twelve in number, lying in the N. part of Wash ington co, and from them issue the Schoodic, or W. branch of the St. Croix River. The most E. of these lakes is called the Big Lake. The true Indian name is Gena-sau-ca-naw-gum. It is of a very irregular form, and about 9 miles in length. It is connected by a very rapid stream, 3 miles long, with Grand Lake, whose Indian name is Wid-i-wau-cau-gum. This is a splendid sheet of water, 15 miles in length, is very deep, and the water remarkably clear. It is well stocked with fish. Beyond this, on the S. W, is Pocumcus Lake, 4 miles long, and the Waboosis, 3 miles long. In a W. direction lies the Sic-la-dob-sis, 10 miles in extent. Farther N. is the Horse-shoe Lake, so called from its form ; also the Junior Lake, 6 miles long. Still farther on is the Scrag- gled Lake, of an irregular shape ; also tho Pleas ant Lake, 5 miles long, with some others of less size. These are all connected by considerable- sized streams, and, except between tho Big and Grand Lakes, there is a continuous boat naviga tion of nearly 100 miles in extent. The charac ter of these waters, which are very extensive, and of the surrounding country, which is very fertile and well wooded, may be expressed in nearly the same words as those applied to Moose Head Lake. Schooley's Mountain, N. J, is a peak of the chain which extends across the N. W. part of the state. It crosses the. N. W. part of Morris co, has a height of 600 feet above its base, and about 1100 feet above the level of the ocean. -A min eral spring near its top has rendered it quite cele brated, and a turnpike road leading from New York to Easton crosses it. Schroon Lake, N. Y, lies in Essex and Warren counties. It is 10 miies long, from 1 to 2 wide. and abounds with fish. Deer and other wild game are found in the forests on its borders. Schroon River, N. Y.- This stream rises in Essex co, flows S, and- unites with the main branch of the Hudson in Warren co. Schuyler, Fort, N. Y. See Throg's Point and Utica. Schuyler's Lake, N. Y. See Canaderaga. Schuylkill River, Pa. The three principal branches of this river rise in Schuylkill co, and, flowing S. E, ' it enters the Delaware 7 miles below Philadelphia. It is about 140 miles long. The most important of its tributaries are Tulpe- hocken Creek, from the W, and Perkiomen Creek, from the E. Vessels of from 300 to 400 tons ascend to the W. wharves of Philadelphia, where its average depth at common tides is from 13 to 14 feet. By means of canals and pools, it is navigable 108 miles, from Fairmount Dam, above Philadelphia, to Port Carbon, in Schuylkill co. An immense quantity of coal is transported on it. Sciota River, O, rises in Hardin co, and, flow ing through Marion and Delaware into Franklin co, receives Whetstone or Olentangy River, just above Columbus, whence it flows nearly S. to its junction with the Ohio, at Portsmouth, where it is 150 yards wide. It flows about 160 miles through a very fertile country, and is navigable 130, to the mouth of Little Sciota River. Scraggy Neck Island, Barnstable co, Ms. Situ ated between Cataumut and Red Brook Har bor. Scull Creek, Colleton district, S. C. The E. and largest branch of Ashepoo River. Scull's Creek, Emanuel co, Ga. A small trib utary of the Ogeechee River. Scupernong Creek, Wn. It rises in the S. W. part of Waukesha co, and flows W. into Jeffer son co, where it enters Rock River. Scultock Point, Me. A small cape situated in Ion. 67° 58' W, and lat 44° 18' N. Seaconnet Rocks, or Point, R. I. See Little Compton. Sebago Lake, Curnberland co. Me. This beau tiful lake receives the waters of Long and several other ponds, and of Crooked River. It is 12 miles in length, and its greatest width js from Baldwin to Raymond, a distance of about? miles. I^s outlet is Presumpscut River, which, empties into Casco Bay. The Cumberland and Oxford Canal passes from this lake to Portland. Sebasticook River, Me, rises on the borders of Penobscot and Piscataquis counties, flows S. W. and S. through a part of Somerset co, which it divides, for a short distance, from Waido co. ; thence it flows S. W. through a part of Kennebec co, and enters Kennebec River, opposite Water- ville. This stream flows 50 miles through a beau- IN THE UNITED STATES. 247 tiful country, receives several tributaries, and af fords excellent water power. Sebec Pond, Piscataquis co. Me, lies in the towns of Sebec, Foxcroft, and Bowerbank ; it is surrounded by a beautiful and heavily timbered country, is about 10 miles long, and averages about a mile in width. Its outlet is a mill stream about 10 miles in length. Sebewa Creek, Eaton and Ionia counties,. Mn, flows N. into Grand River. Seboois Lakes and River, Penobscot co. Me. The lakes are of an irregular form, about 1 5 miles in length, and varying from half a mile to a mile and a haif in width. .They lie near the Aroostook and Seboois River. Their outlet flows S. 50 miles into the E. branch of the Penobscot. Second Lake, Dane co, Wn. Situated between Third Lake on the N. W, and First Lake on the S. E, with both of which it is connected by outlets. Second Embarras River, Ma. It rises in Dead Fish Lake, flows S. W, and empties into St. Louis River. Seneca Fort, Seneca co, 0, situated on the W. side of Sandusky River, in the town of the same name. Seneca Lake, N. Y, is the largest of that series of beautiful lakes lying in the interior of Western New York. It is 40 miles long, and varies in width from 2 to" 4 miles. Its elongated diameter is nearly from N. to S. The elevation of its sur face is 431 feet above tide water. About midway, upon the W. shore, it receives the outlet of Crooked Lake, which lies about 6 miles to the S. W, elevated 265 feet above. Its own outlet is at its N. E. angle, and flows E. about 12 miles to Cayu ga Lake, affording a fine water power at Waterloo, and also at Seneca Falls. The whole descent, in 1 2 miles, is about 80 feet. At the falls the water descends 47 feet over 4 dams. Seneca Lake ,is very deep, and consequently is never entirely frozen over: 12 miles from its outlet, it has been ascertained to be 560 feet deep. The lands upon the shores of this lake are very picturesque and beautiful, being highest and boldest about the S. end, and towards the N. less elevated, but undu lating, and bountifully adorned with the fruits of cultivation, with here and there a remaining tract of the primitive forest. The landscape gradually rises, for several miles from the shores, by broad natural torraccs, or successive ridges, running par allel with the lake, oyer a considerable extent of country. This lake is connected by a canal with Crooked Lake. Its outlet is also made navigable by locks at Waterloo, connecting its commerce with that of the Erie Canal. It is connected also by railroad conveyance S. with the Susquehanna River, at Owego, and with the Delaware River and the Erie Railroad at Binghampton. Upon the lake itself steamboats run regularly through from Geneva, near its foot, to Jefferson, at its head. It is known that the water of this lake has a gradual rise and fall, through periods of several years ; but the cause of this has never been as certained. ' . . Seneca River, N. Y, is the outlet of Seneca Lake, from the N. end of which it flows E. about 12 miles, to the N. end of Cayuga Lake. Receiv ing the waters from this lake, it turns N. until it meets with a stream formed by the outlet of Can andaigua Lake, and other small tributaries coming from the W.; after which it flows E. again, re ceiving other tributaries successively from the outlets of Owasco, Skaneateles, and Onondaga Lakes, until it meets that of the Oneida Lake ; where, turning to the N. W, it becomes the Os wego River, and flows into Lake Ontario, at Os wego. Its course is about 60 miles from Seneca Luke»across Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga coun ties, to its confluence with the Oswego. It is ren dered navigable by a canal and locks to the great Erie Canal at Waterloo. There are falls in this river at the village of Seneca Falls, 10 miles from. the lake, and also at Waterloo, 4 miles higher up, upon which, especially the former, a. great water power is obtained. Seneca River, S. C, rises in the Blue Ridge, N. C, flows S. through Pickens and Anderson districts, S. C, and enters the Tugaloo. It is about 50 miles long, and has numerous branches. Sequatchy River, Te. This river rises in the N. interior of Bledsoe co, flows in a pretty direct S. W. course, and empties into the Tennessee River in the S. part of Marion co. Seven Beaver Lake, Ma. This sheet of water contains one or two islands, and is the source of the head branch of St. Louis River. Seven Mile Brook, Me, rises in Franklin and Somerset counties, flows about 35 mile3 in a S. E. direction, affording fine mill privileges to the towns of Kingfield and New Portland, and enters the Kennebec at Anson'. 40 miles N. E. from Au gusta. Severn River, Anne Arundel co, Md, rises near the centre of the county, flows S. E, and empties into Chesapeake Bay just below Annapolis city. Seymore's Hill, Sandisfield, Ms. Height 1698 feet. Seymour Lake, Vt. See Morgan. Shade Creek, Pa, rises in Somerset co, in the Alleghany Mts, and falls into Conemaugh River at Johnstown. Shade Mountains, Pa. This ridge of the Al leghany chain extends from Bedford co. through Huntington into Mifflin co, a distance of 40 miles. Shaliwater Cape, On. Situated on the W. coast S. from Gray's Harbor. Shallot River and Inlet, Brunswick co, N. C. The river receives several small tributaries, and passes through the inlet into the sea. Shallow Lake, Me. This is one of a chain of lakes lying in the W. part of Piscataquis co. Shamolcin Creek, Pa, after a course of 30 miles enters the E. side of the Susquehanna, 2 miles below Sunbury. Shanwapquam River, On. A head branch of the Yakima River. Shark River, Monmouth co, N.J. A small stream emptying into the Atlantic through Shark Inlet. Sharon Springs. See Mineral Springs. Sharp's Island, Md. Situated in Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of Choptank River. Sharpshin Point, Vt. A high, rocky point, situ ated on the N. side of Burlington Bay, 1 mile and 217 rods from the S. wharf in Burlington. Shaw's Creek, S. C. A branch of the South Edisto River, with which it unites in Barnwell district. Shawangunk Creek, or River, N. Y. This stream rises in Orange co, flows N. E, and enters the Wallkill in Ulster co. Shawangunk Mountains, N. Y. This range, which is a continuation of the Alleghany chain, extends in a N. E. direction through Orange and Sullivan counties, and terminates at the town of New Paltz, in Ulster co. Tho E. declivity is par- 248 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. tially cultivated, but the W. is rocky and precipi tous. They contain a fine lead mine. Sheboygan River, Wn, rises near Lake Winne bago, in Fond du Lac co, and passing through a small lake in the N. W. part of Sheboygan co, it proceeds by a winding E. course to Lake Michigan. Sheepscot River, Me, rises in the town of Pa lermo, Waldo co, flows about 35 miles in a S. direction, and fails into Sheepscot Bay. This river is navigable, and affords valuable mill priv ileges. The tide meets it between Wiscasset and Newcastle. Sheepscot Bay, Me, extends inland about 10 miles between the towns of Boothbay and George town. Its mouth is 3 miles wide, and bears N. E. 6 miles from Seguin light, at the mouth of the Kennebec. Shegg's Creek, Ky. A small stream flowing through Barren co. into the Big Barren River. Shelburne Bay, Vt. See' Shelburne. Shell Lake, St. Croix co, Wn. Situated in the N. E. part cf the county, at the head of Clam River. Shenandoah River, Va. This river is formed in Warren co. by the junction of two branches. The N. branch rises in Rockingham co, and the S. branch in Augusta co. The latter flows along the W. side of Blue Ridge, and nearly parallel with it, until its union with the N. branch, whence the main stream flows N. E. to its entrance into the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, just before its passage through the Blue Ridge. Shepaug River, Ct. This stream rises in Go shen, Litchfield co, flows S. through the towns of Washington and Roxbury, and enters the Housatonic at Southbury. It receives several branches, and affords good water power. Shetek Lalce, , Chippewa co., Wn. This is the most N. of a chain of lakes supplying the head waters of Red Cedar River. Shetek Lake, Ma. This is one of a cluster of lakes supplying the head waters of Moingonan River. Shetucket River, Ct, rises by several branches in* Tolland and Windham counties. It passes between the towns of Lisbon and Franklin, and joining the Quinnebaug at Norwich, flows into th"> Thames. It receives several branches, the pr *cipal of which are the Natchang and Willi- mantic, and affords fine mill privileges. Shiclcskinny Mountain, Pa, extends along the W. side of Susquehanna River, which it crosses in Luzerne co. Shinnecock Bay, Suffolk co, N. Y, is a beautiful body of water, lying in the town of Southamp ton. It is 10 miles long, and from 3 to 4 wide. A narrow sand beach, evidently formed by the waves, separates it from the ocean. This bay has long been celebrated for its shell fish. Clams of a superior quality are found here in great abundance, affording employment to a great many persons. ¦Shishib Lalce, La Pointe co, Wn. Situated in the S. E. part of the county, between Weyekwa and Manitosawin Lakes. Shitticook River, Aroostook co. Me, is the largest N. E. branch of the Matawamkeag. Shoal Creek, Is, a tributary of Kaskaskia Riv- cf, rises in Montgomery co. Shoal River, Fa. One of the principal branch es of the Yellow Water River, with which it joins in Santa Rosa co. Sholey's Fork, Ca. It flows S. into the Rio Gila. Shooting Creek, -Cherokee co, N. C, flows W. into the Hiawassee River. ' Shrewsbury River, Shrewsbury town, Monmouth co, N. J, a continuation of Sandy Hook Bay, flows about 5 miles, partly through a salt marsh, and averages about a mile and a half in width. It receives Shrewsbury River proper, a stream 6 or 7 miles long. Sibley Lake, Ma, lies N. from Gayashk Lake, with which it is connected. Sideling Creek, Md. A small branch of the Potomac, running on the E. side of Sideling Mt. Sideling Mountains. This range traverses Hunt ington and Bedford counties, Pa, and Alleghany eo, Md. Siegas River, Me, flows S, and enters the St. John's W. of Grand River. Sierra Nevada, Ca. This largo chain of moun tains extends through the W. part of Ca, and Contains some of the highest land in the Union. It is the source of many large rivers, the princi pal of which are the Rio Sacramento and Rio San Joaquin. Silliman Lake, Ma. The most S. of a chain of lakes, connecting by an outlet with North Red River. Silver Bluff, S. C. This eminence extends about 2 miles along the Savannah, is about 1 mile wide, and is elevated nearly 30 ¦ feet above the opposite shore. Silver Ci-eek, Chatauque co, N. Yjf rises in the town of Hanover, and flows N. W. into Lake Erie. Silver Creek, Burke co, N. C; flows N. N. E, and empties into the Catawba near Morgan. Silver Creek, Clarke co, la. It flows in a S. direction, forming part of the boundary between Clarke and Floyd counties, and empties into the Ohio River. Silver Lake, Wyoming co, N. Y, is 3 miles long and- three fourths of a mile wide. It is a charming sheet of water, and is stocked with bass, pickerel, muscalonge, and other fish peculiar to Lake Erie, from whence they were brought. Silver River, Ca. Jl small stream flowing S. W. into St. John's River. Sims's Stream, N. H, rises from several ponds and springs among the mountains in the town of Columbia, and falls into the Connecticut Riv er near the N. W. extremity of the town. Sinepuxent Inlet, Worcester co, Md, situated in lat. 38° 10' 30" N, is the entrance into Sine- puxent Bay from the ocean. ' The bay is long and ¦ narrow, and Asaticque Island separates it from the Atlantic. Sinnemahoning River, Pa, enters the W. branch of the Susquehanna in the S. W. part of Lyco ming co. Sinoogawnock River, N. H. See Israel's River. Sioux River, Ma. This large river rises near the sources of the Minesota or St. Peter's River, flows S. S. E, forming the boundary between Io. and Ma, and empties into the Missouri. Sipsey River, Aa. This river rises in the W. part of Wqlker co, and flows S. S. W. into tho Tombigbee. Siselin Lake, Otsego co, Mn. The waters of this lake connect by an outlet with a branch of the Au Sable River. Six Mile Creek, Tompkins co, N. Y, flows N. W. to the village of Ithaca, whore it enters Cayuga Lake. Slcaneateles Lake, N. Y. This beautiful and romantic sheet of water lies partly between Ca- IN THE UNITED STATES. 249 yuga and Onondaga counties. It is 15 miles long, and from half a mile to a mile wide. Its N. shores are bordered by highly cultivated farms and country seats, while the S. banks are more rugged and picturesque. It is famous for its fine trout, which are taken in great numbers, weigh ing from 5 to 10 pounds each. Skooawargurmish River, Mn, waters the W. part of Montmorenci co, and flows N.- into Lake Huron. Skootum Lake, Piscataquis co. Me. This is a pretty large sheet of water, the outlet of which enters Piscataquis River. Skunk River, Io. Otherwise called Chicaqua. Rises near the centre of the state ; runs into the Mississippi parallel with the Des Moines, and dis tant 20 to 30 miles from it N. Sleeping River, Mn. A small stream emptying into Lake Superior. SleepyCreek, Va, rises in the N. part of Fred erick co, and runs N. E. into the Potomac. Slippery Rock Creek, Pa, rises in Mercer and Butler counties, and falls into Conquenessing Creek a little above its entrance into Big Beaver River. Length 35 miles. , Small Cape, Me, situated in the S. part of Phipsburg, is the E. boundary of Casco Bay. Smith Fork, Ca. One of the head branches of Eagle River. Smith's Island, Northampton co, Va, lies in the Atlantic, N. E. from Cape Charles. Smith's Island, New Hanover co, N. C, is sit uated at the mouth of Cape Fear River. Cape Fear is the S. extremity of the island. A light house stands on the W. side, overlooking the main channel. Smith's Point, Va. The E. extremity of Northumberland co, extending into Chesapeake Bay. Smith's River, Grafton co, N. H. This river rises from several ponds* in Grafton and Orange, and after pursuing a winding E. course of from 12 to 18 miles, through Danbury and Alexan dria, falls into the Pemigewasset between Bristol and Hill. Smithtown Bay, N. Y, lies in the town of Smith- town, on the N. side of Long Island, and is a good harbor during easterly storms. It is a great resort of wild water fowl, and is stocked with various kinds of fish. ' Snake Island, N. Y. See Rattlesnake Island. Soda Lake, Caddo parish, La, lies S. from Caddo Lake, with which it is connected. Sodus Bay, or Great Sodus Bay, Wayne co, N. Y, is an irregular body of water, lying in the towns of Sodus and Huron, and opening into Lake Ontario on the N. It is navigable, and at its mouth have been constructed extensive piers and light-houses. It is 5 miles long, and from 1 to 3 wide. Soldier River, Io. This stream rises in the N. W. interior of the state, near the source of Rac coon River, flows S. W, and empties into the Missouri. Soucook River, N. H, has its source in 3 ponds in the S. part of Gilmanton, called Loon, Rocky, and Shellcamp Ponds. The river passes through Loudon, receiving several branches, and forms the boundary between Concord and Pembroke, falling into the Merrimack below Garvin's Falls. ' ¦Soudneunk Stream, Piscataquis co, Mc, rises in a small lake, and flows S. into the W- branch of the Penobscot. 32 Souhegan River, N. H, originally Souhegenack. The name of a river in Hillsboro' co, and the for mer name of Amherst and Merrimack. The prin cipal branch of this river originates from a pond in Ashburnham, Ms. It passes N. through Ash- by into New Ipswich, and through Mason, Mil- ford, Amherst, into the town of Merrimack, where it unites with Merrimack River. In its course it receives several streams from Temple, Lynde- boro', and Mount Vernon, and just before it falls into the Merrimack receives Babboosuck Brook, a stream issuing from Babboosuck Pond. See Amherst. South Bays, Vt. There are two bays of this name, one at the S. end of Lake Champlain, near Whitehall, and the other at the S. end of Lake Memphremagog, between Salem and Newport. South Bay, Washington co, N. Y. This bay lies between the towns of Dresden and Whitehall, ' and opens into Lake Champlain. It is 4 miles long, and half a mile wide. South Bay, N. Y. See Great South Bay. South River, N. C- ' A large tributary of the Cape Fear River. It rises in the N. E. part of Cumberland co, flows S. S. E, separating Samp son and New Hanover from Cumberland, Bla den, and Brunswick counties. South Newport River, G&. This river ' flows in an easterly direction, forming the boundary line between Liberty and Mcintosh counties, and falls into Sapelo Sound. South Three River, Io, rises in the N. part of Clarke co, flows N. E. across Warren co, and empties into the Desmoines. Sowadabscook River, Penobscot co. Me. This . stream falls into the Penobscot at Hampden, 5 miles below Bangor. Within 3 miles of its mouth it falls 120 feet, furnishing many valuable mill privileges; The main branch, which rises in -Stetson, unites with the Harvey Stream from Levant, and the Kinsley Stream from Etna, both affording excellent mill sites, near the village in Carmel. Below these the Sowadabscqok is deep and sluggish, from 1 5 to 25 yards in width, flow ing through extensive meadows, and the Great and Little Ponds in Hermon, with very little de scent, to the head of the falls in Hampden. Near the E. line of Carmel, this stream comes within about 20 rods of the Little Kenduskeag, a stream which flows tlirough the N. E. part of Carmel, from Levant to Bangor; and the two streams are united by a branch from 20 to 30 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, called tho " Cross." The Kendus keag is so rapid that it rises and falls much quicker than the Sowadabscook. When the streams are rising, the current in the Cross sets towards the Sowadabscook, and when falling towards the Ken duskeag. The country watered by the Sowadabs cook is generally rather level and free from hills, though there are many swells of very fine farming land. Spafforct's Lake, N, H. See Chesterfield. Spanish Creekr Camden co, Ga. A small trib utary of St. Mary's River. . Spanish Lake, Natchitoches parish, La, lies S. from Red River, into which it discharges its waters. It receives several small streams, the principal of which is Bayou Terre Blanche. Speckled Mountain, Oxford co. Me, lies on the N. H. line, partly in the town of Riley. Eleva tion about 4000 feet. Spencer Mountain, Piscataquis co. Me., lies E of Moose Head Lake. 250 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Spesulia Island, Harford co, Md, lies in Chesa peake Bay, just below Turkey Point. Spiggot River, N. H. and Ms, rises in Hemp stead,, and passes through Salem, and into the Merrimack, between . Methuen and Dracut, Ms, nearly opposite Shawsheen River, which comes from the S. through Andover. Spipen River, On. A head branch of Yakima River. Spirit Lake, Jo. Situated in the west of the state at the head of Inyan Yankey or Little Sioux River. Split Cape, Me. See Addison. ¦ Spoon River, Is, is formed in Coffee co, by the union of several forks, and pursues a S. course until it enters the W. side of the Illinois. It af fords good water pdwer. Sprague's Hill, Bridgewater, Ms. Spring Creek, Ga, rises in the N. part of Early .co, flows S, and falls into Flint River near its junction with the Chattahoochee. Spring River, Mo. and Wes. Ter. The head branches of this stream drain Lawrence co. ; it then flows in a circuitous S. W. course into the Western Territory, where it enters Neosho River. Spring Garden Lalce, Orange co. Fa, lies S. E. from Lake George, and empties' into St. John's River. Spruce Hill, Bridgewater, Ms. Height 2588 feet. Spuyten Duyvel Creek, N. Y. See Harlem River. Sqalluck River, Me, rises in the N. part of the state, near the Canada line, and flowsW. into the Toladi. Squam Lake, N. H. This beautiful sheet of water lies on the borders of Holderness, Sand wich, Moultonboro', and Centre Harbor. It is about 6 miles long, and in its widest part 3 miles in width. It covers a surface of between 6000 and 7000 acres, contains numerous islands, and is well stored with fish. This fine lake is but a short distance from the celebrated " Senter House," at Centre Harbor. Squam River, N. H. See Holderness. Squamscot or Swamscot River, N. H, called also Great or Exeter River. See Exeter. Squaw Island, Erie co, N. Y, lies in the Niagara River, and is attached to the town of Black Rock. It contains about 130 acres of land. Squirrel River, Portage co, Wn. A small W. branch of the Little Wisconsin River. Stanislaus River, Ca. It rises among the Sierra Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio San Joa quin. Stanwix, Fort, N. Y. See Rome. Staten Island, N. Y, lies in the Bay of New York, about six miles S. of the city, and consti tutes the county of Richmond, with four towns. It has Newark Bay, and the channel called the " Kills," on the N. ; New York harbor and the Narrows, between the outer and inner bays of New -York, on the E. ; Raritan Bay S. ; and Staten Island Sound _W. The centre of the island is about ll miles' S. W. from the city. It is 14 miles in length N. E. and S. W. and 8 miles wide in its broadest part. Its surface is agreeably diversified, with some good soil for cultivation, and tho advantage of nearness to tho market for the disposal of every kind of prod uct. The highest elevation is that of Richmond Hill, from the summit of which, 307 feet above the level of the ocean, the prospect, which may bo enjoyed with little effort to obtain it, embra cing the city and the harbor of New York, with its shipping, its fortifications, and its islands, Brook lyn, and the surrounding country on Long Island, Hoboken, and the adjacent portions of New Jer sey, is extremely rich and beautiful. On a hill near the Narrows a telegraphic signal is erected, communicating with the Marine Telegraph on the Merchants' Exchange in Wall Street. The New York quarantine ground is on the N. shore of this island, opposite to the villages of Tomp- kinsville and Stapleton, to both of which places steamboats run several times a day, from the foot of Whitehall Street. New Brighton is a pleasant village on the margin of the island, a Httle further W, where are many elegant resi dences, occupied by families from the city. The Sailor's Snug Harbor, a large and imposing edi fice, is an asylum for superannuated seamen, sit uated a short distance from New Brighton. The seat of justice for the county, embracing* Staten Island, is at Richmond. Steer Creek, Gilmer to.-, Va. A S. branch of the Little Kanawha River. Sterling Peak, Vt. See Sterling. Stevens's Branch, Vt. See Barre. Stevens Creek, S. C. This stream rises in Ab beville and Edgefield districts, receives many large branches, and empties into the Savannah in Edgefield district. Stevens's River, Vt. This fine mill stream rises in Peacham and Ryegate. It received its name in compliment to Captain Phineas Stevens, the brave defender of Charlestown, N. H. The waters of this river are remarkably clear, and its banks luxuriant and romantic. It meanders about 15 miles, and in its course through Barnet receives Harvey's Lake, a pellucid sheet of water, covering an area of 300 acres. This beautiful , river mingles with the Connecticut at Barnet, where it makes a desccnUof 100 feet in the dis tance of 1 0 rods. Sting Bay Point, Va. The S. E. extremity of Middlesex co, at the mouth of the Rappahan nock River. * Stocton's Island, La Pointe co, Wn. Situat ed in the W. part of Lake Superior, S. from Bartletfs Island. Stone Coal Creek, Lewis co, Va, flows NW, and enters the W. fork of the, Monongahela at Weston. Stone's River, Te. An important stream rising in the E. part of Cannon co, and flowing N. W. into the Cumberland River, which it enters N. E. from Nashville. Stone Inlet, Colleton district, S. C. The pas sage between Riawaw and Folly Islands. Stony Island, Jefferson co, N. Y. This island lies in the E. part of Lake Ontario, and belongs to the town of Henderson. It is about 3 miles long and 1 wide. Stony Point, Monroe co, Mn, extends into Lake Erie, E. from Plaisanco Bay. Strawberry Island, N. Y, lies in Niagara River, about 1 mile below Black Rock, and is a great resort of sportsmen, as it abounds in wild ducks, and affords fine fishing grounds. It contains 100 acres of low ground, mostly covered with coarse grass. Strawberry River, As. This river rises in the interior .of Fulton- co, flows S. E. through Law rence co, and falls into Big Black River in ' the- N. E. corner of Independence co. Strong River, Mi, rises in Scott co, flows S. W, and empties into Pearl River. IN THE UNITED STATES. 251 Stump Inlet, N. C. A passage among the islands off the S. E. coast of New Hanover co. Sturgeon Bay, Brown co, Wn. A long, narrow bay, communicating on the N. W. with Green Bay, and extending S. E. nearly to Lake Mich igan. Sturgeon River, Mn. It rises in a number of small' lakes in the N.part of Marquette co, flows W, and then N, into Houghton co, where it empties into Portage Lake. Success Pond, N. Y. See Lakeville. Suck Creek, Te, enters Tennessee River at the Whirl. Suclcer's Fork, Scott co, la. A small branch of Graham's Fork of the Muscatauek River. Sucker River, Mn, rises in a small lake, in the N. E. part of Schoolcraft co, flows across a cor ner of Chippewa co, and empties into Lake Superior. Su4bury River, Ms. This river rises in Hop- kinton and vicinity, and after passing Framing- ham, Natick, Sudbury, Wayland, and Lincoln, joins the Assabet at Concord. Sugar Creek, Hickman co, Te, enters Dutch River from the N. E. Sugar Creek, la, rises in the S. part of Clinton co, flows S. W. across Montgomery and Parke counties, and empties into the Wabash. Sugar Creek, Sangamon co. Is. A branch of the Sangamon River, which it enters E. from Springfield. Sugar Creek, Is. This stream rises in McDon- ough co, and enters the Illinois in Schuyler co. Sugar Island, Mn. A large island situated in the Straits of St. Mary, between the Montreal Channel and Tahquamenaw Bay. Sugar River, N. H. This river rises from Sun- apee Lake, passes through part of Wendell, the whole of Newport, and nearly through the centre of Claremont, where it meets the Connecticut. Red Water Brook, in Claremont, is a branch of Sugar River. * Sullivan's Island, Charleston district, S. C. A small island lying at the mouth of Charleston harbor. Summer Island, Mn, lies in Lake Michigan, S. from Point de Tour. Summer Lake, On. A small body of water lying N.E. from Tlamath -Lake. Sunapee Lake, N. H, lies in the N. W. part of Hillsboro' co. and the N.E. part of Cheshire, in the towns of Wendell, _New London, and New bury. It is 12 miles long and about 14 miles in width. Its outlet is on the W. side, through Sugar River. Dr. Jackson, in his geological report, says that this lake is so near the summit level, that a slight excavation would turn its waters either into the Connecticut or the Merrimack. It is elevated about 1080 feet above the sea level, and the descent of its outlet, Sugar River, to the Connecticut, is very rapid. Siincook River, N. H. This river rises in a pond between Gilmanton and Gilford, near the sum mit of one of the Suncook Mts, elevated 900 feet above its base. This stream passes through two other ponds at the foot of the mountains, and thence through the S. E. part of Gilmanton, into Barnstead, where it receives several tributaries ; thence through Pittsfield and Epsom, and be tween Allenstown and Pembroke, into the Mer rimack. Sun Flower River, Mi. This river is supplied by two head branches, which are outlets of the Mississippi. It flows S, connecting with numer ous small streams, and finally enters the Yazoo. Sunkhaze Stream, Me, flows N. of W, and falls into the Penobscot about 5 miles above Oldtown village. Superior, Lake, the largest of the great lakes of North America, and supposed to be the largest body of fresh water on the surface of the globe. Its. length is about 380 miles, its breadth 130 miies, and its circumference between 1400 and 1500 miles; It is surrounded mostly by a rocky, uneven, ana sterile coast. It contains many con siderable islands, the largest of which, in the N.W- part, is Isle Royal, about 100 miles long and 40 broad. Its waters abound with fish, particularly trout, sturgeon, and white fish, which are caught at all seasons. The trout taken in this lake gen erally weigh about 12 pounds, but many are larger than this, even up to 50 pounds. The elevation of the lake's surface above the ocean is 641 feet, and the mean depth of its bottom 900 feet. This lake is subject to as violent agitation from storms as the broad Atlantic, and its navi gation is quite as dangerous. The vessels which navigate Lake Superior are confined within- its own waters, as the Falls of St. Mary present a complete obstruction to communication by water with the lakes bolow. This obstruction will doubtless be ultimately overcome, as it is possible that this should be done by a ship canal, at a comparatively moderate expense. More than 30 rivers empty their waters into Lake Superior, which aro all discharged by the outlet of St. Mary's Strait, or River, into Lake Huron, towards the E. The boundary line between the U. S. and the British possessions passes from its outlet through the middle of the E. section of this lake ; but towards the W. it is carried. clear round to the N. of Isle Royal, giving that island and the whole body of the lake below it to the U. S. ; then, passing round the W. extremity of the island, it inclines S. to the entrance of Pigeon River, leaving the largest part of this section of the lake on the British side. The Pictured Rocks, so called, towards the E. end of Lake Superior, are a great natural curiosity. They form a per pendicular wall 300 feet high, extending about 12 miles along the shore of the lake. Upon the face of this wall are numerous indentations and pro jections, from which they have received their name, and at the base are many deep receding caverns, into which the waves, especially when lashed by storms, roll and reverberate with a tremendous roar. At one place, at the height of 70 feet, a considerable stream leaps out, at a single burst from this lofty palisade of rocks, into the lake, leaving a clear space for boats to pass be hind its descending column. At another place four huge piers of the rock bear up a vast stra tum or entablature of the same, with earth resting upon it, upon which are growing trees of spruce and pine, some of which stand 50 or 60 feet high. This is appropriately called the Doric Rock, from its remarkable resemblance to a work of art. In the region about the shores of Lake Superior, many valuable mines of copper and other ores have been discovered within a few years past, for the working of which companies have been formed among capitalists of our eastern cities, who, not withstanding the remoteness of the locality, and .the want of many facilities of transportation which may hereafter be provided, are, with profit to themselves, bringing no small supply of this 252 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. valuable mineral wealth into the commerce of the country. Suquinochee River, Sumpter co, Aa. This river has several large branches, and flows S. E. into the Tombigbec Suwannee River, Fa, rises in Okefinokee Swamp, Ga. The Allapahaw flows into it from the N, and the Withlacoochee from the N. W. The banks in some places are 100 feet high, per pendicular, and of beautiful granite. Its bed is rocky, and it enters into the Gulf of Mexico tlirough numerous shallow channels." The bar at its mouth has not more than 5 feet of water, but above that it has 15 feet for 55 miles. Suwanuchee River, Ware co, Ga. --One of the head branches of the Suwannee River, which it enters near Fort Gilmer. Swamp Creek, On, flows N. W, and enters Lewis Fork of Bear River a little above Malade River. " Swan Creek, Te, enters Duck River from the S. in Hickman co. Swan Creek; Mo, rises in the S. W. part of Wright co, flows S. W, and enters White River at Forsyth, in Taney co. Swan Lake, Ma. The largest of a chain of lakes at the head of Swan River. Swan Point, Md. The S. W. extremity of Kent co, extending into Chesapeake Bay. Swan River, Ma. It rises in Swan Lake, flows S. S. W, and empties into the Mississippi River. Swalara River, Pa, flows S. W, and enters the Susquehanna at Middleton. Sweet Springs, Monroe co, Va. This is one of the oldest watering-places in the state. There are extensive accommodations, and the waters are efficacious in many complaints, resembling the Bristol Hot Wells, England. . The spring is so copious as to turn a mill 200 yards from its source. Swift River, Me, flows S, and falls into the Androscoggin at Mexico. Swift River, N. H, rises in the mountains N. W. of Albany, passes through that town with great rapidity, and falls into the Saco in Conway. Its whole course is rapid, and in one place it falls 30 feet in the distance of 6 rods, through a channel in the solid rock of about 12 feet wide, the sides being from 10 to 30 feet perpendicular height. At the upper part of these falls are several holes, worn perpendicularly into the rock, several feet in depth, and from 6 inches to 2 feet in diameter. There is another small stream of the same name in the town of Tamworth. Table Mountain, Pendleton district, S. C. This remarkable mountain is elevated 3168 feet above the surrounding country, and about 4000 ft. above sea level. One side of the eminence presents an immense rocky precipice, at the bottom of which is a dismal valley or gulf, of great depth, and, whitened by the bones of various animals. Tagabona Bay, Fa., lies off the coast of Benton co, and, receives several rivers, the principal of which are the Wcekiwacheo, the Pithlochastotdc, and the Anclote. Taghkanic Mountains, N. Y. This range, which is a branch of the Green Mountains, commences in the E. part of Rensselaer co, extends S. paral lel to the state line, sometimes entering Ms, through Columbia, into Dutchess co, a distance of 50 miles, where it divides into two ridges, one of which extends through Putnam into West chester co, dividing the waters that flow E. into Long Island Sound from those that flow W. into Hudson River. Tahnecnah River, Iowa co, Wn, flows N. into Wisconsin River. . . Tahquamenaw Bay, Mn. This large bay is sit uated between the Straits of St. Mary on the S. E, and Lake Superior on the N. W, and separates Canada from Michigan. ' Tahquamenaw River, Mn. The' numerous head branches of this river rise in Michilimackinac. and Chippewa counties ; the main stream then flows in a N. E. direction, and falls into Tahquamenaw Bay. < Talcott Lake, Ma. Tfie Moingonan River passes through this lake, which lies S. from Lake Shetek.- Talldhala Creek, Mi, has its source in Jackson co, flows S, receiving several large branches, and empties into Leaf River. Tallahatchie River, Mi. This is an important stream, which, with its branches, drains the prin cipal part of the county whose name it bears. Tallapoosa River, Ga. and Aa, rises in Carroll and Paulding counties, Ga, -flows S. W. into Aa, Where it receives numerous small tributaries, and joining with the Coosa between Montgomery and Autauga counties, forms the Alabama. Tallulah or Terrora River, Ga. It rises in Rabun co, flows S. E, separating Rabun and Habersham counties, and unites with the Chatuga to form the Tugaloo. Tamarac Creek, Crawford co, Wn. A small tributary , of Trempaleau River, which it enters near its mouth. Tampa Bay, Fa, called Espiritu Santo by the Spaniards, is the largest bay in the Gulf of Mex ico, being 40 miles long, and in one place 35 miles in width, and having from 15 to 20 feet of water on the bar. It receives numerous tributaries, of which Hillsboro', Manate, Oyster, Indian, and Alafla Rivers are the principal. The bay is easy of access, and affords fine anchorage. At its mouth are numerous islands. Little Tampa Bay, lying in its N. W. part, is about 10 miles in diam eter, but very shallow. Tampa Creek, Ma. A W. -tributary of Shayenn Oju River, Tangier Sound, Md. Situated in Chesapeake Bay, off tho coast of Somerset co, and N. W. from Pocomoke Bay. It contains a number of islands, and receives the waters of Nanticoke, Wicomico, Manokin, and some other rivers. Tangipaliao River, Mi.^nd La., rises in Pike and Amite counties, Mi, flows S. into La, then S. by E. to its entrance into Lake Ponchartram, its whole length being about 80 miles. Tankio River, Little and Great. These streams rise in the S. part of Page co, Io, flow S. into Mo, and enter the Missouri River in Holt co, soon after their junction. Tanner's Creek, la, falls into the Ohio River 2 miles below Lawrcnceburg. Tappan Bay, N. Y, an expansion of Hudson River, commences 22 miles N. of the city of New York, and extends to Teller's Point, a distance of 10 or 12 miles. It is from 2 to 3 miles wide, and is surrounded by a beautiful and highly-cultivated country. Tar River, N. C, rises in Person co, flows in a winding S. E. direction, receives Fishing Creek, a largo branch from the N. in Edgecomb co, and below Washington expands into a broad estuary, which is called Pamlico River, and flows into IN THE UNITED STATES. 253 Pamlico Sound. Vessels drawing 9 feet of water navigate it to Washington, and small steamboats to Tarboro'. Its length is about 180 miles. Tarquetvac Mountain, Me, lies on the border of Piscataquis and Somerset counties. Taunton River, Ms. This river rises in Plym outh co, and falis into Mount Hope Bay. The Taunton and its branches water the towns of Abington, Hanson, Halifax, and Plympton, all the Bridgewaters, Raynham, Taunton, Berkley, Dighton, Freetown, Fall River, Somerset, and Swansey. It is celebrated for the great hydraulic power it affords, and for the number of alewives within its waters. Taxpam River, On. It rises among the Cascade Mts, and flows S. W. into Admiralty Inlet. Tchanchicanah Lake, Ma. An enlargement of the Tchan Sansan or River a Jaques. Tchiyaza Lakes, Io. A chain of small lakes, lying on the N. border of the state, and supplying the head branches of Lime Creek. Tchocunna River, Ga, rises in Monroe co, flows in a S. E. direction 40 miles, and enters the Ock mulgee between Houston and Bibb counties. Teche River, La, rises near Red River, in Ra pides parish, and pursuing a winding S.S. 5!. course, it enters the outlet of Chetimaches Lake, in St. Mary's parish. It is about 180 miles long, and 200 yards wide at the mouth. Its channel is deep, and the tide ascends more than 100 miles. This river, like the Mississippi, is higher than the adjoining country, excepting its immediate banks. It is 20 feet deep, has 8 feet of water on the bar, and is navigable to New Iberia, 100 miles. Telegraph Hill, Marshfield, Ms. Height 205 ft. Telessas Lake, Piscataquis co. Me, lies S. E. of Bamonehungemook Lake, with which it is eonnected. ¦ Teller's Point, Westchester co, N. Y. This peninsula lies on the E. side of Hudson River, in the town, of Cortland, just above the mouth of Croton River. It is about 2 miles long, and separates Haverstraw and Tappan Bays. Tellico River rises in the N. part of Cherokee co, N. C, flows N. W. into Te, and empties into Tennessee River in Monroe co. Temisconala Lalce, Me. See Madawaska River. Teneriffe Mountain, N. H. See Milton. Ten Mile Creek, or River, N. Y. and Ct. This stream rises in the N. E. part of Dutchess co, flows S. and E. into Ct, where it falls ' into the Housatonic River. Tennessee River has its sources in the Alle ghany Mts, in Tazewell and Wise counties, Virginia. Its principal head tributaries are the Holston and the Clinch Rivers, the former of which receives the French Broad River, and the latter Powell's River. The Holston and Clinch unite at Kingston, in Roan co, Tennessee, and thence the course of the main stream is about S. W, until it crosses the boundary of Alabama, near the N. E. corner of the state, and continuing 50 or 60 miles in this direction, bends towards tho N. W, breaking through the Cumberland Mts, and traversing the entire N. end of Ala bama, until, cutting off a small corner of Missis sippi, it emerges again into Tennessee, where it immediately takes a course due N, crossing the state, and entering Kentucky, across the western point of which, bearing a little farther to the W., it flows on to its confluence with the Ohio, which is only about 12 miles below the mouth of the Cumberland River. The valley of the Tennes see divides itself into two great sections, the upper and the lower. The upper valley is that which is above the passage of the river through the Cumberland Mts, and is included' between the two parallel chains of the Appalachian sys tem, which form a connection just below this pass. This upper section is mountainous and much elevated, embracing an area of about 24,000 square miles. The lower valley of the Tennes see is composed of several physical sections, in N. Alabama, W. Tennessee, and Kentucky, com prising in all an area of 17,600 square miles. Thus the whole valley of this large river embraces a superficial extent of 41,600 square miles. It is, therefore, by this standard of estimation, as well as from its comparative length, which is near 1 200 miles, and from the large volume of water which it carries, entitled to the first rank among the tributaries of the Ohio. The difference in the relative height between the highest and the lowest extremes of the upper and lower valleys of the Tennessee is not less than 1700 feet. The current of every branch of the river is very rapid, though there are few, if any, direc^ falls in them, and they generally admit of boat navigation nearly to their sources. The whole river has a mean fall of 2 feet to the mile. It is navigable, excepting at low water, for steamboats, from its mouth to Florence, in Alabama, a distance of 259 miles. Here are the Muscle Shoals, where the river expands to a width of several mile's, and is very shallow. A canal has been made around these shoals 36 miles long, to admit the passage of steamboats, and the navigation of the river above is unobstructed for 250 miles, to the pass of the Cumberland Mts. The river is here compressed to a width of 70 feet, besides being whirled around a. projecting cliff, occasioning a very difficult current for boats, whether ascend ing or descending. The river above this point is only favorable to navigation with the stream. Tensas River, La, rises in Chicot co. As, flows nearly parallel with the Mississippi, through Carroll and Madison counties, forms the boundary between Concordia and Cattahoola counties, and falls into Wachita River. Tensaw River, Aa, the eastern outlet of Mobile River, leaves it 8 miles below the junction of Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers. It flows S. past Blakely, and enters Mobile Bay by several mouths. It contains a considerable island a lit tle below where it leaves Mobile River. Tetedes Mori, Jackson co, Iowa. A small branch of the Mississippi. Tetos Pond, Me, is connected on the N. by an outlet with Telessas Lake. Tewapa Tanlcyan Lake, Ma. Situated between the forks of a river of the same name. Tewapa Tankyan River, Ma. It rises in Warah and Wamdushkati lakes, flows N. E, and empties into Mankato River. Thames River, Ct. The Quinebaug, Shetucket, and Yantic Rivers unite near Norwich to form this stream, which is navigable from that place to New London, a distance of 14 miles. The banks of" this river are very picturesque and beautiful. Thimble Islands, New Haven co, Ct. A group of small islands lving off the town of Branford. Third Lake, Dane co, Wn. Situated on the E. border of the city of Madison, S. E. from Fourth Lake. 254 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Thirteen Mile Creek, Mason co, Va. An E. branch of the Great Kanawha. Thomas Fork, On. A small stream flowing S. W. into Bear River. Thompson's Creek, S. C, flows S. E, and enters the Great Pedee below Chatham. Thousand Islands. This cluster of islands, be longing partly to the Americans and partly to the British, lies in the St. Lawrence River, a lit tle below Lake Ontario. Some of these islands are fertile and possess good timber, but generally they are small and rocky. The river where they are located is from 2 to 10 miles in width. In the distance of between 20 and 30 miles, the num ber of these islands is said to exceed 1500, and passages amid them, up and down this magnifi cent outlet of the great lakes, present to the traveller scenes of great sublimity and beauty. Three Buttes, On. These are isolated peaks situated between Lewis Fork and Malade River, and N. W. from Fort Hall. Three Tetons, On. These peaks are a branch of the Rocky Mts, and' are situated at the head of the Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Throg's Point, Westchester co, N. Y, is situated in the S. E. part of the town of Westchester, 16 miles N. E. of New York city. It projects a mile or two into East River, and is an important mil itary position, on which has been erected by the United States government a strong fortification, called Fort Schuyler, which, ' together with the fortification at the Narrows, is intended to de fend the city of New York from foreign in vasion. Thunder Bay, Mn. This large bay extends from Lake Huron into Alpena co, contains a number of islands, and receives the waters of several rivers. Thunder Bay River, Mn. This river rises in the N. part of Oscoda co, takes a winding N. E. course through Montmorenci and Alpena counties, and falls into Thunder Bay. Tibbet's Island, N. Y. See Green Island. Ticonderoga Fort, Essex co, N. Y. This re nowned fortification lies on the W. side of Lake Champlain. See Fashionable Resorts. Tie Tie Creek, Ware co, Ga. A small stream flowing through the W. part of Okeflnokee Swamp, and emptying into Jones Creek. Tiffins River, O, rises in a lake in Mn, enters O. in Williams co, and flows in a S. direction to Maumee River, which it enters one mile W. of Defiance It is navigable for small craft 50 miles, and affords good water power. Timbalier Bay, La. This is a rather shallow bay, from 3 to 6 miles wide, extending N. W. from the mo.uth of Bayou La Fourche 30 miles, and is bounded on the S. W. side by a long, low peninsula. Timpanozu River, Ca., Uh. A small stream rising in the Timpanozu Mts, and flowing S. W. into Utah Lake. Tinker's Creek, O. A tributary of the Cuya hoga, which it enters 12 miles above Cleveland. Tioughnioga River, N. Y. This fine mill stream rises in Onondaga co, flows S. through Cortland co, and enters Chenango River at Chenango Forks village, in Broome co. Tippecanoe River, la. Its head branches water Noble and Kosciusko counties, and, after a wind ing course through Fulton, Pulaski, and White counties, it enters the Wabash in the N. part of Tippecanoe co. Tipsfnah River, Ma; A N. E. tributary of the Minesota or Qui Parle River. Ti Tanka-He Lake, Ma. An irregularly-shaped sheet of water, lying near St. Croix River, and S. from Lake Poinsett. Titicus Creek, or River, rises in Ct, flows W. into N. Y, and enters Croton River at the town of West Salem, Westchester co.' Tlamath Lake, On. A large sheet of water situated in the S. part of the state, among the Cascade Mts. Tlamath River, On. and Ca. This river rises in Tlamath Lake, in On, and Rhett Lake, on the N. border of Uh, flows W. for some distance across Uh, then, turning to the N. W, crosses a corner of On, and discharges its waters into the Pacific. Tobacco River, Mn. A small stream draining the E. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falling into Lake Superior. Tobopekaliga Lake, Orange co. Fa. Situated N. from Lake Kissimee, with which it is con nected by an outlet. Toby's Creek, Pa, falls into the Alleghany River about 20 miles below Franklin. It is about 55 miles long, and is boatable for a large part of its course. Tombigbee River, Mi. and Aa, rises in Tisha- mingo co. Mi, flows a little E. of S, receiving several branches, and passes into Aa. Sixty miles below it receives from the E. the Black Warrior, a river nearly as large as itself, at Buffport, and, proceeding 100 miles in a winding S. direction, it unites with the Alabama to form Mobile River. 45 miles above the Mobile Bay, and about 70 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable 9 months in the year to St. Stephen's for large vessels, and to Columbus, Mi, for steamboats. Its entire length is nearly 500 miles. Tomer Stream, Me, rises in the N- part of Washington co, and flows S. into the outlet of Schoodic Lakes. Tomhannock Creek, Rensselaer co, N. Y, rises in the towns of Grafton and Pittstown, flows . N. W, and enters the Hoosick at Schaghticoke. Tompkins Fort, N. Y. See Staten Island. Tom's River, N. J, rises in Monmouth co, and empties into Barnegat Bay. Tonawanda Creek, N. Y, has its source in the S. part of Wyoming co, flows N. through a part of Genesee, thence it turns W, forming the boundary ¦ between Erie and Niagara counties, and empties into Niagara River at Tonawanda village. It constitutes a part of Erie Canal for a distance of 12 miles. Tonawanda Island, Niagara co, N. Y. This island lies in the Niagara River, opposite Ton awanda village, and belongs to the town of Wheatfield. It contains about 70 acres of highly- cultivated land. Tournois Creek, Clark co., As. This creek flows S. E, and empties into the Little Missouri near its junction with the Wachita. Tourtle River, On. A small N. tributary of Columbia River. Town Creek,- Brunswick co, N. C, flows S. E. into the Cape Fear River. Train Bay, Mn, washes the coast of School craft co, W. from Grand Island. Transparent Lake lies in Hamilton and Herki mer counties, N. Y. It is surrounded by wild and picturesque scenery, and its waters, which, as the name indicates are remarkably clear, abound in IN THE UNITED STATES. 255 Salmon and brook trout of a superior size and quality. The lake is 5 miles long and 2 wide. Traverse Island, Mn. Situated in Lake Supe- i ior, at the mouth of Keewaiwona Bay. Traverse Lalce, Ma. This is a long, narrow body of water, containing several islands, and supplying the waters of Sioux Wood, a head branch of North Red River. Trembleau Point, Essex co„ N. Y, lies on the W. side of Lake Champlain, in the town of Ches terfield. This is the N. termination of the Clinton Mts, which, extend from the Mohawk River to this place. Trempaleau River, Crawford co, Wn* It drains the N. W. part of the county, and falls into the Mississippi River. Trench's Island, S. C. A large island lying S. from Broad River, and belonging to Beaufort dis trict. Trenton Falls, N. Y. See Fashionable Resorts. ¦ Trinity River, Ts. This large river rises prin cipally in the forest called the Cross Timbers, flows S. E, and empties into Galveston Bay. Trough Creek, Pa, is formed in the town of Trough Creek by the union of N. and S. branches, and forcing a passage through Terrace Mt, it enters the Raystown, a branch of Juniata River. Trout Island, Mn, lies in the N. part of Lake Michigan, N. from Little Beaver Island. Trout Lake, Portage co, Wn. Situated in the N. part of the county, E. from the Mandowish Lakes, with which it is connected by an outlet. Trout River, Me, is a W. branch of the Mada- waska. Trout River, Vt. This is a good mill stream, formed in Montgomery by the junction of several branches. Ifcruns in a N. W. direction, and falls into the Missisco, on the border of Enosburg and Berkshire. Trout River rises in Franklin co., N. Y, flows N, and enters the Chateaugay River in Canada. Tshatl Mount, Ca. This peak of the Cascade range of mountains is situated near the head of the Rio Sacramento. Tshatl River, On. A large stream rising among the Cascade Mts, and flowing W. into Tlamath River. Tunkhannock River, Pa, rises at tho foot of Ararat Mt, in the town of Jackson, Susquehanna co, flows S. W. through Wyoming co, and en ters the Susquehanna on the N. side of Tunkhan nock Mt, after a course of about 30 miles. Tuckaseege River, N. C. The head branches rise in Haywood and Macon counties ; the river then runs N. W, dividing these two counties, crosses the N. part of Macon co, and empties into the Tennessee River. Tufls's Hill, New Braintree, Ms. Height 1179 feet. Tugaloo River, Ga, one of the head branches of the Savannah, unites with the Keowce 48 miles N. W. from Petersburg. Tulares Lake, Ca. .This large sheet of water, which lies between the Sierra Nevada and Coast Mts, is the principal source of the Rio San Joa quin. Tulip Bayou, As. A small stream forming the boundary between Hempstead and Wachita coun ties, and emptying into the Little Missouri. Tullick Fork, On. A small stream flowing S. W. into Bear River. Tumbletee Fork, Ca. A small W. branch of Grand River. Tupper's Lake, Franklin co, N. Y, lies in the S. W. part or' the county, is 6 miles long and 2 wide, a\id abounds with trout and other fish. Turkey Creek. Hardin co, Te, unites with Swift Creek, and falls into the, Tennessee, above Savannah. Turkey Creek, Humphreys co, Te. A small branch of the Tennessee River, which it enters between White Oak and Richland Creeks. Turkey Point, Harford co, Md. It projects into Chesapeake Bay. Turkey River, Io. This stream rises in the N. E. part of the Neutral Ground, flows S. E. across Winneshiek, Fayette, and Clayton counties, and falls into Mississippi River. Turtle. Creek, Shelby co, 0. A small E. branch of the Miami River. Turtle Creek, Wn? It rises in the N. W. part of WalwUrth co, flows S. W, and enters Rook River on the S. border of Rock co. Turtle or Meriumpticook River, Me, rises in a large pond, and flows into the St. John, about 7 miles S. W. of the Madawaskn. Tuscaloosa River, Aa, generally called the Black Warrior, which is the English of Tuscaloosa, a name given it by the Choctaw Indians, is formed by the junction of Locust Fork from the E, and Mulberry River from the W. The former rises in Blount co, 20 miles S. of Tennessee River, and the latter in Lawrence and Walker counties. They unite on the boundary between Jefferson and Tuscaloosa counties, and become the Black War rior, which unites with the Tombigbee in the S. part of Greene co. Steamboats ascend it to Tus caloosa, 400 miles, by the course of the river, above Mobile. Tuscarora Creek, Niagara co, N. Y, rises in the Tuscarora reservation, and flows N. E. into Lake Ontario. Tuscarora Creek, Pa, rises in Tell, Huntingdon co, and enters the Juniata after a N. E. course of about 35 miles. Tuscarora Mountains, Schuylkill' co. Pa, a W. continuation of Mauch Chunk Mt, lie on the lino between Rush and West Penn township's. They abound in veins of anthracite coal. Twaalfskill, N. Y. See Wilbur. Twelve Mile Creek, N. Y. rises in the S. part of Yates co, and enters Conhocton River in Steuben county. Twelve Mile Creek, Pickens district, S. C. An eastern branch of Seneca River. Twelve Pole Creek, Va. This stream is formed in Wayne co, by the junction of the Caney and Laurel Forks, and flows N. N. W. into the Ohio River. Twenty Mile Creek rises in Chatauque oo, N. Y, flows S. W. into Pa, where it falls into Lake Erie. Twenty-eight Mile Creek. S. C, empties into Seneca River in Anderson district. Twenty -six Mile Creek, Anderson district, S. C. A branch of jseneca River. Twin Rivers, Wn. These rivers rise in the S. E. part of Brown co, flow S. E. into Manitowoe co, where they unite, and empty into Lake Michi gan. Before their junction they are called East and West Twin Rivers. Two-hearted River, Chippewa co, Mn. A small stream emptying into Lake Superior. Two Islands River. Ma. A small'stream flowing S. S. E, and emptying into Lake Superior. Two Sisters' Creek, Erie co, N. Y, flows W. into Lake Erie. 256 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Tybee Islands and Sound, Ga. Situated at the mouth of the Savannah River. On the N. E. ex tremity of Great Tybee Island is a light-house. Tyger River, S. C. A branch of Broad River, which it enters on. the boundary between Union and Newberry districts. Tygert's Creek, Ky. This stream drains the W. part of Carter co, flows N. E, and empties into the Ohio in Greenup co. Tygert's Valley River, Va. A branch of the E. fork of the Monongahcla River. It flows through Randolph and a part of Barbour co. Tymochtee Creek, 0, enters the Sandusky from the W, 8 miles below Upper Sandusky. Uinta River, Ca. A W. branch of Green River, which it enters nearly opposite White River. Ulcofanhatochee River, Ga. This riw rises in Gwinnett co, and flows S. into the Oconee, of which it is a head branch. Umahtilah River, On. It rises among tho Blue Mts, and flows N. of W. into Columbia River. Umbagog Lalce. This large sheet of water lies mostly in Oxford co. Me. It extends about 300 rods in width into the towns of Erroll and Cam bridge, N. H. It is about 1 8 miles long, and in some places 10 in width, nearly equalling Lake Winnipiseogee in size and beauty. Its waters flow into the Androscoggin River by an outlet on the W. side. Umpqua River, On. It rises among the Cas cade Mts, flows W, and empties into the Pacific. Unadilla River, N. Y, rises in Oneida co, flows S. S. W, forming the dividing line between Mad ison, Otsego, ancl Chenango counties, ¦ and falls into the Susquehanna River. This stream is 50 miles in length, and affords extensive water power. Unika Mountains. That portion of the Alle ghany range which lies S. E. of Tennessee River, and which separates Te. from N. C. Union River, Hancock co. Me. .This river rises a few miles S. of the Passadumkeag. It meets the tide at Ellsworth, and flows S. into Blue Hill Bay. It is a beautiful stream, receiv ing many tributaries, which water a great part of the county. The river is upwards of 40 miles in length above Ellsworth, and affords much valua ble water power. Upatoic Creek, Ga. This small creek rises in Marion co, flows S. W, and enters the Chatta hoochee in Muscogee co. Upper Iowa River. It rises in the S. part of Minesota Territory, flows S. of W, across Win neshiek and Allamakee counties, Io, and empties into Mississippi River. Upper St. Croix Lake, La Pointe co, Wn. It is situated near the head of Burnt Wood River, and is one of the head sources of the St. Croix. Upper Three River, Io. It rises in tho W. inte rior of the state, flows in a S. E. direction, cross ing Madison and Warren countiespand empties into the Desmoines River on the S. border of Polk co. Upper Three Runs, Barnwell district, S. C. This stream has several branches, the principal of which are Cedar and Tinker's Creeks. It flows S'. W, and falls into the Savannah River. Utah lake, Ca, Uh. Situated S. E. from tho Great Salt Lake, with which it is connected by Utah River. Timpanozce, Utah, and many other rivers, flow into it from the E. Utsayantlui Lake, or Pond, Schoharie co, N. Y. This small lake, which is- the head source of Del aware River, lies in the town of Jefferson. Valcour Island, N. Y, lies in Lake Champlain, a few miles SI of Plattsburg village. It is 24 miles long, and half a mile wide. Valley Creek, Pa. A mill stream which unites with the Schuylkill, about 20 miles N. N. W. from Philadelphia. Vancouver Fort, On. Situated on the Colum bia River, nearly opposite the mouth of Willa mette River. Van Schaick's Island, Albany co, N. Y, lies at the mouth of the Mohawk River, and is attached to the town of Watervliet. It is about a mile and a half long, and quarter of a mile wide.. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad crosses it. Verdreitje Hook, N. Y. This promontory pro jects into the Hudson River from the W. side, opposite Teller's Point, and separates Tappan and Haverstraw Bays. It is elevated 668 feet above the river. Vermilion Bay, "La.., is situated S. of Lafayette co, at the mouth of Vermilion River, and con nected with the Gulf of Mexico by a strait called Grand Pass. It is connected with Cote Blanche . Bay on the E. It has only 5 feet of water on the bar at its entrance, but has 10 or 12 within the bar. Vermilion Creek, Ca. An E. branch of Green Riv er, which it enters above Yampah or Bear River. Vermilion River, Is, rises in Livingston co, and falls into the Illinois in La Salle co. Bitu minous coal, lime, and freestone are found on its banks. The rapids and falls in the lower part of its course afford good water power. Vermilion River, 0, rises in the N. part of Richland co, and, flowing TS'., enters Lake Erie 9 miles E. of Huron River. The harbor at its mouth has been improved by the U. S. govern ment. Vermilion River, La, rises in the N. E. part of Lafayette parish, and flows S. to its entrance into Vermilion Bay. Vermilion River, Ma. It rises in Herhakah Lake, flows N. E, and empties into the Missis sippi opposite the St. Croix River. ' Virgen River, Uh. This river rises in the Wahsatch Mts, and flows in a S. direction into the Rio Colorado. Vlaie, or Fly, Fulton co, N. Y. This extensive marsh lies in the E. part of the county, and is annually submerged by the surplus waters of the Sacandaga and other rivers, forming a sheet of water extending several miles -each way, and sometimes covering 20,000 acres of land. It is much resorted to by anglers and sportsmen. Vlaie, or the Vly, Schoharie co, N. Y. This large swamp, or pond, lies in the town of Middle- burg. A tributary of Schoharie Creek flows from it on the-N, while Catskill Creek flows from it on the S. Vlaman's Kill, N. Y, risck in Albany co, flows S. E, and enters the Hudson at the town of Bethlehem. Volga River, Io, rises in the interior of Fayette co, flows S. of E, and enters Turkey River in Clayton co. Wabash River, la, rises in Darke co, 0, .flows N. W. into Huntington co, la, where it receives Little River, which rises near the junction of the head branches of Maumco River. It then IN THE UNITED STATES. 257 crosses the state in a S. W. direction, receiving Eel and Tippecanoe Rivers on the N, and Sala- manie and Missisinewa Rivers on the S. side, and a little below Terre Haute it takes a more S. direction, forming tho boundary between la. and Is, until its entrance into the Ohio, 68 miles above the mouth of Cumberland River, and 127 miles above the Mississippi. It is the largest N. tributary of the Ohio, and the second in size in its whole course. It connects Lake Erie with the Ohio River by means of the Wabash and Erie Canal. Steamboats ascend it to Lafayette. Wabesipinicon River, Io. This large river . rises in the E. part of the neutral ground, flows S. E. across Buchanan, * Linn, Jones, a corner of Cedar, into Clinton co,. and then flows E, separating Clinton and Scott counties, until its entrance into the Mississippi. Waccamaw Lake, N. C. A small sheet of water lying in Brunswick and Columbus coun-i ties, and emptying by an outlet into Waccamaw River. - Waccamaw River, N. and S. C. This river rises in the S. part of N. C, flows S. W, and enters Winyaw Bay in Georgetown district, S. C. Wachita River', As. and La, rises in Hot Spring co, receives Little Missouri River on the S. bor der of Clarke co., and Saline River on the S. extremity of Bradley co. It then enters La, and, receiving numerous large branches, flows S. by E, until its junction with Black, a tributary of Red River. Wachuset Mountain, Princeton, Ms. Height 2018 feet. Wading River, Burlington co, N. J. This stream, with its branches, drains the S. part of the county, and falls into Little Egg Harbor River. Wahlah- Wahlah River, On. It rises mostly among the Blue Mts, flows N. W, and empties into Columbia River. Wahsatch Mountains, Uh. A range extending from Utah River S. S. W. to the head branches of Virgen River. Wait's River, Vt. The main branch of this river rises in Harris's Gore, and runs S. E. along the W. line of Topsham. Another branch, called Jail Branch, rises in Washington, and, running N. E, joins the main branch in the S. W. part of Topsham. Another stream rises in the N. part of Topsham, and, running S, unites with the main stream near the N. E corner of Corinth. Another stream, called the South Branch, rises near the middle of Washington, and, pursuing a S. E. course, joins the river at Bradford. Wait's River and its branches are lively streams, and afford a number of very good mill privileges. Wakasasse Bay, Fa. This curvature extends nearly the entire length of Levy co., and receives the waters of several rivers. Wakasasse River, Fa. A small stream flowing into the bay of the same name. Wakatomica River, 0, flows S. E. into the, Muskingum, 13 miles above Zanesville. Walhonding River, 0, formerly called White Woman River, one of the main branches of the Muskingum, is formed by the junction of Mo- hiccan and Vernon Rivers. It receives Kilbuck Creek from^the N, and unites with the Tusca rawas opposite Coshocton. Walker's Lake, Uh, lies S. E. from Pyramid Lake, and receives the waters of Walker's River from the N. Walker's River, Uh. This stream rises among 33 the Sierra Nevada, takes a semicircular course, and empties into the N. part of Walker's Lake. Walnut Creek, 0.. waters Fairfield co, and flowing S. W. 30 miles, enters the Sciota 6 miles above Circleville. Walnut Hill, Charlemont, Ms. Height 1888ft. Wallabout Bay, N. Y, lies in the N. E. part of the city of Brooklyn. The U. S. navy yard is situated here. Here were the British prison ships moored, during the revolutionary war, on board of which it is said 11.500 American prison ers perished, and were buried on the beach near by. Wallag-as-quegamoolc Lake, Piscataquis co. Me, is one of the numerous lakes through which Al- liguash River passes. Wallkill River, N. Y. This large and impor tant mill stream rises in N. J, flows in a N. di rection into N. Y, crosses Orange and Ulster counties, imd empties into the Rondout, a tribu tary of the Hudson. Walloomsack River, Vt. and N. Y, is a small stream formed in Bennington, Vt, by the union of several branches which rise in Glastenbury, Woodford, and Pownal. It takes a N. W. direc tion, leaves the state near the N. W. corner of Bennington, and unites with the Hoosick nearly on the line between Washington and Rensselaer counties, N. Y. Between this stream and the Hoosick was fought the Bennington battle. Walloostook River, Me, is the W. or main branch of the St. John's. It rises in the N. part of Som erset co, flows N. E, receiving the waters of many rivers, lakes, and ponds, and after traversing a large extent of fertile and heavily-timbered coun try, unites with the St. Francois. See St. John's River, under Fundy, Bay. Wallops Island, Accomac co, Va, lies at the S. entrarice of Sinepuxent Bay. Wamdushka River, Ma. A large W. tributary of the Tchan Sansan, or River a Jaques. Wananri River, Ma. This large stream flows S. E, and empties into the Missouri a little W. from Bon Homme Island. Wando River, Charleston district, S. C. This river receives several small branches, and empties into Charleston harbor. Wangombaug Pond, Tolland co, Ct. Situated in the town of Coventry, and connected by an outlet on the S. E. with the Willamantic River. Wapacan Creek, Is, unites with Mason Creek in Grundy co, and flows N. into the Illinois. Wappinger's Creek, Dutchess co, N. Y, enters the Hudson below New Hamburg. It is a large and important mill stream. Waraju River, Ma. It rises near the source of the Moingonan, and flows in an E. direction until its entrance into the Minesota or St. Fran cis River. Ware River, Ms. Branches of this powerful mill stream rise in Hubbardston, Barre, and Oakham. It passes through Hardwick, New Braintree, and Ware, and joins the Chicopee at Palmer. War Eagle Creek, As, rises in the S. part of Madison co, flows N. W, and enters White River in Benton co. Warner River, N.H. See Warner. Warsaw Islands and Sound, Ga, lie off Chat ham co, between Tybee and Ossabaw Sounds. Washa, Lake, La. This sheet of water lies S. from the Mississippi River and from Lake Pon- chartrain. It receives the waters of several other 258 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. lakes, which it discharges through two large outlets into Barataria Bay. Washington, Fort, N. Y. The site of this old fortification lies on New York or Manhattan Island, 10 miles N. from the City Hall. Waske River and Bay, Chippewa co, Mn. The river flows in a N. E. direction, and empties into the bay, which communicates on the N. with Tahquamenaw Bay. Wassalaquoik River, Me. This stream rises in Piscataquis co, between Mts. Washington and Katahdin, and flows S. E. into the E. branch of the Penobscot. Wassawa or Yellow Lake, St. Croix co, Wn. Situated in the N. part of the county, and con nected on the N. W. with St. Croix River. Wassesha or Vermilion River, Ma. This large river runs between the Sioux and Tchan Sansan or River a Jaques, and empties into the Missouri. Wataree River, N. C. and S. C, waters Burke co, N. C, but is called the Catawba until it en ters S. C, where it is called the Wataree, until its junction with the Congaree, near the middle of the state. Watatick Hill, Ashburnham, Ms. Height 1847 feet. Watauga River, N. C. and Te, has its source in Ashe co, N. C, flows N. W. into To, and enters the S. fork of Holston River in Sullivan co. Watchoag Pond, R. I. Situated in the S. part of Washington co. Waterbury River, Vt, rises in Morristown, and runs S. through the W. part of Stowe and Wa terbury, into Winooski River. In Stowe it re ceives one considerable branch from the E, which rises in Worcester, and two from the W, which rise in Mansfield. It also receives several branch es from the W. in Waterbury, which originate in Bolton. The whole length of the stream is about 10 miles, and it affords a number of good mill sites. Water Quechee River, Vt. See Otta Quechee. Watkins Point, Md. The S. W. extremity of Somerset co, extending into Tangier Sound. Watonwan River, Ma. A large W. branch of the Mankato, which it enters above Tewapa Tankyan River. Wazi Oju River, Ma. A large stream draining the S. E. part of the territory, and emptying into the Mississippi. Wells's Island, Jefferson co, N. Y, is one of the largest of the " Thousand Islands " lying in the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town of Clayton. It was here that the British steamer Sir Robert Peel was burnt during the Canada revolution. Wells River, Vt, has its source in Kettle Pond, which lies in Groton and Marshfield. It runs nearly S. E. about 2 miles, and falls into Long Pond in Groton, which is about 2 miles long and 100 rods wide. From this pond it continues its S. E. course half a mile, and falls into another pond, which is about half a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide. It then runs a mile and a half, and meets the South Branch, which rises near the S. W. corner of the town, and runs nearly E. to its junction with the main stream ; it then runs E. S. E. about 1 mile, and receives the North Branch, which rises near tho N. E. corner of the town. Continuing the same course, it passes through the N. W. part of Ryegate into Newbury, and running near the line between Newbury and Ryegate about 4 miles, falls into the Connecticut in the N. E. part of Newbury. This is generally a rapid stream, furnishing many excellent mill privileges. Wesacotd or Bruli River, Wn. This river rises in a small lake in the N. part of the state, and its waters form the boundary between Wn. and Mn, and, taking the name of Menomonee in the lower part of its course, flows into Green Bay. West Bay, La. A large bay lying off Plaque mine parish, opposite Bay Ronde. West Canada Creek, N. Y. This fine rapid mill stream rises in Hamilton co, and enters the Mo hawk River about a mile below Herkimer village. The celebrated Trenton Falls, where there is a descent of more than 300 feet in 4 miles, are situated on this stream, about 20 miles above its mouth. West Creek, or River, N. Y, rises in Ontario co, flows S. W, and enters Canandaigua Lake in Yates co. West Island, Bristol co, Ms. Situated off the town of Fairhaven, E. from Sconticut Neck. West or Wantastieook River, Vt. This river rises in Weston, runs S. into Londonderry, and near the S. line of this township receives Win- hall River. It then takes a S. E. course through Jamaica, Townshend. Newfane, and Dummers- ton, and unites with the Connecticut in the N. E. part of Brattleboro'. In Jamaica it receives Bald Mountain branch, which rises in Stratton, anoth er large branch from Wardsboro', and Meadow branch, which rises in Windham. In Newfane it receives South and Smith's branches. This river and its branches drain about 440 square miles. The main stream affords but few miil sites, but , there are a great number on its tributaries. Westerloo Island, N. Y, lies in the Hudson River. just below the city of Albany, and is attached to the town of Bethlehem. It is 2 miles long and one quarter of a mile wide. The land is very fertile, being composed of rich alluvial deposits. Opposite the lower end of the island is the bar or shoal called Overslaugh, which forms the principal obstruction to the navigation of the Hudson. West Feather River, Arenac co, Mn. A small stream flowing into Saginaw Bay. Westfield or Agawam River, Ms. This roman tic stream rises in the N. part of Berkshire co., traverses the towns of Plainfield, Cummington, Goshen, Worthington, Chesterfield, Norwich, Montgomery, Russell, and Westfield, and meets the Connecticut at West Springfield. West Koycreek, Alleghany co, N. Y. This stream rises in the N. W. part of the county, and flows S. E. into Genesee River. It affords good water power. West River Mountain, N. H. See Chesterfield. and Hinsdale. West Quoddy Head, Mc See Quoddy Head. West Savannah River, Ma. It rises near the source of the E. Savannah, flows S. W, and empties into Sandy Lake. Weyekwa Lake, La Pointe co, Wn. Situated between Namebin and Shishib Lakes, and con nected to the latter by an outlet. Wheeling Creek, Va. and Pa, waters Washing ton and Greene counties, Pa, and enters tho Ohio in Ohio co, Va, just below Wheeling. W/ieelwright's Pond, N. H. See Lee. Whetstone Brook, Vt, is a small mill stream, which rises in Marlboro', and runs nearly E. through Brattleboro' into Connecticut River IN THE UNITED STATES. 259 Whetstone or Olentangy River, 0, rises in Rich land co, and empties into the Sciota, just above Columbus. Whiskey Island, Mn, lies in the N. part of Lake Michigan, N. W.from Great Beaver Island. White Cap Mountain, Me. See Andover. White Creek, Vt. and N. Y, originates in Ru pert, Vt, and taking a S. W. course, unites with the Battenkill, in Washington co, N. Y. Whiteface Mountain lies in the N. W. part of Essex co, N. Y. It is surrounded by picturesque scenery, Placid Lake and several other small sheets of water lying at its base on the W. It is elevated 4855 feet above the Atlantic. William Henry, Fort. See Caldwell. White Fish Point, Chippewa co, Mn, separates Tahquamenaw Bay from Lake Superior, and re ceives the waters of several rivers. Whitehead, Lincoln co. Me. A small island, off the town of St. George, containing a light and tower 30 feet high. The light bears 9 miles S. W. from Owl's Head. White Mountains, N. H. See Fashionable Re sorts. Jrc. White River, Vt. This river rises in Granville, and taking a S. E. course through corners of Hancock, Rochester, and Pittsfield, enters Stock- bridge. It then turns to the N. E„ and, after running through the S. E. corner of Bethel, into Royalton, bears to the S. E, through Sharon and Hartford, and falls into the Connecticut about 5 miles above the mouth of Otta Quechee River. On account of its proximity to the Otta Quechee, White River receives no large tributaries from the S. Broad Brook and Locust Creek are the most important. From the N. it receives three large branches, called the First, the Second, and the Third Branch. The First Branch rises in Washington, and running through Chelsea and Tunbridge, unites with White River in the E. part of Royalton. The Second Branch rises in Williamstown, and running southerly through Brookfield and Randolph, enters White River, a little W. of the centre of Royalton. The Third Branch originates in Roxbury, runs through the corner of Granville, through Braintree and the corner of Randolph, and joins White River at Bethel village. Each of these streams is about 20 miles in length, and on each are several good mill sites, particularly on the lost-mentioned one, at Bethel village. White River is the largest stream in Vt. on the E. side of the mountains. Its length is about 55 miles, and it waters about 680 square miles. White River, la, is formed between Daviess and Knox counties by the junction of the E. and W. forks. The E. rises in Johnson co, receives many branches, and is navigable ISOmiies. The W. fork rises in Randolph co, is increased by many tributaries, and is navigable in high water to Indianapolis for steamboats, and for flat boats much further. The lower part of the river is 200 yards wide, and its length to its entrance into the Wabash is 30 miles. White River. A large stream of Arkansas and Missouri, which rises in the N. E. section of the former state, in the ridge called the Black Moun tains, which divides its sources from those of the Arkansas. Its course is N. E. at first, about 60 miles, crossing intothe S. E. corner of Missouri, after which it bends to the S. E, and descends again into Arkansas, pursuing this general di rection through a comparative distance of 1 20 miles, to its junction with the Big Black River in Independence co. Below this point its general course is nearly S, being a very little E, to its junction with the Mississippi. Big Black River, which is the principal tributary of the White River, rises in Reynolds co, in the S. E. part of Missouri, and flows nearly S, through Wayne co, to the boundary of Arkansas, after crossing which it bends towards the S. W. to the point of its confluence with White River. After Big Black River, two or three lesser tributaries enter the White River in Arkansas. Near its mouth the river divides into two parts, the smaller of which diverges, and forms a connection with the Arkansas, while the other pursues a course to the Mississippi. The entire comparative course of White River is about 350 miles, measured tlirough the centre of the valley which it drains. The form of this fine valley is triangular, having an area of about 30,000 square miles ; and the river is navigable by both its great branches far above their junction. . White River, Mn, rises in the E. part of Nee- waygo co, flows S. W. across Oceana co, and empties into Lake Michigan. White River, Ca. It rises in the Wahsatch Mts., and flows S W. into Green River. White Oak Creek, Te. A small stream which enters the Tennessee River on the S. border of Stewart co. White Oak Creek, Mi. and Te. A small branch of the Tennessee River. White Oak River, Te. A small tributary of the Tennessee River. Its principal branches are Hurricane and Mud Creeks. Whitestone Point, Mn. Situated in the N. E. part of Arenac co, extending into Saginaw Bay. White Water River, Mo. and As. The head branches of this large stream drain Cape Gi rardeau co. ; it then flows S. S. W, and enters the St. Francis River in Mississippi co. As. Wickaniwa or St. Francis River, Ma. A large stream flowing S. W. into the Kabitawi River. Wild Branch, Vt. This stream rises in Eden, runs through the western part of Craftsbury, and. unites with the River Lamoille in Wolcott. . Wild Cat Creek, la, A branch of the Wabash River, which it enters at the town of Lafayette in Tippecanoe co. Willamette River, On. This river rises among the Cascade Mts, flows in a winding N. direction through a fertile valley, and empties into the Columbia River nearly opposite Fort Vancouver. It affords good water power. Williams Fork, Ca. AN. branch of the Rio Gila. Williams River, Vt, is formed in Chester by the union of three branches, which originate in the towns of Ludlow, Andover, Windham, and Grafton. These branches unite about a mile and a half below the two villages in Chester, and their united waters, after running 15 miles in a S. E. direction, fall into Connecticut River in Rocking ham, 3 miles above Bellows Falls. Along this river is some fine interval, and it affords several good mill privileges. Willimantic River, Ct. See Windham. Willoughby Lake, Vt. See Westmore. Willoughby River, Vt, issues from Willoughby Lake, in Westmore, runs throughi the S. part of Brownington, and unites with Barton River in the N. part of Barton. Willow River, Huron co, Mn. A Email stream flowing N. into Lake Huron. 260 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &o. Willow River, St. Croix co, Wn. A small stream flowing into St. Croix River, just above Lower St. Croix Lake. Wilson's Creek, S. C, empties into the Saluda River in Edgefieid district. Wilson's Creek, Ky. This small stream flows S. W, forming the boundary between Bullit and Nelson counties, and empties into the Rolling Fork of Salt River. Winchels Mountain, Granville, Ms. Height 1362 feet. Winhall River, Vt, is a small mill stream which originates in Winhall, and after running easterly through the corner of Jamaica, unites with West River in the S. part of Londonderry. Wind Lake, Wn. A small sheet of water on the N. border of Racine co. Windmill Point, Vt. See Alburg. Windmill Point, Va. The S. E. extremity of Lancaster co, extending into Chesapeake Bay, just above the mouth of the Rappahannock River. Winnebago Lake lies in the E. part of Wiscon sin, about 30 miles W. of Lake Michigan, having its S. half in Fond du Lac co, and the N. between Calumet and Winnebago counties. It is about 30 miles in length from N. to S, and from 2 to 10 miles in breadth. It discharges its waters N, through Fox River, into Green Bay. Wimbigoshish Lake, Ma. A large sheet of wa ter lying N. E. from Cass Lake, with which it is connected by the Mississippi River. ¦ Winnicut, or Winniconett River, N. H, a branch of the Piscataqua, rises in a swamp between Hampton and New Hampton, and passes N. into the Great Bay, at Greenland. Winnipiseogee Lake, N. H. See Fashionable Resorts, Sec. Winnipiseogee Islands. See Lake Winnipiseogee. Winnipiseogee River, N. H, issues from the S. W. arm of the lake of that name, to which it is the principal outlet. It thence passes through two bays, between Meredith and Gilmanton, entering the Great Bay m the N. E. part of Sanborntpn. From thence it passes through two other bays, forming the boundary between Sanbornton on the N. W, and Gilmanton and Northfield on the S. E, and unites with the Pemigewasset in Frank lin. The stream is rapid in its course, affording much good mill power. It has a fall of 232 feet from the lake to its junction with the other branch of the Merrimack, this name being given to the confluent stream. Winooski Falls, Vt. See Winooski River. Winooski River, Vt. This is one of the largest and most valuable rivers in the state. It is about 70 miles in length, and in its course fertil izes large tracts of land, and produces a great hy draulic power. This stream rises in Caledonia co. ; it passes nearly through the centre of the counties of Washington and Chittenden, and af ter passing ¦' Winooski City," it falls into Cham plain Lake five miles N. from Burlington village. Winooski River has numerous tributaries, and is one of tho most romantic streams in the coun try. The channels which havo been worn in the rocks by its ceaseless current are objects of great admiration. In its passage through tho moun tains are found fissures through solid rocks from 30 to 100 feet in depth, with, smooth, perdendicu- lar sides, 60 or 70 feet in width. In many places on this stream are natural bridges, curious cav erns, and delightful waterfalls. The road near the banks of this stream, from Connecticut River to Burlington, is said to be the best passage across the mountains in that direction : it is highly pic turesque and delightful. The Indians in former times, on their trading excursions between Canada and the Connecticut River, passed up and down this stream in their bark canoes ; and as wild on ions were found on its banks, they called it Wi nooski, which, in their beautiful and expressive lan guage, signifies onion. Winyaw Bay, S. C, extends into Georgetown district, 14 miles from the Atlantic, and is 2 miles wide. Large vessels ascend to Georgetown, and Great Pedee, Black, and Wacamaw Rivers flow into it. Winyaw Point, Georgetown district, S. C. The S. extremity of North Island. Wissakude or Burnt Wood River, La Pointe co, Wn. It rises in a lake near the centre of the co, flows N. N. W, and empties into Lake Supe rior. Wisconsin River, Wn, has its sources in several small lakes near the N. boundary of Wisconsin, between those of the Montreal and Menomonee Rivers. It is one of the most important tributa ries of the Upper Mississippi. From its rise it flows S, about 200 miles, through the centre of Wisconsin, till it reaches the borders of the settled portion of the state near Fort Winnebago, where it bends to the S. W, and continues in that gen eral course about 100 miles to the Mississippi, into which it empties at Prairie du Chien. Its navi gation is much obstructed by shoals and bars, except at high stages of the water. As the state becomes settled, and its rich resources of wealth are more fully developed, this river will doubtless be improved as an important channel of internal commerce. Witakantu River, Ma. It rises in Washtey Lake, flows S. E, and empties into Minesota or St. Peter's River. Wiyo Pahah Wakan, or East Medicine Knoll River, Ma. This is a pretty large stream, flowing S. E, and emptying into the Missouri a little above Owawichah River. Wolf Creek, Mi. and Te, rises in the N. part of Tippah co. Mi, flows N. W. into Te, and uniting with the Loosahatchy River, enters the Mississippi just above Memphis. Wolf River, Mi, rises in Marion co, and flows in a S. direction into the Bay of St. Louis. Wonasquatucket River, Providence co, R. I. This stream rises in Smithfield, runs between N. Providence and Johnston, and forms the head of Providence River. It affords great water power, and numerous manufacturing establishments are located on its banks. Wood Creek, Oneida co, N. Y. This is a deep and sluggish stream, rising in the town of Rome, and emptying into the E. end of Oneida Lake. Before the completion of the Erie Canal there was a short portage at Rome village, between this river and the Mohawk, over which much mer chandise was transported. It now constitutes a part of the Oneida Lake Canal, which, in con nection with the lake and Oneida River, forms a complete water navigation from the Erie to the Oswego Canal. Wood Creek rises in Washington co, N. Y, flows N, and enters Lake Champlain at Whitehall village. This stream affords some good mill sites, and constitutes a part of the Champlain Canal for a considerable portion of its length. Wood River, R. I. See Hopkinton. IN THE UNITED STATES. 261 Woonsocket Falls. R. I. See Smithfield. Worton Point, Kent co, Md, projects into Chesapeake Bay. Wyakoming River and Lake, La Pointe CO., Wn. The river has its source in the lake, and flows W. into St. Croix River, of which it is a head branch. Wynant's Kill, Rensselaer co, N. Y. This stream, on which are situated many extensive manufacturing establishments, rises in the town of Sand Lake, and is the outlet to a number of small lakes. Wye River, Md, forms the boundary between Talbot and Queen Anne counties, and falls into the E. side of Chesapeake Bay. Yadkin River, N. C, rises in the E. side of the Blue Ridge, flows E. and S. E. into Montgomery co, where it passes through the Narrows, being contracted by mountains on each side, from 200 yards' width to about 30. It then flows into S. C, and in its lower part takes the name of Great Pedee, until it enters Winyaw Bay. Yakima River, On. It rises among the Cas cade Mts, flows S. E, and empties into Clarke Fork near its junction with Lewis Fork of the Columbia River. Yampah or Bear River, Ca. It rises on the border of Na, flows W, and empties into Green River. Yantic River, New London co, Ct. This river rises in the N. W. part of the county, and, flow ing S. E, meets Quinebaug and Shetucket Riv ers at Norwich, where the three rivers fall with great rapidity into the Thames, producing valu able water power. See Norwich. Yazoo River, Mi, is formed in Carroll co, by the junction of the Tallahatchee and Yalabusha Rivers, and, flowing S. S. W, enters the Missis sippi 12 miles above the Walnut Hills. Sun Flower River, a considerable branch, flows into it from the N. It is 200 yards wide at the mouth, and large boats ascend 50 miles at high water. Yellow Lake, St. Lawrence co, N. Y, lies mostly in the town of Rossie, is 4 miles long, and half a mile wide. Ydlow River, la. It rises in the N. W. part of Kosciusko co, and flows S. W. into English Lake. Yellow River, Io, drains Winneshiek and Alla makee counties, and falls into the Mississippi River. Yellow River, Wn. This large river rises in a lake in the N. interior of Portage co, flows S. W, and falls into the Chippewa just above Chippewa Falls. Yellow Dog River, Houghton co, Mn, flows N. E. into Lake Superior. Yellow Water River, Aa. and Fa., rises in Cov ington co, Aa, flows S. W. through the W. part of Fa, and enters a branch of Pensacola Bay. Yocomico River, Va. A branch of the Potomac, separating Northumberland and Westmoreland counties. Yocum Creek, Harlan co.. Ky. This stream rises among the Cumberland Mts, and flows N. W. into the Clover Fork of Cumberland River. Yocanoocany Creek, Mi. This stream rises in Choctaw co, flows S. W, and enters Pearl River in Lake co. York River. Va, is formed at the S. E. extrem ity of King William co, by the junction of Pa- munkey and Mattapony Rivers. Its lower part forms a bay, generally 2 or 3 miles wide, through which it enters Chesapeake Bay between York and Gloucester counties. It forms the best harbor in Va, at Yorktown, where it is con tracted to a mile in width, and large vessels as cend 20 miles above. Its entire length is about 120 miles. Youghiogeny River, Va, Md, and Pa, rises in Alleghany co, Md, enters Pa, and pro ceeding in a N. N. W. direction, crosses the Laurel Hills and Chestnut Ridge, and falls into the Monongahela, 18 miles S. E. of Pittsburg. At the Ohiopyle Falls, 30 miles from its mouth, it has a perpendicular descent of 20 feet, present ing a beautiful and grand appearance. It is nav igable to the falls. Yslas de Santa Barbara. Two small islands, situated in the Pacific Ocean, W. from the Ysla de Santa Catalina. Ysla de Santa Catalina. Situated in the Pa cific Ocean, N. from the Ysla de San Clemente. Ysla de Santa Rosa. Situated in the Pacific, off the coast of California, and S. W. from the Ysla de Santa Cruz. Ysla de Santa Cruz. Situated in the Pacific Ocean, off the S. W. coast of California, and S. from the town of Santa Barbara. Ysla de San Clemente. This island is situated in the Pacific Ocean, off the S. W. coast of Upper California. Ysla de San Miguel. A small island lying in the Pacific, W. from Ysla de Santa Rosa. Ysla de San Nicolas. Situated in the Pacific Ocean, off the S. W. coast of California, and S. from the Ysla de Santa Cruz. Ysla del Padre, Ts. This is a long, narrow island, lying in the Gulf of Mexico, and separated from the main land by the Laguna de Santander. Zappapoic River, Huron co, Mn, flows in a circuitous, E. course, into Lake Huron. Zimmerman's Creek, N. Y, rises in the town of Stratford, Fulton co, flows S, and enters Mo hawk River in Montgomery co. 262 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLE. A STATISTICAL TABLE, Presenting a concise view of the location, extent, &c., of each state and territory in the United States, with the capital of each : and a variety of other statistical facts. 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CO bO rH bjy3 -H 6J)WWrHrHrHrH fcDrH OOO o Date of first settle ment. CO >0 00 «3 »"- OJ CO CO CN M'*On^OOO(D'Ji CO CO CO CO CN • M CONO ¦ M t- H N M IN N W H CD NCDNCOCO "ONCOS ¦CONNcOCDCDCOOONh. COWOINOCOOOOICOOCOOOD^NO ¦CM(NO)Hi(iXO«WNC003'i<'NON•CDCOiejCOCOb-COCOCOCDNCDCOh-COCO '5S| S 5 s S to 7 HCNM^lCCCNCOCftOHCsM^^coVaffiO^WW^WCOSMdo DESCRIPTIONS COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. This chapter is intended to include all the places, whether aotually incorporated or not as cities, towns, or villages, which, from the number of their inhabitants, and their natural or artificial resources, might seem worthy of notice. Such, however, is the rapid growth of many parts of our country, that no doubt there are numerous places, recently sprung up, quite as well worthy of mention as many of those contained in this chapter, but of which no particular information has reached us, and which must therefore be looked for in the list of Post Offices. Townships not contained in this chapter may be found in the census tables. As the full returns of the census of 1850 have not yet been printed, and probably never will be, and as they have been already discovered, like those of the census of 1840, to be full of errors, we have not at tempted to state the number of factories, sawmills, gristmills, stores, schools, or churches in each place, or the amount of capital employed in trade or manufactures, or the amount of production, minute details as to which it is impossible to obtain correct information, and so liable to change, that the correct returns of to-day may be absolutely false to-morrow. It has been thought best to devote the space at our com mand to things more permanent in their nature, and of more general concern, without going into de tails of little or no interest to strangers, and with which the inhabitants of each place are already better acquainted than we can pretend to be : yet the importance of water power to the development of our resources is so great, that, when aware of its existence, we have taken care to mention it, and such application of it to use as we know to be made. The general results by states of the statistical returns of the late census will be found brought together in our statistical tables, which general results, as the errors in particular places may serve in part to counterbalance each other, may, perhaps, be more reliable than the particular statements from which they are compiled. The tables in relation to commerce and navigation are more trustworthy, having been compiled from the annual reports of the treasury department. Special details as to population, banks, colleges, and places of fashionable re sort will be found in separate chapters, as well as a general description of the states individually, and of the mountains, rivers, lakes,' and other geographical objects. The letters c. h. are used to denote the. shire town of a county. What in the other states are called counties, are known in South Carolina as districts, and in Louisiana as parishes. For the list of abbreviations of states, see pages 4 and 167. Aaronsburg, Pa., Centre co. A considerable village near Penn's Creek, at the E. extremity of Penn's Valley, 32 miles from Bellefonte and 89 N. W. from Harrisburg. Abbeville, Aa., c. h., Henry co. On Yattayab- ba Creek, 211 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa. Abbeville District, S. C, VV. part. Surface agreeably diversified, well watered, and fertile ; lies between the Savannah and Saluda ; drained principally by branches of the Savannah. . Abbeville, S. C, v. h., Abbeville district. Sit uated on a branch of Little River. Besides the county building, this place has an arsenal and magazine. 97 miles W. from Columbia. Abbott, Me., Piscataquis eo. On Piscataquis River, 76 miles N. by E. from Augusta Abbyville, 0., York township, Medina co. On Rocky River, 118 miles from Columbus, and 25 from Cleveland. Aberdeen, 0., Brown co. On the Ohio River, op posite Maysville, 122 miles S. W. from Columbus. Abingdon, Va., c. h., Washington co. Be tween the two forks of Holston River, about 7 miles distant from each, and 304 S. W. from Richmond. Abington, la., Wayne co. On the W. side of the E. fork of White River, 72 miles E. from Indianapolis. Abington, Ms., Plymouth co. Pleasantly sit uated on the highest lands between Narragansot Bay and Boston Harbor. There are two large intervales of about 500 acres each, surrounded by 264 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, high lands, mostly covered with water in the win ter, and beautifully green in the summer. At the E. part is a beautiful range of elevated land, comprising over 2000 acres, called Beech Hill. No large rivers water the town, though Beaver Creek, Streame's and Hersey's River, and French's Stream afford some good mill privi leges. A part of Accord Pond is in this town. The soil is strong and good, though rocky ; it is better for grazing than tillage. The surface is rough and broken. The meadow land abounds in peat, and some parts of the upland in blue slate. Some bog iron ore is found. The territo ry of this town is large, and it contains several handsome and growing villages. The original population, strictly of the Pilgrim family, is rap idly increasing, many residents in the town doing business in Boston. The Old Colony Railroad passes through the whole length of the town. Distances, about 18 miles from Boston and Plymouth. Manufactures, boots and shoes very extensively, and of iron, particularly of nails, tacks, and brads, made by machinery. The jcast* ing of bells was introduced here before the revo lution, and early in the revolutionary war the casting of shot and cannon. Abington, Pa., Montgomery co. There is a. water power here which operates one or more mills. 100 miles E. from Harrisburg. Abington, Pa., Wyoming co. On the S. branch of Tunkhannock Creek, 151 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Abode, la., Allen co. 120 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. Accomac County, Va., c. h. at Accomac. On the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay. Bounded N. by Md., S. by Northampton co. It is divided into Accomac and St. George's parishes. It also comprises several islands lying in Chesapeake Bay. Soil sandy. Accomac, Va., c. h., Accomac co. 193 miles E. by N. from Richmond. Acquackanonck, N. J., Passaic co. On the Pas saic River, at the head of sloop navigation. Sur face rolling on the E., and hilly and mountainous on the W. ; soil mostly fertile. 13 miles N. W. from New York, and 79 N. E. from Trenton. Manufactures, cotton, leather, and malt liquor. Acton, Me., York co. An interior town, near the head waters of Salmon River, by which it is divided on the W. from N. H. 15 miles W. from Alfred, 107 S. W. from Augusta. Acton, Ms., Middlesex co. Watered by a branch of Assabet River, and contains several ponds ; the largest of which is Nagog Pond, cov ering 600 acres, and 47 feet in depth ; 21 miles N. W. from Boston. The railroad from Boston to Fitchburg passes through the west village. The centre is pleasant, having a large common, well shaded with trees, and surrounded by neat buildings, and good mowing and tillage land. A monument has lately been erected here, (partly at the expense of the state,) in honor of Isaac Davis, a citizen of the town, the first person killed in the skirmish with the British at Concord Bridge, the commencement of the battle of Lex ington. Manufactures, boots, shoes, blinds, and sashes. Acworth, N. H., Sullivan co. On Cold River and Cold Pond. Soil godd. Beryls of large size are found here. 13 miles S. from Newport, and 44 W. from Concord. Ada, Mn., Kent co. At the junction of Grand and Thorn Apple Rivers. 158 miles N. W. from Detroit. Adair County, Ky., c. h. at Columbia, South central. Watered by Greene River and its branches. Soil fertile. Adair County, Mo., c. h. at Hopkinsville, N. E. part. Watered by Chariton River, which flows S. through it. Adams, Ms., Berkshire co. A flourishing agri cultural township, comprising the two villages of North and South' Adams. The Hoosack River passes through it, and affords a great water power. There is a valuable quarry of marble. Traces of old Fort Massachusetts are still found. Saddle Mountain, the summit of which is called Gray Lock, the highest of Massachusetts moun tains, lies chiefly in this town. The natural bridge on Hudson's Brook is a curiosity. The waters have worn a passage from 30 to 60 feet deep, and 30 rods in length, through a body of white marble, or limestone, and formed a bridge of that material, 50 feet above the surface of the water. There are two limestone caves, one of which contains several apartments which have been explored. Manufactures, cottons, woollens, leather, iron, hardware, cabinet wares, marble, &c. A railroad from Pittsfield to this place con nects 'with the Western Railroad. 120 m. W. N. W. from Boston, and 40 E. from Troy,N. Y. Adams. Mn. A township of Hillsdale co. 93 miles S. W. from Detroit. Adams, township, Jefferson co., N. Y. Watered by Sandy and Stony Creeks. The surface is slightly uneven, the soil a rich, sandy loam. There is water power on Sandy Creek. The village is 12 miles S. from Watertown, and 162 N. W. from Albany. Adams's Basin, N. Y., Monroe co. On the Erie Canal, 230 miles W. from Albany. Adams County, la., c. h. at Decatur. On the E. border, on both sides of the St. Mary's, which passes through its N. E. corner. Adams County, Is., c. h. at Quincy. On the Mississippi River, which separates it from Mo. Watered by affluents of the Mississippi and Illi nois Rivers. Adams County, Mi., c. h. at Natchez. In the S. W. angle, on the Mississippi. Surface some what hilly, except on the borders of the rivers ; soil mostly fertile. Adams County, O., c. h. at West Union. The Ohio River divides it from Kentucky. The soil is various, and the land uneven and hilly. Iron ore is found in some of the hills along Brush Creek. Adams County, Pa., S. part, c. h. at Gettys burg. Uneven, but fertile. Watered by tributa ries of the Potomac and Susquehanna. Adams County, Wn. New, central part. The Wisconsin passes through it from N. to S. Adams's Mills, 0., Muskingum co. On the Ohio Canal, 6 miles N. E. from Dresden and 61 E. from Columbus. Adamsville, 0., Muskingum co., is a small town 12 miles E. from Zanesville and 20 W. from Cambridge. Addison, Me., Washington co. 135 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Addison Point or Cape Split, off which are several islands, is the principal har bor and place of trade. Addison, Pa., Somerset co. On the Yioughiog- heny Hiver, 153 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. Addison County, Vt., c. h. at Middlebury. W IN THE UNITED STATES. 265 part ; on Lake Champlain. Large quantities of white and beautifully variegated marble are found in this county. It is well watered by Otter Creek, Mad and White Rivers ; and by Lake Cham plain, which affords many navigable privileges. The soil is good, particularly in those towns be low the mountains, and bordering the lake and rivers. Addison, Vt., Addison co. On the E. side of Lake Champlain, and nearly opposite to Crown Point, N. Y. The French commenced a settle ment here in 1 731. The English came here about 1770. 40 miles. W. S. W. from Montpelier, and 12 W. N. W. from Middlebury. Addison, Steuben co., N. Y. Watered by Camisteo River and Tuscarora Creek. The sur face is uneven and the soil not remarkably fertile. Grindstones are made from the sandstone fur nished in this town. 18 miles S.from the village of Bath, and 225 W. by S. from Albany, N. Y. Adell, Io., c. h. Dallas co. 80 miles W. of Iowa city, on Raccoon River, a tributary of the Des Moines. Adelphia, 0., Cplerain township, Ross co. On the north fork of Salt Creek ; 40 miles S. E. from Columbus and 1 6 N. E. from Chillicothe. Adrian, Mn., c. h. Lenawee co. Opposite the junction of Beaver Creek with Raisin- River ; S. W. from Detroit, 67 miles. One of the most flour ishing towns in the state. The Michigan South ern Railroad, between Monroe on Lake Erie and Chicago, Is., passes through it, and another rail road comes in here from Toledo, on the Maumee. 67 miles S. W. from Detroit, and 38 miles W. from Monroe. Aid, 0., Lawrence co. A township on the waters of Symmes Creek, 15 miles from Bur lington. Air, Pa. A township of Bedford CO., drained by Big Cove, a tributary of the Potomac. Moun tainous, with fertile valleys. Akron, 0., Summit co. On the Portage summit of the Ohio Canal, in a beautiful and fertile coun try. It possesses agreat hydraulic power, and is a place of much trade and manufacture. Here the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal intersects the Ohio Canal. Near this place is an abundance of bitu minous coal. It is 16 miles S. W. from Ravenna, and 110 E. from Columbus. Alabama, N. Y., Genesee co. On the Tona wanda Creek, which sends a feeder across the N. W. part of the town into the Erie Canal. On this creek, near the feeder, are falls of about 30 feet. The soil is clay and gravelly loam, produ cing fine wheat. 12 miles N. W. from Batavia village, and 257 W. from Albany. Alachua County. Fa., c. h. at Newmansville. In the N. central part of the peninsula, between the Suwanee and the St. Johns. It contains several ponds and prairies, and affords excellent pastur age. Surface rolling. Alamance County, N. C. N. central. New; tak en from the N. W. part of Orange. Watered by 'he Haw, which passes through it from N. W. to S. E. Albany, Ky., c. h. Clinton co. On Spring Creek, a branch of Cumberland River, 126 miles from Frankfort. Albany, Me., Oxford co. At the source of Crooked River, which empties into Sebago Lake. 17 miles W. by N. from Paris, and '58 W. from Augusta. Albany, N. H., Carroll co. Swift River and 34 several small streams pass through this place There are a number of hills and mountains ; the highest, Chocorua, is visible from a great extent of countrv. The' soil is fertile. 64 miles N. by E. from "Concord, and 67 N. by N. W. from Dover. Albany County, N. Y., c. h. at Albany. On the W. branch of the Hudson at the head of naviga tion. Uneven, and in the S. W. part hilly and mountainous. On the river the soil is good, but in the interior sandy and unproductive. Its N. E. corner is traversed by the Erie and Champlain canals and by the Albany and Schenectady, and Troy and Schenectady Railroads. Albany, N. Y. City, capital of the state, and the seat of justice of the county of the same name. Situated on the W. bank of the Hudson River, 145 miles N. from New York. It is connected with New York, Boston, and Buffalo, by continu ous lines of railroad, and by railroad and steam navigation with Montreal. The population in 1830 was 24,238; 1840, 33,721; 1850, 50,763. Albany was settled by the Dutch in 1623, who built a fort there, and called the place Fort Or ange. This settlement was afterwards called Beaver Wyck, and then Williamstadt. On the capture of New York by the English in 1664, Albany received its present name, in honor of James, Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James II., in whose reign the original city char ter was granted by Governor Dougan, July 22, 1686. The charter has been materially altered by recent acts of the legislature. The city is di vided into ten wards ; it has a commanding situ ation, and when viewed from the water appears to great advantage. On the margin of the river is a flat, alluvial tract, extending from 15 to 100 yards back, from which the ground rises abruptly, and in the course of a mile attains an elevation of 220 feet, beyond which it is level. The view from the highest parts of the city is extensive and picturesque. To the N. are seen the city of Troy and the adjacent villages, and in the dis tance the hills of Vermont ; to the E. the beauti ful country lying on the opposite side of the Hud son ; and to tho S. the Helderbergs and Catskill Mountains. Originally the city was not laid out with much regularity, and some of the streets are narrow ; but those in the newer and more elevated parts' of the city are wide and regular. State Street, the principal street in the early ' times, as from its relative situation it still must be, running W. from the river, and intersecting many of the streets, is from 150 to 170 feet wide. It has a steep ascent, at the head of which is the Capitol, on the opposite side of the public square. This square is formed by the Capitol and Acade my Parks, which are enclosed by substantial iron fences, with a street running between them, and laid out with Walks and ornamental trees. Fronting upon this square is the Capitol, occu pied by the legislature, the state courts, and an extensive and valuable library, which is a fine edifice 115 feet long by 96 broad, of two stories, upon a basement of 10 feet elevation, having a portico of the. Ionic order, with columns 3 feet 8 inches in diameter, and 33 feet high. It is built of the Nyack freestone, and cost about $125,000. The Albany Academy is built of the same material, and fronts on the square north of the State House ; cost, SIOO.OOO. It is furnished with able instructors, and has about 300 pupils. On the ppposite side of the square, fronting W. 266 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, upon the Academy Park, are the State Hall, built for the accommodation of the public offices, and the City Hall, a splendid edifice with a gild ed dome. Both of these buildings are of marble. The other public buildings area Medical College, on Eagle Street, a few rods S. of the square ; a Female Academy on North Pearl Street, having annually from 300 to 350 pupils ; the Exchange, a large granite building at the foot of State Street, occupied for stores, offices of professional men, and the Post Office; and between thirty and forty churches of the various denominations. Among the finest of the church edifices is the Baptist Church, on North Pearl Street. The old State Hall, on the S. side of State Street, former ly occupied for the state offices, has been fitted up for the reception of the Geological Cahinet, formed under the direction of the state geologi cal surveys, and for the accommodation of the meetings of the State Agricultural Society. The Poorhouse, in the S. W. part of the city, has commodious buildings, and 150 acres of land cultivated by the inmates. The Albany Orphan Asylum supports from 80 to 100 female children. The St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Asylum sup ports 40 females. There are in the city over 100 streets and alleys ; 1 1 public squares ; 3 markets ; 15 or 20 principal hotels ; 10 public school build ings, with houses for the teachers ; and a state ar senal. The branches of manufacture are numer ous, employing a capital of nearly $2,000,000. This city is indebted for much of its present pros perity to the advantages for trade which it de rives from the Erie and Champlain Canals, which terminate here, connecting with Lake Erie and Lake Champlain, and bringing the immense produce of the W. and N. to the navigable waters of the Hudson at this point. A capacious basin, a mile and a quarter in length, is formed by enclosing a portion of the river directly in front of the city, with a pier, upon which extensive warehouses are erected, designed for the recep tion of boats from these canals, and their accom modation in lading and unlading. The shipping on the river also finds a safe harbor here. A great number of steamboats for carrying passen gers and merchandise, and towboats for expedit ing the trips of sailing vessels, ply between Al bany and New York. A sand bar about 3 miles below the city frequently impedes the passage of large vessels in dry seasons. A ferry here con nects the two termini of the railroads from the E. and the W. There is likewise another ferry for the ordinary travel; so that the scene present ed at this point, when the river and canals are open for navigation, is one of great activity. A company has been chartered by the legislature for the purpose of constructing a tunnel under the Hudson River, connecting the railroads on each side, to be completed within five years from 1852, the date of the act. The communication with New York, when the river is closed, has been maintained extensively by the railroads through Connecticut. A road is completed now, however, along the E. bank of the Hudson itself, which establishes a most direct and rapid com munication with New York at all seasons of the year. In the year 1850, there arrived at the Hudson River, by the Erie Canal, 1,554,675 tons of merchandise, which exceeds tho amount for 1840 by 1,087,360 tons, thus showing not only the greatness of the present commerce by this canal, but the rapid ratio of its increase. At the ports of Albany and West Troy, the receipts of the four articles of flour, wheat, corn, and wool, in 1850, were as follows, viz.: Flour, 3,256,077 barrels ; wheat, 3,670,754 bushels ; corn, 3,228,- 056 bushels; wool, 11,986.000 pounds. The same year there were shipped for the west, 390,- 864 tons of merchandise, amounting in value to $83,968,350; of which value $26,884,954 was from New York; $22,896,178 from Albany; and $34,187,208 from West Troy. By the report of the auditor of the canal department for 1850, i^ appears that the increase in the amount of mer chandise transported up and down on the Erie Canal during that year, as compared with 1840, was, in value, $69,350,183. From facts like these, showing the vast amount, and the rapidly in creasing development of the resources of our western country, viewed in connection with the fact that its settlement and cultivation are only yet in their commencement, it may be seen how little occasion there is for any of our Atlantic cities to fear the consequences of a rivalry among themselves as to their facilities for obtain ing the western trade. This trade is destined to such advances in the future as will abundantly employ the means which every mart upon our seaboard may provide for its accommodation. Connected" with Albany are many interesting recollections of our national history. Here was held the first General Congress, to make arrange ments for the national defence ; and here, upon the 4th of July, 1754, Franklin and other patri ots " signed the first plan of American Union, and proclaimed to the colonies that they were one people, fit to govern, and able to protect them selves." Albany, Pa. A southern township of Bradford co., watered by Tonawanda and the branches of Mahoopeny Creek. Surface hilly, soil gravelly loam. Albany, Pa. A northern township of Berks co. Surface hilly, soil sterile. Albany, Vt., Orleans co. Surface uneven ; wa tered by Black River and several of its branches. There are likewise several considerable ponds, tho most important of which, Great Hosmer's Pond, is partly in Craftsbury. The soil is generally sandy, or gravelly, with some good intervale lanjL 37 miles N. by E. from Montpelier. Albemarle, N. C, c. h. Stanley co. 146 miles from Raleigh. Albemarle County, Va., c. h. Charlottesville. Eastern central, bounded W. by the Blue Ridge. It is chiefly watered by the head branches of the Rivanna River. Surface and soil much diver sified. Albia, la., c. h. Noble co. Albion, Io., c. h. Monroe co. 80 miles S. W. from Iowa city. Albion, Is., c. h. Edwards co. The situation is high and healthy. 160 miles from Springfield, and 40 S. W. from Vincennes. Albion, Me., Kennebec co. This fine farming town lies on the stage road from Augusta to Bangor. 24 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 44 S. W. from Bangor. Albion, N. Y., c. h. Orleans co. In the town of Barre, on the Erie Canal. 250 miles W. by N. from Albany. Albion, N. Y. A township of Oswego co. Wa tered by Salmon River and Creek. Surface undu lating, soil good; producing white pine, hemlock, maple, and beech timber. 25 miles E. from IN THE UNITED STATES. 267 Oswego village, and 147 miles N. W. from v Al bany. Alburg, Vt., Grand Isle co. It is bounded by the waters of Lake Champlain, except on the north. The soil is good and finely timbered. It has a mineral spring, of some repute for the cure of scrofulous diseases. 10 miles N. from North Hero, and 79 N. W. from Montpelier. Alden, N. Y., a township of Erie co. Watered by Cayuga and Ellicott's Creeks. The surface is undulating, and the soil adapted to grass and grains. 18 miles E. from Buffalo, and 272 S. by W. from Albany. Alexander, Me., Washington co. In this town are some ponds, which, with the large pond in Baring and Alexander, produce a large stream which empties into Cobscook Bay. 25 miles N. by W. from Machias. Alexander County, N. C. New, taken from Iredell. W. central part. Alexandersville, 0., Miami township, Montgom ery co. Located on the Miami Canal. The re mains of ancient fortifications are found here. Distant 18 miles W. from Xenia, and 73 from Columbus. Alexander County, Is., c. h. at Unity. In the S. angle of the state, between the Mississippi and Ohio. Drained by Sexton's, Cash, and Clear Creeks. Soil fertile, about one third consisting of alluvion. The S. part is liable to inundation. Alexander, N. Y., Genesee co. On both sides of Tonawanda Creek, which flows nearly N. through it. The surface is slightly uneven, and the soil clay loam, well adapted to the growth of grain and grass. 8 miles S. of Batavia village, and 247 miles N. of W. from Albany, on the rail road from Albany to Buffalo. Alexandria, Ky., c. h. Campbell co. 85 miles from Frankfort. Alexandria, La., c. h. Rapides parish. On Red River, just below the rapids, 291 miles N. W. from New Orleans. Alexandria, N. H., Grafton co. A small part of Newfound Lake lies in this town. On Fowl er's and Smith's Rivers, and other small streams, are fine intervale lands. Settled, Dec. 1769, by Jonathan, John M., and William Corliss. 34 miles N. W. from Concord, and 40 S. E. from Haverhill. Alexandria. N. Y., Jefferson co. This town, situated on the St. Lawrence River, comprises several of the " Thousand Islands," and contains Clear, Crystal, and Butterfield Lakes. The sur face is gently undulating, and the soil clay and marly loam. 20 miles N. from Watertown and 190 N. W. from Albany. Alexandria County, Va., c. h. at Alexandria. On the S. side of the Potomac, opposite the Dis trict of Columbia. It is connected by a bridge of more than a mile in length, with Washington City. Surface uneven, soil light. Alexandria, Va. City and shire town of Alex andria co., situated on the W. side of the River Potomac, 7 miles S. from Washington city. This city was included in that part of the Dis trict of Columbia ceded to the United States by Virginia, as a location for the seat of govern ment. But recently it has been ceded back again, with all that portion of the territory lying on the west side of the Potomac, and now belongs, as at first, to the jurisdiction of Virginia. The river, opposite the city, has a sufficient depth to admit vessels of the largest class to come to its wharves. The place is pleasantly situated on ground grad ually rising from the river, and is laid out with much regularity, the streets crossing each other at right angles. It has a number of churches, among which are two Presbyterian, two Episco pal, two Methodist, one Baptist, and one Roman Catholic. There are two banks, with a capital of $1,000,000. The termination of the Chesa peake and Ohio Canal is at this place. The principal trade of Alexandria is in flour, wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Population in 1850, 8,795. Alford, Ms., Berkshire co. A mountainous township, on the line of the state of N. Y. The valleys produce some grain ; considerable por tions of the rough parts of the town are good pasture land. 190 miles W. from Boston, and 19 S. by W. from Pittsfield. Alfred, Me., c. h. York co. A good farming town, well furnished with water power by Mon- sum River. 35 miles S. from Portland, and 86 S. W. from Augusta. Alfred, N. Y., Alleghany co. Hilly, and the soil adapted for grazing. The New York and Erie Railroad passes through this town. 12 miles S. E. from Angelica, and 244 miles S. of W. from Albany. Algiers, La., Orleans parish. On the right bank of the Mississippi River, opposite New Orleans. The river here is rather less than half a mile wide, and curves in such a manner that much the greatest force and rapidity of the current is thrown upon the New Orleans side. From this circumstance, as well as from the greater eleva tion of the ground on which Algiers is buijc, rendering it' secure from the overflow of this river, even at the highest stages of the water, it has some natural advantages over New Orleans for commercialpurposes. In 1 844, Thayer and Company commenced the erection of warehouses of the- first class at this place, for the reception and transmission of merchandise, which now ex tend about 2000 feet on the river, and are doing a heavy amount of business. Commodious wharves have been built, and floating docks for repairing vessels, and this port is now connected with the port of New Orleans as a port of entry and de livery. This place is rapidly building up, and is destined to become an important mart of com merce. Among other establishments for manu facturing purposes is an extensive iron foundery, covering more than 300 square feet of ground. It is in contemplation by the government to estab lish a navy yard and a naval depot at Algiers. This is the southern terminus of the Opelousas Railroad, which extends through Attakappas to Opelousas. The favorable position of Algiers, in reference to this great line of internal commu nication, in connection with, its fine facilities for navigation and commerce, on the Mississippi River, cannot fail of making it, at no distant day, one of the most prosperous and important places on the banks of the " Father of Waters." Allamakee County, Io. In the N. E. corner. Alleghany County, Md., c. h. at Cumberland. W. extremity of the state. Watered by the Potomae and Ybughiogeny Rivers. Surface rough and mountainous, being crossed by the main chain of the Alleghany Mountains ; much of the soil, however, is fertile. The great national road, built by the government, commences at Cumber land and crosses the mountain west. The Ches apeake and Ohio Canal extends to Cumber land, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad trav- 268 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, erses the country east and west. This county contains the famous Frostburg coal field. Allegan County, Mn„ c. h. at Allegan. S. W. part of the state, on Lake Michigan. Watered by Kalamazoo, Black, and Rabbit Rivers. Sur face undulating, soil sandy on the borders of the lake, rich alluvion on the rivers, and elsewhere a mixture of sand and clay. Allegan, Mn., c. h. Allegan co. On both sides of the Kalamazoo River. It has an elevated sur face, a dry, sandy soil, and good water power. 161 miles W. by N. from Detroit. Alleghany County, N. Y., c. h. at Angelica. On the S. W. border of the state. Watered by Black, Dike, Caneadea, Cold, and Campen's Creeks, beside other smaller tributaries of the Genesee which flows nearly through the centre of the county. The surface on the E. and W. consists of ranges of table land, elevated from 1500 to 2500 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson. The soil in the Genesee valley is very fertile, and the uplands are well adapted to grazing. This county contains several beds of bog iron ore. In the W. part is an oil spring which yields large quantities of Seneca oil. It is crossed by the Genesee Valley Canal and the New York and Erie Railroad. Alleghany County, Pa., c. h. at Pittsburg The Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers unite near the centre of this county, to form the Ohio. Sur face hilly, soil fertile. Abounds in coal. Alleghany, Pa. A southern township of Arm strong co. ; in the angle between the Alleghany and the Kiskiminitas. Surface hilly, soil rather . unproductive. Alleghany, Pa. A northern township of West moreland, in the southern angle between the Alleghany and the Kiskiminitas. The water power is considerable, and is improved for oper ating several flouring mills, saw mills, &c. Alleghany, Pa., Blair co. Watered by the Beaverdam, a branch of the Susquehanna River. Surface mountainous ; soil in the valleys rich. Alleghany, Pa. An eastern township of Somer set co., on the dividing ridge between the waters of the Susquehanna and Youghiogeny. Surface very hilly ; soil, gravel. Alleghany, Pa., a northern township of, Venan go co., on the N. bank of the Alleghany. Sur face hilly ; soil gravelly. Alleghany City, Pa. A suburb of Pittsburg; see Pittsburg. Alleghany, Pa., a central township of Cambria co., on the height of land between the head waters of the W. branch of the Susquehanna and the Kiskiminitas. Alleghany County, Va., c. h. at Covington. Cen tral, in the valley district, bounded W. by the Alleghany Mountains, which separate it from Greenbrier co. Watered by Cow Pasture and Jackson's Rivers, head branches of the James. The passage of Jackson's River through Waite's Mountain is a great curiosity. One of its tribu taries, also, has a fall of 180 feet in a short dis tance. The soil is fertile on the streams, and on Rich Patch Mountain; elsewhere the land is sterile. Surface elevated and mountainous. Allen County, la., c. h. at Fort Wayne. Wa tered by St. Joseph's and St. Mary's Rivers, which unite at Fort Wayne to form the Maumee. Surface level, consisting partly of wet prairies ; eoil fertile. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes through this county. Allen County, Ky., c. h. at Scottsville. On the S. border of the state. Watered by the sources of Big Barren River, a branch of Green River. Surface level ; soil of a tolerably good quality. Allen, N. Y., Alleghany co. Several small af fluents of the Genesee flow through this town, the surface of which is undulating, and the soil clay and sandy loam. 7 miles N. from Angelica, and 261 S. of W. from Albany. Allen County, O., c. h. at Lima. On the sum mit between the lake and the Ohio River. Very fertile. The Miami Canal passes through it. Allen, Pa. A south-east township of Cumber land co. 18 miles W. S? W. from Harrisburg. Allen, Pa. A west township of Northampton co. The Lehigh River and Canal bound it on theW. Allenstown, N. H., Merrimac co. Watered by Suncook River. The land is mostly ordinary, though there are some fine farms, also a large growth of oak and pine timber. 1 1 miles S. E. from Concord, 38 W. from Portsmouth. AUentown, Pa., (also called Northampton,) c. h. Lehigh co. 87 miles E. N. E. from Harris burg. Alligator, Fa., c. h. Columbia co. 110 miles S. E. by E. from Tallahassee. Almond, N. Y. A western township of Alle- fhany co., on the head branches of Canisteo tiver, a tributary of the Susquehanna. The surface is rather hilly ; the soil mostly clay loam, and good. 14 miles E. from Angelica, and 240 S. of W. from Albany. Alna, Me., Lincoln co. On Sheepscot River. 10 miles from Wiscasset, 54 N. E. from Portland, and 20 S. S. E. from Augusta. Alsace, Pa., Berks co. On the E. side of Schuyl kill River ; watered also by Roush's Creek. The surface is mountainous, but the soil, under good cultivation, is productive. Alstead, N. H. Cheshire co. Watered by Cold River, and branches of the Ashuelot. It contains Warren's and other ponds. 12 miles S. E. from Charlestown, 56 W. by S. from Concord. Altamont, Te., c. h. Grundy co. Alton, 111., city, Madison co. Situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, 82 miles W. by S. from Springfield, the capital of the state. This place has an excellent steamboat landing, and is advantageously situated for trade. It extends along the river about 2 miles ; and back, from half a mile to a mile. The streets, which are laid out with regularity, are from 60 to 1 80 feet wide. The place has had a rapid growth. There are churches here of the Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, Evangelical, Lutheran, and Unitarian denominations. Two or three weekly newspapers are published here. There are sev eral large commission houses, a great number of stqres, a flouring mill, a brewery, saw mills, &c. Quite a number of steamboats doing business on the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois Rivers, are owned here. The surrounding country is rich in fine timber, limestone, and bituminous coal. Alton, N. H., Belknap co. On Merrymeeting Bay of Winnipiseogee Lake. Soil hard and rocky, but productive if well cultivated. Its timber, oak, beech, maple, and pine. Principal elevations, Mount Major and Prospect Hill. Half Moon Pond, between Alton and Barnstead, is 300 rods long, 150 wide. Amoskeag, N. H., Hillsboro' co. A village in Goffstown, on the Merrimac River, which here IN THE UNITED STATES. 269 falls 54 feet in a mile and a half, furnishing a great water power. There are some manufacto ries at Amoskeag, but the greatest part of the ¦water is carried in canals to Manchester, a little distance below. 17 miles S. by E. from Concord. Amboy, N. Y. An E. township of Oswego co., drained by Salmon and Scriba Creeks, and contains several small lakes. Surface level ; soil a rich loam, producing abundant crops of grass and grain. 30 miles E. from Oswego vil lage, and 137 N. W. from Albany. Amelia County, Va., c. h. at Amelia. E. central. The Appomattox River runs along the N. and N. E. boundary, and its branches drain this coun ty. Surface pleasantly diversified; soil rather unproductive. The principal agricultural pro ductions are wheat, corn, cotton, and tobacco. Amenia, N. Y. An eastern township of Dutch ess co., on the Ms. border, watered by Wassaic and Ten Mile Creeks, branches of the Housa tonic River. It contains two considerable ponds, and some mineral springs, and affords magnetic iron ore and marble of good quality. The sur face is much diversified ; the Taghkanic and Fishkill Mountains crossing parts of the town. 20 miles N. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 70 S. S. W. from Albany. Americus, Ga., c. h. Sumpter co. 104 miles S. S. W. from Milledgeville. Ames, 0. A township of Athens CO., on Fed eral Creek, a few miles N. E. from Athens, c. h. Amesbury, Ms., Essex co. On the N. side of Merrimac River, separated from Salisbury by Powow River, a stream navigable for some dis tance for vessels of 300 tons. A pond, covering about 1000 acres, back of the town, 90 feet above the sea, serves as a reservoir for a constant and extensive water power. That part of the town called " The Mills " is at the lower falls of the Powow. The river here is about 2 rods in width, and is crossed by several bridges. The views from Whittier, Bear, and Pond Hills are delight ful. At the W. end of the town are two flour ishing villages, with a small stream, noted for salmon. 40 miles N. E. from Boston, and 6 miles N. W. from Newburyport, with which it communicates by the Salisbury Branch Railroad. Celebrated for its flannels, and other woollen goods. Amherst, Me., Hancock co. On the head wa ters of Union River. 25 miles E. from Bangor. Amherst, Ms., Hampshire co.' Comprises 4 handsome villages — the centre village, where the college is located, and the N., the E., and S. villages. The town is watered by 2 good mill streams, which form Mill River. The college is situated on elevated ground, in the centre village, surrounded by a fertile country, and command ing a prospect of one of the most picturesque sections of the state. 82 miles W. from Bos ton, and 7 E. by N. from Northampton. See Amherst, N. H., c. h. Hillsboro' co. On Sou- hegan River, a tributary of the Merrimac. The soil is excellent. There is a celebrated mineral spring here. 29 miles S. from Concord, and 40 E from Keene. Amherst, N. Y., Erie co.. Tonawanda Creek bounds this township on the N. and EUicott's Creek flows through it. The surface is uneven, and the soil of an indifferent qualitv. 10 miles N. E. from the city of Buffalo, and 283 N. of W. from Albany. Amherst County, Va., c. h. at Amfferst. S. central, in the N. angle between the Blue Ridge and James River. Surface elevated, and agree ably diversified ; soil tolerably good. Wheat and tobacco are the principal products. Amherst, Va., c. h. Amherst co. 15 miles N. N. E. from Lynchburg, and 1 15 W. from Rich mond. Amite County, Mi., c. h. at Liberty. In the S. W. angle of the state, bordering on Louisiana. Watered by Amite River and its branches. Sur face uneven ; soil of good quality, especially on the borders of the streams. Chief products, cot ton and corn. Amity, Me., Aroostook co. Township No. 10, first range of townships from the B. line of tho state. About 100 miles N. E. from Bangor. Amity, N. Y., Alleghany co. On the Gen esee River, which flows in a N. direction, near ly through the centre of the township. Surface high and rolling on the outskirts ; soil various ; the uplands being adapted to grazing, and the borders of the rivers to' the growth of grass and grain. 6 miles S. of Angelica, and 255 S. of W. from Albany. Amity, O.. Pike township, Knox co. Fertile and healthy. 8 miles N. E. of Mt. Vernon, 53 from Columbus, and 85 from Cleveland. Amity, Pa., Erie co. A hilly township, with a soil of gravelly loam. Amity, Pa., Berks co. On the Schuylkill. The Reading Railroad passes through it. Amsterdam. N. Y., Montgomery co. Town ship and village on the Mohawk River, Erie Canal, and ' Schenectady and Utica Railroad. Watered by several small streams, the principal of which is the Chuctanunda Creek. A fine quality of building stone is quarried here The surface is uneven, but the soil is fertile and easily tilled, consisting of clay loam and rich mould. The village contains manufactures of carpets, scythes, &c. 31 miles W. from Albany. Amwdl, N. J., Hunterdon co. Watered by the south branch of the Raritan River and its tribu taries. Surface uneven ; soil fertile in some parts. Amwell, Pa., Washington co. Surface hilly, abounding with coal, and watered by the branches of Ten Mile Creek. Soil loam. Anamosa, Io., c. h. Jones co. Ancram, N. Y. A S. E. township of Columbia co., drained by Ancram and Punch Creeks. Surface hilly, soil gravelly loam and clay, upon a foundation of slate and limestone. 21 miles S. E. from the city of Hudson. Andalusia, Aa., c. h. Covington co. Anderson, la., c. h. Howard co. Anderson County, Ky., c. h. at Lawrenceburg. Watered by Salt River and its head branches, and on the E. by the Kentucky. Surface rough. Anderson, 0. An E. township of Hamilton co., between the Ohio River and the Little Miami. Anderson District, S. O, c. h. at Anderson. In the N. W. part of the state. Watered by head branches of the Savannah and Saluda Rivers. Anderson, S. C, c. h. Anderson district. 127 miles N. W. from Columbia. Anderson County, Te., c. h. at Clinton. N. E. central. Watered by Clinch River. Rough, but fertile. Anderson County, Ts., c; h. at Plenitude. E. part. On the upper branch of the Trinity. Andes, N. Y., township, Delaware co. Watered 270 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, by Temper's Kill and the Papacton branch of the Delaware River. Surface hilly; soil adapted to grazing. 87 miles S. W. from Albany. Andover, Me., Oxford co. Watered by Ellis's River. About 30 miles N. W. from Paris, and 61 W. N. W. from Augusta. Andover, Ms., Essex co. A large town of ten miles square, bounded N. by the Merrimac, and watered by the Shawsheen, which affords many water privileges. There are large villages in the N. and S. parts of the town, some 3 miles distant from each other, and several smaller villages. Most of the soil is arable, and much of it highly cultivated. Among the manufactures are flannels, linen, yarn, and shoe thread. The vari ous literary institutions are its principal attrac tion. Phillips Academy has now been in ex istence nearly 70 years. It has ample endow ments, convenient buildings, a chemical and philosophical apparatus, which cost over $2000, a valuable library of 700 volumes. From the commencement of its operations to 1845, 4437 individuals have enjoyed its advantages. This institution was incorporated several years before any other academy in New England, and is still deservedly conspicuous among them all. Its funds enable the trustees to secure the permanent services of distinguished teachers, without making any but the most moderate charges for tuition, while large numbers receive their entire tuition free. The Theological Seminary. See Theologi cal Institutes. The Abbot Female Academy. This academy is beautifully located, in the same vil lage with the other literary institutions ; it pre sents the additional attractions of a valuable philosophical apparatus, and cabinet of minerals, and a select library of modern works, together with a beautiful building, and grounds tastefully arranged and adorned. Many of the most valu able publications of the day are issued from the Andover press. Its learned Quarterly, the Bib- liotheca Sacra, has a large circulation across the Atlantic. Andover, N. H., Merrimac co. The Black Water is the principal stream. There are six ponds. The Ragged Mountains are on the N., the Kearsage on the W. Soil of good quality. 21 miles N. W. from Concord. The Northern Railroad passes through the centre. Andover, N. Y., a township of Alleghany co. Dyke Creek, a tributary of the Genesee River, flows through this town. Its surface is uneven ; soil, clay loam. 15 miles S. E. from Angelica, and 266 S. of W. from Albany. Andover, Vt., Windsor co. Markham and Terrible Mountains lie in the western part. The land is uneven, and the soil hard. 20 miles S. W. from Windsor, and 68 S. from Montpelier. Andrew County, Mo., c. h. at Savannah. Prin cipal streams, Platte and Nodaway Rivers'. The Missouri also touches the S. W. corner. Angelica, N. Y., c. h. Alleghany co. Town ship and village on Angelica Creek. The sur face is rolling; the soil mostly fertile, consisting of clay loam and sandy alluvion. 262 miles W. from Albany. Angelina County, Ts., c. h. at Marion. In the E. part of the state. Drained by the Angelina, the E. fork of the Nechos. Angola, la., c. h. Steuben co. 174 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. Annapolis, Md., city, port of entry, capital of the state, and seat of justice of Ann Arundel co., stands on the W. side of the Severn, 2 miles from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, 28 miles S. S. E. from Baltimore, and 40 mile's E. N. E. from the city of Washington. Annapolis was established as the seat of government in 1699. The state house is a venerable building, in which the American Congress held some of its sessions during the revolutionary war; and in the senate chamber of which, Washington, at the close of the war, resigned bis commission. It is a spa cious and elegant building for the period of its erection. The state library, in one of its apart ments, contains 1 5,000 volumes. The city is reg ularly laid out, with streets diverging from the state house, and also from another point, at which is located the Episcopal Church, as from two centres. The city is pleasant and healthy as a place of residence, but as a place of business it has fallen behind in consequence of the flour ishing state of Baltimore. Annapolis is the seat of St. John's College, a branch of the University of Maryland. See Colleges. Annisquam, Ms., Essex co. 34 miles from Bos ton ; the north village of the town of Gloucester, having a separate harbor of its own, formed by Annisquam River, and opening into Ipswich Bay. Ann Arbor, Mn., Washtenaw co. This flour ishing place, on both sides of the Huron River, is regularly laid out, partly on the river and part ly on elevated ground a short distance S. of it. It is handsomely built, and is the seat of the Michigan University. Sec Colleges. It is on the Michigan Central Railroad, 42 miles W. from Detroit. Ann Arundel County, Md., c. h. at Annapolis. Central, on the W. shore of Chesapeake Bay. Surface rolling ; soil tolerably fertile. It is watered on its N. border by the Patapsco, and on its S. W. border by the Patuxent River. Annsville, N. Y., Oneida co. Fish Creek and its tributaries water this township, the surface of which is undulating, and the soil mostly grav elly loam. 25 miles N. W. from the city of Uti ca, and 1 1 8 miles from Albany. Annville, Pa., Lebanon co. Swatara Creek, and tributaries of it, flow through this township, affording good water power. Surface level ; soil gravel and calcareous loam. The Union Canal passes through it. Anson, Me., Somerset co. At the junction of Seven Mile Brook with the Kennebec, on the western side of that river. Here are fine farms and good husbandry. 112 miles N. from Port land, 40 N. W. from Augusta. Anson County, N. C, c. h. at Wadesboro'. On the S. border and S. bank of the Yadkin, by which and its tributaries it is watered. Antes, Pa. A northern township of Blair co., on the height of land between the Juniata and the W. branch of the Susquehanna. 116 miles W. from Harrisburg. Antrim, N. H., Hillsboro' co. On Contoo- cook River. Hilly, but productive. 30 miles S. W. from Concoi'd. Antrim, Pa., Franklin co. Conecheagne Creek and its branches water this township, the surface of which is level, and the soil calcareous loam. Antwerp, N. Y., Jefferson co. Oswegatchie River waters this township on tho N. and Indian River on the S. The former here makes a bend called the "Oxbow." The surface is hilly; the soil good, clay loam, well adapted to the growth IN THE UNITED STATES. 271 of grass. 20 miles N. E. from the village of Watertown, and 164 N. W. from- Albany. Appalachicola, Fa., c. h. and port of entry, Franklin co. 135 miles S. W. from Tallahassee, situated on a bluff at the mouth of the river of the same name. It is regularly laid outj and oc cupies an area of one square mile. On Front Street there are a number of blocks of large brick stores, with granite fronts. The remaining portion of the town is built mostly of wood. Appalachicola is a considerable mart for cotton. The river is navigated by steamboats and other boats, and the harbor generally contains a num ber of large vessels, lading and unlading at the wharves. Appleton, Me., Waldo co., 35 miles E. by S. from Augusta, between the head waters of the Mhskingus and St. George's. Appanose co., Io., c. h. at Antreville. On the S. border pf the state. Appling County, Ga., c. h. at Holmesville. S. E. central. Watered by the head branches of Satil- la River. Surface level. Soil light and sandy. Applingville, Ga., u. h. Columbia co. On Great Kiokee Creek, 111 miles S. S. E. from Milledgeville. Appomattox County, Va., c. h. at Clover Hill- In the S. central part of the state, with the James River on its N. W, border. Aquia, Va., Stafford co. On Aquia Creek. The railroad to Fredericksburg and Richmond commences here, and connects with Washington by steamboat. Arcadia. N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by Mud Creek, and contains large quarries of gypsum. The surface is hilly ; the soil sandy and calca reous loam. 5 miles W. from Lyons village, and 190 N. W. from Albany. Archer, 0., Harrison co. A township watered by Stillwater River and its branches. Distant from Cadiz a few miles N. Argyle, Me., Penobscot co., is a new town, but fertile and flourishing. It produces the best of wheat. 89 miles N. E. from Augusta. Argyle, N Y Washington co. Surface un even ; soil grave'uy loam, and sandy. It is equi distant from Salem and Sandy Hill, and 46 miles N. E. from Albany. Arietta, N. Y., Hamilton co. This township is large, and contains several lakes and numerous Bmall streams. The southern part only is par tially settled. 72 miles N. W. from Albany, and 8 miles W. from the village of Lake Pleasant. Arkadelphia, As., c. h. Clark co. On the Wa- chitta, 100 miles S. W. of Little Rock. Arkansas County, As., c h. at Arkansas Post. S. E. part, in the angle between the White and Arkansas Rivers. Surface mostly level, com prising the S. part of Grand Prairie, the soil of which is very fertile. Arkansas Post, As., c. h. Arkansas co. . On the N. bank of Arkansas River, on a high bluff, 50 miles from the Mississippi. It was founded by the French in 1685. 117 miles S. E. from Little Rock. Arkwright, N. Y., Chautauque co. A high and hilly township, with a soil adapted to the growth of grass or grain. 346 miles W. from Albany. Arlington, Vt., Bennington co. Watered, by Green River, Mill, and Warm Brooks, and Roar ing Branch, which form excellent mill sites, and fall into the Batten Kill in the N. part of the town. On the streams are large bodies of rich intervales. West and Rod Mountains extend through the W. part. There are marble quarries here, and a curious cavern. 15 miles N. from Bennington, and 106 S. W. from Montpelier. Armagh, Pa., Mifflin co. A northern township. Armstrong County, Pa., c. h. at Kittanning. W. central. The Alleghany passes through it from N. to S., and the Kiskiminitas washes its S. W. border. Surface pleasantly diversified. Armstrong, Pa. A western township of Indiana co. Watered by Crooked Creek. Surface level ; soil, clay and gravel. Aroostook County, Me., c. h. at Houlton, is in the N. E. and N. part of the state. Watered by the Upper St. John's and its southern tributaries. Mostly unsettled. Soil, a limestone formation, favorable to wheat. Arrow Rock, Mo., Saline co. Situated on a high bluff on the S. 6ide of the Missouri River. It has a good landing, and is surrounded by a fertile country. 72 miles N. W. from Jefferson city. Ascension Parish, La., c. h. at Donaldsonvillc. Southern part, on both sides of the Mississippi. It has on the N. the Amite, with which tho Manshao pass from the Mississippi communi cates. The La Fourche, another outlet of the Mississippi, leaves that river at Donaldsonvillc, in this parish. Level, and, except the lands on the immediate banks of the rivers, annually in undated. Ashe County, N. C, c. h. at Jeffersonton. In the N. W. corner. Watered by the head branches of the Holston and Great Kanawha Rivers. Surface elevated and rough, being a table land between Bald Mt. and the Blue Ridge ; soil tol erably good. Ashboro', N. C, c. h. Randolph co. 72 miles W. from Raleigh. Ashburnham, Ms., Worcester co. On $he height of land between the Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers. It is watered by large ponds, which furnish good mill seats. There is much good land both for grass and grain. 54 miles N. W. from Boston, and 4 N. W. from Fitchburg. Ashford, Ct., Windham co. Watered by sev eral small tributaries of the Yantic. The sur face is rough and stony, but excellent for graz ing. 31 miles E. from Hartford, 14 N. W. from Brooklyn. Ashford, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by Cattaraugus Creek and its tributaries. Surface slightly uneven ; soil, clay loam. 300 miles W. from Albany. Ashland, Ms., Middlesex co. On head streams of Concord River which afford water power. The Worcester Railroad passes through the centre of the town. 25 miles W. S. W. from Boston. Ashland County, 0., c. h. at Ashland. N. part. Drained by branches of the Mohican Creek, a tributary of the Muskingum. Ashland 0., c. h. Ashland co. 30 miles N. E. from Columbus. Ashley County, As., c. h. at Hamburg. (New.) Asltby, Ms., Middlesex co., is on elevated land, bordering on Rindge, N. H. Branches of the Squamacook rise here, and pass to the Nashua. It is varied with hills and vales, and is rich in agricultural products and fine scenery. 42 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 25 N. W. from Con cord, N. H. Ashtabula County, 0., «. h. at Jefferson. In the 272 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, N. E. comer of the state, on the southern shore of Lake Erie. The soil is various, but generally good. Grand River, Ashtabula, and Conneaut Creeks are the most important streams ; these afford a valuable water power. They flow north westwardly into Lake Erie ; the land, which is mostly level, descends in that direction. The first settlers of this county emigrated from New England, and they and their descendants are re markable for thrift and intelligence. Ashtabula, O. Township and borough, Ashta bula co., on Ashtabula River, near its mouth, and 191 miles N. E. from Columbus. Ashville, Aa., c. h. St. Clair co. On the S. E. side of Canoe Creek, 90 miles N. E. from Tus caloosa. Ashville. N. C., c. h. Buncombe co. On French Broad River, 256 miles W. from Raleigh. Assumption Parish, La., c. h. at Assumption. S. central, on the S. side of the Mississippi. The Bayou La Fourche runs S. through it. Assumption, La., c. h. Assumption Parish. On Bayou La Fourche, 89 miles W. from New Orleans. Astoria, N. Y., Queen's CO., lies at Hallett's Cove, just below Hurl Gate. It contains a fe male seminary, -and manufactories of carpets, turpentine, and other articles. It is connected with New York by a ferry. It is distant 6 miles N.E. Asylum, Pa., Bradford co. Watered by the Susquehanna River, on which are the Wyalusing Falls, and by Duval's, Sugar, and Tonawanda Creeks. 145 miles N. from Harrisburg. Atchison County, Mo., c. h. at Linden. In the N. W. corner of the state. Watered by sev eral confluents of the Missouri, which flow S. through it. Athens, Aa., c. h. Limestone eo. About 1 mile W. from Swan Creek, and 154 miles- N. by E. from Tuscaloosa. Athens, Ga., c. h. Clarke co. Situated on the W. bank of the Oconee River, the seat of the Georgia University. (See Colleges.) 75 miles N. by W. from Milledgeville ; connected with Au gusta by railroad. Athens, Ky., Fayette co. On a small branch of Kentucky River, 34 miles S. E. from Frankfort. Athens, Me., Somerset co. Watered by a branch of Kennebec River. 18 miles N. N. E. from Nor- ridgewock, 45 miles N. from Augusta. Athens, N. Y., Greene co. On the Hudson River, opposite the city of Hudson. The surface in the W. part is hilly, but it becomes more level near the Hudson. Soil generally fertile, being a mixture of clay, sand, and loam. There is in this town a quarry of graywacke slate, from which large quantities of flagging stone are sent to market. It is 29 miles S. from Albany, and 5 N. from Catskill village. • Athens County, 0., c. h. at Athens. On the S. E. it touches the Ohio River, and the Hock ing flows through it from N. W. to S. E. This county is very irregular in its form. Its mean breadth from N. E. to S. W. is about 20 miles, and its length, upon the longest line that can be drawn over it, is 40 miles. It contains an area of 74.0 square miles. Tho surface is broken and hilly, but the soil is good. Lime, freestone, and clav for brick, furnish abundant materials for building. The county contains bituminous coal in abundance, and in several localities iron ore is found. Salt of an excollent quality has been manufactured from the water of wells sunk deep into the earth" for that purpose. The Hocking River enters the county at its extreme north western angle, and flows S. E. diagonally over the whole territory, falling into the Ohio River at its extreme south-western angle. The south ern border declines to the southward, and is watered by several creeks which run into the Ohio. There are many good mill sites on the Hocking River and its branches. Two town ships in this county, containing 46,080 acres, were granted by the United States Congress for the endowment of a state university, which has since been established at Athens, the chief town of the county. Athens, 0., c. h. Athens co. 72 miles S. E. from Columbus. Situated on a peninsula formed by a curve in the Hockhocking River. It is well built, generally of brick, and presents a neat and picturesque appearance. The Ohio University is located here, the buildings of which are on a slight eminence in the south part of the village. (See Colleges.) There is likewise an academy in the place. The township to which it belongs is the northernmost of the two granted by Congress for the support of the university. There are in the place a number of stores and mechanical es tablishments, and an active business is done.' Athens, Pa., Bradford co. Beautifully situated at the junction of the Chemung and Susquehan na Rivers. Surface a gently-undulating plain, environed by mountains. Athens, Pa. An eastern township of Craw ford co. Athens, Te., c. h. McMinn co. On Eastanalla Creek, 15 miles from its entrance into the Ten nessee, and 154 S. E. from Nashville. Athens, Vt., Windham co. A good township of land, particularly for grazing. 10 miles from Bellows Falls, and 98 S. from Montpelier. Athol, Ms., Worcester co. On Miller's River, a fine stream which affords great water power. The surface is uneven ; soil strong and produc tive. There are a number of handsome villages in the town, and many large farms. 70 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 28 N. W. from Worcester. The Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad passes through the principal village. Athol, N. Y., Warren co. A large township on the head waters of the Hudson River, watered by several of its tributaries. The W. part is sterile, and chiefly valuable for its timber. 71 miles N. from Albany. Atkinson, Me., Piscataquis co. On Piscataquis River. 132 miles N. E. from Portland. Atkinson, N. H, Rockingham co. It has an uneven surface, but superior soil. The apple has been much cultivated, and the finest fruit is produced. One of the oldest academies in tho state is here. 30 miles S. W. from Portsmouth, and 36 S. E. from Concord. Atlantic County, N. J., c. h. at May's Landing, S. E. part. It embraces numerous islands, and its sea-shore is indented by many bays. Soil chiefly light and sandy. Attala County, Mi., c. h. at Kosciusko. Central. Watered by the Big Black, which separates it from Holmes co., and by head branches of Pearl River. Surface ievel ; soil tolerably good. Atica, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Ton awanda Creek and its tributaries. Surface un dulating ; soil well adapted to the growth of grass and grain. 250 miles W. from Albany. IN THE UNITED STATES. 273 Attleboro', Ms., Bristol co. In the N. W. corner of the county. It possesses a fine water power. Ten Mile River runs the whole length of the town,, and puts in operation several cotton mills, and a calico printing establishment. There are a large number of smaller manufactures, such as boots and shoes, combs, carpenter's tools, clocks, straw bonnets, and jewelry. The Boston and Providence Railroad passes through it. 30 miles S. S. W. from Boston, and 12 N. from Providence, R. I. Auburn, la., c. h. De Kalb co. 153 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. Auburn, Me., Cumberland co. Taken from Mi- not, in 1842. 30 miles N. from Portland. On the Androscoggin. A flourishing town. Auburn, Ms., Worcester co. There are a num ber of flourishing villages here ; the principal are Stoneville and Drury Mills, large manufactur ing places. French River passes through it: also the Norwich and Worcester Railroad. 45 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 5 S. by W. from Worcester. Auburn, N. H, Rockingham co., contains some fine swells of land. 5 miles E. from Manchester. Taken from Chester in 1845. Auburn, N. Y., c. h. Cayuga co. 173 miles W. from Albany, and 152 miies E. from Buffalo. This is one of the most beautiful and thriving inland towns in the state. It is situated on both sides of the stream which forms the outlet of the Owasco Lake, about a mile and a half S. of the body of the lake. There is a fine hydraulic power upon the stream where it passes through the town, which is largely improved for mills and manufacturing purposes. The entire fall is about 100 feet, and the amount of water dis charged from the lake is large and little affected by the variations of flood or drought. A large cotton factory, several flouring mills, saw mills, sash and blind factories, planing mills, iron founderies, and other works are carried by this water power. Auburn is pleasantly laid out, though with less regularity than is commonly aimed at in modern towns. The streets are gen erally straight, but seldom parallel, and conse quently intersecting each other, for the most part at every variety of acute and obtuse angles. The principal streets are wide, well paved, or macadamized, and built up in some sections with handsome ranges of stores, dwellings, and public houses, of brick or dressed limestone, some of them four stories high, which would not dis credit the streets of our largest commercial cities. The state prison located at Auburn has been re garded, in its system of discipline, as a model for such institutions. It is located in the N. W. part of the village, enclosing a square of 500 feet on a side, by a stone wall from 16 to 40 feet high. The buildings form three sides of a square, 276 feet in front, the wings running back 242 feet, with a width of 45 feet. In -the area formed by the main prison buildings is a grass plot, laid out with gravel walks. In the rear of this is the in terior enclosure, occupied by the workshops of the prisoners, built against the outer wall of the prison yard. The outlet of the Owasco passes by the S. side of this enclosure, and is made to turn a wheel without the wall, the shaft of which, passing through, gives motion to the machinery within. The prisoners labor in the shops by day under the direction of the overseers, in the presence of each other, but without any communication, and 35 at night they go to occupy each his solitary cell. This system, as distinguished from the old meth od of placing several prisoners in the same apart ments for lodging, with opportunity of unre strained intercourse on the one hand, and from that of solitary confinement in their separate cells, by day as well as by night, on the other, is what has obtained the name of the "Auburn system of prison discipline," in consequence of its having been first set in operation here, and the prison being constructed with special ref erence to its application. The chief peculiarity of structure is in the arrangement of the cells. The cells are in a body, or block, extending through the centre of each wing of the prison buildings, ranged in tiers of four stories high, with galleries or stagings passing by the doors. The space between this block of cells and the walls of the prison is 10 feet wide from top to bottom, thus forming, as it were, a prison within a prison.' The cells are 7 feet long, 7 feet high, and 3£ feet wide, sufficiently lighted while day light continues, and well warmed and ventilated from the intermediate area. The earnings of the Auburn prison for the year 1850, were $68,737-31 ; the expenditures, $71,166-07. There is usually a balance in favor of the establishment. The surplus in 1849 was $10,837-80. This prison was commenced in 1816. There is at Auburn a The ological Seminary, of the Presbyterian Church, connected with the New School General Assem bly. The buildings are pleasantly situated in the N. part of the village. The principal edifice is of stone, composed of a centre building and two wings, four stories high, connected by intermedi ate sections of three stories above the base ments, the whole presenting a front of 200 feet. (See Theological Seminaries.) The other public buildings in Auburn are the court house and jail, the Auburn Academy, the Auburn Female Seminary, and churches of the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Universalist, and Roman Catholic denominations. Auburn was set tled in 1793. Incorporated as a village in 1815, and as a town in 1823. Population in 1850, 9548. Audrain County, Mo., c. h.'at Mexico. N.E. central, in the N. angle between the Mississippi and Missouri. Watered by the S. fork of Salt River. Surface level ; soil fertile. Auglaize County, O., c. h. at Wappaukonetta. In the N. W. part of the state, on the head wa ters of the Auglaize River. Augusta, Io., Des Moines co. A neat and flourishing village, on the N. side of Skunk River. A large flouring mill is in operation here. Augusta, Ga. City, and seat of justice of Rich mond co., on the S. W. side of the Savannah River, 96 miles N. E. from Milledgeville, and 120 miles N. W. from Savannah, with which it connects by steamboat navigation. This city is regularly laid out and well built. The streets are wide, and intersect each other at right angles. Many of them are beautifully shaded with trees. The city is built chiefly of brick, and many of the houses are spacious and elegant. The prin cipal public buildings are the city hall, market house, court house, a jail, a theatre, a hospital, a female asylum, an arsenal, and several handsome churches. Some of the public buildings are costly and elegant. Many of the blocks of stores are large and substantial, and the whole place has much of the aspect of a large commercial mart. It has long been a very flourishing place- 274 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, of business, and has perhaps as much trade as any other place of its population in the country. The country back of Augusta is very rich, and a great amount of cotton, tobacco, and other pro duce is brought here and sent down the river. There are 10 or 12 large commission houses en- faged in foreign trade, with a capital of about 250,000. Augusta enjoys excellent facilities for commercial intercourse with the interior by the several railroads which centre here, and others connected with them. Charleston and Savan nah, Milledgeville and Macon, Fort Gaines on the Chattahoochee, Athens in Te., Montgomery, the capital of Alabama, and other important places are connected* by railroad with Au gusta. Augusta, Ky., c. h. Bracken co. 7.3 miles N. E. from Frankfort. Augusta, Me., c. h. Kennebee co. City, and cap ital of the state. Situated at the head of sloop navigation on the Kennebec River, 43 miles from the sea. It was first settled in 1771, and incor porated as atownin 1797. . Population in 1820 2475; 1830,3980; 1840,5314; 1850,8231. Au gusta lies on hoth sides of tho Kennebec, rising each way by an easy ascent from the river. The bridge, uniting the E. and W. parts of the town, is a fine structure, 5?0 feet in length, built in 1799, at a cost of $28,000. The town is well laid out, neatly built, and contains many handsome struc tures. There are nine or ten churches of the vari ous denominations. The state house in Augusta is a spacious and elegant structure, located upon a beautiful eminence about half a mile from the vil lage, on the road towards Hallowell, and com mands an extensive and very delightful prospect. It is built of hammered granite, or rather gneiss, of a white color, and very much resembles marble at a distance The material of which it was built was quarried near the spot on which it stands. In front is an extensive common, adorned with trees tastefully arranged, which, when grown into shades, will afford a delightful promenade. — The United States arsenal buildings are situated upon the E. bank of the river, in view of the village, and are chiefly constructed of stone, and present a very fine appearance. The grounds are extensive, beautifully arranged, and sur rounded by a costly iron fence. There are at present about 2000 stand of arms deposited here, besides cannon and other munitions of war. — The state insane hospital, a splendid granite edi fice, an honor to the state and to humanity, occu pies a plat of elevated ground of seventy acres, on the east side of the river. Its situation is un rivalled for the beauty of its scenery. It is much admired for its external architecture and internal arrangement. The centre building and wings are 262 feet long; the centre building being 8-2 feet in length, 46 feet wide, 4 stories high, bo- sides the basement and attic, having a chapel in the attic 80 by 40. Tho wings are 90 feet long in front, and 100 in the rear, 38 feet wide, and 3 stories high, divided into 126 rooms, 120 of which are designed for patients, with hulls between tho rooms 12 feet wide running the entire length of each wing, and communicating with the dining rooms in the centre building. — The Cony Fe male Academy was incorporated in 1818, owing its origin to the liberality of Hon. Daniel Cony. The building is a commodious and handsome edifice upon the east side of the river. At a short distance is a large boarding house connected with the institution. It has a fund of about $10,000, and a well-furnished laboratory and li brary. — There are excellent public houses in Augusta, the chief of which are the Augusta House, near the state house, and the Mansion House. — About half a mile above the village, a massive dam has been erected across the Ken nebec, with locks, for the purpose of improving the navigation of the river above, and of creating a water power of great capacity. The length of this dam, exclusive of the stone abutments and lock, is 584 feet, and the height 15 feet above ordinary high water mark, forming a pond of the average depth of 16 feet, and I6J miles in extent. The immense body of water, and the great and unfailing supply thus brought into ap plication for manufacturing purposes, are almost unsurpassed. The first cost of this great work was about $300,000. This water power is al ready used to a very considerable extent in pro pelling various kinds of machinery. Several saw mills, a. large flouring establishment, sash, door, and blind manufactories, machine shops, and a cotton factory, with 10,000 spindles, are in successful operation. — Augusta presents ad vantages for manufacturing establishments equal, if not superior, to any in New England. It is located in the heart of a large and powerful state, rapidly increasing in population and wealth, surrounded by a fertile country, rich in every necessary agricultural product, and stored with granite, clay, lumber, lime, iron ore, and every building material. The facilities afforded here for transportation are of inestimable value to a large manufacturing town. Cotton and other raw materials, and manufactured goods, may be transported by water to and from the very doors of the mills. The great Eastern Railroad from Boston and Portland passes through this town, in its course to Bangor. Steamboats pass from Augusta to Boston in eleven hours, li steam boat plies daily on the river above the dam to Waterville. This place cannot fail of becoming, at no distant day, the site of very extensive and profitable manufacturing operations. Augusta, Mi., c. h. Perry co. On Leaf River, 173 miles S. E. from Jackson. Augusta, N. Y., Oneida co. The W. part of this, township is watered by Oneida Creek and its tributaries, and the S. E. part by Oriskany Creek, which has a fall of 30 feet, affording a fine hydraulic power. Tho Chenango Canal also passes tlirough the town. Surface rolling; soil tolerably good. 110 miles N. of W. from Alba ny, and 18 S. W. from the city of Utica. Augusta, Pa., Northumberland co. Watered by Great and Little Shamokin Creeks. Surface diversified ; soil, gravel, red shale, and alluvion. 65 miles N. from Harrisburg. Augusta County, Va., c. h. at Staunton. Be tween the Blue Ridge and the central ridge of the Alleghanies. Watered by branches of James and Shenandoah Rivers. Surface uneven and mountainous ; soil fertile, yielding large crops of wheat. Auraria, Ga., Lumpkin co. On tho ridge be tween Chostatee and Etowah Rivers, in the best part of the gold district, 135 miles N. N. W. from Milledgeville. Aurelius, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Owasco outlet, and several streams flowing into Cayuga Lake, which bounds it on the W. Sur- IN THE UNITED STATES. 275 face undulating.; soil good. 5 miles W. from the village of Auburn, and 178 from Albany. Aurelius, 0. A township of Washington co. The surface is hilly, but has a rich soil, covered with timber. 20 miles N. from Marietta. Aurora, Me., Hancock co. 106 miles E. from Augusta. Aurora, N. Y., Erie co. Drained by Seneca and Cazenovia Creeks. Its surface is undulating ; soil clay and gravelly loam. 276 miles W. from Albany, and 15 S. E. from the city of Buffalo. Aurora, N. Y., Ledyard, Cayuga co. Pleas antly situated on the E. bank of Cayuga Lake. It has a flourishing academy, and three or four churches. Steamboats stop here daily, which connect with railroads at each end of the lake. 170 miles W. from Albany. Aurora, 0., Portage co., is a township situated on the road from Warren, Trumbull co., to Cleveland, Cuyahoga co., 28 miles from the for mer, and 25 from the latter place, and 131 N. E. from Columbus. The railroad from Cleveland to the Ohio River passes through it. Au Sable, N. Y., Clinton co. On the N. side of the Great Au Sable River : the Little Au Sable passes through it. Surface undulating, and on the W. hilly. 1 5 miles S. from the village of Plattsburg, and 140 N. of Albany. Au Sable Forks, N. Y., Essex co. At the junction, on the E. and W. forks of Au Sable River. Here is a forge, rolling mill, and nail factory. 154 miles from Albany. Austerlitz, N. Y., Columbia co. On the Ms. border. Hilly and mountainous. Watered by several small tributaries of the Housatonic. The soil is a gravel and clay loam. 30 miles S. S.E. from Albany, and 14 N. E. from Hudson. Austin County, Ts., c. h. at Belleville. S. cen tral, on the Brazos. Austin, Ts. Capital of the state. Situated on the E. bank of the River Colorado, about 200 m. from Matagorda Bay. through which the river empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The town is pleasantly located, on ground elevated about 40 feet above the river. It derives importance from having become the seat of government of this new state, which, in connection with its nat ural advantages for trade and commerce, will give an impulse to its prosperity for years to come. Austintown, 0. A township of Mahoning co., 160 miles N. E.from Columbus. Autauga County, Aa., c. h. at Kingston. Cen tral. Bounded on the S. and E. by the Coosa, and watered by many small tributaries of that river. Surface broken ; soil good, and on the borders of the rivers very fertile. Averill, Vt., Essex co. On the Canada line. It has several large ponds, and is watered by a branch of Nulhegan River. The soil is cold and broken. 30 miles N. from Guildhall, and 60 N. E. from Montpelier. Avon, Ct., Hartford co., lies between two mountainous ridges, and has considerable rich level land on the borders of Farmington River. The view from Monte Video, on Talcott Moun tain, nearly 1000 feet above the waters of the Connecticut, is quite enchanting. 9 miles W. N. W. from Hartford. Avon, Me., Franklin co. Watered by some of the head branches of Sandy River. 35 miles W. by N. from Norridgewock, and 50 N. N. W. from Augusta. Avon, N. Y., Livingston co. On Genesee River, and also watered by the outlet of Conesris Lake and some other small streams. The sur face of the W. part is hilly, but on the E. it is more level. Soil fertile, especially on the bor ders of the streams, producing grass and grain in great abundance. There are several celebrated mineral springs in this town. (See Watering Places, p. 263.) 8 miles N. from the village of Genesee, and 220 W. from Albany. Avon, 0., Loraine co., borders on Lake Erie, and is watered by French Creek, which passes through the centre of the township. 17 miles W. from Cleveland. Avoyelles Parish, La., c. h. at Marksville. Central. On both sides of Red River, touching the Mississippi on the S. E. corner. The parts bor dering on the rivers are so low as to be liable to inundation, but the W. part, being more elevated, is fit for cultivation, and tolerably fertile. Cot ton is the principal product. Babylon, N. Y., Suffolk co. A pleasant sum mer retreat near South Bay. 185 miles S. E. from Albany. Bachelder, Me., Oxford co. Between two moun tains on the line of New Hampshire, 60 miles W. from Augusta. Bad, Axe County, Wn. On the Mississippi. Drained by Bad Axe River. Taken from Craw ford in 1851. Baileyville, Me., Washington co. On the line of N. Brunswick, 80 miles E. N. E. from Bangor. Bainbridge. Ga., c. h. Decatur co. On the E. side of Flint River, 188 miles S. S. W. from Milledgeville. Bainbridge, la., Putnam co. Near the Walnut fork of Eel River, and 38 miles W. from Indian apolis. Bainbridge, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by the Susquehanna River and its tributaries. The surface is hilly, the soil of good quality. 110 miles W. by S. from Albany. Baker County, Ga., c. h. at Newton. In the S. W. corner of the state. Watered by Flint River, which flows southerly through it, and its W. tributary, the Itchawaynochaway. Soil sandy, but well adapted to cotton. Bakersfidd, Vt., Franklin co. Somewhat broken, but not mountainous. Timbered prin cipally with hard wood. The soil is in general warm and productive. Watered by Black Creek, and several other small branches of the Missisco River. 30 miles N. E. from Burlington, and 38 N. N. W. from Montpelier. Balcony Falls, Va., Rockbridge co. On the James River, at the passage of the Blue Ridge. This is the W. terminus of the James River Canal. A dam is thrown across the river for the purpose of feeding the canal. The scenery here is bold and picturesque. 197 miles W. from Richmond. Baldwin County, Aa., c. h. at Blakely. Be tween the Perdido on the E., which separates it from Florida, the Gulf of Mexico on the S., and Mobile Bay on the W. Level near the Gulf of Mexico, but more uneven in the inte- rier. Soil tolerably good on the margins of the streams. Baldwin County, Ga., c. h. at Milledgeville.* Surface uneven. Drained by the Oconee River, which flows S. E. through tho middle of it. Soil generally good, and on the borders of the streams fertile. 276 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Baldwin, Me., Cumberland co. Between Se- bago Pond and Saco River. Baldwinsville, Ms., a village of Templeton, Worcester co. On the Vt. and Mass. Railroad. 64 miles W. by N. from Boston. Baldwinsville, N. Y., Onondaga co. On the N. side of Seneca River, and possessing a good water power, which is improved for iron works, machine shops, flouring mills, the manufacture of woollens, &c. There is here a flourishing academy. Boats from the Oswego Canal are brought through the Seneca River to this village. 145 miles W. by N. from Albany. Ballard County, Ky., c. h. at Columbus. In the N. W. corner, in the angle at the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi. Drained by May- field's Creek and its branches. Ballston Spa, N. Y., c. h. Saratoga co. See Fash ionable Resorts. Ballston, N. Y., Saratoga co. Surface slightly uneven; soil mostly gravelly loam. 4 miles S. of Ballston Spa, and 26 N. from Albany. Baltimore County, Md., c. h. at Baltimore city. N. part, stretching from Chesapeake Bay to the Pennsylvania line. Watered by Gunpowder and Patapsco Rivers. Surface hilly. Baltimore, Md. City, port of entry, and seat of justice of Baltimore co. Situated on the Patapsco River, about 14 miles from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and about 200 miles from the ocean by ship channel. It lies 40 miles N. E. from Washington, and 97 S. W. from Philadelphia. The population in 1790 was 13,503; in 1800, 26,514; in 1810, 35,583; in 1820, 62,738; in 1830, 80,625; in 1840, 102,313; in 1850, 169,012. The city is favorably located on the N. side of a bay which is formed by the Patapsco River ; having an area, over which it is compactly built, of about two miles on the bay, E. and W., and a mile and a half N. and S. As laid out, it includes a plot of 4 miles square. The ground is slightly uneven, having man}' gentle elevations ; wbich give the city a fine drainage, and affords many commanding sites for public edifices and private dwellings, espe cially towards the N. and E. The highest of these elevations, is that on which the Wash ington Monument is erected, the base of which is 150 feet above the harbor. The streets are laid out with much regularity, generally straight, and crossing each other at right angles, having a width of from 50 to 100 feet. The principal promenade is Baltimore Street, S6 feet wide and 2 miles long, running E. and W. through the centre of the city. A small river, called Jones's Falls, empties into the harbor, passing through the city, and dividing it into two nearly equal parts on the E. and W. Over this stream are three elegant and substantial stone bridges, and four of wood, by which the different parts of the city are conveniently united. The houses are generally built of brick, with a basement of granite or marble, the materials for which are obtained from the vicinity; and they evince a state of general prosperity and substantial wealth, without ostentation or display. Among the pub lic buildings, the city hall, on Holliday Street, is a plain edifice, three stories high, with a portico supported by four massive columns ; a substan tial and convenient structure, without much pre tension to architectural beauty, occupied by the city council and several public offices. Tho court house, on the corner of Washington and Monument Streets, is a handsome building, con structed of brick and marble, 145 feet long, 65 wide, and 2 stories high. The building is ele vated 10 or 12 feet above the level of tbe adja cent streets, and is approached by steps in the front and rear. Above the steps As a colonnade, with Tuscan pillars supporting a plain entablature above. The building is crowned with a cupola of imposing appearance. Its interior arrange ments are such as to render it one of the finest court houses in the country. The state peni tentiary, on the corner of Forrest and Madison Streets, consists of a centre building, and two wings, a little separated from it, on the E. and W. ; of which the first is occupied by the keeper's family, officers, and guards ; the E. wing, having 320 dormitories, by the male prisoners; and the W. wing by the females. Besides these build ings, there are ranges of workshops extending 250 feet in length and 25 in breadth, in which the prisoners work by day. By night they are confined in their separate cells. Near to the state penitentiary is the county prison, two stories high, with a basement and an attic, sur mounted by a neat cupola, and adorned by towers at both the ends. Among the church edifices, the two most distinguished for architectural ele gance are the Roman Catholic Cathedral, corner of Cathedral and Mulberry Streets, and the Unitarian Church, corner of Charles and Frank lin Streets. The cathedral is a cruciform build ing, 190 feet in length, and at the transept 177 feet in breadth. Its height, from the foundation to the top of the cross upon the dome, is 127 feet. The building is lighted from the dome by windows not visible below. At the W. end of the building two tall towers arise, wbich are crowned with Saracenic cupolas, resembling the minarets of a Mahometan mosque. It was originally designed to place an elegant Ionic portico between these towers ; but this part of the design remains unexecuted by reason of the great expense of the edifice. This church has one of the largest organs in the United States, having 6000 pipes and 36 stops. It contains two splendid paintings, the one, the descent from the cross, presented by Louis XVI., and the other, St. Louis burying his officers and soldiers slain before Tunis, presented by Charles X. of France. The Unitarian Church, which is also much admired for the beauty of its architecture, is 108 feet in length and 78 feet in width. It has a colonnade in front consisting of four Tus can columns and two pilasters. From this por tico the building is entered through five bronze doors, in imitation of those of the Vatican at Rome, three leading into the body of the house and two into the galleries. The interior is square, supporting a dome 55 feet in diametei'. The summit of the cupola is 80 feet high. The organ in this church contains 1400 pipes and 22 stops. St. Paul's Church, Episcopal, with its lofty tower and steeple, tbe First Presbyterian Church, with two towers, and the First Baptist Church, with its Ionic portico and dome, are prominent buildings of the city. Among the commercial institutions, the Exchange, between Water and Gay Streets, is a splendid building, 225 feet long, and 141 feet deep, and three stories high above the basement. On tho E. and W. fronts, the building is adorned with colonnades of six Ionic columns each, the shafts of which are single blocks of Italian marble finely wrought. IN THE UNITED STATES. 277 The edifice is surmounted with a dome 115 feet above the street. The Merchants' Room, in the Exchange, is 53 feet square. The Custom House is entered from Water Street. It has an exten sive saloon divided by colonnades into three apart ments. The desks of the officers are ranged between the columns, and the central area is occupied by persons doing business wkh the department. The Collector's Room is at the upper end of the hall. The buildings of the Maryland University are situated in Lombard Street, and those of St. Mary's College upon the corner of Franklin and Green streets. A number of the public schools have handsome and convenient edifices. A fine building of Gothic architecture has been erected for the accommodation of the institution known as McKim's Free School. Among the benevolent institutions, the Hospital is provided with a spa cious and commodious building in thcN. W. sub urbs of the city, which was erected at a cost of $150,000. It commands u fine view of the city and surrounding country. On account of the number of monuments which it contains, Bal timore has obtained the name of the " Monu mental City." The Washington Monument, at the intersection of Charles and Monument Streets, is a most imposing structure. This is a column of the Doric order, 20 feet in diameter at the base and 14 at the top, rising 180 feet from a base 20 feet high, and bearing a statue of Washington which is 13 feet in height. The whole is constructed of white marble. There is an ascent to the top of the column by a winding staircase witliin the shaft, where a most com manding view of the city and its environs is obtained. The Battle Monument, at the corner of Calvert and Fayette Streets, is a handsome structure of fine white marble, erected to com memorate the bravery of those who fell in de fending tho city from the attack of the British on the 12th of September, 1814. The base is Egyptian, in the form of a truncated pyramid, rising about 20 feet from the ground, having on each front an Egyptian doorway, with the winged globe and other Egyptian symbols, un der the shadow of a deep overhanging cornice. Above this base rises the column, in the form of a Roman fasces, on the bands of which arc in scribed, in letters of gold, the names of those who fell in the battle. The column is surmounted by a female figure, emblematical of the city of Baltimore, saved by the event of this engage ment. The British force which invaded the' city in this attack consisted of about 12,000 troops, and a squadron of 40 or 50 vessels. Fort McIIenry at the entrance of tho harbor from Patapsco Bay, was bombarded by sixteen ships from the squad ron for twenty-four hours. These, being repulsed, drew off. The troops, to the number of 9000 men, landed at North Point, and preceded to within six miles of the city, where they were met, on the 12th of September, by tho Baltimore brigade, under General Stryker, consisting of 3,200 men. In the severe battle which ensued tho British commander, General Ross, was killed. The Americans retreated towards tbe city, and were slowly followed on the next day by the enemy; but fearing lest their own retreat should be cut off, which was contemplated, they hastily returned on board their fleet, and left the Chesa peake. — Baltimore is well supplied with pure and wholesome water. In different parts of the city are public fountains, snpplied by springs, en closed by circular iron railings, and covered by small open temples, consisting of columns sup porting a dome, which answer both a useful and an ornamental purpose. But the chief supply is by means of an aqueduct, in which water is brought from Jones's Falls, a distance of about half a mile, into a reservoir in Calvert Street, and thence distributed to every part of the city. Baltimore enjoys great facilities both for foreign and domestic trade. The harbor is very fine, con sisting of three parts. The entrance to the outer harbor, between Fort McIIenry and the Lazaret to, is no more than about 600 yards in width, with 22 feet of water. This width gradually in creases, with tho same depth of water, for a mile and a quarter, where it is again contracted to one fourth of a mile, and forms the entrance to the second or middle harbor, over a channel of about 12 feet of water. Above this, which is called Fell's Point, the harbor again expands into an ellipse, half a mile in width and a mile long, having a depth of 15 feet. The third or inner harbor, called the Basin, has a depth of 10 feet, and extends nearly into the middle of the city. Vessels of 500 or 600 tons can lie at tho wharves near Fell's Point, and those of 200 tons or more can come into the city through tho inner harbor. A marine telegraph is located on Fed eral Hill, which communicates with a signal on the Chesapeake Bay. to give notice of the ap proach of vessels through the bay. In respect to domestic commerce, this city possesses distin guished advantages. By its natural position it must necessarily draw to itself most of the trade of Maryland, one half of that of the great state of Pennsylvania, and no inconsiderable portion of that of the Western Slates. And then, by the means which its own enterprise has provided, these natural advantages are greatly increased. It has lines of steam packets running to Phila delphia and Norfolk, and of sailing packets to New York, and to other large ports on the Atlan tic coast. The communication of Baltimore with the surrounding country is now greatly fa cilitated and extended by railroads. One chain connects the city with Philadelphia and New York. Tho Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail road extends to York, in Pennsylvania, and thence by another route connects the 'city with Philadel phia. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which is designed to connect the city with Wheeling, on the Ohio River, is in operation as far as Cum berland, near the foot of the Alleghany Moun tains, and when carried through to Wheeling. will open the most direct and speedv communi cation between the valley of the Mississippi and tho Atlantic coast. A branch from this road connects the city with Washington, a distance of about 40 miles, and thence extends by an almost continuous route to New Orleans. As a market for tobacco, Baltimore is second to no other, and has been reckoned the greatest flour market in the world. The manufactures of this city aie not less important to its prosperity than its com merce. A great amount of water power exists in the vicinity, which has been made extensive ly available for manufacturing purposes. Upon Jones's Falls, the small stream which passes through the city, there is a succession of mill sites, which are improved for manufacturing pur poses. The Patapsco River, though not large, has a fall of about 800 feet, through a distance , 278 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. of 30 miles out of Baltimore, affording numer ous and valuable situations for mills and facto ries. There are, within 20 miles of the city. 60 or more flouring mills; also numerous manufac tories of cotton and woollen fabrics, of powder, paper, iron, copper, glass, steam engines and other machinery, chemicals, tobacco, &c. The literary and scientific institutions of Baltimore are vari ous and respectable. The Maryland Institute, established for the promotion of the mechanic arts, has a fine chemical laboratory, and philo sophical apparatus. The Maryland Academy of Sciences and Literature has its library and collections in the Atheneum buildings. There is also the City Library, the Apprentices' Library, and the Exchange Reading Rooms. The Maryland University, and St. Mary's College, which latter institution is under the "direction of the Roman Catholi:-s, are located in this city. For the particulars of these institutions, the read er is referred to the article on Colleges in this work. The charitable and benevolent institu tions of the city are also numerous, among which, besides the Hospital, already noticed, there are the Almshouse, several orphan asylums, a City Dispensary, and various other associations for the relief of poverty and distress. There are in the city something over 40 churches of different denominations. The Roman Catholics, by whom Baltimore was originally settled, are the most- numerous. They havo six church edifices, in cluding tlieir great cathedral. The Methodists have 9 ; the Episcopalians 5 ; the Presbyterians 5 ; the Baptists 4 ; the Unitarians 1 ; besides those of the Lutherans, German Reformed, and Friends. Baltimore was first laid out as a town in 1729. It contained only 50 houses in 1765. In 1797 it was chartered as a city. Owing to its eminent natural advantages, it has hart a rapid growth in population and in wealth. The municipal gov ernment is vested in a mayor and city council. The mayor is elected for two years, by twelve electors, one from each ward, chosen by tho people. Baltimore, 0., Fairfield co. On the Ohio Ca nal, which intersects tho village. There is a considerable water power here applied to the flouring business, tbe manufacture of woollen cloths, &c. 32 miles S. W. from Columbus. Bangor, Me., city and seat of justice of Penob scot co., is at the head of navigation on the W. side of Penobscot River, where it is entered by the Kenduskeag, 30 miles N. by E. from Bel fast Bay, and about 60 miles from the open sea. It is 66 miles E.N. E. from Augusta. — Tho first settlement in this place, by the whites, was made in the winter of 1709-70. In 1772, the planta tion, Kenduskeag. as it was then called, consisted of twelve families. In 1790, the population of Bangor was 169; in 1800, 277: in 1810, 850; in 1820', 1221 ; in 1830, 2868 ; in 1840, 8627 ; and in 1850, 14,432. — The compact part of the popula tion is on both sides of Kenduskeag stream, which is about 190 yds. in width at its mouth, over which are three bridges, and on which, at tho foot of the falls, about a mile from tho city, arc numerous mills. The bridge across the Penobscot, 100 rods above the mouth of the Ken-duskeag, to the pleasant town of Brewer, is about 440 yards in length. It cost $50,000. The basin at and be low the mouth of the Kenduskeag, where the vessels lie to receive their cargoes, is 90 rods in width, and affords good anchorage. The tide here generally rises about 1 7 feet. Ship building is extensively pursued at this place ; but commerce in lumber, of all the various kinds in use, is the principal occupation of the inhabitants. An immense amount of that article is annually raft ed down the rivers, and transported to almost all parts of the world. Bangor is the greatest depot for lumber on the continent of America. — On the Penobscot River, and its tributary streams, above Bangor, arc between 300 and 400 saw mills, capable of cutting an immense amount of lumber annually; all of which', except what is used in building, must be shipped at the harbor of Bangor. The value of the boards, timber, clapboards, shingles, oars, scantling, wood, &c., shipped at this port, varies from one to two mil lions of dollars annually. A large number of vessels are annually employed, during the season of navigation, in freighting lumber, timber, &c, to various places, besides others engaged in for eign commerce and in the fisheries. — Bangor was incorporated as a town in 1791, and in 1S34 it became a city. — The site of this city is pleas ant, commanding fine views of the rivers and the adjoining country. The buildings, both public and private, are constructed with neatness and taste, and some in a style of superior ele gance. There are several handsome church edi fices and other public buildings. The public houses are excellent, among which is the Bangor House. The Custom House is a new and beauti ful buildinsof granite. The buildings of the The ological Seminary are beautifully situated in tho most elevated part of the city. Conveyances for travellers from the city are frequent and comfort able both by land and water. A railroad is in operation to Oldtown, 12 miles, and steamboats ply to and from Portland and Boston during the season of navigation, which generally continues eight or nine months in the year. The great Eastern Railroad from Boston has reached Water- ville, and will soon be extended to Bangor ; and at no very distant period, doubtless, to the British province of New Brunswick. Excursions to this queen city of the east are becoming quite fash ionable in the summer months. — -Bangor is oa one of the noblest rivers in the Northern States — the product of an almost countless number of tributary streams. Bangor is seated at the natural outlet of these mighty waters, as the mart of one of the most extensive and one of the richest alluvial basins cast of the Ohio valley. It is true that this section of country is in a high degree of latitude, and that the icy chains of winter arc felt with greater force and for a longer period than in more southern climes. But this seeming disadvantage is more than compensated by the unrivalled purity of the air and water — two of the indispensable requisites of health and longevity. There is probably no portion of country in the world where the great staples of wheat, beef, and wool can be produced with greater facility, where surplus produce can find a market at less expense, or where the industri ous agriculturist can reap a more sure reward. On a comparison of the present population of this immense territory, extending from tide water to Madawaska, with that of older settlements of a less fertile soil, of less navigable facilities, and in nearly as high a degree of latitude, the mind is favorably impressed with the flattering pros pects of the valley of the Penobscot, and of Baa- IN THE UNITED STATES. 279 gor, which must ever possess superior advantages as a mart of trade. Bangor, N. Y., Franklin co. Drained by Little Salmon River, and some branches of the Salmon. The surface is level ; the soil good. 220 miles N. N. W. from Albany. Barbour County, Aa., c. h. at Clayton. In the S. E. angle separated by the Chattahoochee from Georgia. Surface rolling ; soil fertile on the margins of the streams. Barbour County, Va., e. h. at Philippa. In the N. W. part. Uneven and rough. Watered by the E. fork of Monongahela, which flows through it from S. to N. Barboursville, Ky., c. h. Knox co. 130 miles S. E. from Frankfort. Barcelona, N. Y., Westfield, Chautauque co. Port of entry, and a place of considerable trade. Situated on Lake Erie, 51 miles S. W. from Buf falo, and 343 W. from Albany. Bardstown, Ky., c. h. Nelson co. On the E. side of Beech Fork, a branch of Salt River. Cotton and woollen cloths are manufactured here to some extent, steam power being employed. St. Joseph's College (Roman Catholic) is lo cated here, which has one handsome four-story building. (See Colleges.) This is one of the hand somest towns of the west, and contains an en terprising, intelligent, and remarkably moral population. 40 miles S. E. from Louisville, and 50 S. W. from Frankfort. Baring, Me., Washington co. Bounded N. by the St. Croix River, E. by Calais, and W. by a large and beautiful pond which empties into the St. Croix. 209 miles N. E. by E. from Augusta. Barker, N. Y., Broome co. Tioughnioga Riv er and some of its tributaries water this town. Its surface is uneven ; its soil well adapted to grazing. 12 miles S. from Binghampton, and 135 S. W. from Albany. Barkhampstead, Ct., Litchfield co. Watered by branches of Farmington River. The soil is more particularly adapted to grazing. First settled 1746. Incorporated 1779. Granite, iron ore, and limestone are found here. The hilly part of the town presents some fine scenery. Hitchcock- ville, N. of the centre of the town, is a flourishing manufacturing village, with great water privileges. Barnard, Vt., Windsor co. It is watered by Broad Brook and Locust Creek. In the centre is the village, and a beautiful pond. The sur face is hilly, and the soil well adapted to grazing. 21 miles N. W. from Windsor, and 37 S. from Montpelier. Barnesville, O., Warren township, Belmont co. 55 miles N. from Marietta, and 100 E. from Co: lumbus. Barnesville, 0., Belmont co. A place of ac tive business, where steam is applied for man ufacturing purposes. 30 miles S. W. by W. from Wheeling, and 101 miles E. from Columbus. Barnet, Vt., Caledonia co. On Connecticut River, at the Fifteen Mile Falls, and opposite Lyman, N. H. It has a good soil, and is an ex cellent farming town, with slate and iron ore. It has a great water power on Passumpsic and Stevens Rivers. On the latter are falls of 100 feet in the distance of ten rods. There are a num ber of pleasant and fertile islands in the river, between this place and Lyman. The head of boat navigation on Connecticut River is at the lower village in this town, viz., Mclndoes's Falls. The principal places of business are at this vil lage, at the village at Stevens's mills, and at Passumpsic village. 11 miles S. from Danville, and 36 E. from Montpelier. The Passumpsic Railroad passes through this town, affording rail road connection with New York, Boston, &c. Barnstable County, Ms. c. h. at Barnstable. This county includes the whole of Cape Cod. The whole length of the cape is 65 miles, and tho average breadth about 5 miles. Below the town of Barnstable the county is quite sandy, so much so that tbe people are generally dependent on Boston and other towns for a large proportion of their meats and breadstuffs. This deficit is amply compensated by the unrivalled privileges enjoyed, and well improved by them, in the cod, mackerel, and other fisheries This county has but little wood, but it is well stored with peat, and an abundance of pure, soft water. Barnstable, Ms., c. h. Barnstable co. Pleas antly located at the head of Cape Cod. Its har bor is formed by Sandy Neck, and is good for vessels of 8 feet draught of water. From this place packets constantly ply to Boston, and, in the summer months, steamboats run between this place, Plymouth, and Boston. There are a number of pleasant villages in the town. West Barnstable village is 4 m. from the court house. Hyannis is 6 S from it, and has become, by an expensive breakwater, a most important harbor, perfectly safe from all winds. Oystcrville, Cen- treville, and Cotuit, are on the south side of the cape, and have good harbors for small vessels. This town has numerous ponds, a valuable cranberry meadow, some fine upland, and exten sive salt marshes. 65 miles S. E. from Boston. Barnstead, N. H.. Belknap co. Not mountain ous, but has large swells of land, good for graz ing. Soil easy of cultivation and productive. 20 miles N. E. from Concord. Barnsville, Ga., Pike co. On the Western Rail road. 40 miles from Macon, and 65 W. from Milledgeville. Barnwell District, S. O, c. h. at Barnwell. S. part, between the South Edisto and Savan nah Rivers. It is drained by the Combahee and Salkahatehie Rivers, and contains several sul phur springs. The Hamburg and Charleston Railroad crosses the N. part. Barnwell, S. C, c. h. Barnwell district On Turkey Creek, near the great Salkahatehie Riv er. 100 miles S. by W. from Columbia. Barre, Ms., Worcester co. Surface elevated. Soil good. Drained by several head branches of the Ware River. A busy town, with a variety of miscellaneous manufactures. 60 miles W. by S. from Boston. Barre, N. Y, c. h. Orleans co. On the Erie Canal. Drained by seVeral small streams. Sur face undulating ; soil suitable for the growth of grass and grain. 257 miles N. of W. from Albany. Barre, Vt, Washington co. One of the best farming towns in the state. It is well watered by Stevens and Jail branches of Winooski Riv er. Inexhaustible quantities of excellent granite are found here. 6 miles S. E. from Montpelier. The Vermont Central Railroad passes through the town. Barren County, Ky., c. h. at Glasgow. S. cen tral. Watered by Little Barren and the Beaver branch of Big "Barren River, a tributary of Green. Surface slightly uneven ; soil of medi um quality. 280 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES^ &c, Barrington, N. H., Strafford co'. The surface broken and rocky ; the soil chiefly a gravelly loam. There are no less than 13 ponds of con siderable magnitude in this place, from whence issue streams. On Isinglass River is a fall of 30 feet. Two miles from the centre of the town is a remarkable cavern, called the Devil's Den. Granite and iron ore are plenty. 20 miles N. W. from Portsmouth, and 30 E. from Concord. Barrington, N. Y., Yates co. This town lies E. of Crooked Lake, and is drained by a num ber of small streams. The surface is undulat ing, and the soil good. 193 miles W. from Albany. Barrington, R. I., Bristol co. This small town is well watered by Palmer's River, and by an inlet of Warren River, over which is a bridge. The soil of the town is of a fertile sandy loam, and quite productive. Large quantities of sea weed are collected on its shores. A large tract in Barrington, called the '¦ Cove," now covered with water to a considerable depth, is supposed to have once been a forest, as timber and fuel are obtained from its bottom. Some salt is made in this town, and shell and other fish are abun dant. 8 miles E. N. E. from Providence. Barry County, Mn., e. h. at Hastings. S. W. central. Watered chiefly by Thorn Apple Riv er. Surface undulating and broken ; soil fertile. Barry County, Mo., c. h. at McDonald. In the S. W. corner, bordering on Arkansas. Surface hilly; soil mostly good. Barry, Pa. A N. W. township of Schuylkill co. Watered by Deep Creek, a branch of the Susque hanna River. Surface mountainous, with fertile valleys. 76 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Bart, Pa. A S. E. township of Lancaster co. Watered by a head branch of Octarara Creek. 55 miles E. from Harrisburg. Bartholomew County, la. c. h. at Columbus. S. E. central. Soil very fertile. The E. branch of White River flows S. through the middle of it. It is also traversed by tho Madison and Indian apolis Railroad. Bartlett, N. H., Coos co., lies at the foot of the White Mountains, on the E. side. The Saco River meanders through it. Bartlett, Pa. A township of Jefferson co., on both sides of Union River. Barton, N. Y., Tioga co. Situated partly be tween the Susquehanna and Chemung Rivers, and watered by Cayuta Creek. Surface hilly ; soil rather sterile, except the valleys, which are very fertile. 15 miles W. from Oswego, and 181 miles S. W. from Albany. Barton, Vt., Orleans eo. Watered by Barton River. A thriving town, with a good hydraulic power. 42 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Baskingridge, N. J., Somerset co. A beautiful and healthy place, lying on high ground. 46 miles N. by E. from Trenton. Bastrop County, Ts., c. h. at Bastrop. Situated on both sides of tho Colorado. Bastrop, Ts., c. h. Bastrop co. On E. bank of tho Colorado, 40 miles S. E. from Austin. Bataoia, N. Y., Genesee co. Watered by Ton awanda Creek, which winds through the town. The surface is lovol ; the soil fertile. The rail road from Albany to Buffalo passes through it. 285 miles W. from Albany. Batavia, O., c. h. Clermont co. On the N. bank of tho E. fork of Little Miami River, 96 miles S. W. from Columbus. Bates County, Mo., c. h. atBatesville. On both sides of Osage River. Mostly prairie. Batesvil/e, As., c. h. Independence co. 140 miles S. W. from Little Rock. Bath, Is., c. h. Mason co. Bath County, Ky., c. h. at Owingsville. Lick ing River wasbes its north-eastern border. Bath, Me., city, Lincoln co., lies on the W. bank of the Kennebec River, 12 miles from the sea, 31 miles S. from Augusta, and 32 N. E. from Portland. The population in 1830, was 3773; in 1840, 5141 ; in 1850, 3020. — An attempt was made by a missionary to settle this place, and preach to the fishermen as early as 1670. But the Indians would not permit it. The first per manent settlement was made in 1756. The town is built on a gentle declivity, and extends from a mile and a half to two miles along the river, and nearly a mile back. It is handsomely laid out, and contains several elegant church edi fices, and other buildings, public and private, which are an ornament to the place. — The prin cipal business of Bath is commerce, trade, and ship building, particularly the latter, for which it is admirably well located. This place ranks as the third in the United States in respect to this important interest. The tonnage of the district of Bath including the waters of the Kennebec River, in 1850 was 103,795. This place is noted t for its accomplished shipmasters and fine sailors. — The harbor of Bath is seldom obstructed by ice. Regular lines of steamboats ply between this place and Portland and Boston, about three fourths of the year. A branch railroad connects it with the Portland and Augusta Railroad at Brunswick, about 8 miles distant. Bath. N. O, Beaufort co. 143 miles E. by S. from Raleigh, on the Pamlico River. Bath, N. H., Grafton co. On the Connecti cut The Green Mountains on the W. and the White Mountains on the E. effectually shield it from high winds and long storms. The Am- monoosuc River waters the S. E. part, furnish ing fine water privileges ; it has a convenient fall at the lower village. The soil on the hills is a reddish loam ; in the valleys it is alluvial. 80 miles N. W. from Concord. Bath, N. Y., c. h. Steuben co. Watered by Conhocton River and some of its branches. The surface is hilly, but embraces much good tillable land. 216 miles W. by S. from Albany. Bath County, Va., c. h. at Bath. " Central. Watered by Cowpasture, Jackson, and the head branehe's of James Rivers. Surface rough and elevated ; soil tolerably fertile. Bath, Va., c. h. Bath co. 164 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. Here are two springs, useful in rheumatic and other complaints ; one the Warm, the other the Hot Spring. Baton Rouge, La. Capital of the state, and seat of justice of East Baton Rouge Parish. Situated on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 117 miles above New Orleans. It consists chiefly of one street, which is built on a gentle swell of land, 40 or 50 feet above high-water mark. The seat of government has lately been established at this place. It contains four or five churches of different denominations, a court house, jail, pen itentiary, and U. S. barracks, which are fine buildings, standing on elevated ground, a short distance E. of the town. This is the seat of Baton Rouge College. (See Colleges.) As it is only since December, 1849, that Baton Rouge IN THE UNITED STATES. 281 became the capital of the state, no account of tho public buildings can be given at present. Baton Rouge, East, Parish, La., c. h. at Baton Rouge. On the E. bank of the Mississippi, be tween that river and the Amite. It contains the first land in ascending the Mississippi which is elevated above inundation. Baton Rouge, West, Parish, La., c. h. at West Baton Rouge. On the W. bank of the Missis sippi, between that river and the Atchafalaya Bayou. Surface level ; soil very fertile on the borders of the streams ; the remainder is liable to inundation. Battle Creek, Mn., Calhoun co. Situated .at the month of Battle Creek, which possesses a great water power. 12 miles W. from Marshall. The Northern Michigan Railroad passes through it. Bayou Chicot, La., c. h. St. Landry. 250 miles W. N. W. from New Orleans. Beardstown, Is., Cass co. On the E. side of Illinois River. 48 m. W. by N. from Springfield. Beuttystown, N. J.. Mansfield, Warren co. On Museonetkong Creek, at the western base of Schooley's Mountain. 58 miles N. from Tren ton. Beaufort County, N. C, c. h. at Washington. A central county, on both sides of Pamlico River and Sound. Surface low, and at times inundated. Cotton and rice are the principal productions. Beaufort, N. C, c. h. at Carteret co. Port of entry, on the Atlantic, 11 miles N. W. from Cape Lookout. It has an excellent harbor, admitting vessels requiring 14 feet of water. It is protected by Fort Macon, on Bogue Point, at tho mouth of the harbor. 168 miles S. E. from Raleigh. Beaufort District, S. O, c. h. at Coosawatchie. In the S. angle of the state. Watered in the in terior by the Coosawatchie and some other riv ers. It embraces Hilton Head, St. Helena, Port Royal, and several other islands. Beaufort, S. C, Beaufort co. A port of entry on Port Royal Island, on the W. bank of Port Royal River. A bar prevents the entrance of vessels drawing more than 11 feet. 75 miles S. W. from Charleston, 146 S. from Columbia. Beaver County, Pa., c. h. at Beaver. On the W. border, on both sides of the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. It has an uneven surface, but a fertile soil. Beaver, Pa., c. h. Beaver co. On the Ohio River, at the mouth of Big Beaver River. It stands on an extensive plain, and is handsomely built. * Beaver, Pa. A N. W. township of Crawford co. Beaver, Pa. A S. W. township of Union co. Beaver Islands, Mn., Michilimackinac co. A Mormon settlement on the islands of the same name, in the N. part of Lake Michigan. Beccaria, Pa. A S. township of Clearfield co. Becket, Ms., Berkshire co. It is mountainous, broken, and rocky, but well wooded. The soil is hard and cold. 15 miles E. S. E. from Lenox, and 65 E. from Albany. ¦Bedford, la., c. h. Lawrence co. About 3 miles N. from the E. fork of White River, and 71 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. Bedford, Ky., c. h. Trimble co. 1 mile from this village is a mineral spring impregnated with salts and sulphur, which attracts numerous visit ors. 41 miles S. W. by W. from Frankfort. Bedford, Ms., Middlesex co. The Shawsheen River rises in this town, and the Concord passes 36 its W. border. 15 miles N. W. from Boston, and 5 N. E. from Concord. Bedford, N. H, Hillsboro' co. On the Mer rimac. It has considerable intervale land. A remarkable gulf and precipice are within its limits. A brook passes over the precipice, and falls about 200 ft. within the distance of 100 yds. Here are found several excavations in solid stone, large enough to contain many persons. 8 miles N. E.from Amherst, 21 S. from Concord. The Nashua and Concord Railroad passes on the opposite side of the Merrimac. Bedford, N. Y, c. h. Westchester co. Half shire town with White Plains, which lies 15 miles S. Watered by Croton River, and several other streams. ' The surface is hilly .and broken, and the soil light and stony. 109 miles S. from Al bany. Bedford County, Pa., c. h. at Bedford. On the S. border. Watered by tributaries of the Juniata and Potomac Rivers. Surface mountainous, with fertile valleys. Iron ore and bituminous coal are found here. Bedford, Pa., Bedford co. On the Roystown branch of the Juniata River, and, is celebrated for its mineral springs. Bedford County, Te., c. h. at Shclbyville. S. central. On the head waters of Duck River. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. Bedford County, Va., e. h. at Liberty. S. cen tral. Between the James River and the Roanoke. Bounded W. by the Peaks of Otter, in the Blue Ridge, separating it from Botetourt co. The interior is drained by Goose and Otter Creeks. Surface elevated ; soil fertile, yielding fine crops of tobacco, Indian corn, and oats. Bedminster, N. J., Somerset co. A hilly town, with a fertile soil, composed of lime, clay, and red shale. 8 miles N. W. from Somerville. Bedminster, Pa. A central township of Bucks co. Beekman, N. Y., Dutchess co. Drained by the Fishkill and several other streams. The surface is hilly, and the soil rich, gravelly loam. 14 miles S. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 87 miles from Albany. Beekmantown, N. Y., Clinton co. Watered by several small tributaries of Lake Champlain, and containing Chazy and Chateaugay Lakes. It extends across the county a distance of 37 miles. On the E. it is level or slightly uneven; on the W. hilly and mountainous. 8 miles N. from Plattsburg, and 70 N. from Albany. Belair, Md., c. h. Harford co. 53 miles N. by E. from Annapolis. Belchertown, Ms., Hampshire co. Soil ex cellent, and well improved. Separated from Ware by Swift River on the N. 75 miles W. from Boston, and.17 N. E. from Springfield. Belfast, M,e., port of entry and shire town of Waldo co., is beautifully situated on Belfast Bay, on the W. side of Penobscot River. It lies 40 miles E. from Augusta, 30 S. from Bangor, 30 N. from Thomaston, and, across Belfast Bay, 12 W. from Castine. The town was incorpo rated in 1773, but not permanently settled until about the year 1785. There is considerable good land in Belfast. In 1837, it produced 3492 bushels of excellent wheat. The Paasaggassa- wakeag River winds along near the centre of the town, and adds much to the appearance of the place. The harbor is very good, being guarded by Long and Sears's Islands, and has anchorage for a great number of vessels of the largest class. 282 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, — The proximity of Belfast to the sea, its site in relation to Penobscot River, and its excellent harbor, which was nover known to have been ob structed by ice but twice, (1780, 1815,) give it peculiar advantages for foreign commerce, the coasting trade, and tho fisheries. Considerable ship building is carried on at this place. The tonnage of the district of Belfast in 1850 was 44,335 tons. The principal exports are lumber and fish. Population, 1810, 1259; 1820.2026; 1830, 3077; 1840, 4186; 1850, 5052. Belfast, although irregularly built, is a pleasant town, and on account of its fine open harbor is an impor tant winter mart of the trade of Penobscot River. Belfast, N. Y, Alleghany co. Watered by the Genesee River, and some of its tributaries. The Genesee Valley Canal leaves the river at this place. Surface uneven ; soil, sandy loam. 262 miles W. from Albany. Belfast, Pa. An eastern township of Bedford county. Belknap County, N. H, c. h. at Gilford. Cen tral. On the south side of Lake Winnipiseogee. It has many other beautiful lakes and ponds within its limits. Some of the lands are high, and present a great variety of picturesque scenery. Though rough and uneven, and in some parts rocky, The soil is generally productive. The streams are numerous, rapid, and durable, and have a great hydraulic power. Bell County, Ts., c. h. at Bellton. Bellefontaine, O., c. h. Logan co. On the rail road from Cincinnati to Sandusky city, and 69 miles N. W. from Columbus. Bcllcfonte,^A{x., c. h. Jackson co. On Paint Rock River, about 2 miles W. from Tennessee River, and 166 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Bellefonte, Pa., c. h. Centre co. On Spring Crcek,a branch of Bald Eagle River. 85 miles W. from Harrisburg. A place of extensive trade in the iron business. Connected with West Branch Canal by Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Canal. Belleville, Is., c. h. St. Clair co. 13 miles E. S. E. from St. Louis, and 100 S. by W. from Spring field. Steam power is employed in some large flouring mills, and there are various other manu factures. Belleville, N. J., Essex co. On the W. side of Passaic River. It has fine water power, and cot ton and woollen, paper, dyeing and printing, and flouring mills. Belleville, Ts., c. h. Austin co. Bellingham, Ms., Norfolk co. Soil light and sandy. It is watered by Charles River, and has a good hydraulic power. Tho factory villages lie at the N. part of the town, 4 miles from the centre village. 28 miles S. W. from Boston, and 18 S. W. from Dedham, with which it is con nected by the Norfolk County Railroad. Belmont, Me., Waldo co. Watered by the Paasaggass/iwakeag, which rises in a pond of that name, and empties at Belfast, about 6 miles N. It is 34 miles E. from Augusta. Belmont, N. Y., Franklin co. Chateaugay and Trout Rivers flow through this town, and it con tains several small lakes. Tho surface is hilly, and in some parts mountainous. 10 miles S. E. from Malone, and 202 from Albany. Belmont County, O., in the eastern part of the state, having tho Ohio River on its eastern boun dary, separating it from Ohio co. in Virginia. On the W., on the N. W., and on tho N. E., it is bounded by tho counties of Guernsey, Harrison, and Jefferson, and by Munroe on the S. Its greatest length, on the northern line, is 30 miles, and its breadth 20, having an area of 520 square miles. The high table land between the valleys of the Ohio and the Muskingum Rivers divides this county into two nearly equal sections. Small creeks flow eastward into the Ohio, and westward the Will's and Stillwater branches of the Mus kingum flow into that river. The whole surface of this county is uneven, consisting of a series of hills, with deep, narrow intervening valleys. Yet the soil is almost uniformly productive; suitable for grazing and for the culture of wheat and, corn. St. Clairville is the chief town. Bellvue, Is., c. h. Jackson co. Belvidere, Is., c. h. Boone co. On the E. head waters of Rock River. Belvidere, N. J , c. h. Warren co. At the junc tion of Pequest River with the Delaware. 57 m. N. N. W. from Trenton. The Pequest has a fall here of about 50 ft. within a mile from its mouth, affording a heavy water power. There is also a fall of about 22 feet in the Delaware, and these two privileges together are greater than any others in the state. A fine bridge here crosses the Delaware. Belvidere, Vt., Lamoille co. A considerable part is mountainous, and unfit for cultivation. Watered by two branches of the River Lamoille. 18 miles N. W. from Hyde Park, and 45 N. W. from Montpelier. Bellows' Falls, Vt, Windham co., lies 9S miles S. by E. from Montpelier. See Rockingham, Vt. Benicia, Ca., Salano co. Ou tho strait be tween San Pablo and Suisum Bays, about 40 m. N. E. from San Francisco. Ships of the largest size can lie here close to the town, which is laid out on a handsome slope towards the hills. It is a port of entry, with an arsenal, navy station, and docks of the Pacific Steam Packet Co. for refitting their steamers. Bennington, N. H., Hillshoro' co. Taken from Greenfield, Francestown, Deering, and Hancock, in 1842. Bennington, N. Y., Wyoming co. Drained by the Cayuga and Tonawanda Creeks. The sur face is rolling, the soil fertile, consisting of a moist clay. 256 miles W. from Albany. Bennington County, Vt. Bennington and Man chester, shire towns. In the S. W. the low lands are excellent, but the largest portion of the county is mountainous, and fit only for grazing. Many streams rise in the mountains, and dfscend to the ocean, some by the Hudson and some by the Connecticut, affording a great hydraulic power. Iron ores of good quality are found in this county, and large quantities of beau tiful white marble. Bennington, Vt. Half shire town of Benning ton CO. The other is Manchester, 25 in. distant. Of good alluvial soil, delightfully enriched by evergreen mountains. It abounds in iron ore, manganese, ochre, and marble. The streams are numerous, and afford excellent mill sites. 1 20 miles S. W. by S. from Montpelier. The man ufacture of a new species of earthen ware, or rather stone ware, of a fine quality, has recently been commenced here. It is from a mixture of flint, quartz, and feldspar, which unites, with much lightness and beauty, the advantages of great general strength, and especially the ability to stand fire, which is an important recommenda tion. The patent of tho manufacturers is for the IN THE UNITED STATES. 283 enamel, or the burning in of the colors, which produces a brilliant, glossy surface, impervious to the action of all acids, and to all outside appliances. Bensalem, Pa. A S. township of Bucks co. Benson, Vt., Rutland co. On Lake Cham plain. The waters arc generally brackish and unpleasant. 75 miles S. W. from Montpelier. Benton County, Aa., c. h. at Jacksonville. N. E. part, between the Coosa and the state of Geor gia. Drained by the Tallapoosa and branches of the Coosa Rivers. Surface mostly level, soil fertile. Benton County, As., c. h. at Bentonville. In . the N. W. corner, on tho height of land between waters of the White River and those of the Neosho. Benton, As., c. h. Sabine co. On the Sabine Fork of the Wachita. 24 miles S. W. from Little Rock. Benton, Is., c. h. Franklin co. 151 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. Benton County, Fa. On the Gulf coast of the peninsula, S. of the Withlacoochee River. Benton County, Ga., c. h. at Oxford. On the W. border N. of the Wabash. Benton County, Io.. c. h. at Vinton. E. central. Benton, Ky., c. h. Marshall co. Benton County, Mi. On the E. side of the Mississippi. In the N. part of the state. Benton, Me., Kennebec co. 25 miles W. from Augusta. Benton, Mi., c. h. Yazoo co. Nearly equidis tant between Big Black and Yazoo Rivers. 50 miles N. W. from Jackson. Benton, Mo., c. h. Scott co. 222 miles S. E. from Jefferson City. Benton County, Mo., c. h. at Warsaw. S. W. central. On both banks of the Osage River, which flows through it from W. to E. Surface uneven ; soil very fertile. Benton, N. H, Grafton co. It is watered by branches of Oliverian Brook and Wild Amo noosuck Rivers. Moosehillock and Owl-head Mountains lie within its limits. It presents a rough and mountainous aspect, and the soil in some parts is not capable of cultivation. It was formerly called Coventry. 70 m. W. N. W. from Concord, and 12 E. S. E. from Haverhill Benton, N. Y., Yates co. The surface of this town consists of broad plains and gentle swells. The soil is mostly clay, and sandy and gravelly loam. 207 miles W. from Abany. Benton County, 0., c. h. atMarysville. In the valley of the Willamette. Benton County, Te., c. h. at Camden. W. part. Watered by the Tennessee River, which runs along its E. boundary, and by some of its branches. Suface level ; soil fertile. Bentonville, Te., c. h. Polk co. On Four-mile Branch, 174 miles S. E. from Nashville. Bergen County, N. J., c. h. at Hackensack. In the N. E. corner, between the Hudson on the E. and the N. Y. boundary on the W. Watered by the Hackensack and Saddle Rivers. The sur face in the central part is generally level, or undulating ; the W. is mountainous, and on the E. is the lofty trap ridge, known as the Palisades, extending its whole width on the Hudson. The soil, in the valleys especially, is productive. Bergen, N. J., c. h. Hudson co. The surface is partly hilly, and the soil, in other parts, somewhat marshy, but fertile. 56 miles N. E. from Trenton. Bergen, N. Y., Genesee co. Black Creek wa ters this town, the surface of which is level, and the soil clay, in some parts, and in others calca reous loam. 14 miles N. W. from Batavia, and 299, by railroad, N. of W. from Albany. The Rochester and Buffalo Railroad passes through it. Berkley, Ms., Bristol co., was formerly a part of Dighton, from which it is separated by Taun ton River. The noted "Dighton Rock" is in the limits of the town of Berkley. A part of Assenet Bay is also within the town. 37 miles S. from Boston, and 18 E. from Providence. Berkley County, Va., e. h. at Martinsburg. On the N. border, in the valley. Drained by afflu ents of the Potomac, which washes its N. border. Surface rough and broken. Berkeley Springs, Va., Morgan co. 180 miles N. N. W. from Richmond, in the village of Bath. Berks County, Pa., c. h. at Reading. In the S. E. part. Watered by the Schuylkill River, which flows through it. Surface mostly mountainous; soil productive. It is crossed by the Schuylkill and Union Canals, and the Reading Railroad. Berkshire County, Ms., c. h. at Lenox. On the W. border. It is rough and hilly in many parts, but affords considerable fine land. Berkshire is the most elevated county in the state. On the E. side lie the Green Mountains, which shut it away frem the rest of Massachusetts, and on the W. are the Taghkanic Mountains, which sepa rate it from the state of New York. The Hou satonic and Hoosic are its chief rivers. This county possesses, in rich and inexhaustible abundance, iron, marble, and lime. It is well wooded, and has much water power. Berkshire Valley, N. J., Jefferson, Morris co. Watered by a branch of Rockaway River, which affords a water power, on which are several forges. 12 miles N. W. from Morristown, and 17 N. from Trenton. Berkshire, N. Y., Tioga co. Drained by E. and W. Owego Creeks. The surface is hilly, but the soil mostly very productive. 13 .miles N. from Owego village, and 168 W. by S. from Albany. Berkshire, 0., 23 miles N. by E. from Co lumbus. Berkshire, Vt , Franklin co. Missisco River runs through the S. E. corner, on which is some fine intervale. Pike River passes through the town, affording some of the finest mill sites in the country. ' The soil is various, but generally good; surface is diversified with gentle swells and vales. 50 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 22 N. E. by E. from St. Albans. Berlin, Ct., Hartford co. The villages of Worthington and New Britain are very pleasant. The first manufacture of tin ware in this coun try was commenced at this place, about the year 1770, by Edward Patterson, a native of Ireland. Berlin, Me., Oxford co. 100 miles N. from Portland. Berlin, Ms., Worcester co. Watered by North Creek, a branch of the Assabet. 31 miles W. by N. from Boston. Berlin, N. H, Coos co. The Androscoggin and Amonoosuck Rivers pass through it ; also the railroad from Portland to Montreal. The Androscoggin in this town descends more than 200 feet in a mile or two, and the principal fall, worn through the solid rock, is a great curiosity. 140 miles N. from Concord, and 98 from Portland by the railroad. Berlin, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Little Hoosic and Kinderhook Creeks, and the Poestenkill, flow through this town. The surface is moun- 284 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, tainous ; Taghkanic Mountain extending into the E. and Peterboro' into the W. part, the soil in the valley between being quite fertile. 18 miles E. from Troy, and 24 E. by N. from Albany. Berlin, 0. A post town, 89 miles from Co lumbus. Berlin, Pa. An E. township of Wayne co., on the Delaware. Berlin, Vt., Washington co. Watered by Winooski and Dog Rivers, and Stevens's Branch, furnishing good mill sites. The land is some what broken, but of strong soil, and good for til lage. . 4 miles S. from Montpelier. Bernallio County, N. M., c. h. at Albuquerque. On the Rio del Norte, S. of Santa Fe. Bernard, N. J. A N. town of Somerset co. Hilly and mountainous, with a fertile soil. It contains the village of Brackinridge. Bernardston, Ms., Franklin co. A township of superior land, considerably elevated, between Fall and Connecticut Rivers. Bald and West Mountains afford delightful scenery ; the former is 630 feet above the waters of the Connecticut, 96 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 7 miles N. from Greenfield, on the railroad from Greenfield to Brattleboro'. Berne, N. Y., Albany co. Watered by Foxes Creek on the W., and two large ponds on the E. It is crossed by the Helderberg Hills, which contain several curious caverns. The soil in the valleys is very fertile, consisting of calcareous loam. 16 miles W. from Albany: Berne, Pa. In the centre of Berks CO., on the W. bank of the Schuylkill, and divided into Up per and Lower townships. Berrien County, Mn., c. h. at St. Joseph. In the S. W. border, on both sides of the St. Jo seph's, at its entrance into Lake Michigan. St. Joseph's, Pawpaw, and Salien Rivers afford fine hydraulic power. Surface rolling ; soil various, but mostly productive. Crossed by the Michigan Central Railroad. Berrien Spring, Mn., c. h. Berrien co. On the W. bank of the St. Joseph River, 15 miles from its mouth, and 192 miles S. W. from Detroit. Bertie County, N. C, c. h. at Windsor. N. E. part, between the Roanoke, on the S., and Albe marle Sound, where it receives the Chowan on the E. Level, and somewhat marshy. Berwick, Me., York co. 93 miles S. W. from Augusta, on Salmon River, E. side. On the railroad from Boston to Portland. . Berwick, Pa. An eastern township of Adams co. Watered by Conewago and Beaver Creeks, tributaries of the Susquehanna. Surface level ; soil red shale. 41 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. Berwick, Pa., Columbia co. At Nescopeck Falls, on the N. side of the Susquehanna River. 28 miles S. W. from Wilkesbarre, and 97 N. by E. from Harrisburg. Bethany, Ct., New Haven co. Some portions are good land and well cultivated, but a large part is mountainous, and fit only for the growth of wood. Beacon Mountain, between Bethany and Naugatuck River, presents some wild and picturesque features. Bethany, Mo., c. h. Harrison co. 200 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. Bethany, N. Y., Genesee co. Drained by Ton awanda and Black Creeks. Surface somewhat uneven; soil sandy loam and clay. 291 miles W. from Albany. .Bethany, Pa-, c. h. Wayne co. 1 mile W. from Dyberry Creek, and 165 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. There are glass works here, and other manufactures. Bethel, Ct, Fairfield co. A pleasant and flour ishing village, in the town of Danbury, and about 3 miles N. W. from the centre of that town. Bethel, Me., Oxford co. 61 miles N. W. from Portland. A fine farming town. Bethel, N. Y., Sullivan co. The Mongoup and several other small tributaries of the Delaware flow through this town, which also contains sev eral small lakes. The surface is hilly ; the soil gravelly loam. 121 miles S. S. W. from Albany. Bethel, Pa. A southern township of Bedford co. Watered by Great Conoloway Creek and its branches, tributaries of the Potomac. Surface mountainous ; soil calcareous loam. Bethel, Pa. The westernmost township of Berks co. Drained by a head branch of the Swatara. The Blue' Ridge bounds it on the N. 52 miles E. from Harrisburg. Bethd, Pa. A southern township of Delaware co. Watered by Naaman's, a branch of Chester Creek. Surface level ; soil clay. Bethel, Pa. A N. E. township of Lebanon co. Between two head branches of Swatara Creek. Mountainous in the N., and level in the S. Soil mostly gravel. Bethel, Vt., Windsor co. Watered by branches of White River, and possesses good mill sites. Excellent soapstone is found here in great quan tities. The surface is broken and mountainous, but the soil is warm, and good for grazing. Con siderable business is done at both villages, E. and W. ; the latter is the largest 31 miles S. by W. from Montpelier, and 30 N. W. from Windsor. The Vermont Central Railroad passes through this town. Bethlem, Ct., Litchfield co. Hilly, with a gravelly loam, and fit for grazing and the growth of rye. Watered by Pomperaug River, a branch of the Housatonic. 33 miles W. S. W. from Hartford. Bethlehem, N. H., Grafton co. Drained by Great Amonoosuck River and one of its branches. Round and Peaked Mountains are in this town. The soil produces good crops of grass and grain. There is plenty of pine timber and sugar maple. Iron ore is found. 100 miles N. W. from Con cord. Bethlehem, N. J., Hunterdon co. Hilly and mountainous on the N. Soil red elay, slate, and loam. 40 miles N. by W. from Trenton. Bethlehem. N. Y., Albany co. On the Hudson River, and watered by Normanskill, Vlamanskill, and Coeymans Creek. 5 miles S. from Albany. Bethlehem, 0. Post town on the Ohio Canal. Bethlehem, Pa., Northampton co. 48 miles W. by N. from Philadelphia, and 93 E. from Harris burg. Situated on the N. bank of the Lehigh River, at the mouth of Manokicy Creek. The ground, rising gradually both from the river and the creek, affords a commanding and beautiful site for the village. The place was settled by the Moravians, under Count Zinzendorf, and has long been celebrated for its excellent female school, conducted by persons of that sect, to which many ladies from the Middle States have resorted for education. It contains a large stone church, in the Gothic style of architecture, with a tower rising from the centre surmounted by a dome. It is 142 feet long and 68 feet wide. In the burying ground, which is laid out with much neatness and IN THE UNITED STATES. 285 taste, the heads of all the graves lie towards the north.' There is a good water power, improved for carrying flouring mills, grist mills, saw mills, &c. A bridge 400 feet in length crosses the Lehigh. Beverly Farms, Ms. A village in the E. part of the town of Beverly, Essex co. Beverly, Ms , Essex co. United to Salem by a bridge across the North River, 1500 feet in length. It has a pleasant village at the N. part of the town. The business is much associated with that of Salem. The people are noted for their enterprise in commerce and the fisheries. From the elevated grounds in this town much delightful scenery is presented. A part of the beautiful Wenham Pond lies within its limits. 16 miles N. from Boston, by the railroad. Beverly, Va., c. h. Randolph co. On the E. fork of the Monongahela River, 205 miles N. W. from Richmond. Built on three parallel streets, in the midst of a well-cultivated and thickly- settled district. Bexar County, Ts., c. h. at San Antonio. Bexar includes all the western part of the state, most of which is unsettled, and much of it incapable of settlement. Bibb County, Aa., c. h. at Centreville. Central. On both sides of the Cahawba. Bibb County, Ga., c. h. at Macon. Central. On both sides of the Ocmulgee. Soil red loam and sand. Biddeford, Me., York co. On the S. side of the Saco, at its mouth, and connected with the town of Saco by a bridge. 15 miles S. W. from Portland. The falls of the Saco River at this place create an immense water power, upon which large factories have been recently erected ; and it has become, along with Saco, the seat of exten sive manufactures. Bienville Parish, La. N. W. central. Drained by tributaries of the Red River, which run S. through it. Big Beaver. Pa. A northern township of Bea ver co., on the W. side of the Beaver River. Big Flats, N. Y., Chemung ¦ co. Chemung River gives name to this town, through which it passes, as do some of its tributaries. The navi gable feeder of the Chemung Canal and the New York and Erie Railroad also pass through it. Surface hilly, except on the borders of Chemung River ; soil fertile, especially in the valleys. 203 miles S. W. from Albany. Billerica, Ms., Middlesex co. Watered by the Concord and Shawsheen Rivers, and has a pleas ant village, on high ground, near the centre. Soil good, and well improved. Billerica Mills village is near the Lowell Railroad, 22 miles from Boston. Biloxl, Mi., Harrison co. Situated on Biloxi Bay, 227 miles S. E. from Jackson. Site of an early French settlement. Bingham, Me., Somerset co. On the E. bank of Kennebec River. 118 miles N. N. E. from Portland. Bingham, Pa. A N. E. township of Potter CO., on the New York line. Binghampton, N. Y., c. h. Broome co. At the junction of the Chenango River with the Sus quehanna. 145 miles S. W. from Albany, and 225 miles by the Erie Railroad, N. W. from New York. It belongs to the township of Chenan go, and was incorporated as a village in 1813. The Chenango Canal runs northerly from this place, and unites with the Erie Canal at Utica. The great Erie Railroad passes through it, and ex tends to Dunkirk, on Lake Erie, 244 miles W. It is also at the head of boat navigation on the Sus quehanna River. These various facilities afford to this flourishing place peculiar advantages for business. No place in the state, perhaps, at present, exceeds this in rapid and permanent growth ; and it must become an important in land town. Binghampton is surrounded by a rich agricultural and grazing country, which here finds a ready market for its abundant products. There is likewise an extensive water power on the Chenango, which is employed for .manufac turing and mechanical purposes. Steam, also, is. extensively used. There are large flouring mills, saw mills, plaster mills, tanneries, cloth- dressing establishments, and a variety of other manufacturing operations. The Erie Railroad Company have established here a large machine shop and car factory. A bridge here crosses the Susquehanna, and another the Chenango. The place, which was formerly called Chenango Point, received its present name in honor of William Bingham, Esq., of Philadelphia, a respected bene factor of the village in its infant state. Birdsall, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by Black Creek and some other streams. Surface slightly uneven ; soil clay loam. 260 miles W. by S. from Albany. Birmingham, Pa. A western township of Del aware eo. Black Brook, N. Y., Clinton co., contains sev eral small lakes, and is drained by Saranac, Au Sable and Little Au Sable Rivers, and Black Brook. The surface is hilly and mountainous, abounding with iron ore. 20 miles S. from Plattsburg, and 154 N. from Albany. Blackford County, la., c. h. at Blackford. N. E. central. Watered by Salamanio River, a tribu tary of the Wabash, and several small creeks. Soil mostly fertile. / Black Hawk County, Io., c. h. at Astor Falls. E. central. On both sides of the Cedar Fork of the Iowa. Black Lick, Pa. A southern township of Indi ana county, on the Kiskiminitas and Pennsylvania Canal. i Black Rock, N. Y. A town of Erie co. Drained by Buffalo Creek and other small streams flow ing into the Niagara River. It embraces Squaw and Strawberry Islands, each containing about 100 acres of land. The line between the U. S. and Canada bounds this town on the W. Sur face mostly undulating ; soil alluvial. It environs the city of Buffalo on three sides, from the cen tre of which it is distant about 3 miles, and from Albany W. 325 miles. Black Rock, N. Y., Erie co. This village, in the town of Black Rock, situated at the foot of Lake Erie, may bo considered as a suburb of the city of Buffalo, from which it is not more than two and a half miles distant, and with which it is connected by a railroad. At this poinfo the Erie Canal enters Lake Erie. An immense mole or pier projects into Niagara River, at once form ing a harbor for the port and turning water from the river into the canal. The canal is supplied by this means with water for nearly half its entire distance ; and by means of the same mole^a large water power is obtained at Black {lock, which is used for flouring mills and other purposes. Blackstone, Ms., Worcester co. Blackstone 286 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, River runs through it on the S., and Mill River on the E. There are four villages. The township is broken and uneven, with rather a thin soil. The Providence and Worcester Railroad passes through the south-western part of the town. — 39 miles S. W. from Boston, and 18 N. W. from Providence, R. I. Bladen County, N. O, c. h. at Elizabeth. In the S. angle, on both sides of Cape Fear River. Bladensburg, Md., Prince George co. 34 miles W. from Annapolis, and 6 N. E. from Washing ton. It is a little S. of the railroad from Wash ington to Baltimore. Celebrated for the battle in 1814, which preceded tho capture of Wash ington. Blair County, Pa., c. h. at Hollidaysburg. A little S. of the centre of the state, on the eastern slope of the main chain of the Alleghanies, the crest of which forms its western boundary. Watered by the Upper Juniata and its heads. Blairsville, Ga., c. h. Marion co. 118 miles N. N. W. of Milledgeville. Blairsville, Pa., Indiana co., is at the junction of Black Lick Creek with Kiskiminitas River, 171 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg, on the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. Blakeley, Aa., e. h. Baldwin co. Opposite to Mobile. It has a good harbor, and the situation is healthy and pleasant, but the attempt to make it rival Mobile has not succeeded. Blakeley, Ga., c. h. Early co. 203 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. Blakely, Pa. A N. E. township of Luzerne co., on both sides of the Lackawannock River. Blanchard, Me., Piscataquis co. 116 miles from Augusta. Blandfbrd, Ms., Hampden co. A mountainous township, of good grazing land. Branches of Westfield River' rise here, and give it a good water power. The Western Railroad passes through Chester village, at the north part. From Boston 119 miles, and from Springfield 21 miles. Blandville, Ky., c. h. Ballard co. 350 miles W. of S. from Lexington. Bleecker, N. Y., Fulton co., contains Fish and Caroga Lakes, and is drained by Caroga Creek and some small branches of Saeondaga River. Hilly and mountainous, mostly covered with for ests. 55 miles N. W. from Albany. Blenheim, N. Y., Schoharie co. Drained by Schoharie Creek, and some of its tributaries. Hilly and mountainous, and abounds in geologi cal curiosities, the most important of which are the " Bear's Ladder," composed of globular masses of graywacke, and Mineral Hill, a large mass of red sandstone. There is also here an extensive slate quarry, 53 m. S. W. from Albany. Bledsoe County, Te. S. E. central. ' On the height of land between the waters of the Cumber land and Tennessee. Watered by Sequatchie River, and has a somewhat mountainous sur face. Blissfield, Mn., Lenawee co. On the N. bank of JJaisin River. 71 miles S. W. from Detroit. The Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad passes through it. Blockley, Pa. A suburb of Philadelphia. Bloom,' Pa. A central township of Columbia co., at the junction of tho Susquehanna River and Fishing Creek. Surface level ; soil sandy and calcareous Joam. 80 miles N. by E. from Har risburg. It contains the village of Blooms- bury. Bloomfield, Ct., Hartford co. It was incorpo rated into a town in 1825. Has a fine soil, culti vated with great industry, producing large crops of grass and grain, with an abundance of choice fruit. 6 miles N. by W. from Hartford. Bloomfield, Me., Somerset co. On Kennebec River, 33 miles N. from Augusta. A fine town ship of land. Bloomfield, la., c. h. Greene co. On the E. side of the W. branch of White River, 74 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. Bloomfield, Io., c. h. Davis co. 30 miles S. W. from Iowa city. Bloomfield, N. J., Essex co. 54 miles N. E. from Trentomand 4 N. from Newark. Bloomfield, Vt, Essex co. The W. and S. parts are watered by Bulhegan River. 86 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Blooming Grove, N. Y., Orange co. Murderer's Creek and its branches water this town. The sur face is hilly, Scunnemunk Mountain, a peak of the Highlands, covering the S. E. part. The soil is very fertile. 12 miles S. from Newburg, and about 100 S. from Albany. Bloomington, Is., c. h. McLean co. 73 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. Beautifully situated on the margin of the prairie, with a delightful country around it. Bloomington, la., c. h. Monroe co. 49 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. The seat of the Indiana University. Sec Colleges. Bloomington, Mo., c. h. Macon co. 90 miles W. of N. from Jefferson City. Bloomsburg, N. J., Warren and Huntingdon counties. On both sides of Musconetcong Creek, and 43 miles N. N. W. from Trenton. , Bloomsburg, Pa., Columbia co. On the W. side of the E. branch of the Susquehanna River, at the junction of Fishing Creek. 87 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. Blossburg, Pa., Tioga co. Situated near the celebrated Blossburg coal mine. 133 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. Connected by railroad with Corning, N. Y., from which there is lake and ca nal navigation to Albany. Blount County, Aa., c. h. at Blountsville. N. central. Surface uneven, watered by the head branches of the Black Warrior River ; soil rather sterile. Blount County, Te., c. h. at Marysville, shire town. On the E. border, between the Tennessee River and the N. C. line. Surface uneven and mountainous ; soil fertile. Blountsville, Aa., c. h. Blount co. On the W. side of the Locust Fork of Black River. 104 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Blountsville, To., c. h. Sullivan co. 288 miles E. by N. from Nashville. Blue Hill, Me., Hancock co. At the head of a bay of the same name. 12 miles E. from Cas- tine. and 78 from Augusta. Blue Sulphur Springs, Va., Greenbrier co. 22" miles N. by W. from Richmond. See Fashion able Resorts, p. Bluffton. la., c. h. Wells co. 90 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. Banff Prairie, La., c. h. Franklin. 200 miles W. by N. from Baton Rouge. Boggs, Pa. A central township of Centre co. On the main ridge of the Alleghanies. Soil, slate and gravelly limestone. Bolivar, As., c. h. Poinsett co. 14 miles N. E. from Little Rock. IN THE UNITED STATES. 287 Bolivar County, Mi., c. h. at Bolivar. On the Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the Arkansas. Watered by Sunflower River. Bolivar, N. Y., Alleghany co. On the Penn sylvania border. High and uneven. 275 miles from Albany. Bolivar, 0., Tuscarawas co. On the W. side of the Tuscarawas River; and on the Ohio Canal. 118 miles N. E. from Columbus. Bolivar, Te., c. h. Hardeman co. Near the Big Hatcheo River, on the S. side. 162 miles S. W. from Nashville. Bolton, Ct, Tolland co. The soil is a coarse, hard, gravelly loam, fit only for grazing. The Bolton stone quarry is quite noted. " The stone is a species of slate, of a brilliant light gray color, composed of mica and quartz, and is ex cellent for flagging and other purposes. It is extensively used in the principal cities of the United States. For strength it exceeds any other known in this country, and the demand for it is rapidly increasing." 16 miles E. from Hart ford. The Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill Railroad passes through this place. Bolton, Ms. On the height of land between Concord and Nashua Rivers. A good farming town. The hills contain limestone, and lime is made here. 31 miles W. by N. from Bos ton. Bolton, N. Y., Warren co. Bounded on the E. by Lake George, and contains several small lakes. The Schroon branch of the Hudson River waters the W. part. The surface is hilly, and in some parts mountainous, and the soil not remark ably good. 72 miles N. from Albany. Bolton, Vt, Chittenden co. On the western range of the Green Mountains. Mountainous and broken, and but a small part of it capable of being settled. Winooski River runs through it, from E. to W. ; also the Vermont Central Rail road. 19 miles S. E. from Burlington, and 19 N. W. from Montpelier. Bombay, N. Y., Franklin co. Little Salmon and St. Regis Rivers water this town, the surface of which is mostly level. 15 miles N. E. from Malone, and 226 N from Albany. Bond County, Is., c. h. at Greenville. S. W. cen tral. Watered by Shoal Creek, a branch of the Kaskaskia River. Bonnet Carre, La., c. h. St. John Baptist parish. In a bend of the , Mississippi River, called Bonnet Carre, (square bonnet.) 38 miles W. from New Orleans. Boone County, Is., c. h. at Belvidere. On the northern border. Watered by the Kankekee and its tributaries, the E. head waters of Rock River. Surface undulating ; soil very fertile. Boone County, la., c. h. at Lebanon. Central. Watered by Sugar and Racoon Creeks. Surface mostly level, consisting partly of prairie ; soil very fertile. Boone County, Io., c. h. at Boonboro'. Central. The Des Moines passes through it from N. to S. Boone County, Ky., u. h. at Burlington. The northernmost county in the state, in a bend of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Great Mi ami. The Ohio River hounds this county on the N. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. Boone County. Mo., c. h. at Columbia. Cen tral. On the N. bank of the Missouri. Rock and Cedar Creeks drain this county. Boone County, Va. West part Rough and un even. The Coal River, a southern tributary of the Kenhawa, runs on its eastern border, and the Little Coal N. through it. Booneville, N. Y., Oneida co. Drained by Black River and the head waters of the Mo hawk. 28 miles N. from Utica, and 123 W. from Albany. Boonville, As., c. h. Scott co. 120 miles W. by N. from Little Rock. Boonville, la., c. h. Warwick CO., lies between Pigeon and Cypress Creeks. 173 miles'S. S. W. from Indianapolis. Boonville, Ky., c. h. Owsley co. Boonville, Mo., c. h. Cooper co. On the S. bank of Missouri River. 50 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. Bordentoivn, N. J., Chesterfield, Burlington co. On the E. bank of the Delaware. 27 miles N. from Philadelphia, and 7 miles S. E. from Tren ton. Built on an elevated plain 65 feet above the river, upon which it has a commanding and beautiful situation. The Camden and Amboy Railroad passes, by a viaduct, under some of- its principal streets. The Delaware and Raritan Canal here connects with the Delaware at the head of steamboat navigation. Bordentown is a favorite resort, in the summer season, for peo ple from Philadelphia. The village is very neat, and enjoys a salubrious climate. The extensive grounds and mansion formerly occupied by Joseph Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, are among the most conspicuous and attractive objects of the place. One of the most magnificent river views any where to be enjoyed in the coun try is afforded here. The Delaware, as seen from the brow of the hill on which the town is situated, winds its way through a level coun try, spread out for many miles under the eye of the spectator, until it disappears behind pro jecting headlands. Boothbay, Me., Lincoln co. On the coast be tween Sheepscot and Damariscotta Rivers, al most surrounded by water. 34 miles S. S. E. from Augusta, and 00 E. N. E. from Portland. Boscawen, N. H., Merrimac co. On the W. side of Merrimac River. The town is watered by the Blackwater. an important stream. Of a deep, productive soil, affording many excellent farms. The surface very level. The principal village on the E. section of the town is a street nearly two miles in length, very straight and level. There is another village on a pleasant eminence near the west meeting house. 8 miles N. W. from Concord, with which it communi cates by two railroads. Boston, Ms. Seaport and capital of the state. Situated at the W. extremity of Massachusetts Bay, into which empty Charles ana Mystic Riv ers. By age and commercial importance, Boston is the metropolis of New England. — The pop ulation of Boston, in 1700, was 7000; in 1722, 10,567; in 1765, 15,520; in 1790, 18.038; in 1800,24,937; in 1810,33,250; in 1820,43,298; in 1830,61,391; in 1840, 93,470; and in 1850,, 136,884. Owing to the almost insular situation of Boston, and its limited extent, its population, as compared with that of other large cities of the Union, does not fairly represent its relative im portance. While the population of East Boston, on an island adjacent in the harbor, and of South Boston, on a contiguous point of the main land of Dorchester, is included in that of the city proper, because these new suburbs are embraced 288 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, within its chartered limits, yet all its ancient en virons upon the main land, embracing Charles town, Chelsea, Roxbury, Dorchester, Brookline, and Cambridge, with a largo margin still more remote, to which the railroads, like arteries 'from a great heart, carry a daily and hourly circula tion of life — all the towns and villages of this broad area, occupied to a great extent, by a pop ulation whose business and means of wealth are within the city, and who really constitute a com ponent part of its people, being associated with it in all its commercial, manufacturing, literary, and social relations, as much as the inhabitants of Greenwich, Manhattanville, and Haerlem with New York, or those of the districts contiguous to Philadelphia with that city, have hitherto re mained distinct towns ; three of them, indeed, being now flourishing cities ; and this large over flow of population is consequently never repre sented in any statement of the population of Bos ton. The peninsula on which Boston proper is built is connected with the main land of Rox bury on the S., from which it extends in a direc tion a little E. of N., about 3 miles, having an average breadth of about a mile. The isthmus, or Neck, as it is commonly called, is something over a mile in length, and is nearly all included within the limits of Boston.. It was originally quite narrow, and so low that parts of it were frequently overflowed by the highest courses of the tides. The waters of the harbor, flowing up into the bay of Roxbury, on the E. side of the Neck, and those of the Charles River, spread ing out over the flats upon the W., formed a broad but shallow cove upon that side, between the isthmus and the main land of Brookline. Until 1786, 156 years after the settlement of Boston, the only passage into the town was over the Neck. ft has been much elevated in being improved and built upon, and additions to its width are continually made by filling up the flats, especial ly upon the W. side. There are now four broad avenues passing over the Neck from Roxbury to the city : Harrison Avenue, Washington Street, Suffolk Street, and the Tremont Road. — The main body of the peninsula, which was thus near ly surrounded by the waters of the harbor and of Charles River, comprised within its natural limits about 700 acres of land. In three points it swelled into hills of considerable elevation ; one being on its S. E. angle, and presenting a bold barrier to the waters of the ship channel ; anoth er being at its N. extremity, looking off towards Chelsea and Charlestown ; and the third, which was more central, with a very much broader base, extending its N. and W. slopes nearly to the batiks of Charles River. This was the most elevated of the hills, being 1384 feet above the level of the sea; and its summit was cleft into three conical peaks, which, being near tho original centre of the town, led at first to the adoption of the name of Tremont, or Trimountain, for the town itself. This name, however, was soon dismissed for its present name, which it received on the '7th of Septem ber, 1630, in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, the second minister of the first church, who camo from Boston, in England. The Indian name of the peninsula was Shawmut. — There is extant a very accurate description of Boston in 1633, by William Wood, tbe author of New England Prospect, which Snow, a writer of high authori ty on this subject, remarks, "could hardly bo amended." — " Boston," says Wood, " is two miles N. E. of Roxbury. Its situation is very pleasant, being a peninsula hemmed in on the S. side by the bay of Roxbury, and on the N. side with Charles River, the marshes on the back side be ing not half of a quarter of a mile over; so that a little fencing will secure their cattle from the wolves It being a neck, and bare of wood, they are not troubled with these great annoyances, wolves, rattlesnakes, and mosquitoes. Those that live here upon their cattle must be constrained to take farms in the country, or else they cannot subsist, the place being too small to contain many, and fittest for such as can trade into England for such commodities as the coun try wants, being the chief place for shipping and merchandise. This neck of land is not above four miles in compass, in form almost square, having on the S. side, at one corner, a great broad hill, whereon is planted a fort, which can command any ship as she sails into the harbor within the still bay. On the N. side is another hill, equal in bigness, whereon stands a windmill. To the N. W. is a high mountain, with three lit tle rising hills on the top of it, wherefore it is called the Tramount. From the top of this moun tain a man may overlook all the islands which lie within the bay, and descry such ships as are on the sea-coast. This town, though it be neither the greatest nor the richest, yet is the most noted and frequented, being the centre of the planta tions, where the monthly courts are kept. Here likewise dwells the governor. This place hath very good land, affording rich cornfields and fruitful gardens, having likewise sweet and pleas ant springs. The inhabitants of this place, for their enlargement, have taken to themselves farm houses in a place called Muddy River, [Brook line,] two miles from the town, where there is good ground, large timber, and store of marsh land and meadow. In this place they keep their swine and other cattle in the summer, whilst the corn is in the ground at Boston, and bring them to town in the winter." The original conformation of the ground was such that the N. part of the peninsula was almost severed from the other by the coves or inden tations of the shore which ran in around the base of Copp's Hill on the S., both from the har bor on the E., and from Charles River on the opposite side, so as nearly to meet at their ex treme points. When the tides were highest, this part of Boston, and the central part, which would also be nearly or quite cut off from the continent by the flowing of the waters across the Neck, presented the appearance of two islands, rather than that of a peninsula. The tide ran up on the E. to where Dock Square now is, and in a northerly direction almost to Hanover Street at a point a little E. of Union Street. From Charles River, on the opposite side, a broad cove came up to a point only a few rods N. W. of Hanover Street, leaving but a narrow neck of land for- the connection. between the centre and tho north end of the town. By the erection of a causeway where Causeway Street now is, this cove was subsequently converted into a ca pacious mill pond, and by means of a short canal cut through the neck by which its waters were separated from the harbor, they were made avail able for a tide mill at this place. This was long known as Mill Creek, and constituted the divid ing line between the centre and the north end. IN THE UNITED STATES. 289 That part of the map of Boston which exhibits an equilateral triangle, as included between Charlestown, Merrimac, and Causeway Streets, having its apex in Haymarket Square, covers the principal part of the area which was occupied by this mill pond ; having been converted into solid land with the materials obtained by the levelling of Beacon Hill and the eminences W. of it, excepting the creek, which was kept open to connect the river with the harbor as long as the navigation upon the Middlesex Canal was a matter of consideration. This improvement was commenced about 1804, and when completed, it had added to the area of the city about 43 acres. And here it may be remarked that the area of the peninsula, which in its natural condition com prised, as above stated, only about 700 acres, has been enlarged by continued encroachments upon the sea, until it contains fully double this num ber of acres at the present time. The city is now extending its limits in this manner more rapidly than at any former period. The quan tity of land made, and in the process of being made, by improvements recently undertaken by the city at the south end, is estimated at over 2,000,000 square feet. By the railroads in this direction entire hills of gravel are being removed from their bases in the vicinity of Boston, to form the foundations of a new and beautiful extension of this flourishing city. It is not improbable that the whole of the. bays on each side of the Neck may, at some period not far distant, dis appear before the march of human enterprise, and that the city may be otherwise extended much into the area of Roxbury and Dorchester. — Some knowledge of the natural structure of the ground on which Boston is built is necessary to explain the great irregularity of the plan upon which its streets and thoroughfares have grown up. The high hills in different quarters of the town, with the coves, and creeks, and marshes, thrusting themselves up between them on all sides, would necessarily control the choice of sites for building, and the location and courses of the principal streets, in a place thus springing up in the poverty and infancy of the country. There is a similar irregularity in the lower part of the city of New York. Even in Philadelphia, the situation of which upon a gently-swelling plain admitted of the most uniform arrangement of the streets which could possibly be desired, the operation of this principle is illustrated, in the case of Dock Street, in the oldest part of the 'city, which follows the winding course of an an cient creek running into the Delaware. This seems the more remarkable there from being al most a solitary exception to the general plan. But in Boston it would have been perhaps im possible for the founders of the city, even if they could have anticipated its future growth and greatness, with the means they had at command, to have caused it to be built up on any outline materially different from that which it received As an example, an order dated March 30, 1640, provides for a road between certain points, " two rods in breadth, as directly as the land will bear." The first settlement of the town in 1630, and its most populous part as late as 1650, was on Washington Street, between State and Eliot Streets, including the cross streets on either side, which had all begun to be occupied ; and Elm Street, the upper part of Hanover Street, and Sudbury Street, on the N. side. Here, in what 37 is now the centre of the city, the business of the town commenced, and the most influential char acters dwelt. The first house of worship stood near the corner of State and Devonshire Streets ; the first store was on the N. comer of State and Washington Streets ; the first market place was where the Old State House now stands. The residence of Governor Winthrop was on the E. side of Washington Street, a little N. of the Old South meeting house. Subsequently the growth of trade and commerce occasioned a larger proportionate increase of population at the north end, which became " for many years the most populous and elegant portion of the town." The principal thoroughfares through Boston, from the centre outwards, connecting with the different avenues to the city, are as follows : To Roxbury, over the Neck, either by Washington Street or Tremont Street; to the Western Rail road, by Washington, Summer, and Kingston Streets ; to the Old Colony Railroad, by Wash ington, Summer, and South Streets ; to South Boston, over the new bridge, by Washington, Summer, and Sea Streets ; to the Eastern Rail road, and the Ferry to East Boston, by North Market and Commercial Streets ; to the north end, and the Ferry to Chelsea, by Hanover Street ; to the Charles River Bridge leading to Charlestown, by Union and Charlestown Streets ; to the Boston and Maine Railroad, the Fitch- burg Railroad, and the Warren Bridge, leading also to Charlestown, by Union and Haverhill Streets ; to the Lowell Railroad, by Court. Green, Leverett, and Lowell Streets ; to Canal Bridge, frequently called Craigie's Bridge, leading to East Cambridge, by Court, Green, and Leverett Streets ; to the West Boston Bridge, leading to Old Cambridge, by Court and Cambridge Streets ; to the Western Avenue, or Mill Dam, leading to Brookline and Brighton, by Beacon Street ; to the Providence Railroad, by Tremont and Boyl- ston Streets, or for pedestrians, over the Common. The numerous avenues to Boston mentioned in the foregoing paragraph constitute an inter esting and characteristic feature of the city. They have been constructed at different periods, as the business of the city, and its more conven ient connection with the surrounding country, re quired, and at an almost incalculable outlay of ex pense. The first of the bridges was the Charles River Bridge, leading to Charlestown, which was open for travel on the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill, June 1 7, 1786. It is 1503 feet in length, and cost $50,000. The next Was the bridge to Old Cambridge, opened Nov. 23, 1793. Its length is 2758 feet, with an abutment and cause way 3432 feet long, making a total length of 6190 feet. Cost, $76,667. The old bridge to South Boston from the Neck, at Dover Street, opened in 1805, is 1550 feet long, and cost about $50,000. Craigie's Bridge, opened in 1809, is 2796 feet in length. A lateral bridge extends from this to Prison Point, Charlestown, 1820 feet in length. The new bridge to South Boston, 500 feet long, and the Warren Bridge, to Charlestown, 1390 feet long, were both completed in 1828. The only other avenue to Boston, for ordinary travel, is the Western Avenue, or Mill Dam, leading from the foot of Beacon Street to Sewall's Point, in Brookline. This avenue is upon a substan tial dam, extended across the western bay, about a mile and a half in length, and from 60 to 100 290 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, feet in width. This dam encloses about 600 acres of flats, over which the tide formerly flowed from seven to ton feet deep. A partition dam divides this enclosure, and forms, by the aid of flood and ebb gates, a full and a receiving basin ; thereby creating at all times a vast hydraulic power for tho propulsion of machinery. The partition dam also forms a fine avenue from tho main dam to Roxbury. This great undertaking was commenced in 1818, and opened for travel July 2, 1821. It cost about $700,000. The proprietors of the Western Avenue claim a per petual franchise; but all the other avenues have either become already, or will, at a given date, hereafter become, the property of the state, and free for the use of tho public. The various rail roads are carried over into the city upon bridges built expressly for their accommodation. There arc besides steam ferry boats which ply con tinually between Boston and East Boston, and between Boston and Chelsea. There are two rapidly-increasing sections of ,tho city, which have sprung up upon points of land separated from the peninsula by portions of the harbor. One of these is South Boston, which was set off from Dorchester, by legislative enactment, March 6, 1804. The territory is bounded South by Dorchester Bay, and spreads out about two miles on ' the south of Boston harbor, above the forts. It contains about ¦ 600 acres, and is laid out into regular streets and squares. In about the centre of this tract, and about two miles from the City Hall, are the memorable " Dorchester Heights," famous in revolutionary history, which rear their heads one hundred and thirty feet above the sea, furnishing from their summits a magnificent view of Bos ton, its harbor, and the surrounding country. One of these heights is now occupied by a capa cious reservoir of the Boston Water Works. The natural situation and surface of this part of Boston are highly picturesque and beautiful. East Boston is on the margin of one of the larger islands in the harbor, formerly known as Noddle's Island. The original proprietor of this island, in 1630, was Samuel Maverick, who lived upon it as his homestead ; at the same time that John Blackstone owned and occupied the pen insula of Boston. The island contains about 660 acres of arable land, and a large body of flats. It was purchased by an incorporated com pany in 1832, for the purpose of laying out a section of the city there. It lies about 660 yards north-east from Old Boston, and about the same distance from Charlestown. Portions of its sur face are beautifully elevated, and are crowned with buildings enjoying a fine prospect of tho city and shipping opposite. The Cunard line of steam ships from Liverpool have their wharf here ; and here the extensive wharves and ware houses of the Grand Junction Railroad have been established. East Boston is becoming a placo of extensive business, especially in the various branches of manufacture and ship-building. Among the principal establishments nt East Boston is a very extensive steam flouring mill, in which from 350,000 to 400,000 bushels of wheat are annually converted into the finest flour. There is likewise' at East Boston an immenso sugar refinery, the buildings of which make an imposing appearance. For a particular account of Boston Harbor, the reader is referred to tho description of Mountains, Rivers, Harbors, &c.,p. 173. In confirmation of what is there stated in regard to its freedom from obstruction by ice, it may here be added, that du ring the uncommonly severe winter of 1851-2, when New York and other southern harbors were completely ice-bound, Boston Harbor, by the aid of a little steamer, was kept free for the passage of ships, and the ferry boats running across to Chelsea and East Boston were not impeded a single day. While the first inhabitants of Boston depended chiefly upon the productions of their farms and gardens for subsistence, they were obliged by tlieir narrow premises to seek for privileges in the adjacent territory, for wood, pasturage, and tillage. In this way it came about that the prin cipal islands in the harbor were annexed to Boston rather than to other adjoining towns. Conant's Island, since called Governor's Island, was granted to Governor Winthrop, for a nominal rent, in 1632, and thus became a possession of Boston. Before the end of 1636, Noddle's Island, Deer Island, Long Island, Spectacle Island, and Hog Island are recorded in the colony records as baving been. granted to sundry inhabitants of Boston. It is probable that the others which now belong to the city, making the number twen ty or more in all, were, in a similar manner, oc casionally granted afterwards ; as upon these islands, together with the shores of Chelsea, Brookline, and other places, portions of land were allotted to every family in Boston, accord ing to its numbers and its wants. The want of ample room upon the peninsula for the growth of the city, especially before the relief afforded by the railroads, led to such a crowded occupancy of the limited area, that the streets are in many parts narrower than would have been preferred, and, with one noble excep tion, — that of the Common. — very little space has been afforded in the older sections of the city for public squares and pleasure grounds. In the newer portions, which are building up on the Neck, some spacious squares have been reserved for public grounds, which are handsomely en closed with iron fences, ornamented with trees, and with beautiful fountains in the centre. Two of these are Blackstone Square and Franklin Square, lying on opposite sides of Washington Street Louisburg Square, in the western part of the city, extending from Mount Vernon Street to Pinckney Street, and Pemberton Square, near the centre, opening into Tremont Street opposite the union of Court Street with Cornhill, are small but beautiful grounds, surrounded by some of the most stately private residences in the city. The summit of Fort Hill, anciently occupied by a fortification, has also been kept open for a public ground, and affords a delightful promenade, with a lovely view of the harbor. " Prior to 1640," says Snow in his History of Boston, " mention is frequently made of Tower Fields, in the Boston records ; and they seem to have been enclosed by a general fence." The following vote was passed on tho 30th of March, 1640: "Henceforth, there shall be no land granted either for house-plot or garden, out of tho open lot or common field which is left be tween the Sentry Hill and Mr. Colburn's end, except three or four lots to make up the street," &c. This was the origin of the Boston Common ; which, scanty as their precincts were, the fathers of the city, with a wise and disinterested care for tho public welfare, secured to the enjoyment IN THE UNITED STATES. 291 of all future generations of its inhabitants. This Common, extending over about forty-eight acres of ground, with its splendid malls surrounding the whole border, shaded with majestic elms, some of which are over a hundred years old, and its numerous cross paths beautifully graded, bevelled, and adorned with variegated trees, is considered as one of the most delightful prome nades in the world. One of its greatest charms is in the diversified natural surface which it pre sents ; and one of the most gratifying proofs of the good taste of the Bostonians is seen in the care which has been taken to obliterate as little as possible, by any artificial embellishments, those lineaments of nature which are .universally pleasing. This beautiful gi-ound is enclosed by a costly iron fence one mile and two hundred and seventeen yards in length, with elegant granite gateways at two of the opposite angles. Near the centre is a beautiful little pond, out 'of the midst of which a fountain, supplied from the Boston Water Works, sends up its massive and graceful jet d'eau from 80 to 90 feet into the air. The fountain also displays, at will, many other pleasing forms, having an affluent supply of wa ter, and a head which presses upon it like one of nature's illimitable forces. This extensive and beautiful public ground is an inestimable boon to the citizens of Boston. Its position, partly on tho north-western declivity of Beacon Hill, with a public garden of about 25 acres lying still be yond it, keeping its whole western margin open to Charles River and to the distant landscape as far as the eye can reach, secures the free ingress of the most exhilarating and healthful influences of the climate to the very centre of the city. As a field for military parades, civic processions, and grand commemorative banquets, the Common has been honorably distinguished. On the an nual gala day of the republic, it presents, in pleasant weather, a most joyous and sublime spectacle. The people of the city, and of the country for many miles around, the native born and the adopted citizen, young men and maid ens, old men and children, here meet as in a grand levee, under the mutual restraints of self- respect, courtesy, and decorum, and in the con scious enjoyment of a dignity and happiness which fall to the lot of the populace of no other country on the globe. It is seldom that any un seemly rudeness or vulgarity offends the eye or ear on these public occasions ; especially since intoxicating liquors have been excluded from the refreshment stands upon the streets. It is estimated that not less than 100,000 persons have been present at the usual display of fire works in the evening; and yet, within a half hour after the entertainment is over, this vast multitude will have retired, without disorder, leaving the Common and its vicinity to its ac customed silence and repose. Some of the most elegant streets in Boston are those which front upon the Common ; viz., Beacon, Park, Tremont, and Boylston Streets. Beacon Street, especially, for grandeur of eleva tion, extent and beauty of prospect, and the splendor of its long line of palace residences, culminating with the State House on the summit of the hill, will compare to advantage with the most celebrated streets and terraces in tho Euro pean cities. Other parts' of the city, also, are built with great elegance, though almost invariably with out fanciful decorations or other ostentatious display. The material mostly used for private residences is brick, with the Quincy granite for the basement stories and foundations. A style of building with circular or swelled fronts prevails in Boston, among houses of the first class, which imparts an air of graceful elegance to the external structure, and admits of a beau tiful finishing within. The Boston houses are distinguished for the variety and perfection of their interior accommodations and means of comfort, in which respect many dwellings of the most wealthy surpass those of all other cities in the country. Avery massive, and. at the same time beautiful, style of building is adopted for the largest class of stores, warehouses, and blocks upon the wharves, for which the Quincy gran ite is made use of, either finely hammered or merely split and jointed, according to the design of the structure or the degree of architectural symmetry intended. Among the public buildings most worthy of notice, the State House may first be mentioned, as occupying the most elevated and commanding situation, and giving character to the distant view of Boston, from whatever direction it is approached. This fine building stands on Bea con Hill, fronting the malls and Common, at an elevation of 110 feet above the sea. The site was purchased from the estate of John Hancock, the patriot, and is termed, in the deed, " Governor Hancock's pasture." The venerable mansion of Governor Hancock is hard by, and is the only relic of the olden time which main tains its ground on Beacon Street against the march of modern improvements. The corner stone of the State House was laid on the 4th of July, 1795, by the venerable Samuel Adams, who succeeded Hancock as governor of the commonwealth. The edifice is 73 feet in front and 61 feet deep. The height to the lantern upon the top of the dome is 110 feet. The dome itself is 50 feet in diameter and 30 feet in height. It consists externally of a basement story and of a principal story 30 feet high. The centre be tween the wings is 94 feet in length, the front of which, on the basement, is formed of arches ad vanced 14 feet from the walls, and supporting a colonnade of Corinthian columns above, of the same extent. The Hall of the Representatives is in the centre of the principal story, the Senate Chamber occupies the east wing, and the Cham ber of the Governor and Council the west wing. Upon the first floor are the offices of the sec retary, treasurer, and board of education, the state library, &c. In a recess built for the purpose, in the rear of the lower hall of en trance, stands the beautiful statue of Washington by Chantrey, presented to the state in 1827, by the Washington Monument Association. The view from the top of the State House is very extensive, and probably combines a greater variety of interesting features than any other view in the United States. Tho whole city lies as on a map immediately under the observer's eye. On the N. and W. the county of Middlesex, with its cities, towns, and villas, the venerable halls of Harvard, the sacred field and towering monument of Bunker Hill ; on the S. the county of Norfolk, with its granite hills and luxuriant vales, studded with towns, and spires, and farm houses ; and on the E. the harbor and the ocean„with a hundred islands, traversed by the ships of every clime, all 292 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, conspire to render this the most enchanting scene this side of the Bay of Naples. , The Old State House still stands in State Street, at its upper end, and seen from below pre sents a fine specimen of the architecture of a former age. On this spot was the seat of govern ment in' Massachusetts for 140 years : two buildings having been destroyed by fire before the present venerable edifice was erected. The first was built in 1659, the second in 1714, and the present in 1748. Since the removal of the Capitol to Beacon Hill, in 1798, the old State House has heen used some time for a City Hall and Post Office, and more recently for stores and offices for men of business. One of the first objects of interest for which the stranger inquires in Boston is Faneuil Hall, — - the " Cradle of Liberty " — celebrated in Amer ican history as the forum of that patriotic elo quence which made a monarch tremble on his throne, inspired an unprepared and unassisted people to achieve their independence, and sounded out those maxims of political truth and wisdom which have extended their influence over the hab". itable globe. This noble edifice, the gift of Peter Faneuil, Esq., to the town in 1742, is situated in Dock Square, is 100 feet long by 80 feet wide, and three stories high. The great hall is 76 feet square, and 28 feet high, with deep galleries on 3 sides, and capable of containing about 5500 per sons standing. It is appropriately decorated with the busts and portraits of the fathers of Amer ican liberty who once thundered within its walls, — Hancock, Samoel and John Adams, — and of others, as of Washington and Knox, who thundered upon the field of battle. The portrait of Washington is the original full length picture by Stuart. To these are added a beautiful pic ture, in full size, by Sargent, of Faneuil, the munificent donor. The building was materially enlarged, by additions to its width and height, in 1805. It is interesting to notice the unfading power of the patriotic associations of this memo rable hall upon the minds of the Boston populace. It is enough for the purposes of the popular orator, on any topic connected with social or civil right, if his auditors breathe within its sacred walls. Faneuil Hall Market, situated immediately E. of Faneuil Hall, is one of the most costly and superb of the public buildings. It extends on Dock Square 535| feet, and is 50 feet in width. The centre part of the building, 74 by 55 feet on the ground, rises to the height of 77 feet, and is surmounted by a beautiful dome. The wings in their entire extent arc 30 feot high, with two sto ries above the basement. Upon each end is a portico, with four columns, of the Grecian Doric order, 3^ feet in diameter at the base, and 20 feet 9 inches high, to the capital ; each column being one solid shaft of Quincy granite, of which material, finely hammered, the whole building is constructed. The first story is occupied for the market, having its stalls on each side of a grand corridor, through the whole length of the building. The upper story is one vast hall, so constructed as to be divided into several compartments for ware- rooms, or all thrown into one, for large sales, fairs, or exhibitions of mechanical or agricultural products. This upper hall is called Quincy Hall, in honor of Hon. Josiah Quincy the elder, under whose mayoralty it was built. The edifice, ex clusive of the land, cost $150,000. Faneuil Hall Market is ono or the most extensive and richly- farnished markets in the country. Besides the retail, a large wholesale business is here carried on, not only for the city, but for a wide circle of towns in its vicinity, which by the numerous rail roads are brought within a few hours of Boston. On each side of this beautiful building are two broad streets, one 65 and the other 102 feet in width, having each a range of spacious warehouses with granite fronts, facing the market. There are several other markets in the city. Besides those in East Boston and South Boston, there are Boylston Market, Beach Street Market, and Wil liams Market, in Dover Street; also Blackstone Market, in the street of the same name. The two last named were opened in 1852. Over Boylston Market is a public hall, 100 feet in length by 48 in width. This building is at the corner of Washington and Boylston Streets, near ly opposite the site of the old Liberty Tree, of revolutionary renown. The City Hall is centrally located, on an open plot of ground between Court Square and School Street, having the Stone Chapel Cemetery on the west, extending to Tremont Street. The edifice is of granite, and consists of an octagon centre, with wings on the E. and W. sides. The entire length of the building is 140 feet The Court House, in Court Square, between the City Hall and Court Street, for the accommo dation of all the courts of law for the city, coun ty, state, and the United States, is a stately edifice, of hewn granite, in length 175 feet 10 inches, in width 53 feet 10 inches, and in height 57 feet 3 inches. A Doric portico adorns each of its N. and S. fronts, having four fluted granite columns, 4 feet 5 inches in 'diameter, and 25 feet 4 inches high, of a single piece, weighing 25 tons each. Excepting these two fine porticoes, this building is plain in the exterior. The Merchants' Exchange, on the south side of State Street, is a magnificent structure, com pleted in 1842. Its front, on State Street, is 76 feet; its height, 70 feet; and its depth, to Lindall Street, 250 feet, covering 13,000 feet of land. Its front is entirely of Quincy granite, with four pilasters and two antaes, each of a single stone 45 feet in height, and weighing, on an average, 55 tons. The great central hall, for the Mer chants' Exchange and newspaper reading room, is truly a splendid room. Its dimensions are 80 by 58 feet, having 18 beautiful columns support ing the dome, 20 feet in height, in fine imitation of Sienna marble, with Corinthian capitals. The front is occupied by banks, insurance offices, &c, and the basement for the Post Office. There is also a hotel in the building. The cost of the structure, exclusive of the site, was $175,000. The Custom House, in Boston, is one of the most magnificent and elaborately finished build ings in the United States. It was commenced in 1837, and not entirely completed until 1849. The whole cost, including the site, was about $1,076,000. It is situated between Long Wharf and Central Wharf, fronting west upon Commer cial Street, and east upon the harbor. It is in the form of a Greek cross, surmounted, over the transept, by a dome, which, like tho whole roof of the building, is entirely of granite tile, to the skylight. Its foundations rest on 3000 piles, driven in the most effective manner. > The length is 140 feot, and its width 75 feet. Its width at the centre, including the projections of the cross, is 95 feet ; the porticoes upon these projections IN THE UNITED STATES. 293 being 10 feet in front, on each side, with a breadth of 67 feet. The exterior of the building is purely Grecian Doric, not an exact copy from any an cient model, but an adaptation to suit the pur poses of the structure, which is characteristically Grecian in all its parts. It consists of a portico on each side, of six fluted columns, and an order of slightly engaged columns round the entire walls, 20 in number, resting on a high stylobite or basement. The columns are 5 feet 4 inches in diameter, and 32 feet high ; the shaft; being in one piece, and each weighing about 42 tons. Upon these rest a full entablature, and pediments above the porticoes. The top of the dome is 95 feet from the ground. The interior arrangement is adapted with great perfection to the purposes of the building. The grand cross-shaped rotun da, in the centre, for the transaction of the gen eral business of the collector's department, is a splendid room. 63 feet in its greatest length, 59 feet wide, and 62 feet high to the skylight. The ceiling of the dome is supported by 12 marble columns, 3 feet in diameter, and 29 feet high, ornamented with highly-wrought Corinthian cap itals. The numerous other compartments, from the cellar to the attic story, are constructed and arranged with such convenience for the facilities of business as can hardly be surpassed. The building was designed by A. B. Young, A. M., architect, of Bos.ton, and erected under his super vision throughout. The new City Prison, near the foot of Cam bridge Street presents an imposing appearance on approaching the city over Cambridge Bridge. It consists of a centre octagonal building, with four wings radiating from the centre. Three of these wings enclose the cells of the prison, which is constructed upon the Auburn plan. The west wing is appropriated to the jailer's family, his - office, and those of the other officers, the hospital and chapel ; and the' centre to the great kitchen, scullery, laundry, ward room, and other general purposes of the establishment. The exterior is entirely of Quincy granite, formed with split ashlar, in courses, having the cornices and other projecting portions hammered or dressed ; the whole design, in a successful manner, combining symmetry with strength. The Masonic Temple, on Tremont Street, fronting the Common, is also a beautiful build ing, completed in 1832. It is 804 feet in length, 60 feet in width, and 52 feet in height The towers upon the two front corners rise 90 feet from the ground. The Boston Museum, on Tremont, near Court Street, and the Howard Athenaeum, on Howard Street, are also beautiful specimens of architec tural taste. These are both occupied, in part, for dramatic performances. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society have a beautiful hall in School Street, opposite the City Hall, in which weekly exhibitions of fruits and flowers, of great luxuriance, are held, during the appropriate season. The Tremont Temple, opposite the Tremont House, burnt down in 1852, but since rebuilt, has four stores in front, and in the rear two rooms, each ,16 by 32 feet, and a vestry 32 by 73 feet, 13 feet high, well lighted and venti lated. Still farther in the rear is a hall or chapel, 53 by 73 feet, and 25 feet high, capable of seating from 800 to 900 persons, the entrance to which is an easy descending grade, of only three quar ters of an inch to a foot, by a seven feet pas sage on the northerly side of the building. • There is another passage, of about the same width, on the southerly side, from, and on a level with, Tremont Street; also a centre passage, twelve and a half feet wide, designed as the prin cipal entrance, but all to be thrown open, when required, for outlets to the main hall, which is in the upper story, and is about 73 by 130 feet, and 45 feet high, with galleries on throe sides, with eight distinct flights of stairs, (four on each side,) at different points, together with independent flights of stairs from the anterooms to the lower floor, making in all over 50 feet in width of stair way downward from the floor of the hall. In a recess at the end of the hall, concealed by a wire gauze screen, painted in imitation of pan el work, stands the largest organ in. America, built by E. & G. G. Hook, of Boston. It has four sets of keys, and two octaves and two notes of pedals. The swell organ extends through the entire compass from C C up to A, 58 notes. It is enclosed in a double box, 11 feet high, 9 feet deep, and 12 feet wide, and contains 15 stops and 834 pipes. The great organ contains 15 stops, including a. metal double open diapason to 16 feet C, five unison stops, two principals, 13 ranks of chorus, and two reeds, making 1334 pipes. The choir organ contains 10 stops and 568 pipes. The solo, or fourth manual, contains six stops and 276 pipes. There are eight pedal stops, among them a 32 feet tone, and a 16 feet reed, making 216 pipes. There are also nine coup ling stops, and four composition pedals. Ex treme height of the organ, 45 feet ; width, 36 feet. Total number of pipes, 3010; stops, 70, two only of which are divided. Between tho main hall and the lower floor in the second story, there are thirteen rooms, aver aging about 16 feet in width, and from 32 to 38 feet in length. The walls throughout, from openings under the basement floor to the attic, are vaulted for purposes of ventilation, and plas tered directly upon the brick, thus preventing the dampness usual in solid brick walls, and the usual danger of fire spreading from one apart ment to another, behind the furring, at the same time improving the halls for sound. The Boston Music Hall, completed in 1852, has one front entrance on Winter Street, and an other in Bumstead Place. The interior of the hall is 130 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 65 feet high. It has a gallery at one end, and two rows of bal conies on either side. A series of Corintljian pilasters, rising from above the upper balcony, support a groined cove, in which are the semi circular windows which light the hall. The ceil ing within the coving is divided into diamond- shaped panels. The front of the galleries is of light cast-iron work. The gas lights are arranged along the top of the main cornice, with supple mentary gas lights on the front of the galleries. The hall will contain 3000 persons, and has cor ridors on either side, with 42 doors communicat ing with the hall. The architect was Mr. George Snell, of Boston. The literary, charitable, and humane institu tions of Boston are numerous and well endowed; and the buildings with which many of them are fupiished, are among the handsomest ornaments of the city. The Boston Athenaeum, incorpo rated in 1807, has a library of about 50,000 vol- 294 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, umes, which, in value as well as* in size, is hardly surpassed by any other in the country. Its reg ulations are framed with the design that it shall answer the highest purposes of a public library. Besides the bound volumes above enumerated, it possesses 20,000, or more, unbound pamphlets, between 400 and 500 volumes of engravings, and the most valuable collection of coins in this part of the country. It has lately received an important accession to its treasures in the pur chase of about 450 volumes, and from 800 to 1000 pamphlets, which once formed a part of the library of Washington. This important acqui sition was secured to the Athenaeum through the liberality of about 100 gentlemen of Boston, Sa lem, and Cambridge. There are also connected with the Athenaeum a fine sculpture gallery and a gallery of paintings. In the latter is to be seen Belshazzar's Feast, the great historical picture of Washington Allston, which, although many years under his hand, was never entirely finished ; also, a valuable series of sketches by this great artist. Hon. James Perkins gave for the use of the Athenaeum, in 1821, his own costly mansion in Pearl Street, which was occupied until it became necessary, in 1849, to change the location. The beautiful building which it now occupies is on Beacon Street, a short distance east of the State House, a situation most highly eligible for such an institution. The edifice is elegant, spacious, and convenient. The front is in the later Italian style of architecture, resembling some of the works of Palladio in its general arrangement. ; constructed of the Patterson freestone, of a light gray color. The length is 100 feet, and tho height 60. The main entrance opens into a pillared and panelled rotunda, from which the staircases conduct above. The sculpture gallery. 80 feet by 40, is on the first floor. The library occupies the second story, which is divided into three rooms, two in front and one large hall in the rear, 109 feet by 40. This hall is beautifully fin ished in the Italian style, and admirably fitted for tbe purposes of its design. The picture gallery is in the upper story, divided into six apartments, each lighted by a skylight. An annual exhibi tion of paintings is open here, during the winter and spring. The Massachusetts Historical Society, founded in 1790, occupies a suit of rooms in the granite building, on Tremont Street, between the Stone Chapel Cemetery and the Boston Museum. It has a valuable library of 7000 bound volumes, besides 450 volumes of manuscripts, and a large collection of pamphlets, maps, charts, coins, and other interesting relics of antiquity. The manu scripts of tho historian Hubbard; of the first Gov. Winthrop, 11 vols.; of Gov. Hutchinson; of the first Gov. Trumbull, of Connecticut, 23 vols.; and the manuscript of Washington's Fare well Address to the Officers of the American Army, are in possession of this society. One of its rooms is adorned with the portraits of about 70 distinguished personages, mostly the worthies of New England. This society has issued a series of Historical Collections, in all amounting to 30 volumes. The library of the Boston Library Society, founded in 1792, occupies a hall over the centra of the Tontine Buildings, as formerly denomi nated, in Franklin Place. This hall wast a donation to tho society by Bulfineh, (the archi tect of the Capitol at Washington,) Vaughan, and Scollay, the three proprietors of the Tontine. This library has over 12,000 volumes. The American Academy^of Arts and Sciences, founded in 1780, is next in age to the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, which is the oldest of the scientific associations of the country. Its library, of 8000 volumes, contains a valuable collection of the memoirs and transac tions of learned societies, and other scientific publications. It is kept in the N. wing of the Athenaeum, on the lower floor. The Mechanics' Apprentices Library Associa tion, in Boston, claims the distinction of being the first of its kind established in the world. It is due to the wise suggestion and philanthropic energy of Mr. William Wood, now residing iu Canandaigua, N. Y. ; whose exertions have been extended, with the like success, to most of our large cities, and even to the cities of the old world. Lord Brougham remarks, that, "Al though the remote origin of these institutions may be traced to Dr. Franklin, Mr. Wood has the merit of establishing them on their present plan, and adapting them peculiarly to the instruc tion of mechanics and apprentices. He founded the first in Boston, in 1820." The library con tains about 4000 volumes, and was the gift of the Boston public to the apprentices of the city. It was originally intrusted to the care of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association, a society of established reputation, founded in 1795. This society, which is still prosperous, has handsome funds, which have been recently invested in the Revere Hotel. Its income is em ployed for relieving the distresses of unfortunate members and their families, and to stimulate, by premiums, inventions, and improvements in the mechanic arts. For this purpose it provides for those frequent and extensive exhibitions of the products of manufacturing skill and industry which have been so highly successful in Boston. In 1828, the Apprentices' Association was organ ized as distinct from that of tho Mechanics, and the library committed to their entire control. The Mercantile Library Association, of Bos ton, instituted in 1820, is a large and useful society, composed of merchants' clerks and others, which has a library of over 7000 volumes, and maintains an able and popular course of lectures. Their hall is on the corner of Broni- field and Province Streets. Efforts are now making to establish a free City Library, and several handsome donations have been already made for that purpose. But the most munificent foundation of this character, in Boston, is that of the Lowell Insti tute, established by the princely liberality of John Lowell, Jr., Esq. By a legacy amount ing to about $250,000, this gentleman has provided for tho maintenance of public lectures, of the highest order, which are to be free to nil the citizens, on the great subjects of natural and revealed religion ; on tho literature and eloquence of the English and other languages ; on the various sciences in their application to the arts, and other relations of utility to man ; and on such .other subjects as the wants and taste of the age may demand. The Lowell Institute, by its ample income, is able to command the services of men of the highest talent in the country, and to furnish them with the fullest means for illus trating the subjects of their various discourses. The lectures are given on Tuesday and Friday IN THE UNITED STATES. 295 evenings, in a spacious audience room, fitted up for the purpose, and leased by the Institute, in the rear of the Marlboro' Hotel. None of its in come can be expended in the erection of buildings. There are other literary societies in Boston which we cannot speak of in detail. Such are the Boston Society of Natural History; the American Statistical Association ; the New Eng land Historical and Genealogical Society ; the American Oriental Society ; and the Boston Ly ceum. All these have valuable libraries, cabinets, and collections. The Handel and Haydn Society. the lioston Academy of Music, and the Musical Education Society, are well-conducted and effi cient associations for the cultivation of musical science and Christian psalmody. Among the numerous charitable and humane institutions of the city are the Boston Lunatic Hospital, and the Houses of Industry and Refor mation, each of which has a commodious and handsome edifice, located at South Boston ; the Quarantine Hospital, delightfully situated on Rainsford's Island ; the New Almshouse, on Deer Island, for which a most splendid, capa cious, and well-constructed building has been erected, which is in the form of a Latin cross, having its four wings, three stories high above the basement, radiating from a central building four stories high ; the Boston Eye and Ear Infirmary, with a beautiful structure lately erect ed in the W^ part of the city ; the Boston Female Asylum, founded in 1800, for assisting, instructing, and employing female orphan chil dren, for which a new and substantial brick building, with ample grounds and some peculiar arrangements for warming and ventilating, has been provided at the south end ; also the New England Female Medical College, established by the exertions of Samuel Gregory, for the qualifi cation of females to nurse and attend upon the sick of their own sex. Besides these there are sev eral societies for the benefit of seamen ; among which are the Boston Port Society, and the Bos ton Seaman's Friend Society, which has provided an excellent Home for Sailors. The Massachusetts General Hospital, situated on an open plot of ground of four acres, on the banks of Charles River, at the W. part of the city, is one of the noblest, best endowed, and best furnished institutions of tho kind in the country. This beautiful edifice is of Chelmsford granite, 274 feet in length by 54 in breadth, with a portico in front of eight Ionic columns. Con nected with tho building in the rear is a kitchen and laundry of the most approved construction. The whole interior arrangement is according to the most perfect system. The premises are deco rated with ornamental trees and shrubs, and laid out in gravel walks for those patients who arc able tp enjoy exercise in the open air. This in stitution has found many munificent patrons in Massachusetts. Its capital, now yielding income, exclusive of .the large amount invested in the buildings, grounds, &c, is $171,119. It has several other sources of income, making its whole receipts, in 1850, $38,517. The number of pa tients received the same year was 746. The McLean Asylum for the Insane, so called from John McLean, Esq., an eminent merchant of Boston, and a liberal benefactor of the General Hospital, is a branch of that institution, having a separate location on a delightful eminence in Somerville, about 1 mile N. W. of the city. The establishment, consisting externally of a group of five elegant buildings, makes a fine ap pearance from whatever direction it is viewed. As an example of the noble manner in which such institutions are sustained by th* Boston merchants.' it may be stated that, in 1843, Hon. William Appleton gave $10,000 "for the pur pose of affording aid to such patients in the McLean Asylum as, from straitened, means, might be compelled to leave the institution with out a perfect cure;" and, in 1850, the same gentleman contributed the further sum of $20,000 " for the purpose of erecting two additional edi fices, sufficiently large to accommodate eight males and eight females, with such conveniences and facilities as shall enable each to have not only the care, attention, and comforts, but the luxuries and retirement which they have been ac customed to enjoy at home." The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind is another of the great eleemosynary institutions originated by Boston liberality. It was first opened as an experiment, in 1832, under the superintendence of Dr. Samuel G. Howe. In 1833, Col. Thomas H. Perkins made a donation of his valuable mansion house in Pearl Street, other gentlemen in Boston $50,000, the ladies $14,000, and the legislature $6,000 annually, for its permanent establishment. It now receives from the state $9000 annually. Its average number of pupils is about 100, who are from many different states of tho Union. The rapid growth of the institution having ren dered its removal necessary, the estate in Pearl Street was exchanged for the present large and beautiful edifice at South Boston, formerly known as the Mount Washington House. To this splen did building, five stories high, and from its lovely eminence overlooking the city, harbor, and sur rounding region, many conveniences bave sinco been added, making the establishment, in respect to its accommodations, all that can bo desired. It is open to the public on the afternoon of the first Saturday in each month. Several of' our national societies for religious and benevolent purposes have their seat of oper ations in the metropolis of New England. Among these are the American Board of Com missioners for Foreign Missions, the American Baptist Missionary Union, tho American Educa tion Society, the American Peace Society, the American Unitarian Association, the Prison Dis cipline Society, and the old Society for Prop agating the Gospel among the Indians and others in North America. Several others, though not national in their organization, are truly such in the extent of their operations ; such as the Mas sachusetts Home Missionary Society, the Amer ican Tract Society of Boston, and the Massa chusetts Sabbath School Society. There are upwards of one hundred churches in Boston, of the different denominations ; 98 of which have their regular places of worship. Of these, the Unitarian Congregationalists have 22 ; Orthodox Congregationalists, 14 ; Baptists, 13 ; Methodists, 12; Episcopalians, 11 ; Roman Cath olics. 11; Universalists, 6; Presbyterians, Swe denborgians. and several other denominations, one each. Most of the church edifices are ven erable and costly structures, which contribute in no small degree to beautify the city. Several have lofty spires, which have a fine appearance on an approach to the city by land or water. 296 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, That of the Park Street Meeting House, north 6f the Common, rises to the height of 218 feet above the pavement, and is one of the most beau tiful examples of this description of architecture in the country. The Gothic style, in dark colored sandstone, has been adopted, with fine effect, in the erection of several of the more recent struc tures. The oldest church edifice in Boston, still standing, is that of Christ Church, (Episcopal) at the north end, built in 1723. In the steeple of this church is a peal of eight bells, On each of which is an inscription. Two of these are as follows : " We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America. A. R., 1744." " God preserve the Church of England. 1744." The initials A. R. are those of the founder. The Old South Meeting House, on Washington Street, is the next building in age. having suc ceeded to two others of wood on the same spot. It was opened for worship April 26, 1730. There is great historical interest connected with this sacred edifice. " Here was delivered, in defiance of the threats of authority, and in presence of marshalled soldiery, Warren's fearless oration, on tho anniversary of the massacre of the 5th of March, 1770. Here were repeatedly held the meetings of oppressed freemen, which called forth those peals of patriotic eloquence which moved the whole country, and shook the British throne." When the British troops occupied Bos ton, the whole interior of the Old South, except the sounding board and the east gallery, was dismantled by them, and converted into a circus for. their dragoons. About two feet of earth was spread upon the floor for their horses to exercise upon. Large portions of the invaluable histor ical library, collected by its former pastor, Rev. Thomas Prince, they used for kindling their fires. This desecration of the Old South excited universal indignation. Happily, the interior was afterwards fully restored in its "former style, with its two tiers of galleries, &c., and has been care fully preserved to this day, at once a venerated specimen of the elegance of ancient times, and a sacred shrine of patriotic and religious memories. In keeping with these associations, the Old South has long been the place where the annual elec tion sermon is delivered before the governor and General Court. The public schools of Boston, next to her religious institutions, and in harmony with them, have, from the first been her most cherished care. The records of the town afford evidence, as early as 1635, of the establishment of a " Free School." From that hour to the present, Boston, in this respect, has held an honorable preem inence. The system of tho public schools has here been brought to a high degree of complete ness and perfection. It comprises schools of four different grades, viz.: 1. The Primary Schools, each taught by one female teacher, for children between 4 and 8 years of age. 2. The English Grammar and Writing Schools, into which all the children pass from the primary schools. 3. The English High School. 4. Tho Latin Grammar School. The two last are exclusively for boys. A public high school for girls is, per haps, a desideratum ; though the deficiency is supplied, to a great extent, by excellent private schools in the city. The number of primary schools, in 1851, was 188; and of the English grammar schools, 22 ; with a corps of 370 teach ers, whose salaries amount to $183,898. The buildings for the use of the high and grammar schools are the most perfect in their kind, and in their style of architecture at once neat and orna mental. Their cost, with that of the primary school houses, including the ground, up to May 1, 1851, is estimated at $1,210,110. About one quarter part of the population of Boston is kept at school throughout the year, at an annual expense to the city of about $250,000; which, including the heavy investments for buildings, apparatus, &e, involves an outlay for this impor tant public interest without a parallel in the world's history. It is, however, a part of the encomium due to the merit of the public schools of Boston, that many of her sister cities are now emulating her wisdom and liberality in this par ticular. As a branch of the same enlightened philan thropy, the Boston Farm School for Indigent Boys, on Thompson's Island, should be men tioned; the object of which is "the education and reformation of boys who, from loss of par ents or other causes, are exposed to extraor dinary temptations, and in danger of becoming vicious and dangerous, or useless members of society." This institution, with 140 acres of land and suitable buildings, can accommodate 300 boys, who are to bo trained with a view to pro mote at once their physical, mental, and moral welfare. This is virtually the Boston ¦' College for Orphans." It has been in operation since 1835. There are likewise the House of Correc tion, and the House of Industry and Reformation, at South Boston, the latter designed for juvenile delinquents, and having a branch at the hospital on Deer Island, in which excellent schools are maintained. The State Reform School, at West- boro', also receives a large number of this class of children from the city. The institution of the Franklin medals, award ed annually in the Boston schools, was founded by Dr. Franklin. The following is from the clause in his will, in which he makes the bequest, and defines its object: — " I was born in Boston, New England, and owe my first instructions in literature to the free grammar schools established there. I therefore give one hundred pounds sterling to my execu tors, to be by them, the survivors or survivor of them, paid over to the managers or directors of the free schools in my native town of Boston, to be by them put out to interest, and so contin ued at interest forever, which interest annually shall be laid out in silver medals, and given as honorary rewards annually by the directors of the said free schools, for the encouragement of scholarship in the said schools," &c. To the proceeds of this benefaction the city adds an an nual sum sufficient, to procure six silver medals, which are inscribed " The Gift of Franklin." The first pupil of the Boston schools, who re ceived the Franklin medal, was Dr. John C. Warren, in 1792. Since Boston, by its railroads, has become a great centre of business and travel for a large portion of the country, its hotels and houses of public entertainment have become an im portant feature of the city. Among the most colebrated are tho Tremont House, on the corner of Tremont and Beacon Streets; the United States Hotel, opposite the Western Railroad IN THE UNITED STATES. 297 Station ; the American House, on Hanover Street, the Revere House, on Bowdoin Square; the Quincy House, on Brattle Square ; the Winthrop House, on Tremont Street, opposite the south end of the Common ; and the Adams House, on Washington Street These are all large and splendid establishments, conducted upon a most perfect system ; and some of them have obtained a high celebrity in foreign lands. There are numerous hotels besides of great excellence, though less extensive than the above. The total value of real and personal estate assessed for taxation in Boston, in 1851, was $187,947,000. There were in 1852, twelve indi vidual citizens estimated to be worth a million or more, and twenty more estimated to be worth half a million and upwards. Boston was originally selected as a place of residence for its abundance of pure water ; and it is supposed that, on this account, the name Shaiv- mut. signifying Living Fountains, had been given to the peninsula by the Indians. For many years, however, previous to the construction of the great aqueduct by which it is now so richly supplied, the wants of the city, in this important particular, had increased beyond its internal resources. A company was incorporated, as early as 1795, for the purpose of introducing into the city the water of Jamaica Pond, in Roxbury. In 1845, this company had laid about 15 miles of pipe, convey ing the "water to nearly 3000 of the 10,370 houses which the city then contained. The elevation of this pond, however, was too lowto bring the water into the higher portions of the city ; and its ca pacity was quite insufficient for the supply of the portions reached. For 20 years previous to 1845, various commissions had been constituted, at dif ferent times, to examine the waters in the neigh borhood, for the purpose of selecting one to be introduced into the city. At length, in 1845, Long Pond, or Lake Cociiituate, as it has since been named, was selected for this purpose, which lies in the towns of Framingham, Natick, and Wayland, about 20 miles west of Boston. This beautiful body of water covers an area of 659 acres, and is in some places 70 feet deep. It drains an area of 11,400 acres, and will supply, according to the lowest estimate, 10,000,000 gal lons of water daily. Its elevation above the level of spring tide at' Boston is 1244 feet It is di vided into two sections by a dam. The northerly section, from which the aqueduct is taken, con tains about 200 acres ; and the other, which is held in reserve, to be drawn upon as wanted, con tains about 459 acres. The gate house is in Wayland, near the Natick line. The water is conveyed, through a conduit of brick masonry, from this point 14J miles to the reservoir in . Brookline, which is 4£ miles distant from the cen tre of the city. This conduit is, in section, an egg-shaped oval, the largest end down, 6 feet 4 inches in height, and 5 feet in width, in its inte rior dimensions, and of two bricks in thickness, laid in hydraulic cement. It has a descent of 24 inches to the mile. The conduit is interrupted at the crossing of Charles River, over which the water is carried in two 30 inch iron pipes, on a bridge of granite masonry, constructed in a hand some style of architecture, with three arches of 30 feet span. Some of the excavations for the con duit were over 50 feet in depth ; and it is carried through two tunnels in ledges of the hardest rock, one 1140, and the other 2410 feet in length. The 38 reservoir in Brookline is a beautiful structure, of irregular, elliptical shape, including, with the em bankment and the necessary margin, 38 acres. The surface of the water covers about 224 acres. It is capable of containing about 100,000,000 gal lons of water — a quantity sufficient for the city for two weeks, at 7,000,000 gallons a day. The gate house is a handsome structure of granite masonry, with a roof of iron. From the Brookline reservoir the water is brought into the city, over the Neck, in two iron pipes, one 30 and the other 36 inches in diameter. The first discharges into a central reservoir on Beacon Hill, a short distance in the rear of the State House. From the other, branches are con ducted directly to most parts of the city. The Beacon Hill reservoir is a massive struc ture of granite stone masonry, nearly 200 feet square, occupying the entire area, east and west, between Temple and Hancock Streets, and ex tending from Derne Street on the north to the rear of Mount Vernon Street on the south. Its height to the top of the coping, on Derne Street, is 58 feet 9 inches ; this, by the declivity of the ground, being its loftiest wall. The whole substructure supporting the basin, or reservoir, rests on arches of immense strength, 14| feet span. The depth of the basin is 15 feet and 8 inches, and its ca pacity 2,678,961 wine gallons. This reservoir is intended to supply the city, for a short time, in any possible contingency of the connection with the Brookline reservoir being interrupted. There are also distributing reservoirs at South Boston and at East Boston. The reservoir at South Boston is on ' Telegraph Hill, one of the old " Dorchester Heights." It is supplied by a 20 inch pipe, from the main in Tremont Street, through Dover Street, and over the south bridge. Its capacity is 7,508,246 gallons. The water is carried to East Boston by a 20 inch pipe, com mencing at Haymarket Square, and crossing Charles River on the lower side of Warren Bridge, thence over Mystic River by Chelsea Bridge, and thence across Chelsea Creek by a flexible pipe to the reservoir on Eagle Hill. This reservoir is 30 feet deep, and contains 5,591,816 wine gallons. The cost of introducing the water into East Bos ton was $306,980. The entire length of pipe laid from the commencement of the Boston Water Works, in all parts of the city, in Brookline, Roxbury, South Boston, Charlestown, Chelsea, and East Boston, up to January 1, 1852, was a fraction over 100 miles. The entire cost of the aqueduct, up to January 1, 1852, was $5,185,711. An analysis of the water of Lake Cochituate, by Professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr., gave the fol lowing results : — Chloride of sodium, 0323 Chloride of potassium, 0380 Chloride of calcium, 0308 Chloride of magnesium 0764 Sulphate of magnesia, 1020 Alumina 0800 Carbonate of lime 2380 Carbonate of magnesia, . . . .0630 Silica 0300 Carbonate of soda, equivalent to crenate and nitrate of do., and loss, . • •5295 1.2200 Carbonic acid in one gall, in cubic inches, 10,719 298 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, This water is remarkable for the very small quantity of solid matter which it contains, and its great freedom from foreign substances. Indeed, Professor Silliman remarks; it is " almost good enough for any chemical purpose whatever." " A water," he adds, " which will dissolve nitrate of silver without cloudiness, and will produce no precipitate with a salt of baryta, must be allowed, on all hands, to be very pure, although not abso lutely so." As a commercial port, and also as a place of internal trade, especially since the completion of her groat lines of railroad communication, Boston possesses preeminent advantages. Previous to the revolution, and for a long timo afterwards, this was the most extensive mart of foreign com merce in tho country ; and, even to this day, Boston has more than one half of the East India trade carried on from the United States, and of the Russia trade three quarters. She has also an extensive trade with the Mediterranean the West Indies, South America, and every part of the commercial world. In 1851, the arrivals, from foreign ports were 2877, of which 75 were from the Cape of Good Hope and beyond. Besides these, a large number of the foreign vessels, be longing to Boston, arrive and discharge their merchandise at New York, for the advantages of a more central and extensive market. The foreign commerce of this country may be said to be controlled by the cities of Boston and New York. The aggregate value of their imports amounts to about $185,000,000, of which about $35,000,000 comes direct to Boston. The im mense wealth of those two cities, amounting in the aggregate to $500,000,000, enables them al most entirely to command those great branches of commerce which require a heavy capital for their operations. .The East India and Pacific trade, without including the vessels bound to California, employs, at the present time, 338 ships and barks, which, with the exception of a few vessels owned in Salem, is controlled entirely by Boston and New York ; New York having a majority of the China trade, and Boston control ling nearly all the trade with Calcutta, Manilla, Batavia. Sumatra, the Cape of Good Hope, Chili, and Peru. " Those," says an early historian of Boston, " who were formerly forced to fetch most of the bread they ate, and beer they drank, u thousand leagues by sea, arc, through the blessing of the Lord, so increased, that they have not only fed their elder sisters, Virginia, Barbadoes, and many of the Summer Islands, that were preferred be fore them for fruitfulness, but also the grand mother of us all, even the fertile isle of Great Britain. Beside, Portugal hath had many a mouthful of bread and fish from us in exchange for their Madeira liquor, and also Spain ; nor could it be imagined that this wilderness should turn a mart for merchants in so short a space. Many a fair ship had her framing and finishing here, besides lesser vessels, barks, and ketches. Many a master, besides common seamen, had their first learning in this colony. Boston, Charlestown, Salem, and Ipswich, our maritime towns, begin to increase roundly, especially Bos ton, tho which, of a poor country village, in twice seven years, is bocomo like unto a small city, and is in election to become a mayor town suddenly, chiefly increased by trade by sea." This quaint and lively sketch of the infant com merce of Boston, so interesting on other ac counts, reveals the early development of many of those great sources of wealth which have made it one of the richest cities of this country. It has been the mother of the maritime interest in America, has continued the training of " many a master, besides common seamen," not only for her own, but for the other great ports of the country, and is now a chief mart for the expor tation of " bread and fish," in exchange for the commodities of Europe. But as other considerations besides the facili ties of trade had an influence, and even a con trolling influence, in the original settlement of Boston, its situation was not selected upon the principle which has generally governed the lo cation of our large cities, viz., the confluence of some large navigable river with the sea, thus uniting the greatest natural advantages for for eign and internal traffic. Consequently, for a time after the vast resources of the country west of the Alleghany Mountains began- to be largely developed, and to seek a channel to the foreign market, the trade of Boston suffered, relatively, from the want of better communication with the more remote interior, and her ships had to seek freight in the southern ports. But, happily, in her large accumulations of capital, and in the in domitable enterprise of her citizens, she found the means of completely obviating this natural disadvantage, through the construction of the several great lines of railroad by which she has become connected with the most distant sec tions of the country lying east, west, north, and' south. This great. achievement of science, in dustry, and art has effected a most surprising advancement in the commercial prosperity and prospects of Boston. Her internal trade, which was formerly limited to the coast, and to the space circumscribed by the nearest ranges of ele vated mountains, is now opened to the farthest boundaries of the valleys of the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence ; and. her merchants now think as lightly of extending their traffic beyond the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and California, as they once did of reaching the opposite slbpes of the Green Mountain and Alleghany ranges. There are now seven great lines of railroad diverging in different directions from Boston, most of which are annually increasing in extent. It will give some idea of the magnitude to which this interest has grown, when it is stated that the aggregate distance travelled to and from Boston daily, upon the railroads now in operation, dis regarding many of the shorter trips of the nu merous accommodation trains around the city, is over 12,000 miles, and that the number of per sons arriving and departing daily is upwards of 10,000. Another route is now nearly completed, to meet the great Erie Railroad, by the way of Hartford, Ct., and Fishkill on the Hudson River. But the greatest further improvement now in progress is the extension of tho Fitchburg Rail road beyond its present terminus at Greenfield, by tunnelling the Hoosic Mountain, and passing to the city of Troy on the Hudson River oppo site tho Erie Canal. As the highest grade on this road between the Connecticut and Hudson Rivers is only 31 feot to the mile, and the dis tance between the two cities only about 175 miles, this improvement, when completed, can not fail to give to Boston a large increase of the almost boundless commerce of the west. IN THE UNITED STATES. 299 By our tables of latitude and longitude, it will be seen that Albany, Buffalo, Detroit, and Chicago lie within a fraction of the same degree of lati tude with Boston ; and as these four places are the chief depositories of the immense produce of the west, and as the great marts for this produce in Europe — Liverpool, Havre, St. Petersburg, and other ports — lie some degrees N. of Boston, it must be evident that every variation to the S. of this line of communication will by so much increase the distance on this great channel of commercial intercourse. And the capitalists of Boston, aware of this fact, are expending large sums of money in the extension of these improve ments. To say nothing of several enterprises more remote, or in their more incipient stages, we learn from authentic sources, that probably one third of the entire line from Albany to Buffa lo ; one half of the Vermont Central, the Rutland, and the Canada roads ; two-thirds of the Og densburg, connecting the Vermont Central with Lake Ontario ; and two thirds of the Michigan Central, extending from Detroit to Chicago, are owned in Boston. As a mart for our domestic manufactures, Bos ton, from these various facilities, possesses great advantages ; and especially as the metropolis of New England, which is already, and seems des tined to be more and more, the great manufactur ing district for the country. There is probably no place in the world better provided than Boston with the necessary accom modations for her extensive commerce. The whole margin of the city on the E. and N. is lined with about 200 docks and wharves, affording altogether an extent of wharfage of over 5 miles. Some of these wharves are among the most stu pendous structures of this description in the country. Long Wharf, at the foot of State Street, extends into the harbor 1800 feet, having upon it aline of 76 spacious warehouses. Central Wharf, S. of this, is 1379 feet long, with a uniform range of warehouses running the whole length, 50 feet wide and four stories high. Between these two wharves, on Commercial Street, stands the Cus tom House. South of Central Wharf is India Wharf 980 feet long, with a range of 39 warehouses in the centre. Among the most extensive wharves towards the northern part of the city are Granite or Commercial Wharf, Lewis's Wharf, and the Eastern Railroad Wharf. On each of these is a range of massive granite warehouses, unequalled by any thing of the kind in the United States. On the Eastern Railroad Wharf there are two such ranges, and the avenue to the railroad sta tion passes between them. That on the south side is occupied by an extensive flouring mill, in which 2500 bushels of wheat daily are manu factured ' into the finest flour. South of these are other important wharves ; among these is Russia Wharf, "r'ormerly Griffin's Wharf, where that memorable demonstration of the spirit of resistance to British oppression was given, in the presence of several of her ships of war lying be fore the city — the emptying of about 340 chests and half chests of tea into the ocean. One of the greatest accommodations recently provided is that at the termination of the Grand Junction Railroad at East Boston, by which all the railroads coming to the city are immediately connected with a system of warehouses and wharves, where vessels are laden and unladen. This important improvement was opened on the 17th of Sep tember, 1851, the day of the grand festival held by the city for celebrating the completion of the last of the great lines of railroad centring here, by which the River St Lawrence, at its two most important points, the port of Ogdensburg and the city of Montreal, one the outlet of the commerce of the great lakes, and the other the head of ship navigation entering the British provinces by that mighty river, became connected with the port of Boston. This was a proud day for the New England metropolis, which, after years of incredi ble enterprise and expenditure, saw the completion of that magnificent scheme of internal commu nication by which the most distant sections of our country, and the neighboring provinces of Great Britain, became commercially annexed to her domain. As was natural, the highest public functionaries, and many of the wealthy merchants and others from Canada, were present, by invita tion, to unite in the festivities of the occasion. No maritime port in this country enjoys finer advantages than Boston in respect to the capa ciousness and security of its harbor, and tho unobstructed ingress and egress of shipping to its wharves at all seasons of the year. Of Boston harbor we have given a particular description on page 1 73, to which the reader is referred. For statistics of the commerce, banks, &c, see Sta tistical tables. The first settlement of Boston was in 1630, when John Winthrop, the first governor of Mas sachusetts, and the company of immigrants with him, having arrived and tarried for a short time at Charlestown, removed their location to the pe ninsula. There was one solitary inhabitant there at an earlier date, the Rev. William Blackstone, of whom Mather speaks as " a godly Episcopa lian," who in 1626 had built a cottage near what is now called Spring Street, in the western part of the city. In 1 634, fifty acres of land were set off to Mr. Blackstone, which was about one twelfth part of the peninsula, he being " the first Euro pean inhabitant." Not long afterwards, when he wished to remove, the town purchased all his " right and title to the peninsula of Shawmut " for £30, each freeholder paying six shillings, and some of them more. Mr. Blackstone afterwards settled in Rhode Island. In 1673, the first wharf was built. In 1677, the court appointed John Hayward postmaster, " to take in and convey letters according to direction," which was the first commencement of the post office system in Amer ica. In 1690, the first paper money was issued. In 1701, the representatives of Boston were in structed by the town to use their influence to obtain the abolition of slavery — one of the ear liest movements in the world on this subject. April 17, 1704, the first number of the Boston News Letter, the earliest newspaper in America, was published by John Campbell. The year 1706 is rendered memorable in the annals of Boston by the birth of Benjamin Franklin. October 1, 1768, after the disaffection of the col onists with the British government had become serious, two regiments of British troops were landed at Boston, who took up their quarters in the old State House. March 5, 1770, the Boston massacre occurred, by the firing of the troops upon the citizens, and killing three persons and mortally wounding three others. March 31, 1774, the Boston port bill was passed in the British Parliament, shutting the port of Boston and producing great distress among the citizens. 300 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, May 14, the town voted to discontinue all com merce with Great Britain. On the 17th of June, 1775, the memorable battle of Bunker Hill was fought. March 17, 1776, the British were com pelled to evacuate Boston, and the American troops, under General Washington, entered it in triumph. Independence having been established, and peace declared in 1783, Boston, with other cities of the Union, entered upon a rapid career of commercial enterprise and prosperity. Boston continued a town, and its affairs were administered by selectmen, like other towns in Massachusetts, until February 23, 1822. At this time the population was about 45,000. The intention to make Boston a city had occasion ally been entertained since 1651 ; but the people had not hitherto felt the necessity of a more effi cient municipality than that of the town. They had continued in a remarkable degree, notwith standing the admixture of foreign elements, to justify the early encomium of Winthrop : " They were generally of that understanding and moderation, as that they would be easily guided in their way by any rule from Scripture or sound reason." The city is divided into 12 wards, and is gov erned by a mayor, 8 aldermen, and 48 common councilmen, 4 from each ward. The mayor and aldermen constitute one board, and the com mon councilmen another, who hold their sessions separately, excepting when they meet in joint ballot. Two persons besides from each ward are chosen to act with the mayor and president of the. common council, as a school committee; and one from each ward to constitute a board of overseers of the poor. The term of all these offices is one year. In bringing this article to a conclusion wo may adopt the words of Hon. Josiah Quincy, late president of Harvard University, in his ad dress delivered at the close of the second cen tury from the settlement of the city : — "As our thoughts course along the events of past times, from the first settlement of Boston, they trace the strong features of its charac ter indelibly impressed upon its acts and in its history — clear conceptions of duty; bold vindications of right ; readiness to incur dan gers and meet sacrifices in the maintenance of liberty, civil and religious. Early selected as the place of chief settlement of New England, it has through every subsequent period, main tained its relative ascendency. In the arts of peace and in the energies of war, in the virtues of prosperity and adversity, in wisdom to plan and vigor to execute, in extensiveness of enter prise, success in accumulating wealth and lib erality in its distribution, its inhabitants, if not unrivalled, have not been surpassed by any simi-. lar society of men. Through good report and evil report, its influence has at all times been so distinctly seen and acknowledged in everits, and been so decisive on the destinies of the region of which it was the head, that the inhab itants of the adjoining colonies of a foreign na tion early gave the name of this placo to tho whole country; and at this day among their descendants the people of the whole United States are distinguished by the name of " Bos- tonians." Amidst perils and obstructions, on the bleak side of the mountain on which it was first cast, the seedling oak, self-rooted, shot upward with a determined vigor. Now slighted and now assailed; amidst alternating sunshine and storm ; with the axe of a native foe at its root, and the lightning of a foreign power at times scathing its top, or withering its branches ; it grew, it flourished, it stands — may it ever stand — the honor of the field." Sicut patribus sic Dens nobis. As God was with our fatheks, so mat He be with us. Boston Corner, Ms. This tract, in the S. W. corner of the state, though politically attached to the township of Mount Washington, is cut 'off from it by a mountain 2000 feet in height. Boston, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Cauquaga Creek and other small streams. The surface is undulating; the soil good. 1 8 miles S. E. from Buffalo, and 289 W. from Albany. Bastrop County. Ts., c. h. at Bastrop. South central. On the.Colorado. Botetourt County, Va., c. h. at Fincastle. South central. Between the Blue Ridge on the E. and the main branch of the Alleghanies on the W. The Upper James River flows through it. Surface elevated and mountainous. Bound Brook, N. J., Somerset co. 33 miles N. E. from Trenton. On the Delaware and Raritan Canal. Bourbon County, Ky., c. h. at Paris. N. E. central. The S. branch of Licking River waters this county. Soil very productive. Bovina,'~N. Y., Delaware co. The surface is hilly, and is watered by Little Delaware River. Soil adapted for grazing. 69 miles S. W. from Albany. Bow, N. H., Merrimac co. Soil uneven and hard, but productive. Turkey River empties into the Merrimac at Turkey Falls. About a mile below are Garvin's Falls. Bow Canal is situ ated on the Merrimac, 3 miles below Concord ; the fall it overcomes is 25 feet ; length a quarter of a mile. 7 miles S. E. from Concord. On the Concord and Nashua Railroad. Bowdoin, Me., Lincoln co. An interior town. 37 miles N. N. E. from Portland. Bowdoinham, Me.. Lincoln co. On the west side of Kennebec River. Here is considerable business in the lumber trade and ship building. 12 miles N. from Bath. Bowie County, Ts., c. h. at De Kalb. In the N. E. corner between Red River and Caddo Lake. Bowling Green, la., c. h. Clay co. On Eel, a branch of White River. 60 miles S. by W. from Indianapolis. Bowling Green, Ky., Warren co. On Big Bar ren, a branch of Green River, and accessible by steamboats of 200 tons at all seasons. 144 miles S. W. from Frankfort. The principal ox- port is tobacco. Boydton, Va., Mecklenburg co. 109 miles S. S. W. from Richmond. Seat of Randolph Ma con College, the buildings of which are about 1 mile W. of the village. See Colleges. Boyle County, Ky., c. h. at Danville, Central. Watered by branches of Salt and Dick's Rivers. Soil very productive. Boylston, Ms., Worcester co. Hilly and bro ken, but the soil is strong and productive. It is watered by the S. branch of Nashua River. 40 miles W. from Boston, and 7 N. from Worcester. Boylston, N. Y., Oswego co. Little Sandy and Trout Creeks water this town, which has a some- IN THE UNITED STATES. 301 what rough surface, but a productive soil. 140 miles N. W. from Albany. Boxboro', Ms., Middlesex co. Soil mostly light, and the surface broken and hilly. Good lime stone is found here. There is a pleasant village in Boxboro', through which the Boston and Fitchburg Railroad passes. 27 miles N. W. from Boston, and 7 N. W. from Concord. Boxford, Ms., Essex co. 25 miles N. from Boston, and 12 S. W. from Newburyport Bozrah, Ct, New London co. The soil is a gravelly loam, rich and fertile. It is watered by Yantic River, on which are two pleasant and flourishing villages, Bozrahville and Fitchville. Bracken County, Ky., c. h. at Augusta. N. E. part of the state, on the Ohio River. Surface broken ; soil fertile. Bradbury County, As., c. h. at Warren. In the S. E. corner, bordering on Louisiana. Saline Fork of the'Wachita runs S. through it. Bradford, Me., Penobscot co. 87 miles N. E. from Augusta. ^ Bradford, Ms., Essex co. On the S. side of Merrimac River. United to Haverhill by a bridge 680 feet in length, and a railroad viaduct. The surface of the town is pleasantly diversified, and the soil various. Much of the land is of a superior quality. The Bradford Academy is on an elevated spot, about 100 rods from Haver hill, and commands a beautiful view. 16 miles N.E. from Lowell, and 31 N. from Boston by the Boston and Maine Railroad. Bradford, N. H, Merrimac co. Many parts of the town are hilly, although most of it lies in a valley. Near the Sunapee Mountain is an extensive plain, more than a mile long and half a mile wide. 28 miles W. from Concord. Bradford, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by Mud Creek and its tributaries. The surface is uneven; soil of good quality. 12 miles E. from Bath, and 204 S. of W. from Albany. Bradford County, Pa., c. h. at Tonawanda. In the N. E. angle bordering on N. Y. Watered by the Chemung and the N. branch of the Sus quehanna Rivers, and by Tonawanda and Sugar Creeks. Surface partly mountainous. In the S. part is much good land. Bradford, Pa. A northern township of McKean co., on the New York frontier. Bradford, Vt., Orange co. The surface is somewhat broken. A strip of intervale skirts Connecticut River, which bounds the town on the E., and there is much good land in other parts. 30 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, and 1 1 S. S. E. from Chelsea. Bradley, Me., Penobscot co. 12 miles E. N. E. from Bangor. Bradley County, Te., c. h. at Cleveland. In the S. E. corner, bordering on Georgia. Surface mountainous ; soil, fertile on the borders of the streams. Bradleyvale, Vt., Caledonia co. Watered by Moose River. Has a fine water power and much good land. 12 miles easterly from St. Johnsbury. Brady, Mn. Watered by Portage River. 146 miles W. from Detroit. Braintree, Ms., Norfolk co. The surface is variegated by hill and dale, presenting many de lightful views of Boston, its harbor, and the adjacent country, The soil is a strong, gravelly loam, and very productive. Excellent granite abounds here. The first ever used in this coun try, for the purpose of building houses, was fur nished by John Hayward, Esq., of this town, in 1752, for the erection of King's Chapel, in Bos ton. There are several villages in the town. The Old Colony Railroad passes through the centre. 10 miles S. by E. from Boston, and 12 E. by S. from Dedham. The town is well watered by Monatiquot Riv er, on which are several manufacturing establish ments. The farm of Hon. Benjamin V. French, a na tive of this town, and a retired merchant, at Mount Monatiquot, deserves to be noted as a remarkable instance of the agricultural and hor ticultural improvements effected of late years in the vicinity of Boston. Commencing in 1818 with a worn-out piece of land, Mr. French now has on his place over 400 varieties of the apple, as many of the pear, and about 100 each of plums and cherries, besides every variety of other fruit which can be cultivated in this climate, whether for the field or garden. It is his object to try all kinds, with the view of selecting the best, which he thinks will soon be reduced to about 30 varieties of the apple, 20 of the pear, and about the same number of plums and cherries, by which the worthless kinds so generally now growing will be superseded. This selection will include quite a number of native American varieties, new sped* mens of which are constantly brought forward by the zeal of our intelligent horticulturists, who well deserve to be ranked among public benefactors.- In 1851, Mr. French exhibited, at the Horticultural Rooms in Boston, 230 choice specimens of as many different varieties of the apple and pear, for which he received a splen did piece of plate. Braintree, Vt., Orange co. Watered by the third branch of White River, and Ayers's and Mill Brooks, its tributaries. Between Ayers's Brook and the third branch is a large swell of land called " Quaker Hill." Between, the third branch and the head of White River is a consid erable mountain, which renders that part incapa ble of settlement. 21 miles S. from Montpelier, and 14 W. by S. from Chelsea. , The Vermont Central Railroad passes through this town. Branch County, Mn., c. h. at Branch. On the southern border of the state. Undulating, and watered by branches of the St. Joseph's River. Soil fertile sandy loam. Branch, Mn., c. h. Branch co. On the W. branch of Coldwater River. 113 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. Branciforte County, Ca., c. h. at Santa Cruz, on the N. coast of Monterey Bay. Brandenburg. Ky., c. h. Mead co. On the Ohio River. 94 miles W. by S. from Frankfort. Brandon, Mi., c. h. Rankin co. Brandon, N. Y., Franklin co. A large and mostly uncultivated town, covered with dense forests, and interspersed on the S. part with nu merous lakes. It is drained by Saranac, St. Regis, and Racket Rivers. 10 miles S. W. from Ma- lone, and 215 N. N. W. from Albany. Brandon, Vt., Rutland co. Watered by Otter Creek, Mill River, and Spring Pond, on which streams are good mill sites. Some of the land is level, with rather a light soil, but that on Otter Creek is excellent. Bog iron ore is found here ; also, abundance of marble. There are two cu rious limestone caverns in this town. 60 miles N. W. from Windsor, and 40 S. W. from Mont pelier. The Rutland Railroad passes through it. 302 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Brandt, N. Y, Erie co. On the borders of Lake Erie ; bounded partly on the S. by Cattaraugus Creek. Hilly. 20 miles S. from Buffalo, and 348 W. from Albany. Brandywine, Pa., Chester co. Brandywine and Beaver Creeks water this town. Branford, Ct, New Haven co. ^n uneven township, of strong soil, on Long Island Sound. Th'imble Islands and Indian Islands lie within the limits of the town. Brasher, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. St. Regis and Deer Rivers water this town, the surface of which is rolling, and a large part of the soil swampy, abounding with bog iron ore. 30 miles N. E.from Canton, and 250 N. N. W. from Albany. Brasher Falls, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. The falls of Deer River, at this place, afford extensive water power. Brattleboro', Vt, Windham co., lies in the S. E. section of the state, having Connecticut River for its E. boundary. It is 96 miles S. from Montpelier, and 90 miles W. from Boston. The surface of the town is diversified by hills, valleys, and plains. It has a good soil, which is generally well improved. The town and vicinity are noted for their salubrious air, pure water, and fine mountain scenery. It is intersected by West River, Whetstone Brook, and numerous smaller streams. There are many sites for water power on the larger streams unoccupied, and in viting to enterprise. At the S. E. section of the town is the site of the once famous military post Fort Dummer, nothing of which is now retained but the name, Dummer Meadows. Here, in 1742, the first English settlement in Vermont was effected. There are in Brattleboro' two villages, the E. and the W. The W. village is near the geograph ical centre of the town. Here is a nourishing academy, and one or two meeting houses. The E. village, which is the part of the town com monly known as Brattleboro', is on Connecticut River, at the mouth of Whetstone Brook, which affords a convenient landing-place for river craft. Brattleboro' is here connected with Hinsdale, on the New Hampshire side, by a handsome covered bridge spanning the Connecticut River. This village is the general business mart for the sur rounding towns. It is a place of much enterprise and prosperity, and combines, in a remarkable de gree, the characteristics of taste andelogantculture with those of natural wildness and rural beauty. In this village is located one of the most exten sive water-cure establishments in the country, under the care of Dr. Wesselhoeft The abun dance, purity, and even temperature of the waters issuing herefrom natural springs in the hillsides, the invigorating air and romantic scenery, render this place peculiarly well adapted to the purposes of such an institution. The railroad connection is now complete from Brattleboro' with all the southern, eastern, and northern railroads. Braxton County, Va,, c. h. at Braxton. N. W. central, on both sides of Elk River, a N. tributary of the Kenhawa. Braxton, Va., v. h. Braxton co. On the N. side of Elk River. 321 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. Brazoria, Ts., c. h. Brazoria co. Brazoria County, Ts., c h. at Brazoria. On the Gulf coast, on both sides of the mouth of the Brazos. Brazos Santiago, Ts., Cameron co. A port a little N. of the mouth of the Rio Grande. Brazos County, Ts., c. h. at Boonville. E. central, in the angle between the Brazos and Navasota. Breaknock. Pa. A N. E. township of Lan caster co. Watered by Big and Little Muddy Rivers. Has a hilly surface and gravelly soil. Breathitt County, Ky., c. h. at Breathitt Sur face hilly and mountainous, and watered by the N. and Middle Forks of the Kentucky River. Soil good on the borders of the streams. Breckenbridge County, Ky., c. h. at Hardensburg. On the Ohio, about the middle of its course along the state. Bremen, Me., Lincoln co. On Muscongus Bay, about 40 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 1 5 E. S. E. from Wiscasset. Brentwood, N. H, Rockingham co. The soil is better for grass than grain. Exeter River, and other smaller streams, water this town. Pick pocket Falls, on Exeter River, afford an excellent water power. Vitriol, combined with sulphur, is found here. 32 miles S. E.from Concord, and 4 E. from Exeter. Brewer, Me., Penobscot co. On Penobscot River, opposite Bangor. Brewster, Ms., Barnstable co. Barnstable Bay is on the N. of this town. From three ponds in the town, covering about 1000 acres, a never-failing stream issues. Peat of good quality abounds here. Some parts of the soil are light and sandy, others clay and loam. There is a convenient breakwater for the accommodation of packets and other small vessels, where they lie in safety at any season of the year. 78 miles S. E. from Boston, and 13 E. from Barnstable. Bridgeton, Me., Cumberland co. On the bor der of Long Pond, near the head of navigation. Bridgeton. N. J., c. h. Cumberland co. It is situated on the Cohansic Creek, 40 miles S. S. E. of Philadelphia. The creek is navigable to the town for vessels of 101 tons, and it is con sequently a port of entry for the district of W. Jersey. There are several manufacturing estab lishments which, with the shipping, give activity to the business of the place. Bridgewater, Ms., Plymouth CO., contains some of the best lands in Plymouth co. Taunton Riv er washes the southern border of the town. The chief village is very pleasant, and is the seat of considerable business. It lies 27 miles S. by E. from Boston, and 20 W. by N. from Plymouth. One of the State Normal Schools for teachers is here. Bridgewater, N. H, Grafton co. 30 miles N. W. from Concord. Bridgewater, N. J., Somerset co. Surface level or undulating, except on the N. E., where it is mountainous. Bridgewnter, N. Y., Oneida co. Unadilla River has its source in this town. The surface is hilly and broken, yet. well adapted to grazing, and in some parts to tho growth of grain. 15 miles S. from Utica. and 110 W. from Albany. Bridgewater. Vt , Windsor co. Surface uneven, and in some parts rough and stony. Along the Quechee River are tracts of valuable intervale, nnrt there are many good farms in other parts. The summits of the hills are, in general, covered with spruce and hemlock ; the timber, on other parts, is mostly maple, beech, and birch. . There is an inexhaustible quarry of soapstono situated IN THE UNITED STATES. 303 nearly in the centre of the town. There is a small village on the river, near the S. E. corner of the town. This town is watered by Otta Quechee River, and by several considerable branches. These streams afford numerous mill privileges. 45 miles S. from Montpelier, and 1 7 N. W. from Windsor. Bridgeport, Ct City and town, Fairfield co. 75 miles S. S. W. from Hartford; 17 miles S. W. from New Haven, and 62 miles N. E. from the city of New York. It is on the W. side of an arm of Long Island Sound, into which the Pequanock River enters. The township contains about 10 square mile's of excellent land, and was separated from Stratford in 1821. The city has had a rapid and prosperous growth. It was incorpo rated as a city in 1 836. It is chiefly built on a plain, elevated a few feet above high-water mark, and is handsomely laid out and neatly built There is a terrace of about 50 feet ascent at the N. side of the city, above which there is a surface of about half a mile square, on which are a num ber of beautiful private mansions, delightfully situated for the prospect of the city and of the Sound, which lie spread out before "them. There are five or six handsome church edifices, belong ing to different denominations. Some of the hotels are spacious and elegant buildings. A large business is done at Bridgeport in the coasting trade, and something in foreign com merce. Some vessels are employed in whaling and other fisheries. The harbor is safe ; but the entrance of large vessels drawing more than 13 feet of water is impeded by the bar at its mouth. A steamboat plies daily between Bridge port and New York. This is the S. terminus of the Housatonic Railroad, which connects at West Stockbridge, Mass., with the Western Rail road from Boston to Albany, and with another to Hudson, N. Y. The New York and New Haven Railroad, which is part of a continuous route to Boston, passes through this place. The Naugatuck Railroad also comes in here. Bridport, Vt., Addison co. Level, and the soil generally is a brittle marl, or clay. The hills are a loam and red slaty sandstone. A range of shelly blue slate extends through the town, lying generally a little below the surface. This town is poorly watered, there being no durable mill streams, and the springs and ground gener ally being impregnated with Epsom salts. For family use rain water is generally employed. There are several landing-places for goods on the lake shore. Lake Champlain forms the west ern boundary of this town ; across this lake to Crown Point is 2 miles. 12 miles W. by S. from Middlebury, and 45 S. W. from Montpelier. Brier Creek, Pa. An easterly township of Co lumbia co. 94 miles N. from Harrisburg. Brighton, Me., Somerset co. 50 miles N. from Augusta. Brighton, Ms., Middlesex co. 5 miles S. W. by W.from Boston. Washed by Charles River on the W. and N. The soil is excellent, and highly cultivated. Winship's gardens are noted through out the country for their nurseries of fruit-trees and shrubbery, and for their grand display of plants and flowers of every variety. J. Breck & Co.'s garden, and horticultural and seed estab lishment, and Warren's gardens, attract much at tention. Brighton is the largest cattle market in New England. The Boston and Worcester Railroad passes through it. Brighton, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by Genesee River. The surface is slightly uneven, the soil sandy or clay loam. 3 miles E. from Rochester, and 255 miles N. W. from Albany. Brighton, Pa., Beaver co. On the W. side of the Big Beaver, about 4 miles from the Ohio River, and 231 miles W. by N.from Harrisburg. It is connected with New Brighton on the oppo site side of the Big Beaver by a bridge. The water power at this place is extensive, and is im proved for flouring mills, the manufacture of cottons, &c. Brighton, Vt, Essex co. Watered chiefly by Ferren's River, and other head branches of Clyde River. Some of the head branches of the Pas sumpsic and Nulhegan Rivers originate here. A very good township of land, and contains much excellent white pine timber, with several fine mill sites. 70 miles N. E. from Mont pelier. Brimfield, Ms., Hampden co. A fine farming town, with a good soil, and is well watered by Quinnebaug River. 19 miles E. by N. from Springfield, and 70 W. by S. from Boston. Bristol, Ct., Hartford co. 20 miles W. by S. from Hartford, and 28 miles N. from New Haven. It is watered by streams which flow into the Farmington River. The surface of the town is uneven and hilly. The soil, which is a grav elly, loam, is considerably fertile, producing all kinds of grain, grass, and fruit common to this climate. But the great business of Bristol, for which it has become celebrated far and near, is the manufacture of clocks, which are made in every variety of form and kind, whether of wood or brass, and are sent into all parts of this coun try, and even to other countries. The number of clocks produced in a single year has some times amounted to 100,000; as many as 16 or 18 manufactories being engaged in this business. A good deal is also done in the manufacture of buttons, and a variety of other articles. There are churches here of the Congregational, Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopal denominations. The Congregational house of worship is situated on the summit of a circular hill, around the base of which the principal part of the village is built along the stream which furnishes the power for the manufactories. Bristol is on the route of the railroad now in process of construction from Hartford to Fish kill, N. Y., which is already in operation as far as to this place. This railroad intersects the Canal Railroad at Plainville, and, as it proceeds west ward, will successively connect with the Nauga tuck, the Housatonic, the Haerlem, and the Hud son River Railroads, and terminate opposite New- burg, from which a branch is opened to the great Erie Railroad. Bristol County, Ms., Taunton and New Bedford, shire towns. In the S. part, bordering on R. I. Taunton and Pawtucket are its chief rivers. The surface is somewhat broken, but generally level ; soil mostly inferior quality. It has a maritime coast of considerable extent, indented with numerous headlands, small bays, and har bors. This county gives rise to many streams that fall into Massachusetts and Narraganset Bays, and its water power is abundant in almost every town. It abounds in excellent iron ore. Bristol, Me., Lincoln co. On the Damariscot- ta and Pemaquid Rivers. 60 miles N. E. from Portland, and 32 S. E. from Augusta. 304 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Bristol, N. H., Grafton co. A hilly township, but has a good soil. Newfound Pond, 6 miles in length, and from 2 to 3 miles in width, lies in this town and Hebron. 30 miles N. W. from Concord. Bristol, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Mud Creek. The surface is somewhat uneven, the soil various, some parts being very fertile. It is about 9 miles S. W. from Canandaigua, and 232 W. from Albany. Bristol,. Pa. A township of Philadelphia co. Watered by Tacony Creek. Bristol, Pa., Bucks co. Township and village on the W. bank of the Delaware River. 20 miles N. from Philadelphia, and 115 E. by S. from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal communi cates with the Delaware River by a branch to this place, which is a great channel for the trans portation of coal, and various kinds of merchan dise. Bristol, R. I. Port of entry and shire town of Bristol co. ; the Pocanoket of the Indians. It is equidistant from Providence and Newport, being 15 miles from each. This town is beautifully situated on a kind of peninsula or tongue of land extending S. from Warren into Narraganset Bay. The arm of the bay on the E. side, running up towards Fall River, is called Mount Hope Bay. It is 6 miles long, but averages less than a miie and a half in width. On the height of land be tween these two bays, is Mount Hope, once the residence of the celebrated King Philip. The soil of this town is a deep, gravelly loam, very fertile and productive. Great quantities of onions, carrots, beets, and potatoes are raised here for exportation. Most of the gardens are made to yield two crops of different vegetables annually. It is supposed that as many as one third of the population are employed in horticulture. Bristpl was settled in 1680. About three fourths of the inhabitants live in a compact and beautiful village, which is delightfully situated at the western border of the township, on the navi gable waters of the Narraganset. The site is well elevated above the shore, and, ascending gradually as it recedes, affords to the inhabitants a fine view of the lovely bosom of the bay, and in return presents the town to those passing by it on the water, as an object of picturesque and quiet beauty. Tho main street, which extends tho whole length of the village, contains the handsomest buildings, and is ornamented with beautiful shade trees. On this street are the Congregational and Episcopal houses of worship. The other meeting houses and public buildings are likewise pleasantly situated. The harbor of Bristol is easy of access, safe, and deep enough for vessels of almost any size. The commerce of the place is much less than it was 30 years ago, but is now on the increase. Some large freighting ships are owned here, a considerable number of coasting vessels are em ployed, and the West India trade is beginning to be carried on quite extensively. The port of Bristol collects as much revenue as any port in the state, and has 13,000 tons of shipping regis tered or enrolled. A steamboat which plies daily between Providence and Fall River stops at this place. To Fall River tho distance is 8 miles. Of late years, the capitalists of Bristol have introduced manufacturing enterprise to consider able extent. There arc two large cotton mills, two planing mills, besides saw mills and grain mills, an iron foundcry, &c, all driven by steam. Considerable capital also is employed in ship building. No place in the country, perhaps, with the ex ception of Newport, suffered more in the war of the revolution than Bristol. During the three years that Rhode Island was in possession of the British, the town was exposed to the constant incursions of the enemy. It was bombarded by a British squadron in 1775. In May, 1778, the meeting house and all the most valuable dwell ings were burnt Few places can appear more eligible than Bristol and its environs to the inhabitants of our crowded cities, as a retreat, in the summer months, from the excitements, din, and heat, which, without such annual respite, become to them so irksome and exhausting. Bristol County, R. I., c. h. at Bristol. E. part. That portion of the state between the two main branches of Narraganset Bay. Bristol, Vt., Addison co. About one third of this town lies entirely W. of the Green Moun tains, and is very level, rich, and productive. The remainder is broken, and a considerable part in capable of cultivation. The village is near the centre of the town, upon New Haven River, im mediately after it passes the notch in the moun tain. 25 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 11 N. from Middlebury. Broadalbin, N. Y., Fulton co. A good grazing township. 42 miles N. W. from Albany. Broadtop, Pa. A northern township of Bed ford co. Broken Straw, Pa. A central township of Warren co. Brooke County, Va., c. h. at Wellsburg. In the N. W. corner, between the state of Ohio and the Ohio River. Surface uneven, and watered by several small creeks flowing into the Ohio River; soil fertile. Iron ore and bituminous coal are found in this county. Brookfidd, Ct, Fairfield co. The surface is somewhat broken, but the soil is strong, and well adapted to the culture of grain. The rocks in many parts of the town are limestone, and afford marble. The N. E. boundary is washed by the Housatonic River, and Still River passes nearly through its centre. Brookfield, Ms., Worcester co., is divided into three parishes — North, South, and West Brook field. The Western Railroad passes through the entire width of the town. East Brookfield lies, by the railroad, 64 miles W. from Boston. South and West Brookfield lie 5 miles farther W. Brookfield, N. H, Carroll co. Soil good. Cook's Pond is the source of the west branch of Salmon Fairs River. 50 miles N. E. from Concord. Brookfield, N. Y., Madison co. Unadilla River, and some of its branches, water this town, the 'surface of which is hilly. 83 miles W. from Al bany. » Brookfield, Pa. A N. W. township of Tioga co. 174 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. Brookfield, Orange co., Vt. Nearly on the height of land between White and Winooski Riv ers. Parts of it are broken ; but it is mostly fit for cultivation, and is very productive, particu larly in grass. It ' is well watered with springs and brooks-, but has no very good mill privileges. The principal stream is the second branch of White River. Around the bottom of a small pond, in the W. part of the town, is an inex haustible quantity of marl, from which good IN THE UNITED STATES. 305 lime is manufactured. 40'miles N. by W. from Windsor, and 16 S. from Montpelier. Brookhaven, N. Y., Suffolk co. As to territory, one of the largest towns in the state, extending across Long Island, and embracing the islands opposite, in South Bay. Its N. and S. shores are indented by numerous bays and inlets abounding with a great variety of fish and fowl. Surface mostly level ; soil consists of black mould, and in some parts of pure sand. 70 miles E. from New York. Brookline, Ms., Norfolk co. This delightful town is connected with Boston by the Mill Dam across Charles River Bay, and by a branch of the. Worcester Railroad. It is remarkable' for its varied surface, high state of cultivation, ele gant country seats and gardens, excellent roads, and for its rich and picturesque scenery. 4 miles S. W. from Boston, and 5 N. E. from Dedham. Brookline, N. H, Hillsboro' co. 7 miles S. W. from Amherst, and 40 S. W. from Concord. Brookline, Vt, Windham co. A deep valley runs the whole length of the township, and along the whole of the E. line of the town is a consid erable elevation. During a violent freshet, a bed of porcelain clay was laid open. The soil is better adapted to the production of grass than grain. 35 miles S. from Windsor, and 18 N. from Brat tleboro'. Brooklyn, Ct, c. h. Windham co. Finely watered by Quinnebaug River and Blackwell's Stream. The land is uneven, and somewhat stony, but the soil is strong. 30 miles E from Hartford, 44 W. from Providence. Brooklyn, Me., Hancock co* New. Taken from Sedgewick in 1849. Brooklyn, N. Y. City and seat of justice of Kings co., on the W. end of Long Island, sep arated by the East River from the S. part of the city of New York. Population in 1810,4402; in 1820, 7175; in 1830, 15,396; in, 1840, 36,233; in 1850, 96,838. During the last twenty years, since the habitable part of New York has been extending, and becoming more and more remote from the seat of business, the population of Brooklyn has increased with unexampled rapid ity. It is connected with New York, in the very district where the heaviest commerce lies, by a number of steam ferries, which are from 700 to 750 yards wide, and are crossed in four or five minutes by boats which ply continually between the two cities. Except on rare occasions, in the winter, when the ice opposes an obstruction to the free passage of the boats, these ferries bring the cities virtually nearer to each other than would be done by bridges, or even by a contin uous connection on terra firma. The greatest thoroughfare among these is the Fulton Ferry, from Fulton Street in New York to Fulton Street in Brooklyn. The ground on which Brooklyn is built is considerably more elevated than that of New York, especially towards its southern extremity. " Brooklyn Heights," so called, memorable in revolutionary history, presents a bold front to the sea, rising abruptly to an elevation of 70 feet above tide water, affording a view of the city and harbor of New York, the islands in the bay, and particularly Governor's Island, with its noble fortifications, Staten Island, and the New Jersey shore, all combining to furnish a prospect which is scarcely surpassed by any in this country. The greatest length of Brooklyn, within its in- 39 corporated limits, is 6 miles, N. E. and S. W., and its greatest breadth 4 miles. The whole of this extensive area has been laid out into streets, though many of them have not yet been opened and regulated. The city, generally, is laid out with order and symmetry of plan ; and the streets, excepting Fulton Street, the oldest in the city, are straight, and, almost without any other exception, they, cross each other at right angles. They are generally from 50 to 60 feet wide, and several of them have a still greater width. Many of the streets are shaded with beautiful trees, which impart to portions of the city, in the summer season, a peculiar air of pleasantness and comfort. No city in the countiy, perhaps, is better built than Brooklyn. The houses are very generally marked by chasteness and ele gance of design, and many of them are splendid specimens of architectural beauty. Of the public buildings the most prominent is the new City Hall, situated on a triangular piece of ground between Fulton, Court, and Jorale- man Streets. This noble building is constructed of Westchester marble, 162 feet long by 102 feet wide, and 75 feet in height to tho top of the cor nice. The crown of the cupola, with which it is surmounted, is 153 feet from the. pavement In the eastern part of the city, near Fort Green, is the Jail, which is a substantial building erected in 1837. The Lyceum, at the corner of Wash ington and Concord Streets, a fine granite edi fice ; the Savings Bank, an elegant structure at the corner of Fulton and Concord Streets ; the Brooklyn Female Academy, a spacious building on Joraleman Street ; the City Library, contain ing a large collection of valuable literary and scientific works ; a new and elegant Athenaeum, and the Brooklyn Orphan Asylum, are each of them buildings which are ornamental to the city. The more thickly-settled parts of Brooklyn have no public squares or open grounds. Such, however, is the commanding width of many of its avenues, the high and airy location of its site , in general, and its almost rural aspect, in many parts, from the abundance of the trees with which the streets are bordered, that the absence of such open pleasure grounds is less to be regretted than it otherwise must have been. Provision has been made, however, in the newer parts of the city, for some public squares. Brooklyn contains about 50 churches, several of which are splendid edifices recently construct ed. Among these is the Episcopal " Church of the Holy Trinity," on Clinton Street, a fine specimen of the Gothic architecture, erected by the munificence of an individual citizen of Brook lyn, at a cost of about $150,000. The Congre gational ¦' Church of the Pilgrims," not far from the same locality, is a fine edifice, of dark gray granite, in the characteristic English style of the period of Cromwell. In the base of the princi pal tower of this church, about 8 feet from the ground, is placed an angular fragment, of consid erable size, from the rock on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth^ The United States Navy Yard, at Brooklyn, is situated on the S. side of Wallabout Bay, which makes up with a broad curve from the East River, at the N. E. part of the city. From this point a ferry runs directly across to the foot of Walnut Street, New York. About 40 acres of ground are included in these premises. There 306 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, are two large ship houses for the protection of naval vessels of the largest class when building, together with extensive workshops, and every requisite for a great naval depot There is con nected with this establishment an important liter ary institution, called the United States Naval Lyceum, formed in 1833 by officers of the service connected with the port. It contains a miner- alogical and geological cabinet, and a fine collec tion of curiosities of a miscellaneous character. The government has constructed a dry dock here similar to that in tho United States Navy Yard at Charlestown, Ms. On the opposite side of the Wallabout, about half a mile E. of the Navy Yard, is the Marine Hospital, situated upon a commanding elevation, and surrounded by about 30 acres of land under high cultivation. In this bay are always one or more large naval vessels lying in ordinary. These mark the spot where lay the Jersey and other British ships, during the revolutionary war, made use of as prison ships, for the confinement of those American soldiers whom they had taken prisoners in battle, in which it is said that as many as 11,500 prisoners perished in the course of the war, from bad air, close con finement, and ill treatment These unhappy men were buried upon the shove, with little care but to put their bodies out of sight. In 1808, the bones of these sufferers were collected, as far as could then be done, and placed in 13 coffins, correspond ing with the old 13 states, and honorably interred in a commemorative tomb erected for the pur pose, not far from the Navy Yard. The harbor of Brooklyn is extensive, and is capable of being very largely improved by 'adding to the number of its docks and slips. Vessels of the largest class can come up to its piers, to dis charge or receive their cargoes. The Atlantic Dock is a very extensive basin for the reception of shipping, about a mile below the South Ferry, constructed by a company incorporated in 1840, at a cost of about $1,000,000. The basin within the piers covers 424 acres, with sufficient depth of water for the largest ships. The outside pier extends 3000 feet on Buttermilk Channel. The piers are furnished with spacious stone ware houses. The terminus of the Long Island Rail road is located near the landing from the South Ferry, which connects with New York at the S. E. corner of the Battery. From the station, the road is carried, by a long tunnel, under a number of the most important of the streets of Brooklyn, which it has to cross in its route. Greenwood Cemetery, in the S. part of Brook lyn, about three miles from Fulton Ferry, is an extensive and beautiful ground provided by the cities of New York and Brooklyn for the burial of their dead. It may be approached either by this ferry, from which hourly carriages run to the entrance for a trifling charge, or by another at the Battery, which passes round and lands its passengers on tho S. side, in the near vicinity. Greenwood contains 250 acres of ground, one half or more of which is covered with wood of the natural forest. Tho grounds have a varied surface of hill, and valley, and plain. From some of the open elevations extensive views are ob tained of the ocean, and of the cities of Brooklyn and New York. The whole comotery is trav ersed by about 15 miles of winding avenues and paths, leading through each shaded recess, and to every spot at once hallowed and adorned by the memorials of the dead. Great improvements are continually going on, and every year adds new beauty to this interesting place. The first settlement of Brooklyn was made at the Wallabout Bay, by George Jansen Rapelje, in 1 625. The earliest deed for lands on record is to Thomas Besker, in 1639. October 18,1667, Governor Nicholls granted a patent " to certain inhabitants of the town Breukelen, for and in be half of themselves and their associates, the free holders and inhabitants, for all the lands in the town not taken up in severalty." This patent was confirmed by Governor Dongan in 1686. In 1670, license was given by Governor Lovelace to the inhabitants to purchase the Indian title. With Brooklyn and its immediate neighborhood is connected the memory of the bloody battle of August 27, 1776, in which the Americans were defeated, occasioning the withdrawal of the army from Long Island into New York. Brooklyn was incorporated as a village in 1816. In April, 1834, the whole territory of the town was incorporated under the name of the " City of Brooklyn." It is divided into nine wards ; and the powers of the corporation are vested in a mayor and a board of aldermen, composed of two from each ward, all elected by the people. Brooklyn, Pa. A southern township of Sus- quehannaco. 171 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. Brooks, Me., Waldo co., 1 1 miles N. N. W. from Belfast, and 45 N. E. from Augusta. Brooksville, Me., Hancock co. On the E. side of Penobscot Bay, opposite to Islesboro' and Castine. Brookville, la., c. h. Franklin co. 75 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. Brookville, Ky., c. h. Bracken co. Broome County, N. Y., c. h. at Chenango. On the S. border. The surface is hilly, the valleys bordering the streams large and fertile, but the soil for the most part better adapted to grazing than the raising of grain. It is watered by the Susquehannav Chenango, and Tioughnioga Rivers, and by Nanticoke Creek. It contains several sulphur and salt springs. The Chenango Canal and New York and Erie Railroad pass through this county. Broome, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by Schoharie and Catskill Creeks. The surface is hilly and mountainous; soil indifferent, except in the valleys, where it is fertile. 38 miles S. W. from Albany. Brown County, Is., c. h. at Mount Sterling. On the W. bank of the Illinois River. Drained by McKee's and Crooked Creeks. Surface slightly uneven ; soil productive. Brown County, la., c. h. at Nashville. S. cen tral part of the state. Watered by Salt Creek and its branches. Surface undulating and hilly ; soil fertile. Brown County, O. In the S. W. angle, bor dering on the Ohio River. On the N. it is watered by Eagle, Red Oak, Straight, and White Oak Creeks, besides the Ohio River and tho E. fork of Little Miami. The soil is fertile and good. Brown, Pa., Lycoming co. Pine Creek and its branches water this town. Surface mountainous ; soil varied. Brown County, Wn., c. h. Depere. In the E. part of the state, including Green Bay. Surface diversified ; soil of good quality. Brownfield, Me., Oxford co. 81 miles S. E. from Augusta. Brownstown, la., c. h. Jackson co. On the E. IN THE UNITED STATES. 307 fork of White .River. 71 miles S. from Indian apolis. Brownstown, Mn., Wayne co. At the entrance of Huron River into Lake Erie. Brownsville, Ky., c. h. Edmonson co. 130 miles S. W. from Lexington. Brownville, Me., Piscataquis co. 20 miles N. from Dover. A good township of land. Brownsville, 0., Licking co. On the national road. 40 mile's E. from Columbus. Brownsville, Pa., Fayette co. On the E. bank of the Monongahela River, at the mouth of Red stone Creek. 191 miles E. by S. from Harris burg. The national road passes through jfl| constitutes its principal street, and is carrieu over the Monongahela by a fine bridge. Brownsville, N. Y., Jefferson co. On the bor ders of Lake Ontario. Was settled in 1799 by Major General Jacob Brown. Surface level ; soil highly fertile. 164 miles N. W. from Albany. Brownsville, Te., c. h. Cameron co. Brunswick, Ga., c. h. Glynn co. On Turtle Creek, about 14 miles above the bar. and 8 miles above the light-house on St. Simon's Island. It has a fine, spacious harbor, with 13 feet of water on the bar at lowest tides. 233 miles S. E.from Milledgeville. A canal is in progress to connect it with the Alatamaha River. Brunswick, Me., Cumberland co. 33 miles S. from Augusta, and 27 miles N. by E. from Port land. Brunswick is on the S. side of the An droscoggin River, with Topsham directly op posite, with which it is connected by a substantial bridge. It lies at the head of tide water, the An droscoggin being navigable to the foot of the falls at this place. Brunswick is handsomely laid out and well built, principally on two wide streets running parallel to each other, and united by cross streets at right angles. The buildings of Bowdoin College are situated on an elevated plain at one extremity of the village, having in the rear a handsome grove of evergreens. The college buildings and the professors' houses are arranged in good taste, and make a pleasing ap pearance. See Colleges. By the falls on the Androscoggin at this place, Brunswick possesses a great water power. Vast quantities of timber and logs are floated down the river, to be sawn into boards at the numerous mills which are in operation here. Cottons and woollens are manufactured to some extent. Much more of this extensive privilege remains to be improved. Possessing such an exhaustless water power, and being at the same time situated on navigable waters, with its river coming down about 140 miles, through the heart of a fertile and healthy country, Brunswick has peculiar ad vantages for becoming a large manufacturing town. This place is now connected, by railroad, with Augusta, Portland, and Bath. Brunswick County, N. C., c. h. at Smithville. In the southernmost corner, between the Cape Fear River, Atlantic Ocean, and the S. C. boundary. Surface low and marshy ; soil sterile. Brunswick, N, Y., Rensselaer co. The Poes- tenkill and its tributaries water this town. The surface is hilly, and there is a great variety of soil. 4 miles E. from Troy. Brunswick County, Va., c. h. at Lawrenceville. On the S. E. border. The Meherrin River flows nearly through the centre of this county, and the Roanoke touches the S. W. corner. Brunswick, Vt, Essex co. On the W. side of Connecticut River, and has some excellent mill sites, on the waters of Nullegan River and Wheeler and Paul's Streams. 83 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Brutus, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Branch and Cold Spring Creeks, tributaries of Seneca River. The Erie Canal passes through it. The land is hilly ; the soil consists of clay and sandy loam. 7 miles N. from Auburn, and 181, by railroad, W. by N. from Albany. Bryan County, Ga., c. h. at Bryan. In the east ern angle, bordering on the Atlantic, and bounded N. by the Ogeechee. Bryan, O., c. h. Williams co. 150 miles. N. W. from Columbus. Buclianan County, Io., c. h. at Independence. In the eastern part of the state. The Wapisap- incon flows through it from N. W. to S. E. Buchanan County, Mo., c. h. at Sparta. In the N. W. angle of the state, bordering on the Mis souri River. Drained by the Little Platte River. Bucks County, Pa., c.h. at Doylestown. Bound ed N. E. and E. by the Delaware River, separat ing it from New Jersey, S. by the Delaware River and Philadelphia co., W. by Montgomery co., and N. W. by Lehigh co. Watered by Nesh- aming and Tolinton Creeks, and the head branches of Perkiomen Creek. Surface diversified ; soil of different qualities. There is one locality of plumbago in this county. Buckfield, Me., Oxford co. This town is finely watered. by a branch of Androscoggin River. It is bounded on theW. by Paris, and is 34 miles W. by S. from Augusta, and 50 N. by W. from Portland. The soil of this town is very good. Buckingham, Pa., Wayne co. Situated on the W. bank of the Delaware River. Buckingham, Pa., Bucks co. Soil a mixture of clay, loam, and gravel. 104 miles E. by N. from Harrisburg. Buckingham County, Va., c. h. at Maysville. Central. The James River runs on its N. and W., and the Appomattox on its S. border. Buckingham, Va., c. h. Buckingham co. 79 miles W. from Richmond. Buckland, Ms., Franklin co. This town is separated from Charlemont, of which it formerly was a part, by Deerfield River. It has a good mill stream, Clesson's River, which passes through the town. The surface is uneven, but the soil strong, and well adapted for grazing. 100 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 10 W. from Green field. Buckland, Va., Prince William co. On Broad Run, 111 miles N. from Richmond. Situation elevated and romantic. Two or three flouring mills are in operation here. Bucksporr, Me., Hancock co. On the E. side of Penobscot River. 15 miles below Bangor, and 61 N. E. from Augusta. It#as a fine harbor for vessels of the largest class. Bucksville, Ky., c. h. Cumberland co. Bucksville, Horry district, S. O, takes its name from its founder, Henry Buck; is situated on the W. side of the Wacamaw River, about 5 miles above its junction with the Peedee, and about 30 miles from Georgetown ; has good navigable water, for vessels of 200 or 300 tons, and a large business in lumber and naval stores. Bucyrus, 0., c. h. Crawford co. On the left bank of Sandusky River. 46 miles from San dusky City, and 60 from Columbus. 308 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Buffalo, N. Y., city, port of entry, and capital of Erie co.. stands at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, near its outlet through the Niagara River, and at the mouth of a creek, called Buf falo Creek, which empties into the lake . at this point. It is 327 miles W. from Albany, by rail road, and 363 miles by the Erie Canal. It is distant W. from Rochester 73 miles; S. S. E Niagara Falls, 22 miles ; and S. W. from Mon treal, 427 miles. Population, in 1810, 1508; 1820, 2095; 1830, 8653; 1840, 18,213; 1850, 42,261. Since the completion of the Erie Canal, and the chain of railroads connect ing Buffalo with Albany, New York, and Bos ton, its position, at the eastern termination of the commerce through the great lakes, Erie, Huron, and Michigan, gives it a most command ing advantage for business. It is the gateway between the east and the west ; and, although other channels for this commerce will be opened, yet, as the vast resources of the west have scarcely begun to be developed, the traffic which is destined to pour through this communication must be immensely increased beyond what it has ever yet been. The ground on which the city is built rises gradually from the creek, which passes through its southern district, and becomes, at the distance of 2 miles, an extended and ele vated plain, 50 feet or more above the lake ; fur nishing a most commanding view of the bosom of the lake and harbor, of |he Erie Canal, of Niagara River, and the Canada shore. From the same feature of its situation, the place itself pre sents a most beautiful appearance, as it is approached upon the lake. The city is laid out, with much regularity, into streets which are broad and straight, and usually intersecting each other at right angles. Main Street, which is more than 2 miles in length and 120 feet broad, is built on both sides, tlirough a good part of its extent, with fine and lofty blocks of stores, dwellings, and hotels, which present an imposing appear ance. Many of the streets are paved and lighted. There are 3 public squares, Washington, Frank lin, and Niagara, which are planted with trees, adding much to the beauty and health of the city. The houses are generally built with neatness and good taste. The public buildings are a court house, jail, county clerk's office, and 2 market -houses, in the upper story of one of which are the chamber of the common council and the city offices. There are about 20 churches in the city, of which 3 are Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 1 Bap tist, 1 Methodist, 3 German Protestant, 1 Uni tarian, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 Bethel, and 2 African. Some of the church edifices arc handsome specimens of architecture. There aVe an orphan asylum, a theatre, and a number of spacious and elegant hotels. The Young Men's Literary Association has a well- selected library of 5500 volumes, and sustains an able course of lectures in the winter. There is 1 academy, which furnishes instruction to from 60 to 100 students. The common schools of Buffalo are under the management of tho city council, and are made free to tho children of every class of the citizens, without charge for tuition. Buffalo is well supplied with water from the Niagara River, by an aqueduct which has lately been completed. The water is taken from the river, at Black Rock, by a tunnel 300 feot long, and 6 feet square, under the canal, and excavated through solid rock, and entering the river through the pier, 1 2 feet below the surface ; and through this, water is conveyed to a well under the bank, from which it is elevated by forcing pumps into the reseiToir on Prospect Hill, about a mile from the centre of the town. From thence it is con veyed in pipes to its place of destination. The water is as pure as the best well water. Buffalo has a most ample and secure harbor for the boats and shipping which navigate the lakes. It is a kind of natural dock, formed by the mouth of the creek, which here enters the lake, and which has, for the distance of a mile lepra its entrance, 12 or 14 feet of water. A bar at its mouth, which originally obstructed the pas sage of vessels from the lake, has been in a great measure removed, and prevented from further accumulation by the erection of a mole and pier, which serves to direct and strengthen the action of the current in such a manner as to effect this object. This work was built by the joint contri butions of the U. S. government and the citizens of Buffalo. At the extremity of the pier is a light-house, constructed of dressed limestone, 20 feet in diameter and 46 feet high. The harbor is protected from all winds, and is so spacious that it might well accommodate several hundred steamboats and lake vessels. Several other im portant improvements have been made, or are now in a course of construction, by which the facilities afforded by this port and harbor for the transshipment of merchandise between the lake and the canal are rendered in the highest degree eligible and convenient. It is proposed also, in order to render the harbor more easily accessible from the lake, especially in severe winds and storms, to construct a ship canal across the isth mus to the creek, at a point near the upper end of the harbor. This port is not generally open for navigation till about the middle of May. By means of the strong westerly winds which prevail upon the lake at the breaking up of the ice in the spring, the floating ice is liable to be accumulated at Buffalo, so as to obstruct the access to the har bor sometimes for several weeks after the broad lake is navigable. The commerce of the lakes to this port employs from 50 to 60 steamboats, many of which are spacious and elegant, and about 300 schooners and other vessels. The largest vessels are generally schooners, because they are more easily managed on the lakes than square-rigged vessels. The value of property sent E. from Buffalo by the Erie Canal in 1850 was $20,991,462, being an increase from 1840 of $14,790,633. The tolls on the Erie Canal re ceived at Buffalo in 1850 amounted to $703,498. Buffalo is connected, by canals and railroads, and the lakes, with all the great commercial places in the country. Among the articles imported into Buffalo during the year ending December 31, 1851, were 1,323,784 barrels of flour; 4,212,979 bushels of wheat; 6,146,519 bushels of corn; and 12,507,421 pounds of wool. The estimated value of property received at this port from the W. in 1850 was $35,000,000. Buffalo was originally laid out by the Holland Land Company in 1801 ; but its progress was slow until after it was fixed upon as a military post in 1812. The very next year, the place was almost totally destroyed by a conflagration, which consumed every building excepting two. This mischtef was done, it being in the time of the war with Great Britain, by a party of the . IN THE UNITED STATES. 309 British soldiers and the Indians. After the war was ended, Co'ngress made an appropriation.of 880,000 towards remunerating the citizens of Buffalo for their losses by this disaster. In 1817 the place had grown again to contain more than 100 houses, many of which were of brick, and Some large and elegant The largest number had been erected the previous year. It was in corporated as a village in 1822. But the commencement of the rapid growth and pros perity of Buffalo dates from the time when the Erie Canal was completed, in 1825. Four years from this time it contained 400 dwellings, and more than 2000 inhabitants. It was incorporated as a city April 20, 1832. The city is divided into 5 wards, and is governed by a mayor and common council, elected annually by the peo ple. In April, 1833, a company was incorporated for the erection of a marine hospital. In May, 1834, ah incorporation was established for the construction of a marine railway, with dry or wet docks, for repairing vessels. In April, 1835, the Sailor's and Boatman's Friend Society was in corporated, for the purpose of promoting the moral and religious welfare of that numerous class of per sons engaged in navigating these inland waters. The importance of such a form of philanthropic effort, in the port of Buffalo, may be inferred from the fact, that it has, besides the operations on the Erie Canal, an uninterrupted extent of lake navigation of 1500 miles, with a coast of 3000 miles. The first vessel bearing the Ameri can flag upon Lake Erie was the sloop Detroit, of 70 tons, built in 1796. The first steamboat, " Walk-in-the- Water," of 342 tons, low pressure engine, was built at Black Rock, near Buffalo, in 1818. In 1843, the Buffalo Commercial Ad vertiser collected and published as complete a. list as could be obtained of all the steamers which had been built for the lake navigation up to that date ; it being a quarter of a century from the time when the first steamer was launched upon Lake Erie. The whole number given in the list is 105 ; making an aggregate of 27,000 tons' burden, at a total cost of $3,5 10,000. Buffalo, Pa. A township of Armstrong co. Buffalo, Pa. A township of Butler co. Great and Little Buffalo and Thorn Creeks water this town. Buffalo, Pa. A township of Perry co., on the W. bank of the Susquehanna River, above the entrance of the Juniata. Surface hilly; soil slate. Buffalo, Pa. A township of Union co. Buffalo, Pa. A township of Washington co. 217 miles W. from Harrisburg. Bullitt County, Ky., c. h. at Shepherdsville. Towards the N. border of the state. Surface un even on the N. E. ; soil fertile. Bullock County, Ga., c. h. at Statesboro'. In the S. E. angle. Bounded N. by Burke and Scri- ven counties, E. by Effingham co., S. by Bryan and Tatnall, and W. by Tatnall and Emanuel counties. It has the Ogeechee River on its E., and the Cannouchee on its W. boundary. Bull Skin, Pa. A northern township of Fay ette co. Buncombe County, N. C, c. h. at Ashville. On the W. border. The Nolachueky and French Broad River and tributaries water this county. Surface rough and elevated, being situated be tween two ridges of the Alleghany Mountains ; soil well adapted to grazing. Bureau County, Is., c. h. at Princeton. North central. On the W. bank of the Illinois. Sur face mostly level, and in parts marshy. Burke County, Ga., c. h. at Waynesboro'. On the E. border, separated bv the Savannah River from S. C. Drained by Brier Creek and other branches of the Savannah River. Burke County, N. C., c. h. at Morgantown. West part, at the E. foot of the Blue Ridge. Drained by Catawba River and tributaries. Sur face rather elevated ; soil mostly fertile. Burke, Vt, Caledonia co. A mountain, 3500 feet in height, divides this town from Victory, on the E. Branches of Passumpsic River pass through it, and afford a good water power. Oil stone (novaculite) is found in an island in Memphremagog Lake. The soil of the town is good, and abounds with hard wood and ever greens. The settlement was commenced, about the year 1790, by Lemuel and Ira Walter, Seth Spencer, and others, from Connecticut, and the S. part of this state. The town was organized De cember 5, 1796. 20 miles N. E. from Danville, and 50 N. E. from Montpelier. Burksville. Ky., c. h. Cumberland co. On the W. bank of Cumberland River. 124 miles W. by S. from Frankfort. Burleston County, Ts. East central. In the angle between the Brazos and the Yagua. Burlington. Ct, Hartford co. An agricultural township, with a light soil, gravelly loam, pleas antly diversified by hills and vales. It is watered by Farmington River, and was taken from Bris tol in 1806. This town has been noted for the equality of its inhabitants in regard to prop erty. Burlington, Io. Shire town of Des Moines co. On the W. bank of the Mississippi, 88 miles S. by E. from Iowa City, and 259 N. by W. from St. Louis. This place was the first capital of the state. It is finely located on the river, and sur rounded by hills of gradual acclivity, affording many commanding sites for buildings. The town is regularly laid out, and neatly built, having several commodious brick churches, and many handsome private residences. It is ad vantageously situated for becoming a commercial emporium for a large and important section of country. Its trade is already extensive, and it has numerous mechanical and manufacturing establishments. There are two or three print ing offices here, which issue weekly newspapers. The town was laid out in 1834. The seat of government was removed to Iowa City in 1839. This was once the residence of the celebrated Indian chief Black Hawk, and here his bones repose. Burlington, Ky., c. h. Boone co. 82 miles N. by E. from Frankfort. Burlington, Me., Penobscot co. 37 miles N.E. from Bangor. It is watered by a branch of the Passadumkeag, and parts of several large ponds. Burlington, Ms., Middlesex co. The surface is uneven ; soil light and sandy. It is good land for hops and rye. A branch of the Shawsheen and Vine Brook water the town. Burlington was formerly a part of Woburn. 3 miles N. W. from the Woburn depot on the Lowell Railroad. 10 miles from Boston. Burlington County, N. J., c. h. at Mount Holly. South central. Extending from the Delaware to the Atlantic. Drained by Crosswick's, Assun- 310 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, pink, Black's. Craft's, Assiscunk, Rancocus, and Pensauken Creeks, branches of the Delaware River. Soil principally alluvial. Burlington City, N. J., Burlington co. A port of entry on the E. bank of tbe Delaware, en circled "by a small stream so as to form an island. It is regularly laid out with streets intersecting each other at right angles. The bank of the river is a beautiful grassy plain, bordered by ele gant dwellings. The Camden and Amboy Rail road passes through it. Burlington, N. Y., Otsego co. This town is watered by Butternut and Wharton Creeks. Its surface is rolling, and soil good. 12 miles W. from Cooperstown, and 72 from Albany. Burlington, 0., c. h. Lawrence co. On the N. bank of the Ohio River, at the southern extrem ity of the state. Sawing and various manufac tures are carried on by steam power. Burlington, Pa., Bradford co. Sugar Creek and its branches water this town. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 144 miles N. from Harrisburg. Burlington, Vt. Port of entry on Lako Cham plain, and shire town of Chittenden co. 38 miles W. N. W. from Montpelier. Population in 1830, 3525; 1840, 4271; 1850, 7505. This beautiful town is the largest in the state, and one of the most delightful for situation in the United States. It is built on the E. shore of the lake, about op posite its widest part, where it makes up between two points in a kind of bay with a regularly- curving shore. The site of the town rises grad ually as it recedes from the water for a distance of a mile or more, until it attains an elevation of 281 feet from the surface of the lake. Over the whole extent of this fair declivity the town is spread, presenting a fine appearance as it is ap proached or passed upon water. The view of the lake, and of the near and distant scenery, which is had froni the more elevated parts of the place, from the windows and roofs of the dwellings, and especially from the dome of the university, which stands on the height of land, presents features of natural loveliness and gran deur not surpassed by those of any other situa tion occupied by a populous town in the United States. The lake is here about 10 miles wide, and lies in view, to the N. and S., almost as far as the eye can roach. Beyond its western shore rise the Adirondack Mountains of New York, to the height, in some parts of their majestic outline, of 5000 and 6000 feet. The eastern ho rizon, likewise, is bounded by the Green Moun tain range, with its two most elevated summits, 4000 feet high. The streets are regularly laid out, running from tho lako shore E., with others running N. and S., intersecting them at right angles, and dividing the whole surface into regular squares. There is a public square near the centre, on which is situated the Court House, and around it some of the principal hotels, stores, banks, offices, &c. The town is handsomely built throughout, and there are a number of elegant private man sions with beautiful grounds and gardens. Sev eral of the church edifices arc fine specimens of architectural taste. The finest are the Calvin- istic Congregational Church, after a pure Grecian model; the Unitarian Congregational Church, of brick, with a lofty spire; and tho Episcopal Church, which is of stone, in tho Gothic style. For a notice of tho University of Vermont, which is located here, see Colleges. As connected with Burlington may be men tioned the village of Winooski Falls, which is situated on both sides of the Winooski River, about 2 miles N. E. of the town. The portion of the village which is on the N. side of the river is in Colchester. A substantial covered bridge connects the two sides of the river. The water power at these falls is sufficient for propelling almost any amount of machinery. Several large manufacturing establishments have been erected here, consisting of cotton and woollen mills, a foundery and machine shop, an extensive flour mill, saw mills, &c. Some of these manufac tories were consumed bv fire in the winter of 1851-2. The harbor of Burlington is the best on Lake Champlain, and a larger number of the vessels employed in the lake navigation are owned here than in any other place. The government has erected a substantial breakwater here for the pro tection of the harbor from the west winds. On Juniper Island, 4 miles from the harbor, a light-house is erected. A great amount of goods are landed at the wharves in Burlington, and the mercantile traffic of the place is largo, and must continue to increase. Steamboats stop here on their daily trips from Whitehall, N. Y., to St. John's in Canada, whence there is daily steam communication to Montreal. Railroads extend from Burlington E. to Boston, 248 miles ; W. to Ogdensburg, 163 miles; S. to Whitehall, 91 miles ; and N. to Montreal, 91 miles, with the exception of 9 miles by steamboat from La Prairie. Burnham, Me., Waldo co. 37 miles N. E. from Augusta, and about 30 N. W. from Belfast. It is bounded S. W. by Sebasticook River, and E. by Troy. Incorporated 1824. Burns, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by Cau- seraga Creek. Surface uneven ; soil of good quality. 237 miles W. from Albany. Burnside,~PsiL. A township of Clearfield co. 156 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Burnsville, N. C, c. h. Yancey co. 200 miles W. from Raleigh. Burrillville, Providence co. This town was tak en from Gloucester in 1806. It is finely watered by Branch River, with many branches ; one branch of which rises in Alum Pond, partly in this town and partly in Douglas, Mass. This river is an important tributary to the Blackstone. Manufacturing villages are scattered over this large town in almost every direction. The face of the town is rough, but the soil is adapted to grazing, and produces largo quantities of beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c. Herring and Eddy's Ponds are pleasant sheets of water. Burton, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Alleghany River and some of its tributaries water this town. The surface is uneven, and there is quite a vari ety of soil. The New York and Erie Railroad passes through it. 1 5 miles S. E. from Ellieott- ville, and 300 S. of W. from Albany. Bushkill, Pa., Northampton co. Bushkill Creek waters this {own. The surface is hilly, and the soil tolerably fertile. BuslmelFs Basin, N. Y., Monroe co. On the Erie Canal. 217 miles W. by N. from Albany. Bushwick, N. Y., King's co. Watered by New town Creek. Surface hilly ; soil, with good cul tivation, productive. 3 miles E. from the city of Brooklyn, and 148 S. from Albany. Bush/ark's Bridge, N. Y., Cambridge, Wash- IN THE UNITED STATES. 311 ington co. On Hoosic River. 29 miles N. by E. from Albany. Busti, N.Y., Chautauque co. Chautauque Lake and its outlet bounds this town on the N., which is watered by several small streams flowing into the lake. Surface hilly, and soil good; 324 miles S. of W. from Albany. Butler County, Aa., c. h. at Greenville. Bounded N. by Lowndes, E. by Pike and Coffee, S. by Covington and Conecuh, and W. by Con ecuh, Monroe, and Wilcox counties. Watered by branches of Conecuh River. Surface undu lating ; soil of pretty good quality. Butler, Aa., c. h. Choctaw co. 80 miles S. of W. from Columbia. Butler County, Ky., c. h. Morgantown. Bounded N. by Ohio and Grayson counties, E. by Ed monson, S. by Warren and Logan, and W. by Muhlenburg county. Green River waters this county. Butler County, Mo. On the S. E. border. The Big Black River runs tlirough it, and the St. Francis along its eastern border. A large part of it is subject to annual inundation. Butler, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by 6ome small streams flowing into Lake Ontario. The surface is rolling, the soil gravelly Ijam. 13 miles N. E. from Lyons, and 170 N. of W. from Albany. Butler Coiinty, 0., c. h. at Hamilton. In the S. W. corner. It is a very valuable farming county, and is abundantly supplied with water by the Great Miami River and several creeks. The Miami Canal and the Miami and White water cross it ; also two railroads running N. from Cincinnati. Butler County, Pa., c. h. at Butler. Western part. Watered by Slippery Rock and Conne- quenessing Creeks, branches of Beaver River. The Alleghany River touches the N. E. and S. E. corners. Surface uneven ; soil well suited to grain and grazing. Butler, Pa. A township of Butler co. Butler, Pa., c. h. Butler co. On Connequenes- sing Creek. 203 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. The place contains an academy, well endowed. Butler, Pa. A township of Luzerne co. Butts County, Ca., c. h. at Butts City. Between the Sacramento and Feather Rivers. Butternuts, N. Y., Otsego co. Butternut Creek and Unadilla River drain this town. The sur face is for the most part hilly. 25 miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and about 90 W. from Al bany. Butts County, Ga., e. h. at Jackson. Central. Buxton, Me., York co. This town is bounded on the S. W. by Saco River, and N. by Gorham. At this place the Saco falls about 80 feet, and produces a great hydraulic power, which is partly improved for manufacturing establishments. It lies 8 miles N. W. from Saco, and 18 W. from Portland. Byberry,r>&., Philadelphia co. Pogussing Creek waters this town. Soil sandy loam. 113 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. Byfield, Ms., Essex co. A parish in the towns of Newbury and Rowley, watered by Parker River, which affords good hydraulic power. 35 miles N. by E. from Boston. There is an ancient academy here. Byram, N. J., Sussex co. The Musconetcong River bounds this town on the S. The surface is broken by South Mountain. Byron, Me., Oxford co. New ; taken from Barnard. Byron, N. Y., Genesee co. Watered by Black Creek. This town contains several sulphur springs. Surface level ; soil generally produc tive. 10 miles N.E. from Batavia, and 277 N. of W. from Albany. Cabarrus County, N. C, c. h. at Concord. S. central. Watered by Rocky; a branch of the Yadkin River. Surface mountainous and broken ; soil fertile. Cabell County, Va., c. h. at Barboursville. W. part, on the Ohio River. Drained by Guyandott and Big Sandy Rivers. Surface mountain ous and broken ; soil mostly of an indifferent quality. Cabot, Vt., Caledonia co. This town lies on the height of land between Winooski and Connec ticut Rivers. " The Plain " is delightfully situ ated, having the Green and White Mountains in, prospect. Several branches of the Winooski water this town, and afford it some water power. Here is Jo and Molly's Pond, and a sulphur spring. The surface is broken and hard, but good for sheep. This is the birthplace of the late Zerah Colburn, the celebrated mathematician. The set tlement of this town was commenced on what is called Cabot Plain, in April, 1785, by James Bruce, Edmund Chapman, Jonathan Heath, and Benjamin Webster, with their families. 10 miles S. W. from Danville, and 20 N. E. from Mont pelier. Caddo Parish, La., c. h. at Shreveport. In the N. W. corner. Red River runs along its E. border, and Caddo Lake lies in the N. part. Surface mostly level ; soil of medium quality. Cadiz, Ky., c. h. Trigg co. On a beautiful eminence on the bank of Little River. 9 miles from Cumberland River. Cadiz, 0., c. h. Harrison co. Situated 114 miles E. N. E. from Columbus, and about 25 miles westerly either from Wheeling or Steuben- villo, on the Ohio River. It is a flourishing in land town, with a handsome village, remarkably well built and city like in its appearance. Be sides the county buildings, which are of brick, it contains several handsome churches, of which the principal are the Presbyterian, the Methodist, and the Associate Reformed. This town was laid out in 1803, when its site, like most of the surround ing country, was a forest ; and its location was determined by the connection here of two public roads, from different sections of Pennsylvania and Virginia, toward Central Ohjo, which, before the construction of the national road, afforded the chief thoroughfares of western stage travel in this direction. Cahaba, Aa., c. h. Dallas co. On the right bank of the Alabama River, immediately below the mouth of the Cahaba, about 50 miles W. from Montgomery, and 140 N. by E. from Mo bile. It has communication with these places by steamboats plying constantly on the river. Cairo, Is., Alexander co. Situated at the junc tion of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, 266 miles S. from Springfield, 522 S. E. from Cincinnati, and about 1000, by the course of the river, N. from New Orleans. From a survey of the great physical features of the western country, in con nection with a prospective estimate of the im mense resources of wealth which are to be rapid ly developed there, the locality of this place ap- 312 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, pears to possess the most remarkable advantages for becoming, at some future period, the seat of one of the largest and most important cities in North America. Being near the geographical centre of the great Mississippi basin, and at a point which the Creator, by the convergency of its great navigable channels, seems to have pointed out for its social and commercial centre, it can not fail, unless from local difficulties it should prove impracticable to found a city here/of being at length the commercial emporium of the west. Its only disadvantage is in the too slight elevation of the delta on which the place is built, above the rivers, by the junction of which it is formed, which exposes it in its natural state to be over flowed by their waters at the period of their high est floods. This has hitherto prevented Cairo from realizing in any considerable degree the magnificent results which its projectors have an ticipated. But it is intended ultimately to obvi ate this disadvantage entirely by raising a levee, or artificial embankment, similar to that before the city of New Orleans, by which the inundation of the delta shall be prevented. Considerable progress has been made by the " Cairo City Com pany" towards the accomplishment of this neces sary improvement; and their operations, which were for a time suspended for the want of pecu niary encouragement, are again resumed, and will doubtless be prosecuted to completion, under the impulse likely to be given to their enterprise by the success of other schemes of internal im provement The "Cairo City Property" embraces in all about 9500 acres on this delta between the Mis sissippi and Ohio Rivers, with the levees, work shops, founderies, saw mills, dwellings, hotel, and other buildings on the premises. 1200 acres embraced within the proposed corporate limits of Cairo, are wholly enclosed by levees, raised above the highest known floods ; and the enclo sure for nearly 4000 acres, including the above, is partly completed. One of the correlative enterprises of internal improvement, upon which those interested in the prosperity of Cairo depend for encouragement, is the incorporation of a company by the state of Illinois for building a railroad from Cairo, through the centre of the state, to Peru, at the southern terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal; and thence, by branches diverging N. E. and N. W., to Chicago, on Lake Michigan, and to Galena and Dubuque, on the Upper Mississippi. A long portion of this road is now in process of construction. For,the furtherance of this impor tant enterprise Congress, by an act passed in 1850, has granted to the state of Illinois the right of way for the construction of this road through all the public lands where it may pass ; and also " every alternate section of land designated by even numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said road and branches," to be sold for the purpose of its construction. The grants are made on the conditions that the work shall be begun and carried on simultaneously from both ends of the route, and that the whole shall be completed within 10 years from tho date of thoir enactment. Similar grants are made, by the same act, to the1 states of Mississippi and Ala bama, for the construction of ta railroad south, from Cairo to Mobile, on the Gulf of Mexico. The construction of tho Illinois Central Railroad has been undertaken with spirit by the stato, and will doubtless.be completed within the time fixed by Congress. Thus it will be seen that much, very much, is to be anticipated for the future growth of Cairo. Having, as computed, " upwards of 20,000 miles of river navigation " on the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri, and their tributaries, all centring here, with a navigable channel open to New Or leans at all seasons, and being " at the terminus of the great Central Railroad of Illinois, which is to form the most direct and rapid route of communication between the South- Western and Northern States," and about midway between the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, between which an entire communication by railroad, tlirough this place, will ultimately be completed, it is evident that the local disadvantages above referred to cannot long oppose an insuperable obstacle to the causes so powerfully conspiring to render Cairo a great centre of intercourse, traffic, and exchange for one of the most exten sive and productive regions of the world. Calais. Me.. Washington co. This great mart of lumber, and of the commerce of a large sec tion of country, lies at the head of navigation on the Schoodic, or St. Croix River, nearly opposite St. Stephens, N. B. A bridge across the river connects the British with the American sides. At Milltown, about 2 miles above the bridge, 40 or 50 saw mills are in constant operation. A railroad passes from Calais, through Milltown, to Baring. Calais was incorporated as a city in 1850, and has become one of the most flourishing places of business in the state. 204 miles from Augusta, and 28 above Eastport. Calais, Vt.. Washington co. This township is watered by two branches of the Winooski River. They unite near the S. line of the town, af fording in their course a great number of valua ble privileges. It is also well watered with springs and brooks. The soil is a warm loam, easily cultivated, and well adapted to all kinds of grain. The surface is somewhat uneven. The timber on the streams is mostly hemlock, spruce, and pine ; on the higher lands, maple, beech, &c. The N. line of the township intersects two considerable ponds. There are several other small but beautiful ponds lying within the town ship, abounding in fish. Long Pond lies in the N. W. part of the town. In one autumn, 2000 pounds of trout were taken from this pond. There are several springs in the town whose waters are quite brackish. The settlement was commenced in the spring of 17S7, by Francis West, from Plymouth co., Ms. The first permanent settlers, however, were Abijah, Asa, and P. Wheelock. 8 miles N. from Montpelier. Calaveras County, Ca., c. h. at Donble Springs, otherwise called Pleasant Valley. In the moun tains E. of the San Joaquin, between Dry Creek of the Moquelumne and the Stanislaus River. Calcasieu Parish, La., c. h. at Lisbon. In the S. W. corner, between the Gulf of Mexico and the Sabine River and Lake, which separate it from Texas. Watered by the Mermenton, Calcasieu, and Sabine Rivers and Lakes. Caldwell County, Ky., c. h. at Princeton. W. part. Watered by the Tenesa. and Cumberland Rivers. It has a generally level surface, and fer tile soil. , Caldwell Parish, La., c. h. at Columbia- N, E. central. ' Drained by the Washita River. . Sur- IN THE UNITED STATES. 313 face flat and alluvial on the E., and hilly on the W. Caldwell County, Mo., c. h. at Far West. N. W. part. Drained by Shoal Creek, which affords good water power. . Surface mostly level ; soil fertile. Caldwell County, N. O, c. h. at Lenoir. W. part of the state. At the E. foot of the Blue Ridge. Watered by Yadkin River. Surface broken ; the Blue Ridge lying on its N. border. On the borders of the river, however, are broad and fertile flats. Caldwdl, N. Y., c. h. Warren co. Watered by several small streams flowing into Lake George, which bounds it on the E. The surface is hilly and mountainous, the Palmertown ridge crossing the S. E. part. Many interesting events, both of the old French war and of the revolution, are asso ciated with some of the localities in this town. (See Lake George, p. 195.) 62 miles N. from Albany. Caldwdl, N. J., Essex co. Watered by Deep and Green Brooks, branches of the Passaic, and good mill streams. Surface, except on the mar gins of the streams, rolling and mountainous. Caldwell County, Ts., c. h. at Lockhart, Cen tral part of the state. On the upper waters of the Guadaloupe River. Caledonia, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered by Genesee River and an excellent mill stream, rising from a spring in this town. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil calcareous loam. 10 miles N. from Genesee, and 228 N. of W. from Albany. Caledonia County, Vt, c. h. at Danville. N. E. part. The eastern range of the Green Mountains extends through the western part of the county. It is watered by many fine streams, but the Con necticut, on its S. E. border, and the Passumpsic, are its chief rivers. A large part of the county is high and good land ; that along the rivers is ex cellent There are some sulphur springs in this county ;. limestone and granite are abundant. The Passumpsic Railroad connects it with Boston and New York. Calhoun County, Fa., c. h. at St. Joseph. W. part At the mouth of the Appalachicola River. Surface mostly level ; soil sandy. Calhoun County, Is., c. h. at Gilead. In the angle formed by the junction of the Illinois and Mississippi. The surface consists of table land, with strips of alluvion. Calhoun County, Mn., c. h. at Marshall. This county was incorporated in 1833, and is bounded N. by Barry and Eaton, E. by Jackson, S. by Hills dale county and Branch, and W. by Kalamazoo county. Watered by St Joseph's and Kalamazoo Rivers, which afford extensive water power. Sur face undulating, containing large quarries of sandstone ; soil fertile, sandy loam. Calhoun County, Ts. On the coast between La Vacca Bay and the River Guadaloupe. Calaway County, Mo., c. h. at Fulton. East central. On the N. bank of the Missouri River. Drained by Big and Little Au Vase Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. Callaway County, Ky., c. h. at Wadesboro'. W. part. In the W. angle between the state of Ten nessee and the Tennessee River. It is crossed through the middle by Clark's River. Calumet County, Wn.,c. h. at Calumet. E. port. On the N. E. shore of Lake Winnebago. Drained by the head branches of the Manitoowa River. Calvert CSranty,Md.; c.h. at Prince Frederic. 40 S. E. part. Between Patuxent River and Chesa peake Bay. Surface undulating. Cambria County, Pa., c. h. at Ebensburg. S. W. central. Between the Laurel Ridge and the Alleghanies. Watered by the W. branch of the Susquehanna and the head branches of Kiski minitas or Connemaugh River. Surface rough and mountainous ; soil tolerably good. Cambria, N. Y., Niagara co. Mostly level. Watered by several small streams. 7 miles W. from Lockport, and 283 N. of W. from Albany. Cambria, Pa., Cambria co. Watered by Black Lick Creek and the N. branch of Little Conne maugh River. Surface hilly ; soil sand and clay. Cambridge, Me., Somerset co. Cambridge, Md., c. h. Dorchester co. On the S. side of Choptank River, 12 miles from its en trance into Chesapeake Bay. 61 miles S. E. from Annapolis. Cambridge. Ms. City and one of the seats of justice of Middlesex co. This is the seat of Cambridge University, the oldest and best en dowed of the colleges in the United States. It may be divided into three parts — Old Cam bridge, where the college is situated, about 3 miles W. from Boston ; Cambridgeport, a flour ishing village, about midway between Boston and Old Cambridge ; and East Cambridge, where the county buildings are located, immediately connected with Boston by Cragie's Bridge over Charles 'River ; also with the city of Charles town bv a bridge. Population in 1790, 2115; 1800,24*53; 1810,2323; 1820,3295; 1830,6072; 1840, 8409; 1850,15,215. Cambridge is one of the oldest towns in New England. It was incorporated in 1630, by the name of Newtown. It took the name of Cam bridge in 1638. It has ever been closely con nected with Boston in all its literary, intellectual, and political relations ; and, were it not for mu nicipal distinctions, might be considered as vir tually an integral part of the metropolis. Old Cambridge especially constitutes one of the very beautiful suburbs of Boston. (For a notice of the university, the reader is referred to Colleges.) The university buildings are pleasantly, though somewhat irregularly, situated. Some have quite a venerable appearance; and others, which are newer, particularly the library building, are among the finest specimens of architecture in the country. A large proportion of the houses in Old Cambridge are of the most ele gant description, 'being built and located, even when they are not very costly, with a just regard to the principles of taste. They are often em bowered in the most beautiful trees and shrub bery. There are several handsome houses of pub lic worship in the vicinity of the College Green. Cambridgeport, as its name implies, is a more crowded and bustling mart of business. There are, however, many very pretty streets here, and many elegant and costly houses. There are several handsome meeting houses, the town- house, and other public buildings. East Cambridge, formerly known as Lech- mere's Point, opposite the N. W. part of Boston, is also a business part of the city, and has risen into consequence within a few years. It con tains six or eight places of worship, the court house, jail, and house of correction. Here are the extensive glass works of the New England : Glass Company ; also soap, candle, and brash factories, and a great variety of other manufac- 314 C0UNTD3S, CITIES, TOWNS, VHiLAGES, ' &c, turing and mechanical operations. Charles River winds its course along the S. border of Cambridge, affording convenient facilities for navigation to each section of the town. The Mount Auburn Cemetery lies about a mile W. of the university, in the towns of Wa tertown and Cambridge. This beautiful rural cemetery, the first of the kind in the country, was dedicated September 24, 1 831 . It contains about 100 acres of land, covered with a natural growth of trees, the highest part of which is 125 feet above the river, laid out with winding gravelled walks, and embellished with every variety of shrub and flower. Numerous monuments, of costly material and exquisite workmanship, are already erected, constituting this a magnificent resting-place of the dead. It is surrounded by an iron fence, with an imposing granite gateway, in the Egyptian style ; and not far from the en trance is a chapel, of granite, for the celebration of burial services. Our readers will be pleased to see the following short extract from the ad dress of the late Judge Stoky at the setting apart of this hallowed spot to the purpose for which it is now used : — " Nature," he says^ " seems to point it out with significant energy, as the favorite retirement for the dead. There are around us all the varied features of her beauty and grandeur — the forest- crowned height, the abrupt acclivity, the shel tered valley, the deep glen, the grassy glade, and the silent grove. Here are the lofty oak, the beech, that ; wreathes its old, fantastic roots so high,' the rustling pine, and the drooping willow, — the tree that sheds its pale leaves with every autumn, a fit emblem of our own transitory bloom ; and the evergreen, with, its perennial shoots, instructing us that ' the wintry blast of death kills not the buds of virtue.' Here is the thick shrubbery, to protect and conceal the new- made grave ; and there is the wild flower creep ing along the narrow path, and planting its seeds in the upturned earth. All around us there breathes a solemn calm, as if .we were in the bosom of a wilderness, broken only by the breeze as it murmurs through the tops of the forest, or by the notes of the warbler, pouring forth his matin or his evening song. " Ascend but a few steps, and what a change of scenery to surprise and delight us I We seem, as it were, in an instant, to pass from the con fines of death to the bright and balmy regions of life. Below us flows the winding Charles, with its rippling current, like the stream of time hastening to the ocean of eternity. In the dis tance, the city — at once the object of our ad miration and our love — rears its proud emi nences, its glittering spires, its lofty towers, its graceful mansions, its curling smoke, its crowd ed haunts of business and pleasure, which speak to the eye, and yet leave a noiseless loneliness on the ear. Again we turn, and the walls of our venerable university rise before us, with many a recollection of happy days passed there, in the interchange of study and friendship, and many a grateful thought of the affluence of its learning, which has adorned and nourished the literature of our country. Again we turn, and the culti vated farm, the neat cottage, the .village church, the sparkling lake, tho rich valley, and tho dis tant hills, are before us through opening vistas ; and we breathe amidst the fresh and varied labors of man." From the first settlement of the country, Cam bridge has been a place of great importance. At the commencement of the revolution, and during the year 1775, the head-quarters of the American army were in this town, and here Washington entered upon his duties as com mander-in-chief. His quarters were at the Cra- gie House, situated on the street between the college and Mount Auburn. Our admired poet, Longfellow, the present proprietor, displays good taste by preserving as nearly as possible the original external appearance of the house. The Washington Elm, on the westerly side of Cam bridge Common, is also an object of interest, as under its branches Washington was stationed while his commission was proclaimed to the army of twenty thousand men drawn up on the Common ; and here he drew that sword which, turning every way, like the sword of the angel, became salvation to his country, and terror and confusion to her adversaries. Cambridge, N. H., Coos co. This town has an uneven surface, and is watered by several streams which rise here and fall into the Androscoggin. 143 miles N. E. from Concord, and 35 N. E. from Lancaster. Cambridge, N. Y., Washington co. Watered by Hoosic River and its tributaries. Surface generally level, soil mostly gravelly, and sandy loam. 12 miles S. from Salem, and 34 N. E. from Albany. Cambridge, 0., c. h. Guernsey co. On the na tional road, on Wills Creek. 48 miles W. from Wheeling, and 78 E. from Columbus. Cambridge, Vt., Lamoille co. Lamoille River passes through the town, and receives, in its course, North Branch, Brewster's River, and Seymour's Brook. These streams afford numer ous mill privileges. The surface is uneven, and in some places rough. The land is, however. generally good, and on the river are about 6000 acres of valuable intervale. A branch of Dead Creek rises in this town, and another branch of said creek runs across the N. W. corner of the town. The town is well watered, and produces timber of various kinds. There are three small villages. The first settler was John Spofford ; he came into the town in 1783, from Piermont, N. H. 18 miles W. from Hydepark, and 40 N. W. from Montpelier. Cambridgeport, Ms., Middlesex co. See Cam bridge, Ms. Camden, As., c. h. Washington co. 90 miles W. of S. from Little Rock. Camden County, Ga., c. h. at Jeffersonton. In tho S. E. corner. Santilla River flows through the interior, and St Mary's River along the S. border of this county, which embraces Cumber land Island, lying in tho Atlantic. Camden, Me., Waldo co. On the W. side of Penobscot Bay. 10 miles N. from Thomaston, and 40 E. S. E. from Augusta. It has two fine harbors, but its chief business is the manufacture of lime, of which about 200,000 casks are annu ally shipped to all ports of tho United States. The lime is used for making cement of a supe rior quality. The Megunticook River affords an extensive water power. Camden County, N. C, c. h. at Jonesburg. In the N. E. corner, on Albemarle Sound, between Pasquotank and North Rivers. Surface low and marshy. Camden, N. C, c. h. Camden co. On the E. IN THE UNITED STATES. 315 side of Pasquotank River. 219 miles E. N. E. from Raleigh, otherwise called Jonesburg. Camden County, N. J., c. h. at Camden. S. W. part. Washed by the Delaware on the W. Level, and soil light. Camden, N. J. City and port of entry, Glouces ter co. Situated on the E. side of the Del aware River, opposite Philadelphia. The city was incorporated in 1828, extending about 2 miles on the river, and about a mile and a half back. It consists of three distinct villages, each connected with Philadelphia by a ferry. The upper of these is known as Cooper's Point, and the lower as Kaighn's Point, or South Camden. Camden proper is that part of the city included in the central village, which is the largest of the three. Cooper's Point, however, was first settled, and the ferry from Philadelphia to this point was established as early as 1695. Much of the terri tory included within the chartered limits of Camden is yet occupied with gardens and fruit orchards, for the supply of the Philadelphia market. There are several public gardens, which are places of resort for the citizens of Philadel phia, in the summer, for recreation. Windmill, or Clark's Island, lies in the river between Philadelphia and Camden proper, having the deepest channel on the Philadelphia side. Vessels of the largest class can come up only to Kaighn's Point, and those of 150 tons only to Camden proper. Clark's Island and the bar running from it interposed, in its natural condi tion, an obstacle to the direct passage of the ferry boats to Camden. This proved 60 serious an inconvenience that, in 1837, a channel was cut through it at a cost of about $40,000. The ter minus of the Camden and Amboy Railroad, making a part of one of the routes from Phil adelphia to New York, is at Camden ; and also that of another railroad, running a few miles south, to Woodbury, the shire town of the county. The growth of Camden, as a place of business, has been considerable for a few years past. There are now 18 or 20 respectable mercantile houses, several lumber yards, and numerous mechanical and manufacturing establishments. There are churches in the city of the Episcopal, Baptist, and Methodist denominations, and of the Friends. ¦ The remains of barracks built here by the British, during their occupancy of Phil adelphia, in the war of the revolution, are still visible near the upper ferry. Camden, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Fish Creek and its branches. The surface is generally hilly ; the soil easily cultivated, and very fertile in some parts. 35 miles N. W. from Utica, and 127 W. by N. from Albany. Camden, S. C. seat of justice of Kershaw district. On the E. bank of Wateree River. 33 miles N. E. from Columbia. The river is navi- gablo to this place for flat boats of 60 or 70 tons. The soil of the surrounding country is fertile, but liable to be overflowed. Cotton and corn are abundantly produced. The place is well built; some of the church edifices, of which there are four or five, are elegant. Its trade is considerable. The De Kalb mills, and a cotton factory, are in the suburbs of the village. This place is celebrated, in revolutionary his tory, as the scene of two important battles : that of August 16, 1780, between General Gates and Lord Cornwallis; and that of April 23, 1781, between General Greene and Lord Rawdon. In 1825, Lafayette laid the corner stone of a monu ment here to the memory of Baron de Kalb, of revolutionary celebrity, which stands at the foot of De Kalb Street, and is of fine white marble. In the near vicinity of this town is a large mound, supposed to indicate the site of one of the ancient towns of the Catawba Indians. Camden County, Mo. Southern central* Wa tered by the Osage and several large tributaries. Cameron, N. ' Y., Steuben co. Watered by Canisteo River, and several small streams. The surface is hilly, the soil generally good. 7 miles S. from Bath, and 221 S. of W. from Albany. Cameron County, Ts., c. h. at Brownsville. In the S. E. angle, between the Lower Del Norte and the Gulf coast. Camillus, N. Y., Onondaga co. The surface is rolling, and is watered by Nine Mile Creek. It lies 7 miles W. from Syracuse, and 141 N. W. from Albany, Campbell County, Ga., c. h. at Campbellton. N. W. part on both sides the Chattahoochee. Sur face undulating ; soil productive. Campbell County, Ky., c. h. at Newport. North ernmost part, in the angle between the Licking and Ohio. Surface uneven ; soil productive. . Campbell, N. Y., Steuben co. Conhocton River, Mead's Creek, and several small streams water this town. Surface hilly, soil clay and marly loam. 10 miles S. E. from Bath, and 209 W. by S. from Albany. Campbell County, Te., c. h. at Jacksboro'. East part on the N. border. Watered by the Tennessee and several branches of the Cumberland River. Surface broken by the Cumberland Mountains. Campbell County, Va., c. h. at Campbell co. South central. Between the James River and the Roanoke. It has a rough surface, but fertile soil. Campbell, Va.. c. h. Campbell co. 125 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. Campbdlton, Ga., c. h. Campbell co. On both sides of the Chattahoochee River. 102 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. Campion. N. H, Grafton co. The surface is broken and uneven. Besides Pemigewasset River, this town is watered by Mad, Beebe, West Branch, and Bog Brook Rivers. The land in the valleys is good, and there is some intervale. The high land is good for grazing. The forest trees are mostly deciduous. Iron ore is found in some parts. From the circumstance' of the first proprietors' building a camp, when they went to survey Campton and Rumney, this town derives its name. First settlers, two families named Fox and Taylor, in 1765. Canaan, Qt., Litchfield co. First settled in 1738. Incorporated, 1739. The town lies on the E. side of Housatonic River, opposite Salis bury. A ledge of limestone rocks crosses the river at this place, about 30 rods in length, caus ing a perpendicular fall of 60 feet. The river is rapid, both above and below this beautiful cata ract. The whole descent of the river, in Canaan, is about 130 feet, " nobly arranged and distrib uted, and comprehending a remarkable variety of beauty and grandeur." The township is mountainous, with some arable land along the streams. Limestone and iron ore are abundant. Canaan, Me., Somerset co. A good farming town on the E. side of Kennebec River. 34 miles N. from Augusta. Canaan, N. H, Grafton co. Heart Pond, so called from its figure, is situated in the centre 316 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, of the town, upon a swell of land so elevated, that at a distance it presents the appearance of a sheet of water on a hill. It is 400 rods in length, and 200 in width, and is surrounded by a ridge or mound. It is from 4 to 5 feet high, and is found to have been produced by the drifting of the ice, when breaking up in the spring. Besides this, there are Goose, Clarks', Mud, and Bear Ponds. The soil is fertile, and the land capable of cultivation. It derives its name from Canaan in Connecticut. First settlers, 1776, George Harris, Thomas Miner, Joshua Harris, Samuel Jones, and Samuel Meacham. 16 miles E. from Dartmouth College, and 52 N. W. from Concord by railroad. Canaan, N. Y., Columbia co. Some of the branches of Kinderhook Creek water this town. Surface hilly and mountainous. 20 miles N. E. from Hudson, and 24 S. E. from Albany. Canaan, Pa., Wayne co. Some branches of the Lackawaxen water this town, .and the Car- bondale and Honesdale Railroad traverses it. Surface somewhat mountainous; soil loam and gravel. N. E. from Harrisburg 159 miles. Canaan, Vt., Essex co. Canaan lies' opposite Stewartsown, N. H. The north-east corner of the town is the most easterly land in Vermont. Feb ruary 26, 1782, it received a new charter, and Oc tober 23, 1801, the town of Norfolk was annexed to it. The Connecticut River bounds it on the E. Willard's Brook, &c, afford good mill privileges. There is some fine intervale on the Connecticut, and much good land in other parts. 35 miles N. from Guildhall, and 103 N. E. from Montpelier. Canadice, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Honeoye, Canadice, and Hemlock Lakes. Tho surface is quite hilly ; the soil fertile in some por tions. 18 miles S. W. from Canandaigua, and 216 W. from Albany. Canajoharie, N. Y., Montgomery co. On the S. side of the Mohawk River, and watered by Bowman's and Otsquake Creeks. Surface hilly ; soil strong sandy loam. 10 miles W. from Fonda, and 55 N. of W . from Albany. Canandaigua, N. Y. Shire town of Ontario co. This township contains a considerable portion of Canandaigua Lake. Its surface is diversified with hills and plains ; 'the soil is fertile, and generally under high cultivation. , The village of Canandaigua, incorporated in 1,815, is pleasantly situated at the outlet of the lake, 224 miles by railroad W. from Albany, and 104 E. from Buffalo. The ground on which it is built descends gently towards the lake, presenting a fine view of the water from the village. Two parallel streets, which run N. and S., and are crossed at right angles by several others, constitute the principal streets ; having a fine public square at the centre, on which are located the court house and other public buildings. There is a classical academy at Canandaigua, in which a very thorough course .of studies is pur sued ; also the Ontario Female Seminary, founded in 1825, which enjoys a high reputation. There arechurches of the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Meth odist, and Baptist denominations. A state ar senal is located -here. Many of the mansions of the citizens are large and elegant, and are sur rounded by beautiful trees and gardens, giving an air of superior wealth and refinement to the place. The first land office in Western New York for tho sale, of lands to settlers was opened at Canan daigua, in 1789, by Oliyer Phelps, who, with Na thaniel Gorham, was a leading pioneer in the pur chase, survey, and settlement of this partof West ern New York. The system which he conceived, of surveying lands by townships, and numbering them in ranges, from a given line, became the model for surveying all the public lands of the United States. Canandaigua, for example, was township number ten in the third range. Canan daigua village also was laid out by Messrs. Phelps and Gorham, who lived and died here, and by their liberal benefactions in founding the classical acad emy above mentioned, have left behind tbem- an honorable memorial to all succeeding gener ations. Candia, N. H, Rockingham co. 1 5 miles from Concord, on the height of land between the Mer rimac and the ocean. Site elevated ; soil hard. Candor, N. Y., Tioga co. Watered by Catto- tong and West Owego Creeks. Hilly ; soil mostly rich loam. 8 miles N. from Owego, and 177 S. W. from Albany. Caneadea, N. Y., Alleghany co. On each side of Genesee River, and watered by several of its small tributaries. The E. and W. parts of the town are hilly, becoming more level on the bor ders of the river. Soil clay and sandy loam. 267 miles W. from Albany. Canisteo, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Can- isteo River and some of its tributaries. The surface is very uneven ; soil good, the valley of the Canisteo consisting of rich alluvial flats. 241 miles S. W. from Albany. Cannon County, Te., c. h. at Woodbury. Cen tral. Surface hilly, and watered by some tributa ries of Cumberland River ; soil fertile. Canterbury, Ct., Windham co. The first set tlers of this town were principally from Dor chester, Ms., and its neighborhood. They came here about the year 1690. The soil of the town is a gravelly loam, generally fertile and produc tive. The Quinnebaug is here a large and beau tiful stream. It annually overflows its banks, and fertilizes a large tract upon its borders. There is fine fishing in Bates's Pond. Canterbury, N. H. Merrimac co. On Merrimac River. Uneven. Soil generally good. In the S. E. part is a village of Shakers. Canton, Ct, Hartford co. First settled 1740; incorporated 1806 ; taken from Simsbury. Col- linsville is the principal village in the town. This village presents a beautiful appearance, and is a noble specimen of individual enterprise. The soil of Canton is coarse and stony, and the surface hilly. Farmington River passes through its S. W. corner. In Collinsville is an extensive axe manufactory, with machinery of unsurpassed ex cellence. Canton, Me., Oxford co. Incorporated 1821. It lies on both sides of the Androscoggin River, 32 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 24 N. E. from Paris. Canton, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was for merly the first parish in the old town of Stough ton. The Indian name was Punkapog. The natural scenery of this town is beatifully diversi fied and picturesque. Punkapog Pond is a beau tiful little lake, and affords fine fishing. Blue Hill, 630 feet above the level of the sea, and the highest land near the sea-coast of Ms., is partly in this town and partly in Milton. From its summit there is a magnificent view of the me tropolis and its harbor, of the ocean and the surr rounding country. The E. branch of Neppnget River, and several large ponds and reservoirs, IN THE UNITED STATES. 317 give this town an extensive water power. The railroad bridge over one of the ponds and river at this place is conceded to be the most elegant and massive structure of masonry in the United States. It cost the company $93,000. It is 615 feet in length, connected at intervals by buttresses 54 feet thick, extending transversely across the walls, and projecting 4 feefr beyond their faces. Their elevation is crowned by segment arches that support the coping, surmounted by a para pet wall 3 feet 8 inches high. Near the bottom are 6 large arches, for the passage of water, and in another place is an arch still larger, through which passes a town road. From the top of the viaduct to the bottom of the pond, the distance is about 70 feet. A branch railroad to Stough ton, 4 miles distant, enters the Boston and Prov idence Railroad near the viaduct. The Fowl Meadows, a large portion of which are in Canton, extend 7 miles in length, with varying breadth ; they contain excellent peat. 14 miles S. by W. from Boston, and 6 S. E. from Dedham. Canton, Mi., c. h. Madison co. 23 miles N. by E. from Jackson. Canton, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by Grass and Oswegatchie Rivers, which are con nected at this place by a natural canal 5 miles in length. The surface is mostly level ; soil strong clay loam. Lead ore, and a fine white marble, are found here. 206 miles N. W. from Al bany. ' Canton, 0., c. h. Stark co. In a fertile tract of land, on the forks of Nimishillen Creek. 120 miles N. E. from Columbus, on the Ohio and Pennsyl vania Railroad, and having railroad communica tion with Cleveland, Pittsburg, and Columbus. Canton, Pa:, Bradford co. The Tonawanda Creek and its branches water this township, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly loam. 136 miles N. from Harrisburg. Canton Pa., Washington co. Watered by Chartier's Creek and its branches. Surface some what undulating ; soil loam. Coal abounds. Cape Elizabeth, Me., Cumberland co. On the S. E. shore of Casco Bay, adjoining Portland. One of the oldest towns in the state. It con tains a pond, which, upon being drained, dis closed a bed of peat, from which is made, by car bonization, the celebrated deodorizing powder. The inhabitants are generally farmers. Cape Girardeau, Mo., Cape Girardeau co. On the W. bank of the Mississippi River, 10 miles from Jackson, and 207 S. E. from Jefferson City. A place of considerable trade. Cape Girardeau County, Mo., c. h. at Jackson. S. E. part, on the Mississippi. The head branches of White River water this county, and iron and other minerals are found here. Cape Island, N. J., Cape May co. This favor ite watering-place is on the sea-shore, at the S. extremity of the state, 108 miles S. from Tren ton. It has several large hotels and boarding houses, and is much frequented in the summer season. See Fashionable Resorts. Cape May County, N. J., c. h. at Cape' May. At the S. E. extremity. Watered on the N. by Tuckahoe River, and contains several salt lakes, formed by inlets from the sea. Surface level; soil alluvial. Cape May, N. J., c. h. Cape May co. 93 miles S. from Trenton. Cape Vincent, N. Y., Jefferson co. On the S. side of St. Lawrence River. 1 90 miles N. W. from Albany. Steam power is made use of for several manufactures. Carbon County, Pa., c. h. at Mauch Chunk. E. part. Uneven and mountainous. Embraces the valley of the Lehigh, in the middle part of its course, which river passes through it from N. to S. The Lehigh coal comes from this county, which- includes the N. E. portion of the southern anthracite coal field. Carbondale, Pa., Luzerne co. On Lackawana Creek. 35 miles N. E. from Wilkesbarre, and ,160 N. N. E- from Harrisburg. This flourishing place has sprung into existence within a few years, in consequence of its location in the great anthracite coal region. The Lackawana coal mine is situated in the acclivity of a hill, and pre sents a front of pure coal 20 feet thick. The coal, when quarried, is carried up several inclined planes', by- stationary steam engines, to an eleva tion 850 feet above the mine, whence it descends again by a railway, 16 miles in length, to the canal at Honesdale. Thence it goes to New York and Philadelphia. Hundreds of thousands of tons of coal are mined here, and sent to market, annually. The place has five or six churches, and quite a number of stores: About a mile from the village, on Fall Brook, is a beautiful cascade of about 80 feet descent. Cardingtoti, 0., Marion co. About 18 miles S. E. from the seat of justice. Carlinville, Is., c. h. Macoupin co. On the N. side of Lake Fork of Macoupin River. 39 miles S. S. W. from Springfield. Carlisle, Is., c. h. Clinton co. Carlisle, Ky., c. h. Nicholas co. On a small branch of Licking River. E. N. E. from Frank fort 53 miles. Carlisle, Ms., Middlesex co., was formerly a district of Concord. It is watered, on its E. boundary, by Concord River. The soil is not very productive, and its surface is rough and rocky. 5 miles N. from Concord, and 21 N. W. from Boston. Carlisle, N. Y., Schoharie co. The surface of this town is hilly, abounding in caverns contain ing large quantities of aragonite, and sulphate of barytes. 8 miles N. W. from Schoharie, and 36 W. from Albany. Carlisle, Pa., c. h. Cumberland co. 15 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, which extends from Harrisburg through this place to Chambersburg. It is regu larly laid out, with a spacious public square in the centre, and wide streets crossing each other at right angles. It is well built, mostly with brick and stone. It has 9 or 10 churches. Dickinson College is located here, and its buildings occupy a commanding situation in the W. part of the village. (See Colleges.) About half a mile from the village are the United States barracks, built in 1777, chiefly by the Hessians captured at Tren ton. The government have established a cavalry school here. About 4 miles N. are the Carlisle Springs, at which there, are good accommodations for visitors. The locality is retired, and sur rounded with the beautiful scenery of the Blue Mountain. Carlisle Springs, Pa., Cumberland co. So called from the sulphur springs existing here. 19 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. Carmel, Me., Penobscot co. 71 miles from Au gusta. See Sowadabscook Stream. Carmd, N. Y., c. h. Putnam co. It contains 318 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, several small lakes, from which flow the head waters of Croton River. Surface hilly ; soil very fertile. 106 miles S. from Albany, Carmi, la., c. h. White co. On the W. bank of Little Wabash River. 181 miles S. E. from Springfield. Carnesville, Ga., c. h. Franklin co. On Ste phen's Creek. 1 1 1 miles N. from Milledgeville. Caroline County, Md., c. h. at Denton On the E. shore, bordering on Delaware. The Chop- tank River waters this county, the W. branch forming its W. boundary. Caroline, N. Y., Tompkins co. West Owego and Six Mile Creeks water this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly and calca reous, loam. 12 miles S. E.from Ithaca, and 156 S. W. from Albany. Caroline County, Va., c. h. at Bowling Green. E. part between the Rappahannock and the North River. Watered by the Mattapony and its branches. Surface hilly and broken ; soil diver sified. Carroll County, As., c. h. at Carrollton, shire town. In the N. W. corner bordering on Mis souri. Watered by branches of the White and Little Red Rivers. Carroll County, Ga., c. h. at Carrollton. On the W. border, extending from the Alabama line to the Chattahoochee. Watered by the head branches of the Tallapoosa River. Surface high and broken. Carroll County, Is., c. h. at Savanna. In the N. W. angle on the Mississippi. Surface undulating, and drained by Plum and Rush Creeks ; soil pro ductive. Carroll County, la., c. h. at Delphi. N. W. central. It is traversed by the Wabash River and Rock, Deer, and Wildcat Creek, and also by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Surface mostly level. Carroll County, Ky., c. h. at Carrollton, shire town. N. part on the Mississippi, at the mouth of Carroll River. The surface is level, and the soil very rich. Carroll Parish, La., c. h. at Providence. In the N. E. corner. Traversed by Bayou Bceuff, Bayou Macon, and the Tensas River. Carroll, Me., Penobscot co. Carroll County, Md., c. h. at Westminster. Bounded N. by Pa., E. by Baltimore co., S. by Ann, and W. by Frederick co. It has a fertile soil. Watered by Patapsco and Monococy Rivers. Carroll County, Mi., c. h. at Carrollton. N. W. central. Between the upper waters of the Big Black and the Yallabusha Fork of the Yazoo. Carroll County, Mo., c. h. at Carrollton. N. W. central. In the W. angle between the Grand River and the Missouri. Carroll County, N. H., c. h. at Ossipee. E. central. On the N. side of Winnipiseogee Lake, and pre sents very beautiful scenery. The surface and soil, and its hydraulic power, are much the same as those of Belknap co. Carroll, N. H. A township in Coos co., lying at the base of the White Mountains. Its surface is uneven, and its appearance dreary. This town ship was granted in 1772 to Sir Thomas Went worth, Rev. Samuel Langdon, and 81 others. 120 miles N. from Concord, and 18 S. E. from Lancaster. Carroll, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by Connewango and Stillwater Creeks. Surface hil ly ; soil sandy. 336 miles W. by S. from Albany. Carroll County, 0., c. h. at Carrollton. E. part. On the height of land between the Muskingum and Ohio. The canal, from Bolivar to the Ohio River, passes through its N. W. corner. Carroll, Pa. A township of Cambria co. Carroll, Pa. A township of Perry co. Carroll, Pa. A township of Washington co. Carroll, Pa. A township of York co. Carroll County, Te., c. h. at Huntingdon. W. part, on the height of land between the Tennessee and Mississippi. Carroll County, Va. New ; taken from Grayson. On the S. W. border, in the valley between the Blue Ridge and the Iron Mountain. Carrollton, Aa., c. h. Pickens co. On the W. bank of Lnbbub Creek. 42 miles W. from Tus caloosa. Carrollton, Ga., c. h. Carroll co. On the S. fork of Tallapoosa River. 131 miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. Cavrollton, Is., c. h. Greene co. On the borders of Spring Prairie. 69 miles S- W. from Spring field. Steam power is applied to operate flouring mills and saw mills. The surrounding country is beautiful. Carrollton, Ky., c. h. Carroll co. On the S. bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of Kentucky River. 46 miles N. N. W. from Frankfort. Carrollton, Mo., c. h. Carroll co. On Waconda Creek. 6 miles N. of Missouri River, and 1 24 N. W. from Jefferson City. Carrollton, Mi., c. h. Carroll Co. On the S. side of Big Sandy Creek. 92 miles N. by E. from Jackson. Carrollton, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. On the Pennsylvania border. Carrollton, 0., e. h. Carroll co. 125 miles N.E. from Columbus. Carter County, Ky., c. h. at Grayson. N. E. part Drained by the Little Sandy and Tygart's Creek. Hilly. Carter County, Te., c. h. at Elizabethtown. In the N. E. corner. Mountainous. Drained by the Watoga and the S. fork of Hoalston. Carteret County, N. C, c. h. at Beaufort. On the coast, S. of Pamlico Sound. It comprises several islands, on one of which is Cape Lookout Soil sandy and marshy. Carthage, Is., c. h. Hancock co. Situated be tween Bear and Long Creeks. 9 miles from the Mississippi River, and 106 W. N. W. from Springfield. There is coal in abundance in the vicinity. Carthage, Mi., c. h. Leake co. 60 miles N. E. from Jackson. Carthage, Mo., c. h. Jasper co. 160 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. Carthage, Me., Franklin co. Incorporated 1 826. 46 miles from Augusta, and 73 from Portland. See Barnard, Me. Carthage, N. C, c. h. Moore co. 70 miles S. W. from Raleigh. Carthage, N. Y, Jefferson co. On the Black River. 152 miles N.W. from Albany. There is extensive water power on the Long Falls, com mencing at this place, below which the river is not navigable. Above, boats run up 40 miles, to High Falls, where the Black River Canal begins. There are large iron works at this place. Carthage, O., Hamilton co. 8 miles N. from Cincinnati, and 116 S. W. from Columbus. IN THE UNITED STATES. 319 Large public meetings, agricultural fairs, &c, are frequently held here, on account of the central position of the place in the county. Carthage, Te., c. h. Smith co. 52 miles E. from Nashville. Carthage, Ts., c. h. Panola co. Carver, Ms., Plymouth co. 8 miles S. W.from Plymouth, and 38 S. E. from Boston. Soil sandy and poor. Noted for its iron castings. This town has a number of beautiful ponds, and is re sorted to by sportsmen for fishing and fowling. Casco, Me., Cumberland co. An interior town ship; taken from Raymond. Casey County, Ky., c. h. Liberty. S. central. Watered by the head branches of Green, and the Rolling Fork of Salt River. Cass County, Ga., c. h. at Cassville. N. E. part. Watered by Etowah River and Sulacoe Creek. Hilly and mountainous ; soil very rich on the borders of the streams. Cass County, Is., c. h. at Virginia. W. central. In the 6. angle between the Illinois and Sanga mon. Drained by several creeks flowing into the Illinois. The surface is slightly uneven ; the soil very productive. Cass County, la., c. h. at Logansport. N. cen tral. Watered by the Wabash and Eel Rivers, which afford fine mill privileges. Surface mostly level. The Wabash and Erie Canal traverses this county. Cass County, Mn., c. h. at Cassopolis. In the S. W. corner, bordering on Indiana. Undulating ; soil very fertile. Cass County, Mo., formerly called Van Bu ren, c. h. at Harrisonville. On the W. border. Drained by the Osage, which passes through it from W. to E. Cass County, Ts., c. h. at Lindin. Cassopolis, Mn., c. h. Cass co. Cassville, Ga., c. h. Cass co. 144 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. Castine, Me., Hancock CO., occupies a peninsula, with a good harbor, on the E. shore of Penobscot Bay. Castleton, N. Y., Rensselaer co. On the E. bank of Hudson River. 8 miles S. by E. from Albany. Castleton, Vt, Rutland co. This is a flourish ing town, watered by a river of the same name. The surface is rough and hilly, but there is some rich land. Mill streams abound in Castleton. Lake Bombazine, seven miles in length and two in breadth, is chiefly in this town. It is stored with fish, and has an island near its centre of exquisite beauty. The village of Castleton is elevated and. neatly built. It was incorporated in 1847. There is considerable variety in tbe soil and surface. The rocks are chiefly argilla ceous. The soil of the plains is sandy and light ; on the hills it is slaty, gravel, loam, and vegeta ble mould. Castleton River, and its tributary brooks, furnish considerable water power. Being increased by many abundant springs along its bed, its waters are very pure and cool in summer, and seldom frozen in winter. The first dwelling house was erected in August, 1 769, of which Colo nel Lee and his servant were the sole inhabitants the following winter. In 1770, Ephraim Buel, Eleazer Bartholomew, and Zadock Remington, with their families, settled in this town, and were soon followed by Colonels Bird and Lee. 1 1 miles W. from Rutland, and 72 S. W.from Montpelier. Castor, Mo., Madison co. Caswell County, N. C, c. h. at Yanceyrille. On the N. border, Dan River winds along its N. boundary. Soil fertile. Catahoola, Parish, c. h. at Harrisonburg. E. cen tral. On both sides of the Washita. Catawissa, Pa., Columbia co. At the junction of the Susquehanna River and Catawissa Creek. 81 miles N.N. E.from Harrisburg. Catskill, N. Y., c. h. Greene co. On the Hud son River. It is watered by the Catskill and some of its branches. The surface is hilly in the W. part. The soil consists of clay, sand, and loam. 34 miles S. from Albany. Cattaraugus County, N. Y., c. h. at Ellicott- ville. Bordering on Pennsylvania. It is wa tered by Great Valley, Oil, and Cattaraugus Creeks,, and the Alleghany River. Surface ele vated ; soil good, and well adapted to grazing. This county contains bog iron ore, some salt and sulphur springs, and one oil spring. The Gene see Valley Canal crosses its S. E. angle, terminat ing at Olean, on the Alleghany River. Its south- ernpart is traversed by the Erie Railroad. Catawba County, N. O, c. h. at Newton. New ; taken from Lewiston. On the southern bor der. Cavendish, Vt., Windsor co. The soil is good, and easy to cultivate. Black River and Twenty Mile Stream are the principal waters. Along these streams are some small tracts of fine inter vale. The greatest curiosity in the town, and perhaps the greatest of the kind in the state, is at the falls on Black River, which are situated between Dutton's Village and White's Mills. Here the channel of the river has been worn down 100 feet, and rocks of very large size have been undermined and thrown down, one upon another. Holes are worn into the rocks, of various dimen sions and forms. Hanks's Mountain, which sepa rates Baltimore from this town, derives its name from Colonel Hanks, who, during the French and Indian wars, encamped thereon for the night, with a small regular force. There are two villages, viz., Duttonsville and Proctorsville. Near the latter village are large quarries of soapstone and serpen tine. The settlement of this place was commenced in 1769, by Captain John Coffin. 10 miles S. W. from Windsor, and 60 S. from Montpelier. The Rutland and Burlington Railroad passes through the town. Cayuga County, N. Y., c. h. at Auburn. W. central part. Extends from Lake Erie S. along the E. shore of Seneca Lake. It contains Owasco Lake, and includes the upper W. shore of Skeneatales Lake. It is crossed by the Erie Canal and by the Rochester and Syracuse Rail road. The soil is very fertile, yielding large crops of grain of different kinds. There are several important sulphur and saline springs, and also a chalybeate spring in the county. Cayuga, N. Y., Cayuga co. On the N. E. shore of Cayuga Lake. 162 miles W. by N. from Al bany. A bridge for travel here crosses the lake, over a mile in length, and another for the Roch ester and Syracuse Railroad, still longer. A steamboat plies between Cayuga and Ithaca, at the head of the lake, 40 miles distant. Cayuta, N. Y., Chemung co. Watered by Ca- yuta Creek and some of its branches. Surface hilly and broken. 188 miles S. W. from Al bany. Cazenovia, N. Y, Madison co., is watered by Chittenango Creek and Cazenovia Lake. The 320 COUNTDES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, surface is elevated and uneven ; soil fertile, and adapted to the growth of grass and grain. 118 miles N. of W. from Albany. Cecil County, Md., c. h. at Elkton. On the eastern shore, at the extreme N. The in terior is watered by Elk River. Surface undu lating ; soil tolerably fertile. Crossed by the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and by the Newcastle and Frenchtown and Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroads. Cecil, Pa., Washington co. Miller's branch of Chartier's Creek waters this town, which has a diversified surface and loamy soil. Coal is found here in large quantities. Cedar Bluff, Aa., c. h. Cherokee co. Cedar County, Io., c. h. at Tipton. Cedar County, Mo. S. W. part. The Sac, a tributary of the Osage River, flows N. through it. Cedar Rapids, Io., Linn co. On Cedar River, the northern fork of the Iowa. Celina, 0., c. h. Mercer co. Centre, Pa., a township of Butler co. On the height of land between the Alleghany and Beaver. Centre, Pa., Perry co. 36 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Centre, Pa., Greene co. Ten Mile Creek and its branches water this town, which has a hilly surface and loamy soil. Centre, Pa., Indiana co. Watered by Yellow and Twolick Creeks, branches of Black River. Surface hilly ; soil clay and loam. Centre, Pa., Union co. Watered by Penn's and Little Mahonialy, or Middle Creeks. Sur face various. Centre County, Pa., c. h. at Bellefonte. Central. Watered by the W. branch of the Susquehanna River, and by Bald Eagle and Penn's Creeks. The surface is rough and mountainous, and iron ore is found here ; soil productive on the margins of the streams. Centre Harbor, N. H., Belknap co. Between Winnipiseogee and Squam Lakes. Soil mostly a rich loam. 37 miles from Concord, with which it is connected by railroad. Centreville, Aa., c. h. Bibb co. On the E. side of Catawba River, at the lower falls. 38 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa. Centreville, la., c. h. Wayne co. On the E. side of Whitewater River, 62 miles E. from Indian apolis. Centreville, Md., c. h. Queen Ann co. 39 miles E. by N. from Annapolis. Centreville, Mn., c. h. St Joseph co. On Prai rie River, 139 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. One of the branches of the University of Michigan is established here. Ceres, Pa., McKean co. Tunangwant, Sugar, Willow, and Kenjua Creeks water this town, the surface of which is rolling, and the soil loam and gravel. Chambers County, Aa., c. h. at Chambers. On the E. border. The Chattahoochee River forms part of its E. boundary. Surface undulating; soil productive. Chambersburg, Pa., c. h. Franklin co. Watered by Conecocheague and Falling Spring Creeks, tributaries of the Potomac River. S. W. from Harrisburg 45 miles. A large and prosperous place, having a good water power improved for propelling cotton and woollen factories, flouring mills, paper mills, &c. Champaign County, Is., c. h. at Urbana. E. central. Watered by Embarras, Kaskaskia, Illi nois, Sangamon, and Vermilion Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil of good quality. Champaign County, 0., c. h. at Urbana. W. central. It takes its name from the level face of the country ; is wealthy and fertile. Mad River, Duck, Nettle, Chapman's, King's, and Stony Creeks, are the most important streams. The Cin cinnati and Sandusky Railroad passes through it. Champion, N. Y., Jefferson co. Black River and some of its tributaries water this town. Sur face hilly; soil very fertile. 148 miles N. W. from Albany. Champlain, N. Y, Clinton co. On the shore of Lake Champlain, on each side of Chazy River, and bounded on the N. by Canada. The sur face on the E. is level, on the W. hilly. Soil generally fertile. The Ogdensburg Railroad passes through the centre of this town, which lies 4 miles W. of Rouse's Point, on Lake Champlain. 15 miles N. from Plattsburg, and 188 N. from Al bany. Chanceford, Pa., York co. 47 miles S. S. E. from Harrisburg. Chapd Hill, N. C, Orange co. On New Hope, a branch of Cape Fear River. Seat of the Uni versity of North Carolina. ( See Colleges.) The locality is elevated and healthy, the soil fertile, and the water good. 28 miles N. W. from Ra leigh. Chaplin, Ct, Windham co. Taken from Mans* field, Hampton, and Windham, in 1832. It is watered by Neachaug River, which passes nearly through its centre. The town is small, but the soil is good, and populated by industrious farm ers, who, by their practice of keeping a large num ber of sheep, seem to be convinced of the fact that wool is one of the most important staples of New England. Chapman, Pa., Union co. The Mahantango Creek wafers this town, affording good mill priv ileges. Surface hilly ; soil alluvial and gravelly. 42 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. Chapman, Pa. A township of Clinton co. Chardon, 0., c. h. Geauga co. Situated about 600 feet above Lake Erie, on the elevated land be tween the head waters of Grand, Cuyahoga, and Chagrin Rivers. 168 miles N. E. from Colum bus, and 28 E. by N. from Cleveland. Chariton, Io., c. h. Lucas co. 100 miles S. W. from Iowa City. i Chariton County, Mo., c. h. at Keytesville. N. central. The Missouri River runs along its S.. and Grand River along its W. boundary, while Chariton River flows through the interior. Charlemont, Ms., Franklin co. This was for merly a frontier town, in which many Indian ag gressions were committed. The traces of Hanks's, Taylor's, and Rice's garrisons are still to be seen. Mount Peak, and other lofty elevations, with the Deerfield meandering through the town, give to Charlemont much delightful scenery. Although the general features of the town arc rough and oragged, it contains large tracts of valuable land. It has a great water power. 15 miles W. from Greenfield, and 105 W. N. W. from Boston. . Charles County, Md., c. h. at Port Tobacco. On the western shore, near the southern extrem ity, between the Potomac and Patuxent Rivers. Surface broken ; soil tolerably fertile. Charles City County, Va., c. h. at Charles City. E. part In the western angle between the Chickahominy and James Rivers. Surface undu lating. IN THE UNITED STATES. 321 Charles City, Va., c. h. Charles City co. Sit uated N. of James River. 45 miles S. E. by E. from Richmond. Charleston, Me., Penobscot co. At the source of Pushaw Lake. 73 miles N. W. from Augusta. Cliarleston, N. Y., Montgomery co. Watered by several small branches of the Mohawk River. The surface is hilly ; the soil mostly sandy loam. 43 miles N. W. from Albany. Charleston, Pa. A township of Tioga co. 146 miles N. from Harrisburg. Charleston District, S. C, c. h. at Charleston. On the Atlantic. Drained by Cooper and Ashley Rivers. Surface low, and liable to inundation. The South Carolina Railroad passes through it, and a canal unites the Cooper and Santee Rivers. Charleston, S. C. City and port of entry. Situated on a point of land between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, atx their junction, 6 miles inland from the Atlantic coast. Population in 1790, 16,359; 1800, 18,712; 1810, 24,711; 1820, 24,780; 1830, 30,289; 1840, 29,261; 1850, 43,000, including in this number tho population of St. Philip's Parish, which is a continuation of the city north, but, till within a few years past, not included in its chartered limits. Charleston is the largest city on the Atlantic coast south of Baltimore. The harbor, which is formed by the confluence of Ashley and Cooper Rivers, is about 2 miles wide, and extends between 6 and 7 miles, a little S. of E., to the ocean. Ash ley River, opposite the city, is 2100 yards wide, and Cooper River 1400 yards wide, and both are from 30 to 42 feet deep. The ground on which the city is built is elevated 8 or 9 feet above high-water mark, at ordinary flood tides. A violent easterly wind, however, concur ring with a high course of tides, has sometimes caused parts of the city to be inundated, which was the case in 1728, 1752, and 1797. The tide rises -here about 64 feet, and flows in and out with a strong current, which is supposed to con tribute to the salubrity of the city. The place is considered as more healthy than any other part of the low country in the Southern States, and is much resorted to by the planters during the sickly months. The city is about 2 miles in length, and over a mile in breadth, and is laid out with considerable regularity. The streets, for the most part, run parallel to each other, from E. to W., extending from river to river, and are crossed by others at right angles. Many of them are paved. The houses are, many of them, of brick, and an ordinance of the city now requires that all within its corporate lim its, to be hereafter constructed, be of this mate rial. Many are of wood, neatly painted white, and having piazzas beautifully ornamented with vines. Those in the outer extremities have beau tiful yards and gardens connected with them. Every spot in the vicinity, capable of improve ment, is occupied with plantations in a high state of cultivation. The growth of Charleston has been loss rapid than that of most cities of the United States. It has frequently suffered by dis astrous fires. In 1796, one third of this city was destroyed, at a loss estimated at $2,500,000. In 1837, 1200 houses were burned, being one fifth part of the city, covering 145 aares of ground, at a loss estimated at $5,000,000. Nevertheless, the city has advanced in prosperity, and contains all those institutions which mark a thriving and wealthy commercial city. The principal public 41 buildings are the City Hall, Exchange, custom house, court house, jail, state citadel, and two arsenals, a college, a medical college, an alms house, an orphan asylum, a theatre, seven or eight banks, and about 25 churches. Some of the churches are elegant buildings. The City Hotel, among the public houses, is a splendid cstablishmen t, erected at a cost of $ 1 50,000. The city has a fine library, comprising nearly 20,000 volumes. There is also a library with 10,000 volumes, belonging to the Apprentices' Associa tion, which sustains an annual course of scientific lectures. The means of education provided by the city are good. There is one high school, and five public free schools ; the whole under the di rection of a board of commissioners. The Lit erary and Philosophical Society is a highly re spectable institution, having a fine collection of objects in natural history. The trade. of Charleston is extensive. The harbor is spacious and convenient, though some what obstructed by the bar at its mouth. Over this bar there arc four principal channels, having a depth of water, at high tide, varying, in the different channels, from 17 feet to 10 feet; and at low tide, from 10 to 6 feet. After entering tho harbor, the channel, which is deep, passes very near the S. end of Sullivan's Island, upon which Fort Moultrie is situated. Opposite to this point, upon a sand bar, is another fort, called Fort Sumpter, which stands close upon the chan nel. The position of these fortifications is very effective for the defence of the city. Charleston possesses great facilities for trade with the inte rior. It is connected by a canal with the Santpe River, which is thence navigable to Columbia, and by a railroad with the Savannah River at Augusta. Tho length of this road is 136 miles. A branch extends from Branchville, 62 miles, to Columbia. Thus Charleston commands the in ternal trade not only of most of its own state, but likewise much of that of North Carolina and Georgia. There are several lines of packets con necting Charleston with the city of New York ; and numerous steamboats running to Savannah, Beaufort, Georgetown, Columbia, St. Augustine, and other places. The exports of Charleston are of great impor tance, consisting of rice and tobacco in consider able amount, but particularly of upland and sea-island cotton. The upland cotton in this re gion of country is of the finest quality. The sea- island cotton is grown on the islands in this neighborhood, and is remarkable for its fineness, and for its staple, or length of fibre. This city was first settled in 1680. About 10 years later u colony of French refugees, exiled from their native land in consequence of the revocation of the edict of Nantz, settled in Caro lina, and some of them in Charleston. These were the Huguenots, or French Protestants, who fled from religious persecution similar to that which brought the Puritans to New England. From this noble stock have descended many of the families of Charleston. Its inhabitants have always been celebrated for tlieir intelligence, their polished manners, and unaffected hospital ity. During the revolutionary war, the defences of this city, on Sullivan's Island, sustained a violent assault from a British squadron, consist ing of 9 ships of war, carrying 250 guns, and triumphantly repulsed them, by the bravery of a garrison of 400 men, under the command of 322 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Colonel Moultrie. The garrison lost only 10 men in the conflict, and had but 22 wounded ; while the British suffered a loss of nearly 200 in killed and wounded. This was on the 28th of June, 1776. On the 17th of May, 1780, the British having again attacked the city by sea and land, it was surrendered into their hands, but was evacuated by them in 1782. Charleston, Va., c. h. Jefferson co. 168 miles N. from Richmond. Charleston, Vt., Orleans co. The principal stream in this town is Clyde River. There arc some falls of consequence on this stream, particu larly the Great Falls, where the descent is more than 100 feet in 40 rods, but its current is gener ally slow. The alluvial flats along this stream are extensive, but generally too low and wet for cultivation. In the S. E. part of the township are 1000 acres of bog meadow, in a bod/, upon this river. There are several considerable ponds. Echo Pond, the most important, is in the north ern part, and was named by General J. Whitelaw, on account of the succession of echoes which are usually heard when any sound is produced in its vicinity. It is a mile and a half long, and half a mile wide. The other pond of most consequence is called Pension Pond. These ponds abound in fish. There are 2 small villages situated upon Clyde River, about 6 miles apart, designated as East Charleston and West Charleston. The soil is a rich loam, and produces good crops. 54 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Charlestown, la., c. h. Clarke co. 100 miles S. S. E. from Indianapolis. Charlestown. City and seaport of Massachu setts; situated on the N. side of Charles Riv er, at its mouth, opposite Boston. It is built on a peninsula, extending about one mile in a south easterly direction, between the estuary formed by the mouth of the Mystic River on the N. E., and Charles River and the harbor of Boston on the S. and S. E. It is connected with Somerville by a narrow neck of land, and with Boston, Chelsea, and Maiden by bridges. The settlement of Charlestown was earlier by two years than that of Boston. In the year 1628, as the early history informs us, " Six or seven persons, with the consent of Governor Endicott, travelled from Naumkeag (Salem) through the woods westward, and came to a neck of land be tween Mystic and Charles Rivers, called Mishaw- um. It was full of Indians; and with the uncon strained consent of their chief, they settled there." The way for such a favorable reception had been prepared before them by the usefulness to the In dians of one white person, Thomas Walford, a blacksmith, who had built a cottage on the pen insula. Governor Winthrop, and the company who came into the colony with him, in 1630, first settled at Charlestown, but soon after removed over the river to the peninsula of Boston. The place was named in honor of Charles I., the reign ing sovereign of England at that time. The nat ural surface of the peninsula of Charlestown is uneven, rising on the E. into the two hills called Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill ; and the summits and slopes of these elevations have afforded beau tiful sites for the laying out of portions of the city. There is one great thoroughfare running from Market Square, near tho point where the bridges come over from Boston, over the whole length of the peninsula to the neck ; and from this on either side streets are laid out at various angles leading through different sections of the city. Streets also diverge from Market SquarCj on either side of tho main street The streets are generally wide and airy, and many of them are pleasantly shaded with trees of a recent growth. It is neatly built, and contains many elegant public and private edifices. Many of the merchants and other busi ness men of Boston reside here. The population in 1850, was 17,216. Charlestown is memorable for its sacrifices in the cause of American independence. Bunker Hill is celebrated as the spot where the first reg ular battle was fought, on the 17th of June, 1775, between the provincial and the British troops, in the war of the revolution. In this battle, the British had 1054 men slain, among whom was a large number of commissioned officers. The Americans, whose whole force did not exceed 1500 men, had 145 killed and 304 wounded. Among the former was Major General Warren, at that time president of the Colonial Congress ; who, in the true spirit of heroic patriotism which had long animated his course, bravely volunteered to serve his country in this eminent post of danger. Early in the action, Charlestown was set on fire by the enemy, and a general conflagration ensued. On the site of the battle, and near the spot where Warren fell, a grand commemorative monument has been ftrected ; which is an obelisk of hewn granite, 30 feet square at the base, 15 feet square at the top, and 221 feet in height Its founda tions, which are 62 feet above the level of the sea, are laid 12 feet under ground, and 50 feet square. The corner stone was laid by the venera ble Marquis de Lafayette, on the 17th of June, 1825, when an address was delivered by Hon. Daniel Webster. The work was completed July 23, 1842, and on the 17th of June, 1843, its com pletion and the anniversary of the battle was commemorated in a splendid manner. An ad dress was delivered, on the ground, as before, by Hon. Daniel Webster, in presence of the Presi dent of the United States, several of the heads of department, and an immense concourse of citi zens. The monument is ascended within by a circular flight of 294 steps, to the chamber imme diately beneath the apex, from the windows of which a view is had almost equal to that from the State House in Boston. In this chamber are seen two brass cannon, named Hancock and Adams, which were used in the battle ; on each of which is the following inscription : — " SACRED TO LIBERTY. " This is one of the four cannons, which con stituted the whole train of field artillery possessed by the British colonies of North America, at the commencement of the war, on the 19th of April, 1775. This cannon and its fellow, belong ing to a number of citizens of Boston, were used in many engagements during the war. The other two, the property of the government of Massa chusetts, were taken by the enemy. — By order of the United States, in Congress assembled. May 19, 178S." The monument stands in the centre of a square on Bunker Hill, containing nearly six acres, and enclosed by a massive iron fence. The natural surface of the ground is in part preserved, upon which some linflaments of the old breastwork are still discernible — a soil which will be ever dear to tho bosom of the patriot, and to the friends of liberty throughout the world. IN THE UNITED STATES. 323 The following touching and truly eloquent apostrophe to the monument is from the'opening of the address of Louis Kossuth, on the occa sion of the reception given to him in Monument Square, by the authorities of Charlestown : — " My voice shrinks from the task to mingle with the awful pathos of that majestic orator 1 Silent like the grave, and yet melodious like the song of immortality upon the lips of cherubim; — a senseless, cold granite, and yet warm with inspiration like a patriot's heart; — immovable like the past, and yet stirring like the future which never stops ; — it looks like a prophet and speaks like an oracle. And thus it speaks : — " ' The day I commemorate is the rod with which the hand of the Lord has opened the well of liberty. Its waters will flow. Every new drop of martyr blood will increase the tide. Des pots may dam its flood, but never stop it The higher its dam, the higher the tide. It will over- ,flow or break through. Bow, and adore, and hope ! '" '¦ Such are the words that come to my ears ; and I bow, — I adore, — I hope. In bowing, my eyes meet the soil of Bunker Hill — that awful opening scene of the eventful drama, to which Lexington and Concord had been the preface. The spirits of the past rise before my eyes. . . . All the spirits of that most eventful victory, under the name of defeat — I see them all. The eyes of my soul are familiar with the spirits of the martyrs of liberty. But those I see around me have no sad, ghastly look ; they bear no gushing wounds crying for revenge to the Almighty God ; the smile of eternal bliss is playing around their lips, and though dwellers of heaven, they like to visit the place where their blood was spilt. It was not spilt in vain. Their fatherland is free ; and there is a joy in that thought adding ever a new charm even to the happiness of blessed souls. As the fabulous divinities of ancient Greece like to rest from the charms of heaven on Mount Olympus, so must the spirit of Warren like to rest on the top of this monument here. " Martyrs of my country 1 how long will it yet be till a like joy will thrill through your departed souls 1 When will the smile of that joy play around your lips * How long will yet the gush of your wounds cry for revenge — your father land still bleeding, down-trodden, oppressed ? Almighty Father of mankind, let the day of thy mercy be not too far I " The United States Navy Yard is the next object of interest to the visitor in Charlestown. This is situated at the foot of Bunker Hill, on a point of land E. of the centre of the town, extending, along the harbor, from the mouth of Charles River to the mouth of Mystic River. The site, including about 100 acres of ground, was purchased by the government in 1800, at the cost of about $40,000. On the side next the town, the yard is protected by a wall of stone masonry, 16 feet high. On the harbor, several wharves, and a dry dock, have been constructed, with a strong sea wall through out the remainder of the line. The dry dock is itself a stupendous work, which cost the gov ernment about $675,000. It is built of beautifully hammered granite, in the most workmanlike and substantial manner; is 341 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. It was completed in 1833, and the first vessel which was received into it was the frigate Constitution. There are in this yard four large shiphouscs, a ropewalk of granite 1300 feet long, various mechanic shops, storehouses, dwelling houses for the officers, marine barracks, and naval stores to the value of $2,000,000. More or less ships of war are at all times lying. here in ordinary, and two line of battle ships, the Vermont and the Virginia, have been on the stocks in the ship- houses for many years, ready to be got to sea at any time in a few months, when required. Con nected with the navy yard, and under the gener al direction of the commandant, are a naval mag azine, and the finely-situated naval Hospital, at Chelsea. Charlestown contains also the state prison, founded in 1800, which is situated at Prison Point, near Charles River, in the W. part of the city. This penitentiary, having been essentially im proved and extended in 1826, and again in 1850, is one of tbe best-arranged and most successfully- administered institijtions of the kind in the coun try. The buildings are in the form of a cross, having four wings, united to a central octagonal building, three of which, for the convicts, are ca pable of any required extension, without disturb ing the, central arrangements, or the unity of ar chitectural design. The interior arrangement and discipline of this prison are upon what is known as the " Auburn plan." The McLean Asylum was formerly in Charles town ; but by a division of the town, to constitute the new town of Somerville, the site of that insti tution falls within the latter place. For a notice of this excellent asylum, the reader is referred to our account of the Massachusetts State Hospital, under Boston. The merchandise depot of the Fitchburg Rail road is located in Charlestown, near the Warren Bridge. This is a large establishment, and des tined to be yet much more extended. Charlestown is the proper seat of the ice trade, which has now become a staple of New England. The Charlestown Branch Railroad, running to Fresh Pond, in Cambridge and Wa tertown, a distance of about 3 miles, was first constructed for conveying the " ice crop " from this pond to the wharves in Charlestown, whence it is exported in quantities, averaging 50,000 tons a year, to the southern ports of the United States, the West Indies, South America, England, and the East Indies. Charlestown was established as a city in 1847. It has rapidly advanced in business and popula tion within a few years past It is intimately united with Boston by its situation, and conse quently, in its various commercial and manufac turing interests and pursuits. Charlestown, N. H., Sullivan co. The only rivers are the Connecticut and Little Sugar Riv ers. In the former, there are 3 islands, the largest, Sartwell's Island, is 10 acres, and is well culti vated. The others are 6 acres each, and have a rich, loamy soil. The soil is extremely various. Cheshire Bridge connects this town with Spring field, Vt. Captain Phinehas Stevens was among the first settlers. In 1747, he defended the fort so gallantly from the French and Indians, that Sir Charles Knowles presented him with an elegant sword, and from this circumstance the township, when it was incorporated, in 1753, took the name of Charlestown. Bog iron ore and other miner als are found here. First settlers, several fami lies by the names of Parker, Farnsworth, and Sartwell, from Groton, Ms. 51 miles W. from 324 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Concord, and 20 S. E. from Windsor, Vt. A railroad from Boston to Burlington, Vt, now passes through this delightful town. Charlestown, Pa„ Chester co. A township on the Susquehanna River. 82 miles E. from Har risburg. Cliarlestown, R. I., Washington co., lies on the sea, opposite to Block Island. It has five large ponds, which cover an area of seven square miles. Charlestown and Conaquetogue Ponds are salt water, anc| Fosquissett, Watchaug, and Cochum- paug are fresh water. These waters afford a great variety of fish. Near the sea, the land is arable, but the interior of the town is more fit for^the growth of wood. This town contains the graves of the remnant of the tribe of the once powerful and dreaded Narraganset Indians. They possessed a considerable tract of land in this town, but owing to a dislike to agricultural pur suits, and by intermarriages with the whites and negroes, their race as a distinct people has long since become extinct. Charles River passes through the town, and gives it mill privileges. Charlestown lies about 8 miles W. S. W. from South Kingston, and 40 S. W. from Providence. Charloe, 0., c. h. Paulding co. 137 miles N. W. from Columbus. Charlotte, Me., Washington co. Incorporated 1825. About 25 miles. N. W. from Machias; and 184 E. by N. from Augusta. ' Charlotte, N. C., c. h. Mecklenburg co. On tho E. side of Sugar Creek, a branch of Catawba River, and 158 miles S. W. from Raleigh. Near this place are rich gold mines, and a branch mint is established here. Charlotte, N. Y., Chautauque co. Drained by Cassadaga Creek and its tributaries. Surface undulating ; soil adapted to the growth of grass and grain. 13 miles E. from Mayville, and 320 S. of W. from Albany. Charlotte, N. Y., Monroe co. At the mouth of Genesee River, 7 miles below Rochester, some times called Port Genesoe. W. N. W. from Albany 224 miles. The steamboats between Lewiston and Oswego stop here. Charlotte, Te., c, h. Dickson co. 35 miles W. from Nashville. Charlotte, Vt., Chittenden co. This township is pleasantly situated on the lake shore, and is watered by the River Laplott and Lewis Creek. In the western part of the town the soil is excel lent. There are no elevations which deserve the name of mountain, but a range of considerable hills runs through the centre of the town. 49 miles W. from Montpelier, and 1 1 S. from Bur lington. The Burlington and Rutland Railroad passes through it. In August, 1849, nearly the entire skeleton of a whale was found in this town, embedded in blue clay, 8 feet below the surface. The locality is 60 feet above Lake Champlain, 150 feet above the sea, and more than - 150 miles from the nearest part of the present ocean. Tho animal was 13 feet long, and was ascertained to belong to the living genus beluga. Charlotte County,. Va., e. h. at Charlotte. S. E. central. Watered by Little Roanoke River. Soil rich, yielding large quantities of grain, tobacco, and fruit. Charlotte, Va., c. h. Charlotte co., (formerly called Marysville,) lies 3 miles from Little Roanoke River, and one and a half miles from Ward's Fork. W. S. W. from Richmond 98 miles. Charlottesville, Va., c. h. Albemarle co. On Moore's Creek, 2 miles from its junction with Rivanna River, and 85 N. W. from Richmond. This is the seat of the University of Virginia. ( See Colleges.) The place has a considerable water power, on which there are flour and other mills Connected with Richmond by the Central Rail road. Charlton, Ms., Worcester co. The lands in this town are elevated and rough, but the soil is strong and rich, and well adapted for agricultural purposes. Many small streams rise in the high lands, and form the head branches of the Quin- nebaug, by which the south-western part of the town is watered. The water power is good. Charlton was taken from Oxford in 1754. 13 miles S. W. from Worcester, and 57 W. S. W. from Boston, by the Western Railroad. Charlton, N.Y., Saratoga co. Watered by Aelplass Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk Riv er. Surface undulating ; soil mostly productive. 8 miles W. from Ballston Spa, and 24 miles N. W. from Albany. Chartiers, Pa., Washington co., situated ou the N. side of Chartier's Creek, is a hilly town, with a loamy soil. Coal is found here in large quantities. Chateaugay, N. Y., Franklin co. Chateaugay River and its tributaries water this town, which is bounded on the N. by Canada. The surface is hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam. 200 miles N. from Albany. Chatham, Ct., Middlesex co. The township of Chatham embraces the greater part of Middle Haddam parish, the parish of East Hampton, and a part of the parish of West Chester. It lies opposite to Middletown, from which it was taken in 1767. Chatham is watered by Salmon and Pine Brooks, and several ponds. Cliatham County, Ga., c. h. at Savannah. In the southern angle, between the Savannah River and the Atlantic. Surface low and level. Rice, sugar, and cotton are the chief productions. Chatham, Ms., Barnstable co. The soil is rather better than is generally found on this part of Cape Cod. Its surface consists of sand hills, with narrow valleys between them, ponds, and swamps. The harbor of Chatham, after being closed by a beach 25 feet high, covered with beach grass, and a mile in length, has lately been opened again, in consequence of a violent storm. 30 handsome ponds supply this town with soft and pure water. The village is elevated and pleasant. In a fair day, Nantucket can be seen without a glass, 20 miles. Its Indian name was Manamoyit. It was first settled about 1665. Chatham lies on the S. side of the cape, 20 miles E. from Barnstable. Chatham County, N. O, c. h. at Pittsboro'. Central. Watered by tbe Cape Fear River, and by the Haw and Deep, its head branches. Sur face undulating ; soil fertile, yielding good crpps of wheat, cotton, and tobacco. Chatham, N. H., Carroll co. On the E. side of the White Mountains, and adjoining tho line which divides this state from Maine. There are several ponds here, and somo considerable streams. The surface is mountainous and rocky. Between Chatham and Jackson, Carter's Moun tain risos so high as to prevent the opening of a road; so that to have intercourse with the rest of the county, the inhabitants are obliged to pass through part of the state of Maine. Chatham was granted to Peter Livius and others, February IN THE UNITED STATES. 325 7, 1767. 92 miles N. E. from Concord, and 40 N. from Ossipee. Chatham, N. J., Morris co. The Passaic River waters this town. Surface uneven, Long Hill lying in the S. part. 56 miles N. N. E. from Trenton. Chatham, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by Kinderhook Creek. The surface is hilly, and there is a great variety of soils. 22 miles S. E. from Albany, and 16 N. E. from Hudson. Chatham, Pa., Tioga co. Surface undulating; soil well adapted to grazing. Chattahoochee, Fa„ Gadsden co. On the E. side of the Appalachicola River. 45 miles W. from Tallahassee. There is here a United States arsenal. Chattanooga, Te., Hamilton co. 141 miles S. E. from Nashville. The railroad from the northern boundary of Georgia to Nashville (con necting with Decatur, Augusta, Macon, and Savannah) crosses the Tennessee at this point. Chattooga County, Ga., c. h. at Summervillo, In the N. W. corner of the state, bordering on Alabama. Surface mountainous ; soil rich on the borders of the streams. Chaumont, N. Y., Jefferson co. At the head of Chaumont Bay, on the E. end-of Lake On tario. Has a fine harbor, and derives good water power from Chaumont River. Blue lime stone, for building, is found here. 178 miles N. W. from Albany. Chautauque County, N. Y., c. h. at Chautauque. The most. W. county in the state. Bounded N. by Lake Erie, and S. and W. by Pennsylvania. Watered by Chautauque, Cassadaga, and Bear Lakes, and by Chautauque, Canadawa, French, Silver, Cassadaga, and Connewango Creeks, and the outlet to Chautauque Lako. The surface is hilly, a ridge extending parallel to the lake, and at a distance of from five to eight miles from it, which is elevated in some places to the height of 1400 feet. The soil is fertile, especially along the borders of the lake and principal streams. There are several gas springs in -this county, some giving forth carburetted and others sul phuretted hydrogen gas. The most remarkable localities of the former are at Fredonia, West- field, and Van Buren Harbor. Bog iron ore, alum, copperas, and shell marl are also found in considerable quantities. Chautaugue, N. Y., c. h. Chautauque co. It is watered by Chautauque Lake on the E., and by Chautauque Creek and its branches on the W. The surface is high and uneven ; the soil fertile, producing large crops of grass and grain. 336 miles W. from Albany. Chazy, N. Y., Clinton co. On the W. shore of Lake Champlain. Watered by Chazy and Little Chazy Rivers. The surface is hilly on the W., but grows level as it approaches the lake. The soil is mostly good, and in some parts very fertile. 10 miles N. from Plattsburg, and 176 N.from Al bany. On the Plattsburg and Montreal Railroad. Chelmsford, Ms., Middlesex co. Chelmsford was granted, in 1663, to some persons in Woburn and Concord, and comprised the territory of Westford and Lowell. Its Indian name was Pawtucket. There is a great variety of soil in the town ; some of it is good and productive, but a large part is broken, sandy, and swampy. This place is noted for its beautiful granite and limestone. Middlesex village, at the head of Middlesex Canal, is a pleasant place. The village of North Chelmsford lies on the banks of the Merrimac, and is very pleasant ; it con tains a depot on the Nashua Railroad, 4 miles W. from Lowell, and 30 N. W. from Boston. Chelsea, Ms., Suffolk co. This town was for- Chelsea, Me,, Kennebec co. A new town, formed in 1850 from a part of Hallowell. Chelsea, Ms., Suffolk co. This town was for merly a part of Boston, and now forms a part of the county of Suffolk. For nearly a century of the difficulties attending getting to and from Boston. At the time of its incorporation, it required, with a team, a journey of more than 20 miles, although the distance across the water was less than one and a half miles. Since the steam ferry and other avenues have been opened, the town has grown rapidly. It contained, in 1852, about. 7500 inhabitants. A new and delightful village has sprung up in the vicinity of the ferry, since 1830, containing over 1200 buildings, erected on spacious streets, with side walks, lamps, &c, giving the place the appear ance of a city, with the pleasant, shaded walks of a suburban park. Tho surface of the town is broken into several beautiful eminences, affording delightful views of Boston, Charlestown, Bunker Hill, Medford, Lynn, Nahant, and Boston Harbor. Powder Horn Hill, about 2 miles from the ferry, is '220 feet in height. The principal manufactures of Chelsea are of leather, steam engines, steam boilers, salamander safes, iron castings, boots and shoes, bricks, and other articles. There are ship yards and boat builders' shops. The United States Marine Hospital and the Naval Hospital, in this town, are on large plots of ground, in delightful and airy situations, and afford comfortable retreats for sick and disabled seamen of the navy and merchant service. Winnesimet Ferry, leading from the foot of Hanover Street, in Boston, to this town, is prob ably the oldest establishment of the kind in America. The first grant was given to Thomas Williams, in 1631. The distance across Charles River is about a mile and a third. The average number of passengers daily crossing the ferry is over 3000. Chelsea, Vt., Orange co. This is the shire town, and is a township of good land, with a pleasant village in the centre. It is watered by the head branches of White River, and has a good hydraulic power. This town was formerly called Turnersburg. Improvements were commenced here in the spring of 1784, by Thomas and Sam uel Morse, and Asa Bond, who, the next spring, brought in their families from Winchester, N. H. 20 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. Chemung County, N. Y., c. h. at Elmira. Bound ed N»by Tompkins, and E. by Tioga co., S. by the state of Pa., and W. by Steuben co. Wa tered by Chemung River, Cayuta and Newtown Creeks, and the inlet of Seneca Lake. Surface hilly and broken ; soil fertile along the borders of the streams, and of good quality on the uplands. The Chemung Canal runs through this county, connecting Seneca Lake with the Chemung River, and there is a navigable feeder extending into Steuben co. It is also crossed by tbe New York and Erie Railroad. Chemung, N. Y., Chemung co. On the Che mung River, along the valley of which are fine alluvial flats. The rest of the surface is hilly and broken. In the S. E. part, near the bank of the river, is a remarkable elevation called " Spanish 326 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Hill," which rises 110 feet above the plain ; upon the summit of which are vestiges of fortifica tions, which perfectly command the bend of the river, and display much skill in their construc tion. 198 miles S. W. from Albany. Chenango County, N. Y, e. h. at Norwich. S. central. Watered by the Chenango, Unadilla, and Susquehanna Rivers, and Canasawacta and Genegansletto Creeks. Broken and hilly, but the valleys are extensive and fertile, yielding large crops of grain. The uplands are well suited to grazing. There are two or three sulphur springs in this county, considered very efficacious in cuta neous disorders. The Chenango Canal runs through the valley of the Chenango River, and nearly through the centre of the county. Chenango, N. Y., c. h. Broome co. At" the junc tion of Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers. Part of the surface is hilly. The valleys, which are from one to two miles wide, consist of rich allu vion, which yields large crops of grass and grain. 145 miles W. by S. from Albany. Chenango, Pa,, Beaver co. 238 miles W.by N. from Harrisburg. Chenango Forks, N. Y., Broome co. On the Che nango Canal, at the junction of Tioughnioga and Chenango Rivers. 127 miles W. S.W. front Albany. Chepachet, R. 1., Providence co. On Chepachet River, 16 miles W. by N. from Providence, in the town of Gloucester. Cheraw, S. C, Chesterfield district. On the W. bank of Great Pedee River. 1 10 miles above Georgetown, and 9.3 miles N. E. from Columbia. The river is navigable for steamboats to this place. The cotton and other trade here is of con siderable importance. Cherokee County, Aa., c. h. at Jefferson. On the E. border north. Uneven and hilly ; fertile on the margins of the streams. Cherokee County, Ga., c, h. at Canton. In the N. W. angle. Watered by the Etowah River and tributaries. Surface rough and hilly ; soil rich on the borders of the streams. Cherry Creek, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by Conewango Creek and some of its branches. The surface is somewhat uneven ; the soil clay and sandy loam. 320 miles W. by S. from Albany. Cherokee County, N. O, e. h. at Murphy. In tho westernmost extremity of the state. . Hilly and mountainous, but fertile on the borders of the streams. Cherokee County, Ts., c. h. at Rusk. Cherryfidd, Me., Washington eo. At the head of tide waters on both sides of the Narraguagus. Cherry, Pa. A township of Butler co. Cherry, Pa. A township of Lycoming oo. 130 miles N. from Harrisburg. Cherry Tree, Pa., Venango co. 230 miles N. W. by W. from Harrisburg. Cherry Valley, N. Y.,' Otsego eo. Cherry Val ley Creek and some other small streams" water this town, tho surface of which is hilly, and the soil good. 52 miles N. of W. from Albany. Cheshire, Ct., New Haven co. Taken from Wallingford in 1 780. The Quinnipiao River and Canal Railroad pass through the town. Cheshire has an uneven, but good soil, with a very pleas ant village,. and an Episcopal academy. Agricul ture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. Cheshire, Ms., Berkshire co. This town was first settled in 1767. Tho centre of it, through which tho S. branch of tho Hoosic runs, is a rich and fertile valley. To the E. and W. of this, the ground gradually rises into hills and moun tains. The township is excellent for grazing. Extensive and valuable dairies are kept, and the Cheshire cheese has acquired a wide and merited celebrity. The famous mammoth cheese, present ed to President Jefferson, January 1, 1802, con tributed much to bring this town into notice. On a given day, the dairy women sent their curds to one place. The quantity was too great to be pressed, even in a cider mill ; so that, in addition to the intended present, three additional cheeses were made, weighing 70 pounds each. The mam moth cheese weighed about 1450 pounds. Mr. Jefferson sent back a piece of this to the inhab itants to satisfy them of its excellence ; he also sent pieces of it, it is said, to the governors of the several states. From the W. village, or "Four Corners," to South Adams is about 4 miles. Cheshire County, N. H., c. h. at Keene. In the S W. corner. The length of this county is 31 miles, its greatest breadth 26 miles, and its least 15. It is bounded N. by the county of Sullivan, E. by Hillsboro' co., S. by the state of Ms., and W. by Vt., from which it is separated by the Connecti cut River. Ashuelot River waters this county. Spofford's Lake, a beautiful collection of water, 8 miles in circumference, is situated in Chesterfield. There is an island of about 8 acres in the lake. The Grand Monadnoek is the highest mountain. Bellows' Falls, on Connecticut River, at Walpole, is regarded as a great natural curiosity. Chest, Pa., Clearfield co. The W. branch of the Susquehanna River waters this town, which has a hilly and rough surface, and loamy soil. 150 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Chester, Ct, Middlesex co. On the W. side of Connecticut River. 31 miles S. by E. from Hart ford. It has great water power, and some man ufactories. Chester, Is., Randolph co. On the E. bank of the Mississippi River, 2 miles below the mouth of the Kaskaskia, and 149 miles S. E. from Springfield. CAesto-,Mc, Penobscot co. Incorporated in 1831. Chester, Ms., Hampden co. This town con tains two flourishing villages, both of which are on the Western Railroad. Chester village, on the N. branch of Westfield River, is 119 miles W. from Boston, by the railroad. Factory vil lage lies 7 miles W. from Chester, and is watered by the western branch of tho Westfield River. It has good mill privileges. Chester is a moun tainous township, but has good land for grazing. Chester. N. H., Rockingham co. A branch of Exeter River, called " The Branch," is the prin cipal stream. Massabesick Pond, containing 1500 acres, is the largest body of fresh water in the county. The remains of an Indian settle ment, on an island in this pond, may still be seen. The soil is fertile. In this town are two caves : one is situated in Mine Hill ; the entrance is 5 feet high, and 24 wide ; the other is in the westerly side of Rattlesnake Hill, in a ledge of coarse granite, nearly 40 feet high ; one entrance to which is 11 feet high and 4 broad. Native sulphur is found. Granite and gneiss are the prevailing rooks. This is a pleasant town, and is the principal place of business in the county. It commands an extensive prospect, embracing a view of the ocean 20 miles distant. First settlers, Samuel Ingalls, Jonathan Goodhue, and many others. 17 miles W. S. W. from Exeter, and 23 S. E. from Concord. IN THE UNITED STATES. 327 Chester, N. J., Burlington co. Ranoocus, Pen- sauken, and Pompeston Creeks, and the Swedes branch of the Delaware River, water this town. Surface level ; soil sandy, but productive. 9 miles S. W. from Mount Holly. Chester, N. J., Morris co. Black River, and some streams flowing into the W. branch of the Raritan, water this town. Surface undulating, with the exception of one isolated mountain ; soil loamy. 50 miles N. by E. from Trenton. Chester, N. Y., Warren co. Watered by the Hudson River and some of its branches, by Schroon Lake, which lies on its N. E. boundary, and by two small lakes contained within its limits. The surface is hilly and mountainous ; the soil is. productive in the valleys. 18 miles N. W. from Caldwell, and 1 80 miles N. from Albany. Chester, N. Y.. Orange co. 102 miles S. by W. from Albany. Situated on the Erie Railroad. An extensive cattle market. Chester County, Pa., c. h. at Westchester. In the S. E. corner of the state. Watered by Bran dywine and French Creeks and the head branches of Elk River. Surface hilly and mountainous in the W. portion ; soil diversified, but mostly pro ductive. The Columbia and Philadelphia Rail road traverses this county. Chester, Pa., c. h. Delaware co. This place, called Upland until 1701, is, perhaps, the oldest settlement in the state, having been founded long before the grant of William Penn. It lies on the W. bank of the Delaware River, 94 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg, and 14 S. W. from Philadelphia. Chester, Pa., Wayne co. A township on the W. bank of the Delaware River. Chester District, S. O, c. h. at Chesterville, shire town. N. W. part. Surface pleasantly varied. Chester, S. C, c. h. Chester district. On the di viding ridge between the waters of Broad and Wa- toree Rivers. 57 miles N. by W. from Columbia. Chester, Vt, Windsor co. Williams River is formed in this township, by the union of three con siderable branches. The surface is considerably diversified with hills and valleys, but the soil is generally good. The timber is mostly hard wood, with some hemlock, spruce, and pine. There are a variety of minerals found here. There are two villages, called the North and South village. The settlement was commenced in 1764, by people from Woodstock, Ct., and Worcester and Maiden, Ms. 16 miles S. W. from Windsor, and 79 S. from Montpelier. The Rutland Railroad between Boston and Burling ton passes through this handsome town. Chesterfield, Ms., Hampshire co. This is a mountainous township, having the N. branch of the Westfield River passing through its whole extent. The soil is rough, but excellent for grazing. Beryl and emeralds are found here. The Westfield River, at this place, has worn into the solid rock, in places, nearly 30 feet in depth, and may be traced from the bridge nearly 60 rods, appearing as if cut out by human hands. 1 1 miles W. N. W. from Northampton, and 101 W. N. W. from Boston. Chesterfidd, N. H, Cheshire co. The land is mostly upland, well adapted for grazing and In dian com. Cat's Bane Brook is a stream of great importance. Spofford's Lake is a beautiful col- lfection of water ; it contain 526 acres, and is fed by springs in its bosom. Its waters are clear and pure, its bed being a white sand. There is an island in this lake, of 6 acres. From the E. side of the town issues a stream, called Partridge's Brook. West River Mountain lies in this town and Hinsdale. Chesterfield has three villages : the principal is situated near the centre of the town, 3 miles E. from Connecticut River. 11 miles S. W. from Keene, by which it is connected by railroad, and 62 S. W. from Concord. Chesterfield, N. Y, Essex co. On the shore of Lake Champlain, and watered by the Au Sable River and several small lakes, the principal of which are Auger and Butternut Tne surface is hilly and mountainous ; soil, mostly sandy loam. Chesterfield, N. J., Burlington co. Situated on the E. side of the Delaware River, and drained by Crosswick's and Black Creeks. Surface level ; soil a mixture of sand, clay, and loani. Chesterfield District, S. O, e. h. at Chesterfield. On the northern border, between Lynch's Creek and the Great Pedee. Drained through the centre by Black Creek. Sterile, except on the margins of the streams. Chesterfield, S. O, c. h. Chesterfield district On Thompson's Creek, a branch of Great Pedee River. 105 milas N. N. E. from Columbia. Chesterfield County, Va., c. h. Chesterfield. E. central. In the W. angle, between the Appo mattox and James Rivers. Surface uneven. The Richmond and Petersburg and the Richmond and Danville Railroads pass through it. Chesterfield, Va., c. h. Chesterfield co. On the N. branch of Swift Creek, a tributary of the Ap pomattox. 10 miles S. by W. from Richmond. Chestertown, Md., Kent co. On the W. side of Chester River, 30 miles above its mouth. 54 miles N. E. from Annapolis. A branch of the Maryland University is located here, called Washington College. See Colleges. Chesterville, Me., Franklin co. An excellent township, on Wilson's Stream. 24 miles N. E. from Augusta. Chestnut Hill, Pa., Monroe co. Head's Creek waters this town. Surface hilly in some parts. Chestnut Hill. Pa., Philadelphia co. 9 miles W. from Philadelphia, in Germantown. A pleasant place of summer resort for the citizens of Philadelphia. Chicago. City, lake port, and shire town of Cook co., Is. Population in 1850, 30,000. This place is situated on the W. shore, and to wards the S. end of Lake Miehiga^i, at the point where the river of the same name enters the lake. The northern and southern branches of this river unite about three quarters of a milaback from the lake, forming a harbor from 50 to 75 yards wide, and from 15 to 25 feet deep. At its mouth it spreads out into a bay, with about 9 feet depth of water. The city is built on both sides of this bay and harbor, on a site which is almost as level as a floor, but sufficiently elevated to bo secure from the highest floods. Piers have been con structed, extending into the lake from both sides of the mouth of the river, to prevent the forma tion of a bar from the accumulation of sand. These works were built by the United States ; and also the light-house, and the fortification, named Fort Dearborn, which are upon a strip of land between the city and the lake shore, belong ing to the government. This place has had a rapid growth, and from its position in the great line of communication between the E. and W., is destined to become a large city. In 1832 it contained only 5 small stores, and 250 inhabitants. Only 4 vessels had 328 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.,. arrived during the year before. In 1 836, 4 years later, the arrivals of brigs, ships, and schooners amounfed to 407, besides 49 steamboats. The Illinois and Michigan Canal unites the head of navigable waters in the Illinois River with Lake Michigan at Chicago. This great in ternal improvement was projected, and in part constructed, to be a ship canal for the largest class of vessels which navigate the lakes. For a distance of 30 miles from a point in the Chicago River, 54 miles W. of the city, it was excavated, through indurated clay and compact limestone, to the depth of from 18 to 20 feet. Beyond this the canal is only 6 feet deep. Its width at the top is 60 feet, and its entire length 964 miles, be sides a navigable feeder of about 4 miles, from Fox River. This is one of the best constructed works of the kind in the country, opening an extensive channel of trade to the W, and estab lishing an uninterrupted water communication between the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. Another improvement, still more important in its results to the prosperity of Chicago, is that of the great Illinois Central Railroad, which is now in process of construction between this place and Cairo, at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. This railroad will constitute the most direct and expeditious channel of communication between the North-Western and the Southern States, and between the commerce of the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. Especially will this be the case when its route shall be extended, as now contemplated, through Mississippi and Alabama to the city of Mobile ; for which exten sion, as well as for the road through Illinois, Congress has voted a munificent appropriation from the public lands. Such an important line of communication, whether by this extension to Mobile, or by the river, as at present, to New Orleans, open throughout at all seasons of the year, must bring an incalculable amount of busi ness into Chicago, while it opens to the Atlantic cities of the N. a new available access to the vast resources of the western trade. The streets of Chicago are laid out in straight lines, intersecting each other at right angles. They are of' good width, and some of them are planked ; stone pavements not being used to any great extent The largest buildings are of brick. The place is well supplied, from the region about Green Bay, with pine timber, another important material for building ; and the transportation of this valuable description of lumber tlirough the canal into the northern parts of Illinois and other sections of tho west, where it is a desideratum, makes a profitable part of the business of Chica go. The city is supplied with water by an aque duct from the lake. It has six or seven churches, some of which are fine edifices, situated on a public square. Some of the public houses are extensive establishments, affording accommoda tions equal to the best hotels in our eastern cities. Chichester, N. II, Merrimac co. The soil is good, and there is little waste land. The E. part of tho town is watered by Suncook River. In various parts traces of Indian settlements are to bo seen. Pinkfield Pond is in Chichester, from which flows a stream S. W. into tho Suncook. First, settlor, Paul Merrill, in 1753. 8 miles E. from Concord. Chickasaw County, Mi., c. h. at Houston. N. E. part On tho height of land between the waters of tho Yazoo' and those of the Tombigbee. The head waters of the Yalabusha River and Oktib beha Creek water this county. ' Chickopee, Ms., Hampden co. A large manu facturing village, on the Chickopee River, lately a part of Springfield. There are extensive cot ton factories here, also manufactories of paper, iron castings, arms, machinery, &c. Chicot County, As., c. h. Columbia. In the S. E. corner, on tiie Mississippi. Bartholomew and Bceuf Bayous and Macon River traverse this county. Surface low and level; soil greatly diversified. Chictawaga, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Ca yuga and Cazenove Creeks. Surface undulating; soil fertile. 6 miles E. from Buffalo, and 278 W. from Albany. Chili, N. Y., Monroe co. On the W. side of Genesee River, and drained by Black Creek. Surface undulating; soil very productive. 10 miles S. W. from Rochester, and 230 W. by N. from Albany. Chillicothe, Mo., c. h. Livingston co. On a prairie, about 34 miles from the junction of the E. and W. forks of Grand River. Chillicothe City, O., c. h. Ross co. A handsome and flourishing place on the W. bank of the Scioto and on the Ohio Canal. Chillisquaque, Pa., Northumberland co. 65 miles N. from Harrisburg. Chillitecaux, Mo., c. h. Dunklin co. Chilmark, Ms., Dukes co. This township com prises the westerly part of the island of Martha's Vineyard ; also a range of smaller islands, called the Elizabeth Islands, and the island of No Man's Land. Chilo, O., Franklin township, Clermont co., was formerly called Mechanicsburg. It is on the N. bank of the Ohio River. 113 miles S. W. from Columbus. China, Me., Kennebec co. 20 miles N. E. from Augusta. A fine agricultural township on Twelve Mile Pond, the outlet of which into the Kennebec affords excellent mill privileges. China, Mn., St. Clair co. 51 miles N. N. E. from Detroit China, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Clear Creek, one of the head branches of Cattaraugus Creek. The surface is gently undulating on the S., and still more uneven on the N. The soil is suitable for the growth of grass. 20 miles S. W. from Wyoming, and 271 W. from Albany. Chippewa County, Mn., c. h. at Sault de St Marie.' Bounded N. by Lake Superior and St. Mary's Straits, E. by the North Channel and Lako Huron, S. by Michilimackinac county, and W. by Schoolcraft county. Chippewa County, Wn. N. W. part of the state. Drained by the Chippewa and its branches. Chippewa, Pa., Beaver co. 7 miles N. W. from Beaver. Chittenango, N. Y., Madison co. 1 mile S. from | the Erie Canal, and near the railroad. 120 miles W. N. W. from Albany. There is a sulphur spring 0110 mile S. of the village. Chittenden County, Vt, c. h. at Burlington. Bordering on Lake Champlain. Its soil varies from rich alluvial meadows to light and sandy plains. The beautiful Champlain, washing its western boundary, gives it great faeilities for trade. Lamoille River passes through its N. W- corner, and Winooski River pierces Mts centre. These streams, with several others of smaller size, afford the county a good water power. The IN THE UNITED STATES. 329 railroads which intersect this county in various directions, its fine mill privileges, and good soil, render this a highly interesting section of the state. Chittenden, Vt, Rutland co. The N. W. part of this town is watered by Philadelphia River, the eastern part by Tweed River, and' the south western part by East Creek. Near Philadelphia River is a mineral spring, and among the moun tains are some caverns. Iron ore of good quality is found here in abundance, and also manganese. The settlement was commenced about the close of the revolutionary war, but much of it, being mountainous, remains unsettled. 12 miles N. by E. from Rutland, and 40 S. W. from Montpelier. Choconut, Pa., Susquehanna co. 189 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. Choctaw County, Aa., c. h. at Butler. S. W. part, between the Tombigbee and the Mississippi line. Choctaw County, Mi'., c: h. at Greensboro'. N. central. Watered by the head branches of Black River. Chowan County, N. C, c. h. at Edenton. In the N- E. corner of the state, bounded S. and W. by Albemarle Sound. Surface level ; soil fertile. Christian County, Is., c. h. at Edinburg. S. central. Watered by the S. branch of the San gamon River. Surface level ; soil fertile. Christian County, Ky., c. h. at Hopkinsville. S. W. part. On the height of land between the Green and Tennessee Rivers. Watered by Trade- water, Pond, and Little Rivers. Soil mostly fer tile. Christiana, De. A township of Newcastle co. The village called Christiana Bridge is on Chris tiana Creek. 9 miles S. W. from Wilmington. Christiana, O., Madison township, Butler co. A village 14 miles N. E. from Hamilton. Cicero, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered on the N. E. by Oneida Lake, and on the E. by Chitte- nango Creek. Surface generally level ; soil of a medium quality. 10 miles N. E. from Syracuse, and 143 N. W. from Albany. Cincinnati, 0. City, port of entry, and seat of justice of Hamilton co. Situated in the south western part of the state, on the N. side of the Ohio River, opposite to the mouth of Licking River, which comes in here from Kentucky. It is 116 miles S. W. from Columbus; the capital of the state, and 494 above the month of the Ohio. The rapid growth of Cincinnati has been remarkable. The population in 1800 was 750 ; in 1810, 2540 ; in 1820, 9642; in 1830, 24,831 ; in 1840, 46,338 ; in 1850, 115,338. The city lies in a valley, about 12 miles in cir cumference, bounded by hills gently rising to the height of 300 feet, and affording from their sum mits and declivities beautiful views of the river, and of the city upon its banks, with the flourish ing towns of Newport and Covington upon the opposite side. The city itself is built on what was originally two successive table lands, or " bottoms " of the river, at different elevations ; the one being from 40 to 60 feet above the other ; which, in grading, have been reduced more nearly to a gradual ascent of from 5 to 10 degrees from the river. The plan of the city was originally laid out with great regularity, and has been in a good degree preserved. An open area upon the bank of the river, with about 1000 feet front, and embracing 10 acres, is reserved for the " Land ing ; " which is of great importance to the 'busi ness of the city, and usually presents a scene of great activity. The seven principal streets run 42 north from the river, 66 feet in width, and at in tervals of 396 feet, and are crossed at right angles •by seven others, the same distance apart ; except ing Water and Front Streets, which are somewhat .nearer, and Second and Third Streets, which, on account of the original shape of the ground, were located farther apart. To this original plan other streets have been added, particularly on the N. and W. The corporate limits of the city include . about four square miles. The central part is compactly and finely built, with spacious warehouses, large stores, and handsome dwellings. One of the squares was originally reserved for the public buildings, and several of the first edi fices designed for public uses were erected upon it. Among the public buildings of Cincinnati are the court house on Main Street, a spacious build ing 56 by 60 feet, and 120 feet high to the top of the dome ; the edifice for the Franklin and Lafay ette Banks, on Third Street, which has a splendid Doric portico of a beautiful gray freestone ; the First Presbyterian Church, on Main Street, 68 feet front by 85 feet deep, cornered with turrets, and crowned with a cupola ; the Second Presby terian Church, of agreeable architecture without, and beautiful within ; and many other church edifices which are ornamental to the city. There arc likewise the Cincinnati College, the Medical College, Mechanics' Institute, Catholic Athenaj- um, 4 market houses, — one of which is 500 feet long, — two museums, a theatre, a hospital, a lunatic asylum, &c. There are many extensive and fine blocks of stores, especially on Front and Main Streets. The open area at the Landing is substantially paved to low-water mark, and is supplied with floating wharves, adapted to the great rise and fall of the river, which has a mean annual range of about 50 feet, with about 10 feet more in extraordinary floods. Many of the streets are well paved, and several of them are handsomely shaded with trees. A large propor tion of the houses is of stone or brick, from two to four stories high. Though the climate of Cin cinnati is more variable than that on the Atlan tic coast in the same latitude, yet few places in the country are more healthy than this city. The inhabitants are from nearly every state in the Union, and from many European nations. The Germans make nearly one third of the population. This city is hardly excelled by any other in the Union in respect to the literary advantages it affords. The common free schools are of a high order, embracing ten school districts, with fine brick edifices three stories high, and furnished with various apparatus. Besides these, there are numerous private schools. There are also pub lic high schools, male and female, in which in struction is given to a great number of pupils. There is a college, with which is connected the celebrated Astronomical Observatory established through the exertions of Professor Mitchell, and by the enlightened liberality of the citizens. The Roman Catholics have a college here, called St. Xavier College. The Medical College of Ohio, chartered in 1825, is located here. Lane Theo logical Seminary, an institution belonging to the New School Presbyterians, is located at Walnut Hills, two miles from the centre of the city. The Old School Presbyterians have also an institution here, more recently established, for the instruction of theological students. The Mechanics' Insti tute was chartered in 1828, for the improvement of mechanics in scientific knowledge by means 330 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, of popular lectures, a library, reading room, &c. It has fine buildings, and apparatus which has cost about $10,000. The Young Men's Mercan tile Library Association has a valuable library and reading rooms in the Cincinnati College edifice, on Walnut Street Although intended for the particular benefit of young men, its ad vantages are open to every respectable citizen. Besides this, there is an Apprentices' Library As sociation, which has a handsome collection of books, in every department of literature and science, appropriate to the objects of such an in stitution. All minors brought up to laborious employments have, under certain regulations, free access to this library, from which about 500 volumes are drawn out weekly. In 1831, a Col lege of Teachers was established, having for its object the elevation of the qualifications of teach ers, and the advancement of the interests of schools at the west, which holds an annual meet ing at Cincinnati in October. The charitable institutions required by the wants of a large city have been liberally furnished in Cincinnati. Among these are the Orphan Asylum, in Elm Street, a fine four story building, with ample grounds ; two Orphan Asylums of the Roman Catholics, for the different sexes ; and the State Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum, in corporated in 1821, with accommodations for 250 patients. Among the most extensive establish ments of the city for business are the pork houses, which are located on the Miami Canal. Cincinnati is the greatest market in the Union for this important article of supplies. The number of hogs slaughtered here, during the season of pack ing, in the fall and winter of 1851-2, was 352,000. Cincinnati, for a city of such recent origin, possesses great facilities for communication with the surrounding country, by canals, McAdamized roads, and railroads. The Miami Canal con nects the city with the Wabash and Erie Canal, at Defiance. The Whitewater Canal extends into Indiana, and commands much of the trade of its eastern section. The improvements upon the Licking River, by dams and locks, have ren dered that stream navigable for steamboats of 150 tons, for a distance of more than 200 miles into Kentucky. Two railroads are now in op eration, which connect the city with Sandusky and with Cleveland, on Lake Erie. The inte rior and capital of Indiana is connected with the Ohio River by a railroad at Madison, about 80 miles below Cincinnati. These are great and useful works, upon the structure of which many millions of dollars have been expended. The trade of the country from the Ohio River to the Lakes, north and south, and from the Scioto to the Wabash Rivers, east and west, comes chiefly to Cincinnati. The same is true of the trade of Kentucky for a great distance each way upon the Ohio. The manufactures of Cincinnati are also extensive. The surplus water from the canals furnishes no inconsiderable power, which has been thoroughly applied to use ; and much is added by the steam engine, which is available hero at a reasonable expense. A steam engine supplies a large part of the city with water, for drinking and culinary uses. It is forced up from the Ohio River, into reservoirs upon a hill 700 feet high ; and theneo it is carried by iron pipes- under the bed of Deer Creek, to the intersection of Broadway and Third Street, where its dis tribution through tho city commences. These works were projected and carried on by individ ual enterprise until 1839, when they were pur chased by the city. On the 28th of December, 1788, but a little more than sixty years ago, the first company of civilized men landed on the north bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of Licking River, to commence the settlement of a town. Their first log cabin was built on a spot which is now on Front Street, a little east of Main Street. In January, 1789, they proceeded to lay off their town, which was then covered with a dense for est ; the lower bottom bearing huge sycamore and sugar maple trees, and the upper, beech and oak. The streets were run. and the corners marked upon the trees. To their projected city they gave the name of Losantiville, which was afterwards changed to Cincinnati. In 1802. it was incorporated as a town, with a population of less than 1000 inhabitants. Thus recent is the origin, and thus rapid has been the growth, of this beautiful city, which long since obtained the name of " the Queen City of the West." Cincinnatus, N. Y., Cortland co. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. 15 miles S. E. from Cortland, and 131 S. W. from Albany. Circleville, O. See Appendix, No. 8. Circleville, Va., c. h. London co. City Point, Va., Prince George co. A port of entry on a point formed by the junction of James and Appomattox Rivers. 33 miles S. E. from Richmond. Large ships come up to this place, and it is connected with Petersburg by railroad. Clackamas County, On., c. h. at Oregon city. In the lower valley of the Willamette. Claiborne, Aa., c. h. Monroe co. On the E. side of Alabama River, at the head of schooner navigation. 138 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. Claiborne Parish, La., c. h. at Overton, shire town. In the N. W. angle, bordering on Arkan sas. Watered by Red River and branches of the Wachita, and byBistineau and Bodeau Lakes. The soil on the borders of the streams is of good quality. Claiborne County, Mi., c. h. at Port Gibson. In the S. E. angle, bordering on the Mississippi. Bayou Pierre waters this county. Surface some what uneven ; soil, except on the margins of some of the streams, of an indifferent quality. Claiborne County. Te., c. h. Tazewell, shire town. On the northern border. Bounded N. by Ky. and Va., E. by Hawkins co„ S. by Granger, and W. by Campbell co. Watered by Powell's and Clinch Rivers, head branches of the Ten nessee. Surface mountainous. Clappville, Ms., Worcester co. A manufac turing village at the head of Quinnebaug River. 50 miles W. by S. from Boston, in the town of Leicester. Claremont, N. H., Sullivan co. This beauti ful town is watered by Connecticut and Sugar Rivers, besides numerous brooks and rivulets. It is a fine undulating tract of territory, covered with a rich gravelly loam. The hills are sloping acclivities, crowned with elegant summits. The intervales on the rivers are rich and luxuriant. In this town are fine beds of iron ore and lime stone. It received its name from the country seat of Lord Clive, an English general. The beautiful location of Claremont, its immense water power, and its facilities of transportation by steam, render it a desirable location for man ufacturing. Some valuable minerals are found IN THE UNITED STATES. 331 here. 12 miles N. frorja Charlestown, and 47 N. N. W. from Concord. A railroad from Boston to Burlington, Vt, passes through this town, Clarence, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Ran som's and Tonawanda Creeks. Surface undu lating; soil adapted to the growth of grain. 16 miles N. E. from Buffalo, and 265 NT W. from Albany. Clarendon, N. Y., Orleans co. The surface of this town is high and broken. The soil consists of calcareous loam. 10 miles S. E. from Albion, and 248 N. W. from Albany. Clarendon, Vt., Rutland co. Otter Creek passes through the town ; this, with its branches, Mill and Cold Rivers, and Furnace Brook, supply the town with water. The E. part of the town borders on the Green Mountains, but the princi pal elevations are tbe range of hills between Otter Creek and Furnace Brook, and between the latter and Ira Brook, on the west line of the town. The alluvial flats on Otter Creek are very productive. The uplands are a gravelly loam. Marble is found here. There are two small villages, one in the eastern and the other in the western part. Clarendon Springs, celebrated in cutaneous and scrofulous diseases, are situated near Furnace Brook and Clarendon Cave, on the south-easterly side of a mountain, in the westerly part of the town. The healing ingre dient in the springs is nitrogen in chemical com bination. The water is cold, transparent, and free from any mineral taste ; the supply from the spring is abundant. It has become a fash ionable resort. The settlement was commenced in 1 768, by Elkanah Cook. The first settlers were mostly from Rhode Island. 85 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 7 S. from Rutland. The great southern railroad passes through this town. Clarendon Springs, Vt, Clarendon, Rutland co. 70 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. See Clarendon, Vt. Clarion County, Pa., c. h. at Clarion. N. cen tral. Watered by the Alleghany and Clarion or Toby's Rivers and Red Bank Creek. Surface rough, and abounding with iron on the N.; but more level and fertile on the S. Clarion, Pa., e. h. Clarion co. Watered by Piney, Licking, and Mill Creeks, and Laurel Run, branches of the Clarion River. Surface somewhat hilly; soil loamy. 184 miles W.N. W. from Harrisburg. Clark County, 0.,' c. h. at Springfield. S. W. central. It was organized in 1818, and has * very fertile, well-cultivated soil, abundantly sup plied with water by Mad River, Buck and Bea ver Creeks, and several springs This county is in a very flourishing condition, and has the national road crossing it from E. to W. The Cincinnati and Sandusky Railroad passes through it. Clarksburg, Ky., c. h. Lewis co. On Salt Lick Creek. 4 miles S. from the Ohio River, and 107 E. N. E. from Frankfort. Clarksburg, Ms., Berkshire co. The soil is hard and stony. About two thirds of it lie on the Hoosic and Bald Mountains, which is cold and rocky, but covered with valuable timber. Be tween the mountains the soil is good for grazing. The town is well watered by Hoosic River and Hudson's Brook. It was first settled by persons of the names of Ketchum, from Long Island, and Clark, from R.I., in 1769. 25 miles N. from Pittsfield, and 120 W. N. Wi from Boston. Clarksburg, Va., c. h. Harrison co. On Mo nongahela River. 253 miles N. W. from Rich mond. Clarkson, N. Y, Monroe co. On the shore of Lake Ontario. Watered by Sandy and Little Salmon Creeks. The surface is generally level ; the soil sandy and gravelly loam. 16 miles N. W. from Rochester, and 233 N. W. from Al bany. Clarkstown, N. Y, c. h. Rockland co. On the W. bank of the Hudson River, and contains a small lake, the waters of which flow into the Hackensack River. Surface mostly hilly : soil fertile in the valleys. 248 miles S. from Albany. Clarksville, Aa., c. h. Clarke co. 134 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. Clarksville, Ga., c. h. Habersham co. 138 miles N. from Milledgeville. Clarksville, N. H. Coos co. On theE. bank of Connecticut River. The soil is hard. 156 miles N. from Concord. Clarksville, Ts., c. h. Red River co. Clarksville, Te., c. h. Montgomery co. At the junction of Red and Cumberland Rivers. 45 miles N. W. from Nashville. Clarke County, Aa., c. h. at Clarkesville S. W. part of the state. In the angle formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers. Surface uneven ; soil generally rather sterile. Clarke County, As., c. h. at Greenville. S. W. central. In the W. angle, at the junction of the Washita and Little Missouri Rivers. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil sterile, except on the borders of the streams. Clarke County, Ga., c. h. at Watkinsville. N. E. central. On the upper waters of the Oco nee River. The Athens Branch Railroad con nects the N. part with Augusta. Clarke County, Is., c. h. at Marshall. On the E. frontier, on the Wabash. Fox and Crane Creeks, and the N. branch of Embarrass River, water this county. Clarke County, la., c. h. at Charleston. On the S. E. border. On the Ohio River. Surface undulating, and watered by some small branches of the Ohio. Clarke County, Io., c.h. at Oceola. Southern part Clarke County, Ky., e. h. at Winchester. N. E. central. The Kentucky River runs along its S. border. Clarke County, Mi., c. h. at Quitman. On the S. E. border. Surface mostly level, and drained by the Chickasaw River and branches. Clarke County, Mo., c. h. at Waterloo. In the N. E. corner between the Mississippi and Des Moines. Fox and Wyaconda Rivers traverse this county. Clarke County, On., c. h. at Columbia city. Clarke County, Va., c. h. at Berryville, in the N. of the valley. The Shenandoah River waters this county. Surface varied, having the Blue Ridge on the E. ; soil very fertile. Clarkesville, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by Dodge's Creek and some other small streams. The surface is high and undulating, being mostly covered with a dense pine forest. 278 miles S. W. from Albany, and 15 from Angelica. Clatsop County, On. At the mouth of the Oregon. Claverack, N. Y, Columbia co. Claverack Creek waters this town. The surface is hilly in parts, and the soil generally productive. 4 miles E.from Hudson, and 34 S. from Albany. Clay^ County, Is., c. h. at Maysville. S. E. cen- 332 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, tral. Watered by the Little Wabash River. Sur face level ; soil productive. Clay County, la., c. h. at Bowling Green. S. W. central. Watered by the Eel River and its ' tributaries. Land mostly productive. Clay County, Ky., c h. at Manchester. S. E. part Watered by the S. fork of Kentucky River. Soil mostly of an indifferent quality. Clay County, Mo., c. h. at Liberty. W. part, on the N. bank of the Missouri. Fishing River and a branch of the Little Platte cross this county. Surface undulating ; soil very fertile. Clay, N. Y, Onondaga co. At the junction of Oneida and Seneca Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil mostly fertile. 151 miles from Albany, and 10 N. from Syracuse. Clay, 0., Knox co., is a flourishing agricul tural township. Clayton, Aa., c. h. Barbour co. 179 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa. Clayton, Ga., c. -h. Rabun co. At the south ern base of the Blue Ridge. 181 miles N. from Milledgeville. Clayton County, Iowa, c. h. at Prairie La Porte. In the N. E. corner, on the Mississippi. Drained by Turkey River. The soil on Turkey River is very fertile, and there are many good mill sites. Lead ore is found in this county. Clayton, N. Y., Jefferson co. Bounded on the N. W. by the St. Lawrence River, and watered by Chaumont River and French Creek. The surface is undulating, and the soil productive. 172 miles N. W. from Albany, and 12 miles N. from Watertown. Clearfield County, Pa., c. h. at Clearfield. W. central. Head branches of the W. fork of the Susquehanna River water this county. Surface rough and mountainous, being situated between the Main and Laurel ridge of the Alleghanies. Soil mostly sterile. Clearfield, Pa. A township of Cambria co. Surface undulating; soil gravel and clay. Clearfield, Pa., c. h. Clearfield co. On the S. bank of the W. fork of Susquehanna River, near the mouth of Clearfield Creek, and 126 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Cleavdand County, N. C., c. h. at Shelby. On the southern border. West middle. Broad River waters this county. Cleavdand, Te., c. h. Bradley co. 156 miles S. E. by E. from Nashville. Clermont, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by Ancram or Roeliff Jansen's Creek. The surface undulating ; soil clay and gravelly loam of good quality. 43 miles S. from Albany. Clermont County, 0., c. h. at Batavia. In the south-western corner, on the Ohio. In some parts the land is wet, and not good for cultivation ; but it is generally fertile, and is watered by the East Fork River. Cleveland, 0. City and port of entry and c. h. Cuyahoga co. On Lake Erie, at the mouth of Cuyahoga River. It derives its name from Gen eral Moses Cleveland, an agent of the Connecti cut land company, who accompanied the first surveying party to the Connecticut Reserve, and under whoso direction the town was first surveyed in 1796. The Indian title to the land it occupies had been extinguished two years before ; but on the opposite side of the Cuyahoga River the In dians retained their title till 1805. Cleveland was incorporated as a village in 1814, and as a city in 1836. Population in 1799, one family ; in 1825, about 500; in 1830, 1000; in 1840, 6071; in 1850, 17,054. It is 130 miles N. W. from Pittsburg, 146 N. E. from Columbus, 200 S. W. from Buffalo, 130 E. from Detroit. It is situated on a gravelly plain, elevated about 80 feet above the lake, of which it has a commanding prospect. The streets, which cross each other at right angles, are 80 feet wide, and Main Street 120. The location is dry and healthy, and there are many fine buildings. Near the centre is a public square of 10 acres, neatly enclosed and shaded with trees. The harbor at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, since its improvement, by piers on each side ex tending into the water, is one of the best on Lake Erie, and its position at the northern terminus of the Ohio Canal, and the fertile country and en terprising population by which it is surrounded, have given it a very rapid growth, which as yet is but just commencing. It is already the second commercial town in Ohio, and bids fair even to rival Cincinnati. Be sides its intercourse withthe interior of the state by the Ohio Canal, and its extensive lake com merce, it communicates by the Ohio and Penn sylvania Canal with Pittsburg, and 'by the New York and Welland Canals with the Atlantic coast. To these facilities for transportation have lately been added a system of railroads, affording communication with Cincinnati, Detroit, Pitts burg, and Buffalo, and through these two latter places with Philadelphia, New York, and Bos ton. Ohio City, on the opposite side of the Cuy ahoga, is a growing suburb. See Ohio City. Clifton Park, N. Y., Saratoga co. On the Mo hawk River. Surface undulating ; soil a sandy loam, of tolerably good quality. 22 miles N. from Albany. Clinch County, Ga. South part, taken from Ware. Only 673 inhabitants in 1850, and no post office. Clinton, Ct, Middlesex co. 51 miles S. by E. from Hartford. Clinton, Ga., c. h. Jones co. 26 miles W. from Milledgeville. Clinton County, Is., c h. at Carlyle. South central. Surface undulating, and watered by Kaskaskia River ; soil productive. Clinton County, la., c. h. at Frankfort. N. W. central. Watered by tributaries of Wildcat and Sugar Creeks. Soil productive, with the excep tion of " Twelve Mile Prairie." Clinton, la., Vermilion co. On the Wabash River. 82 miles W. from Indianapolis. Clinton County, Io., c. h. at De Witt. The easternmost county in the state. In the N. angle, between the Wabisipinicon River and the Mis sissippi. Clinton County, Ky., c. h. at Albany. On the southern border E. Surface diversified, and wa tered by several small tributaries of the Cumber land River ; soil fertile. Clinton, Me., Kennebec co. A fine township on the W. bank of the Kennebec. The Sebas- ticook also passes through it, and at the falls affords fine water power. 24 miles N. by E. from Augusta. Clinton, Ms., Worcester co. A new manufac turing town on the Nashua, set off mostly from Lancaster. Clinton County, Mn., c. h. at De Witt Cen tral. Watered by Maple and Lookingglass Rivers and branches. Surface level ; soil fertile IN THE UNITED STATES. 333 Clinton,, Mi., Hinds co. 10 miles W. by N. from Jackson. The seat of Mississippi College. ( See Colleges. ) It has likewise a female seminary. Clinton County, Mo., c. h. at Plattsburg. N. W. part. Watered by tributaries of Little Platte River. Surface level ; soil very productive. Clinton, N. C, c. h. Sampson co. On a branch of Black River. 94 miles S. S. E. from Raleigh. Clinton County, N. J. In Lebanon, Bethlehem, and Kingwood townships, on the S. branch of Raritan River. 37 miles N. by W. from Tren ton. The surrounding country is fertile, and there is a good water power. Clinton County, N. Y., c. h. at Plattsburg. Bounded N. by Canada, E. by Lake Champlain. Its principal rivers are the Saranac, Chazy, and Great and Little Au Sable, all excellent mill streams. The surface is elevated and hilly on the S., but more level on the N. and E. parts. Soil greatly diversified. Bog and magnetic iron ores of excellent quality, and peat, are found here in great abundance. There is also in this county one sulphur and one carbonated spring. Traversed by the Ogdensburg, and by the Platts burg and Montreal Railroad. Clinton, N. Y., Oneida co. Scat of Hamilton College. On both sides of Oriskany Creek. 9 miles S. W. from Utica, and 99 miles W N. W. from Albany. See Colleges. Clinton, N. Y., Dutchess co. Surface hilly, and watered only by some small streams. The soil is gravelly loam. 10 miles N. from Poughkeep- sie, and 75 S. from Albany. Clinton County, 0., c. h. at Wilmington. S. W. part On the height of land between the Scioto and Little Miami. Clinton County, Pa., c. h. at Lock Haven. North central. Watered by the W. branch of the Sus quehanna River. Surface mountainous ; soil very fertile on the streams. Clinton, Pa., Lycoming co. Bounded on the N. E. and S. E. by the Susquehanna River. 6 miles S. E. from Williamsport. Clinton, Pa. A township of Wayne co. Clinton, Te., c. h. Anderson co. 175 miles E. from Nashville. Clintonville, N. Y., Clinton co. On the N. side of Au Sable River. 10 miles W. from Port Kent, on Lake Champlain, and 1 53 miles N. from Albany. The best iron ore is obtained in this vicinity in great abundance, and there are exten sive iron works here, with a large capital invest ed in the business. Clover Hill, Va., c. h. Appomattox co. Clyde Mills, Mn., St. Clair co. Situated at the head of steamboat navigation on Black River, 1 2 miles from its mouth, and 67 N. E. from Detroit. Clyde, N, Y., Wayne co. On Clyde River and the Erie Canal. 174 miles W. by N. from Albany. Here is a large hydraulic power, and extensive operations are carried on in the flouring business, in the manufacture of glass, leather, &c. Clymer, N. Y., Chautauque co. Broken Straw Creek and its branches water the S. part of this town. Surface rolling ; soil suitable for grass. 353 miles W. by S. from Albany. Coahoma County, Mi., c. h. at Delta. On the W. border N. On the Mississippi. Sunflower River waters this county. Surface level, and at certain seasons inundated. Coal, Pa. A township of Northumberland co. Cocdsmouth, Va., Kanawha co. On the S. side of Kanawha River, at the mouth of Coal River, which affords hydraulic power. 325 miles N. W. from Richmond. Coatesville, Pa., Chester co. On the W. branch of Brandywine Creek. 62 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. There is a mineral spring here of some celebrity. Cobb County, Ga., c. h. at Marietta. N. W. part on the N. bank of the Chattahoochee. Watered by the Chattahoochee River and its branches and some tributaries of the Coosa. Cobleskill, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by the Cobleskill. This town contains a mill stream which issues from a natural well of un known depth, then disappears and pursues a sub terraneous passage for 7 miles. The surface of the- town is rather hilly, and the soil in the val leys fertile. 45 miles W. from Albany. Cochecton, N. Y., Sullivan co. Bounded on the W. by Delaware River, and is also watered by Collicoon and Ten Mile Creeks. The surface is hilly; soil principally gravelly loam. 134 miles S. W. from Albany. Cocke County, Te., c. h. at Newport E. part separated from Haywood county, N. C, by the Smoky Mountains. It is watered by the French Broad and its tributary the Big Pigeon, both S. W. tributaries of the Tennessee. Elevated, broken, and uneven. . Coeymans, N. Y, Albany co. On the W. side of the Hudson River, and drained by Coeymans Creek and some other streams. The surface is uneven, and there is a variety of soil. 12 miles S. from Albany. Coffee County, Aa., c. h. at Wellborn. On the southern border. Watered by Pea River, a branch of the Choctawhatchie, which passes through it from N. to S. Coffee County, Te., c. h. at Manchester. S. central. Surface undulating, .and watered by the head branches of Duck River; soil productive. Cqffeeville, Mi., c. h. Yalobusha co. Cohasset, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was, till 1770, a precinct of Hingham, and was called Conohasset, an Indian name, signifying a fishing promontory. It contains some excellent soil, though it is, for the most part, rocky and difficult of cultivation. The Cohasset River flows through a part of the town into the harbor. In the south westerly part of the town, there is a fresh pond, of 90 acres, abounding with pike, and other fish common to fresh water. The Indian Pot, so called, is considered quite a curiosity. It is sit uated near the base of a large mass of solid rock, near what was once the sea-shore. Its cavity is as round, smooth, and regular as a well-formed seething pot.'and will holdabout 12 pailfuls. On the same mass of rock is another excavation, called the Indian Well. This is about 10 feet deep, half of it circular and half semicircular. The Cohasset Rocks, so disastrous to mariners, lie off this town. The situation of this town is de lightful and romantic, and being easy of access by the South Shore Railroad, it attracts many visit ors in the summer season. 21 miles from Boston. Cohoes, N. Y, Albany co. On the S. W. side of the Mohawk River, a short distance below the falls of the same name, and near the junction of the Erie and Champlain Canals. The Erie Canal passes through the village. It is a manufacturing place, and as such possesses remarkable advantages, not only from the im mense extent of the hydraulic power created bj 334 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, these falls in the Mohawk, but also from its rela tive position in the vicinity of such cities as Al bany and Troy, and its extensive facilities of communication, by the canals, the Hudson River, and the railroads, with all parts of the country north, south, east, and west The falls are in full view from the village, and are seen with special advantage from a bridge, 800 feet long, just below, pouring down from a height of 70 feet or more, between rocky walls of coresponding elevation, and on one of the sides rising above the cataract 100 feet- still higher. On the water power here developed, there are already erected several large manufacturing establishments, among which are cotton mills, flouring mills, iron works, brass founderies, &c. ; and an almost incalculable capacity of further application exists. The village contains 6 or 7 churches, some 20 stores, and a numerous popula tion. It is often visited to obtain a view of the falls and of the romantic scenery connected with them. It lies 8 miles N. from Albany, and about the same distance W. by N. from Troy. Cohultah Springs, Ga., Murray co. At the base of Cohultah Mountain, and derives its name from the valuable mineral springs within its limits. 12 miles N. from Spring Place. Colchester, Ct., New London co. This is a pleasant town ; the site of Bacon Academy. The surface of the town is uneven, with a strong gravelly soil. Excellent iron ore is found here. 23 miles S. E. from Hartford. Colchester, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by the Papacton branch of the Delaware. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil favorable to the growth of grass. 101 miles S. W. from Albany. Colchester, Vt, Chittenden co. There are two small ponds in this town ; the largest contains about 60 acres. The principal streams are the River Lamoille, Mallet's Creek, Indian Creek, and Winooski River. The soil in the N. and N. W. parts is a variety of gravel and loam. In the middle part of the town is a large tract of pine plain, mostly covered with pitch pine and small oaks. On the bank of the Winooski River are large tracts of intervale. The rocks in the N. and E. parts are mostly composed of lime and slate ; red sandstone is found in abundance near Mallet's Bay. Iron ore is found here. The settlement was commenced in 1774, at the Lower Falls, on Winooski River, by Ira Allen and Re member Baker. 36 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 6 N. from Burlington. Winooski village lies in Burlington and Colchester. Colden, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Cazenove Creek and some other small streams. The sur face is hilly, and the soil, although rather moist and cold, is suitable for grass. 20 miles S. E. from Buffalo, and 287 from Albany. Cold Spring, N. Y., Putnam co. Picturesquely situated among the Highlands, on the E. side of Hudson River, 1 mile above West Point, and 100 S. from Albany. Various and extensive opera tions in manufactures are carried on here ; the principal of which are in iron and brass, steam boilers, and locomotive engines. Cold Spring, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. On both sides of the Alleghany River, into which Cold Spring Creek flows. The valleys aro extensive, and the rest of the surface hilly. 308 miles S. of W. from Albany. Cold Spring ifarfor, N.Y., .Queen's and Suffolk counties, in the towns of Oyster Bay and Hunt ington, at the head of Cold Spring Harbor. 186 miles S. byE. from Albany. This' place has considerable shipping, and also manufactories of woollens and other goods. Cold Water, Mn., c. h. Branch co. Watered by Cold Water River and its branches. 110 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. On the South ern Michigan Railroad. Colebrook, Ct, Litchfield co. An elevated township, of a hard, gravelly soil, and uneven sur face, on the line of Massachusetts. The E. part of the town is watered by Farmington River. The village is very pleasant, having Mount Pis- gah in the rear. Colebrook, N. H, Coos Co., is watered by the Mohawk River and Beaver Brook. The soil is rich ; intervales of good quality stretch along the Connecticut. First settlers, Sir George Cole brook and others. 35 miles N. from Lancaster, and 140 N. from Concord. Colebrookdale, Pa., Berks co. 73 miles E. from Harrisburg. Cole County, Mo., c. h. at Jefferson "City. Cen tral. In the W. angle, at the junction of the Osage with the Missouri River. Colerain, Pa. A township of Bedford co. Colerain, Pa., Lancaster co. 69 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Coleraine, Ms., Franklin co., was first settled about the year 1746. Paft of the settlers were Irish Presbyterians. This town was, named in honor of Lord Coleraine, of Ireland. It is finely watered by two branches of North River, a tribu tary stream of Deerfield River. The surface of this town is somewhat rough and uneven, yet it contains much fine land. 9 miles N. W. from Greenfield, and 99 W. N. W. from Boston. Coles County, Is., c. h. at Charleston. E. part, S. Watered by the Kaskaskia, Embarrass, and the head branches of the Little Wabash River. Surface slightly uneven; soil of good quality. This county contains many fine miil sites. Colesville, N. Y., Broome" co. On both sides of the Susquehanna River. The surface is mostly hilly, and the soil of the valleys consists of rich alluvion. 127 miles S. W. from Albany. Colleton District, S. O, c. h. at Waterboro'. In the S. angle on the Atlantic Ocean. Watered by the Edisto and Combahee Rivers. Surface level ; soil fertile. Collikoon, N. Y.. Sullivan co. Watered by Collikoon Creek and branches. Collins County. Ts., c. h. at McKinney. N. E. part, on the head waters of Trinity. Collins, N. Y., Erie co. Situated on the N. side of Cattaraugus Creek, and watered by a number of small streams. The surface is un even, and the soil various. 24 miles S. from Buffalo, and 295 W. from Albany. Collinsville, Ct, Hartford co. On both sides of Farmington River. 15 miles W. by N. from Hart ford, in the town of Canton. Colorado County, Ts., c. h. at Columbus. S. central. On botli sides of the Colorado. Columbia, Ct., Tolland co. Taken from Leb anon in 1800. Waterecl by a branch of the Willimantic. The surface is uneven ; the soil hard and gravelly, but excellent for grazing. Columbia County, Fa., c. h. at Lancaster. N. E. part. Watered by the Suwanno River, which bounds it on the W., by St. Mary's River, and by Randolph Lake, a sheet of water 7 miles long and 5 wide. Gadsden's Spring, celebrated for IN THE UNITED STATES. 335 its medicinal properties, is situated on the bank of Little Suwaneo River. It is 60 feet across, and 35 or 40 deep. The soil is mostly poor. Columbia County, Ga , c. h. at Applington. E. central. Bordering on the Savannah. It has an undulating surface and rich soil. Columbia, Ky., c. h. Adair co. Columbia, La., c. h. Caldwell co. 273 miles N. W. from New Orleans. Columbia, Me., Washington co. At the head of tide water on the W. side of Pleasant River. 120 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Columbia, Mi., c. h. Marion co. On the E. bank of Pearl River. 113 miles S. S. E. from Jackson. Columbia. Mo., c. h. Boone co. Columbia, N. C, c. h. Tyrrell co. On the E. side of Scoupernony Creek, a little E. of its en trance into Albemarle Sound, and 200 miles E. from Raleigh. Columbia, N. O, c. h. Tyrrell co. 200 miles E. from Raleigh. Columbia, N. H, Coos co. This town lies on the E. bank of Connecticut River. The surface is uneven, the mountains of Stratford lying along the S. From these a number of streams descend into the Connecticut. There are also several small ponds here ; on the borders of one, called Lime, vast quantities of shells are found, from which a species of lime is made. Lime Pond is 100 rods long, 80 wide, and of an irregular ellip tical shape. Its bottom is covered, to the depth of 6 feet, with white calcareous marl. It was first granted in 1770. 30 miles N. from Lancas ter, and 143 N. from Concord'. Columbia County, N. Y., c. h. at Hudson. On the E. border S., between the Hudson and the Massachusetts line. Kinderhook, Claverack, Copake, and Ancram or Roeliff Jansen's Creeks water this county. Surface hilly on the E. ; soil greatly diversified. The Hudson and Berkshire and the Hudson River Railroads cross this county. Columbia, N. Y, Herkimer co. Some of the head branches of the Susquehanna and Unadilla Rivers, and a few small tributaries of the Mohawk, water this town. The surface is hilly ; the soil sandy and calcareous loam. 75 miles N. W. from Albany. Columbia City, On., c. h. Clark co. Columbia County, Pa., e. h. at Danville. N. E. central. The E. branch of the Susquehanna River and Big Roaring, Fishing, and Catawissa Creeks water this county. Surface rough and uneven ; soil productive. Columbia, Pa. A township of Bradford co. Columbia, Pa., Lancaster co. On the E. bank of the Susquehanna River. 30 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. It is connected with Havre de Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehanna, by a canal, and with Philadelphia by railroad. " A bridge hero crosses the Susquehanna, a mile and 390 feet in length, resting on stone piers. An aqueduct supplies the place with water for do mestic and other purposes. The trade with Phil adelphia and Baltimore is large in lumber, coal, iron. &c. Columbia, S. C. City, capital of the state, and seat of justice of Richland co. 73 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 120 miles N. N. W. from Charleston. Situated on the E. side of the Con garee River, immediately below the confluence of the Broad and Saluda Rivers, which unite to form the Congaree. The city stands upon an elevated plain, about a mile back from the river, from which there is a handsome and extensive prospect in all directions. It is laid out with regularity, the streets crossing each other at right angles, 100 or 150 feet in width, and many of them ornamented with trees. The state house, near the centre of the city, is a plain edifice of wood, 170 feet long, 60 feet wide, and two stories high. The other public buildings are a court house and jail, a town hall, a market hpuse, an academy, and a female sem inary, a large lunatic hospital, and churches of the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Methodist, Bap tist, and Roman Catholic denominations. The edifice of the Presbyterian Church is an elegant building, with two lofty spires. The buildings of the South Carolina College, which is situated here, are handsomely located upon a lot of 25 acres, enclosed by a wall of brick. The build ings, which are of brick, consist of two for students, 200 feet long, 25 feet wide, and three stories high, a building for the library and other rooms for the use of the college, upon the top of which is an astronomical observatory. The > president's house is situated at the head ofthe opening between the two college buildings, which are placed opposite to each other. There is also a theological seminary at Columbia, founded in 1831. Columbia is a place of considerable business. A railroad extends to Branchville, 60 miles, where it connects with the Charleston and Au gusta Railroad. A steamboat also plies between Columbia and Charleston. The Saluda Canal, about six miles long, built for the purpose of avoiding the falls in the Congaree, passes through the city, and boats of large draught ascend to this place. Columbia, Te., c. h. Maury co. On the S. bank of Duck River. Jackson College is located here. (See Colleges.) 42 miles S. S. W. from Nashville. Columbia, Va., c. h. Fluvanna co. On the N. bank of James River, at the mouth of the Ri- vanna, and 50 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. Columbia County, Wn., c. h. at Decorra. S. central part. Includes the carrying place from the water of Fox to the Wisconsin. Columbiana, Aa., c. h. Shelby co. Columbiana County, O., New Lisbon, shire town. Situated in the N. E. section of the state, on the Pennsylvania state line, having Mahoning co. on the N., Jefferson co. on the S., and Stark and Carroll counties on the W. and S. W. It is 30 miles in length from E. to W., and 25 miles in average breadth from N. to S. A portion of its S. E. boundary is on the Ohio River, about 40 miles below Pittsburg. The Sandy and Bea ver Canal, connecting the Ohio Canal with the Ohio River, in the direction of Pittsburg, trav erses the centre of this county. The railroad between Cleveland and Pittsburg, Pa., also passes near to the whole extent of its northern boundary. Most of the S. part of the county is broken and hilly, and has a light, but productive soil. The central and northern parts are more level, and have a soil which, under good cultivation, yields the most abundant returns for the labor be stowed. Extensive quarries of lime and sand stone are found in almost every part of the county, and the hills and valleys contain inex haustible beds of clay and deposits of bitu minous coal. The principal streams are the Little Beaver and its branches. Owing to its 336 COUNTIES CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, elevation, the fall on these streams, in their de scent towards the Ohio, is great ; furnishing an amount of water power, available for mills and manufacturing purposes, which is equalled by th,at of few other parts of the western country. The staple commodities are wheat, horses, and sheep. Population in 1850, about 6000. Columbus, Ga. City, and seat of justice of Muscogee co. Situated on the eastern bank of the Chattahoochee River, at the head of steam boat navigation, 375 miles above Appalachicola, at the mouth of the bay, and 124 miles W. S. W. from Milledgeville, the capital of the state. There is a succession of falls, or rapids, in the river immediately above Columbus, over which it descends about 110 feet in the distance of 4 miles. The city stands on a fine elevation above the level of the river, and covers about 1200 acres of ground. It was laid out in 1828, and has had a rapid growth. The two principal streets, run ning N. and S, are 1 65 feet wide. Six others, parallel to these, are 132 feet wide. These are intersected at right angles by 12 others, 99 feet in width. Many of the buildings of the city, both~public and private, are large and elegant. The court house is one of the finest in the state. It is of brick, 60 by 90 feet on the ground, and two stories high, having a fine Grecian Doric portico on each front. Some of the church edi fices are handsome buildings. The Planters and Mechanics Bank is a beautiful building, modelled after the Temple of the Winds, at Athens, hav ing an elegant portico of six fluted columns. The Oglethorpe House, a fine hotel, is the largest building in the city, excepting the cotton ware house. This warehouse is one of the most capa cious, substantial, ami convenient, in the state. It stands on the bank of the river, is built of brick, fire proof, 133 feet long, and 148 feet wide, covering an acre and three quarters of ground. The exportation of cotton from Columbus is a large business. Steamboats ply between this place and New Orleans, and the number running to different points upon the river is fifteen or twenty. Boats drawing five feet of water can come up to the city at all seasons. A fine bridge here crosses the Chattahoochee, which cost $30,000. Population in 1840, 31 14 ; in 1850, 6000. Columbus, la., c. h. Bartholomew co. On the E. side of the E. fork of White River, 41 miles S. S. E. from Indianapolis. . Columbus, Ky., c. h. Hickman co. Columbus, Mi., c. h. Lowndes co. On the E. bank of the Tombigbee, at the head of steamboat navigation, and is elevated 120 feet above the river. A United States land office is here. 141 miles N. E. from Jackson. Columbus County, N. C, c. h. at Whitesville. In the southern angle, bordering on South Caro lina. Watered by the Little Pedee and Wac camaw Rivers. Surfaco level, and partly marshy. Columbus, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by the Unadilla River and some of its branches. The surface is hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam. 14 miles N. E. from Norwich, and 83 W. from Albany. Columbus, O. City, capital of the state, and seat of justice of Franklin co. 140 miles S. W. from Cleveland, and 125 N. E. from Cincinnati. It is on the same parallel of latitude with Phila delphia, 450 miles W., and on the same meridian with Detroit, 175 miles S. Population in 1840, 6048; in 1850, 16,634. It is situated on the E. bank of the Scioto, upon ground rising gradually from the river, and affording an eligible site for a large city. This spot was selected by the leg islature as the seat of government in 1812, while it was yet a wilderness, and is designated in the act as " the high bank of Scioto River, opposite Franklinton." It is laid out, as alt towns established in such a manner are usually laid out, with the most entire regularity; the streets crossing each other at right angles, and forming spacious squares, which are often divided into lesser squares by alleys, or narrower streets, intersecting each other in the middle. Broad Street, which extends from the bridge, over which the national road passes the Scioto, to the east ern limits of the city, is 120 feet wide, and High Street, at right angles with this, which is the principal seat of business, is 100 feet wide. The other streets are 88 feet in width. A substantial quay has been constructed along the margin of the river, 1300 feet long, which affords every fa cility for loading and unloading goods, produce, and other articles transported upon the river; or through the Ohio Canal, which passes 11 miles S. of this point, and is connected with the Scioto at Columbus by a canal, or feeder, of that length. In the centre of the town is a public square of 10 acres, handsomely enclosed, designed origin ally for the public buildings. It has Broad Street on the N. side, and High Street on the W. Upon the S. W. corner of this square, fronting towards theW., stands the State House, which is abrick edi fice, 75 feet long by 50 feet wide, two stories high, and surmounted with a handsome cupola, from the balcony of which a beautiful view of the city and the surrounding country is obtained. The winding course of the river, the pleasant town of Franklinton, on its opposite bank, and many features of the more distant prospect, give a varied and pleasing interest to this view. The representatives' hall is on the lower floor of the state house, and the senate chamber is immedi ately above. The public offices are in a separate building, 100 feet long by 25 feet wide, standing directly N. of the State House. In the same line, a little farther N., is the Court House, for the United States District Court. There are many elegant private dwellings in Columbus ; but the general style of building is characterized rather by neatness than display. The churches of the different denominations are numerous, and many of them well sustained. Tho First Presbyterian Church in Columbus was organized in 1818, and their neat brick edifice stands near the S. E. corner of the public square. The Bap tist Church is a large and handsome building at the corner of Third and Rich Streets, and the Episcopal Church is a stone edifice on Broad Street, opposite the public square. The several state institutions, located at Co lumbus, do honor to the state, while they greatly adorn the city. The Ohio Lunatic Asylum oc cupies an open area, about 1 mile E. of the State House, and is a truly noblo structure. The buildings present a front of 376 feet, with wings on the right and left projecting 11 feet forward, and running back 218 feet, thus forming a spa cious court in tho rear. They cover an acre of ground, and contain 440 rooms. About 30 acres of land are attached to the establishment, form ing a quiet and ample retreat for such patients as are able to enjoy it. The cost of erecting IN THE UNITED STATES. 337 the buildings of the Lunatic Asylum was over $550,000. Tho Ohio Deaf and Dumb Asylum is located about one third of a mile E. of the State House, on-grounds which are handsomely laid out, and adWned with shrubbery. Its site was selected in 1829, and it went into operation as soon as the necessary arrangements could be made. The buildings are of brick, and cost, with the grounds, about $25,000. The Ohio Institution for the Education of the Blind is another of these noble institutions, lo cated at Columbus. It is situated on the national road, about three quarters of a mile easterly from the State House. The edifice is a large and handsome structure, Of brick, with a beautiful lawn in front. The institution was established in 1837, and is in a flourishing condition. The state penitentiary, which is situated on the eastern bank of the Scioto, about half a mile N. from the State House, is the largest and most imposing of the public edifices at Columbus. The main building is constructed of hewn lime stone, and consists of a centre building, 56 feet front, and four stories high, with two wings each, 200 feet long, and three stories high ; presenting an entire front of 456 feet in extent. With the prison yard in the rear, upon the three sides of which are the long ranges of workshops for the prisoners, the buildings of the penitentiary en close a hollow square of 6 acres. The centre building of the main edifice, as seen in front, contains the house of the warden, the office, and the guard rooms ; and each of the wings contains 350 cells for prisoners, arranged in 5 tiers, and exposed through the whole line to the observa tion of the officers from the guard rooms. A railroad, about two miles long, has been laid down from the prison to a stone quarry, where a portion of the convicts are employed in getting out stone. The discipline of this prison is excel lent The prisoners attend divine service on the Sabbath, and enjoy the privileges of a Sabbath school, and the use of an excellent library, com prising several hundred volumes. They have Bibles in their cells, unite in exercises of sa cred music, and are permitted, occasionally, to hear temperance addresses, &c, in the chapel. Their labor yields to the state, after defraying the expenses of the prison, a. surplus of $16,000 or $18,000 annually. On tho 10th of February, 1816, Columbus was incorporated as a borough. Its present city char ter was granted March 3, 1834. The mayor is elected for two years. The city is divided into five wards, each of which elects four members of the city council, who hold their offices for four years, one in each ward being elected annu ally. All other officers are elected annually. Columbus, Pa. A township of Warren co. Comal County, Ts., c. h. at New Braumfels. S. central. On the head waters of the Guada loupe. Concord, Me., Somerset co. Concord, Ms., Middlesex co. This is one of the shire towns, and is situated on a river of the same name. This was the first inland settlement in the colony of Massachusetts Bay, and derives its name from the harmony in which it was pur chased of the natives. Its Indian title was Mus- ketaquid. The surface is quite level ; the soil, in some parts, is sandy, but generally it is moist and fertile. The Concord and Assabet Rivers 43 water the town, and the Fitcliburg Railroad passes through it It was here that the first British life was taken in the war of the revolution. 20 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 30 N. E. from Worcester. < Concord, N. C, c. h. Cabarras co. On the E. side of Big Coldwater Creek, a branch of Rocky River. 139 miles W. S. W. from Raleigh. Concord, N. H., c. h. Merrimac co. The capital of the state. Population in 1840, 4897 ; in 1850, . 8584. It lies on both sides of the Merrimac River, and contains an area of about 41,000 acres. There are five ponds in Concord, the largest of w'hich are Turkey Pond, in the S. W., and Long Pond, in the N. W. parts of the town, on tho streams passing from which are some valuable mills and privileges. The Contoocook River enters the W. corner of the town, and uniting with the Merrimac on the N. W. line, forms, at its junction, the island celebrated in history, where Mrs. Dustin made a desperate escape from a party of Indians, who were carrying her into captivity, in 1698. On the borders of the Merrimac, which is the prin cipal river of this region, are rich, well-cultivated intervale lands. The business between Boston and Concord was formerly conducted by means of the Middlesex canal and locks, on the Mer rimac River ; but since the construction of the railroads, the canal has been abandoned. The great increase notwithstanding, both of travel and trade, between these two places, is one of the best proofs of the superiority of railroad trans portation. Concord is rapidly increasing in busi ness, wealth, and population, by the extension of numerous railroads to various points. The Concord Railroad has a splendid depot, from which start the trains running N., S., E., and W.; thoy also have an extensive freight de pot 300 feet in length. In connection with these buildings, they have a large engine house, machine shop, repair shop, paint shop, and car house, with extensive wood sheds. In the centre of the building is a large and commodious hall, accommodating from 1 500 to 2000 people. The buildings belonging to the Northern Railroad are not so extensive as those of the Concord ; they have a large machine shop, a repair shop, and one of the best engine houses in New England. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal, the Concord and Claremont, and Portsmouth and Concord Rail roads are more or less dependent upon the two former roads for various accommodations. The main village is situated on the westerly side of the Merrimac River, and extends over a surface of about two miles iri length, and from a half to three fourths in width. Many Of the streets are handsomely laid out, and are beautifully adorned by shrubbery of various kinds. On Main Street, six rods in width, is situated the State House, in the centre of a beautiful common, with a thrifty growth of maple and elm trees. Much of the mercantile business of the place is done on Main Street, which runs N. and S. from the State House, nearly a mile each way. All of the public houses, and a largo proportion of the manufactories and shops, may here be found. . Near the northern extremity of State Street, two. miles in length, also' a very handsome street, is situated the Methodist Biblical Institute, a theo logical school, commenced in 1847, and now in successful operation. The state prison is located on this street. On the westerly side of the Con cord and Claremont Railroad is a very extensive, 338 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, iron foundery, with several mills and shops, with various "kinds of machinery, propelled by steam power. There are also several establish ments for the manufacture of coaches and other vehicles. Some are very distinguished for their superior skill and workmanship, and employ a large amount of labor and capital. In the. Con cord portion of Fishers ville, near the junction of the Contoocook River .with the Merrimac, six miles N. of the main village, about half of which is in Concord and the other half in Bos- cawen, there are a large cotton factory, various other manufacturing establishments, and sites for two other factories equal to the one already completed. This village, on both sides the Con toocook, has grown up rapidly, and is still increas ing. It is traversed by the Northern and Clare mont Railroads, which afford great facilities for transportation.. The W. village, better known as the West Par ish, is situated about .half way between Fishers- villc and the main village. Here are manufac tured Some of the finest flannels and blankets in the country. The Concord and Claremont Rail road passes through this place. The E. village, situated on the easterly side of theMerrimac River,distant about 2 miles from the State House, is a very thrifty ami growing place, connected with the main village by Federal Bridge; also by the Boston, Concord, and Mon treal Railroad. Concord, N. Y., Erie co. Situated on the N. side of Cattaraugus Creek, and watered by sev eral small streams. The surface is quite hilly. the soil favorable to the growth of grass. 282 miles W. from Albany, and 25 S. from Buffalo. Concord, Pa., Delaware co. Watered by Paint er's Creek, which affords good hydraulic power. 20 miles W. from Philadelphia. Concord, Pa., Franklin co. At the head of Tuscarora Creek. 12 miles W.from Harrisburg. Concord, Pa., Erie co. Watered by branches of French and Broken Straw Creeks. Surface hilly, and well suited to grazing. Concord, Vt, Essex co. Hall's Pond, lying near the centre of the town, is about a mile long, and about 100 rods wide. Miles's Pond is about the same size, and lies near the N. E. corner of the town. This town is watered by Moose and Connecticut Rivers, also by several small streams. The surface is uneven, and in the N. E. parts very stony. It is an excellent grazing township, and has some good tillage land. The first set tlement was commenced in 1788, by Joseph Ball. 24 miles S. W. from Guildhall, and 44 N. E. by E. from Montpelier. Concordia Parish, La., c. h. at Vidalia, E. part, between the Washita and the Mississippi. Sur face flat, and mostly liable to inundation ; soil extremely fertile, producing large crops of cotton. Conecuh County, Aa., e. h. at Sparta. On the S. border. Watered by Coneouh River and its tributaries. Conemaugh, Pa., Cambria co. Situated at the junction of Conemaugh River and Stone Creek. Hilly ; soil of clay and calcareous loam. Conemaugh, Pa., Indiana co. Watered by Black leg's Creek and Conemaugh River. Surface hilly ; soil a rich loam. Salt is found here on tho banks of the Conemaugh. CWicms, N.Y., Livingston co. Between Cone- seus and Hemlock Lakes. Hilly ; the soil hardly of the medium quality, 221 miles W. from Albany. Conesville, N. Y, Schoharie co. Drained by the Manor Kill, a branch of Schoharie Creek. Hilly ; the soil sandy loam. 42 miles S. W. from Albany. Conewago, Pa. A township of Adams co. Conewago. Pa. A township of York co. ,* Conequenessing, Pa., Butler co. Conequenessing, Breackneck and Yellow Creeks water this town. Surface undulating; soil clay, gravel, and loam, Conestoga, Pa., Lancaster co. 5 miles S. from Lancaster. Conhocton, N. Y., Steuben co. Conhocton River and some of its branches water this town, the sur face of which is hilly, and the soil moist clay loam, favorable to the growth of grass. 225 miles W. from Albany. Conklin. N. Y., Broome co. The Susquehan na River flows through this town. The surface is rather hilly, with the exception of a deep val ley on the banks of the river. 5 miles S. E. from Binghampton, and 152 S. W. from Albany. Conneaut, Pa., Erie co. Surface hilly: watered by Conneaut Lake and Creek ; soil loam and gravel. Conneaut, Pa., Crawford co. This town has an undulating surface and gravelly soil. Conneaut, 0., Ashtabula co. Township and town, formerly called Salem. On the shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of Conneaut Creek. Connellsville, Pa., Fayette co. 180 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. Connemaugh, Pa. A township of Somerset co. Connersville, la., c. h. Fayette co. On the W. side of Whitewater River. 60 miles E. S. E. from Indianapolis. Connewango, N. Y., Cattaraugas co. Watered by Connewango and Little Connewango Creeks. The surface is high and broken ; the soil fertile. 302 miles W. by S. from Albany. Connewango, Pa., Wan-en co. Bounded on tho S. by the Alleghany River, and drained by Cone wago Creek. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, es pecially in the S. part Conquest, N. Y., Cayuga co. On the N. side of Seneca River, in which is Howland's Island, belonging to this town. It also contains Duck Lake. The surface is rolling ; the soil sandy and clay loam. 162 miles N. W. from Albany, and 15 N. from Auburn. Constable, N. Y., Franklin co. Trout River waters this town, which is bounded by Canada on the N. The surface is level ; soil sandy loam. 218 miles N. N. W from Albany, and 6 N.frbm Malone. Constantia, N. Y,, Oswego co. Watered by Scriba's Creek and other small streams flowing into Oneida Lake, which bounds it on the S. The surface is level; soil sandy. 30 miles S. E. from Oswego, and 140 N. of W. from Albany. Constantine, Mil., St Joseph eo. On St. Joseph River, at the mouth of Fall River, 149 miles W. S. W. from Detroit A place of extensive business, having excellent water power. Steam boats pass the mouth of the St. Joseph. Contoocook Village, N. H. In the town of Hop- kinton, Merrimac co. On Contoocook River, which affords extensive hydraulic power. W. from Concord 10 miles. Contra Costa County, Ca., c. h. at Martinez. In the south angle, between San Francisco Bay and the outlet of the Sacramento. Conway County, As., c. h. at Lewisburg, Central. On the N. bank of the Arkansas. IN THE UNITED STATES. 339 Surface uneven, and drained by Cadron and Point Remove Creeks. Conway, Ms., Franklin co. South and Bear Rivers, tributaries of Deerfield River, give to Conway an excellent water power. The surface is uneven, and in some parts quite elevated ; the soil is strong. The village, in the centre of the town, is located in a small valley, between Beat's and Billing's Hills ;. it is very neat and picturesque. 8 miles S. W. from Greenfield, and 98 W. N. W. from Boston. ' Conway, N. H, Carroll co. Swift, Pequaukett Rivers, and another stream, discharge themselves into Saco River, in this town. Saco River here is from 10 to 12 rods wide, and about 2 feet deep ; its current rapid, and broken by falls. Walker's, and Little Pequaukett Ponds are in this town. There is a detached block^of granite on the southern side of Pine Hill, the largest per haps in the state. There is a sulphur spring on the bank of Cold Brook. The land, when well cultivated, produces large crops of corn and rye. Daniel Foster, in 1765, obtained a grant of this township, on condition that each grantee should pay a rent of one ear of Indian corn annually, for the space of ten years, if demanded. Con way is a great resort for travellers from the S. E. to the White Mountains, for whom there are good accommodations. See Fashionable Resorts. Settled in 1764, '8 and '9. 76 miles N. N. E. from Concord. Conwayboio', S. C, c. h. Horry district. On the W. bank of Waccamaw River, at the head of steamboat navigation, and 196 miles E. by S. from Columbia. Cook County, Is., c. h. Chicago. In the N. E. corner of the state, on Lake Michigan. Calu met, Chicago, and Des Plaines Rivers water this county. Surface undulating, and in parts marshy. Cook County, Ts. Now. Coolbaugh's, Pa., Monroe co. 138 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Cool Spring, Pa., Mercer co. Watered by Cool Spring and Otter Creeks, branches of Neshanock River. W. N. W. from Harrisburg 175 miles. Cooper "County, Mo., c. h. at Booneville. Central. On the S. bank of the Missouri. Watered by La Mine and Little Saline Rivers and Manitou Creek. Surface undulating ; soil of excellent quality. Cooper, Me., Washington co. Denny's River, emptying into Mcddybemps Lake, and both dis charging into the River St. Croix at Baring, water the N. part of this town. It lies 164 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and about 36 miles N. from Machias. Cooperstown, N. Y., c. h. Otsego co. Beautifully located on a plain at the outlet of Otsego Lake. 69 miles W. from Albany. There is here a very fine water power. Coos County, N. H., c. h. at Lancaster. N. part of the state. Coos is the largest county in N. H, and within its limits are situated most of the un- granted lands. Large portions are mountainous and cannot be cultivated. It is 76 miles in length, and about 20 in width. Besides the stupendous pile of the White Mountains, in this county, there are several other mountains of no inconsider able height Three of the principal rivers in New England, the Connecticut, Androscoggin, and Saco, take their rise in this county. Umbagog Lake, the source of the Androscoggin, lies partly in this county, though most of it is in Maine. Lake Connecticut is situated N. of lat. 45°, and is one of the sources of Connecticut River. Coosa County, Aa., c. h. at Rockford. E. cen tral, between the Tallapoosa and Coosa. Drained by Hatchet, Paint, and Wawakee Creeks, branches of the Coosa. Surface varied ; soil productive. Copake, N. Y., Columbia co. Drained by An cram Creek, which flows through several small lakes. The E. part of the town is hilly, and on the W. is a broad valley, the soil of which is very fertile. 17 miles S. E. from Hudson, and 47 S. S. E. from Albany. Copenhagen, N. Y., Lewis co. On Deer River, which, half a mile below this place, has a nearly perpendicular descent of 175 feet 149 miles N. W. from Albany. Copiah County, Mi„ c. h. at Gallatin. In the S. W. part of the state, on the W. side of Pearl River. Bayou Pierre and the head branches of Homochito River traverse this county Copper Harbor, Mn., Houghton co. In lat. 47° 28' and Ion. 88° 45', near the extremity of Kee waiwona Point, which projects nearly into the middle of Lake Superior from its southern shore. It is a tolerably safe retreat for small vessels and steamboats, and is of importance on that account, but it is not sufficiently near to the Working mines to be supported by any business population. A post office, and a tavern, with a few humble dwellings, is all that this place can boast of. This harbor was well known to the French mis sionaries 230 years ago, and tho green silicate of copper or chrysocolla, which formed the outcrop of the black oxide of copper vein, was described by those missionaries in a work published in Paris, in 1626. In 1 845, this mine was opened by the Boston and Pittsburg Mining Company, but it was soon exhausted of its ore, the lode having been cut off by a bed of fine-grained red sand stone, as had been predicted it would be by the geologist who first surveyed the mining regions of Keewaiwona Point. The mine was therefore soon after abandoned, and no more black oxide of copper has been found there. The rooks at Copper Harbor are a coarse con glomerate, a pudding stone, fine red sandstone, and trap rocks, mostly of an amygdaloidal struc ture, the latter skirting the coast, and forming the capes and headlands. Copper Harbor is now distinguished from other places on Keewaiwo na Point for the absence of copper, which is so abundant at Eagle River, and Eagle Harbor, 18 or 20 miles to the westward of it. Corinna, Me., Somerset co. Situated 53 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and about 35 N. W. from Norridgewock. Incorporated 1816. Corinth, Me., Penobscot co. 81 miles N. by W. from Augusta. Watered by the Kenduskeag. A fine township. Corinth, N. Y., Saratoga co. . Situated on tbe W. side of the Hudson River. The surface is roll ing; soil sandy. 16 miles N.from Ballston Spa, and 49 N. from Albany. Corinth, Vt, Orange co. The surface is gen erally very uneven and broken, and the elevations abrupt ; yet the land is, in almost every part, sus ceptible of cultivation. The soil consists of a dark loam, mixed with some sand. Some miner als are found here. This township is well wa tered by Wait's River and several of its branches. On North Branch, in the N. E. corner of the town, is East Village, first settled in 1777, by Ezekiel Colby and family. 20 miles S. E- from Montpelier; and 10 N. E. from Chelsea. The Central and Passumpsic Railroads pass near. 340 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &o. Corning, N. Y., Steuben co. An important place on the S. side of Chemung River, 213 miles W. S. W. from Albany. The Erie Railroad passes through this place. A canal connects it with Seneca Lako, and a railroad with Bloss burg, in Pa. Cornish, Me., York co. Bounded N. by the Saco and Great Ossipee Rivers. 83 miles S. W. from Augusta, 32 W. by N. from Portland, and 25 N. from Alfred. Incorporated 1794. Cornish pro duces good crops of wheat and some wool. Cornish, N. H., Sullivan co. Connecticut River waters the W. part of this town, and a bridge connects Cornish with Windsor, Vt. The soil is fertile. The town is hilly, except that part which lies on the river. Blow-me-down and Bryant's Brooks are the only streams of any magnitude. First settlers, emigrants from Massachusestts, in 1765. 17 miles N. from Charlestown, and 60 N. W. by W. from Concord. The Sullivan Rail road here connects with a road to Burlington by crossing a bridge to Windsor. Corn Planter, Pa., Venango co. 217 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Cornville, Me., Somerset co. This town is well watered by the Wessaranset River, a branch of the Kennebec. There is much choice land in Cornville. Cornwall, Ct, Litchfield co. This mountainous township lies on the E. side of Housatonic River. The scenery about the south village is very beauti ful. The mountains and lofty hills which rise immediately on almost every side, shutting out, in a sense, the most of the world from this ap parently retired spot, present a bold and most striking feature in the landscape. This village is the place where a Foreign Mission School for educating youth was established in 1818. 38 miles W. from Hartford. Cornwall, Vt., Addison co. This is a hand some township of land, and the surface is gener ally level. Lemonfair River crosses the N. W. corner, and Otter Creek washes a part of the east ern boundary. In the S. part of the town is a quarry of excellent dark blue limestone, and near the centre of the town is a bed of hydraulic cement, or native lime. Beautiful calcareous spar is found in the western part. Along Otter Creek is a large swamp, covering several thou sand acres. The settlement was commenced in 1774. Distances, 50 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 36 S. from Burlington. Cornwall, N. Y, Orange co. Situated on the W. bank of the Hudson River, 100 miles S. from Albany. The surface of this town, being chiefly within the Highlands, is hilly, and in a great part mountainous, including in its area those well- known summits Bare Mountain, Crow's Nest, and Butter Hill. The physical features of this whole region are highly interesting and romantic. There arc several localities in this town of interest in our revolutionary history ; such are West Point, and tho sites of the old forts Putnam, Clinton, and Montgomery. The two former are situated at West Point, and the latter on an eminence in the S. part of the town, near tho Hudson. The landing for Cornwall is at the village bearing the same name, 4 miles S. of Newburg, at the north ern termination of the Highlands. See West Point. Corpus Christi, Ts., c. h. Nueces co. Cortland, N. Y., Westchester co. On the E. side of the Hudson. Watered by Croton River and several small streams. This town was the theatre of many exciting scenes during the revo lutionary war. The surface is hilly, and in parts mountainous ; a peak of the Highlands, called the lower " Anthony's Nose," being situated in the N. W. part 110 miles S. from Albany, and 16 N. W. from White Plains. Cortland County, N. Y., c. h. at Cortlandville. Central. It was formed from1 Onondago co. in 1808. Watered by Tioughnioga and Ostelic Rivers, which, with their branches, afford much valuable water power. Surface elevated and hilly, with broad fertile valleys ; soil mostly of excellent quality. Iron ore and marl are found in small quantities, and there are two or three sulphur and brine springs. Cortlandville, N. Y., c. h. Cortland co. Wa tered by Tioughnioga River, and some of its branches. The surface is undulating ; the soil very fertile. 140 miles W. from Albany. Corunna, Mn., c. h. Shiawassee co. On Shia wassee River, which affords good hydraulic power. N. W. from Detroit 79 miles. Coal, sandstone, and lime are found near this place. Corydon, la., c. h. Harrison co. On the E. bank of Indian Creek, a branch of the Ohio River. 126 miles S. from Indianapolis. Coshocton County, 0., c. h. at Coshocton. E. central. Many mounds and burial-places are found here. The land is uneven, but rich and fertile, and is well watered by Walhonding and Killbuck Rivers, and several creeks. The Ohio Canal crosses the county. Three salt wells are found here, and iron and lead ore, and stone coal. Coshocton, 0., seat of justice of Coshocton co. 30 miles N. from Zanesville, and 83 E. N. E. from Columbus. It is at the junction of the Tuscarawas and Walhonding Rivers, which here unite and form the Muskingum. Steamboats come up here occasionally in high water. The ground on which the town is built rises beauti fully from the river, by four natural terraces, each about 9 feet above the other ; the first three of which are about 400 feet in width, and the last about 1000. The public square, on wbich the county buildings are located, is about 60 rods back from the Muskingum, and contains 4 acres, neatly enclosed, and planted with trees. The streets are laid out at right angles with each other, dividing the town plot into 36 blocks, which are more or less built upon. There are four or five churches in the place, one or two printing offices, and several manufacturing estab lishments. A bridge across the Muskingum con nects this place with Roscoe, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, at the point whore the Walhonding Canal unites with it. Cossawago, Pa. A township of Crawford co. Cotton Gin Port, Mi., Monroe co. On the E. side of the Tombigbee River, just below the junc tion of tho E. and W. branches. ISO miles N.E. from Jackson. Council Bluffs, Io., on the Missouri River, where the Pottawatamie agency was, is the great crossing-place on the Missouri for emigrants by the northern route for Utah, Oregon, and Cali fornia. Council Bluffs Indian sub-agency is on the opposite side of the river. Fort Calhoun, often designated on maps as Council Bluffs, was situated 28 miles above, on the Nebraska side. The route by Council Bluffs is destined by nature for tho great thoroughfare to the Pacific. This IN THE UNITED STATES. 341 was the road selected by " nature's civil engineers," the buffalo and the elk, for their western travel. The Indians followed them in the same trail; then the traders ; next the settlers came. The estimation in which this route is held may well be judged by any one who will take the trouble to look over the volume of recommendations from emigrants, traders, and Indian agents. Coventry, Ct, Tolland co. The Wangombog, a beautiful pohd, and the Skungamug, Hop, and Willimantic Rivers, give Coventry a good water power. This town was first settled in 1700. The surface is uneven, and the soil a gravelly loam. 18 miles E. from Hartford. Coventry, N. Y., Chenango co. Drained by Harper's and Kelsey's Creeks, branches of the Susquehanna River. The surface is hilly ; soil sandy loam, suitable for the growth of grass. 1 6 miles S. from Norwich, and 117 S. W.from Albany. Coventry, Pa., Chester co. On the Tioga River. Surface hilly, abounding with coal and iron ; soil clay and gravelly loam. Coventry, R. I., Kent co. This is a very large township, extending to the N. line of Connecti cut, and admirably watered by numerous ponds, and by Flat River, an important branch of the Pawtucket Coventry has long been noted for the number and variety of its manufactures, par ticularly of cotton and wool. The soil of the town is well adapted to agricultural pursuits. There are a number of pleasant villages in Cov entry, all of which are flourishing, both in manu facturing and trade. 10 miles S. W. from Provi dence. Coventry, Vt, Orleans co. Barton and Black Rivers run northerly through this town into Memphremagog Lake. There are good mill privileges in this town on Black River, and like wise on some of the smaller streams. The other waters are the S. bay of Lake Memphremagog, and two small ponds. The soil is generally good. Its timber is mostly maple and beech. The western part of the town is somewhat broken, but not mountainous. The village is situated at the falls in Black River, in the S. W. part of the town, and is in a flourishing state. The first settlement commenced about the year 1800. 4 miles N. from Irasburg, and 46 N. E. from Montpelier. Covert, N. Y., Seneca co. On the W. side of Seneca Lake, and watered by several small streams flowing into the lake. The surface is 'high and level; the soil fertile. 177 miles W. from Albany. Covington County, Aa., c. h. at Montezuma. On the S. border. Watered by Conecuh. Yellow Water, and Pea Rivers. Soil rather sterile. Covington, Ga., c. h. Newton co. About 3 miles E. from Yellow River, a branch of Ockmulgee River, and 61 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. The site of Emery College. See Colleges. Covington, la., c. h. Fountain co. On the E. bank of the Wabash. 74 miles W. N. W. from Indianapolis. Covington, Ky. City, Kenton co. Situated on the S. bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of Licking River, directly opposite Cincinnati. 85 miles S. E. from Frankfort. It is built upon a beautiful plain, several miles in extent, and the streets are so laid out as to correspond with those of Cincin nati, and appear a continuation of them, with only the river interposed. Many persons doing business in Cincinnati are induced, by the facili ties of crossing the river by steam ferry boats, which is here about 600 yards wide, to make their residence in Covington ; and this tendency will doubtless much increase hereafter with the growth of Cincinnati, and the greater difficulty and ex pense of obtaining residences near the centre of business. It has, moreover, a large business of its own, consisting of various manufacturing es tablishments, and large operations in pork. The principal public buildings of Covington are a spacious City Hall, two female academies, the Western Baptist Theological Seminary, and several handsome church edifices. The Metho dists and Roman Catholics have each two churches here; and the Presbyterians, Baptists. Episco palians, and the Reformed, or Christian Baptists, one each. The Theological Seminary is a well- endowed institution, and is now in a flourishing condition. It is under the patronage of the West ern Baptist Education Society. The buildings are pleasantly located in the centre of a square containing 10 acres, upon elevated ground, over looking Cincinnati and the surrounding villages. When the plan of construction is fully carried out, there will be two theological buildings, like the one which is now erected, 120 feet long by 46 feet deep, four stories high, with a large and ele gant chapel between them. Covington is rapidly increasing, and is destined, probably, to be the largest city in Kentucky. Population in 18"40, 2026; iii 1850, about 10,000. Newport, with 7000 inhabitants, adjoins it on the opposite side of the Licking, making in fact one town. Covington, La., c. h. St. Tammany parish. On a small river which flows into Lake Poutchar- train. 45 miles N. from New Orleans. Covington County, Mi., e. h. at Williamsburg. S. central. Watered by branches of Leaf, a tributary of the Pascagoula River. Soil mostly of indifferent quality. Covington, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Allen's Creek. The surface is rolling, tho soil fertile. 24 1 miles W. from Albany. Covington, Pa., Luzerne co. The Lehigh River forms the S. E. and S. boundary of this town. Covington, Va., c. h. Alleghany co. Among the mountains, on Jackson's River, near the junction of Pott's Creek. 196 miles W. from Richmond. Cowdensport, Pa., c. h. Potter eo. Coweta County, Ga., c. h. at Newman. W. cen tral. Between the head waters of Flint River and the Chattahoochee. Cowpens, S. G, Spartanburg district. This place, which lies between Pacolet and Broad Rivers, is famous for the battle of Cowpens, which was fought in its vicinity, January 11, 1781. 117 miles N. W. from Columbia. Coxsackie, N. Y., Greene co. On the W. bank of the Hudson River, and watered ,by several small streams. The surface of the E. part is level, and the W. hilly. 22 miles S. from Albany. Craftsbury, Vt, Orleans co. This township is well watered by Black River, which is formed here, and by its several branches, which afford numerous mill privileges. The Indian name of this river was Elligosigo. Wild Branch passes through the W. part of this township. There are five natural ponds, viz., Elligo. Great Hosmer, Little Hosmer, and two smaller ponds. The geology of this town is in many respects interest ing, and, in some, peculiar. Few areas of the same space, in a region of primary rocks, furnish 342 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, so many varieties in situ. Near the centre of the township, on an elevated plain, is situated the centre village. Craftsbury Academy is located here. The first settlement was commenced in the summer of 1788, by Colonel Ebenezer Crafts. 12 miles S. from Irasburg, and 31 N. E. from Montpelier. Cranberry, Pa., Butler co. Glade Run, and Breakneck, and Brush Creeks water this town. Surface undulating ; soil clay and loam. Cranberry, Pa., Venango co Bounded on the N. and W. by the Alleghany River. 207 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Cranston, R. I,, Providence co. The soil of this town is more favorable for the production of fruits .and vegetables than for grain. Some parts of the town are very fertile, but considerable of the land is rough and uneven. Providence mar ket is supplied with a considerable amount of the products of the town. Tho water power of the Pawtuxet and Powchasset is constant and abundant. Cranston is a very pleasant town, and its proximity to Providence (only 5 miles S. W.) gives it peculiar privileges. Craven County, N. C, c. h. at New Berne. E. middle. On Pamlico Sound. Neuse River trav erses this county, the surface of which is level and in parts marshy, and the soil mostly fertile. Crawford, Aa., c. h. Russell co. Crawford County, As., c. h. at Van Buren. On the W. border. On both sides of the Arkansas. Surface diversified. Crawford County, Ga., c. h. at Knoxville. W. central. Flint River and a branch of the Ock mulgee water this county. Soil sandy and rather sterile. Crawford County, Is., c. h. at Palestine. On the E. border, on the Wabash River. Watered by the Wabash and Embarrass Rivers and their branches. The surface consists partly of rich prairies. Crawford County, la., c. h. at Fredonia. S. part. Touches the Ohio River. Watered on the S. E. by Blue River. Surface rough and hilly. Crawford, Me., Washington co. Incorporated 1828. This is a good township of land, and was formerly called Adams. A large pond in Craw ford and a part of another are the sources of a branch of East Machias River. 30 miles N. from Machias, and 140 E. N. E. from Augusta. Crawford County, Mo., c. h. at Steelville. S. E. central. The head branches of Maramec River water this county. Surface diversified and abounding with iron ore ; soil various. A spring, discharging 30,000 cubic feet of water per minute, propels the Maramec iron works. Crawford, N. Y., Orange co. Watered by Shawangunk River. The surface is hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam. 18 miles W. from New- burg, and -94 S. S. W. from Albany. Crawford County, O., c. h. at Iiucyrus. N. central. Watered by Sandusky River, Broken Sword and Tymochtee Creeks. Crawford County, Pa., c. h. at Meadville. In the N. W. corner, bordering on Ohio. Watered by Shenango and French Creeks and their branches. Iron ore is found in this county, and a creek affording bituminous oil. Crawford County, Wn., c. h. at Prairie du Chien. In the N. angle between tho Wisconsin and tho Mississippi. Tho rivers afford excellent water power. Surface hilly ; soil fertile along the bor ders of tho streams. Crawfordsville, Ga., c. h. Talliaferro co., lies between Ogeechee and Little Rivers. 62 miles N. by E. from Milledgeville. Crawfordsville, la., c. h. Montgomery co. On the S. side of Sugar Creek, and is the seat of Wabash College. (See Colleges.) 45 miles N. W. by W. from Indianapolis. Creek, Pa. A township of Washington co. Crittenden County, As., c. h. at, Marion. On the E. border, between the Mississippi and the St. Francis. Surface level, and in parts liable to inundation. Soil very fertile in the more elevat ed portions. Crittenden County, Ky., c. h. at Salem, W. part. On the Ohio River. The Cumberland River forms its S. W. boundary. Surface level ; soil productive. Croghan, N. Y., Lewis co. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil fertile in the valleys. 141 miles N. W. from Albany. Cromwell, Pa. A township of Huntington co. Cromwell, Ct, Middlesex eo. On the W. side of Connecticut River, 13 miles S. from Hartford. A new town, which embraces that part of Middletown formerly known as Upper Middle- town. It contains a handsome village, lying on an elevated site from which there is a lovely view of the river and the surrounding fertile country. Crown Point, la., c. h. Lake co. On Robinson's Prairie, 1 5 miles S. from Lake Michigan, and 158 miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis. Croivn Point, N. Y., Essex co. On the W. border of Lake Champlain. Watered by Put nam's Creek, and some other small streams. The surface is level on the E., and mountainous on the W. This town was the scene of impor tant events during the French and revolutionary wars. On a nock of land, in the N. E. part of the town, are situated the ruins of the fort of Crown Point. 105 miles N. N. E. from Al bany. Croydon, N. H., Sullivan co. The N. branch of Sugar River waters this town. The soil is moist and rocky, and produces valuable crops. Croydon Mountain is of considerable elevation, on which arc two small ponds. First settlers, Samuel Chase and others, in 1763. 44 miles N. N. W. from Concord, and 8 N. from New port. Cuba, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by Oil Creek, and contains a small lake. Near the W, boundary is located the Oil Spring Reservation. Surface high and undulating on the E. ; soil mostly productive. The Genesee Valley Canal and New York and Erie Railroad cross this town. 12 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 274 from Al bany. Culloma. Ca., c. h. El Dorado co. On the S. fork of the American River, 45 miles from Sacramento city, in the immediate vicinity of the spot where gold was first discovered. Culpepper County, Va,, eh. at Fairfax. N. part. On the upper waters of the Rappahannock. Sur face agreeably diversified, and soil rich. Culpepper, Va., c. h. Culpepper co. 93 miles N. N. W. from Richmond. Cumberland County, Is., c. h. at Greenup. Eastern part Watered by the branches of the Embarrass, a tributary of the Wabash. Cumberland Co., Ky., c. h. at Burkesville. On the southern border. On both sides of Cumber land River. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. IN THE UNITED STATES. 343 .Cumberland County, Me., c. h. at Portland. In the S. W. part of the state, between Casco Bay on the S. E. and the River Kennebec on the N. E. Fertile, and under good cultivation. Several railroads pass through it. Cumberland, Me., Cumberland co. Setoff from the westerly part of Yarmouth in 1821. 54 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 10 N. from Portland. Cumberland is pleasantly situated on Casco Bay, and enjoys many navigable facilities. Cumberland, Md., c. h. Alleghany co. On the N. bank of the Potomac River, at the junction of Wills Creek, and 166 miles W. N. W. from Annapolis. The Cumberland or national road, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad pass through it, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal terminates here. Coal abounds in the neighborhood, and is largely exported down the Potomac. Cumberland County, N. O, c. h. at Fayetteville. S. E. central. On both sides of Cape Fear River. Surface undulating, and watered by the Cape Fear River and branches ; soil light and thin. Cumberland County, N. J., c. h. at Bridgetown. S. part. On Delaware Bay. Drained by Mau rice and Tuckahoe Rivers, and Stow and Cohan- sey Creeks. A salt marsh of from half a mile to a mile in width borders on Delaware Bay. Soil rather light, but fertile in parts. Iron ore and marl are found in this county. Cumberland County, Pa., c. h. at Carlisle. S. E. central. Watered by Conedogwinet and Yellow Breeches Creeks, branches of the Susquehanna River. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil very rich. L-on ore is found here. Cumberland, Pa., Adams co. Between Marsh and Rock Creeks, and drained by Bear and Willoughby Runs. Cumberland, Pa., Green co. Watered by Muddy Creek, a branch of the Monongahela River. Sur face level ; soil loamy. 11 miles E. from Waynes- burg. Cumberland Valley.Va., Bedford co. Between Evits and Will's Irountains, and watered by Evits Creek. Cumberland, R. I., Providence co. Pawtucket, Mill, and Peter's Rivers, and Abbot's Run, af ford the town a good hydraulic power. 8 miles from Providence. Cumberland County, Va., c. h. at Cumberland. E. central. Between the Appomattox and James Rivers. Surface somewhat hilly, and drained by Willis River; soil fertile. Cumbaland, Va., c. h. Cumberland co. On an elevated position between Appomattox and Wil lis Rivers. 52 miles W. by S. from Richmond. Camming, Ga., c. h. Forsyth co. 9 miles W. from Chattahoochee River, and 109 N. W. from Milledgeville. Cummings, Pa. Township, Lycoming co. Ill miles N. from Harrisburg. Cummington, Ms., Hampshire co. On the range of the Green Mountains, but with a strong and productive soil. Westfield River passes through it, receiving many tributaries, which, with the main river, afford much water power. 110 miles W. from Boston. Currituck County, N. C, c. h. at Currituck. On the N. E. shore. This county comprises Roanoke Island, and is divided into two parts by Curri tuck Sound. Surface level, and in parts m arshy. Currituck, N. C., c. h. Currituck co. On the W. side of Currituck Sound. 242 miles E. N. E. from Raleigh. Cushing, Me., Lincoln co. Situated on St. George's River, opposite to the town of St George. 45 miles N. E. from Augusta, and about 12 miles S. from Warren. This place was settled by emigrants from Ireland, as early as 1733. Cussawago, Pa., Crawford co. 246 miles N. W. by W. from Harrisburg. Cuthbert, Ga., c. h. Randolph co. 153 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. Cutler, Me., Washington co. Bounded S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and about 20 miles S. W. from West Quoddy Heart. It contains Little, Machias Bay and Little River, and is bounded W. by Machias Bay. Cutler has a good harbor. 164 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Cuyahoga Falls, O., Summit co. So named from the falls in the Cuyahoga River, on which the place is situated, being about 40 miles S- of Cleveland, and 128 N. E. from Columbus. This place was laid out in 1837, and had so rapid a growth that in 1840 it was the rival of Akron for the county seat, from which it is 4 miles distant The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes through this place, and enters the Ohio Canal at Akron. The falls afford an excellent water power, which is already employed to op erate several large paper mills, flour mills, and other manufactories ; and is available for further application to a large extent. The falls themselves present many wild and romantic features for the admiration of the lov ers of nature. The Cuyahoga has a descent here, in the course of a little more than 2 miles, of about 200 feet, over stratified rocks, which, for a portion of the distance, are worn away, or were originally separated by some convulsion of nature, into a chasm of nearly that depth. The ravine thus formed, with the rapids and cas cades of the river passing through it, exhibits many points of bold and picturesque scenery. Tho Indian name for these falls was Coppacaw, which signifies, it is said, shedding tears. Cuyahoga County, O., c. h. Cleveland. N. E. part on the shore of Lake Erie. The Cuyahoga, Rocky, and Chagrin Rivers are the principal ones, and they all run northwardly into Lake Erie. The county takes its name from the prin cipal river. Cynthiuna. Ky., c. h. Harrison co. On the E. side of the S. fork of Licking River. 37 miles N. E. from Frankfort. Dade County, Fa., c. h. at Key Biscayune. Bounded N. by Lake Okeechobee, E. by St. Lucie county, S. E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by Monroe county. This county comprises several keys, or islands, lying off its coast ; and in the N. part is a tract of land called the Ever glades, covered with water from one to six feet deep, and dotted with fertile islands and cypress swamps. The Everglades were a celebrated re treat of the Seminole Indians during the Florida war. Soil fertile in parts, and especially along the sea-coast. Dade County, Ga., c.'h. at Trenton. Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. and S. by Walker co., and W. by Alabama. Lookout Creek, a branch of the Tennessee River, waters it. Surface mountainous ; soil fertile in the valleys. Dade County, Mo., c. h. at Greenfield. Bound ed N. by Cedar co., E. by Polk and Green counties, S. by Lawrence, and W. by Jasper 344 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, co. Watered by Pomme de Terre River and its tributaries. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile. Dadeville, Aa., c. h. Tallapoosa co. 6 miles E. from Tallapoosa River, 37 miles N. E. from We- tumpka, and 140 E. S. E. from Tuscaloosa. Dakkotah County, Ma., c. h. at Fort Snelling. In the angle between the Minnesota and' Mis sissippi. Daldonega, Ga., c. h. Lumpkin co. Between Chcstatce and Etowah Rivers. 140 miles N. N. W. from Milledgeville. The site of a branch mint. Dale County, Aa., c. h. at Daleville. Bounded N. by Pike, E. by Henry CO., S. by Florida, and W. by Coffee co. Watered by tributaries of tho Choctawhatchee River. Surface mostly level ; and soil sterile, with the exception of some fertile swamps bordering the river. Dallas County, Aa., c. h. at Cahaba. Bounded N. by Perry co., E. by Autauga and Lowndes counties, S. by Wilcox, and W. by Marengo co. Watered by the Alabama and Cahaba Rivers, which form a junction in this county. Surface slightly uneven ; soil rich on the borders of the streams. Dallas County, As., e. h. at Princeton. S. central. Between the Wachita and its Sabine Fork. Dallas County, Io., c. h. at Adell. S. central part. Dallas County, Mo., c. h. at Buffalo. S. W. central. Watered by the Mianqua, (a tributary of the Osage,) which flows N. through it. Dallas, Pa., Luzerne co. Watered by Harvey's Lake, lying in this town, and by its outlet, and some other streams, affording hydraulic power. Surface broken and mountainous ; soil slate, gravel, and loam. 133 miles N. E. from Harris burg. Dallas County, Ts., c. h. at Dallas. In the N. E. angle, on the upper waters of the Sabine. Dallas, Me., Franklin co. New. Dalton, Ms., Berkshire co. Dalton began to be settled about the year 1755. It is a good grazing, mountain town, finely watered by the Housatonic River. The village in the centre of the town is curiously and very pleasantly situated. It is in the valley of the Housatonic, and encircled on three sides by that beautiful stream. The Western Railroad passes through it. 5 miles E.from Pittsfield, and 146 W. from Boston. Dalton, N. H, Coos co. On Connecticut River. The Great or Fifteen Mile Falls com mence in Dalton, and rush tumultuously along its N. W. boundary. The town is also watered by John's River and several large brooks. The western and southern parts are hilly. On the borders of John's River the white pine abounds. The soil on the highlands is good, and well adapted to grazing. Blake's Pond lies at the S. E. corner; it was named for a famous hunter. Near Slate Hill is a mineral spring; it deposits a thin crust of iron ore. This town was named from Hon. Tristham Dalton. a grantee. First settlers, Moses Blake and Walter Blass. 125 miles N. by W. from Concord, and 8 S. by W. from Lancaster. Damariscotta, Me., Lincoln co. On the outlet of Damariscotta Pond, formed in 1847 from parts of Bristol and Nobleboro'. 30 miles S. E. from Augusta. Damascus, Pa., Wayne co. On the W. bank of the Delaware River. 190 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg, Dana, Ms., Worcester co. This is a small town, taken from Greenwich, Hardwick, and Pe tersham, in 1801. There is some good land in the town, but much of it is fit only for pasturage. Swift River and one of its tributaries, Fever Branch, pass through its northern and western section. 30 miles N. W. from Worcester, and 70 W. by N. from Boston. Danbury, Ct., Fairfield co. Danbury, the Pah- quioque of the Indians, is one of the shire towns, and was first settled in 1684. The soil of the town is good, and agreeably diversified by hills and valleys. The borough, or village, is very pleasantly situated in a valley, and is memorable for its sacrifices in the revolutionary war. It was nearly destroyed by the British, with a large amount of continental stores, April, 1777. Danbury. N. H, Grafton co. Danbury lies in the form of a diamond ; it is hilly, although there are some intervales. In the N. E. part there is a large hill. The eastern section is watered by Smith's River. The first settlement was made in 1771. 16 miles S. by W. from Plymouth, and 29 N. from Concord, by railroad. The Northern Railroad passes through the town. ' Danby. N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by Cat- totong Creek and its branches. The surface is hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 8 miles S. from Ithaca, and 172 S. of W.'from Albany. Danby, Vt, Rutland co. Otter Creek runs nearly on the line between this township and Mount Tabor, but there are no streams of much consequence within the township. The most considerable are Mill River and Flower Branch. These and a branch of Otter Creek, in the north eastern part, are all sufficient for mills. The surface is uneven, and some parts mountainous. South and Spruce Mountains are the principal elevations. The soil is well adapted to the pro duction of grass. There are several caverns in this township; also several marble quarries in the S. E. part, and specimens of galena have been found. In the western part'f the township is a spring, nearly sufficient to carry a mill where it issues from the foot of the mountain. The set tlement was commenced in 1765. Distances, 17 miles S. from Rutland, and 68 S. S. W. from Montpelier. Dandridge, Te., c. h. Jefferson co. On the N. bank of French Broad River. 229 miles E. from Nashville. Dane County, Wn., c. h. at Madison. Bounded N. by Sauk and Portage counties, E. by Dodge and Jefferson, S. by Rock and Green, and W. by Iowa co. Watered by the Four Lakes, fine sheets of water, and by their outlets. Surface level ; soil very productive. Danielsville, Ga., c. h. Madison co. 91 miles N. from Milledgeville. Dansvil/e, N. Y., Livingston co. On Canasera- ga Creek. 238 miles W. from Albany. There is a fall here of 60 feet in a mile and a half. Connected with the Genesee Valley Canal by a branch which has its terminus here. Dansville, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Canaseraga Creek, and some tributaries of Can isteo River. The surface is somewhat uneven ; the soil clay and gravelly loam. 20 miles N. W. from Bath, and 234 W. from Albany. Danube, N. Y, Herkimer co. Watered by No- wadaga Creek, a branch of the Mohawk River, which bounds it on the N. The surface is undu lating, and the soil very fertile in the valley of IN THE TOUTED STATES. 345 the Mohawk. 12 miles E. from Herkimer, and 70 N. W. from Albany. Danvers, Ms., Essex co. This ancient town adjoins Salem on the N. W., and was formerly a part of it It was incorporated in 1756. There are 3 villages here — South Danvers, one at the New Mills, and another at the Plains. This town is well watered by Ipswich River and the sea, and possesses a good water power, both salt and fresh. The town presents a varied surface, and from the high grounds are obtained some of the most picturesque views of sea and shore to be found in Massachusetts Bay. Danvers is abun dantly supplied with fine sienite, clay, and never- failing springs of soft and pure water. It was in the family of Mr. Parris, of this place, that witchcraft first made its appearance in this coun try, in 1692. South. Danvers is 2 miles from Salem, and 14 N. E. from Boston. Danvers is very largely concerned in the production of leather, boots, and shoes, the annual product ex ceeding two millions of dollars. There are also manufactures of iron, wool, &c. Danville, As., c. h. Yell co. Danville, Is., e. h. Vermilion CO., occupies an elevated position on the N. side of Vermilion River, near the junction of the N. fork. 130 miles E. by N. from Springfield. Danville, la., c. h. Hendricks co. On the W. side of White Lick Creek. 20 miles W. from Indianapolis. Danville, Ky., Boyle co. The seat of Centre College and of the Kentucky Asylum for the Deaf ajid Dumb. On a small branch of Dick's River. 41 miles S. by W. from Frankfort. See Danville, Me., Cumberland co. This town, for merly called Pejepsco, was set off from the W. part of Yarmouth in 1802. It lies 32 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 29 N.from Portland. Farm ing is the principal business. Danville, Mo., c. h. Montgomery co. 47 miles N. E. from Jefferson City. Danville, N. H, Rockingham co. This town was formerly a part of Kingston, and known by the name of Hawke. The soil is uneven, but good. Acchusnut River passes over the N. W. corner. Long Pond lies in the E. part, and Cub Pond on the W. side. , 33 miles S. E. from Con cord, and 10 S. W. from Exeter. Danville, O., Knox co. 65 miles N. E. from Columbus. In the midst of a fine agricultural country. Danville, Pa., c. h. Montour co. Danville, Vt., c. h. Caledonia co. The eastern part of this township is elevated about 200, and the western about 800 feet above Connecticut River. The soil is free from stone, easily cultivated, and is perhaps equal, in richness and adaptation to agriculture, to any in the state. It is watered by numerous streams of pure water, which rise in the higher lands of Wheelock, Walden, and Cabot. Joe's Pond lies mostly in the western part of the township, and covers about 1 000 acres. It discharges its waters into the Passumpsic by Merrill's River. At its outlet, a large, never- failing sheet of water falls over a limestone ledge, 75 feet in 12 rods. In the N. part of the town are Sleeper's River and the Branch. Danville village is pleasantly situated, nearly in the cen tre of the township, on elevated land, in the midst of a beautiful farming country. Philips Academy was incorporated in 1840, and named 44 in honor of Paul D. Philips, who endowed it with $4000. In 1785, or '6, the settlement was commenced by about 50 emigrants from N. H. and Ms., who entered on the land as " squat ters." 30 miles N. E. from Montpelier Danville, Va., Pittsylvania co. On Dan River, which affords good water power. S. W. by W. from Richmond, 164 miles. The river is naviga ble, for boats, to the falls of the Roanoke. Dan ville is the centre of a lucrative trade. Darby, Pa., Delaware co. On Darby Creek, and is divided into two parts, the Upper and Lower. 95 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. Darien, Ct, Fairfield co. A township of good soil. 42 miles S. W. from New Haven. Darien, Ga., c. h. Mcintosh co. Situated on the northern and principal channel of the Ala tamaha River, 12 miles above the bar, at its entrance into Alatamaha Sound, on the Atlan tic coast. . The bar has 14 feet of water at low tide. The place is situated on a high, sandy bluff, on the N. side of the channel. Upon the Oconee branch of the river there is steamboat navigation 185 miles, to Milledgeville, the capital of the state ; and upon the Ockmulgee branch to Macon ; thus bringing a considerable trade from the cen tral portions of the state to the port of Darien. The population and business of the place have much in creased since 1810, when there were only about 200 inhabitants. It has a custom house, a bank, an academy, besides the county buildings, churches, and many handsome private residences. Darien, N. Y., Genesee co. Hilly. Drained byEllicott's Creek. The soil consists of clay and calcareous loam. 256 miles W. from Albany. Darke County, O., e. h. Greenville. Situated in the western part of the state, having Mer cer co. on the N., Shelby and Miami on the E., Preble on the S., and the boundary between Ohio and Indiana on the W. It is 34 by 21 miles in extent. There is in this county a con siderable proportion of prairie land. The prin cipal streams which drain it are Stillwater and Greenville Creeks. Near the N. E. corner of this county is the battle ground where the army under St. Clair, in 1791, suffered a disastrous defeat in an engage ment with the Indians. The object of the cam paign was the establishment of a line of military posts through that country, for the purpose of keeping the Indians in check, and preventing future hostilities. Fort Recovery was erected by General Wayne, in 1793, upon the site of this battle, and this fort, the next year, sustained a ¦ desperate attack from the Indians, in which they were repulsed with severe loss. Greenville, the present county seat, is also a place of much note in the history of the negotia tions with the Indians which followed these events. Here, on the 3d of August, 1795, General Wayne concluded a treaty of peace with the chiefs and representatives of 12 of their most pow erful tribes, who had become determined, not withstanding the untoward influence of the Brit ish agents, to make a permanent peace with the " Thirteen Fires," as they called the thirteen fed eral states. This was also the theatre of another treaty with the Indians in 1814, which was nego tiated on the same spot of ground, with the Wy- andots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, and Mia- mies, by General William Henry Harrison and Governor Lewis Cass, commissioners of the Uni ted States. 346 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Darlington District, S. O, c. h. at Darlington. Bounded N. E. by the Great Pedee River, sepa rating it from Marlboro' co., S. E. by Marion co., S.W. by Lynches Creek, separating it from Sump- ter co., and N. W. by Chesterfield co. Surface slightly uneven ; soil rather poor, except on the borders of the streams, where it is very productive. Darlington, S. C, c. h. Darlington district. Sit uated a little W. of Black Creek, a branch of Great Pedee River, and 129 miles E. S. E. from Co lumbia. Darrtown, 0., Butler co. 109 miles S. W. by W. from Columbia. In the neighborhood of this place is a mineral spring of some note. Dartmouth, Ms., Bristol co. Dartmouth lies on Buzzard's Bay, near its mouth, and has a number of small inlets from the bay and some good harbors. It has some small streams, the principal of which is the Pamansat Its Indian name was Apeniganset The surface is uneven, but the soil is good for agricultural purposes. There are three villages in the town — Smith's Mills, North Dartmouth, and South Dartmouth ; the latter is called Padan Aram, and is situated at the head of Apeniganset Bay. Vast quanti ties of fish, principally menhaden, are taken in Buzzard's Bay, and brought to this town, for the purpose of manuring the land. 5 miles S. W. from New Bedford, and 60 from Boston. Dauphin County, Pa., c. h. at Harrisburg. Bounded N. by Northumberland and Schuylcr counties, E. by Lebanon, S. by York, and W.by the Susquehanna River, separating it from Perry co. Drained by Mahantango, Powell's, and Swatara Creeks. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil fertile. The Pennsylvania Canal and the Union Canal traverse this county. Davenport, Io., c. h. Scott co. On the W. side of the Mississippi River, at the foot of the Lower Rapids, opposite the flourishing village of Rock Island, in Is. Important as the only feasible point to bridge the Mississippi. It is the seat of Iowa College. Davenport, N. Y„ Delaware co. Charlotte River, and some of its tributaries, water this town. The surface is hilly ; soil argillaceous loam. 14 miles N. from Delhi, and 63 W. from Albany. Davidson County, N. G, c. h. at Lexington. Bounded N. by Stokes county, E. by Guilford and Randolph, S. by Montgomery and Rowan, and W. by Rowan and Davie counties. Drained by several small streams flowing into tho Yadkin River, which traverses the W. part of this county. Surface undulating; soil productive. Davidson College, N. C, Mecklenburg co. The seat of Davidson College. 150 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. See Colleges. Davidson County, Te., c. h. at Nashville. Bounded N. hy Robertson co., E. by Sumner and Wilson, S. by Rutherford and Williamson, and W. by Dickson co. Watered by Cumberland River, which passes through the county from E. to W., and by Harpeth, White's, Stone's, and Poplar Creeks. Surface slightly uneven ; soil of good quality. Davie County, N. C, c. h. at Mocksville. Bound ed N. by Surry CO., E. by the Yadkin River, sepa rating it from Davidson co., S. by Rowan co., and W. by Iredell co. Surface undulating, and drained by the branches of the Yadkin River; soil ex tremely fertile. Davies County, la. c. h. at Washington. In corporated in 1816. Bounded N. by Green co., E. by Martin, and S. and W by the two forks of White River, separating it from Dubois, Pike, and Knox counties. Drained by the tributaries of White River. Surface level or undulating, consisting partly of prairies ; soil mostly fertile. Daviess County, Ky., c. h. at Owenboro'. Bound ed N. by the Ohio River, separating it from la., E. by Hancock and Ohio counties, arid S. and W. by Green River, separating it from Muhlen- burg, Madison, and Henderson counties. Drained by small branches of Ohio and Greene Rivers. Daviess County, Mo., c. h. at Gallatin. Bounded N. by Harrison co., E. by Grundy and Livings ton, S. by Caldwell, and W. by De Kalb and Gentry counties. Surface undulating, and wa tered by the W. fork of Grand River ; soil fertile. Davis County, Io.. c. h. at Bloomfield. On the southern border, E. Day, N. Y., Saratoga co. Sacandaga River passes through this town. The surface is moun tainous, the ' Kayaderasseras range extending across it. The valley of the Sacandaga contains the most fertile soil. 55 miles N. from Albany, and 25 N. W. from Ballston Spa. Dayton, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by Connewango Creek and some of its tributaries. The surface is undulating; the soil favorable to the growth of grass and grain. 302 miles W. from Albany, and 20 N. W. from Ellicottville. Dayton, 0. City and seat of justice of Mont gomery co. On the Great Miami River, at the mouth of Mad River, 50 miles N. from Cincin nati, and 68 W. by S. from Columbus. The Miami Canal from Cincinnati to Lake Eri« passes through this place. Population in 1810, 383; 1820,1139; 1830,2954; 1840, 6067 ; 1850, 10.996. Dayton is one of the largest places in the interior of the state. There is a large water power with in its corporate limits, and a still greater within the immediate vicinity. The principal manu factories in operation here are cotton and woollen factories, flouring mills, saw mills, oil mills, paper mills, iron founderies, and machine shops, and shops for the manufacture of clocks, scythes, gun barrels, flooring machines, &e. The amount of capital invested in these various operations is large. By the assessment of 1846, Dayton was the second city in the state in the amount of tax able property. Its progress was very gradual from its settlement in 1796 to 1812, when the war with Great Britain, making it a thoroughfare for troops and military stores on their way to the frontier, gave a great impulse to its prosperity. The construction of the Miami Canal has se- cur6d to it, of late years, a rapid and healthful increase. The court house in Dayton is the most costly and elegant in Ohio, being constructed of cut stone, upon a beautiful Grecian model, sur mounted by a handsome cupola. It cost between $60,000 and $70,000. The other public build ings are a jail, of stone, a city hall, two acade mies, several hanks, and a number of church edifices, which are elegant specimens of archi tecture. Many of the private residences are tasteful, and beautifully situated. The Cooper Female Academy has a spacious edifice, three stories high, for its accommodation. There are nine turnpike roads centring at Dayton, and connecting it with different parts of the country. Deanfield, Me., Hancock co. Between Passa- dumkeag River and Olammon Stream. Dearborn County, la, c. h. at Lawrenceville. IN THE UNITED STATES. 347 Incorporated in 1802. Bounded N. by Franklin co., E. by Ohio., S. by Ohio co., and W. by Rip ley county. It is watered by Great Miami and Whitewater Rivers, and several small creeks. Surface rough and hilly, with fertile bottom lands on the borders of the streams. ' Dearbornville, Mn., Dearborn, Wayne co. On the S. branch of Rouge River. 10 miles W. from Detroit. A United States arsenal is located here. Deblnis, Me., Washington co. On the upper waters of the Narraguagus. 50 miles S. E. from Bangor. Decatur County, Ga., c. h. at Bainbridge. Wa tered by the Chattahoochee River, separating it from Fa. and Aa., on the W. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil rather barren. Decatur, Ga., c. h. De Kalb co. 90 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. Situation elevated and healthy. It is tho point of junction of the lines of railroad from Augusta, and from Savannah, via Macon, and the united line which runs across the northern boundary of the state by Chitta- nooga to Nashville, in Te". Decatur County, la., c. h. at Greensburg. In corporated 1821. Bounded N. by Rush co., E. by Franklin, 'S. by Ripley and Jennings, and W. by Bartholomew and Shelby counties. It is wa tered by Flat Rock, Clifty, and Sand Creeks, all mill streams. Surface slightly undulating ; soil productive". , Decatur, la., c. h. Adams co. On the S. W. side of Wabash River. 132 miles N. E. from In dianapolis. Decatur County, Io., c. h. at Decatur. On the southern border, middle. Decatur, Mi., c. h. Newton co. At the head of Chickasawha River. 76 miles from Jackson. Decatur, N. Y., Otsego co. Elk Creek and some other small streams water this town. The sur face is elevated and hilly; soil sandy loam. 64 miles W. from Albany, and 12 S. E. from Coo- ¦perstown. Decatur, Pa., Mifflin co. Watered by Jack's Creek, a tributary of the Juniata River. Surface mountainous ; soil gravel and slate. 14 miles N. E. from Lewistown. Decatur County, Te. New. Western part of the state. Dedham, Me., Hancock co., adjoins Ellsworth. Union River passes through its N. W. corner. Dedham, Ms.. Norfolk co. This is the shire town of the county, and has a varied surface and good soil. The court house in this town is a beautiful building. It has a Doric portico, with four granite columns on each front. This town is finely watered by Charles River, on its western border, by Neponset River on the E., and by Mother Brook, so called — a canal or raceway for a mill of about 3 miles in length, passing from the Charles to the Neponset. This was the first canal made in the United States. It Was commenced and accomplished within ten years after the first settlement of Boston. Dedham is noted for its good hydraulic power. Dedham village is very pleasant A branch railroad from the village meets the Boston and Providence Railroad. 10 miles S. W. from Boston, and 35 N. W. from Plymouth. Deep River, Ct. Middlesex co. A village of Saybrook, on Connecticut River, at the mouth of Deep River. 33 miles S. by E. from Hartford. Deerfield, Ms., Franklin co., lies on the W. bank of Connecticut River. Deerfield River meets the Connecticut at this place, and spreads out a large body of fine alluvial land, in the centre of the town, encircling a village of great beauty. This is said to be the oldest town in the county, and was called by the Indians Pocumtuck. It was granted by the General Court to a.company at Dedham, in 1669 ; and a settlement was com menced in 1670. From the mountains in this vicinity delightful views are obtained. Deerfield Mountain, which separates the Connecticut River from the Deerfield Meadows, is 700 feet above the plain. Sugar Loaf Mountain, which forms the southern termination of the Deerfield Moun tain, rears its conical peak of red sandstone 500 feet above the river. Just at the foot of the Sugar Loaf, at Bloody Brook, a company of young men, from the county of Essex, were slain by an ambush of Indians, during Philip's war, in 1675. A monument has been erected to their memory. Deerfield extends for several miles along the banks of the Connecticut, and is traversed through its entire length by the Connecticut River Railroad, which crosses the Deerfield River by a remarkable viaduct. South Deerfield, or Bloody Brook, is a thriving village, in which are a variety of miscellaneous manu factures. In the village of Cheapside, north of Deerfield River and adjoining Greenfield, is a manufactory of cutlery. The railroad from Greenfield to Boston passes through this vil lage. 90 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 4 S. from Greenfield. Deerfield, N. H., Rockingham co. This town has a number of ponds which afford fish. Moul- ton's is noted for having no visible inlet ; also on account of having been sounded without discov ering any bottom. A branch of Lamprey River passes through Deerfield. The surface is uneven ; soil durable and fertile, though hard to cultivate. The Luekaway, Saddleback, and Fort Mountains, are the principal elevations. In the W. part of the town is a natural formation in a ridge of rocks, designated " Indian Camp." On the E. side of this camp is a natural flight of steps. Deerfield was once a place of resort for deer. While the petition for the town was pending, a Mr. Batch- elder killed a deer, and, presenting it to Govern or Wentworth, obtained the act under the name of Deer-field. First settlers, John Robertson, Ja cob Smith, Isaac Shephard, Benjamin Batchelder, and others, in 1756. Distances, 18 miles E. S. E. from Concord, and 30 W. by N. from Ports mouth. Deerfield, N. J., Cumberland co. Cohansey Creek, and Muddy Run, a branch of Maurice Riv er, water this town. Surface level ; soil chiefly clay and gravel. Deerfield, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by the Mohawk, and a few small streams. The surface is rather hilly ; the soil very productive in the Val ley of the Mohawk. 4 miles N. from Utica, and 94 N. W. from Albany. Deerfield, Pa., Tioga co. Watered by Cowa- nesque Creek and Marsh, a branch of Crooked Creek. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. Deer Isle, Me., Hancock co., comprises three principal islands, Deer, Little Deer, and Isle of Haut, containing 17,000 acres. They have good harbors, and are well located for the shore fishing. 75 miles E. by S. from Augusta. Deering, N. H, Hillsboro' co. This town is diversified, well watered, and its soil is favora ble for agriculture. There are three ponds, Dud- 348 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, ley's, Pecker's, and Fulton's. The name was given it by Governor John Wentworth, in honor of his wife, whose maiden name was Deering. First settlers, Alexander Robinson and William McKean, in 1765. 25 miles S. W. from Concord, and 22 N. W. from Amherst. Deerpark, N. Y, Orange co. Watered by Del aware, Neversink, and Bashkill Rivers. The surface is mountainous on the E., and level on -the W., towards the Delaware. The soil is very fertile. 38 miles W. from Newburg, and 108 S. W. from Albany. Defiance County, 0., c. h. at Defiance. In the N. W. angle of the state, including the junction of the Maumee and the Anglaize. Traversed by the Wabash and Miami Canals. Level and fertile. Defiance, 0., e. h. Defiance co. Very pret tily located at the junction of the Auglaize with the Maumee Rivers, on the Wabash and Erie Canal. It has great local advantages, having the benefit of the navigation of the Maumee, An glaize, and Tiffin Rivers. If is also a central point to several state roads. 50 miles W. from Perrysburg, and 80 E. from Fort Wayne. De Kalb County, Aa., c. h. at Lebanon. Bounded N. E. by Georiga, E. by Cherokee co., S. W. by St. Clair and Blount counties, W. by Mar shall, and N. W. by Jackson co. Surface mostly uneven, and drained by Will's Creek, a branch of the Coosa River. De Kalb County, Ga., c. h. at Decatur. Bounded N. by Forsyth co., E. by Gwinnett and New ton, S. by Henry and Fayette, and W. by Camp bell and Cobb counties. Drained by branches of the Chattahoochee and Ockmulgee Rivers. The Chattahoochee flows along its N. W. boundary. Surface elevated table land. The Georgia Rail road passes through this county. De Kalb County, Is., c. h. at Sycamore. In the northern part of the state. Watered by Kish- waukee Creek and a small river. De Kalb County, la., c. h. at Auburn. Incor porated in 1835. Bounded N. by Steuben co., E. by Ohio, S. by Allen, and W. by Noble eo. It is watered by St. Joseph's, a branch of Mau mee River, and by several creeks. De Kalb,. Mt., c. h. Kemper co. 2 miles S. from Sararnochee Creek, and 106 E. N. E. from Jackson. De Kalb County, Mo., c. h. at Marysville. In the N. W. angle, on the height of land between the Platte and Grand Rivers. De Kalb, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Osgewatchie River and some of its tributaries water this town. The surface is hilly, and marble and iron ore are found here. The soil is of rather an indifferent quality. 10 miles S. W. from Canton, and 193 N. W. from Albany, De Kalb County, Te., c. h. at Smithville. In the central part of the state. Hilly and broken. Ddaware City, De., Newcastle co. On the W. bank of the Delaware River, at the mouth of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. 35 miles N. from Dover. Delaware County, la., c. h. at Muncietown. Bounded N. by Grant and Blackford counties, E. by Jay and Randolph, S. by Henry, and W. by Madison co. Surface mostly level, and wa tered by the Mississinewa and the W. fork of White River, and by Bell and Buck Creeks. Soil productive. Ddaware County, Io., c. h. at Delhi. Bounded N. byClayton co., E. by Dubuque, S. by Jones and Linn, and W. by Buchanan co. Watered by Maeoquetais River and its branches. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. Delaware, N. J., Hunterdon co. On the E. side of the Delaware River, and drained by Wiok- hecheoke Creek. Delaware County, N. Y., c. h. at Delhi. Bounded on the N. by Otsego and Schoharie, E. by Scho harie and Greene, S. by Ulster and Sullivan, and W. by Chenango and Broome counties, and the state of Pennsylvania. It was incorporated from Ulster and Otsego counties in 1797. Wa tered by tho Delaware, Susquehanna, and Char lotte Rivers, and the Beaverkill. Surface rough and hilly, soil fertile, especially in the valleys. Bog iron and copper ores are found in small quantities, in several places, and there are a num ber of mineral springs in this county. Delaware County, 0., c. h. at Delaware. Bounded N. by Marion, E. by Knox and Licking counties, S. by Franklin, and W. by Union co. The laud is valuable for farming and grazing, and is well watered by the Scioto and Olentangy Riv ers, and Alun and Walnut Creeks. Delaware, 0 , c. h. Delaware co. It was laid out by Moses Byxbe, Esq., in 1808. On the western bank of Olentangy River, on rolling land. A handsome bridge crosses this river, leading from one of the principal streets. A very valuable white sulphur spring is found here, the waters of which are remarkable for their clearness and abundance. Several chalybeate springs are also found. The medicinal virtues of these springs cause the town to be much vis- ' ited by travellers. It lies 70 miles N. from Chil- lico'the, and 24 N. from Columbus. Delaware County, Pa., c. h. at Chester. Bounded N. by Chester co., E. by Philadelphia co. and the Delaware River, separating it from New Jersey, S. by 'Delaware, and W. by Chester co. Watered by Darby, Ridley, and Chester Creeks, all fine mill streams. Surface undu lating ; soil fertile. Delaware, Pa., Mercer co. The Chenango and Lackawannock Creeks water this town. Surface uneven ; soil clay and loam. 7 miles N. W. from Mercer. Delaware, Pa., Pike co. Watered by Ding- man's and Bushkill Creeks. Surface rough and broken ; soil gravelly loam. 148 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Delhi, la., c. h. Delaware co. Delhi, N. Y., c. h. Delaware co. Watered by several branches' of the Mohawks, or W. branch of the Delaware. The soil is productive in the valleys. 77 miles S. W. from Albany. Delphi, la., c. h. Carroll co. On the E side of Wabash River, at the mouth of Deer Creek. 66 miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis. There is a curious spring near this place, the water of which is of a reddish color. Demopolis, Aa., Marengo co. On the E. bank of Tombigbee River, a little below the mouth of the Black Warrior River. 64 miles S. S. W. from Tuscaloosa. Site of a land office. Denmark. Me., Oxford co. Incorporated in 1807. It lies 85 miles S. W. by W. from Au gusta, about 28 S. W. from Paris, and 47 N. W. from Portland. Denmark is finely watered by Saco River and several beautiful ponds. The principal business of the inhabitants is agricul tural, for which they have a fertile soil. Denmark, N. Y., Lewis co. Deer Creek and IN THE UNITED STATES. 349 Black River water this town. The surface is somewhat hilly; the soil very productive. 15 miles N. from Martinsburg, and 141 N. W. from Albany. Dennis, Ms., Barnstable co. Dennis extends across Cape Cod, and is bounded on the E. by Brewster and Harwich. Its southern boundary is Yarmouth, nearly six miles of which is Bass River, one of the most important streams on the cape. The Indian name of Dennis was Nobs- cusset. The first salt produced by solar evap oration, in this country, was made in this town, by John Sears and others, in 1776. There are pleasant villages in the town, on both sides of the cape, and near them several fine fresh water ponds. From Scargo Hill, the highest land in the town or county, and a noted landmark for sailors, a magnificent ocean scene is presented. Dennis suffered severely in the awful gale of October, 1841 : 26 of its finest young men were buried in the ocean in a day; 18 of whom, all school-fellows, left their nearest kindred within a quarter of a mile of each other 1 The town was named in honor of its first minister, the Rev. Josiah Dennis, who was settled in 1 627. Dennis, N. J., Cape May co. Dennis Creek, which flows into Delaware Bay, bounds this town on the S. W. The N. portion consists of sandy plains. 85 miles S. from Trenton. Denton, Md., c. h. Caroline co. On the E. bank of Choptank River. 65 miles E. from An napolis. Denton County, Ts., c. h. at Alton. On the northern border. Between the head waters of the Sabine and the Red River. De Pere, Wn., u. h. Brown co. 1 53 miles N. E. from Madison. De Peyster, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. On the E. side of Black Lake, and watered by the Os- wegatchie and some of its branches. The sur face is somewhat uneven ; the soil arable and pro ductive. 12 miles W. from Canton, and 180 N. W. from Albany. ¦ Deposit, N. Y, Tompkins, Delaware co. On the N. bank of Delaware River, 118 miles W. S. W. from Albany. This is a great depot for lum ber, which is taken down the Delaware to various markets. Deptford, N. J., Gloucester co. Big Timber Creek and some branches of Egg Harbor River water this town, which has a ievel, sandy sur face. Derby, Ct, New Haven co. The Indian name of this town was Paugasset. It was purchased of the Indians and incorporated in 1675. The surface of the town is uneven, with some fertile meadow on the banks of the rivers. Derby is wa tered by the Housatonic and Naugatuck Rivers. The Landing is on tho east side of the Housa tonic, just below the junction of that river with the Naugatuck. Vessels of 10 feet draught of water can pass to the Landing. Derby was the birth place of the Hon. David Humphreys, a poet, an aid to Washington, and a minister to Spain, distinguished for his efforts for the introduction of Merino sheep and the manufacture of broadcloths. He died at New Haven, February 21, 1818, aged 66. Derby, Vt., Orleans co. The surface is very level. There are some plains of several hundred acres' extent ; and where the land rises, the eleva tions are gradual and moderate, and hardly de serve the name of hills. The land is well tim bered, principally with rock maple and other hard wood. Cedar swamps of from one to ten acres are found in various parts. The soil is fer tile and abund an tly productive. The River Clyde passes through the S. part of the township, af fording numerous mill sites. Salem Pond, through which Clyde River passes, lies partly in this town, and is 4 miles long and 3 broad. Hinman's Pond, near the centre of the town, is one mile and a half long, and three quarters of a mile broad, and empties into Salem Pond. The first settlement was made in 1795, by Alexander Mor gan, Henry Burrell, and the Hon. Timothy Hin- man. 12 miles N. E. from Irasburg, and 52 N. E. from Montpelier. Dary, N. H., Rockingham co. A fine grazing township with a handsome village, taken from Londonderry in 1828. The soil is productive ; the inhabitants remarkable for their industry, general wealth, and longevity. 18 miles W. S. W. from Exeter, and 25 S. E. from Concord. Derry, Pa., Columbia co. The surface of this town is level ; soil calcareous loam and clay. Derry, Pa., Dauphin co. Surface varied ; soil slate and calcareous loam. 12 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Derry, Pa., Mifflin co. Kishcoquilla Creek waters this town. De Ruyter, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by the E. branch of the Tioughnioga River. The surface is elevated and hilly ; the soil sandy loam and clay. 14 miles S. W. from Morris- ville, and 122 W. from Albany. Z>es/ia County, As., c. h. at Belleville. Bounded N. by Jefferson, Arkansas, and Phillips counties, E. by the Mississippi River, S. by Chicot and Bradley counties, and W. by Dallas co. The Ar kansas and White Rivers drain this county. Surface level, and in parts liable to inundation ; soil fertile. Des Moines County, Iowa, c. h. at Burlington. Bounded N. by Louisa CO., E. hy the Mississippi River, separating it from Illinois, S. by Skunk River, separating it from Lee CO., and W. by Henry co. Drained by Flint River and its branches. Soil fertile. De Soto Parish, La., c. h. at Mansfield. On the western border, between Red River and the Sabine. De Soto County, Mi., o. d. at Hernando. Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Marshall co., S. by Po- nola, and W. by Tunic co., and the Mississippi River. Drained by Cold Water River and its tributaries. Detroit, Mn., c. h. Wayne co. City and port of entry. On the W. side of Detroit River or Strait, 7 miles below the outlet of Lake St. Clair, and 18 miles above Lake Erie. It is 132 miles E. from Lansing, the capital of the state. Popu lation in 1810, 770; in 1820, 1442 ; in 1830, 2222 ; in 1840, 9102 ; in 1850, 21,028. The ground on which Detroit is built has a gentle ascent from the river as far back as to the main street, and thence, westward, it is level. The plan of the city is rectangular, extending along the river more than a mile, and nearly a mile back. The principal street running through the most dense portion of it, parallel with the course of the river, is Jefferson Avenue. Lead ing from the river, at right angles with this, is Woodward Avenue. These streets are 200 feet wide. There are several streets or avenues, which are 120 feet in width, and the other streets 350 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, are 60 feet wide, generally crossing each other at right angles. There are several public squares, the principal of which are the Campus Mar- tius, in the central part of the city; and the Grand Circus, in which five of the great ave nues meet The wholesale stores, and the ware houses for heavy goods, are mostly located on Atwater Street on the river, and on Woodbridge Street, between this and Jeffersou Avenue. On Jefferson Avenue are located the principal dry goods and fancy stores, with the public and pri vate offices. This is truly an elegant street, compactly built, and imposing in its appear ance. Among the public buildings deserving of par ticular notice, is the building lately occupied as the state house, built of brick, having a hand some Ionic portico, and a dome 140 feet high. The view from the top of this building is at once extensive and beautiful ; embracing, with the entire city, the strait above and below, en livened with shipping and steamboats, Lake St. Clair, and a wide extent of cultivated country around the city and on the Canada shore. The City Hall is a neat brick edifice, 100 feet by 50, which cost $20,000. The lower story is occu pied as a market, and tho upper for the city courts. The Michigan Bank has a costly and beautiful edifice of polished stone, in the Grecian style, two stories high above the basement Sev eral of the churches have beautiful buildings, among which is St Paul's, Episcopal, in the Gothic style ; the First Presbyterian Church, with a Grecian portico of six Doric columns ; a Baptist Church of the Grecian Ionic order ; and St. Ann's Cathedral, of hewn granite, 116 by 60 feet, with two towers in front, and surmounted by an octagonal dome 30 feet in diameter' and 30 feet high. Among the higher literary institutions of the city are the Historical Society, founded in 1 829 ; the State Literary Institute, founded in 1838 ; the State Medical Society ; the Young Men's Society for Moral and Intellectual Improvement, founded in 1832; a Young Ladies' Seminary; a Young Ladies' Institute ; the St Clair Semi nary for Young Ladies, (Roman Catholic;) and several high schools for boys. Detroit is advantageously located for trade, and is fast becoming a great commercial em porium. The navigation of the river and lake is open ahout eight months in the year. The Michigan Central Railroad now opens a direct and speedy communication through the most populous portion of the state to the opposite side of tho peninsula ; and thence, by a few hours' water passage, to Chicago, Milwaukee, and the far west Other routes of railroad commu nication are in the process of construction. Though the history of Detroit, as a place of any considerable population and trade, is recent, corresponding to that of the whole western coun try, yet as a place of military importance it has had an early antiquity among the towns now belonging to the United States. It was founded by the French in 1683. In 1760 it fell into the hands of the British. In 1784 it became by treaty a possession of the United States, which maintained a garrison there from 1796 until with in a few years past. It was first incorporated as a city in 1802. In the war of 1812, Detroit was captured by the British, and recaptured hy tho Americans the next year. In 1815 it received a new charter of incorporation. The city has twice been extensively devastated by fire ; first in 1805, when it was nearly destroyed ; and afterwards in 1837, when there was also a great destruction of property. De Witt, Io., c. h. Clinton cb. De Witt County, Is., c. h. at Clinton. Cen tral part. De Witt, N. Y., Onondaga co. The surface of this town is rather uneven, and there is a cavern within its limits which has been explored for the distance of 100 rods. In this vicinity also are immense quarries of water lime, which is exported in large quantities. 5 miles E. from Syracuse, and 142 N. of W. from Albany. De Witt County, Ts. S. central. On both sides of the Guadalupe. Dexter, Me.. Penobscot co. This town was first settled in 1801. Incorporated 1815. It lies 67 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 35 N. W. from Bangor. Dexter is a valuable township of land. The farmers reap a rich reward for their labors. In this town is a pond covering 500 acres, at the outlet of which are mills and a beautiful village. Dexter, Mn., Washtenaw co. At the mouth of Mill Creek, which affords extensive water power. The railroad between Detroit and Chi cago passes through it. Dexter. N. Y., Brownville, Jefferson co. On the N. side of Black River, at its mouth. It has extensive hydraulic privileges. The navigation of Lake Ontario comes up to the place. Diana, N. Y., Lewis co. The S. part of this town was setoff in 1841 to form a part of the town of Croghan. It is watered by the Oswe- gatchie and Indian Rivers. The surface is hilly; the soil suitable for grass. 154 miles N. W. from from Albany, and 25 N. from Martinsburg. Dickinson, N. Y., Franklin co. This large town, 40 miles in length, is watered by the head branches of Racket and St Regis Rivers, and by numerous lakes. The soil is various, and the S. part of the town mostly a wilderness. 15 miles S. W. from Malone, and 154 N. N. W. from Albany. Dickinson, Pa., Cumberland co. Yellow Breeches Creek waters this town. Surface hilly, affording iron ore ; soil calcareous loam. Dickson County, Te., c. h. at Charlotte. Bound ed N. by Steward and Montgomery counties, E. by Davidson and Williamson, S. by Hickman, and W. by Humphreys counties. Its surface is elevated table land, sending its streams E. into the Cumberland, and W. into the Tennessee River. The soil is of tolerably good quality. Dighton, Ms., Bristol co. Was formerly a part of Taunton, and lies on the W. side of Taun ton River. Sureganset River affords it a good water power. The noted " Dighton Rock," on which' are curious inscriptions, lies in the limits of the town of Berkley, formerly a part of Digh ton. Dinwiddle County, Va. S. E. part. Watered by the Nottaway and tributaries, and on the N. by the Appomattox. Surface gently rolling. Dinwiddle, Va., c. h. Dinwiddie co. On Stony Creek. 37 miles S. by W. from Richmond. Dix, N. Y., Chemung co. Catharine's Creek waters the E. part of this town. The surface is hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 16 miles N. from El- mira. and 185 S. of W. from Albany. Dixfidd, Me., Oxford co. This is a good, farm ing town on the N. bank of the Androscoggin IN THE UNITED STATES. 351 River. 42 miles N. W. by W. from Augusta, and 25 N. by E. from Paris. Incorporated 1803. Dixmont, Me., Penobscot co. On the height of land between the Kennebec and Penobscot 44 miles N. E. from Augusta. Dixville, N. H., Coos Co., comprises 31,023 acres of uneven land. Numerous streams me ander through it. In this town is the celebrated Dixville Notch, which may be regarded as one of the most remarkable exhibitions of natural scenery in the state. Near this Notch is a curi ous ravine, called the Flume. First settler, Colonel Timothy Dix, Jr. 40 miles N. N. E. from Lancaster, and 146 N. N. E. from Concord. Dodge County, Mi. On the N. border, middle. On head waters of Charitan River and Loenst and Maritime Creeks. Dodge County, Wn., c. h. at Hustis. Bounded N. by Marquette and Fond Du Lac counties, E. by Fond Du Lac and Washington, S. by Wau kesha and Jefferson, and W. by Dane and Por tage counties. Watered by Rock and Beaverdam Rivers, and Rubicon Creek. Surface level, and in parts swampy. Doddridge County, Va., c. h. at West Union. N. W. part On the height of land between the Monongahela and Ohio. Watered by tributaries of the latter. Hilly and rough. Donaldsonville, La., Ascension parish. On the S. side of the Mississippi River, just below La Fourche Outlet, and 73 miles W. by N. from New Orleans. Formerly the state capital. Donegal, Pa., Butler co. Bear Creek and sonre branches of Conequenessing Creek water this town. Surface hilly and uneven, containing iron ore and anthracite coal; soil sand, gravel, and clay. Donegal, Pa., Washington co. Bush and Cas- tleman's Runs and the Dutch Fork of Bufl'alo Creek water this town. Surface hilly ; soil loam. Coal abounds here. Donegal, Pa., Westmoreland co. 160 miles W. from Harrisburg. Donephan, Mo., c. h. Ripley co. Dooley County. Ga., c. h. at Vienna. Bounded N. by Macon and Houston counties, E. by Pulaski and Irwin, S. by Irwin and Lee counties, and W. by Flint River, separating it from Sumpter co. Surface elevated, and drained by branches of Ockmulgee and Flint Rivers. Dorchester County, Md., c. h. at Cambridge. Bounded N. by Talbot and Caroline counties, E. by De., S. E. and S. by Nanticoke River and Chesapeake Bay, and W. by Chesapeake Bay. Choptank River waters it on the N. and N. W. Surface level ; soil productive. Dorchester, Ms., Norfolk co. This ancient and respectable town lies on Dorchester Bay, in Bos ton Harbor, 5 miles S. from Boston. It was first settled by a company of Puritans from Eng land. These Pilgrims landed from the ship Mary and John, at Nantasket, on the 11th June, 1630'; and on the 17th day of that month they located themselves at the Indian Mattapan, and called it Dorchester, in honor of their pious and learned friend, the Rev. John White, of Dorchester, in England. The town included most of the territory of the towns of Milton, Canton, Stoughton, Sharon, and that part of Boston on which stand the celebrated Dorchester Heights. Dorchester has furnished pioneers for the set tlement of several important places, in different parts of the United States. A party from this town, in 1635, crossed the trackless wilderness by a journey of fourteen days, and settled Hartford, on Connecticut River. In 1695, another party emigrated from this place, and settled Dorches ter, in South Carolina, and afterwards Midway, in Georgia. The soil of Dorchester is encumbered with rocks, but is very fertile, and under a high state of cultivation. It is exceedingly productive, par ticularly of vegetables, fruits, and flowers. Its surface is greatly variegated, presenting a con tinual succession of picturesque and delightful views of the country, city, and sea. Its hill tops and valleys are decked with farm houses and tasteful villas, and nowhere can be found the union of town and country enjoyments more complete. Dorchester is literally a town of villages. Travel its fine roads which way you will, villages, villas, and country seats, ever changing, ever beautiful, are presented to view. A part of the town has already been annexed to Boston, and should fire and water continue to make steam, old Shawmut, now crowded almost to suffocation, will, ere the lapse of many years, sue for another bit of Mattapan. The beautiful Neponset washes the whole of the southern border of the town, and besides its navigable privileges, affords a large and valuable water power. The first water mill in America was erected in this town, in 1633 ; and here, about the same time, the cod fishery, the boast of New England, was first commenced. The manufac tures of Dorchester consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, hats, paper, cabinet, block tin, and tin wares, leather, wearing apparel, soap, candles, chocolate, and playing cards, the aggregate amount of which, in one year, was about half a million of dollars. The most important villages for trade in Dor chester are those connected with the tide water. Milton Mills, a handsome village, partly in Dor chester and partly in Milton, 6 miles S. by W. from Boston, at the head of navigation on the Neponset, and at the lower falls of that river, contains many manufacturing establishments, and commodious wharves for lumber, coal, &C. Neponset village is very pleasantly situated on the margin of Dorchester Bay, and near the mouth of Neponset River, on the great road lead ing to Quincy and Plymouth. It is » place of considerable trade, and some navigation. It has steadily increased in business, population, and wealth ; and being located on good navigable waters, within 5 miles of the city, it must soon become an important outport of the crowded metropolis. This village includes a beautiful peninsula, or neck of land, called Pine Neck. In consequence of the Old Colony Railroad passing over it, a flourishing settlement has commenced on this neck of land, which, by the enterprise of its occupants, promises to become an important place of business. Already a number of wharves and storehouses have been erected here ; also a meeting house, a public hall, and several large establishments for mechanical operations. Ne ponset, as well as Commercial Point, and other harbors in Norfolk co., has become a port of delivery, dependent upon the principal harbor of Boston. By extending the Dorchester and Mil ton Railroad a mile and a half to the Providence Railroad, Neponset soon will become a large de- 352 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, pository of all kinds of building materials, fuel, and of the raw materials for manufacturing pur poses, for a wide extent of country. The Old Colony Railroad passes by this and the villages of Commercial Point and Harrison Square, two places exceedingly pleasant both for business and residence. The first settlers of Dorchester came a regu larly organized church, with its pastor and officers. They soon erected a house of public worship ; but it is a singular fact that " none can tell the pre cise spot where the first meeting house was located, nor does a single stone remain to designate the site of the original burying-ground." Tho ear liest date in the present ancient cemetery that can be distinctly traced is 1644. On the 24th of June, 1852, a new rural ceme tery, lying partly in Dorchester and partly in West Roxbury, was consecrated by religious services. It is named Mount Hope Cemetery, and is upon the same plan as the cemetery at Mount Auburn. The grounds include an area of 85 acres, embra cing every variety of hill and dale, forest, glade, &c, now sought for in places of this description. It is already laid out extensively with avenues and paths, beautifully fitting it for its purpose. It is about 5 miles distant from Boston, and is approachable by many excellent roads from the city, on which omnibuses are running, and also very conveniently by the Providence. Railroad. Among the first settlers of Dorchester was George Minot, a ruling elder of the church for thirty years. He erected a dwelling house in that part of Dorchester where the pleasant village of Neponset now stands. That house is now stand ing, and is doubtless one of the oldest houses in the country. It is in good repair, and has ever remained in possession of Mr. Minot's lineal de scendants. Mr. Minot died December 24, 1671, aged 78. This house is even more celebrated for the female heroism displayed witliin its walls, than for its antiquity. A party of Narraganset Indians, hunting on the borders of Neponset River, stopped at Elder Minot's house, and de manded food and drink. On being refused, they threatened vengeance, and the sachem, or chief of the party, left an Indian in ambush to watch an opportunity to effect it. Soon after, in the absence of alt the family, except a young woman and two small children, the Indian attacked the house, and fired at the young woman, but missed his mark. The girl placed the children under two brass kettles, and bade them be silent. She then loaded Mr. Minot's grin, and shot the Indian in the shoulder. He again attacked the house, and in attempting to enter the window, the girl threw a shovelful of live coals into his face, and lodged them in his blanket. On this the Indian fled. The next day he was found dead in the woods. The Indian's name was Chickataubut, but not the Narraganset sachem of that name. The government of Massachusetts Bay presented this brave young woman with a silver wristband, on which her name was engraved, with this motto — " She slow the Narraganset hunter." Dorchester, N, H., Grafton co. Dorchester is situated on tho highlands between Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers. The principal streams are the. S branch of Baker's River, a branch of Mas comy and Rocky Branch. There aro two ponds, both in tho W. part of the town. The soil in sotie parts is very fertile. The highlands are uneven and rocky. First settlers, Benjamin Rice and Stephen Murch. 23 miles S. by E. from Haverhill, and 40 N. W. from Concord. Dorr, Is., c. h.. McHenry co. Dorr County, Wn. New. Taken from Brown in 1851, Dorset, Vt., Bennington co. There are no con siderable streams in this township. Otter Creek, Battenkill and one of its branches, and Pawlet River, afford some mill privileges. This town ship is considerably mountainous. Equinox Mountain lies partly in the S. W. corner. In this township are several remarkable caverns. The first settlement was made in 1768. 26 miles N. from Bennington, and 91 S. S. W. from Montpelier. Double Springs, otherwise called Pleasant Val ley, Ca., c. h. Mariposa co. Douglas, Ms., Worcester Co., was named in honor of Dr. William Douglas, of Boston, a Scotch gentleman of some eminence, a benefac tor to the town, and the author of a history of New England. Douglas was first settled about the year 1722, and at first was called Sherburne, from which place the first settlers came. The town is diversified by hills and valleys, the former affording much wood, and the latter a fine soil for cultivation. Mumford River passes through the E. village, on which are fine tracts of inter vale, and good mill seats. The town abounds with springs and small streams. The centre village lies 16 miles S. from Worcester.. The E. village is 2 miles N. E. from the centre, and 42 £. W. by W. from Boston. Douglass, Pa., Berks co. Watered by Mana- tawny Creek, which affords mill privileges. Sur face undulating ; soil of pretty good quality. Douglass, Pa., Montgomery co. Perkiomen and Swamp Creeks, good mill streams, water this town. Surface hilly ; soil red shale. Dover, De. Capital of the state, and seat of justice of Kent co. Pleasantly situated on ele vated ground between two principal branches of Jones's Creek, 10 miles above its entrance into the W. side Delaware Bay. -The town is laid out with much regularity, having a large public square in the centre, and wide streets intersecting each other at right angles. The state house stands on the E. side of the square, and other public buildings are around it. There is at Dover a beautiful monument in honor of Colonel John Haslett, who fell in the battle of Princeton. Dover lies 50 miles S. from Wilmington, and 120 from Washington. Dover, Me., c. h. Piscataquis. On Piscataquis River. 77 miles N. by E. from Augusta. Dover, Ms., Norfolk co., was taken from Ded ham in 1784. This town is bounded N. by Charles River. The surface is uneven, and a large part covered with wood. Pine Hill, in Dover and Medfield, 400 feet above Charles River, affords an extensive prospect. 5 miles W. from Dedham, and 14 S. S. W. from Boston. Dover, N. H., shire town of Strafford co. 40 miles E. from Concord, 66 N. from Boston, and 44 S. from Portland, Mo. Population in 1820, 2871; in 1830,5449; 1840,6458; 1850,8186. This is ono of the most interesting and im portant towns in New Hampshire. It is situ ated at the head of navigation on the Cocheco River, about 12 miles from the ocean, in the midst of a peculiarly rich and fertile country, on the N. W. and S. There are falls in the river at this place of about 32 feet descent, which con- IN THE UNITED STATES. 353 stitute one of the most valuable water privileges in New England. Passing over this town in any direction the traveller finds no rugged mountains nor extensive barren plains, but ascending occa sionally some gentle elevation, his eye meets some new and pleasing feature of the landscape — a winding stream, a well-cultivated farm, or a distant village. In the S. part of the town there is a neck of land about 2 miles long, and half a mile in breadth, lying between the Piscataqua River on the one side, and the Bellamy River, commonly called by the inhabitants Back River, on the other. The travelled road, from which the land gradually descends on either hand to the rivers, commands a very extensive, variegated, and delightful prospect of bays and their adja cent shores, of streams, fields, and distant moun tains. On this neck of land the first settlement of the town was commenced in 1623, by a company in England, whose design was to plant a colony and establish fisheries along the Piscat aqua River. For several years this spot em braced the principal part of the population of the town. Here the first meeting house in Dover was erected, and afterwards surrounded with an intrenchment and flankarts, the remains of which are still visible. In process of time the business and population began to centre around the falls, 4 miles N. of the neck, where the beautiful village of Dover now is. Subsequently, when this fine water power began to be improved for manufac turing purposes, a vigorous impulse was given to the prosperity of the place. The Cocheco Manufacturing Company have now in operation here 4 large cotton mills, which manufacture about 7,000,000 yards of print cloths per annum ; also, 1 large printery, capable of turning out 7000 pieces of prints per week. They have also an extensive machine shop. This company employs about 1500 persons, 1000 of whom are females. The Bellamy mills, on Bellamy River, about a mile and a half from the village, consist of saw mills, and mills for the manufacture of machinery, railroad cars, car riages, and axles; and near them are two or three flannel manufactories. On this river, also, is a paper manufactory. A company at Dover have in successful operation machinery for the knitting of drawers and shirts. Besides the above, a variety of smaller articles of manufac ture are produced. These two rivers, the Cocheco or Quocheco, and the Bellamy or Black River, are the prin cipal streams in Dover. They take a S. E. course through the town, and unite with other streams to form the Piscataqua, which separates Dover on the E. from Elliot, Me. Dover is well built, the houses being generally neat, and /some of them elegant The houses of worship, the court house, and other public build ings are handsome, and the factories massive and imposing in their structure. A Congregational church was organized here in 1638 ; and their minister, a Mr. Leverich, was probably the first ordained pastor who preached the gospel in New Hampshire. Rev. Dr. Bel knap, the historian of New Hampshire, was ordained as pastor of this church in 1767. A society of Friends was established here at an early period, and at one time comprised about one third of the population. This town, at its first settlement, was greatly exposed to invasions from the Indians, between 45 whom and the inhabitants some unfortunate jealousies and suspicions were excited. Tho people experienced many sufferings from their repeated attacks. Dover is easily approached by the Boston and Maine Railroad, which is the upper or inland route between Boston and Portland, Me. It is also connected by the Cocheco Railroad with Alton Bay on Lake Winnipiseogee, which opens a direct, expeditious, and delightful route from Boston to the White Mountains. Another rail road extends N. from Dover, passing by Great Falls, and reaching to Milton, 15 miles, intended to furnish a still more direct route to the moun tains. Dover, N. J., Monmouth co. Watered by Tom's and Forked Rivers and branches of Cedar and Rancocus Creeks, affording water power. Sur face mostly level, and soil sandy. 24 miles S. from Freehold. Dover, N. J., Randolph, Morris co. On both sides of Roekaway River. 63 miles N. from Trenton. It is on the line of the Morris Canal. Dover, N. Y., Dutchess co. On both sides of Ten Mile Creek. The surface is somewhat mountainous ; the soil gravelly loam of good quality. Iron ore is found in this town, and there are extensive quarries of white and colored marble. 93 miles S. S. W. from Albany, and 20 E. from Poughkeepsie. Dover, O., Dover township, Tuscarawas co This is a flourishing town, and is situated on a level plain 35 feet above the water on the Ohio Canal, on which it lies. The streets cross each other at right angles. A covered bridge, 346 feet long, and built in 1833, crosses the canal and river. It is 110 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 93 S. from Cleveland by the canal. Dover, Pa., York co. The surface of this town is hilly ; soil red shale. Dover, Te., c. h. Stewart co. On the S. side of the Cumberland River. 75 miles W. N. W. from Nashville. Dover, Vt., Windham co. This town was a part of Wardsboro' until 1810. The land is high and uneven, more fit for pasturage than til lage. It is the source of several branches of West and a branch of Deerfield River. Serpen tine and chlorite slate are found here. Although this township is quite mountainous, yet the soil is warm, sweet, and productive. 12 miles" N. W. from Brattleboro', and 120 S. by W. from Mont pelier. Downe, N. J., Cumberland co. Bounded E. by Maurice River, and S. by Delaware Bay. It is also watered by Dividing and other small creeks. The land bordering on the bay and Maurice River is flat and marshy. 14 miles S. E. from Bridgeton. Downingtown, Pa., Chester co. On the W. bank of the E. fork of Brandywine Creek. 67 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. The battle of Bran dywine was fought 12 miles below this place, September 11, 1777. Doylestown, O., Wayne co., is situated on the road leading from Wooster to Akron, 16 miles from the former, and 13 from the latter place, and 36 miles S. from Cleveland. Doylestown, Pa., c. h. Bucks co. 100 miles E. from Harrisburg. The situation is elevated and commanding. Dracut, Mass., Middlesex co. Dracut is united to Lowell by two handsome bridges over Merri- 354 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, mac River. The town is pleasantly situated on the N. side, on the line of New Hampshire, with a tolerable soil, and some water power by Beaver River. The proximity of this town to Lowell gives it a favorable market for the fruits and vegetables which it plentifully yields. There is some fine scenery in the town, particularly around Pawtucket Falls, when the river is high. 27 miles N. from Boston, and 16 N. by E. from Concord. Drayton, Ga., c. h. Dooly co. On Pennehatchie Creek, about 1 mile from its entrance into Flint River, and 98 miles S. S. W. from Mil ledgeville. Dresden, Is., Grundy co. At the junction of Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers, 153 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. The Illinois Canal passes through it. Dresden, Me., Lincoln co. On the E. bank of Kennebec River, 14 miles S. from Augusta. Dresden, N. Y, Washington co. Situated be tween Lakes George and Champlain. The surface is hilly and mountainous, Palmertown Mountain extending through the town, rising, in some places, to the height of 1200 feat above the level of Lake Champlain. The land is unfit for culti vation, and mostly covered with forests. 28 miles from Sandy Hill, and 78 N. N. E. from Albany. Dresden, O., Jefferson township, Muskingum co. A thriving town on Wakatom-aka Creek, on a side cut of the Ohio and Erie Canal, near their union with the Muskingum River. Dresden, Te., c. h. Weakley co. On one of the head branches of Obion River. W. by N. from Nashville 122 miles. Drew County, As., c. h. at Monticello. Dromore, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded S. W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Con ewago Creek, which affords hydraulic power. Surface undulating ; soil clay. S. E. from Lan caster 15 miles. Dryden, N. Y., Tompkins co. Fall Creek and some other small streams water this town. The surface is uneven ; the soil productive, consisting of gravelly loam. 10 miles E. from Ithaca, and 160 W. from Albany. Duane, N. Y., Franklin co. Situated in the northern part of the state, about 200 miles from Albany. A considerable part of this town is yet covered with the native forest The surface is uneven and hilly, with several small lakes. The principal settlement is in the northern part. The town has become celebrated for its superior iron ore, or "native steel ore," as it has been called, which is capable of being cast from the ore into the finest edged tools. At Duane there are a blasting furnace and a scythe man ufactory. Duanesburg, N. Y, Schenectady co. Watered by Schoharie Creek and some other small streams. The surface is elevated and hilly ; the soil clay loam. 12 miles S. W. from Schenectady, and 21 N. W. from Albany. Dublin, Ga., c. h. Laurens co. On the W. side of the Oconee River. 79 miles S. S. E. from Milledgeville. Dublin, N. H., Cheshire co. On the height of land between Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers. Its streams are small. Centre Pond is in the middle of the town ; it is one mile in length, and about the same in breadth. A large portion of the Grand Monadnock lies in the N. W. part of Dublin, and near the centre of the town is Breed's Mountain. The land is better for grazing than tillage. First settlers, 1762, John Alexander, Henry Strongman, and William Strong. 10 miles E. by S. from Keene, and 50 S. W. from Concord. Dublin, 0., Washington, Franklin co. On elevated ground, on the W. bank of Scioto River, on which there is water power. 12 miles N. N. W. from Columbus. Dublin, Pa., Bedford co. Watered by Wooden Bridge and Little Augwick Creeks and the head branches of Licking Creek. Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. 25 miles E. from Bedford. Dublin, Pa., Huntingdon co. Shade and Lit tle Augwick Creeks drain this town. Surface mountainous ; soil clay. 21 miles S. E. from Huntingdon. Dubois County, la., c. h. at Jasper. Incorporated in 1817. Bounded N. by Davies and Martin counties, .E. by Orange and Crawford, S. by Perry and Spencer, and W. by Pike counties. Watered by Strait River, by the E. fork of White River, and by Patoka and Huntley's Creeks. Surface hilly and undulating ; soil fer tile. Dubuque County, Io., c. h. at Dubuque. Bound ed N. by Clayton co., N. E. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Wisconsin, and on the E. from Illinois. S. by Jackson and Jones counties, and W. by Delaware co. Drained by Turkey and Little Macoquetais Rivers and branches, and by some small creeks flowing into the Mississippi. Dubuque, Io., shire town of Dubuque co. Situ ated on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, about 80 miles N. E. from Iowa City, 454 miles above St. Louis, and 338 below the Falls of St. Anthony. It is 24 miles, by the Mississippi and Fevre Rivers, from Galena. Dubuque, like Ga lena, is celebrated for its lead mines, the ore being found in abundance within its corporate limits, and for many miles around. This is, in deed, the commercial centre of the lead region. Dubuque was originally settled by a French half-breed of that name, who purchased his title from the Indians. The town is built on a fine table prairie, with picturesque bluffs in the rear, some of which are adorned with princely man sions. The place is laid out with regularity, and handsomely built Among the churches, of which there are several of the various denomi nations, there is a large stone Roman Catholic cathedral. Its spacious brick warehouses, its many stores and mechanic shops, its numerous steamboats lading and unlading at the quays, and the bustling activity of business in its streets, sufficiently indicate that this place is now the great commercial emporium of the country of the Upper Mississippi. The Illinois Central Railroad from Cairo, at the mouth of the Ohio, will have its northern terminus on the opposite side of the river, which will open a communi cation, at all seasons of the year, to the Gulf of Mexico. There will soon be a continuous rail road route from this place to Chicago, and thence to New York and Boston. Dudley, Ms., Worcester co. This town was granted by the legislature in 1660. The grantees bought it of the Pegan tribe of Indians. Quinne- baug River on the W. and French on the E. give to Dudley an excellent water power. The town was named in honor of Paul and William Dud- IN THE UNITED STATES. 355 ley, of Roxbury, who were among the first pro prietors. It is a pleasant town, with a good soil, and a surface variegated by hills and vales, smiling ponds, and constant streams. There are 3 villages here, Dudley Hill, Tufts, and Merino. The Indian name of a large pond in the town is Chabanakongkomam. 55 miles S. W. from Boston. Dukes County, Ms., c. h. at Edgartown. This county is formed of the islands of Martha's Vine yard, Chappequiddick, Elizabeth Islands, and No-Man's Land. The latter of which is the S. extremity of Massachusetts. These islands were discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold, in 1602. He landed at No-Man's Land, which he called Martha's Vineyard, passed round Gay Head, anchored in the Vineyard Sound, and landed on Cuttahunk, which he called Elizabeth Island, a name since extended to the whole group to which it belongs. A small rocky islet in the midst of a pond of fresh water on this island, was selected as the site of a settlement, and a stockhouse was erected on it — the first house built by the English on the shores of New England. Gosnold could not induce any of his men to remain, yet the commencement of efforts for* colonizing New England dates from his voyage. Dumfries, Va., Prince William co. On the N. side of Quantico Creek, a tributary of Potomac River, and 86 miles N. by E. from Richmond., The best winter harbor on the Potomac is about 24 miles below this place. Dummer, N. H„ Coos Co., comprises 23,040 acres. It is watered by the Amonoosuck and Androscoggin. This town is rough in its sur face, and cold in its soil. First settlers, Mark H. Wentworth, Nathaniel Haven, and others, in 1773. Distances 140 miles N. by E. from Con cord, and 30 N. by E. from Lancaster. Dummerston, Vt, Windham co. This town ship is watered by West River and several small streams, affording a considerable number of good sites for mills. The surface is broken. The rocks which constitute Black Mountain, near the centre of the town, are an immense body of granite. A range of argillaceous slate passes through it. Primitive limestone occurs in beds. This is one of the oldest towns in the state. 90 miles S. from Montpelier, and 8 S. E. from New fane. The Connecticut River Railroad passes through this town. Dunbar, Pa., Fayette co. This town is bound ed on the E. by the Youghiogeny River, and drained by Dunbar Run, a mill stream. Sur face undulating ; soil calcareous loam. 8 miles N. E. from Union. Dunbarton, N. H., Merrimac co. The situation of this town is elevated, though there are but few hills. The air is clear, the water good, and the town very healthy. The soil is good, and well suited for corn, wheat, and orcharding. Ar senic is found here. The inhabitants are mostly descendants of Scotch- Irish, so called, from the north of Ireland. It was first called Starkstown, in honor of the principal proprietor. Its present name is derived from Dunbarton, in Scotland, from whence Stark emigrated. First settlers, 1749, Joseph Putney, James Rogers, William Putney, and Obadiah Foster. 10 miles S. W. from Concord, and 20 N. from Amherst. Dunkirk, N. Y., Chautauque co. An incorporat ed village in Pomfret, situated on Lake Erie, 44 miles S. W. from Buffalo. This is the western terminus of the Erie Railroad, extending from Piermont, on the Hudson River, 24 miles from New York, to this place, a distance of 445 miles, or 469 from New York. There is also a contin uous railroad route to Jersey City, opposite New York, leaving the Erie Railroad 18 miles W. of Piermont, and passing through Patterson, N. J. ; on which the distance between Dunkirk and New York is only 460 miles. From its position in reference to this great channel of communication, Dunkirk is destined to take a rank among the most important places on Lake Erie. It has one of the best harbors on the lake, for the improvement of which the United States government has expended large sums of money. It is extremely valuable as an anchor age and port of refuge, and is often resorted to for that purpose. It is frequently open several days, and even weeks, earlier in the spring than the harbor of Buffalo. A railroad along the lake shore, in continuation of the great western route, from Boston, via Troy, Albany, and Buf falo, will make Dunkirk a new thoroughfare be tween the North- Western States and the two most important ports on the Atlantic. Distance from Dunkirk to Boston, by the railroads now in oper ation, 572 miles ; and by the contemplated route via Troy and the tunnel through the Hoosic Mountain, 545 miles. Duklin County, Mo., c. h. at Chillitecunx. In the extreme S. E. Between St. Francis and White Water Rivers, and largely subject to over flow. Dunstable, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was taken from Dunstable, now Nashua, N. H., in 1741. The Nashua River passes the W. border of the town, but gives it no important water power. The soil is sandy. 12 miles W. N. W. from Lowell, and 33 N. W. from Boston. Dunstable, Pa., Clinton co. The W. branch of the Susquehanna River bounds this town on the S. E. and S. The surface is mountainous, con taining coal ; soil sterile. Du Page County, Is., c. h. at Napierville. Bound ed N. and E. by Cook co., S. by Will, and W. by Kendall and Kane counties. Des Planes River and Du Page Creek water this county. Duplin County, N. C, c. h. at Keenansville. Bounded N. by Wayne county, E. by Lenoir, Jones, and Onslow, S. by New Hanover, and W. by Sampson co. Surface level, and drained by Cape Fear River and branches ; soil productive. Durham, Ct, Middlesex co. This town was first settled in 1698. Its Indian name was Co- ginchaug. Agriculture is the principal employ ment of the people of Durham, for which they have rather an uneven but fertile soil. " This town has been distinguished many years for a very fine breed of cattle. Two oxen, presented by some of the inhabitants to General Washing ton, furnished a dinner for all the officers of the American army at Valley Forge, and all their servants." Durham, Me., Cumberland co. A good town ship of land on the S. side of Androscoggin River. 25 miles N. from Portland, and 31 S. W. from Augusta. Durham, N. H., Strafford co. The situation of this town upon the Piscataqua and its branches is very favorable, both as to water power and transportation. Oyster and Lamprey are the two branches ; the latter flows over several falls. Upon both sides of Oyster River a deep argilla- 356 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, ceous loam prevails, which is favorable to the production of grasses. Extensive ledges of gran ite are found here. A large block of it, weighing 60 or 70 tons, was formerly poised so exactly between two stones, as to be visibly moved by the wind. It was dislodged from this position by the curiosity of some visitors. Durham was originally a part of Dover. Oyster River was so called from the abundance of oysters found in it. 32 miles E. by S. from Concord, and 11 W. N. W. from Portsmouth. Durham, N. Y, Greene co. Drained by the Catskill and some of its tributaries. The sur face is hilly and uneven ; soil clay and gravelly loam. 20 miles N. W. from Catskill, and 34 S. W. from Albany. Durham, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded E. by the Delaware River, and drained by Cook's or Dun ham Creek, a mill stream. In this town is the Devil's Hole, a large cave, at the bottom of which is a basin of pure water, 20 feet wide, and having a subterranean outlet 20 miles N. E. from Doylestown. Durhamville, N. Y., Oneida co. On both sides of Oneida Creek. 125 miles W. N. W. from Albany. Dutchess County, N. Y., c. h. at Poughkeepsie. Bounded by Columbia co. on the N., by the state of Connecticut on the E., by Putnam co. on the S., and by the Hudson River on the W. It was incorporated in 1683. Wappinger's, Fish kill, and Ten Mile Creeks drain the surface, which is somewhat hilly and uneven. Soil chiefly fertile. It is rich in mineral productions, the principal of which are iron, marble, and lead. Peat and marl are also abundant, and there are one or two remarkable gas springs. Duval County, Fa., c. h. at Jacksonville. Bound ed N. by Georgia, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by St John's and Alachua counties, and W. by Alachua and Columbia counties. Watered by the Nassau, St. John's, and Black Rivers. Duxbury, Ms., Plymouth co. This is an im portant maritime town. The harbor is formed by a peninsula called the Gurnet, jutting out in a S. E. direction from Marshfleld on the N., of about 6 miles in length. The soil of Duxbury is generally unproductive ; yet there are some fertile spots. Its Indian name was Mattakeeset. There is an apple-tree here noted for its age, size, and fruitfulness. It is upwards of 100 years old. It is 40 feet in height, and its circumfer ence, 8 inches from the ground, is 16 feet Its fruit, in 1 year, has made 10 barrels of cider, besides 30 bushels for the cellar. The village in Duxbury is pleasantly located on elevated ground, in full view of the sea. Beyond it, about 2 miles distant, is " Standish Hill," part of the farm of the renowned Captain Miles Stan- dish, the military hero of New England. 6 miles N. from Plymouth, and 30 S. E. from Boston. Duxbury, Vt., Washington co. The south and western parts of this township are mountainous, and incapable of settlement. Nearly all the in habitants are confined to tho margin of Wi nooski River, and the north-eastern parts of the township. This township is watered by Winoos ki River, -which forms the northern boundary, by Duxbury branch, on which is a considerable settlement, and several small branches of Mad River. The natural bridge over Winooski River is between this town and Waterbury, and near it are some curious caverns. The settlement was commenced about the year 1786. 11 miles W. from Montpelier. Dyer County, Te., c. h. at Dyersburg. Bounded N. by Obion co., E. by Gibson, S. by Lauder dale, and W. by the Mississippi River. Drained by Obion and Forked Deer Rivers. Surface uneven, with the exception of the flats on the border of the Mississippi. Eagle, N. Y., Alleghany co. Caneadea and Wiskay Creeks water this town. The surface is undulating; the soil favorable to the growth of grass and grain. 264 miles W. by S. from Albany. Eagle Harbor, Mn., Houghton co. This vil lage, on Keewaiwona Point, has sprung up in the immediate neighborhood of several important mines of copper and silver. The village takes its name from that of the little harbor in the bosom of which it is seated. The first house erected at this place was put up by Colonel Charles Gratiot, for the accommodation of the pioneer miners employed by the Lake Superior Copper Company in 1844 ; and it was at this place that the first search for native copper commenced. That year some of the veins yielded a promising return of copper ; but the ground was not found to be so favorable for mining purposes as that of Eagle River, a few miles farther to the west ward. There are now wrought, near Eagle Har bor, several very valuable mines ; among them, the North- West", Copper Falls, and North- West ern mines are most conspicuous. This harbor is the nearest safe shelter for small vessels that the miners can avail themselves of, and hence its importance. Good hotels and comfortable ac commodations now invite the traveller to this spot, which seven or eight years ago was an un broken wilderness. By means of gib nets an abundance of large lake trout and of white fish is caught off this harbor. Trout may also be taken by trolling with a long line from a sail boat. Siskowit, a fat species of salmon, are also occasionally caught at this place, but they are not abundant, then- range being limited to the coast of Isle Royale, 40 miles N. of Keewaiwona Point, a few rarely straying across this part of the lake. The climate of Eagle Harbor is like that of Kee waiwona Point, generally much milder than that of the Sault St. Marie, on account of its being nearly surrounded by the deep waters of Lake Superior, which preserve an invariable tempera ture of about 394 degrees Fahrenheit, and thus moderate the heat of the air in both summer and winter. Potatoes and some early garden plants thrive on Keewaiwona Point, but Indian corn rarely ripens there. Oats, barley, and summer wheat do very well. Eagle River Settlement, Mn., Houghton co. Eagle River is 8 miles W. of Eagle Harbor, in lat. 47° 23' 28" N. The stream enters the lake over a sandy bar, and the bay offers no shelter for vessels, so that it is only practicable to take on board the steamers' cargoes of copper during good weather. In case of storms, the vessels run to Eagle Harbor for shelter. Owing to the discovery of tho most valuable mines of copper and silver near this river, a con siderable village has sprung up at its mouth, and a numerous population of miners and persons connected with the mines reside at the mining stations up the river, at the Phoenix Cliff and IN THE UNITED STATES. 357 North American mines, which are from one to four miles from the mouth of the stream, and upon its borders. _ The Phoenix, formerly called the Lake Supe rior mine, was the first mine wrought for native copper and silver on Lake Superior. It was not wrought properly at first, owing to want of experience in this new kind of mining, but has since been carried on with the most prom ising success. The Cliff mine, 3 miles from the Phoenix, was the first mine that was opened in a truly scientific manner, and has proved the model mine of the country, and has given most profitable returns to the stockholders. About 1 50 men are employed at this mine in extracting metallic copper and silver from the rocks. This mine is one of the wonders of the world, and is unparalleled in its produce ; masses of solid native copper, of from 10 to 100 tons, being extracted by mining operations from regular veins of the metal. The copper is mixed with variable proportions of silver, which is always found free from any alloy, and often occurs embedded in the solid copper, as if welded to it only at the points of contact. This mine produces, on an average, 900 tons of fine copper, and about $5000 worth of pure sil ver per annum. The stock is owned mostly in Boston and Pittsburg, and is held at a good rate, but little of it being offered at the brokers' board. The North American Company have a mine nearly as valuable as the Cliff, within a half mile of that celebrated mine, and the works are ad mirably constructed, and mining is carried on with success, both copper and silver being found there native. Copper Falls mine, which is 4 miles to the E. of Eagle River, is situated on a small stream called Copper Brook, and has been wrought with promising success, but no.t to the extent of those already mentioned. A considerable corps of miners are there employed in searching for cop.- per, and a regular mine has been constructed, and native copper and silver have been raised and sent to market. All the mines we have named were discovered in 1844 and 1845, and are situated in amyg- daloidal trap rocks, near their junction with sandstone rocks. The veins cross the " country," or traverse the line of direction of the trappean masses and stratified rocks. Hence they are called true veins. Stone hammers used by the aboriginal inhabitants, in old pits, have disclosed tho interesting fact that these lodes of native copper were known probably for thousands of years before the white men set foot upon this continent. All the tools indicate that the mines were wrought by savages, who employed fire to cause the rock to crumble away from the copper, and then broke off masses of the metal. Few of these excavations are deeper than 6 or 8 feet, but they are of considerable extent. Aged trees growing upon the surface soil of these pits prove that the mining operations were carried on many centuries ago. The soil on Eagle River is good, and produces oats and potatoes in abundance, and some fine esculents and garden vegetables ; but the season is short, and tender crops often are overtaken by frost. There are a good tavern, and store, and post office at the mouth of Eagle River. Some fish are taken, but the place is not regarded as good fishing ground. Earl, Pa., Berks co. Manatawny Creek waters this town, the surface of which is broken by South Mountain. Earl, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by Cones- tago and Muddy Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil gravel and red shale. 13 miles N. W. from Lancaster. Early County, Ga., c. h. at Blakely. Bounded N. by Randolph oo., E. by Baker, S. by De catur co., and W. by the Chattahoochee River, separating it from Ga. Surface level, and drained by Spring, a branch of Flint, River ; soil fertile. East Avon, N. Y., Livingston co. 2 miles E. from Avon Springs, and 218 W. from Albany. The surrounding country is highly cultivated, and the situation of the place is commanding. East Bethlehem, Pa., Washington co. The Monongahela River bounds this town on the E., and Ten Mile Creek on the S. Surface hilly, and abounding with coal mines ; soil loamy. 197 miles W. from Harrisburg. East Bloomfield, N. Y., Ontario co. Drained by Mud Creek and some other small streams. The surface is undulating; the soil fertile. 8 miles W. from Canandaigua, and 203 W. by N. from Albany. East Bradford, Pa., Chester co. Valley Creek and its branches water this town, affording hy draulic power, and Brandywine River forms its S. W. boundary. Surface hilly; soil calcareous loam. East Bridgewater, Ms., Plymouth co. Beaver and Satucket, branches of Taunton River, afford this town a good water power. The settlement of this part of Old Bridgewater was not com menced much before 1685. There are two pleasant villages in the town, at which consider able business is transacted. A branch of the Old Colony Railroad, from South Abington to Bridgewater, passes near the village of Joppa, 6 miles from the former, 2 from the latter, and 26 from Boston. East Cambridge, Ms., Middlesex co. See Cam bridge, Ms. Eastchester, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered by Bronx River and Hutchinson's Creek. The surface is hilly and somewhat rocky ; but the soil is for the most part very productive. 10 miles S. from White Plains, and 140 S. from Albany. East Cocalico, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by Cocalico Creek. East Deer, Pa., Alleghany co. Located on the W. side of the Alleghany River. East Donegal, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by Little Chicques Creek and its branches. East Faltowfield, Pa., Chester co. Watered by the W. branch of Brandywine Creek. East Feliciana Parish, La., c. h. at Clinton. The state of Mi. bounds this parish on the N. Watered by Amite River, and Comite and Thompson's Creeks. Soil fertile on the streams. Eastford, Ct., Windham co. Taken from Ashford. On a head stream of the Yantic. 14 m. N. W. from Brooklyn, and 31 E. from Hartford. East Goshen, Pa., Chester co. Watered by Chester and Ridley Creeks. Surface mostly level; soil rich sandy loam. 18 miles W. from Philadelphia. East Greenwich, R. I, Kent co. This is the shire town, and is pleasantly located on Narra ganset Bay. It was incorporated in 1667, and comprises an excellent harbor for ships of 500 358 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, tons' burden. A number of vessels are owned here, and the coasting trade and fisheries give employment to many of the inhabitants. The town is watered by Maskachug and Hunt's Rivers, on which are cotton mills and other manufactories. The soil of the town is rather rough and stony, but it yields good crops of corn, barley, and potatoes. East Greenwich is noted for excellent fruit and cider. The Kentish Guards was established here in 1774, and proved a nursery of distinguished offi cers, of which the celebrated General Nathaniel Greene was one. Across the bay, to Bristol, is about 8 miles. 14 miles S. from Providence. East Haddam, Ct, Middlesex co. A town of considerable trade and manufacturing enterprise, on the E. side of the Connecticut, and at the out let of Salmon Rivor. The soil is hilly and rocky, and more fit for grazing than tillage. Consider able business is done here in the shad fishery. It is supposed that more leather is made in this than in any other town in the state. This place has fine water privileges, both for navigation and manufactures. A short distance from the centre of the town is a pond covering 1000 acres. On the river formed by the outlet of this pond, the water is precipitated over rocks nearly 70 feet per pendicular. The scenery around these falls is beautiful, and worthy of particular notice. Leesville, on Salmon River, and Mechanics- ville, on Moodus River, a branch of Salmon River, are very flourishing settlements. This place, the Indian Mackimoodus, is re markable for frequent slight shocks of earth quakes, producing singular noises, which the Indians attributed to the anger of their gods towards the white men. It is said that some valuable geological discoveries have recently been made in this quarter. The town was first settled in 1685, but not incorporated until 1724. Eastham, Ms., Barnstable co., lies on both sides of Cape Cod, which, at this place, is about 3 miles across. It is the ancient Nausat of the Indians, and was purchased of the natives by the people at Plymouth, prior to its grant by the court, in 1644. A settlement commenced the year the grant was made. The soil of this town was formerly considered as unproductive as any on the cape ; but by good management it has been made to furnish a supply of breadstuffs for its own inhabitants, and some for exportation. There is a pear tree in this town celebrated for its longevity. It was brought from England by Thomas Prince, who was elected governor of the colony in 1634. Its fruit is said to be fair and good, and yields about 15 bushels annually. 22 miles E. N. E. from Barnstable, and 66 S. E. by E. from Boston, by water. Easthampton, Ms., Hampshire co. This is a pleasant town, on the W. side of Connecticut River, 5 miles S. from Northampton, of which it was formerly a part. The Hampshire and Hamp den Canal passes through this town, but has been abandoned, and a railroad substituted for it. The Mount Tom range of mountains commences here, and extends into the state of Connecticut. Tho highest part of the range is in this town, and is 1214 feet above the river. A largo part of the lauds in Easthampton are fertile and productive. There is here a flour ishing and richly-endowed English and classical seminary, founded and endowed at an expense of $50,000, the munificence of the Hon. Samuel Williston, under the name of the Williston Semi nary. East Hampton, N. Y., Suffolk co. Situated on the E. extremity of Long, Island. 114 miles E. from New York city, and 267 E. S. E. from Al bany. This town, including land and water, embraces a large area, being about 23 miles in length, over the narrow strip running up from Montauk Point to its western boundary, and about 12 miles in breadth, on a line from the northern extremity of Gardiner's Island, which is connected with it, directly across the town to the ocean. The village is built principally on a single street, a mile and a half long; and about three fourths of a mile from the southern shore. The town was settled in 1649, by 30 families from Lynn, and the neighboring towns, in Massachu setts. There is a small remnant of the Montauk Indians still remaining, upon a reservation of 1000 acres, held by them under the conditions of their sale of the Montauk tract to the whites, about 180 years ago. See Montauk Point, p. 221. East Hanover, Pa., Lebanon co. 21 miles E. from Harrisburg. East Hartford, Ct, Hartford co. This town is situated opposite to Hartford, and connected with it by a bridge across Connecticut River. The soil of the town is generally fertile, but the allu vial meadows on the border of the river, of which there is a large tract, is of a superior quality. The agricultural products of this town are very considerable. Hackanum River furnishes the town with a good water power, on which are val uable manufacturing establishments, particularly of paper. East Hartford is noted for its man ufactures in former years. The first powder mill in this country, it is said, was erected here, in 1775. This is a very pleasant town. The main street, which is very long and wide, is delight fully shaded by stately elms. East Hartford was taken from Hartford in 1784. East Haven, Ct, New Haven co. This town was taken from New Haven in 1785, and is con nected with New Haven by a bridge. It has good navigable privileges, and is watered by Quinnipiac River. This was a great resort for the Indians in former years. On Grave Hill were an Indian fort and cemetery. Bones of Indians of a large size, and domestic and warlike imple ments for savage use, have been found here. The Indian Well, in a granite rock, on an island in Stony River, is a curiosity. East Haven is pleasantly located, and commands a fine prospect of Long Island Sound. East Haven, Vt., Essex co. The land in this township is high, but much of it is very suitable for grazing. Passumpsic River crosses the W. corner, and the head of Moose River waters the eastern part, each being about two rods wide, and affording good mill sites. There were five or six families in this town as early as 1814. 24 miles N. W. from Guildhall, and 69 N. E. from Mont pelier. East Hempfield, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered on the E. by Littie Conestoga Creek. Surface principally level. 38 miles E. S. E. from Har risburg. East Huntingdon, Pa., Westmoreland co. Wa tered by branches of Jacob's Creek. East Kingston, N. H, Rockingham co. The soil is of an excellent quality, and well adapted to grain and grass. Powow River crosses the S. W. part of this town. First settlers, William IN THE UNITED STATES. 359 and Abraham Smith. 42 miles S. E. by E. from Concord, and 20 S. S. W. from Portsmouth, and by railroad 5 miles S. from Exeter. East Lebanon, 0., Wayne co. This village is 90 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 5 from Greenville. East Lyme, Ct., New London co. On the coast, between the Rivers Thames and Connecti cut. The New Haven and New London Railroad passes through it. Surface diversified ; soil gen erally good. East Livermore, Me., Kennebec co. On the E. bank of the Androscoggin. 23 miles W. from Augusta. East Machias, Me., Washington co. On both sides of East Machias River 149 miles E. by N. from Augusta. It has a great water power, and is largely engaged in the lumber trade. East Marlboro', Pa., Chester co. Watered by Redelay Creek and Pocopsen, a branch of Bran dywine Creek. Surface gently sloping; soil sandy loam. 28 miles S. W. from Philadelphia. East Montpelier, Vt., Washington co. This town was incorporated November 9, 1848, and comprises the northern and eastern part of the fertile and p.easant town of Montpelier. East Nantmeal, Pa., Chester co. The N. and S. forks of French Creek water this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly. 65 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. East Nottingham, Pa., Chester co. Watered by Elk and Little Elk Creeks. Surface slightly uneven ; soil sandy loam. Easton, Md., Talbot co. On Tread Haven Creek. 13 miles from Chesapeake Bay, and near the head of a large estuary. S. E. from Annapo lis 45 miles. Easton. Ct, Fairfield co. Taken from the E. part of Weston. 10 m.N. W. from Bridgeport. Easton, Ms., Bristol co. There are two pleas ant villages here, both well watered by branches of Taunton River. From the W. village it is about 10 miles to Taunton, and 24 to Boston. Easton, N. Y., Washington co. On the E. border of the Hudson River, and watered by the Battenkill, one of its tributaries, The surface is slightly uneven ; the soil generally clay and sandy loam. Limestone and water lime of superior qual ity are found here. 26 m. N. N. W. from Albany. Easton, Pa., seat of justice of Northampton cb. On the W. side of Delaware River, at the junc tion of the Lehigh, 58 miles N. from Philadelphia, and 106 E. N. E. from Harrisburg. Population in 1820, 2370; 1830, 3529; 1840, 4865; 1850, 9000. The town is built on a point of land bounded and shaped by the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers, and by Bushkill Creek. It is regularly laid out, with streets crossing each other at right an gles, and a public square in the centre. The court house, standing upon this square, was built in 1758. The part of the town lying near the Delaware, though well elevated above the river, is level ; but the ground rises gradually as it re cedes to the W., forming a fine acclivity for that part of the town which is the most handsomely built, and in which are the principal churches and other public buildings. Still more elevated, in the rear of the town, are the buildings of La fayette College, which are handsomely located, and command a beautiful prospect of the sur rounding country. (See Colleges.) The fine bridge at this point, over the Delaware, 500 feet long, was built at an expense of $80,000. The Dela ware, the Morris, and the Lehigh Canals form a junction at Easton ; and railroads meet here from Philadelphia, via Trenton, from Jersey City, op posite New York, and from Belvidere, an impor tant town a few miles to the N. The manufac tures of this place are of considerable impor tance. About a mile above Easton, on the right bank of the Lehigh, a manufacturing village has sprung up, called South Easton, which contains large mills for the manufacture of cotton goods, nails, rifles, steel, and various other articles. Eastown, Pa., Chester co. Surface slightly un even, and drained by Darby Creek ; soil sandy loam. East Penn, Pa., Northampton co. Watered by Mahoning and Lizard Creeks, branches of the Lehigh River. Surface mountainous, the Lehigh Water Gap, through Blue Mountain, being in the S. part. Soil rod shale and gravel. The streams af ford water power. 9 1 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. East Pennsboro', Pa., Cumberland co. Drained by Conedogwinit Creek, a mill stream flowing into the Susquehanna River, which bounds the town on the E. 10 miles N. E. from Carlisle, and about the same distance N. W. from Harrisburg. East Pikeland, Pa., Chester co. Watered by Stony, French, and Pickering Creeks, all mill streams flowing into the Schuylkill River. Eastport, Me., Washington CO., includes four islands, on the chief of which, called Moose Isl and, the town is built. It has a fine harbor, and has been noted for smuggling adventures, being situated on the W. shore of Passamaquoddy Bay. The tide is very rapid, and rises 25 feet. Two long bridges connect Moose Island with the main land. It has still considerable trade in lumber. East Rockhill, Pa., Bucks co. Surface hilly ; soil gravel. East Union, 0., Wayne co., is a flourishing township, a few miles E. from Wooster. Eastville, Va., c. h. Northampton co. On tho S. side of King's Creek, a small stream which empties into Chesapeake Bay, through a consid erable estuary. E. from Richmond 151 miles. East Whiteland, Pa., Chester co. Surface level ; soil rich calcareous loam. East Windsor, Ct, Hartford co. First settled 1680. Takenfrom Windsor, 1768. Thisisanex- cellent township of land. Its extensive mead ows onthe E. side of Connecticut River are of un common fertility and beauty. Scantic River, a considerable mill stream, passes through the N. part of the town, and gives it the name of Scantic. The village of Wapping is in the S. E. section of the town. The principal street, about a mile back of the river, is the village, running the whole length of the town, wide, neatly built, and beau tifully shaded. East Windsor Hill, Ct., in South Windsor, Hartford co. 11 miles N. E. from Hartford. The Theological Institute of Connecticut is located here. There is a rich and delightful prospect from the buildings, which are seen at a distance in different directions. East Windsor, N. J.,, Mercer co. Watered by Millstone" River, and Assunpink and Miry Runs. Surface level ; soil sandy and rather sterile. 20 miles S. W. from New Brunswick. Eaton County, Mn., c. h. at Charlotte. Incor porated in 1 837. Bounded N. by Ionia and Clin ton counties, E. by Ingham, S. by Jackson and Calhoun, and W. by Barry co. Watered by Grand and Thornapple Rivers and Battle Creek. Sur- 360 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, face undulating, containing quarries of sandstone and limestone ; soil very rich. Eaton, N. H., Carroll co. The soil is moder ately good, and the plains furnish excellent pine timber. There are several ponds in this town. Six Mile Pond is one ; it is 4 miles long, and from half a mile to a mile in width. Good iron ore is found here, and near Snell's Pond a vein of zinc and lead ores. 64 miles N. E. from Concord, and 55 N. N. E. from Dover. Eaton, N. Y., c. h. Madison co. It is wa tered by the head branch of Chenango River. The surface is rolling ; soil fertile loam, particu larly favorable to the growth of grass. 100 miles W. from Albany. Eaton, 0., c. h. Preble co., and is located on the E. bank of St. Clair's Creek. At this place the creek has a fall of about 20 feet in 80 rods, which adds to the importance of the town. It was laid out in 1806, and is 80 miles N. from Cincinnati, and 95 W. from Columbus. Eaton, Pa., Wyoming co. Bounded on the N. E. and E. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Bowman's Creek, one of its tributaries. Sur face broken by the Alleghany Mountains. One peak, called the Knob, rises 1150 feet above the Susquehanna River. 143 miles N. E. by N. from Harrisburg. Eatonton, Ga., e. h. Putnam co. Ebensburg, Pa., c. h. Cambria co., occupies an elevated position on the Alleghany ridge. 139 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. Eckford, Mn., Calhoun co. Soil fertile, and well suited to grain. 101 miles W.from Detroit. Economy, Pa., Beaver co. On the E. side of the Ohio River. This town is settled by a community of Swabians, and was founded by Mr. George Rapp, who acted as their temporal and spiritual leader. 217 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. Eddington, Me., Penobscot co. This town lies on the B. side of Penobscot River, 6 miles above, and N. N. E. from Bangor, and 70 N. E. by E. from Augusta. The village is pleasantly situated at the " Bend " of the river. The soil of the town is good, and well wooded. Eddyville, Ky., c. h. Caldwell co. On the E. side of Cumberland River. 237 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. Eden, Me., Hancock co. On the N. part of the Island of Mount Desert. 92 miles E. from Au gusta. It has a good soil, good harbors, and great conveniences for the shore fishery. Eden, N. Y., Erie co. Cauquaga and Big Two Sisters Creeks flow through this town into Lake Erie. The surface is undulating, the soil remark ably fertile. 14 miles S. from Buffalo, and 287 W. from Albany. Eden, Vt, Lamoille co. The streams in this township are numerous. Wild Branch and Green River rise in the eastern part. They are both considerable mill streams. Tho Branch, which is the outlet of North Pond, runs across the N. W. corner of Hyde Park, and falls into the La moille, at Johnson. North Pond is 2 miles long, and of very unequal width. The township is con siderably mountainous. Mount Norris and Had- ley Mountain lie on the N. line of the township, and partly in Lowell. Belvidere Mountain lios partly in the N. W. corner. In the western part of Eden is some good tillage land. The eastern part, being the dividing ridge between the waters of Lakes Champlain and Memphremagog, is moist and cold, but good for grazing. Rocks, principally mica and chlorite slate. The settle ment was commenced in 1800, by Thomas H. Parker, Isaac Brown, and Moses Wentworth. 10 miles N. E. from Hydepark, and 30 N. from Montpelier. Edenton, N. O, c. h. Chowan co. At the head of Edenton Bay, near the mouth of Chowan River. 66 miles S. from Norfolk, and 182 E. by N. from Raleigh. Edgar County, Is., c. h. at Paris. Bounded N. by Milton county, E. by Indiana, S. by Clark, and W. by Coles county. Watered by Little Embarrass River, and Big, Brulette's, and Clear Creeks. Soil mostly fertile. Edgartown, Ms., Dukes co. This is the shire town, and a port of entry, comprising the eastern part of the island of Martha's Vineyard and Chappequiddick. The harbor is safe, easy of ac cess, and is considered one of the best on the American coast. The surface of the town is generally plain, with a few elevated spots, rising from 60 to 120 feet above the sea. Near the middle of the island is a pond of fresh water, in size of about 20 by 10 rods, and from 5 to 6 feet in depth. This pond has never been known to be dry. As the island contains few streams for a water power, windmills supply their place for all domestic pui-poses. A great variety of fish are taken, both from the sea and fresb water ponds. Chappequiddick Island lies on the E. side of the town, and forms Edgartown Harbor. The surface of the island is varied by some moderate elevations ; its soil is light, but gener ally productive. 25 miles W. S. W. from Nan tucket, and 30 S. E. by E. from New Bedford. Edgecomb, Me., Lincoln co. Between the Dam ariscotta and Sheepscot Rivers, opposite Wis casset, 26 miles S. S. E. from Augusta. Advan tageously situated for navigation and the fisheries. Edgecombe County, N. C, c. h. at Tarboro'. Bounded N. by Halifax co., E. by Martin and Pitt, S. by Wayne, and W. by Nash co. Watered by Neuse River, and by Tar River and its branches. Surface level ; soil of tolerably good quality. Edgefield District, S. C, e. h. at Edgefield. Bounded N. E. by the Saluda River, separating it from Newberry district, E. and S. E. by Lex ington, Orange, and Barnwell districts, S. W. by the Savannah River, separating it from Georgia, and N. W. by Abbeville district. Drained by Little Saluda River and Stephens' Creek. Sur face slightly uneven; soil well suited to the growth of cotton. Edgemont, Pa., Delaware co. Surface hilly, and watered by Ridley Creek; soil loam. 87 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. Edinburgh, Me., Penobscot co. Incorporated 1835. Edinburgh, N. Y., Saratoga co. Sacondaga River, and some of its tributaries, flow through this town. The surface is slightly uneven on the W., and hilly and mountainous on the E., the Kay aderosseras or Greenfield Mountain stretching across it. The soil of the W. part is fertile, par ticularly in the valley of the Sacondaga. 20 miles N. W. from Ballston Spa, and 50 N. from Albany. Edmeston, N. Y, Otsego co. Watered by Wharton's Creek and the Unadilla River. The surface is hilly; the soil sandy loam. 15 miles W. from Cooperstown, and 77 from Albany. Edmonds, Me., Washington co. Situated be tween Cobscook Bay and E. Machias. Edmonson County, Ky., c. h. at Brownsville. IN THE UNITED STATES. 361 Bounded N. by Grayson co., E. by Hart, S. by Warren, and W. by Butler. Watered by Green River and its tributaries, and Nolin and Bear Creeks. Soil productive. Edwards County, Is., c. h. at Albion. Bounded N. by Richland co., E. by Bon Pas Creek, separating it from Wabash co., S. by White, and W. by Wayne co. Watered on the W. by the Little Wabash River. Surface undulating ; soil productive. Edwards, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Situated at the junction of the E. and W. branches of the Oswegatchie River. The surface is uneven ; the soil favorable to the growth of grass. 24 miles S. from Canton village, and 194 N. W. from Al bany. Edwardsville, Is., c. h. Addison co. Effingham County, Ga., c. h. at Springfield. Bounded N. by Scriven co., E. by the Savannah River, separating it from South Carolina, S. by Chatham co., and W. by the Ogeechee River, sep arating it from Bryan and Bullock counties. Effingham County, Is., c. h. at Ewington. Bounded N. by Shelby co., E. by Jasper, S. by Clay, and W. by Fayette co. Drained by the Little Wabash River and its branches. Sur face slightly uneven ; soil fertile on the margins of the streams, but at very high flood liable to inundation. Effingham, N. H, Carroll co. There are several mountains, of considerable elevation, in this town. Ossipee River passes through it, over which is a toll bridge. Its former name was Leavitt Town. There is a large pond near the Ossipee River, and Province Pond lies between Effingham and Wake field. 60 miles N. E. from Concord, and 5 N. from Ossipee. Egg Harbor, Great, N. J., Atlantic co. The surface of this town is level, and for several miles from the shore marshy ; the remainder is dry and sandy. Egg Harbor, Little, Burlington Co., N. J. Bass River, and other streams flowing into Little Egg Harbor, drain this town. Surface level and sandy. 35 miles S. E. from Mount Holly. Egremont, Ms., Berkshire co. Part of this township is mountainous, rough, and cragged ; some parts are undulating, some level, and most of the land is fit for the plough or grazing. Green River passes through the N. E. corner of the town, and with several brooks and ponds, affords it a water power sufficient for domestic uses. This town was first settled by the Dutch, and afterwards by the English, about the year 1730. 140 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 25 S. by W. from Pittsfield. Elba, N. Y., Genesee co. Oak Orchard Creek waters this town, the surface of which is undulat ing, and the soil somewhat sandy. 7 miles N. from Batavia, and 250 W. by N. from Al bany. Elbert County, Ga., c. h. at Elberton. Bounded N. by Franklin co., E. by the Savannah River, separating it from South Carolina, and S. and W. by Broad River, separating it from Lincoln, Wilkes, Oglethorpe, and Madison counties. Sur face hilly ; soil mostly productive. Elberton, Ga., c. h. Elbert co. Ill miles N. N. E. from Milledgeville. Elbridge, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by the outlet of Skaneateles Lake. The surface is slightly uneven, and the soil fertile. Indian an tiquities of considerable interest are found in this 46 vicinity. 13 miles W. from Syracuse, and 149 W. by N. from Albany. El Dorado County, Ca., c. h. at Antonia. In the mountains E. of the Sacramento, between Dry Creek of the Moquelumne and Middle Fork of American River. Elizabeth, As., c. h. Jackson co. On the E. side of White River, at the head of steamboat navigation, and a little below the mouth of Big Black River. 1 1 8 miles N. E. from Little Rock. Elizabeth City, N. O, c. h. Pasquotank co. On Pasquotank River, 20 miles from its mouth, and has a water communication with Norfolk, Va., by means of the Pasquotank River, Dismal Swamp Canal, and Elizabeth River. 215 miles E. by N. from Raleigh. It trades with the West Indies in pine lumber. Elizabeth, N. J., Essex co. Bounded on the E. by Newark Bay and Staten Island Sound, and is drained by Bound and Morss Brooks. Soil rich, and partly marshy. Elizabeth, Pa., Alleghany co. On the E. side of the Monongahela River, 14 miles S. from Pittsburg, and 192 W. from Harrisburg. Many steamboats are built here, and by a slack water navigation boats of a large class come up to this place. There are manufactures of glass ware, woollen goods, flour, &c. Elizabeth, Pa., Lancaster co. Between Trout Creek on the E., and Hammer Creek on the W., and is drained by Middle and Seglock Creeks. Surface hilly ; soil gravel and red shale. Elizabeth City County, Va., u. h. at Hampton. This is one of the eight shires into which Vir ginia was divided in 1634. It is bounded N. by York co., E. by Chesapeake Bay, S. by Hampton Roads, and W. by Isle of Wight co. It has a level surface, and good soil. Elizabethport, N. J., Essex co. On Staten Isl and Sound, near the junction of Newark Bay, and* 47 miles N. E. from Trenton. A railroad from this place connects with Easton, Pa., on the Del aware River. There is daily communication, by steamboats, with New York city. Elizabethtown, Is., c. h. Hardin co. 219 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. Elizabethtown, N. O, c. h. Bladen co. On the W. side of Cape Fear River. 40 miles above Wilmington, and 99 S. from Raleigh. Elizabethtown, N. J., seat of justice of Essex co. On Elizabethtown Creek, 2j miles from its entrance into Staten Island Sound. This beau tiful place is regularly laid out, with broad streets, and has many fine buildings, among which are the Court House, the First and Second Presby terian, and the Episcopal Churches. This was the third settlement made in New Jersey, and for many years was the largest and most flour ishing place in the province. The first public buildings of the jurisdiction of East Jersey, were here, and the first General Assembly met here from 1668 to 1682. The First Presbyterian Church is the oldest congregation in the state organized for worship in the English language. During the revolution this town was greatly har assed, and its church edifice, standing where the noble building of the First Presbyterian Church now stands, was fired by the torch of a refugee, and burned to the ground. The College of New Jersey, afterwards located at Princeton, com menced its existence here. The building in which its first exercises were held was also burned down during the war. 362 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Vessels of 30 tons come up to Elizabethtown, and vessels of 300 tons to Elizabethport, at the mouth of the creek. From this port a railroad, passing through Elizabethtown, extends 26 miles, to Somerville. Elizabethtown is on the New Jersey Railroad, between New York and Phila delphia, 15 miles from the former, 72 from the latter, and 42 N. E. from Trenton. Elizabethtown, N. Y., c. h. Essex co. Watered by Boquet River and some of its branches. The surface is broken by the Clinton range of moun tains, which passes through it from N. to S., some of the peaks being elevated about 1 500 feet above the surrounding plains. Excellent iron ore is found here in large quantities. 126 miles N. from Albany. Elizabethtown, Te., c. h. Carter co. On Wau- tauga, a branch of Holston River. 301 miles E. from Nashville. In the vicinity are large iron works. Elk, Pa., Warren co. Located between the Alleghany River on the E. and S., and Cone- wango Creek on the W. The soil on the streams is very fertile. Elk County, Pa., c. h. at Ridgeway. On the height of land between the eastern and western waters. N. central part. Watered on the E. by Susquehanna Creek and its tributaries, flowing into the W. branch of the Susquehanna, and on the W. by the sources of Clarion River, a tribu tary of the Alleghany. Hilly, but fertile in the valleys. Thinly peopled. Elk Creek, Pa., Venango co. The Six Mile Run, and Canoe, Beaver, and Dyer Paint Creeks, water this town. Surface level ; soil loam. 122 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Elk Creek, Pa., Erie co. Drained by Cussa- wago and Conneaut Creeks. On the margin of the latter salt springs are found. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 256 miles S. W. from Erie, and 1 6 N. W. from Harrisburg. Elkhart County, la., c. h. at Goshen. Bounded N. by Michigan, E. by La Grange and Noble counties, S. by Kosciusko, and W. by St Joseph co. St. Joseph and Elkhart Rivers and their branches water this county, the surface of which is a mixture of woodland and prairie. Elkhorn, Wn., c. h. Walworth co. 68 miles S. E. from Madison. Elkland, Pa., Tioga co. Watered by Cowa- nesque and Crooked Creeks, branches of Tioga River. Surface hilly ; soil gravel, clay, and loam. 170 miles N. from Harrisburg. Elk Ridge Landing, Md., Anne Arundel co. On the S. side of Patapsco River, at the head of tide water. 7 miles W. S. W. from Baltimore, and 30 N. N. W. from Annapolis. Connected by railroads with Baltimore and Washington ; also with Cumberland, on the route to Ohio. Tho Patapsco is crossed at this place by a splendid viaduct of granite, 700 feet long, with 8 arches. There are here extensive iron works. Elkton, Ky., c. h. Todd co. On the E. side of Elk Creek, a branch of Red River. 187 miles S. W. from Frankfort. Elkton, Md., c. h. Cecil co. Situated at the junction of the two main branches of Elk River, at the head of tide water. On the railroad, 44 miles from Philadelphia. Ellejay, Ga., c. h. Gilmer co. 170 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. Ellenburg. N. Y., Clinton co. English River and some other streams water this town. 25 miles N. from Plattsburg, and 188 N. N. E. from Albany. Ellery, N. Y, Chautauque co. On the N. side of Chautauque Lake. Drained by several small creeks. The surface is undulating ; the soil good. 342 miles S. by W. from Albany. Ellicott, N. Y., Chautauque co. On the N. side of Chautauque Lake. Watered by Cassa daga Creek and the outlet of the lake. The surface is undulating, the soil sandy loam. 330 miles W. by S. from Albany, and 18 S. E. from Maysville. Ellicott's Mills, Md., Anne Arundel co. On Patapsco River. 40 miles N. W. from Annapo lis. There are numerous mills and manufacto ries here, amidst much romantic scenery. EUicottville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Wa tered by Great Valley Creek and some of its branches. The surface is mostly undulating, the soil well adapted to the growth of grass and grain. 292 miles W. by S. from Albany. Ellington, Ct., Tolland co. Ellington was taken from East Windsor in 1786, and was that part of East Windsor called the Great Marsh. The soil is light and dry, but considerably fer tile. It is generally level, but the eastern part is hilly and mountainous. The scenery in this town embraces considerable variety, and is un commonly interesting and beautiful. The El lington School, for boys, situated in a very neat village, is in high repute. 12 miles N. E. from Hartford. Ellington, N. Y., Chautauque co. Clear Creek flows nearly through the centre of this town. The surface is undulating; the soil sandv loam. 20 miles E. from Maysville, and 320 S" of W. from Albany. Elliot, Me., York co. On Salmon Falls River. A good farming town. 108 miles S. W. from Augusta. Elliotsville, Me., Somerset co. This place is 81 miles from Augusta. Ellisburg, N. Y., Jefferson co. The N. and S. branches of Sandy Creek flow through this town, affording excellent hydraulic power. The surface is level ; the soil fertile loam. 20 miles S. W. from Watertown, and 166 N. W. from Albany. Ellsworth, Me., c. h. Hancock co. On both sides of Union River, at the head of navigation. The soil is good, and the situation convenient for ship building, which is largely carried on here, many ships employed in the freighting business being owned by the inhabitants. There are some manufactures, and a good deal of trade. 81 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Ellsworth, N. H., Grafton co. This town is mountainous. The principal elevation is Carr's Mountain. A small stream issues from West Branch Pond, and runs into the Pemigewasset, at Campton. The soil, though in some parts sterile, produces grain. Maple sugar is made here. 59 miles N. N. W. from Concord, and about 12 N. from Plymouth. Ellsworth, 0., Trumbull co. This township is bounded by Jackson on the N., Canfield E., Salem S., and Berlin W. It is the first in the 4th range of townships in the Connecticut West ern Reservation. It is 181 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 15 S. from Warren. Elmira, N. Y., c. h. Chemung co. On the N. side of Chemung River, and drained by Newton's Creek, one of its tributaries. The surface is IN THE UNITED STATES. 363 rather hilly, and the soil extremely fertile in the valleys. 198 miles W. by S. from Albany. Elmore, Vt, Lamoille co. Fordway or Elmore Mountain lies in the N. W. part of the town ship, and is a considerable elevation. The re maining part of the surface is accessible, and not very uneven. It is mostly timbered with hard wood, and the soil is of a middling quality. A part of the waters of this township pass off into the River Lamoille, and a part into Winooski River. Mead's Pond lies in the north-western part, and covers about 300 acres. There are three other small ponds within the township. Iron ore is found in abundance. The settlement was commenced in July, 1790. 8 miles S. from Hydepark, and 37 N. from Montpelier. El Passo County, Ts. Western part. Elsinboro', N. J., Salem co. Alloway's and Salem Creeks water this town, the surface of which is level and marshy, and the soil rich loam. 3 miles N. E. from Salem. Elyria, 0., c. h. Lorain co., was named from the Hon. Heman Ely, who laid it out. It is a well- built place, situated between the branches of Black River, distant from Columbus 130 miles N.E. Elyton, Aa., c. h. Jefferson co. At the head of Catoochee or Valley Creek. 54 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Emanud County, Ga., c. h. at Swainsboro', Bounded N. by Washington, Jefferson, and Burke counties, E. by Bullock co., S. by Tatnall and Montgomery, and W. by Laurens co. Surface level, and watered by Ogeechee, Cannonchee, and Ohoopee Rivers and their branches. Soil sandy and barren. Embden, Me., Somerset co. A fine township, with two villages on the W. side of Kennebec River. 46 miles N. N. W. from Augusta. Eminence, Mo., c. h. Shannon co. Emmaus, Pa.. Lehigh co. A Moravian village, at the foot of South Mountain. 87 miles E. by N. from Harrisburg. Emmettsburg, Md., Frederick co. 80 miles N. W. from Annapolis. The site of Mount St. Mary's College, and St. Joseph's Female Insti tute. (See Colleges.) Enfield, Ct, Hartford co. This town was first settled, 1681, by emigrants from Salem, Ms. It formerly belonged to Massachusetts, and was a part of Springfield. The first bridge across Connecticut River was built in 1808, connecting Enfield with Suffield. The surface is generally level, and the soil moist and fertile. The street where most of the inhabitants reside is very pleas ant, wide, and well shaded. The village near the river was commenced about 1831. It is watered by Scantic River. 18 miles N. from Hartford. Enfidd, Me., Penobscot co. Incorporated 1835. Enfield, Ms., Hampshire co. This town was formerly part of Belchertown and Greenwich, and lies between them. Two branches of Swift River meet in this town, and give it a water power, which adds much' to its beauty and wealth. There are two pleasant villages here, and several eminences from which fine views may be had of this section of country. 1 5 miles E. from North ampton, and 71 W.from Boston. Enfidd, N. H, Grafton co. The surface of this town is diversified, and watered by ponds and streams, stored with fish. Mascomy Pond is a beautiful collection of water, four miles in length, and of various breadth, interspersed with islands, and checkered with inlets. Its eastern banks are covered with trees. Along the western bank, between the pond and Montcalm, extends the turnpike road, the whole distance through a beautiful village, shaded to the north, on either side, by a growth of trees. Mascomy River empties into this pond. On the W. bank is a Shakers' settlement. Copper and other valua ble minerals are found here. Mountain Pond, on the summit of Montcalm, is 200 rods long, and 100 wide. First settlers, Nathaniel Bickneil, Jonathan Paddleford, and Elisha Bingham. 10 miles S. E. from Dartmouth College, and 42 N. W. from Concord. Enfidd, N. Y., Tompkins co. Tho surface of this town is undulating, and watered by a few small streams. The soil is a productive loam. 5 miles W. from Ithaca, and 175 W. from Albany. Enosburg, Vt, Franklin co. The surface is pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys ; but the soil is better adapted to grass than grain. It is well watered by Missisco and Trout Rivers, and two other considerable streams. These streams afford numerous and excellent mill privileges. The settlement was commenced in the spring of 1797, by emigrants mostly from other townships in the state. 85 miles N. by W. from Montpe lier, and 37 N. E. from Burlington. Ephratah, N. Y., Fulton co. . Zimmerman's and Garoga Creeks water this town, the surface of which is uneven, and the soil sandy loam. It is located 6 miles W. from Johnstown village, and 51 N. W. from Albany. Ephratah, Pa., Lancaster co. This town was settled by a religious sect called Tunkers, or Dunkers. ( See Hay ward's Book of Religions. ) Epping, N. H., Rockingham co. This town was formerly a part of Exeter. The soil in gen eral is very good. Lamprey River, at the W., re ceives the Patuckaway, and runs through the whole length of the town. Another river runs through the N. part, and from that circumstance is called North River. 29 miles S. E. from Con cord, and 20 W. from Portsmouth. Epsom, N. H, Merrimac co. The surface of the town is generally uneven. The principal eminences are called McCoy's Fort, Nat's and Nottingham Mountains. The soil is in general good. Great and Little Suncook are the only streams deserving the name of rivers. Here are 3 ponds, Chestnut, Round, and Odiome's. Brown oxides, sulphuret of iron, varieties of quartz, feldspar, and schorl are found here. Terra de senna is found here ; it constitutes a very hand some and durable paint for cabinet work. First settlers, Theodore Atkinson and others. 12 miles E.from Concord. Equality, Is., c. h. Gallatin co. On the N. side of Saline Creek. 187 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. Salt is made here. Erie County, N. Y., c. h. at Buffalo. Bounded on the N. by Niagara, E. by Genesee and Wyo ming, S. by Cattaraugus co., and W. by Lake Erie. It is watered by the Niagara River and Buffalo, Cayuga, Cattaraugus, Cazenove, Seneca, Ellicott's, Cauquaga, and Tonawanda Creeks. The surface is somewhat hilly in the S., but is mostly level or gently undulating. The soil is generally fertile, yielding large crops of grass and grain, and abundance of fruit. There are no minerals of great value in this county. It contains several Indian reservations, which are mostly inhabited by the Seneca _ tribe. The Erie Canal here communicates with the lake, 364 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, and a branch extends into the city of Buffalo. The Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad is part ly, and the Buffalo and Black Rock Railroad wholly, within this county. Erie County, 0., c. h. at Sandusky city. N. part on Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie. Drained by Huron and Vermilion Rivers. Level and fertile. TheW. part crossed ' by three railroads running from Sandusky city S. S. W. and W. Erie, 0., Sandusky co. Located on the N. side of Portage River, near Lake Erie. It was organized in 1833, and settled by the Canadian French. 16 miles N. E. from Lower Sandusky. Erie County, Pa., c. h. at Erie. Bounded N. by Lake Erie and New York, E. by Warren co., S. by Crawford co., and W. by Ohio. Surface undulating, and watered by Conneaut, Elk, Wal nut, and other creeks flowing into Lake Erie, and French Creek, flowing into the Alleghany River. Soil mostly sand and clay, well suited to the growth of grass. Erie, Pa., shire town of Erie co. On the shore of Lake Erie, 272 miles N. W. from Harrisburg, 90 miles, on the lake, S. W. from Buffalo, N. Y., and 94 N. E. from Cleveland, 0. Erie is built upon a bluff pleasantly overlooking Presque Isle Bay, the peninsula of which forms it, and the broad expanse of the lake beyond. The site is level, and the town is regularly laid out with broad and handsome streets. The public buildings are generally fine specimens of architecture, and many of the private residences are elegant, mak ing this one of the pleasantest places in Penn sylvania. The Reed Hotel, after the plan of the Astor House, in New York, is a splendid estab lishment. The town contains the usual county buildings ; a splendid Doric temple, of marble, formerly used by a branch of the U. S. Bank of Pa., now by the Erie Bank ; an academy ; and several churches of different denominations. This place has good commercial advantages, being on one of the best harbors of Lake Erie, which is generally free from ice a month earlier than that of Buffalo ; and being connected, by a canal, with the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Beaver, and thence by the river with Pittsburg, and, by the Pennsylvania Canal, with Philadelphia. The canal basin, connected with the harbor at Erie, is 2000 feet long by 1000 feet wide. It is connected by railroad with Buffalo on the E., and with Cleveland on the W. During the war of 1812, Erie was an impor tant military and naval station. Here, with most incredible despatch, was built the fleet with which Commodore Perry gained his victory on Lake Erie, on the 10th of September, 1813. Scarcely 70 days from the time the timber was standing in the forest, the whole squadron, con sisting of 3 brigs, 5 schooners, and 1 sloop, was ready for action. Erin, N. Y., Chemung co. Watered by Cayu- ta Creek and some other small streams. The surface is hilly ; the soil hardly of medium quality. 8 miles E. from Elmira, and 190 W. by S. from Albany. Enrol, N. H., Coos co. This town is situated on the W. of Umbagog Lake. Several streams unite here with the Androscoggin. The surface is rough ; the soil cold and hard to till. First Bettlers, Timothy Ruggles and others, February 28, 1 774. Distances, 30 miles N. N. E. from Lan caster, and 108 from Concord. Erving, Ms., Franklin co. Until 1838, the ter ritory of this town was called " Erving's Grant." It is watered on its S. side by Miller's River, a beautiful mill stream, and Connecticut River washes its N. W. corner. There is much ele vated land in the town, affording excellent pas turage. 10 miles E. by N. from Greenfield, and 80 W. N. W. from Boston, with which it is con nected by railroad. Erwin, N. Y., Steuben co. Situated at the junction of Conhocton and Tioga Rivers. The surface is hilly. 20 miles S. E. from Bath, and 210 W. by S. from Albany. Escambia County, Fa., c. h. at Pensacola. It is bounded N. by Alabama, E. by Escambia Riv er, separating it from Santa Rosa co., S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Perdido River, separating it from Alabama. The surface, near the coast, is level, but in the interior more ele vated. The soil is mostly sterile. Esopus, N. Y., Ulster co. On the W. bank of the Hudson. Watered by Wallkill and Rondout Rivers. The surface is rather hilly ; the soil mostly sandy clay and loam. 7 miles S. from Kingston, and 68 S. from Albany. Essex, Ct., Middlesex co. On Connecticut River, 7 miles from its mouth, in the town of Saybrook. 37 miles S. by E. from Hartford. It has considerable shipping and trade, and something is done at ship building. Essex County, Ms. Salem, Ipswich, and New- buryport, shire towns. This county is bounded N. W. by Rockingham co., N. H., S. W. by Mid dlesex co. ; S. by Suffolk co., E. and N. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and S. E. by Massachu setts Bay. There is much good land in this county, but its surface is rocky and uneven. It has an extensive sea-coast, indented with nu merous bays, inlets, and capacious harbors. It is more densely populated than any county of its size in the U. S. It has great wealth, and its commerce and fisheries are unrivalled by any section of country, of its extent, on the globe. It has many beautiful ponds, and commanding elevations, and its seaboard is the delight of every beholder. The principal rivers are the Merrimac, Ipswich, and the Shawsheen. Essex, Ms., Essex co. This was formerly a part of Ipswich, and is watered by a little river called Chebacco, which empties into Squam Bay, and gives it some m\ll privileges, and navi gable accommodations. Essex is a pleasant, flourishing town, and contains many fine farms. It is a great place for building small vessels em ployed in the fisheries. Essex County, N. J., c. h. at Newark. Bound ed N. by Passaic and Bergen counties, E. by Bergen and Richmond, S. by Middlesex, and W. by Somerset and Morris counties. Watered by the Passaic, Rahway, and some other rivers, which afford fine water power. Surface moun tainous ; soil mostly red shale. Essex County, N. Y., c. h. at Elizabethtown. Bounded on the N. by Clinton co, E. by Lake Champlain, S. by Warren, and W. by Frank lin and Hamilton counties. It contains sev eral small lakes, and is watered by Au Sable, Boquet, Saranac, and several smaller rivers, and the head waters of the Hudson. The surface is hilly and mountainous, much the highest peaks in the state occurring in this county. Mount Marcy, in the town of Keene, is elevated 5467 feet above the level of the ocean. The soil is fertile on the borders of the lake, but sterile in IN THE UNITED STATES. 365 the interior. Its principal riches are its mineral productions, in which it surpasses any county in the state. Iron ore of different kinds, graphite, and marble are among the most important deposits. Essex. N. Y., Essex co. On the W. border of Lake Champlain. Watered by Boquet River. The surface is hilly ; soil good on the E. part. 10 miles N. E. from Elizabethtown, and 135 N. N. E. from Albany. Essex County, Vt, c. h. at Guildhall. This coun ty is bounded N. by Canada, E. and S. by Con necticut River, which separates it from Coos co., N. H., S. W. by Caledonia co., and W. by Orleans co. This county is the least popu lous in the state, with the exception of Grand Isle co. The settlements are mostly confined to the towns lying along Connecticut River. The county is in general very uneven, and the soil rocky and unproductive. It comprehends that part of the country called Upper Coos, which lies on the west side of Connecticut River. Nul hegan River is the principal stream, which is wholly within the county. This and several smaller tributaries of the Connecticut water the eastern parts. Passumpsic, Moose, and Clyde Rivers, and several streams, water the other parts. Essex co. presents a great variety of magnifi cent scenery. Essex, Vt, Chittenden co. There are no mountains, and but few hills in this township. The S. and W. parts are timbered principally with pine. The soil is dry and sandy, but pro duces good rye and corn. The remaining part of the township is timbered with hard wood, and is more natural to grass. Winooski River wash es the S. boundary. In this river are two falls. The lower, called Hubbell's Falls, afford several valuable mill privileges. Brown's River, Ste ven's, Alder, and Crooked Brooks are considerable streams. On Winooski River are beautiful tracts of intervale. The first permanent settlement was made in 1783, by Messrs. Smiths, Winchels, and Willard. The settlers were principally from Salisbury, Ct. 7 miles N. E. from Burling ton. The Vermont Central Railroad passes through the town. Essex County, Va., c. h. at Tappahannock. Bounded N. and E. by the Rappahannock River, separating it from King George, Westmoreland, and Richmond counties, S. by Middlesex co., and W. by King and Queen, and Caroline coun ties. Surface rather uneven ; soil fertile on the streams, but elsewhere sandy and sterile. Estill. County, Ky., c. h. at Irvine. Bounded N. by a branch of the Kentucky River, separating it from Clark CO., E. by Montgomery and Owsley counties, and S. and W. by Madison co. Drain ed by the Kentucky River and its tributaries. Estillville, Va., c. h. Scott co. On Moccassin Creek, a branch of Clinch River. W. by S. from Richmond 344 miles. Etna, Me., Penobscot co. A farming town. 63 miles N. E. from Augusta. Euqene, la., Vermilion co. On the S. side of Big Vermilion River, 14 miles from the Wabash River, and 85 miles W. from Indianapolis. The river is navigable for steamboats to this place. Eutaw, Aa., c. h. Greene co. Eulalia, Pa., Potter co. The E. branch of Sin- nemahoning River and its tributaries water this town. Surface hilly ; soil vegetable mould and loam. 1 87 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. Evans, N. Y., Erie co. On tho border of Lake Erie. Watered by Big and Little Sister Creeks and some other small streams. The surface is hilly; the soil very productive. 16 miles S. from Buffalo, and 293 W. from Albany. Evansville, la., c. h. Vanderburg co. On the N. bank of the Ohio River, at the great North Bend, below the mouth of Green River, and 172 miles S. W. by W. from Indianapolis. Evesham, N. J., Burlington co. Watered by Rancocus and Haines's Creeks and the head branches of Little Egg Harbor. Surface level ; soil chiefly good sandy loam. 34 miles S. from Trenton. Exeter, Me., Penobscot co. A good farming town. 65 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Exeter, N. H., Rockingham co. The compact part of the town lies about the falls, which sep arate the fresh from the tide water of a branch of the Piscataqua, known by the name of Exeter River. Above the falls, this stream assumes the name of Great River. At the falls are several large manufacturing establishments, and me chanical operations are largely carried on in the town. The soil is good, though various. Phillips Academy, in Exeter, was founded by the liberal donations of John Phillips, LL. D., in 1781. Exeter has at all periods of its his tory possessed eminent and useful men. Some of the first lawyers and jurists, antiquarians and scholars, have received their early education at its literary institution. The village is handsome, and affords a pleasant place of residence. The Maine Railroad passes through it. First set tlers, John Wheelwright and others, in 1 638. 40 miles S. E. by E. from Concord, and 14 S. W. from Portsmouth. Exeter, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by Cana deraga Lake, Butternut and Wharton's Creeks, and several other small streams. The surface is elevated and hilly ; soil well adapted to grazing. 10 miles N. W. from Cooperstown, and 78 W. from Albany. Exeter, Pa., Berks co. Drained by Manokesy and Roush Creeks, tributaries of the Schuylkill River. Surface hilly or undulating ; soil tolera bly fertile. Exeter, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Gardner's Creek and Cascade Run, tributaries of the Sus quehanna River, which bounds it on the N. E., and is traversed by the Shawney Mountains, on the E. side of which are found beds of anthracite coal. The soil is very fertile. The S. part of this town was the scene of the celebrated battle of Wyoming, fought in 1778. 129 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. Exeter, R. I., Washington co. This is an agri cultural and manufacturing town. The town is very large, being 12 by 5 miles. The surface is much diversified by hills and valleys ; the soil is a gravelly loam, and very productive of all the varieties common to the climate. The products of the dairy are considerable. Branches of Wood River give this town a good water power. 24 miles S. W. from Providence. Fabius, Mo., Marion co. Fabius, N. Y, Onondaga co. This town is drained by the head branches of Tioughnioga River. The surface is hilly ; the soil favorable to the growth of grass. Remains of ancient fortifi cations are found here. 20 miles S. E. from Syra cuse, and 121 W. from Albany. Fairfax, Vt, Franklin co. The surface is 366 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, somewhat uneven, and the soil light and easily cultivated; producing good corn and rye. Its principal streams are the River Lamoille, Brown's River, Parmelee's and Stone's Brooks, all of which afford good mill privileges. The great falls, in the Lamoille, 88 feet in 30 rods, are situ ated in the S. E. part of the town. In this town are 2 pleasant villages. Broadstreet Spafford and his two sons, Nathan and Asa, came into this township from Piermont, N. H, in 1783. They soon after removed their families here. 37 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 12 S. E. from St. Albans. Fairfax County, Va., c. h. at Fairfax. Bound ed N. E. and S. E. by the Potomac River, sepa rating it from Maryland, E. by the District of Columbia, S. W. by Ocoquan River, separ ating it from Prince William co., and N. W. by Loudon co. The interior is watered by Dif ficult Creek, a branch of the Potomac. Surface rough and hilly ; soil mostly of poor quality. Fairfax, Va., c. h. Fairfax co. 121 miles N. from Richmond. Fairfield County, Ct. Fairfield and Danbury are the shire towns. This county is bounded N. by Litchfield co., N. E. and E. by Housatonic River, S. E. and S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by the state of New York. This is a fine farming section of country, agreeably diversified in regard to surface, with a strong fertile soil, and possesses great natural agricultural resources. Faii-field co. extends nearly 40 miles on Long Island Sound, and enjoys great facilities for navi gation and the fisheries. The beautiful Housa tonic washes its N. E. boundary, and the Sauga- tuck, Norwalk, Mill, Pequonoo, and other rivers afford it an ample water power. It contains many villages of superior beauty, and abounds in scenery of an interesting character. First set tled 1639. Fairfield, Ct., Fairfield co. This is the shire town, and comprises three parishes, Fairfield, the seat of justice, Green's Farms, and Greenfield. Its Indian name was Unquowa. The surface of the town is undulating and very pleasant. The soil is fertile, well cultivated, and productive of wheat and rye, and a great variety of fruits and vegetables for New York market. Black Rock Harbor is safe and easy of entrance for vessels drawing 1 9 feet of water at common tides. There is but little water power in Fairfield, except that produced by the tide. In the year 1637, the tract of country which now forms the town of Fairfield was discovered by Captain Mason and the troops of Massachu setts and Connecticut under his command, when they pursued the Pequots to the swamp in this town bearing the name of "Pequot Swamp." This is the spot made memorable by the great fight that took place there between those troops and the Pequots, terminating in the almost en tire destruction of that once powerful and warlike nation of savages. There are no Indian marks left by which this swamp can be traced as the place of their extermination, except a mound of earth in the centre of it, considered as a place of safety, evidently the effect of art, with a raised footpath leading from it to the surrounding high grounds. 21 miles S. W. from New Haven, on the New Haven and New York Railroad. Fairfield, N. J., Cumberland co. Watered by Cohansoy, Nantiixet, and Cedar Creeks. Sur face level and sandy, with a marshy strip border ing on Delaware Bay. 12 miles S. by W. from Trenton. Fairfield, N. Y., Herkimer co. Drained by West Canada Creek. The surface is hilly, and somewhat rocky ; the soil fertile, and well adapt ed to grass. 10 miles N. from Herkimer, and 81 N. W. from Albany. Fairfidd, Me., Somerset co. On the W. side of Kennebec River, watered by a small stream run ning into the Kennebec, and by a branch of Wa- terville River. This is a fertile township of land, with a pleasant village. 26 miles N. from Augus ta, to which the Kennebec is navigable. Fairfield, 0., Greene co. On a spacious plain surrounded by hills on the S. E. side of Mad Riv er. 57 miles W. by S. from Columbus. Fairfidd, Pa., Westmoreland co. Drained by streams flowing into Conemaugh River, which bounds it on the N. E. Surface mostly level ; soil calcareous loam. Fairfidd District, S. O, c. h. at Winnshoro'. Bounded N. by Chester district, E. by Lancaster and Kershaw districts, S. by Richland district, and W. by Broad River, separating it from Lexing ton, Newberry, and Union counties. Watered by Wateree, Little, and Broad Rivers. Soil very productive. Fairfield, Vt., Franklin co. Black Creek and Fairfield River cross this township, and afford good mill privileges. Smithfield Pond, in the westerly part of the town, is about 3 miles long and lj broad. The township was originally covered with hard wood. The surface is uneven, but very little of it is so broken as to be unfit for cultiva tion. The soil is generally good. The first set tler of this town was Mr. Joseph Wheeler. He moved into it with his family in March, 1 788. 45 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 27 N. N. E. from Burlington. Fairfield County, 0., c. h. at Lancaster, situ ated a little S. E. of the centre of the state, on the height of land between the Muskingum and Scioto Rivers, having Licking co. on the N., Perry on the E., Hocking on the S. E. and S., and Pickaway and Franklin on the W. The prin cipal streams are the head waters of the Hock- hocking River, which runs S. E. into the Ohio The western and northern parts are mostly level, and the soil highly fertile. The middle and east ern portions are more undulating, but still with a good soil ; while the southern becomes hilly and broken, with a thin soil, composed, in many places, of sand and gravel. The staple productions of the county are wheat and the various grains, potatoes, and tobacco. Among the physical features of this county is one which is worthy of notice, consisting of abrupt, precipitous, and conical ledges of rock, covered with little or no vegetation, interspersed in a promiscuous manner in every direction. One of these, about a mile N. E. from Lancaster, is very remarkable, rising to the height of about 200 feet A writer on the geology of the state says, " What is properly called the sandstone formation terminates, near Lancaster, in immense detached mural precipices, like the remains of ancient islands. One of these, called Mount Pleasant, seated on the border of a large plain, affords, from its top, a fine view of the adjacent country. The base is a mile and a half in cir cumference, while the apex is only about 30 by 100 yards, resembling, at a distance, a huge pyr amid. These lofty towers of sandstone are like IN THE UNITED STATES. 367 so many monuments to point out the boundaries of that ancient Western Mediterranean which once covered the present rich prairies of Ohio." Mount Pleasant is tolerably easy of ascent from the N. E., and is much resorted to by tourists and parties of pleasure for the extensive prospect of the sur rounding country which it commands. Lancaster is supplied from this mountain with abundance of building stone and sand. The main trunk of the Ohio Canal traverses the N. W. section of this county, and the Hock- hocking Canal, which is a branch from the same, passing S. E. through Lancaster to Logan, on the Hockhocking River, opens a channel of transportation directly through the centre of the county. Fairfield co. was constituted, by proclama tion of Governor St. Clair, December 9, 1800. Lancaster, which had been laid out, in the fall of the same year, by Ebenezer Zane, was designated as the county seat ; and, as the tide of emigra tion was at this time setting in with great force, the town experienced a rapid growth. It is re lated of the early inhabitants, that, in the absence of temperance statutes, they met and enacted the following : " That any person of the town found intoxicated should, for every such offence, dig a stump out of the streets, or else suffer personal chastisement" — a law which either in the keep ing or breaking must happily have enured to the benefit of the town. Fairhaven, Ms., Bristol co. Previous to 1812, this town was a part of New Bedford. The vil lages of Fairhaven and Bedford, at the head of Buzzard's Bay, were laid out about the year 1764, on opposite sides of the Acushnet River, which expands between the two villages, and forms a safe and commodious harbor of nearly a mile in breadth. At Acushnet village, in this town, is a good water power. Fairhaven is connected with New Bedford by a bridge across the Acushnet ; also by a steam ferry. This is, indeed, a fair haven; from the circumstance of its beauty it was thus justly named. Fair Haven, Vt, Rutland co. The surface of the township consists of swells and vales. The soil is various, consisting of gravel, sand, and marl. Along the rivers the soil is alluvial, and very productive. There is a variety of timber. The principal streams are Poultney and Castle ton Rivers. About one mile above Fair Haven village, Castleton River receives the waters of Lake Bombazine, and one mile W. of the village, it joins Poultney River, and, after running 3 miles farther, falls into the lake. Between the junc tion of these streams and the lake are two con siderable falls. The settlement commenced in 1779, by people from Connecticut and Massa chusetts. 16 miles W. from Rutland. Fairmount, Va., c. h. Marion co. On the Mo nongahela and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Fairport, 0., Painesville township, Lake co., was called Grandon for a short time after it was laid out. The town is situated on the southern shore of Lake Erie, also on the E. bank of Grand River, at its mouth. Considerable business is car ried on here. There is an excellent'harbor, and it is a regular place of landing and embarkation for passengers between the western country and the state of New York. Distances 170 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 32 N. E. from Cleveland. This is the port of Painesville, and connected with it by a railroad 3 miles long. Fairlee, Vt, Orange co. This is a rough and mountainous township, with very little produc tive land, on the W. side of Connecticut River, and connected with Orford, N. H, by a bridge across that river. Fairlee Pond is 2 miles in length, and about three fourths of a mile wide. The settlement was commenced in 1766, by Mr. Baldwin. Distances 17 miles E. S. E. from Chel sea, and 31 S. E. from Montpelier. Fairview, Pa., Erie co. On Lake Erie, and drained by Wainut and Elk Creeks. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 267 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Fairview, Pa., York co. Surface somewhat hilly, and watered by Yellow Breeches, Fishing, and Newberry Creeks ; soil gravel and calcareous loam. 17 miles N. W. from York. Fairview, 0., Guernsey co. 105 miles E. from Columbus. Fall River, Ms., Bristol co. Port of entry. 54 miles, by railroad, S. from Boston, 18 S. E. from Providence, R. I., and 18 N.N. E. from Newport. Population in 1810, 1296 ; 1820,1594; 1830,4158; 1840,6738; 1850, 11,522. This flourishing town lies at the head of the eastern arm of the Narraganset Bay, called Mount Hope Bay, where it receives the Taunton River. It has taken its name from another river which here falls into the bay from the E., by a descent over its rocky bed, in less than half a mile, of over 130 feet. This river forms the out let of Watuppa Ponds, which lie about 2 miles E. of the village. The area of these ponds is about 5000 acres ; and their principal supply for the fine water power which they create is from perpetual internal springs. The town of Fall River is almost without a parallel in respect to the union of an extensive hydraulic power, with a position immediately upon navigable waters. The river, for almost its entire length, flows from the ponds upon a granite bed, and for much of the distance it is confined between high granite banks. This water power, therefore, has all, or nearly all, to be occupied between these banks ; and the wheels, upon which it is brought to act, are placed directly in the bed of the river. The whole of this fall is now occupied by large man ufacturing establishments, generally occupying each a separate dam, and some of them extend ing entirely across the river, from bank to bank ; and so rapidly do they succeed each other, that there is scarcely left between the buildings suf ficient room for light and air. It is a characteristic of this river, that while it affords an almost uniform and constant supply of water, it is never subject to excess ; and there fore no injury or inconvenience has ever been experienced from so peculiar a location of the mills. The great business of Fall River, and that mainly which has given to it its present importance, is manufacturing. The hydraulic power of the river, although comparatively the volume of water is not large, is, nevertheless, owing to the steadiness of the supply and the certainty with which it can be controlled, avail able to a much greater extent than usual. Steam power has also been introduced and applied to the carrying on of some large operations. The principal manufactures are of cotton, wool, and iron, with the printing of calico and the making of machinery. From 50,000 to 75,000 spindles are employed in the cotton man ufacture. The calico printing works turn out 368 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, about 300,000 yards a week. At the woollen factory, satinets and cassimeres are made in large quantity. The machine shop employs over 100 hands, and turns out machinery of the best quality, and of every description, but principally for the cotton manufactories. But the largest establishment, and that which excites the most curiosity here, is one for the manufacture of iron. These works are Operated wholly by steam, and employ between 400 and 500 hands, working up into nails, hoops, rods, castings, &c, from 10,000 to 12,000 tons of iron annually. Fall River has also its full share of shop manufactures. There is likewise a manufactory of sperm oil and candles. The interests of navigation at this place are also considerable. The harbor has a sufficient depth of water for ships of the largest class, and is capacious enough almost to accommodate the ships of the whole world. It is one of the places which was formerly examined, and received fa vorable consideration, by the gover»ment, as an eligible site for a naval depot, especially with a view of constructing a dry dock under the old system. A number of vessels from this port are engaged in the whale fishery. Those owned here, and engaged in the coasting trade, are nu merous ; besides a large number, some of them of a large class, which are employed to bring lumber, coal, iron, and other articles consumed by the manufacturers and others in the place. Fall River is well built. The surface being elevated and uneven, affords fine situations for dwellings ; and, for a manufacturing town, the location is pleasant and healthy. The churches, 10 or 12 in number, are all of them neat, well situated, and commodious. Several of them are large and elegant This place has within its immediate vicinity an abundance of fine granite, equal in quality to any in the country. This granite is extensively wrought, giving employment to numerous per sons. The immense fortifications at Newport have been mainly constructed with granite ob tained at this place. It is also extensively used for building purposes in the village. Some very extensive granite buildings, particularly one for a market and town hall, have been erected of this material, which would suffer but little in comparison with buildings for like purposes in the city of Boston. Fall River was formerly a part of Freetown, and was incorporated by its present name about the year 1802. Soon after, the name was changed to Troy, and by this name the place was desig nated for about 30 years. But the village, which continues to be called Fall River, becoming at length the point of chief importance, this name was again given to the town, by act of the legis lature. On Sunday, July 2, 1843, this place was visit ed by one of the most destructive fires, in pro portion to its size, which has ever occurred in this country. About 200 buildings, including 1 factory, 1 large hotel, and 3 churches, were consumed. The energy and resources of the citizens have been evinced by the rapidity with which the place rose from its ashes, and attained an increase even upon its former extent. Fall River is on one of the great daily routes, by railroad and steamboat, between Boston and New York, and is variously connected with that beautiful network of railroads by which all the most important points in New England are brought into easy communication with each other. Falls, Pa., Bucks co. On the Delaware River, opposite Trenton, and drained by Scott's and Penn's Creeks. Surface undulating; soil loam and sand. Falls, Pa., Wyoming co. Bounded W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Buttermilk Falls Creek, which has a perpendicular descent of 30 feet. Surface uneven or mountainous ; soil well adapted to grass and grain. 153 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Falls County, Ts. New. Fallsburg, N. Y., Sullivan co. Neversink River and some of the head branches of Rondout Creek water this town. The surface is hilly; soil mostly gravelly loam. 8 miles N. from Monticello, and 108 S. W. from Albany. Fallston, Pa., Beaver co. Situated on the W. bank of Beaver River, and has good mill privi leges. 229 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. Falmouth, Ky., c. h. Pendleton co. At the junc tion of the main branch of Licking River with its S. W. fork. 60 miles N. E. from Frankfort. Falmouth, Me. See Appendix, No. 4. Falmouth, Ms., Barnstable co. It is a pleasant town on Vineyard Sound. Two streams afford the town water power ; also 40 ponds, some of fresh and some of salt water, which are well stocked with fish. The scenery around some of these ponds is delightful; one of them is of sufficient depth of water for ships of any class. The Indian name of this place was Saccanesset Wood's Hole, in this town, lies about 4 miles S. W. from Falmouth village. It is a good harbor, and is much frequented by vessels, and by inva lids in search of sea air and bathing. 22 miles S. W. from Barnstable, and 70 S. S. E. from Boston. Falmouth, Va., Stafford co. On the N. side of the Rappahannock River, just below the falls, and 64 miles N. from Richmond. There are large flouring establishments here. Fannet, Pa., Franklin co. Tuscarora Creek waters this town. Surface mountainous, having Tuscarora Mountain on its W. border ; soil cal careous loam and slate. 16 miles N. from Cham- bersburg. Fannin County, Ts., c. h. at Bonham. On the north-eastern border of the state. Farmersville, La., c. h. Union parish. On the N. side of Bayou d'Arbonne. 333 miles N. W. from New Orleans. Farmersville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by the head waters of Genesee River. Elevated and hilly. 274 miles W. from Albany. Farmville, Va., Prince Edward co. On the S. side of Appomattox River. 70 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. A large capital and many hands are employed in the manufacture of to bacco. The river is navigable for steamboats to Petersburg. Farmingdale, Me., Kennebec co. Formed in 1852, from parts of Gardiner, West Gardiner, and Hallowell. Farmington, Ct, Hartford co. The first set tlers of this town were from Hartford, being emigrants from the .neighborhood of Boston, Ms. They located themselves, in 1640, on the luxuriant meadows of the Tuiixis, or Farming- ton River, 10 miles W. from Hartford. The township was purchased of the Tunxis Indians, a numerous and warlike tribe. At its incorpo IN THE, UNITED STATES. 369 ration, in 1645, the township comprised 15 miles square ; since which the pleasant towns of South- ington, Berlin, Bristol, Burlington, and Avon have been taken from the original territory of Farmington. Farmington River rises in the highlands in the N. part of Berkshire co., Ms., and after meander ing delightfully through the towns of New Hart ford and Burlington, in a S. E. direction, it changes its course at Farmington to the N., and passing Avon and Simsbury to the border of Granby, it again turns abruptly to the E., and meets the Connecticut at Windsor. This is a beautiful and fertilizing stream, and gives to the towns through which it passes, but particularly to Farmington, large tracts of rich alluvial meadows. Farmington village is a delightful place, on an elevated plain, surrounded by high hills. It is connected with New Haven by railroad. Round Hill, in the meadows, near the village, is a natural curiosity. It rises abruptly to the height of 60 feet, is nearly circular in its form, and covers 1 2 acres. Farmington, Io., Van Buren co. On the Des Moines River. Iron ore, coal, and building stone abound in this vicinity. Farmington, Me., See Appendix, No. 6. Farmington, Mo., c. h. St. Francis co. S. E. from Jefferson City 139 miles. Farmington, N. fl. See Appendix, No. 8. Farmington, N. Y., Ontario co. Mud Creek and a small branch of Canandaigua outlet water this town. The surface is level, and the soil fer tile, but difficult to till. The Auburn and Roch ester Railroad crosses the S. W. angle. 7 miles N. from Canandaigua. Fauquier County, Va., c. h. at Warrenton. Bounded N. by Warren, Clarke, and Loudon counties, E. by Prince William, S. by Stafford and Culpepper, and W. by Rappahannock co. Watered by the Ocoquan and the head branches of the Rappahannock River. Surface agreeably diversified ; soil tolerably fertile. Fayette County, Aa., c. h. at Fayette Court House. Bounded N. by Marion and Walker counties, E. by Walker, S. by Tuscaloosa and Pickens counties, and W. by Mississippi. Sipsey and Battahatchy Rivers and Luxapatilla Creek water this county. Surface slightly uneven ; soil fertile. Fayette Court House, Aa., c. h. Fayette co. 2 miles W. from Sipsey River, and 40 N. W. from Tuscaloosa. Fayette County, Ga., c. h. at Fayetteville. Bounded N. by De Kalb co., E. by Henry, S. by Pike, and W. by Flint River, separating it from Coweta, and partly from Campbell co. The sur face is level, and soil fertile. Fayette County, Is., c. h. at Vandalia. Bounded N. by Montgomery and Shelby counties, E. by Effingham and Clay, S. by Marion and Clinton counties, and W. by Bond and Montgomery counties. Watered by Kaskaskia River and its tributaries. Surface level, consisting partly of prairies, and on the borders of the Kaskaskia, liable to inundation. Fayette County, la., c. h. at Connersville. Bounded N. by Henry and Wayne counties, E. by Union, S. by Franklin, and W. by Rush co. Watered by White River and its head branches, which afford extensive hydraulic power. Fayette County, Io., c. h. at West Union. In 47 the N. E. angle. Watered by Turkey River and its branches. Fayette County, Ky., c. h. at Lexington. Bounded N. by Scott and Harrison counties, E. by Bourbon and Clark, S. by the Kentucky River, separating it from Madison co., and W. by Jessamine co. Surface an elevated table land, watered by the head branches of Elkhorn River and other streams flowing into the Ken tucky. Soil of excellent quality. Fayette, Me., Kennebec co. A good township of land. 17 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. Fayette, Mi., c. h. Jefferson co. 80 miles S. W. from Jackson, and 25 N. E. from Natchez. Fayette, Mo., e. h. Howard co. On the E. side of Bonne Fernme Creek. 61 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. Fayette College is located here. See Colleges. Fayette, N. Y., Seneca co. Bounded on the E. by Cayuga, and W. by Seneca Lake. Seneca River and some of its branches water the town on the N. The surface is level ; soil fertile. 178 miles W. from Albany. Fayette County, 0., c. h. at Washington. Clin ton and Green counties bound it on the W., Pick away and Ross on the E., Highland on the S., and Madison co. on the N. The land is level, and of a good quality, and is watered by Deer and Paint Creeks. Emigrants from Virginia and Kentucky settled here about the year 1805. Fayette County, Pa., c. h. at Union. Bounded N. by Westmoreland co., E. by Somerset co., S. by Virginia, and W. by the Monongahela River, separating it from Greene and Washington coun ties. Drained by the Youghiogeny River, and Dunlap, Brown's, Redstone, and Cook's Creeks. At the Ohiopile Falls the Youghiogeny River descends 60 feet within the space of a mile. The surface of this county is partly mountains ous, Laurel Hill and the Chestnut Ridge lying in the E. part. The soil is fertile. Fayette, Pa., Alleghany co. Watered by branches of Charter's Creek. Surface hilly, abounding with coal; soil loam. 214 miles W. from Harrisburg. Fayette County, Te., c. h. at Somerville. Bound ed N. by Tipton and Haywood counties, E. by Hardeman co., S. by Mississippi, and W. by Shelby co. Watered by Loosahatchy and Wolf Rivers. Soil fertile. A railroad extends from La Grange, in this county, to Memphis, on the Mississippi River, and a side branch extends to Somerville. Fayette County, Ts., c. h. at La Grange. S» central. On both banks of the Colorado. Fayette County, Va., c. h. at Fayetteville}, Bounded N. by Nicholas co., E. by Greenbrier* S. by Mercer and Logan, and W. by Logan ami- Kanawha counties. Watered by New and Gau ley, head branches of the Great Kanawha River, and by Clear and March, branches of' Coal River. The surface is mountainous, and.oitNew. River, 2 miles from Fayetteville, is a projection called Long Point, the top of which, consisting of a flat rock covering 2 acres, is elevatedi.1'500 feet above the water of the river. At another place, a perpendicular rock, called Hawk's Nast, or Mar shall's Pillar, rises 1100 feet above the surface of the same river. Some interesting remains, of ancient fortifications are also found, in.tlus county. Fayetteville, As., c. h. Washington co. Situated on tho N. W. side of White River. 196 miles N. W. from Little Rock. 370 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Fayetteville, Ga., c. h. Fayette co. On a branch of Flint River. 85 hiiles W. N. W. from Mil ledgeville. Fayetteville, N. O, seat of justice of Cumber land co. On the W. side of Cape Fear River, at the head of uninterrupted boat navigation, 60 miles S.from Raleigh. The town is pleasantly situated about a mile from the river, and is reg ularly laid out, with streets 100 feet in width, An arsenal of construction has been established here by the government. There is a good water power, on which, besides the shops of the arsenal, there are a number of cotton factories, flouring mills, grist mills, and saw mills. It has an ac tive trade in grain, flour, naval stores, and tobacco. A considerable portion of this place was de stroyed by fire in 1831. An appeal was made, with much success, to the sympathies of tho peo ple throughout the United States, and about $90,000 were contributed for tho relief of the sufferers. Fayetteville, O, Perry township, Brown co. 25 miles N. from Georgetown. Fayetteville. To., c. h. Lincoln co. On the N. side of Elk River. 86 miles S. from Nashville. Fayetteville, Vt, c. h. Windham co. In the town of Newfane. 115 miles S. from Montpelier. Fayetteville, Va., c. h. Fayette co. 2 miles W. from New River, a little above its junction with Gauley River, and 289 miles W. from Richmond. Fayston, Vt, Washington co. Fayston is gen erally too mountainous to be much cultivated. Along the borders of some of the branches of Mad River, which rises here, is some arable land. The town was settled in 1 798, by Lynde Wait, Esq. 16 miles W. S. W. from Montpelier, and 25 S. E. from Burlington. Fenner, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by Chitte- nango and Canaseraga Creeks. The surface is undulating; soil of good quality. 8 miles N. W. from Morrisville, and 115 W. by N. from Albany. Fentress County, Te., c. h. Jamestown. Bounded N. by Kentucky. E. by Campbell co., S. by Mor gan and Putnam, and W. by Overton co. Wa tered by Obey's River and White Oak Creek, branches of Cumberland River. Ferdinand, Vt., Essex co. This town was chartered in 1761. Paul's Stream affords it a good water power, but the land is so mountain ous, rocky, cold, and swampy, that people do not choose to cultivate it. Ferguson, Pa., Centre co. Spring Creek and its branches water this town. Surface mountain ous, and abounding with iron ore ; soil calcareous loam in the valleys. 1 1 miles S. from Bellefonte. Ferrisbury, Vt., Addison co. This township is watered principally by Otter, Little Otter, and Lewis Creeks. In Little Otter Creek are 4, and in Lewis Creek 3 commodious falls, on which mills and other machinery are erected. Lake Champlain is on the western boundary. In this township is one of the best harbors on the lake, called Basin Harbor. The surface of the north eastern part is somewhat hilly. The remaining parts, especially the western, arc remarkably level. No township in the state has afforded more or better timber for market than this. The soil is various. It is a good grazing township. A part of this town was annexed to Panton in 1847. The first permanent settlement was made in 1784 and 1785, by emigrants from Bennington, in this state, and from Connecticut. 16 miles N. W. from Middlebury, and 34 W. from Montpelier. Fincastle, Va., c, h. Botetourt oo. On the S. E. slope of Catawba valley, 175 miles W. from Richmond. Findlay, Pa., Alleghany co. Watered by Mon- ture's Run, and branches of Racoon Creek. Sur face hilly ; soil loam. 15 m. N. W. from Pittsburg. Finley, O., c. h. Hancock co. Fishing Creek, Pa., Columbia co. Drained by Fishing Creek. Surface mountainous ; soil gravel and clay. 101 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. Fishkill, N. Y., Dutchess co. This is one of the largest and wealthiest inland towns in the state. It is situated on the E. bank of the Hud son River, and drained by the Fishkill and Wap- pinger's Creek. The surface is undulating on the N., and on the S. hilly and mountainous. There are several quarries of iron ore, marble, and black lead. The soil is uncommonly fertile. 10 miles S. from Poughkeepsie, and 88 S. from Albany. Fishkill Landing, N. Y., in Fishkill, Dutchess co. On the Hudson River, at the mouth of Fish kill Creek, 90 miles S. from Albany. A steam ferry connects this place with Newburg, on the opposite side of the Hudson. Fishkill, N. Y., King's co. The surface of this town is mostly level; the soil productive when properly tilled. 4 miles S. E. from Brooklyn, and 149 S. from Albany. Fitchburg, Ms., Worcester co,, was formerly a part of Lunenburg. A large branch of the Nashua, and two smaller streams, pass through the town, and afford it an extensive and con stant water power. Over the Nashua are a large number of dams, and the river in the course of two miles puts in motion a number of cotton and other factories. This is a very flour ishing and growing town, having received a great impulse since the completion of the rail roads by which it is connected with Boston. Worcester, Lowell, and the valley of the Con necticut. Near the principal village is an im mense quarry of excellent granite. The surface is uneven ; the soil strong and fertile. In some parts the hills are large, high, and steep. Roll- stone and Pearl Hills are the principal ones. 49 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 24 N. from Worcester. Fitzwilliam, N. H., Cheshire co. Camp and Priest Brooks are the principal streams. South Pond, 230 rods long, and of various width ; Slip's Pond, 200 rods long and 100 wide ; Rockwood's Pond, and Collin's Pond, are the only natural collections of waters. The surface is hilly ; soil rocky, and suitable for grazing and tillage. There is very valuable meadow land found here. Near the centre of the town is a large hill, noted for its romantic prospect. Gap Mountain, on which are found various stones suitable for whetstones, lies partly in this town. First settlers. James Reed, John Fassett, Benjamin Bigelow, and others, in 1760. 13 miles S. E. from Keene, and 60 S. W. from Concord. The Cheshire Railroad passes through it. Flatbush, N. Y., King's co., L. I. 8 miles S. E. from New York city. Tho seat of justice for King's co. was here until 1832, when it was re moved to the city of Brooklyn. It is a small but pleasant town, containing two churches, and an academy of long-established reputation. The Dutch Reformed Church is of gray stone, with tower, bell, and spire. From its vicinity to New York, this is a pleasant place of resort in the warm season. Prospect Hill, half a mile N. W. IN THE UNITED STATES; 371 of the village, about 200 feet in height, overlooks four of the adjacent towns, and affords an exten sive prospect out to sea. Near the N. W. boundary is the battle ground where the battle Of Long Island was fought in 1776, under the immediate command of Generals Putnam and Sullivan ; which, issuing unfavor ably for the Americans, led to the masterly retreat of the troops, under Washington, from Long Island. Flatlands, N. Y., King's co., embraces Barren and some other small, marshy islands. The sur face is level ; soil productive, when properly cul tivated. 8 miles S. E. from Brooklyn, and 153 S. from Albany. Fleming County, Ky., c. h. at Flemingsburg. Bounded N. by Mason and Lewis counties, E. by Carter, S. by Morgan and Licking River, separ ating it from Bath co., and W. by Nicholas co. Surface mountainous in the E. and S. portions ; soil fertile, being based upon limestone. Fleming, N. Y., Cayuga co. On the W. border of Owasco Lake. Drained by Crane Brook and some other small streams. The surface is undu lating ; soil clay loam of good quality. 4 miles S. from Auburn, and 160 W. from Albany. . Flemingsburg, Ky., c. h. Fleming co. On Stock ton Run, 1 mile from its junction with Fleming Creek, and 95 miles E. by N. from Frankfort Flemington, N. J., c. h. of Hunterdon co. This town, 25 miles N. by W. from Trenton, is very pleasantly situated on an undulating plain, one mile N. of which is a high eminence which over looks the village and surrounding country, and affords a delightful view of it. The village is mostly built on otie street, which has many hand some dwellings, and is marked by a general ap pearance of neatness and thrift. The court house is a spacious stone building, with a Doric portico, in the basement of which is the county prison. There are two copper mines near this place. The soil of the surrounding country is red shale, and tolerably productive. Fletcher, Vt, Franklin co. The River La moille just touches upon the southern extremity of this township. Metcalf Pond is about one mile long from N. to S., and one third of a mile wide from E. to W. It discharges its waters at the S. end, forming one of the heart branches of Black Creek. This stream, Fairfield River, and Stone's Brook are the principal waters. The surface of this township is considerably broken. The town was chartered to Moses Rolinson, John Fay, and others, in 1781. The settlement was commenced in 1784. 22 miles N. N. W. from Montpelier, and about 18 S. E. from St. Albans. Florence, Aa. Shire town of Lauderdale co. On the N. side of the River Tennessee, imme diately below the Muscle Shoals. It is situated on an elevated plain, 100 feet above the river. The streets are 100 feet wide, and cross each other at right angles. Except when the water is low, steamboats ascend from the Ohio to this place ; so that it carries on some trade with New Orleans. Above Florence, there is a railroad from Tuscum- bia, nearly opposite, on the river, to Decatur, a distance of 46 miles, to avoid the shoals ; above which the river is again navigable as far as Knox- ville, Te. At Chattanooga, near the S. border of Tennessee, the boats connect with an extensive railroad route through the N. part of Georgia to Augusta, and thence to Charleston, S. C, a dis tance, in the whole, of about 440 miles. For an in terior location, Florence is well situated for busi ness. Florence, N. Y, Oneida co. Watered by trib utaries of Fish Creek. The surface is slightly uneven. 33 miles N. W. from Utica, and 127 from Albany. Florida, Ms., Berkshire co., comprises a part of Zoar, an unincorporated district. This town ship is situated on the height of the Green Moun tain range ; its surface is broken, and its climate severe, Hoosic Mountain, 1448 feet above Deer field River, which washes its eastern boundary, and other mountains in the town, offer to the be holder some of the finest Alpine scenery in the state. 125 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 22 N. N. E. from Pittsfield. Florida, N. Y., Montgomery co. The Mohawk River and Schoharie Creek water this town. Sur face undulating ; soil favorable to the growth of wheat. 8 miles S. E. from Fonda, and 34 N. W. from Albany. Floyd County, Ga., c. h. at Rome. Bounded N. by Chatooga and Walker counties, E. by Murray and Cass, S. by Paulding co., and W. by Aa. The Oostanaula and Etowah unite to form the Coosa, in this county, which is also watered by Ce dar and Chatooga Creeks. Surface uneven ; soil rich on the borders of the streams. Floyd County, la., c. h. at New Albany. In corporated in 1819, and bounded N. by Washing ton and Scott counties, E. by Clark co., S. E. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ky., and S. and W. by Harrison co. Watered by Silver, and the head branches of Indian Creek. Surface hilly ; soil rich. Floyd County, Ky., c. h. at Prestonburg. Bound ed N. by Morgan and Johnson counties, E. by Pike, S. by Letcher, and W. by Perry and Brea thitt. Watered by the head branches of Kentucky and Licking, and the W. fork of Big Sandy Riv er. Surface high and hilly. Floyd, N. Y., Oneida co. On the N. side of the Mohawk. Watered on the E. by Nine Mile Creek. The surface is rolling; the soil fertile, and particularly suitable for grass. 8 miles N. from Utica, and" 100 N. W. from Albany. Floyd County, Va., c. h. at Jacksonville. Bound ed N. by Montgomery, E. by Franklin, S. by Patrick and Carroll, and W. by Pulaski co. Sur face mountainous, and watered by Little River and its tributaries ; soil suitable for grazing. Floyd, Va., c. h. Floyd co. 2 1 5 m iles W. S. W. from Richmond. Flushing, N. Y., Queen's eo. Bounded on the N. by Long Island Sound. Flushing and Little Neck Bays, with the streams flowing into them, also water this town. The surface is mostly level ; soil well tilled and productive. 6 miles W. from North Hempstead, and 156 S. from Albany. Fluvanna County, Va., c. h. at Palmyra. In corporated in 1777, and bounded N. by Albe marle and Louisa counties, E. by Goochland co., S. by James River, separating it from Cumber land and Buckingham counties, and W. by Albe marle co. It is traversed by the Ravenna River. Surface mostly rough ; soil good on the rivers. Gold is found in this region. Fonda, N. Y., c. h. Montgomery co. On the N. side of Mohawk River, and on the railroad from Albany to Buffalo, 42 miles W. from Alba ny.- This is a prosperous manufacturing place. Fond du Lac County, Wn., c. h. at Fond du Lac. Bounded N. by Winnebago and Cal- 372 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, umet counties, E. by Sheboygan, S. by Washing ton and Dodge, and W. by Marquette co. Wa tered on the N. E. by Lake Winnebago, and drained by Rock and Milwaukee Rivers, and Crocodile and Martin's Creeks. Surface mostly level, and in parts swampy. Fond du Lac, Wn., Fond du Lac co. At the head of Winnebago Lake. 98 miles N. E. from Madison. Fordham, N. Y., Westchester co. On the line of the Haerlem Railroad, 12j miles from New York City Hall. The site of St John's College. See Colleges.. Forest County, Pa. New. Had but 561 in habitants by the census of 1850. Forestburg, N. Y., Sullivan co. Drained by Neversink River and some other streams. The surface is hilly ; soil sandy loam. 8 miles S. from Monticello, and 127 S. S." W. from Albany. Forks, Pa., Northampton co. Located near the junction of the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers, and drained by Bushkill Creek and its branches. Sur face level ; soil loam. Forsyth,' Ga., c. h. Monroe co. A little S. from the Towelagge, a branch of Ockmulgee River, and 55 miles W. from Milledgeville. Connected with Macon by railroad, 45 miles distant. Forsyth County, Ga., c. h. at Cumming. Bound ed N. by Lumpkin co., E. and S. by the Chat tahoochee River, separating it from Hall and Gwinnett counties, and W. by Cherokee co. Drained by Chattahoochee and Etowah Rivers and branches. Forsyth, Mo., c. h. Taney co. On the E. side of White River, at the mouth of Swan Creek, and 201 miles S. from Jefferson City. Forsyth County, N. C. New. Fort Ann, N. Y., Washington co. Bounded by Lake George on the N. W., and is watered by Wood Creek ; the Champlain Canal also passes through this town. Surface diversified with hills, mountains, valleys, and plains ; soil varied as the surface. 12 miles N. from Sandy Hill, and 60 N. N. E. from Albany. Fort Bend County, Ts., c. h. at Richmond. In tho S. middle part of the state, on both banks of the Brazos. Fort Covington, N. Y., Franklin co. Salmon and Little Salmon Rivers water this town, the surface of which is level, and the soil of good quality. The Canada line bounds it on the N. 14 miles N. W. from Malone, and 223 N. N. W. from Albany. Fort Des Moines, Io., c. h. Polk co. At the junction of Racoon and Des Moines. It is a beautiful place, at the head of navigation of the Des Moines River, within 30 miles of the geo graphical centre of the state, of which it will probably bo the capital at no' distant day. The valley of the Des Moines is unsurpassed in fer tility, and Fort Des Moines is already the seat of a large inland trade. 120 miles W. from Iowa City. Fort Edward, N. Y., Washington co. On the E. bank of the Hudson. Drained by the Moose- kill and some other small streams. The surface is somewhat undulating; soil of good quality. 4 miles S. from Sandy Hill, and 47 N. N. E. from Albany. Fort Hamilton, N. Y., King's co. Situated at the western extremity of Long Island, on the E. 6ide of the Narrows, through which is the main entrance into New York Harbor. There is a small village here connected with the Fort, which enjoys a fine view of the lower bay and of the ocean, and is one of the many places of re sort for tbe people of New York in the summer season. See New York. Fort Madison, Io„ Lee Co., on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, contains the ruins of a fortification, now hardly visible, erected in 1808, as a defence against the Indians, who compelled the garrison to burn the fort in 1813. Fort Miller, N. Y., Washington co. On the E. side of the Hudson River, where is a descent of about 20 feet, also a dam for feeding the Champlain Canal. Fort Plain, N. Y., Montgomery co. On the S. bank of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Canal. Fort Smith, As., Crawford co. 165 miles W. N. W. from Little Rock, and 66 miles S. E. from Fort Gibson. This place is situated on the S. side of the Arkansas River, at the entrance of the Poiteau, a small river from the S., on the ex treme W. border of the state. It is the site of au extensive fortification, erected by the govern ment for the protection of their western frontier settlements. Fort Wayne, la., c. h. Allen co. In a fertile region, on the S. side of Maumee River, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal. 131 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. Foster, R. I, Providence co. This is a large ag ricultural and manufacturing town, finely watered by Hemlock Brook, Ponongansett and" Moosup Rivers. The surface of the town, in many parts, is rough and uneven, but the soil is well calculated for the productions of the dairy. In the western part are extensive forests of Valuable timber. There are a number of pleasant villages on the borders of the numerous streams. First settled in 1717 ; incorporated in 1781. Foster was named in compliment to the Hon. Theodore Foster, formerly a senator of the United States. 15 miles S. W. from Providence. Fountain County, la., c. h. at Covington. In corporated in 1825. Bounded E. by Tippecanoe and Montgomery counties, S. by Park co., and W. and N. by the Wabash River, separating it from Vermilion and Warren counties. Drained by Coal and Shawnee Creeks, branches of the Wabash River, and good mill streams. Surface slightly uneven ; soil of excellent quality. The Wabash and Erie Canal traverses this county. Fowler, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Drained by the Oswegatchie River and some of its tributaries. The surface is slightly uneven ; soil mostly good. 22 miles S. from Canton, and 186 N. W. from Albany. Foxboro', Ms., Norfolk co. In this town are a number of pleasant ponds, and several small streams which empty into Taunton River. These all produce considerable water power. The Bos ton and Providence Railroad passes through the town. The depot is 214 miles S. S. W. from Boston, and 19i N. by E. from Providence. Foxcrqft, Me., Piscataquis co. On the N. side of Piscataquis River, opposite Dover. 77 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Foxville, Va., Fauquier co. On the Rappahan nock River. 30 miles above Fredericksburg, and 116 miles N. by W. from Richmond. Here is a white sulphur spring, and a quarry of slate. The manufactures are considerable. Framingham, Ms., Middlesex- co. This beau tiful town is distinguished for its agricultural, IN THE UNITED STATES. 373 manufacturing, and mechanical progress. The soil is various, but generally strong and fertile. The surface is not very uneven, though there are several elevated and pleasant hills. Nobscot and Bare Hills command extensive and rich views. In the S. and S. E. parts are several pleasant ponds. The principal stream is Sudbury River. Saxonville, in this town, is one of the most beau tiful and flourishing villages in New England. Long Pond, which supplies Boston with water, lies partly in this town. The Framingham Academy, in the centre village, is a useful and popular seminary. 21 miles W. from Boston, and 23 E. from Worcester. Francestown, N. H, Hillsboro' co. The two S. branches of the Piseataquog rise in this town. Pleasant and Haunted Ponds are considerable collections of water. The land is uneven, and in many parts stony, but the soil is warm and moist. The highest land is Crotched Mountain, the summits of which are more than 600 feet above the level of the Common, in the centre of the town. One of the summits is covered with wood ; the other is almost a solid ledge of rocks. There is in the easterly part of this town a very extensive and valuable quarry of soapstone, re sembling, when polished, verd an'ique marble. In the N. part good black lead, and in the S. rock crystal have been found. Garret and soap- stone are also found here. The local situation of this town is very eligible for business. It derived its name from Frances, the wife of the last Governor Wentworth. 12 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 28 S. W. from Concord. Franconia, N. H, Grafton co. This town is mountainous. Its streams are branches of tho Lower Amonoosuck River. Here are several ponds ; one of which, called Ferrin's, is the source of the middle branch of Pemigewasset River. The mountains adjoining the Notch are called Mounts Lafayette and Jackson. On the latter is the celebrated " Profile," or '• Old Man of the Mountain." It is situated on a peak of solid rock, 1000 feet high, and almost perpendicular. On this peak, Nature, in her wildest mood, ex hibits the profile of the human face. See Fashion able Resorts. The village in this place, lying in a hollow, is remarkable for its cold weather. It owes its rise and prosperity to the discovery and working of a rich vein of granular magnetic iron ore. First settlers, Captain Artemas Knight, Lemuel Barnett, Zebedee Applebee, and others, in 1774. 28 miles N. E. from Haverhill, and 95 N. from Concord. Franconia, Pa., Montgomery co. This town is watered by Indian, Pike, and Shippack Creeks, and the N. E. branch of the Perkiomen Creek. Surface level ; soil red shale. 88 miles E. from Harrisburg. Frankford, N. Y, Sussex co. Papakating Creek, a branch of the Wallkill River, waters this town. Surface hilly on the W., but else where level ; soil very productive, being based upon lime and slate. Frankford, Pa., Cumberland co. Watered by Conedogwinit Creek and its branches. Blue Mountain lies partly in the N. part of this town, and McClure's Gap on the E. boundary; it has also a sulphur spring near the centre. Frankford, Pa., Oxford, Philadelphia co. On Tacony Creek, which affords water power. 5 miles N. E. from Philadelphia, and 104 E. by S. from Harrisburg. Frankfort, la., c. h. Clinton co. On the S. fork of Wildcat Creek, N. N. W. from Indianap olis, 42 miles. Frankfort, Ky.,c.h. at Franklin co. Capital of the state. Frankfort, Me., Waldo co. An excellent town ship with two villages on the W. side of Penob scot River. It is the highest point to which ves sels can ascend during the icy season of tho year. 12 miles below Bangor. Frankfort, N. Y., Herkimer co. Situated 7 miles W. from Herkimer, and 87 W. N. W. from Albany. The surface on the S. is broken and hilly, but upon the N., in the valley of the Mo hawk, are fertile meadows. The principal village is situated on the S. side of this river, on the line of the Erie Canal. There are manufacto ries here for making cotton and woollen goods, and machinery, under a company incorporated in 1634, with a capital of $200,000. Frankfort, O., Wells township, Guernsey, lies on the old road leading from Zanosville to Wheeling, in Virginia, about 15 miles E. from Cambridge. Frankfort, 0., Concord township, Ross co. This town is pleasantly located on the N. fork of Paint Creek, on. elevated land, and occupies the same spot of the old Indian town of Chillicothe. Near here are several large mounds. Franklin County, Aa.. Russellvillo, shire town. Bounded N. by the Tennessee River, separat ing it from Lauderdale co., E. by Lawrence co., S. by Marion co., and W. by Mississippi. Sur face hilly, and drained by Cedar, Bear, Little Bear, and Spring Creeks ; soil fertile. Franklin County, As., c. h at Ozark. Bound ed N. by Washington and Madison counties, E. by Johnson, S. by Scott, and W. by Crawford co. The Arkansas River traverses the middle of this county, from E. to W. Surface rough and hilly ; soil fertile on the borders of the streams. Franklin, Ct, New London co. Shetucket River separates this town from Lisbon. The sur face of Franklin is uneven ; the soil a gravelly loam, more fit for grazing than tillage. There is a woollen factory on Beaver Brook, a branch of the Shetucket; but the chief business of the peo ple is rearing sheep, and other agricultural pur suits. 34 miles E. S. E. from Hartford. Franklin County, Fa., c. h. at Appalachicola. Incorporated in 1832. Bounded N. and E. by Gadsden co., S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Calhoun co. The Appalachicola River forms part of its W. boundary. The land is low and swampy, interspersed with numerous ponds. Soil very fertile on the margins of the rivers. This county embraces the islands of St. George and St. Vincent Franklin County, Ga., c. h. at Carnesville. This county was incorporated in 1788, and is bounded N. E. by the Tugaloo, a head branch of the Sa vannah River, separating it from S. O, S. E. and S. by Elbert and Madison counties, and W. by Hall and Habersham counties. Drained by the N. fork of Broad River. Surface hilly ; soil pro ductive. Franklin County, Is., c. h. at Frankfort This county was incorporated in 1818, and is bounded N. by Jefferson co., E. by Hamilton and Gal latin, S. by Williamson, and W. by Jackson and Perry counties. Watered by Big Muddy River and its tributaries, and the S. fork of Saline Creek. Soil of good quality. 374 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Franklin County, la., c. h. at Brookville. Bound ed N. by Fayette and Union counties, E. by Ohio, S. by Dearborn and Ripley counties, and W. by Decatur co. Drained by branches of the White Water River, which afford fine mill privi leges. Surface level or undulating ; soil fertile. Tho White Water Canal crosses this county. Franklin, la., c. h. Johnson co., occupies a high bluff, on the E. side of Young's Creek, 20 miles S. from Indianapolis. Franklin County, Ky., c. h. at Frankfort. Bound ed N. by Henry and Owen counties, E. by Seott, S. by Woodford and Anderson, and W. by Shelby co. Surface hilly, and watered by Kentucky and Elkhorn Rivers ; soil fertile. Franklin, Ky., c. h. Simpson co. On the W. side of Drake's Creek, a branch of Barren River. 164 miles S. W. from Frankfort. Franklin Parish, La., c. h. at Winnsboro'. N. E. central. Between Bayou Bceuf of Red River, and Bayou Macon, the W. branch of the Tensas. Franklin, La., c. h. St, Mary's parish. Located on the W. side of the Bayou Teehe. 144 miles W. by S. from New Orleans. Franklin County, Me., c. h. at Farmington. In the W. part of the state, including the height of land between the Androscoggin and Kennebec. Undulating, with mountainous tracts, with nu merous ponds and mill streams. Soil generally good. The northern part bordering on Canada is still unsettled. Franklin, Me., Hancock co. At the head of Taunton Bay, the most northerly part of French man's Bay. 15 miles E. from Ellsworth. Franklin County, Ms., c. h. at Greenfield. This was a part of Hampshire co. until 1811. The surface is elevated; the Green Mountain range intersects it from N. to S., presenting some of the wildest and most picturesque scenery in the state. The soil is exceedingly fertile; its rich alluvial valleys produce the finest crops of grain and grass, while its mountain sides afford rich pasturage. Few sections of our country equal the county of Franklin in the extent and value of its hydraulic power. The noble Connecticut pierces its centre from N. to S., the romantic and powerful Deerfield pours its volume of water from the W., while Miller's River comes in from the E., with its rapid current, joins the two former near the heart of the county, and passes to the ocean. These rivers, combined with their nu merous tributaries, watering every section of the county, produce a water power of great extent and usefulness. Franklin, Ms., Norfolk co. Charles River and several of its branches meander through this town, and give to it fine mill seats and a con stant flow of water. This town was a part of Wren th am until 1778. There arc in tho town some vory pleasant villages, and some eminences from which are fine views of the surrounding country. This town was named in honor of the celebrated Dr. Franklin. Soon after its incorpo ration, a hint was given to the doctor, then in France, that a present of a bell would bo accept able to the town for the honor conferred. Tho doctor sent the town some valuable books, and observed that he presumed the people of Frank lin were more fond of sense than sound. 27 miles S. W. from Boston, and 17 S. W. from Dedham. Franklin County, Mi., c. h. at Meadville. Bounded N. by Jefferson and Copiah counties, E. by Lawrence and Pike, S. by Amite and Wil kinson, and W. by Adams co. Watered by tribu taries of the Homochitto and the head branches of Amite River. Surface undulating; soil ster ile, except on the margins of the rivers. Franklin County, Mo., c. h. at Union. The Missouri River bounds this county on the N., separating it from Warren and St. Charles coun ties. St. Louis and Jefferson counties bound it on the E., Washington and Crawford on the S., and Gasconade on the W. Drained by the Ma ramec and Bourbeuse Rivers, the latter being a good mill stream, and by some smaller tributaries of the Missouri. Surface undulating.; soil mostly fertile. Franklin County, N. C, c. h. at Louisburg, Bounded N. by Warren co„ E. and S. E. by Nash, S. W. by Wake, and W. by Granville eo. Tar river traverses the middle of this county, and Fishing Creek forms part of its N. boundary. Surface level ; soil productive. Franklin, N. H, Merrimac co., is a place of considerable and increasing business. The junc tion of the AVinnipiseogee and Pemigewasset Rivers, in this town, form the Merrimac, creating on both streams an extensive and valuable water power. A famous peat bog is in this town. Plumbago, &c, has been found here. The Northern Rail road passes through the centre. This town was taken from the towns of Salisbury, Andover, Sanbornton, and Northfield. 1 9 miles N. by N. W. from Concord by the Northern Railroad. The descent of the Winnipiseogee branch, from the lake to its junction with the Pemigewasset, is 232 feet. The confluent stream bears the name of Merrimac, and pursues a S. course, 78 miles, to Chelmsford, Ms. ; thence an E. course, 35 miles, to the sea at Newburyport. On the N. line of Concord, the Contoocook discharges its waters into the Merrimac. The Soucook be comes a tributary in Pembroke, and the Suncook between Pembroke and Allenstown. The Pis- cataquog unites in Bedford ; the Souhegan in Merrimac; and a beautiful river, called Nashua, in Nashua. The tributaries which enter in Mas sachusetts are the Concord at Lowell, the Spiggot at Methuen, the Shawsheen at Andover, and the Powow, between Amesbury and Salisbury. The principal tributaries are on the W. side of the river, all, except the Concord, rising in the highlands between the Connecticut and Merri mac. There are numerous falls in this river, tho most noted of which are Garven's in Concord, Bow Falls in Hooksett, Amoskeag Falls in Goffs town and Manchester, Pawtucket Falls at Low ell, and tho falls at Lawrence. The river was formerly much used for boat navigation, in con junction with the Middlesex Canal, aided by canals round the principal falls ; but since the introduction of railroads, this method of trans portation has been abandoned, and the water is now employed solely for propelling machinery. Already upon the banks of this river have risen tho flourishing and fast-growing cities of Man chester, Lowell, and Lawrence, and there is still a largo amount of water power unemployed. The Lake Winnipiseogee, the outlet from which is under the control of the water power compa nies, furnishes an inexhaustible reservoir for keep ing up the supply of water in tho driest seasons. See Pemigewasset River. The Merrimac, whose fountains are nearly on IN THE UNITED STATES. 375 a level with the Connecticut, being much shorter in its course, has a far more rapid descent to the sea than the latter river. Hence the intervales on its borders are less extensive, and the scenery less beautiful, than on the Connecticut. It is, however, a majestic river. Its width varies from 50 to 120 rods. The tide flows up to Haverhill, a distance of 16 miles from the sea, and the mouth of the river forms the harbor of Newbury- port, the bar of which prevents the entrance of vessels drawing more than 15 or 16 feet of water. The name Merrimac signifies, in the Indian' lan guage, a sturgeon, a species of fish which abounds in the tide water. Franklin, N. J., Gloucester co. Drained by branches of Maurice and Great Egg Harbor Rivers, and by Raccoon Creek. Surface level; soil mostly sandy and poor. 15 miles S. E. from Woodbury. Franklin, N. J., Bergen co. The surface of this town is undulating ; the soil mostly fertile, being composed of gravel, sand, and loam, based upon sandstone. 13 miles N. W. from Hack ensack. Franklin, N. J., Somerset co. Millstone and Raritan Rivers, and Six Mile Run water this town. Surface somewhat uneven, and on the S. W. hilly. 7 miles S. E. from Somerville. Franklin, N. J., Warren eo. Watered by Po- hatcong and Musconetcong Creeks. Franklin County, N. Y., c. h. at Malone. Formed from Clinton co. in 1808. Bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Clinton and Essex, S. by Essex and Hamilton, and W. by St. Lawrence co. Wa tered by numerous lakes and ponds, the prin cipal of which are the Upper and Lower Saranac Lakes, and by Chateaugay, Salmon, Trout, Deer, St. Regis, and Racket Rivers, flowing into the St. Lawrence, which washes its N. W. corner, and also by the Saranac, flowing into Lake Champlain. Surface chiefly level on the N., but hilly and mountainous in the middle and S. The soil is diversified, but much of it very fertile. The mountains abound in the best of iron ore, and the surface is heavily tiinbcrcd in some parts. Franklin, N. Y., Delaware co. Oleout Creek and its branches water this town. The soil is fertile loam. 12 miles W. from Delhi, and 93 S. W. from Albany. Franklin, N. Y., Franklin co. Drained by Salmon and Saranac Rivers and some of their tributaries. It also contains several small lakes. The surface is hilly and mountainous ; soil vari ous. 25 miles S. E. from Malone, 187 N. from Albany. Franklin County, 0., e. h. Columbus. Situ ated nearly in the centre of tho state, having Delaware co. on the N., portions of Licking and Fairfield on the E., Pickaway on the S., and Madison on the W. It is 23 miles square. The surface is generally level, and in many parts low and wet,, better adapted to grazing than to rais ing grain. The county is drained, however, by several streams, upon the banks of which is much arable land and many finely-cultivated farms. The Scioto River passes through the centre of the county, from N. to S. The Whetstone River, and other small streams and crocks, running nearly in the same direction, drain other portions of the county. This county was first settled in 1797. It was constituted a county, being taken from the then existing county of Ross, March 30, 1803. Some thing has since been taken from its area.in con stituting the surrounding counties, reducing it to its present limits. The Ohio Canal passes across the S. E. corner of the county, and a branch from it is brought to the centre at Columbus. The national road passes through it from E. to W. This tract was once the residence of the Wyandot Indians, who had a largo town on the site of the city of Columbus, and cultivated ex tensive fields of corn on the river bottoms on the opposite side of the Scioto. Franklin, 0., a township of Portage co., in the N. part of the state. The Cuyahoga River passes diagonally through it, affording much valuable water power, which is improved for manufactur ing purposes at the two villages of Franklin Mills and Carthage. The Mahoning Canal passes through the township, falling into the Cuyahoga for a part of the distance. Brady's Pond, so called, is a small but beautiful sheet of water, about 2j miles from Franklin Mills, from the fine white sand on the shores of which glass is manufactured. About 30 miles S. E. from Cleveland. Franklin Mills, 0., Portage co. At the falls of Cuyahoga River, and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. At these falls there is a great water power. Much business is done here. 134 miles N. E. from Columbus. Franklin County, Pa., c. h. at Chambersburg. Incorporated in 1784. Bounded N. by Perry and Cumberland counties, E. by Adams co., S. by Maryland, and W. by Bedford co. It is drained by Coneeocheague and Conedogwinit Creeks and their branches, affording great hy draulic power. South and Tuscarora or Cove Mountains arc the only considerable elevations. Soil very fertile, being based upon limestone. White marble is found here, and iron ore is abundant. Franklin, Pa., c. h. Venango co. On the S. side of French Creek, at its junction with Alle ghany River. Steamboats come up to this place from the Ohio. There is a communication by river and canal to Lake Erie. 210 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Franklin, Pa., York co. Drained by a branch of Bermudian Creek. 4 miles S. from Har risburg. Franklin, Pa., Adams co. Conewago and Coneeocheague Creeks, and some branches of Marsh Creek, water this town. Surface level; soil red shale. Franklin, Pa., Fayette co. Watered by the Youghiogeny River and Redstone Creek. It has a hilly surface and loamy soil. 9 miles N. from Union. Franklin, Pa., Greene co. Ten Mile Creek and its branches water this town. Surface un dulating ; soil loam. Franklin, Pa., Huntingdon co. Watered on the S. boundary by the W. branch of the Little Juniata River, and drained by Warrior's Run and Spruce Creek. Surface mountainous ; soil cal careous loam. Franklin County, Te., c. h. at Winchester. Bound ed N. by Bedford and Coffee counties, E. by Marion co., S. by Alabama, and W. by Lincoln co. Wa tered by Duck River, and Rock, Elk, and Paint Creeks. Surface rough and uneven, having Cum berland Mountain on its S. E. border ; soil fertile. Franklin, Te., c. h. Williamson co. On the S. side of Harpeth River. 1 8 miles S. from Nashville. 376 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Franklin County, Vt, c. h. at St. Albans. This county is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Or leans co., S. E. and S. by Lamoille co., S. by Chittenden co., and W. by Lake Champlain. The Missisco River passes through the northern part of the county, and the Lamoille its most southern section. Although the surface is somewhat broken, and in some parts mountainous, yet the soil is productive of wheat and grass. In this county marble and iron ore, of excellent qualities, are found. Franklin, Vt, Franklin co. The River Rocher, or Rock River, rises in this township, and fulls into Missisco Bay in Highgate. It is also wa tered by several small branches of Missisco and Pike Rivers. A large pond lies near the centre, 3 miles long and about 1 wide. The settlement was commenced in 1789, by emigrants mostly from Massachusetts. 60 miles N. W. from Mont pelier, and 17 N. N. E. from St. Alhans. Franklin County, Va., c. h. Rocky Mount. Bounded N. by Roanoke and Bedford counties, E. by Pittsylvania, S. by Henry and Patrick, and W. by Floyd and Montgomery counties. Watered by streams flowing into Staunton River, which forms its N. E. boundary. Franklinville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by Ishua and Great Valley Creeks. The surface is undulating; soil very fertile loam. 8 miles E. from Ellicottville, and 279 W. by S. from Albany. Frankstown, Pa., Huntingdon co. This town is watered by the Frankstown branch of the Ju niata River, which passes through the Franks- town Gap of Dunning's Mountain, and by Beaver Dam Crock. 116 miles W. from Harrisburg. Frederiea, Ga., Glynn co. On the W. side of St. Simon's Island, and contains the ruins of a fort built by General Oglethorpe in 1736. S. E. from Milledgeville 229 miles. Frederick County, Md., c. h, at Frederick. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Carroll CO., S. by Montgomery co. and the Potomac River, separating it from Virginia, and W. by Washing ton co. Surface mostly level, and drained by Monococy River and Cotoctin Creek and their branches. Soil chiefly fertile, being well adapted to grazing and the growth of grain. Frederick, Md. City, and scat of justice of Frederick co. Situated on Carroll Creek, 3 miles above its entrance into Monococy Creek, 43 miles W. from Annapolis, and 61 W. by N. from Balti more. It lies on the old travelled road between Baltimore and Wheeling, and a short distance N. of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, with which it is connected by a branch 3 miles long at a point near the Monococy Viaduct. Frederick is laid out with regularity, in broad streets crossing each other at right angles, and contains a number of elegant public, and private buildings, among which are the edifices of 12 or 14 churches of dif ferent denominations. The buildings are mostly of stone or brick. Many of the streets arc paved. The trade of this place is quite extensive, render ing it one of the most important towns in the state. Frederick, Pa., Montgomery co. 77 miles E. from Harrisburg. Frederick County, Va., e. h. at Winchester. Bounded N. by Hampshire, Morgan, and Berke ley counties, E. by Clarke, S. by Warren and Shenandoah, and W. by Hardy and Hampshire counties. The Shenandoah River bounds this county on tho S. and S. E., and Opequan, Sleepy, and Back Creeks, branches of the Potomac, rise here. The surface is much diversified, being moun tainous on the W. ; the soil is mostly very fertile. Fredericlcsburg, Va. City, and seat of justice of Spottsylvania co. Situated in a pleasant valley on the S. W side of Rappahannock River, 62 miles E. by N. from Richmond, and 56 S. S. W. from the city of Washington. It is at the head of tide water on the river, about 150 miles from its mouth, and just below the falls, from which it derives a good water power. The Rappahannock is navigable for vessels of 140 tons to the foot of these falls, and vessels come up and lie at the wharves, within a few yards of the public ware houses. A canal is partly completed to extend from this point to Fox's Mills on the river, 35 miles above. Fredericksburg is regularly laid out, and com pactly built The principal public buildings are a court house, a market house, an orphan asylum, and churches of the Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist denominations. Many of the buildings are of brick; others are of stone, from the extensive quarries in the vicinity. This city possesses a prosperous trade, which is chiefly in the various kinds of grain, flour, and tobacco. Gold is among the valuable exports of this port, considerable quantities of which are mined in this region of country. Fredericksburg was founded in 1727, and named in honor of Prince Frederick, the father of George III. Fredericktown, 0., Knox co. A thriving vil lage on the W. bank of Vernon River, and sur rounded by fertile and beautiful land. Fredonia, la., c. h. Crawford co., occupies a high bluff on the N. side of the Ohio River, at the Great Horseshoe Bend, and 122 miles S. from Indianapolis. Fredonia, N. Y., Chautauque co. 2 miles E. from Lake Erie, and 323 W. by S. from Albany. An inflammable spring at this place furnishes gas for lighting the streets and dwellings. Freedom, N. H, Carroll co. Freedom is an uneven township, but has some good farms. It is bounded in part by the Ossipee Lake and River. This town was formerly called North Effiingham 60 miles N. N. E. from Concord. Freedom, Me., Waldo co. A good township of land. 25 miles N. E. from Augusta. Freedom, N. Y., Cattaraugus co., contains sev eral small lakes, and is drained by Clear Creek and some other small streams. The surface is chiefly level ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grass. 269 miles W. from Albany. Freedom, Pa.. Beaver co. On the E. bank of the Ohio. 2 miles from the mouth of Beaver River, and 22+ W. by N. from Harrisburg. Here are large manufactories of steam engines and boilers, and steamboats of the largest size are built. Freehold, N. J., c. h. Monmouth co. Soil good sandy loam. The battle of Monmouth was fought in this town, June 28, 1778. 35 miles S. E. from Trenton. Freehold, Upper, N. J., Monmouth co. Fertile in the W„ sandy and sterile in the S. E. Freeman, Me., Franklin co. 62 miles N. W. from Augusta. Freeport,' Mc. Sec Appendix, No. 5. Freeport, Is., c. h. Stephenson co. On Peeka- tonica River. 200 miles N. from Springfield. Freeport, 0., Harrison co., lies on Big Still water Creek, 100 miles from Columbus. There IN THE UNITED STATES. 377 is a railroad from this place to Bridgeport, on the Ohio River. Freeport, Pa., Armstrong co. At the junction of Buffalo Creek with Alleghany River. 196 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. The Penn sylvania Canal here crosses the creek by an aqueduct. Freestone County, Ts. New. Freetown, Ms., Bristol co. Its Indian name was Assonet, and it was first settled in 1659. This town lies on the E. side of Taunton River. The New Bedford and Taunton Railroad passes about 3 miles N. E. from Assonet village, at the head of a small bay of that name, and the prin cipal place of business in the town. Assonet River falls into the bay at the village, which, with the buy and Taunton River, affords the vil lage good mill seats and navigable facilities. The soil is light. It is the seat of various man ufactures in iron, leather, and cabinet furniture. 12 miles N. N. W. from New Bedford, and 43 S. from Boston. Fremont, Ca., c. h. Yolo co. On the W. bank of the Sacramento, opposite the mouth of Feather River. Fremont, Io., o. h. Benton co. Freemont County, Io., c. h. at Sidney. In tho S. W. corner of the state. Freemont, 0., c. h. Sandusky co. Connected by railroad with Sandusky City. French Creek, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by a creek of the same name. The surface is hilly; soil favorable to the growth of grass. 18 miles S. W. from Mayville, and 355 W. by S. from Albany. French Creek. Pa., Mercer co. French and Sandy Creeks drain this town, the surface of which is level, and the soil clay and loam of in different quality. 223 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Friendship, Mc, Lincoln co. On the coast, at the head of Muscongus Bay. 48 miles S. E. from Augusta. Friendship, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by Campan's Creek, a branch of the Genesee River. Surface undulating; soil argillaceous mould, yielding large crops of grass. 10 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 266 W. from Albany. Frostburg, Md., Alleghany co. 176 miles N. W. from Annapolis. Hereabouts are extensive beds of semi-bituminous coal, largely wrought, and connected by railroad with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and Baltimore and Ohio Rail road at Cumberland. Fryeburg. Me., Oxford co. On both sides of the Saco, which, from its very winding course, runs between 30 and 40 miles in its limits. The principal village is in a plain, surrounded by lofty hills. Lovewell's Pond, famous in the history of the Indian wars, lies a short distance from the village. 75 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. Fulton County, As., c. h. at Pilot Hill. Fulton County, Is., c. h. at Lewiston. Bounded N. by Knox eo., E. by Peoria co., S. E. and S.by the Illinois River, separating it from Mason co., and W. by Schuyler, McDonough, and Warren counties. Drained by Spoon River and Copperas Creek. Surface undulating, consisting partly of prairies ; soil very fertile. Fulton County, la., c. h. at Rochester, shire town. Bounded N. by Marshal co., E. by Kos ciusko and Miami, S. by Cass, and W. by Pulas- 48 ki co. Surface level, and watered by the Tip pecanoe River. Fulton County, Ky., c. h. at Hickman. In tho S. W. corner of the state. Level. Fulton, Mi., c. h. Itawamba co. On the E. fork of Tombigbee River. 210 miles N. E. from Jackson. Fulton County, N. Y., c. h. at Johnstown. This county is bounded on the N. by Hamilton co., E. by Saratoga, S. by Montgomery, and W. by Herkimer co. It was incorporated from Mont gomery co. in 1838. The surface is hilly and mountainous, being crossed by the " Klips," or Mayfield Mountains, a branch of the Clinton or Adirondack range. It is drained by the Sacan daga River, and numerous tributaries of the Mo hawk and West Canada Creek. The soil is generally strong and productive. Fulton, N. Y., Oswego co. On the E. side of Oswego River. 190 miles W. N. W. from Al bany. The river here has a fall of about 20 feet, producing a good water power. Fulton,- N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by Schoharie Creek and some of its branches, on one of which there is a fall of 100 feet. The sur face is rather hilly; the soil fertile in the valleys. 9 miles S. W. from Schoharie, and 42 W. from Albany. Fulton, 0., Hamilton co. Situated on the Ohio River, above and adjoining Cincinnati. The township lies in the form of a crescent, fol lowing the bend of the river about two miles and a half, and extending inland only about half a mile to the top of the river hill. The town is built principally on one street, being separated only by an interval of about a mile between its western limits and the suburbs of Cincinnati There are extensive lumber yards in Fulton, and several steam saw mills, by which a profitable business is done. But the greatest business of the place is that of steamboat building. A large proportion of the Cincinnati built boats are the product of the yards in this industrious village. The turnpike through this town is a great thoroughfare of travel, and of transportation by wagons, to and from the city. The Little Miami Railroad, and the Cincinnati, Columbus, and San dusky Railroad, both enter Cincinnati through this town. Population in 1840, 1506; in 1850, 3223. Fulton County, 0. New. Taken from the W. part of Lucas. On the N. W. border of the state Noble County, 0. New. Fulton County, Pa. New. Taken from Bed ford, E. part. On the S. line of the state, in a valley between two ranges of the Alleghanies. Watered by tributaries of the Potomac. Fultonville, N. Y., Montgomery co. On the S. side of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Canal. 43 miles W. N. W. from Albany. Gadsden County, Fa., c. h. Quincy. Georgia bounds this county on the N., the Ocklockony River separating it from Leon and Wakulla counties on the E., the Gulf of Mexico and Franklin co. on the S., and the Appalachicola River, separating it from Washington and Jack son counties, on the W. Surface mostly low, and in parts marshy ; the soil bordering on some of the streams is of good quality. Dog Island, lying off the coast, belongs to this county. Gaines, N. Y., Orleans co. Drained by some small tributaries of Oak Orchard Creek. The surface is chiefly level ; the soil of good quality. 378 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, 3 miles N. from Albion, and 254 W. by N. from Albany. Gainesboro', Te., c. h. Jackson co. On the S. side of Cumberland River. 73 miles E. N. E, from Nashville. Gainesville, Ga., c. h. Hall co. 3 miles E. from the Chattahoochee River, and 118 N. TS.Wr from Milledgeville. Gainesville, N. Y., Wyoming co. Allen's Creek and a branch of the Genesee River water this town. The surface is somewhat hilly and uneven ; soil very favorable to the growth of grass. 7 miles S. from Warsaw, and 248 W. from Albany. Galen, N. Y., Wayne co. Clyde River and the Erie Canal pass through this town. Tho surface is hilly ; soil sandy loam. 5 miles E. from Lyons, and 172 W. by N. from Albany. Galena, Is. City, and seat of justice of Jo. Daviess co. 180 miles W. from Chicago, and 230 N. W. from Springfield. Pleasantly situated on Fever River, about 5 miles, by the course of the river, above its confluence with the Missis sippi ; though not more than 2^ miles from the Mississippi in a direct line. The Fever River, which has the resemblance of a canal, 100 feet wide, is navigable to Galena for large steamboats at ali stages of the water. This is the commer cial emporium of the great lead region lying in Northern Illinois and Wisconsin. The city was laid out in 1826. It has a court house, jail, an academy, arid churches of the Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Episcopalian, and Roman Catholic denominations. The .Galena and Chi cago Union Railroad, under contract to be finished in 1852, will terminate at Galena. This will bring Galena within 72 hours of Boston and New- York. The Illinois Central Railroad, when built, will connect with the Chicago and Galena road ; thus opening a railroad communication S. to the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Illinois. Population in 1840, 1500; in 1850, 6000. Gallatin County, Is., c. h. at Equality. Incor porated in 1812, and bounded N. by Hamilton and White counties, E. by the Wabash and Ohio Rivers, separating it from Kentucky, S. by Hardin and Pope, and W. by William and Franklin counties. Soil chiefly sandy, and un derlaid with slate. Salt springs are found here. Gallatin County. Ky., c. h. at Warsaw. Bound ed N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Indiana, and by Boone co., E. by Grant co., S. by Owen, and W. by Carroll co. It has an un dulating surface and fertile soil. Gallatin, Mo., c. h. Daviess co. On the W. fork of Grand Riven 1 89 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. Gallatin, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by Charlotte Lake and Roeliff Jansen's and Dove Creeks. The surface is rather hilly ; soil various. 15 miles S. E. from Hudson, and 44 S. from Al bany. Gallatin, Te., c. h. Sumner co. 3 miles N. from the Cumberland River, and 26 N. E. from Nash ville. Gallia County, O., c. h. at Gallopolis. xVthens and Meigs counties bound it on the N., the Ohio River on tho E., and Lawrence and Jackson counties on the S. and W. It was settled in 1790, by people from France, from which circumstance it derives its name, France anciently being called Gaul. Tho Ohio River, Racoon Creek, and several smaller streams supply this county with water. In the northern part the land is good, but elsewhere it is hilly, and has a poor soil. Gallopolis, O., c. h. Gallopolis CO., meaning French city, because settled by French, is situated pleas antly on a western eminence of the Ohio River. It is remarkable for containing within its hounds a large semi-globular mound, 18 or 20 rods in circumference at its base. From Columbus it is distant 102 miles S. E. Galloway, N. J,, Atlantic co. Nacote Creek drains this town. Surface level, the S. part con sisting of a sandy salt marsh. Galveston, Is. City. 200 miles S. E. from Aus tin, the capital of the state. Situated on the eastern extremity of an island upon the S. side of Gal veston Bay, near the entrance to the bay from the Gulf of Mexico. This flourishing city, tho commercial metropolis of the state to which it belongs, is now beginning to take rank among the places of first importance in this respect upon the southern coast of the United States. The harbor is one of the best on the Gulf coast, hav ing about 14 feet of water on the bar at low tide. It enjoys the best facilities for communication with the interior, and with all the principal places on the coast. There are regular lines of steam boats plying between Galveston and New Orleans, also to other ports along the coast, and up the bay and river to Houston, from which it is dis tant about 80 miles. This city, settled no longer ago than 1837, has rapidly increased in trade and population ; and, from the superiority of its har bor, and the enterprising spirit of its capitalists and merchants, is destined to attain an early pre eminence in wealth and influence. Galveston County, Ts., e. h. at Galveston. In S. E. angle, on the coast. Galway, N. Y., Saratoga co. Chuctenunda and a branch of Kayaderosseras Creek water this town. Surface hilly; soil clay loam. 12 miles W. from Ballston Spa, and 36 N. W. from Al bany. Gambler, 0., Knox co. Pleasant. 56 miles N. E. from Columbus. Kenyon College is situ ated here. See Colleges. Gardiner, Me., Kennebec co. On tbe W. side of the Kennebec River, at the head of ship navi gation. 4 miles below Hallowell, and 6 below Augusta. It was incorporated in 1802, and named after Dr. S. Gardiner, one of the proprie tors of the old Plymouth patent. The Cobbesse- contce, which enters the Kennebec at this place, fur nishes an extensive water power, which is largely employed in sawing timber, and for some other purposes. The business part of the city is full of activity and enterprise. The building-!, s ,mc of them very handsome, on a gentle rise from the river, are beautifully located, and command a fine prospect. Gardiner is one of the largest and most thrifty places in the state. It is connected by railroad, with Augusia, Bath, and Portland. Population in 1850, 8231. Gardner, Ms., Worcester co., took its name in memory of Colonel Thomas Gardner, of Cam bridge, who fell in tho battle of Bunker Hill. It was formerly parts of Westminister, Ashburn- ham, Winchendon, and Templeton. The. face of the town is uneven ; but though rocky, the soil is strong and fertile, producing in abundance all the grasses and grains common to the climate. Bakersvillo and Gardnerville are pleasant vil lages. The former lies near a delightful pond. Otter River, a branch of Miller's River, several IN THE UNITED STATES. 379 smaller streams, and some springs, give the town good mill privileges, and produce much good meadow. 10 miles W. from Fitchburg, and 60 W. by N. from Boston, by the Fitchburg Railroad. Garland, Me., Penobscot co. On the head wa ters of the Kenduskeag. 74 miles N. E. by N. from Augusta, and 27 N. W. from Bangor. Garrard County, Ky., c. h. at Lancaster. Bound ed N. by the Kentucky River, separating it from Jessamine co., E. by Paint Lick Creek, separat ing it from Madison co., S. by Laurel and Rock counties, and W. by Dicks River, sep arating it from Lincoln and Doyle counties. The soil is very fertile. Gasconade County, Mo., e. h. at Hermon. Bounded N. by Grand River, separating it from Montgomery co., E. by Franklin and Crawford counties, S. by Crawford, and W. by Osage co. Drained by Gasconade and Bourbeuse Rivers, and their branches. Surface mostly rough and uneven; soil very fertile on the streams. Iron ore, sulphur, saltpetre, limestone, and other min erals are found here. k Gaston County, N. C. New. Taken from Lin coln. On the southern border of the state. In cludes the height of land between the Yadkin and Catawba. Gaston, N. C, Northampton co. On the N. side of the Roanoke River, 87 miles N. E. from Raleigh. The railroad from Petersburg to Ra leigh crosses the Roanoke here. Gates County, N. C, c. h. at Gatesville. Bound ed N. by Virginia, E. by Camden and Pasquo tank counties, S. by Perquimans and Chowan, and W. by Chowan and Blackwater Rivers, separating it from Hertford co. Gates, N. Y., Monroe co. Surface undulating ; soil chiefly sandy. 3 miles W. from Rochester, and 220 W. by N. from Albany. Gauley Bridge, Va., Nicholas co. At the falls of the Great Kanawha River, and junction of the Gauley, 277 miles W. from Richmond. The Kanawha is navigable to this place, where it has a fall of 22 feet perpendicular, giving a great water power. Geauga County, 0., c. h. at Chardon. Bound ed N. by Lake Erie, E. by Ashtabula and Trum bull counties, S. by Portage, and W. by Cuya hoga co. The name of this county signifies Grand, irf the Indian language, and that is the name of the principal river ; there are several smaller ones besides. The soil is good, well wa tered, and covered with timber. Iron is found in great abundance. Geddes, N. Y., Onondaga co. On the Erie Canal, 2 miles W. of Syracuse, in the township of Salina, incorporated as a village in 1832. It is pleasantly situated at the head of Onondaga Lake. The village has grown up rapidly, in con sequence of the discovery at this place of saline springs, from which large quantities of salt are made by solar evaporation. See Salina. Genesee County, Mn., c. h. at Flint. Bounded N. by Saginaw and Tuscola counties, E. by La- pier, S. by Oakland and Livingston, and W. by Shiawassee co. Watered by Flint and Shia wassee Rivers, the former affording good hy draulic power. Surface undulating ; soil rich sandy loam. Genesee County. N. Y., c. h. at Batavia. Taken from Ontario county in 1802, and itself divid ed in 1841, the S. part forming Wyoming co. Bounded on the N. by Orleans, E. by Monroe and Livingston, S: by Wyoming, and W. by Erie counties The surface is undulating, and watered by Allen's, Black, and Tonawanda Creeks. On each side of the last-named stream is an Indian reservation lying mostly in this county. The soil is chiefly rich, sandy and gravelly loam, pecu liarly adapted to the growth of wheat. The Tonawanda Railroad crosses the W. part of this county to Batavia. Genesee Falls, N. Y, Wyoming co. Incorpo rated in 1846. Situated at the falls of the Gene see River, and contains some of the most beau tiful and romantic scenery in the W. part of the state. * Genesee, N. Y., Alleghany co. Swan and Lit tle Genesee Creeks water this town, the surface of which is elevated and broken ; the soil sandy loam. 20 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 280 W. by S. from Albany. Geneseo, N. Y., c. h Livingston co. Watered by some small tributaries of the Genesee River. The surface is diversified ; the soil remarkably rich and fertile in the valley of the Genesee. 226 miles W. from Albany. Geneva, N. Y., in Seneca township, Ontario co. Beautifully situated at the N. W. extremity of Seneca Lake. 199 miles W. from Albany, and 126 E. from Buffalo. The ground on which it is built rises gradually from the lake shore, until it attains to an elevation of about 100 feet. The business part of the place lies at the foot of this declivity, near to the lake shore. That which is chiefly occupied for residences by the inhabitants lies upon the more elevated ridge, and the plain above it, parallel to the border of the lake ; af fording a fine view of this lovely sheet of water, f which is one of the largest and most beautiful lakes of New York, and is here about two miles wide. The land W. of the village rises in a suc cession of terraces, as though formed at different periods by the lake shore, when this body of wa ter may have been more elevated, and covered more ground than it now does. These slopes are highly cultivated, and ornamented here and there with handsome buildings. The village itself, in its natural situation, in the picturesque and charming scenery which surrounds it, and in the accessories which art, culture, and wealth have added to its embellishments, combines al most every feature of attractiveness that can be desired as a place of residence. The following, from the notes of a traveller through this part of the country in 1800, while it will add something to our description, illus trates the taste and judgment which were exer cised in laying out the place : " Geneva," he says, " is divided into upper and lower town. The first establishments were on the margin of the lake, as best adapted to business ; but Captain Williamson, struck with the peculiar beauty of the elevated plain which crowns the/ high bank of the lake, and the many advantages which it possesses as a site for a town, began here to lay out his building lots parallel with and facing the lake. These lots are three quarters of an acre deep, and half an acre in front One article in the agreement with Captain Williamson is, that no buildings shall be erected on the east side of the street, that the view of the lake may be kept open. Those who purchase a lot have also the option of purchasing such land as lies between their lot and the lake, — a convenience and ad vantage which I suppose few will forego, — the 380 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, quantity not being great, and consisting princi pally of the declivity of the bank, which, for the most part, is not so steep as to unfit it for pastur age or gardens." This wise forecast of the proprietor, not to mention any thing else, has secured to Geneva one of its most beautiful ornaments, in those ter raced gardens, or hanging gardens, as they have sometimes been called, which, in the south part of the upper street, extend, in front of the dwell ings, quite down to the margin of the lake. Few places in this country afford such beautiful situa tions for residences as thisj part of Geneva. The village was incorporated in 1812. It has from 15 to 20 streets, a beautiful public square enclosed, and many large and elegant buildings. The buildings of Geneva College are situated on the summit of the elevation which rises from the lake, at the southern extremity of Main Street, a site rarely surpassed for all the purposes of such an institution. The buildings are three in number, besides a building on the same street for the medical department. See Colleges. There are churches in Geneva of the Presbyte rian, Dutch Reformed, Associate Reformed, Epis copal, Methodist, Baptist, Universalist, and Ro man Catholic denominations. There are several excellent hotels, banking and insurance offices, numerous stores, a steam flouring mill, furnaces, breweries, and many other mechanic and manu facturing establishments. A steamboat plies regularly upon the lake, running up and down daily to Jefferson, at its southern extremity. At that end the lake is con nected by a canal with Crooked Lake, and thence by the Chemung Canal and feeder with the rail road at Corning, leading to Blossburg, Pa. By this channel of communication a large quantity of coal from the Blossburg mines passes through Geneva to market. The Cayuga and Seneca Canal unites the waters of the lake at Geneva with Cayuga Lake, and with the Erie Canal at Montezuma, a distance of 20 miles. The railroad from Albany to Buffalo passes through the N. part of the village, near the canal basin. Such are the facilities of business and travel by which this beautiful spot is rendered accessible from all parts of the country. See Seneca Lake. Gentry, Mo., c. h. Gentry co. Gentry County, Mo., c. h. at Gentry. On the N. W. border of the state, on the head waters of Grand River. Georgetown, D. C. City and port of entry. On the N. E. side of the Potomac, 200 miles from its mouth, and 2 E. of Washington, from which it is separated by Rock Creek. It is the seat of Washington College, and has also a .nunnery, attached to which is a private academy. George town is situated at the head of navigation, on the Potomac, and communicates with the interior by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. It has con siderable trade and navigation, but has been nearly stationary for the past 30 years. Popu lation in 1850, 8366. Georgetown, De., c. h. Sussex co. Between the sources of Nanticoke and Indian Rivers. 41 miles E. of S. from Dover. Georgetown, Ky., e. h. Scott co. On the N. branch of Elkhorn River. 17 miles E. from Frankfort Georgetown College is here. Seo Colleges. j Georgetown, Mc, Lincoln co., comprises two Islands at the mouth of the Kennebec, between that and the Sheepscot. It has an excellent harbor. 46 miles S. from Augusta. Georgetown, Ms., ' Essex co. On a branch of Parker River. 31 miles N. by E. from Boston, with which it connects by railroad. Noted for the manufacture oi boots and shoes. Georgetown, Mo., c. h. Pettis co. On tho E. side of the S. fork of La Mine River. 67 miles W. from Jefferson City. Georgetown, N. Y., Madison co. Watered. by the head branches of Ostelic River. The surface is hilly ; soil favorable to the growth of grass. 10 miles S. W. from Morrisville, and 108 W. from Albany. Georgetown, O., c. h. Brown co. 1 mile from White Oak Creek, about 7 from the Ohio River, and 107 S. S. W. from Columbus. Georgetown District, S. O, o. h. at Georgetown. Bounded N. by Williamsburg and Horry dis tricts, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Charleston district, and W. by Williamsburg district. Wa tered by Great Pedee and Waccamaw Rivers, and the Santee River, which flows along its S. boundary. Surface level, and in parts marshy; soil fertile. Georgetown, S. C, c. h. Georgetown district A port of entry on the W. side of Winyaw Bay, at the mouth of Sampit Creek, and 152 miles E. S. E. from Columbia. Vessels drawing 11 feet of water come into the harbor, and it receives the trade of an extensive back country by the rivers flowing into Winyaw Bay. Georgia, Vt., Franklin co. On Lake Cham plain. 40 miles N. W. from Montpelier. German, N. Y., Chenango co. Surface hilly. 126 miles from Albany. German Flats, N. Y., Herkimer co. On the S. side of the Mohawk River. The surface is undulating, except on the borders of the river, where are extensive alluvial fiats. The Erie Canal passes through this town. 3 miles S. from Herkimer village, and 83 N. W. from Albany. Germanton, N. C, c. h. Stokes co. On the S. side of the Town Fork of Dan River. 123 miles N. W. from Raleigh. Germantown, N. Y, Columbia co. The surface of this town is undulating; soil clay loam of good quality. 10 miles S. from Hudson, and 39 from Albany. Germantown, Pa., Philadelphia' co. .Watered by Wissihickon and Wingohocking Creeks. Sur face hilly; soil alluvial and loamy. A battle took place here in October, 1777. in which 700 Americans and 500 British were killed. 6 miles N. W. from Philadelphia, and 104 E. S. E. from Harrisburg. Germany, Pa., Adams co. Watered by Piney and the head branches of Conewago Creek. Surface level ; soil gravel and calcareous loam. 10 miles S. E. from Gettysburg. Gary, N. Y., Chautauque co. Cassadaga Creek and some of its branches flow tlirough this town. Surface undulating ; soil gravelly loam. 13 miles E. from Maysville, and 326 W. by S. from Albany. Gettysburg, Pa., seat of justice of Adams eo. 35 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg, 52 N. W. from Baltimore, and 114 W.from Philadelphia. It is situated on elevated ground, in the midst of a fertile and well-cultivated country, and at the intersection of several important turnpike roads. It is a plain town, but neatly and well built. The public buildings, besides the usual IN THE UNITED STATES. 381 county buildings, are a bank, an academy, the edifices of the Pennsylvania College, and of the theological seminary of the German Lutheran church, and churches of the Presbyterian, Lu theran, Seceders', and Methodist denominations. These buildings are all of brick, except the county prison. Considerable business is done here in the various mechanical pursuits.- The place was formerly celebrated for the manufac ture of carriages of all kinds, but this branch of business has very much declined with the changes in the mode of travelling. For an ac count of the college and theological seminary at Gettysburg, see Colleges. Ghent, N. Y., Columbia co. Drained by Clav erack Creek. The surface is somewhat uneven ; soil gravelly loam. 8 miles N. E. from Hudson, and 26 S. E. from Albany. Gibson County, la., c. h. at Princeton. Incor porated in 18f3. Bounded N. by White River, separating it from Knox co., E. by Pike and Warrick counties, S. by Vanderburg and Posey, and W. by the Wabash River, separating it from Illinois. Surface undulating, and drained by Patoka and Big Pigeon Creeks. Gibson, Pa., Susquehanna co. This is a hilly town, drained by Tunkhannock and Lackawan nock Creeks. Soil gravel and clay. 177 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. Gibson County, Te., c. h. at Trenton. Bounded N. by Obion and Weakley counties, E. by Car roll, S. by Madison and Haywood, and W. by Dyer co. Surface undulating, and watered by branches of Obion and Forked Deer Creeks. Soil fertile. Gitead, Me., Oxford co. Between two moun tains, on both sides of Androscoggin River. There is some good land on the river, but the chief part of the township is fit only for grazing. The expense of transportation of fuel down the mountains, in a slippery time, is very trifling. Gilead lies 71 miles W. from Augusta, and 25 S. S. W. from Paris. Incorporated 1 804. Gilead, 0., Wood co. On the S. E. bank of Maumee River. 136 miles N. N. W. from Co lumbus. There is great water power obtainable here. The river is navigable for small steam boats above this place to Fort Wayne, though between this and Perrysburg below it "is not navi gable. The Maumee' Canal passes by it. Giles County, Te., c. h. at Pulaski. Bounded N. by Maury and Marshall counties, E. by Lincoln Co., S. by Alabama, and W. by Lawrence co. Wa tered by Richland and some other branches of Elk Creek. Surface slightly uneven ; soil fertile. Giles County, Va., c. h. at Parisburg. Incorpo rated in 1806. Bounded N. by Botetourt and Monroe counties, E. by Montgomery, S. by Pu laski, Wythe, and Tazewell, and W. by Mercer co. Watered by New River, on the banks of which are some celebrated white sulphur springs. The surface is elevated and mountain ous ; soil rocky and sterile on the high lands, but fertile in the valleys. Giles, Va., c. h. Giles co. On the S. bank of New River, just above its passage through Peter's Mountain, and 240 miles W. by S. from Rich mond. Gilford, N. H, c. h. Belknap co. The soil is generally productive. There are two ponds here, Little and Chattleboro'. Gunstock and Miles Rivers, rising in Suncook Mountains, and flowing N. into Lake Winnipiseogee, are the principal streams. There are two islands in the lake, be longing to Gilford, one of which has been con nected to the main land by a bridge 30 rods in length. Four bridges across the Winnipiseogee connect the town with Meredith. First settlers, James Ames and S. S. Gilman. The Concord and Montreal Railroad passes through this town. 25 miles from Concord. Gill, Ms., Franklin co. Gill was taken from Greenfield in 1793, and is separated from it by Fall River, a good mill stream. It is opposite to Montague, which lies on the E. side of Connecti cut River, and between which and Gill are Turner's Falls, alike celebrated for their beauty and magnitude. The town was named in com pliment to Moses Gill, lieutenant-governor of the state. The Connecticut at this place turns abruptly in its course, and spreads out a large tract of intervale of great value. Around this town are lofty elevations, from which splendid landscapes are obtained. 5 miles N. E. from Greenfield. Gillespie County, Ts., c. h. at Fredericksburg. A central county. Gilmer County, Ga., c. h. at Ellijay. Bounded N. by Tennessee and North Carolina, E. by Union and Lumpkin counties, S. by Cherokee, and W. by Cass and Murray counties. The Coosawatee and Aquokee Rivers and their branches water this county. Gilmer County, Va., c. h. at Glenville. In the W. part of the state. Rough and hilly. Drained by the Little Kenhawa and its confluents, which pass through it from E. to W. Gilmanton, N. H, Belknap co. Besides the Winnipiseogee, this town is watered by the Sun cook and Soucook Rivers. The Suncook rises in a pond near the top of one of 'the Suncook Mountains, elevated 900 feet above its base. The water of this pond falls into another at the foot of the mountain, of 1 mile in length and half a mile wide. Passing from this it falls into an other, covering about 500 acres, from which it me anders through the town. This town is hilly and rocky ; soil hard, but fruitful. There are several mineral springs here. An academy was found ed here October 13, 1762. Porcupine Hill, in this town, exhibits a romantic precipice. First settlers, Benjamin and John Mudgett, Orlando Weed, and others, in 1771. 20 miles N. N. E. from Concord, and 8 S. S. W. from Gilford. Gilman, N. Y., Hamilton co. This town con tains several small lakes. Mount Emmons is situated in the N. part. A large part of the town is wilderness. 6 miles E. from Lake Pleasant, and 68 N. W. from Albany. Gilsum, N. H., Cheshire co., is a small town ship, 1 0 miles E. from the Connecticut. The soil is fertile, and produces good crops of grass and grain. Ashuelot River affords a good water power. Gilsum was granted to Messrs. Gilbert, Sumner, and others. From the combination of the first syllable of the names of those men, it derives its name. First settlers, Josiah Kilburn, Pelatiah Pease, Obadiah Wilcox, Ebenezer Dew ey, and Jonathan Adams, in 1764. 80 miles S. W. by W. from Concord, and about 9 N. from Keene. Glasgow, Ky., c. h. Barren co. A little E. of the Beaver branch of Green River, and 123 miles S. W. from Frankfort 382 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, osc., Glastenbury, Ct, Hartford co. This town, pre vious to its incorporation in 1690, had been at tached to Wethersfield. It lies on the E. side of Connecticut River, opposite to Wethersfield. It' has some fine land on Connecticut River; and the river road, through its entire extent, from East Hartford to Portland, is one thickly-settled and pleasant street. The face of the uplands is rough, but generally productive. About a mile and a half from Connecticut River, and 8 miles from Chatham Freestone Quarry, in a romantic spot between the hills, is a beautiful village con nected with the Hartford Manufacturing Com pany. Roaring Brook, at this place, passes through a very narrow defile, affording a great and constant water power. From the hills around this village a great variety of delightful scenery is observable. " In the eastern part of the town there is a pond of about a mile in circumference, called Diamond Pond, from the circumstance of there being small pebbles or stones around its margin having a peculiar brilliancy. Near the centre of the town there is a mineral spring, which, though it has acquired no celebrity abroad, has been thought, by men of science who have examined it, to pos sess valuable medicinal qualities ; and for more than 100 years has been known by the name of the ' Pool of Neipseic' Eastbury is an ancient ecclesiastical parish, embracing the eastern portion of the town. Glastonbury, Vt., Bennington co. This is a township of mountainous land, more fit for the residence of wild beasts than human beings. Its waters flow both into Deerfield River and Wal- loom's Creek. The town was chartered in 1761. 9 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 25 N. W. from Brattleboro'. Glen Cove, N. Y., Queen's co. On the E. side of Hempstead Harbor, at the head of Glen Cove. 176 miles S. by E. from Albany. A place of re sort from New York city^in the summer months. Glenn, N. Y., Montgomery co. Bounded on the N. by the Mohawk River, and E. by Scho harie Creek. The surface is hilly ; soil mostly clay loam. 3 miles S. from Fonda, and 44 N. W. from Albany. Glenburn, Me., Penobscot co. Formerly called Dutton. On both sides of the great bend of the Kenduskeag, which affords water power. Soil good. 10 miles N. N. W. from Bangor. Glenn's Falls, N. Y, Warren co. On the N. side of the Hudson River, 54 miles N. from Al bany. The falls here have a descent of 50 feet, affording a great water power, which is improved for mills and manufactories of various kinds. Tho scenery at the falls is very picturesque. A bridge, 500 feet in length, crosses the Hudson at this point, affording a fine view of the water tumbling over the rocks. An abundance of the finest black marble is found here. Glenville, N. Y., Schenectady co. On the N. 6ide of the Mohawk River. Watered on the E. by Aelplass Creek. The surface is rather hilly ; soil sandy loam.- 4 miles W. from Schenectady. Glenville, Va., c. h. Gilmer co. On the Little Kenhawa. about 40 miles S. W. from the Ohio. Gloucester, Ms., Essex CO., is an important maritime town. The Indians called it Winga- ersheek. This was the first spot inhabited by English settlers on the N. side of Massachusetts Bay, its harbor having been improved as a fish ing station as early as 1624. Gloucester Harbor is capacious, easy of access at any season of the year, and of sufficient depth of water for the lar gest merchantmen. Nautical men pronounce it one of the best harbors on the coast Until the incorporation of Rockport in 1840, this town comprised the whole of Cape Ann, which was named by Prince Charles out of respect for his mother. There are a number of small islands' at its eastern extremity, on one of which, Thatcher's Island, are two light-houses. The village of Anisquam, or Squam, lies on the N. side of the cape ; it has a safe harbor. Near this village is a beach of between 2 and 3 miles in length, com posed of white sand, which is much used, and makes a beautiful appearance as you approach the shore. The village of Gloucester Harbor is beautifully located on the S. side of the cape, 32 miles N. E. from Boston by water, 14 from Sa lem, and 28 from Boston by land, with both which places it is connected by railroad. Glou cester is rapidly becoming a fashionable resort in summer months. The sea views from the village are very extensive. The cod and mackerel fisheries, particularly the latter, are extensively carried on from this town, which takes the lead in this business. It has also an extensive trade with the southern ports, with Surinam, and with the British provinces. Gloucester County, N. J., c. h. at Woodbury. Bounded N. E. by Camden, S. E. by Atlantic, S. W. by Salem co., and N. W. by the Delaware River, separating it from Pennsylvania. Drained by Cooper's, Mantua, Big Timber, and Racoon Creeks, and the head branches of Great Egg Harbor River. The soil is sandy and unproduc tive, except on the borders of the Delaware, where it is very fertile. Gloucester, N. J., Gloucester co. Cooper's and Big Timber Creeks drain this town. Surface level ; soil sand and loam, the N. part yielding good harvests of vegetables and fruit, io miles S. E. from Woodbury. Gloucester, R. I„ Providence co. The surface of the town is somewhat broken by hills, but the soil is well adapted to agricultural purposes, par ticularly to grazing. Gloucester furnishes large supplies of various products for market. There are fine forests in several parts of the town, and large quantities of ship and other timber are con veyed to Providence and other places. The Che pachet and some smaller streams give Gloucester a good water power. Gloucester County, Va., c. h. at Gloucester. In corporated in 1652, and bounded N. by Middlesex co., E. by Matthews co. and Chesapeake Bay, S. W. by York River, separating it from York and James City counties, and N. W. by King and Queen co. Gloucester, Va., c. h. Gloucester co. 85 miles E. from Richmond. Glover, Vt, Orleans co. This town is hilly, and the soil is more fit for grazing than tillage. There are in the town branches of Barton's, Pas sumpsic, Lamoille, and Black Rivers, and several ponds. The settlement was commenced about tho year 1797, by Ralph Parker, James Vance, Samuel Cook, and Samuel Connnt. 10 miles S. E. from Irasburg, and 38 N. E. from Mont pelier. Glynn County, Ga., c. h. at Brunswick. Bounded N. by the Alatamaha River, separating it from IN THE UNITED STATES. 383 Mcintosh co., E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Scilla River, separating it from Camden co., and W. by Wayne co. Drained by Turtle River and Bufl'alo Creek, its main branch. Surface flat, and in some parts ma^hy. St. Simon's and Jykill Islands belong to this county. Gnadenhutten, 0., Tuscarawas co. Some Mo ravian missionaries first established this town. It lies on the eastern bank of Tuscarawas River. 50 miles N. E. from Zanesville, and 90 E. by N. from Columbus. Lock No. 17 of the Ohio and Erie Canal is one mile above this town, on the W. side of the river. Goffstown, N. H. Hillsboro' co. Piscataquog is the principal river. Large quantities of lum ber are floated down this river to the Merrimac. There are two considerable elevations in the town, named by the Indians Un-can-nu-nuc. ¦ On the rivers are tracts of valuable intervale. Back from them are extensive plains, producing abun dant crops. The village of Amoskeag is in this town, on the W. side of Merrimac River, opposite Manchester, to which it is connected by a bridge. At this place are the celebrated Amoskeag Falls. Amoskeag is a place of considerable business, and must eventually become the mart of large manufacturing operations. 12 miles N. by E. from Amherst, and 15 S from Concord. Golansville, Va., Caroline co. 33 miles N. from Richmond. In the neighborhood of this place are two mineral springs. Golconda, Is., c. h. Pope co. On the S. side of Lusk Creek. 215 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. Goldsboro', Me. See Appendix, No. 7. Goliad County, Ts., c. h. at Goliad. Southern part. On both sides of the St. Antonio. Gonzales County, Ts., c. h. at Gonzales. S. cen tral. On both sides the Guadalupe. Gonzales, Ts., c. h. Gonzales co. Goochland County, Va., c. h. at Goochland. Bounded N. by Louisa and Hanover counties, E. by Henrico, S. by the James River, separating it from Powhatan and Cumberland counties, and W. by Fluvanna co. Drained by Tuckahoe, Do ver, and Byrd Creeks, and several other small streams, affording hydraulic power. Tho surface is diversified, and much of the soil of good qual ity. Coal of superior quality and gold exist here. Goochland. Va., c. h. Goochland co. 1 mile N. from James River, and 30 W. N. W. from Rich mond. Goodhope, 0., Hocking co. A township in the northern part of the county. Gordon County, Ga. New. In the N. W. angle. Gordonsville, Va., Orange co. At the E. base of South- West Mountain, on a head branch of North Anna River, N. W. from Richmond 74, and S. W. by W. from Fredericksburg 50 miles. The Louisa Railroad passes through it. Goijiam. Me., Cumberland eo. 9 miles W. N. W. from Portland, and 63 S. W. from Augusta. The Cumberland and Oxford Canal passes through it. The soil is superior, and it has man ufactures of cottons, woollens, leather, stoves, and gunpowder. Connected with Portland by railroad. Gorham, N H., Coos co., is a rough and unpro ductive township, lying on the northerly base of the White Mountains. Several streams descend from the mountains tlirough this town into the Androscoggin. It was formerly called Shelburne Addition. 96 miles N. E. from Concord, and 20 E. from Lancaster. Gorham, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Flint Creek, and some small tributaries of Canandai gua Lake. The surface is gently undulating; soil fertile. 8 miles S. E. from Canandaigua, and 187 W. from Albany. Goshen, Ct, Litchfield co. First settled 1738; incorporated 1749. Ivy Mountain, in Goshen, is considered the most elevated point of land in the state ; its summit presents an extensive and delightful prospect. " Goshen is tho most ele vated township in the state, but not generally mountainous ; the surface being undulating, af fording an interesting diversity of hills and vales. The soil is a gravelly loam, deep, strong, and fer tile, admirably adapted for grazing. This is one of the best towns for the dairy business in the state. Large quantities of cheese are annually made, the fame of which is widely and justly celebrated, and the inhabitants are generally in prosperous circumstances. In neatness, in and about their dwellings, and in the appearance of general comfort and prosperity, they are not ex ceeded, if equalled, by any town in the state." 32 miles W. from Hartford. Goshen, la., c. h. Elkhart co. On the E. side of Elkhart River. 152 miles N. by E. from Indian apolis. Goshen, Ms., Hampshire CO., is a small moun tainous township, from which several branches of the Westfield River take their rise. There is much tine timber land in the town. Although the sur face is rough, the soil is excellent for grazing. 12 miles N. W. from Northampton, and 102 W. from Boston. Goshen, N. H., Sullivan co. From Sunapee Mountain, in the E. part of this town, spring many small streams, which unite in forming Sugar Riv er. Rand's Pond is in the N. E. part of the town. The soil is good for grass. The crops of the first settlers were sometimes entirely destroyed by ear ly frosts. At a certain time of scarcity, Captain Rand went to Walpole after grain, and being de tained by a violent snow storm, his family were obliged to live, without provision, for 6 days, dur ing which time Mrs. Rand sustained one of his children, 5 years old, by the milk from her breast, having a short time before buried her infant child. First settlers, Captain Benjamin Rand, William Lang, and Daniel Grindle in 1769. From Concord 42 miles. W. by N., and about 10 S. E.from New port. Goshen, N. Y, c. h. Orange co. It is watered by a few small streams, and contains the "Drowned Lands," lying on the banks of the Wallkill. The surface is hilly in some parts, with extensive flats in others. The soil is favorable to the growth of grass, and this vicinity is celebrated for its fine dairies. 104 miles S. S. W. from Al bany. Goshen, Vt., Addison co. Leicester and Phila delphia Rivers supply this town with mill privi leges. The lands along the rivers are very good, but in general they are too mountainous for prof itable cultivation. Some minerals are found in this town. A part of Goshen was annexed to Rochester, in 1847. No permanent settlement was commenced here till 1800. 31 miles S. W. from Montpelier. Gosport, N. H., Rockingham co. See Isle of Shoals. Gouverneur, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by the Oswegatchie River, which makes a great bend in this vicinity. The surface is generally level ; soil mostly of a good quality. 18 miles 384 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &o., S. W. from Canton, and 180 N. W. from Al bany. Grafton, Me., Oxford co. A new town. In corporated in 1852. Grafton, Ms., Worcester co., was formerly an Indian reservation, and until 1735 was called Hassanamisco. The surface is uneven, and in most parts rocky. The most prominent hills are Chestnut, near the centre, George, on the E., and Brigham Hill, on the W. part of the town. The soil is moist, strong, and very productive of all sorts of grain and grass. This is one of the best townships of land in the county. Grafton has an hydraulic power of great extent and value. The Blackstone River and Canal pass through the southern section of the town. The Quinsiga- mond, the outlet of a pond of that name, in Shrewsbury, passes from N. to S. through the town, with a descent of between 50 and 60 feet On this stream, in the N. part of the town, is New England Village ; and at its junction with the Blackstone, at the S. part of the town, is the vil lage of Farnumsville. These villages are distant from each other about 4 miles ; they possess an abundant water power, and are very neat and flourishing manufacturing villages. The central village is on elevated ground, and very pleasant. It lies 3 miles S. E. from New England Village, through which the Millbury Branch Railroad passes. From New England Village, about a mile from the Grafton depot, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, to Worcester, is 7 miles N. W., and to Boston 37 rfiiles E. N. E. Grafton County, N. H. Haverhill and Plym outh, county towns. It is 58 miles in length, and its greatest breadth is 30 miles. Bounded N. by the county of Coos and the Connecticut River, E. by Coos, Can-oil, and Belknap, S. by Merrimac and Sullivan, and W. by the state of Vermont and Connecticut River. Grafton co. is watered by Connecticut, Pemigewasset, Lower Amonoo suck Rivers, arid many smaller streams. Squam and Newfound Lakes are the largest collec tions of water. There are numerous elevations, the principal of which are Gardner's, Peaked, Moosehillock, Cushman's, Blue Mount, Carr's, Morse, and Cardigan. A large portion of this county is mountainous and hilly, but it is produc tive. The first settlement was made at Lebanon. It received its name in honor of Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton. Graflon, N. II., Grafton co., is watered by branches of Smith's and Mascomy Rivers, also by Heard's River. There are 5 ponds. The largest is from 200 to 300 acres, and is called Grafton. Two are named Mud Ponds. The surface is hilly, and in some parts mountainous ; the soil rocky. In this town is a remarkable ledge, called the Pin nacle. At Glass Hill, a valuable quarry of isin glass or mica is found. First settlers, Captain Joseph Hoyt, and Captain Alexander Pixly and wife, in 1772. Grafton, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Tho Poeston Kill, and some other small streams, water this town. The surface is hilly ; soil clay loam. 14 miles E. from Troy, and 20 N. E. from Albany. Grafton, Vt, Windham co. Grafton is finely watered by Saxton's River, which is formed in the town by the union of several streams, and by a branch of Williams River, Soapstono of an excellent quality is very abundant in this place This town contains two pleasant and flourishing villages, and a great variety of mineral treasure. It is 90 miles S. from Montpelier, and 18 N. from Newfane. The Rutland Railroad passes through this town. Granby, Ct, Hartford co. 16 miles N. N. W. from Hartford. It was formed from Simsbury, in 1786, and comprises that part of it which con tained the famous Simsbury mine, the old state prison of Connecticut. This cavern once occu pied as a prison is again worked, as formerly, as a copper mine. Granby, Ms., Hampshire co., was formerly the second parish of South Hadley. From a pond in theN. E. corner of the townoriginates a pleasant stream, passing the foot of Mt. Holyoke on the S., and empties into the Connecticut at South Hadley. The surface is pleasant, and the soil pro ductive. There is a pleasant village near its cen tre. 85 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 12 N. by E. from Springfield. Granby, N. Y., Oswego co. Oswego River, and some otber small streams, water this town, the •surface of which is undulating, and the soil sandy loam. 15 miles S. from Oswego, and 158 W. by N. from Albany. Granby, Vt., Essex co. Granby is nearly allied to Ferdinand, both in location and the character of the soil ; it lies the next town S. of it. This town was settled a few years previous to 1800. 12 miles W. from Guildhall, and 68 N. E. from Montpelier. Granger, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by the» Genesee River and several spiall tributaries. Surface undulating; soil sandy and clay loam. 10 miles N. from Angelica, and 250 W from Albany. Granger County, Te., c. h. at Rutledge. Bound ed N. by Clinch River, separating it from Clai borne co., E. by Hawkins co., S. by Holston Riv er, separating it from Jefferson co., and W. by Knox and Anderson counties. Surface rough and hilly ; soil of superior quality on the margins of the rivers. Grand Gulf, Mi., Claiborne co. On a bend in the Mississippi River, called Grand Gulf. 360 miles by river above New Orleans, and 65 miles S. by W. from Jackson. Grand Haven, Mn., Ottawa co. On Grand Riv er, 80 rods from its entrance into Michigan Lake. Steamboats touch here. 213 miles W. by N. from Detroit. Grand Isle County, Vt, c. h. at North Hero. This county comprises a group of islands in Lake Champlain. and a point of land jutting into the N. part of that lake, on the S. side of the Can ada line, on which Alburg is situated. Most of the land is level, and excellent for grazing and til lage. Grand Isle has no considerable streams, but its navigable facilities are very great. It was first settled about the close of the revolutionary war. Grand Isle, Vt, Grand Isle co. The soil is very fertile ; it produces fine crops of grain, and an abundance of fruit and cider. Marble, limestone, rock crystals, &o, are found here. Grand Isle contains the only water mill in the county. This is ' a fine place for fishing and fowling. The settle ment was commenced about the year 1783, by emigrants from New Hampshire and the south ern part of Vermont. 50 miles N. W. from Mont pelier, and 1 8 N. by W. from Burlington. Grant County, la., c. h. at Marion. Incorpo rated in 1831, and is bounded N. by Wabash and Huntington counties, E. by Wells and Blackford, S. by Delaware and Madison, and W. by Rich ardvillo and Miami counties. The surface is IN THE UNITED STATES. 385 level, and drained by the Missisinewa and its branches. Grant County, Ky., c. h. at Williamstown. Bounded N. by Boone and Kenton counties, E. by Pendleton, S. by Pendleton and Owen, W. by Owen and Gallatin. Watered by Eagle Creek, a branch of the Kentucky River. Grant County, Wn., c. h. at Lancaster. Bound ed N. by the Wisconsin River, separating it from Crawford and Richland counties, E. by Iowa and La Fayette counties, S. by Illinois, and S. W.and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Iowa. Drained by Blue, Platte, and Grant Rivers. The soil is very fertile, and lead ore abundant Grantham, N. H, Sullivan co. There are 7 or 8 ponds here, the largest of which is called East man's, and contains nearly 300 acres ; another contains nearly 200. Croydon Mountain is in this town ; on its summit is a natural pond, of about 80 acres. On the E. side is a medicinal spring, visited by hundreds in the summer season. The soil is productive, especially on the W. of the mountain, and is most favorable for wheat. First settlers, William Symmes and 63 others. 12 miles S. E. from Dartmouth College, and 40 N. W. from Concord. Granville, Ms., Hampden Co., is quite moun tainous. In the valleys are some tracts of good land for cultivation, and the highlands produce good pasturage. Valley Branch and Hubbard's River unite in this town, and form an important tributary to Farmington River. This township was sold to James Cornish, in 1686, by Toto, an Indian chief, for a gun and 1 6 brass buttons. It was first settled in 1738. Granville East village is neatly located on elevated ground, 17 miles W. S. W. from Springfield, and 115 W. S. W. from Boston. Granville County, N. C, Oxford shire town. Bounded N. by Va., E. by Warren and Franklin counties, S. by Wake, and W. by Orange and Person counties. Drained by Tar, and branches of Neuse and Roanoke Rivers. Granville, N. Y., Washington co. Watered by Pawlet River. The surface is uneven ; soil of good quality. 16 miles N. from Salem, and 63 N. E. from Albany. Granville, Pa., Bradford co. 147 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Granville, Pa., Mifflin co. Granville, Vt, Addison co. White River is formed here, by the union of several considerable branches. One of these has a fall of 100 feet. A considerable part of the surface of the town ship is mountainous. The settlement was com menced soon after the close of the revolution, by Reuben King and others. 22 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 16 S. E. from Middlebury. Graves County, Ky., c. h. at Mayfield. Bound ed N. by McCraken co., E. by Marshall and Cal loway counties, S. by Tennessee, and W. by Hick man and Ballard counties. Surface level, and drained by Mayfield Creek.; soil productive. Gravesend, N. Y., King's co. Surface level and marshy, broken nea.r the shore by some barren sand hills. Coney Is»and, which forms a part of the town, is much resbirted to for sea bathing and Ashing during the summer. 8 miles S. from Brooklyn, and 1 53 from Albany. Gray, Me., Cumberland1 eo. This is a fine farm ing town, watered by branches of North Yarmouth and Presumpscut Rivers, a nd containing a large part of Little Sebago Pond . It lies 17 miles N. 49 by W. from Portland, and 44 S. W. from Augus ta. Incorporated 1778. Gray is a pleasant town, and a place of considerable trade and some manu factures. Grayson County, Ky., c. h. at Mayfield. Bounded N. by a branch of Green River, separating it from Breckenbridgo co., E. by Hardin, Laurel, and Hart, S. by Edmonson and Butler, and W. by Ohio co. Grayson, Ky., c. h. Carter Co., lies half a mile W. from Little Sandy River, and 128 miles E. from Frankfort. Grayson County, Ts. On the northern border, on Red River, opposite the mouth of the Lower Wachita. Grayson County, Va., c. h. at Greenville. Bound ed N. by Smythe and Wythe counties, E. by Car roll co., S. by N. C, and W. by Washington co. Drained by New River and its branches. Surface elevated and mountainous. Grayson, Va., c. h. Grayson co. On the S. bank of New River, 261 miles S.from Richmond. Great Barrington, Ms., Berkshire co. This large and ancient town was the seat of the county courts from 1761 to 1787, and was onco known by the name of Housatonnock. It is finely watered by the Housatonic, Williams, and Green Rivers. Nearthe N. W. corner of the town lies Long Pond, whose outlet, joined with Seeknonk Brook, makes a good mill stream. The surface is uneven ; some parts are mountainous, and unfit for cultivation. But the greater part of the township is under cul tivation, and its soil is strong and fertile on the banks of the rivers and brooks. Good iron ore is found in the town, and beautiful variegated marble. There are many mountains in this town, which render its general features highly pic turesque and romantic. Monument Mountain has a greater interest than the rest, on account of a beautiful Indian maiden having thrown herself from a cliff of it, through the influence of a pas sionate love for a cousin, whom the religion of the natives would not allow her to marry. By the Housatonic and Western Railroad, it is 50 miles to Albany, and 174 to Boston. Great Bend, Pa., Susquehanna co. At the junc tion of Salt Lick Creek with the Susquehanna River. 191 miles N. E. of Harrisburg. Great Crossings, Ky., Scott co. On the S. side of Elkhorn Creek, 15 miles N. E. from Frankfort. The Choctaw Academy is here, sustained by the United States out of the Indian annuities for the instruction of Indians. Great Falls, N. H., Strafford co. In the town of Somersworth. 34 miles E. from Concord. A large and beautiful manufacturing village. See Somersworth. Great Valley, N. Y, Cattaraugus co. Watered by the Alleghany River, and Great Valley and Tunangwant Creeks. The surface is somewhat diversified; soil various. Rock City, a great nat ural curiosity, is situated in the N. W. part of this town. It is crossed by the New York and Erie Railroad. 6 miles S. from Ellicottville, and 299 W. by S. from Albany. Greece, N. Y., Monroe co. Bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, E. by the Genesee River, and watered by several small streams. The surface is undulating ; soil mostly sandy. 6 miles N. from the city of Rochester, and 255 N. of W. from Albany. Greene County, Aa., c. h. at Eutaw. Bounded N. by Pickens and Tuscaloosa, E. by Perry, S. by Marengo co., and W. by the Tombigbec River,.. 386 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, separating it from Sumpter co. Surface hilly, and drained by the Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa River. Soil bordering on the rivers very fertile. Greene County, As., c. h. at Gainsvillo. Bound ed N. by Missouri, E. by St Francis River, sepa rating it from Missouri and Mississippi co.. S. by Poinsett co., and W. by Lawrence and Ran dolph counties. Surface level, and watered on the W. by Cache River and its branches. Greene County, Ga., c. h. at Greensboro'. Bound ed N. by Clarke and Oglethorpe counties, E. by Taliaferro, S. by Hancock co., and W. by the Oconee River, separating it from Putnam and Morgan counties. Surface slightly uneven ; soil fertile. Greene County, Is., c. h. at Carrollton. Incor porated in 1821. Bounded N. by Scott and Mor gan counties, E. by Macoupin, S. by Jersey eo.. and W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Calhoun and Pike counties. Surface mostly level, and drained by creeks flowing into the Illinois River. Soil fertile. Greene County, la., c. h. at Bloomfield. Bounded N. by Clay and Owen counties, E. by Monroe and Lawrence, S. by Martin and Davies, and W. by Sullivan co. Drained by Eel River, the W. fork of White River, and Richland Creek. Sur face mostly level ; soil fertile. Greene County, Ky., c. h. at Greensburg. Bound ed N. by Laurel and Marion counties, E. by Ca sey and Adair, S. by Adair and Barren, and W. by Hart co. Surface undulating, and watered by Green River and its branches ; soil fertile. Greene, Me., Kennebec co. Greene has several ponds, but no good mill privileges. It lies on the E. side of Androscoggin River. 6 miles_ above Lewiston, and 22 S. W. from Augusta. It is an excellent farming town. Incorporated in 1788. Greene County, Ml, c. h.at Leakcsville. Bound ed N. by Wayne co., E. by Alabama, S. by Jack- eon, and W. by Perry co. Drained by Pascagoula River and its branches. Soil sandy and sterile. Greene County, Mo., c. h. at Springfield. Bound ed N. by Polk and Dallas counties, E. by Wright S. by Taney, and W. by Lawrence and Dade counties. Watered by branches of Osage and White Rivers. Surface hilly ; soil chiefly fertile. Greene, N. J., Sussex co. Watered by branches of Pequest Creek, and by Hunt's and Grass Ponds. Surface hilly and mountainous. 7 miles S. W. from Newton. Greene County. N. Y., c. h. at Catskill. Taken from Albany and Ulster counties in 1800. It is bounded N. by Albany co., E. by the Hudson River, S. by Ulster, and W. by Delaware and Schoharie counties. Watered by Catskill, Cox- sackie and Schoharie Creeks. Surface hilly and mountainous on the S. and W., being covered by the Catskill Mountains, the highest peaks of which are in this county. The soil of the moun tains is sterile, that of the lower lands and val leys very fertile. Greene, N. Y., Chenango co. Chenango River and some of its branches water this town, tho surface of which is hilly, and the soil mostly of good quality. 20 miles S. W. from Norwich, and 126 from Albany. Green County, 0., c. h. at Xonia. Clark co. bounds it on 'the N., Fayette on the E., Clinton and Warren on the S., and Montgomery co. on the W. Yellow Springs, a fashionable watering- place, is found in this county. Little Miami and Mart River, and numerous small streams, furnish it with an abundant supply of water. It is set tled mostly by farmers, and is a very prosperous, healthy county, Greene County. Pa., c. h. at Waynesburg. Bound ed N. by Washington co., E. by the Monongahela River, separating it from Fayette CO., and S. and W. by Virginia. Drained by Ten Mile, Drunk ard's, Fish, and Wheeling Creeks. Surface rough and mountainous ; soil fertile. 'Greene County, Te., c. h. at Greenville. Bound ed N. by Hawkins and Sullivan counties, E. by Washington co., S. by North Carolina and Union co., and W. by Jefferson co. Watered by No- lachucky River and Licking Creek. Surface high and much diversified. Greene County, Va., c. h. at Stanarrtsville. Bounded N. E. by Madison, S. E. by Orange, S. W. by Albemarle, and N. W. by Rockingham co. Surface hilly ; soil productive. Greene County. Wn., c. h. at Monroe. Bounded N. by Dane and E. by Rock co., S. by Illinois, and W. by Lafayette co. Drained by Peckaton- akee River and Sugar Creek. A considerable part of the surface is prairie land. Copper and lead ores are found here. Greenbrier County, Va., c. h. at Lewisburg. Bounded N. by Nicholas and Pocahontas coun ties, E. by Alleghany, S. by Monroe, and W. by Fayette co. Watered by Greenbrier and the branches of Gauley River. Surface rough, ele vated, and mountainous. Greenbush, township and village. N. Y., Rens selaer co. On the E. side of the Hudson, oppo site Albany. The village is the terminus of the Western Railroad from Boston to Albany, with which it connects by ferry. There is also a rail road communication with the city of New York and with Troy. The township is hilly, with a soil of clay loam, gravel, and sand. Greenburg, N. Y., Westchester co. On the E. side of the Hudson, and watered by Bronx and Saw Mill Rivers. The surface is hilly ; soil of good quality. 5 miles W. from White Plains, and 130 S. from Albany. Green Castle, la., c. h. Putnam co. On high table land. 1 mile E. from the Walnut Fork of Eel River, and 47 miles W. from Indianapolis. Greenfield, la., c. h. Hancock co. Half a mile W. from Brandywine Creek, and 20 miles E. from Indianapolis. Greenfield, Me., Hancock co. This town was incorporated in 1834. It was No. 38 on the Bingham Purchase. Greenfield, Ms., c. h. Franklin co., is de lightfully situated on the W. bank of Con necticut River. It was formerly a part of Deerfield, and was taken from it in 1753. Pre vious to that time it was called Green River. Fall River passes the eastern border of the town from tho N., and falls into the Connecticut; Green River also, from the N.. passes through the town, and meets the Deerfield. These rivers afford the town a fine hydraulic power. The surface is generally plain r it has some rising grounds, but nono abrupt There are large inter vales on Green River, of superior excellence. The other lands produce good crops of grain, and afford excellent pasturage. The village of Greenfield is situated f >n an elevated plain, on tho margin of Green l.iiver, and surrounded by beautiful intervale. rjf/he Greenfield Institute, a seminary for young ladies, is in this town. 90 IN THE .UNITED STATES. 387 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 41 N. from Springfield. Greenfield, N. H,, Hillsboro' co. Contoocook River forms part of the W. boundary, and sepa rates this town from Hancock, The soil is fer tile. The hills afford excellent pasturage ; the valleys and plains are favorable for grain. Hops are raised in great abundance. Part of Crotched and Lyndeboro' Mountains are in this town. There are 5 ponds : the largest is about 1 mile in length and half of a mile in width. First set tlers, Captain Alexander Parker, Major A. Whit- temore, Simeon Fletcher, and others, in 1771. 14 miles W. N. W. from Amherst, and 38 S. W. from Concord. Greenfield, N. Y., Saratoga co. Drained by Kayaderosseras Creek. The surface is broken by ridges of the Kayaderosseras and Palmerton Mountains. The soil is generally fertile. 10 miles N. from Ballston Spa, and 40 N. from Albany. Greenfield, 0., Highland co. Situated on ele vated land, on the W. bank of Paint Creek, and is considered a healthy place. Near the town limestone quarries are found. 17 miles from Hillsboro', and 55 S. by W. from Columbus. Greenfield, Pa., Bedford co. This town is drained by Bob's and Dunning's Creeks, and the Frankstown branch of the Juniata River. Sur face hilly and broken, having some spurs of the Alleghany range on the N. E., Dunning's Moun tain on the E., and the Alleghany on the W. Soil loam and clay. 23 miles N. from Bedford. Greenfield, Pa., Erie co. Watered by the N. fork of French Creek. 352 miles N. from Har risburg. Greenfield, Pa., Luzerne co. On the S. bank of the Susquehanna River, and drained by Elk- wood Brook and the branches of Tunkhannoek and Lackawannock Rivers. Soil fertile, and well adapted to grazing. 30 miles N. E. from Wilkesbarre. Greenland, N. H., Rockingham co. The soil is remarkably good. The orchards, farms, and gardens are valuable. 5 miles W. S. W. from Portsmouth, and 45 E. S. E. from Concord. The Eastern Railroad passes through this town. Greenport, N. Y., Suffolk co. It is near the N. E. end of Long Island. There is a railroad from this place to Brooklyn, opposite New York. It has a. good harbur, and is engaged in the whaling and coasting trade. 246 miles S. E. from Albany. Greenport, N. Y., Columbia co. The Hudson River waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil clay, gravel, and loam. It partly environs the city of Hudson. 30 miles from Albany. Greensboro'. Ga., c. h. Greene co. 44 miles N. by E. from Milledgeville. Greensboro', la., c. h. Decatur co. Greensboro', Kv., c. h. Greene co. 89 miles S. S. W. from Frankfort Greenslioro', La., e. h. St. Helena. Greensboro', Mi., c. h. Choctaw co. Watered by a head branch of Big Black River. 110 miles N. E. from Jackson. Greensboro', N. C, Guilford CO., lies between the N. and S. forks of Buffalo Creek. 82 miles* W. N. W. from Raleigh. Greensburg, Pa., c. h. Westmoreland co. 168 miles W. from Harrisburg. Greensboro', Vt, Orleans co. The surface is uneven, hut the elevations are not generally abrupt. The land is well timbered ; the soil of a m iddling quality. The River Lamoille is formed by the union of several streams in this town. Caspian Lake, or Lake Beautiful, lies in the S. part, and discharges its waters to the E. into the Lamoille, affording a number of valuable mill privileges, around which has grown up a beauti ful little village. This pond is about 3 miles long and l£ broad. Elligo Pond, lying mostly in the western part of Greensboro', is about 1 mile long, and forms the head waters of Black River. These ponds produce abundance of fine trout There are several other small ponds in the north part of the town, which, at present, form the head waters of the Lamoille. The first settlement was begun in the spring of 1789, when Messrs. Ahbel and Aaron Shepard removed, with their families, from Newbury to this place. 15 miles S. from Irasburg, and 27 N.E. from Montpelier. Greensville County, Va., c. h. at Hicksford. In corporated from Brunswick co. in 1784. Bounded N. by Dinwiddie and Sussex counties, E. by Sussex and Southampton, S. by North Carolina, and W. by Brunswick co. Watered by Notto way, Brunswick, and Meherin Rivers. Greenup County, Ky., c. h. at Grcenupsburg. Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ohio, E. by the Big Sandy, separating it from Virginia, S. by Carter co., and W. by Lewis co. Surface hilly, and watered by Little Sandy and Tyger's Creeks. The soil bordering the streams is fertile, and coal and iron ore abound among the hills. Greenup, Ky , c. h. Greenup co. Greenville, Aa, c. h. Butler co. On the W. side of Sepulgah River. 141 miles S. S. E. from Tuscaloosa. Greenville, Ga., c. h. Meriwether co. 102 miles W. from Milledgeville. Greenville, Is., c. h. Bond co. On the E. fork of Shoal Creek. 74 miles S. from Springfield. Greenville, Ky., c. h. Muhlenburg co. On a branch of Green River. 105 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort Greenville, Mi., c. h. Washington co. Greenville, N. C, c. h. Pitt eo. On the S. side of Tar River, 35 miles from its mouth, and 102 miles E. by S. from Raleigh. Greenville, N. Y., Greeoe co. Drained by Pro vost and Catskill Creeks. The surface is broken and hilly; soil clay loam, suitable for grass. 15 miles N. W. from Catskill, and 26 S. W. from Albany. Greenville, O., c. h. Dark co. On a creek of the same name, just below its junction with Mud Creek, on the site of old Fort Greenville, where General Wayne concluded the Indian treaty of August 3, 1795, which insured tranquillity on the western frontier. It is 93 miles W. from Colum bus, and 75 N. from Cincinnati. Greenville, S. C. c. h. Greenville district, lies near the source of Reedy River. 107 miles W. N. W. from Columbia. Greenville District, S. C. N. W. part. Drained by branches of the Saluda, which washes it on the W. It contains the sources of many of the north-western tributaries of the Congaree. Soil undulating and fertile. Greenville. To., c. h. Greene co., is the seat of Greenville College, and lies 258 miles E. from Nashville. See Colleges. 388 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Greenwich, Ct., Fairfield co. The settlement of this town commenced in 1640. It was incor porated by Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor at New York, in 1665. It comprises three parishes or villages — West Greenwich, Greenwich on the E., and Stanwich on the N. West Greenwich, on Horse Neck, so called from a peninsula on the Sound formerly used as a horse pasture, is the largest and most important part of the town. Greenwich is watered by Byram River, the boun dary line between the town and the state of New York, and the most southern part of New Eng land. At the outlet of Byram River, on the New York side, is a place called Sawpits, a noted landing-place on the Sound, 28 miles N. E. from New York. Miannus Creek and other smaller streams water the town. " Putnam's Hill is situated in West Greenwich, about 5 miles W. from Stamford, on the main road to New York. This place is celebrated for the daring exploit of General Putnam, who de scended this precipice when pursued by the Brit ish dragoons." Greenwich is a rough and uneven township, with a productive soil. It presents some wild scenery along the road, and many beautiful views of Long Island Sound. Greenwich, Ms., Hampshire co. There are some elevated lands in this town, and the surface generally is rugged and uneven, but the soil is strong and fertile. Two branches of Swift River water the town abundantly. Its Indian name was Quabin. The first settlers were from the north of Ireland. 20 miles E. N. E. from North ampton, and 73 from Boston. Greenwich, N. J., Cumberland co. Newport, Stow, Mill, Cohansey, and Pine Mount Creeks water this town, the surface of which is level, and the soil of excellent quality. 73 miles S. S. W. from Trenton. Greenwich, N. J., Gloucester co. Mantua, Re- paupo, Clonmel, Raccoon, and Crab Creeks drain this town. 7 miles S. W. from Woodbury. Greenwich, N. J., Warren co. On the E. side of the Delaware River, and drained by Lopat- cong, Pohatcong, and Musconetcong Creeks, and crossed by the Morris Canal. Surface hilly, containing marble, soapstone, and iron ; soil fer tile. South Mountain lies in this town. 10 miles S. from Belvidere. Greenwich, N. Y., Washington co. On the E. bank of the Hudson. Watered on the S. by the Battenkjll. The surface is rather hilly ; soil fer tile, gravelly loam. 10 miles W. from Salem, and 35 N. N. E. from Albany. Greenwich, Pa., Berks co. Saconcy, Mill, and other small creeks, affording water power, drain this town. Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam. 18 miles N. E. from Reading. Greenwood, Me., Oxford co. A township of good land. 58 miles W. by S. from Augusta. Greenwood, N. Y., Steuben co. Bennett's Creek waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil well adapted to grass. 30 miles S. W. from Bath, and 251 from Albany. Greenwood, Pa., Columbia co. Drained by branches of Fishing Creek. 92 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. Greenwood, Pa., Perry co. 10 miles N. E. from Bloomfield. Gregg, Pa., Centre co. Drained by Sinking Creek. Surface mountainous ; soil calcareous loam. Greig, N. Y., Lewis co. Drained by Otter and Fish Creeks, and Moose River, all tributaries of Black River. The surface is broken and hilly; soil various. 12 miles S. E. from Martinsburg, and 123 N. W. from Albany. Griqgstown, N. J., Somerset co. It is on the E. side of Millstone River. 20 miles N. N. E. from Trenton, The Delaware and Raritan Canal passes here. A copper mine has been wrought in the vicinity. Griggsville, Is., Pike co. Near Blinois River. 4 miles W. from Phillips Ferry, and 61 miles W. from Springfield. Grimes County, Ts. Griswold, Ct., New London co. This town was taken from Preston in 1815, and is separated from Lisbon by Quinnebaug River. The Po- chaug, a sluggish stream, passes through the town. The principal village, which is very neat and pretty, containing about 900 inhabitants, is called Jewett City. The city lies on the E. side of the Quinnebaug, at this place a very power ful stream. This little city is said to be very prosperous in its manufacturing and commer cial concerns. Surface hilly; soil a gravelly loam. 46 miles E. S. E. from Hartford. Groton, Ct, New London co., lies at the mouth of the River Thames, in the harbor of New London, and opposite to that city, on the E. The lands are generally hilly and rocky, with some fertile tracts on the margin of the Thames. There are several villages — Groton Bank, oppo site New London, Povtersville, on Mystic River, and Pequonnuck. The Pequonnuck and Mystic Rivers pass through the town, and empty into Long Island Sound. Previous to its incorpora tion, in 1705, Groton was a part of New London. On Groton Heights is Fort Griswold, one of the defences of New London Harbor. A granite monument, placed 130 feet above tide water, and 127 feet high, commemorates Colonel Ledyard and the other brave defenders of this place, massa cred in 1781, after its surrender to the traitor Arnold. Groton, Ms., Middlesex co. This beautiful town, watered by the Nashua, is pleasantly va riegated ; the soil is fertile, and excedingly pro ductive. There are valuable paper mills in the town, and a fine quarry of soapstone. The vil lage, in the centre of the town, is handsomely situated on one principal street, which runs from S. E. to N. W. It is on an extensive and regular swell of land, and commands delightful views of the surrounding country. The Groton Academy, in this place, was incorporated in 1793. 32 miles N. W. from Boston, 14 W. by S. from Lowell, and 34 N. from the depot of the railroads which pass through the S. part of the town, affording com munication with Boston, Lowell, Worcester, and Nashua. Groton, N. H., Grafton co. Baker's River and several small streams, which fall into Newfound Lake, water this town. There is but one pond of any consequence lying wholly in this town. First settlers, James Gould, Captain E. Mellen, Jonas Hobart, Phineas Bennett, and Samuel Farley, in 1779. Groton was granted, in 1776, to George Abbott and others, by the name of Cockormouth. 10 miles S. W. from Plymouth, and 45 N. W. from Concord. Groton, N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by Fall Creek and some other small streams. The sur face is undulating; soil gravelly loam of good IN THE UNITED STATES. 389 quality. 13 miles N. E. from Ithaca, and 160 W. from Albany. Groton, Vt, Caledonia co. On Wells River, and some of its branches, which afford mill privi leges. The surface is uneven, rough, and stony. 16 miles E. by S. from Montpelier. Grove, N. Y., Alleghany co., is watered by Cashaqne and Canaseraga Creeks. Surface un dulating; soil chiefly sandy loam. 13 miles N. from Angelica, and 257 W. from Albany. Grovdand, Ms. Incorporated in 1852. Taken from Bradford. Grovdand, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered on the N. E. by Coneseus Lake, and S. by Canase raga Creek. The surface is high and uneven ; soil various. 6 miles S. from Geneseo, and 232 W. from Albany. Grundy County, Is., c. h. at Morris. Bounded N. by Kendall co., E. by Will, S. by Livingston, and W. by Lasalle co. Surface level, and watered by the Illinois River and its branches; soil of excellent quality. Grundy County, Mo., c. h. at Trenton. Bounded N. by Mercer co., E by Sullivan and Linn, S. by Livingston, and W. by Davies and Harrison counties. This county consists mostly of fertile prairie land, and is watered by the E. fork of Grand River, Medicine and Muddy Creeks. Grundy County, Te., c. h. at Altamonta. Guadalupe County, Ts., c. h. at Sequin. S. cen tral. On the Upper Guadalupe. Guernsey County. 0., c. h. at Cambridge. Tus carawas bounds it on the N., Belmont on the E., Morgan on the S., and Muskingum and Co shocton counties on the W. It was settled by some emigrants from the Island of Guernsey, from which place it derives its name. The land is of good quality, but hilly, and is watered by Wills Creek and its branches ; it has a variety of soil. Guilderland, N. Y., Albany co. Drained on the E. by Norman's Kill. The surface is mostly level; soil sandy, and rather sterile. 10 miles W. from Albany. Guildhall, Vt'., c. h. Essex co. On the W. side of Connecticut River, and is united to Lancaster. N. H, by two bridges across the river. The town is watered by several small streams, and the sur face is quite uneven and stony, except a tract of intervale on the river. Cow and Burnside Mountains arc considerable elevations. There is a pleasant village in the N. E. part of the town. The settlement was commenced in 1764. 68 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Guilford, Ct., New Haven co. This town, the Menunkatuc of the Indians, was first settled in 1639. The town was settled by a party of Non conformists from England, at the head of which was the Rev. Henry Whitfield. Guilford borough was incorporated in 1815. It is handsomely lo cated, two miles from Long Island Sound, on a tract of alluvial plain, and near a small stream called the Menunkatuc. Guilford is a place of resort for sea air and bathing. The accommoda tions aye very good. The scenery in the vicinity of Sachem's Head is wild and picturesque. The soil of Guilford is well adapted to agricultural pursuits. 16 miles E. from New Haven. Guilford, Me., Piscataquis co. Watered by the Piscataquis and some of its upper branches. 71 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 45 N. W. from Bangor. Guilford County, N. C, c. h. at Greensboro'. Bounded N. by Rockingham, E. by Orange, S. by Randolph, and W. by Davidson and Stokes counties. Watered by the head branches of Deep and Haw Rivers. Here was fought, in 1 781, the celebrated battle of Guilford Court House. Guilford, N. Y., Chenango co. Bounded on the E. by Unadilla River. The surface is hilly and broken ; soil generally productive. 10 miles S. E. from Norwich, and 105 W. by S. from Al bany. Guilford, Pa., Franklin co. Bounded on the W. by the E. branch of Coneeocheague Creek, and drained by several mill streams. Surface level ; soil based upon limestone and slate. 6 miles S. E. from Chambersburg. Guilford, Vt, Windham co. The soil is warm and fertile There are in this town good mill sites on Green River, and branches of Broad Brook, a medicinal spring, and various kinds of minerals. This town was chartered April 2, 1754, to 54 proprietors, principally of Massachu setts. The first settlement was made by Micah Rice and family, in September, 1761. 50 miles S. from Windsor, and 31 S. E. from Bennington. Guyandotte, Va., Cabell co. On the point of land at the junction of Ohio and Guyandotte Riv ers, 359 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. Gwynned, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by Wissahickon and Towamensing Creeks. Sur face undulating ; soil sandy loam. 95 miles E. from Harrisburg. Gwinnett. County, Ga., c. h. at Lawrenceville. Bounded N. E. by Hall and Jackson counties, S. E. by Walton aiid Newton, S. W. by De Kalb, and N. W. by the Chattahoochee River, separat ing it from Forsyth co. Drained by branches of Chattahoochee, Ockmulgee, and Oconee Rivers. Habersham County, Ga., c. h. at Clarksville. Bounded N. by Union co., N. E. by South Car olina, S. E. and S. by Franklin and Hall coun ties, and W. by Lumpkin co. Watered on the N. E. boundary by the Turoreo, a branch of Tugaloo River, and drained by the head branches of the Chatahooehee River. Surface moun tainous. Hackensack, N. J., Bergen co. On tho W. side of Hackensack River. 76 miles N. E. from Trenton. Haddam, Ct., Middlesex co. Incorporated 166-*. This is one of the county towns, and lies on both sides of Connecticut River. Haddam Society, on the W. side, is the largest part of the town, and is the seat of justice. That part of Haddam on the E. side is. called Haddam Neck. There is but little alluvial land in Haddam. The principal part of the township is hilly and stony, with considerable forests There are valuable quarries of flagging stone on both sides of the river. There are many vessels built at Haddam. The timber in this quarter of the county is well adapted for that purpose. The village of Haddam is pleasant, and has a good prospect of the river. 23 miles S. from Hartford. Hadley, Ms., Hampshire co., is a pleasant town on the E. bank of Connecticut River, and united to Northampton by a handsome bridge, 1080 feet in length. Tho village is situated on a peninsula formed by a bend of the river. It has a wide street of about a mile in length, well builtj and shaded by beautiful elms. Hadley contains extensive tracts of the finest land in the state. Its meadows, which are annually overflowed by the river, are very fertile, and exceedingly pro- 390 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, ductive. Two small streams afford the town some water power. Its Indian name was Nor- nottock. Hadley was a retreat for the celebrated Goffe and Whalley, two of the judges who con demned Charles I. 88 miles W. from Boston. Hadley, N. Y., Saratoga co. Situated at the junction of Sacandaga and Hudson Rivers. A branch of the Kayaderosseras Mountains crosses this town. 26 miles N. from Ballston Spa, and 56 N. E. from Albany. Haerlem, N. Y., New York co. 7£ miles N. from New York. See New York City. Hagerstown, Md., c. h. Washington co. On the W. bank of Antietam Creek. 101 miles N. W. from Annapolis, and 26 N. W. from Frederick. Hague, N. Y, Warren eo. Bounded on the E. by Lake George. The surface is broken by the Kayaderosseras Mountains, which cover a large ¦ part of the town. 28 miles N. from Caldwell, and 90 N. N. E. from Albany. Hains, Pa., Centre co. Watered by 2 small creeks, which disappear among the crevices of Limestone Rock. Surface mountainous ; soil calcareous loam in tho valleys. 19 miles E. from Bellefonte. Half Moon, N. Y., Saratoga co. Bounded on the E. by the Hudson River. The surface is mostly level ; soil sandy loam and clay of good quality. 15 miles S. E.from Ballston Spa, and 18 N. from Albany. Half Moon, Pa., Centre co. Bald Eagle Creek and Half Moon Run water this town. Surface mountainous, a ridge of the Alleghany Moun tains forming the W. boundary ; soil calcareous loam in the valleys. 99 miles N. W. from Har risburg. Halifax, Ms., Plymouth co. Halifax was for merly part of Plympton, Middleboro', and Pem broke. Its Indian name was Monponsit. Two branches of Taunton River, the Winetuxet and another, give this town a water power. There are 2 villages in the town, and several ponds, which cover about 1700 acres. The Monponsit, a small part of which lies in Hanson, is a beau tiful sheet of water, more than 2 miles long, and half a mile wide. Pickerel have been taken from this pond weighing more than 7 pounds each. The Old Colony Railroad passes through -the town. 28 miles S. S. E. from Boston, and 9 N. W. from Plymouth. Halifax County, N. C, c. h. a.t Halifax. Bounded N. and E. by the Roanoke River, separating it from Northampton and Bertie counties, S. by Edgecombe and Nash, and W. by Warren eo. Watered by Roanoke River and Fishing Creek and branches. Soil fertile. Halifax, N. C, c. h. Halifax co. Situated on the W. bank of Roanoke River, at the head of sloop navigation, and 6 miles below the great falls. 80 miles N. E. from Raleigh. A canal round the falls renders the river navigable for bolts 130 miles above this place. Halifax, Pa., Dauphin co. Located on the E. bank of the Susquehanna River, and drained by Armstrong Creek. Surface hilly, having Peter's Mountain on the S. ; soil red shale. 23 miles N. from Harrisburg. Halifax, Vt, Windham co. This township is watered by North and Green Rivers. They are Doth' large and commodious mill streams. In the branch of North River is a succession of cas cades, extending about 100 rods. The falls are from 15 to 20 feet each. Tho surface is uneven, but there are no mountains worthy of notice. On the margin of North River is a cavern, called Woodward's Cave, or Dun's Den. The soil is generally of a good quality, well adapted to the production of grass. The settlement was com menced in 1761, by Abner Rice, from Worcester co., Ms. 125 miles S. from Montpelier, aud 15 S. from Newfane. Halifax County, Va., c. h. at Halifax. Bounded N. by Staunton River, separating it from Camp bell and Charlotte counties, E. by Mecklenburg co., S. by North Carolina, and W. by Pittsylva nia co. Watered by Dan and Bannister Rivers and their tributaries. Soil fertile. Halifax, Va., c. h. Halifax co. On the S. side of Bannister River. 127 miles S. W. from Richmond. Hall County, Ga., c. h. at Gainesville. Bounded N. by Habersham co., E. by Habersham and Jackson, S. by Gwinnett, and W. by Forsyth and Lumpkin counties. Watered on the W. border by the Chattahoochee River, and N. W. by its two head branches, the Sooque and Chestatee. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil very fertile in some portions. Hallowell, Me., Kennebec co. This city is situ ated on both sides of the Kennebec River, between Augusta and Gardiner, 2 miles below the former. and 4 miles above ihe latter. The houses are mostly on the W. side of the river. The streets run parallel with the river, and the ground ascends 200 feet from the lower street or business part of the city. On this street are numerous stores, con structed principally of brick. Most of the dwell ing houses are on the back, or elevated streets ; they are built, as are the churches, with good taste, and being surrounded by beautiful groves, make a fine appearance. The varied views of ihe river, of the neighboring towns, and of a fertile country of hills and vales, presentedfrom the high grounds on each side of the village, furnish an exhibition of scenery of uncommou beauty. Hallowell is about 3 miles in width, and extended back, on each side of the river, 5 miles, but the part on the eastern bank became', in 1850, the town of Chelsea. Incorporated in 1771, and ihen included all the ter ritory of Augusta, and a part of Gardiner. From this place the brave but traitorous Arnold marched on an expedition against Canada, in 1776. There are 6 or 7 churches in Hallowell, of as many different denominations. There exists a flourishing academy here, which has held a preem inent rank ever since it was incorporated, in 1791. About 4 miles from the village, and on the E. side of the river, is the " Togus Mineral Spring," which, within a few years past, has become much frequented by invalids and others seeking health, or amusement and relaxation. The waters, which are impregnated with sulphur, have been found very efficacious. A spacious house of en tertainment has been erected near the spring, which is often thronged in the summer months. The principal public house, in the centre of Hal lowell, is the Hallowell House, which is a large and elegant granite building, furnishing every desirable accommodation. Steamboats ply from this place to Portland and Boston during the season of navigation. The Eastern Railroad, from Boston and Portland, extends through it as far as Augusta. A num ber of vessels, owned here, are engaged in the freighting business, and others run as packets to various places. Vessels drawing 9 feet of IN THE UNITED STATES. 391 water can come to tho wharves, in tho centre of the village. The granite quarries at Hallowell have been worked for twenty years or more, with great success. The granite is of a light color, and easily wrought. In some years $100,000 worth of it have been transported. The Hall of Justice, in New York, familiarly known as " the Tombs," is constructed of this stono. As Hallowell and Augusta are so closely united in all their various interests and pursuits, what we have said of the favorable position of Au gusta, and of its future prospects, is applicable here. With common success in our national .affairs, and with a continuation of that spirit of enterprise, every day manifested on the banks of the Kennebec, it is safe to predict that witliin a very few years there will be a continuous vil lage from the Kennebec dam to the mouth of the Cobhessecontee, at Gardiner. Population in 1820, 2919; 1850,4769. Hamburg, As., c. h. Ashley eo. Hamburg. N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Smokes, Rush, and Cayuga Creeks, tributaries of Lake Erie, which bounds it on the W. The surface is undulating; soil fertile, yielding large crops of grass, grain, and fruit. 8 miles S. from the city of Buffalo, and 281 W.from Alhany. Hamburg, Pa., Berks co. Near the Schuyl kill Water Gap. 68 miles E. N. E. from Harris burg. Hamburg, S. O, Edgefield district. On the E. side of Savannah River, opposite Augusta, Ga., with which it is connected by a bridge 1000 foet long. It is divided into the upper and lower towns. The upper is on an abrupt acclivity, 60 or 70 feet in height, and the lower part, where most of the business is done, is on the hank of the river. It is regularly laid out, handsomely built, and has a large business. 79 miles S. W. from Columbia. Hamden, Ct, New Haven co. This town was taken from New Haven in 1786. It is situated between the E. and W. Rock ranges of moun tains, the southern terminus of the Green Moun tain range. The soil in many parts is easy of cultivation, but in general it is more adapted to grazing than tillage. Minerals arc found here, among which are specimens of very pure copper. Mill River affords numerous sites for water works. Whitneysville, about 2 miles from New Haven, is admirably located for manufacturing operations. Mount Carmel, a noted elevation, 8 miles N. from New Haven, affords an extensive prospect. Hamden, N. Y., Delaware co. Drained by the W. branch of the Delaware River. A broken and mountainous town, with quite a variety of soil. 7 miles S. from Delhi village, and 85 S. W. from Albany. Hamilton County, Fa., c. h. at Jasper. Bound ed N. by Georgia, E. and S. by the Little Su wannee River, separating it from Columbia co., and W. by the Withlacoochee River, separating it from Madison co. Watered, through the in terior, by the Allapahaw River. Soil fertile. Hamilton, Ga., c. h. Harris co. At the W. ex tremity of Oak Mountain. 126 miles W. S. W. from Milledgeville. Hamilton County, Is., c. h. at McLeansboro'. Incorporated in 1821, and bounded N.by Wayne co., E. by White, S. by Gallatin, and W. by Franklin and Jefferson counties. Drained by branches of Little Wabash River and Saline Creek. In the N. part is a swamp of some size. Soil of rather poor quality. Hamilton County. la , c. h. at Noblesville. It is bounded N. by Richardvillo, E. by Madison, S. by Hancock and Marion, and W. by Boone co. Drained by the W. fork of White River and its branches. The surface consists partly of prairies. Hamilton, Ms., Essex co., was formerly a part of Ipswich, and called Ipswich Hamlet. Ips wich River passes its western and northern bor der, and Miles's River, running N., passes into it. Tho town was named in honor of Alexander Hamilton. The people of this town are mostly agriculturists, and they cultivate an excellent soil, with a pleasant surface. Hamilton lies, by the Eastern Railroad, 20 miles N. by E. from Boston, and 14 S. from Newburyport. Hamilton, Mi., c. h. Monroe co. About a mile E. from Tombigbee River, and 156 miles N. E. from Jackson. Hamilton, N. J, Atlantic co. This town is watered by Great Egg Harbor. Surface level ; soil sandy. 30 miles S. E. from Woodbury. Hamilton County, N. Y., e. h. at Lake Pleasant. Incorporated in 1838. Bounded N. by St. Law rence and Franklin, E. by Essex and Warren, S. by Fulton, and VV. by Herkimer co. Its princi pal lakes are Indian, Racket, Long, Piseco, and Lake Pleasant; its rivers. Indian, Sacandaga, Moose, and Racket. Surface elevated, and in parts billy and mountainous ; soil fertile along the borders of the rivers and lakes. Hamilton, N. Y., Madison co. Drained by the head branches of Chenango River. The surface is somewhat hilly; soil fertile, calcareous loam. 10 miles S. E. from Morrisville, and 96 W. from Albany. Hamilton County, O., c. h. at Cincinnati. It is bounded N. by Butler, E. by Clermont co., S. by the Ohio River, and W. by the state of Indiana. It is a small but populous county, and is watered by the Little and Big Miamies and Whitewater Rivers, Mill and Deer Creeks, and their branches. The land is of a good quality, and well adapted for the cultivation of grain. Hamilton, O., c. h. Butler co. On the S. E. bank of the Great Miami River. 102 miles W. S. W. from Columbus. Connected with Cincinnati by the Miami Canal, which passes through it. A large and flourishing place, Hamilton, O., Franklin co. On the E. side of the Scioto River, S. of, and adjoining, Mont gomery. It is a rich farming township. The Columbus lateral canal and the stage road to Chillicothe pass through it from N, to S. Hamilton, Pa., Adams co. Bounded N. and W. by Conewago Creek, and drained by Beaver Run. Surface level ; soil reddish gravel and flint. 12 miles N. E. from Gettysburg. Hamilton Ban, Pa., Adams co. Bounded E. by Marsh Creek, and N. by its S. branch, and is drained by Toms and Middle Creeks and Muddy Run. Surface level; soil calcareous loam and gravel. Iron and copper ores and a few mineral springs are found here. Hamilton, Pa., Monroe co. Drained by McMi- chael, Cherry, and Pokon Creeks, branches of the Delaware River. Surface much diversified; soil gravelly. Hamilton, Pa., Franklin co. Watered by the main branch of Coneeocheague Creek and its tributary Black Creek. Surface hilly ; soil cal careous loam and slate. 392 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Hamilton, Pa., McKean co. Hamilton County, Te., c. h. at Dallas. Bound- * ed N. by Bledsoe and Rhea counties, E. by Bradley' co., S. by Georgia, and W. by Marion co. Watered by the Tennessee River and sev eral small tributaries, the largest of which is Chickamauga Creek. Hammond, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded on the W. by the St Lawrence River, and wa tered on the E. by Black Lake. The surface is level ; soil very productive. 26 miles S. W. from Canton, and 184 N. W. from Albany. Hampden, Me.. Penobscot co. On the W. bank of Penobscot River, below and adjoining Bangor. A flourishing town, 62 miles E. N. E. from Augusta. t Hampden County, Ms., c. h. Springfield. This county, until 1812, was the southern part of Hampshire co. It is bounded N. by Hampshire co., E. by Worcester eo., S. by Tolland and Hartford counties, Ct., and W. by Berkshire co. Connecticut River passes from N. to S. through the centre of the county; the Westfield from the W., the Chickopee from the E., with the Quinnebaug and other rivers in different parts of tho county, afford it an immense water power. The West ern Railroad and Connecticut River Railroad pass each other in this county, nearly at right angles. With these facilities, the county of Hampden takes a high stand among the manu facturing and agricultural districts in New Eng land. Some parts of this county are mountain ous, but the principal part is rather undulating than hilly. Its highlands produce excellent food for cattle, and its intervale lands are very supe rior in fertility and production. Hampshire County, Ms., c. h. at Northampton. This ancient county, although its limits have been greatly reduced by the erection of Frank lin and Hampden counties, is still increasing in agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing strength. Located in the centre of the alluvial ba6in of the noble Connecticut, blessed with a rich and variegated soil, and great water power, this must ever remain one of the most independ ent counties in New England. The Western Railroad passes the western boundary of the county, and a series of railroads, extends from its centre to Long Island Sound. This county is bounded S. by Hampden, W. by Berkshire, N. by Franklin, and E. by Worcester counties. Hampshire County, Va., c. h. at Romney. It is bounded N. by the N. branch and main stream of the Potomac River, separating it from Mary land, E. by Morgan and Frederick counties, and S. and W. by Hardin co. Drained by the S. branch and some other tributaries of the Potomac River. Surface mountainous, particularly in the E. part ; but the soil in the valleys is of ex cellent quality. Hampstead, N. U, Rockingham co. This town lies partly on the height of land between Merri mac and Piscataqua Rivers. Wash, Argly, and Island Ponds are in this town. In Island is a valuable farm, containing 300 acres. This town was granted by Governor Benning Wentworth, and named by him after a village 5 miles N. of London, England. First settlers, Messrs. Emer son, Ford, Heath, and others, in 1728. 30 miles S. E. from Concord, and 12 S. W. from Exeter. Hampton, Ct, Windham co. This town was taken from Windham and Pomfret in 1786. The people are generally agriculturists, with a good strong soil of an uneven surface. The village is pleasantly situated on high ground. Hampton has good mill seats on a branch of Shetucket River. 35 miles E. of Hartfo-d. Hampton, N. H, Rockingham co. The soil is well adapted to tillage and mowing, and about one fifth of the territory is a salt marsh. Hamp ton is pleasantly situated ; many eminences afford romantic views of the ocean, Isle of Shoals, and sea-coast from Cape Ann to Portsmouth. Its beaches have long been the resort of invalids and parties of pleasure. Boar's Head is an abrupt eminence, extending into the sea. The Indian name of this town was Winnicumet. First set tlers, emigrants from the county of Norfolk. 10 m;Ies S. W. from Portsmouth, and 46 S. E. from Concord. Hampton Falls, N. H, Rockingham co. The soil is generally good. This town was originally a part of Hampton. First settlers, see Hampton. 50 miles S. E. from Concord, and 6 S. E. from Exeter. Hampton, N. Y., Washington co. Separated on the N. from the state of Vermont by Poultney River. The surface is somewhat hilly ; the val leys fertile. 26 miles N. from Salem, and 73 N. E. from Albany. Hampton, Va., c. h. Elizabeth City eo. Situated on the W. side of Hampton River, about 1 mile from its mouth, and 94 miles E. S. E. from Rich mond. Hamptonburg, N. Y., Orange co. Bounded on the W. by the Wallkill, and watered by Murder er's Creek. The surface is undulating ; soil very fertile. 4 miles N. E. from Goshen, a'nd 100 S. S. W. from Alhany. Hancock County, Ga., c. h. at Sparta. Bounded N. by Greene and Taliaferro counties. E. by the Ogeechee River, separating it from Warren co., S. by Washington and Milledgeville counties, and W. by the Oconee River, separating it from Put nam co. Drained by branches of the Oconee and Ogeechee Rivess. Hancock County, Is., c. h. at Carthage. Incor porated in 1825, and bounded N. by Henderson co., E. by McDonough and Schuyler, S. by Mar quette and Adams, and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Mississippi and Iowa. Watered by Bear and Crooked Creeks and branches, the former a tributary of the Mississip pi, and the latter of the Illinois River. Soil rich in the W. part. Hancock County, la., c. h. at Greenfield. Incor porated in 1828, and bounded N. by Hamilton and Madison counties, E. by Henry and Rush, S. by Shelby, and W. by Marion. Watered by Blue River and Sugar and Brandywine Creeks, good mill streams. Surface mostly level ; soil fertile. Hancock County, Ky., c. h. at Hawesville. Bounded N- by the Ohio River, separating it from Indiana, E. by Breckenridge co., S. by Gray son and Ohio counties, and W. by Owen co. Watered on the S. boundary by Rough Creek, a branch of Green River, and W. by Blackford's River. Surface hilly, containing coal and iron ore. Hancock County, Me., c. h. at Ellsworth. E. part of the state bordering on Penobscot Bay and River, and the coast to the eastward, which is deeply indented with many islands and excellent harbors. Union River flows S. through the mid dle of it. Hancock, Me., Aroostook co. IN THE UNITED STATES. 393 Hancock, Me., Hancock co. On the head waters of Frenchman's Bay. 85 miles E. from Augusta. Hancock, Md., Washington co. On the N. bank of the Potomac River. 125 miles N. W. from Annapolis. Hancock, Ms., Berkshire co., is a mountainous town ; and in some parts of it the mountains are so abrupt that the inhabitants, in passing from one end of it to the other, are obliged to travel out of the town, and even through a part of the state of New York. Although the surface of the town in many parts is too rough for culti vation, yet there is much good grazing on the sides of the mountains. There is a narrow val ley in Hancock, about 7 miles in length, of great beauty and fertility. Here are some of the best farms in the county, and here are seated, in a delightful village, a family of more than 200 Shakers. 10 miles N. W. from Pittsfield, whence to Boston is 151 miles, by the railroad. Hancock County, Mi., c. h. at Shieldshoro'. Bounded N. by Marion co., E. by Harrison, S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Borgne, and W. by Pearl River, separating it from Louisiana. Surface undulating on the N., and level on the S. ; soil of poor quality. Hancock, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The soil is various, but generally productive. The land is diversified, and affords many good farms. Con toocook and its branches furnish this town with water. There are two ponds here, which furnish a variety of fish. This town was named after Governor Hancock, of Boston, who was one of the original proprietors. First settler, John Grimes, in May, 1764. 36 miles S. W. from Concord, and 22 N. W. from Amherst. Hancock, N. Y., Delaware co. A large town, situated at the junction of the Papacton branch with the main stream of the Delaware River. The surface is broken and mountainous. 24 miles S. from Delhi, and 129 S. W. from Albany. Hancock County, 0., c. h. at Findlay. Seneca and Crawford counties bound it on the E., Wood on the N., Hardin on the S., and Putnam co. on the W. It has a good soil, which is well watered by tributaries from Blanchard's River. Hancock, Vt, Addison co. Emerson's branch of White River, the sixth branch of the same, and Leicester River, all rise near the S. W. corner of this township. Middlebury River also heads in the western part These streams afford several very good mill privileges. The whole of the township lies upon the Green Mountains, but the principal ridge is on the western side. The surface of Hancock is high and broken, and but a small portion of it suitable for tillage ; it, how ever, produces good grass. The settlement was commenced in the year 1778. 15 miles S. E. from Middlebury, and 30 S. W. from Montpelier. Hancock County, Aa. New. Hancock County, Te. New. Taken from Clai borne. On the N. E. border of the state. Hancock County, Va. New. Taken from Brooke. In the extreme N. W. corner of the state, between the Ohio and the Pennsylvania line. Hannibal, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by several small creeks, which flow into Lake On tario. The surface is undulating ; soil fertile. 12 miles S. from Oswego, and 168 N. W. from Albany. Hanover, Ms., Plymouth co. The North River separates this town from Pembroke, on the S., 50 and affords it a good water power. The surface is quite level, with gentle swells, affording white oak and pine timber; the soil is diluvial, and with good management is made quite productive. The anchors of our favorite ship, " Old Iron sides," were made in this place. " Hanover Four Corners," a handsome village on the banks of the river, is quite a business place, and lies 22 miles S. E. from Boston, and 14 N. W. from Plymouth. The Old Colony Railroad passes near it. Hanover, N. II., Grafton co. The Connecticut River separates Hanover from Norwich, Vt, to which place it is connected by a bridge across the river. This is the principal stream ; there are, besides, Mink, Slate, and Goose Pond Brooks. In the Connecticut River are several islands ; the largest is called Parker's. The sur face is diversified, well improved, and the greatest part suitable for farms. There is but a small proportion of waste land, less, perhaps, than in any other town in the county. It is estimated that nearly one half is under improvement. Moose Mountain is a considerable elevation, ex tending across the town from N. to S. The prin cipal village is in the S. W. corner of the town, on a beautiful and extensive plain, half a mile from Connecticut River, and 180 feet above the level of its waters. Vegetable substances are found in this plain from 50 to 80 feet deep. Most of the houses of the villages are built round a square, level area of 12 acres, upon which, also, the buildings of the college front, making together a very handsome appearance. See Colleges. First settlers, Colonel Edward Free man, Benjamin Davis, Benjamin Rice, Gideon Smith, and Asa Parker, in 1765. 69 miles N. from Concord, and 30 S. from Haverhill. Hanover, N. J., Burlington eo. Watered by Black's, Crosswick's, and a branch of Rancocus Creeks. Surface level ; soil sand and sandy loam. 12 miles N. E. from Mount Holly. Hanover, N. J., Morris co. Watered by Whip- pany and Parsipany Rivers, flowing into the Rockaway, which bounds it on the N. Surface hilly on the N. W. ; soil clay, gravel, and loam. 5 miles N. from Morristown, and 57 N. N. E. from Trenton. Hanover. N. Y„ Chautauque co. Bounded on the N. by Lake Erie and Cattaraugus Creek, and is drained by Silver and Black Walnut Creeks. The surface of the S. part is elevated and hilly ; the soil in the valleys and on the borders of the lake is rich alluvion. This vicinity is celebrated for its large forest trees. 26 miles N. E. from Maysville, and 315 W. by S. from Albany. Hanover, Pa., Northampton co. Bounded on the S. E. by Manokissy Creek. Surface level; soil fertile calcareous loam. Hanover, Pa., Washington co. Drained by Herman's and Indian Creeks, branches of the Ohio River. Surface hilly, abounding with coal ; soil loam. 22 miles N. W. from Washington. Hanover County, Va., c.h. at Hanover. Bound ed N. and E. by North Anna River, separating it from Caroline and King William counties, S. by New Kent and Henrico counties, and W. by Goochland and Louisa counties. Watered on the S. by a branch of James River. Surface hilly; soil much diversified. Hanover, Va., c. h. Hanover co., occupies an elevated position near Pamunky River, and 20 miles N. from Richmond. 394 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Hanover, Pa., Beaver co. Drained by Big and Little Traviss, branches of Raccoon Creek. Sur face undulating ; soil calcareous loam. Hanover, Pa., Dauphin co. Bounded W. by Beaver Crock, and drained by Manaday Creek and Bow Run, branches of Swatara Creek. Sur face undulating ; soil argillaceous loam and sandstone. 15 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Hanover, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Nanti coke and Soloman's Creeks, mill streams flow ing into the Susquehanna River, which bounds it on the N. W. Surface mountainous, abounding with anthracite coal. Hanover, ,Pa., Lehigh co. Drained by Cale- soque Creek, a branch of the Lehigh' River. Surface level ; soil rich calcareous loam. Hanson, Ms., Plymouth co., was taken from Pembroke in 1820. There are several large and handsome ponds in the town, and several small streams, which give it some water power. Part of Monponset Pond lies in Hanson, from which, and other ponds in the town, a variety of fish are taken. In these ponds are large beds of bog iron ore. 24j riiiles S. E. from Boston, and \2% N. W. from Plymouth by the Old Colony Railroad. Harbor Creek, Pa.. Erie co. Drained by a num ber of small streams flowing into Lake Erie, which bounds it on the N. 6 miles N. E. from Erie, and 219 N. W. from Harrisburg. Hardeman County, Te , c. h. at Bolivar. Bound ed N. by Haywood and Madison counties, E. by McNairy co., S. by Mississippi, and W. by Fayette co. Watered by tho Big Hatchy River and its tributaries. Surface mostly level; soil sandy and sterile. Hardin County, Is., c. h. at Elizabethtown, Bounded N. and N. B. by Gallatin co.. S. E. and S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ken tucky, and W. by Pope co. Drained by Big Creek, a mill stream flowing into the Ohio River. Surface rough and elevated. Iron and lead are abundant. Hardin, Is., c. h. Calhoun co. Hardin County, Ky., c. h. at Elizabethtown. Bounded N. by the Ohio River from Indiana. E. by the Rolling lork of Salt River, separating it from Jefferson and Bullitt counties, S by Laurel and Grayson, and W. by Breckenridge and Meade counties. Drained by branches of Green River. Hardin County, 0., e. h. at Kenton. Bounded N. by Hancock, E. by Crawford and Marion, S. by Union and Logan, and W. by Allen counties. It was organized in 1833, and has much valuable land, which is watered by the Scioto, Miami, and Tymochtee Rivers, and Blanchard's and Hoy Hardin, 0., c. h. Shelby co. 85 miles W. N W. from Columbus. Hurdinsburg, Ky., c. h. Breckenridge co. Half a mile E. from Hardin's Creek. 10 miles from the Ohio River, and 1 1 5 W. S. W. from Frankfort. Hardin County, Te., u. h. at Savannah. Bound ed N. by Henderson and Perry counties, E. by Wayne co., S. by Alabama and Mississippi, and W. by McNairy co. Watered by White Oak River, Swift Creek, and othor small streams flowing into the Tennessee River, which traverses this county from N. to S. Hardwick, Ms,, Worcester co. Although the face of this town is rough, it has no very high lands, and its soil is1 deep, loamy, moist, and very fertile. This is one of the best grazing townships in the county. It was settled in 1736, and was first called Lambstown, from the name of one of its first proprietors. Its Indian name was Wom- bemesisecook. There are a number of small streams in the town. Ware River washes its E. and S. boundaries, and 2 large ponds, one of which is called Pottabong, 2 miles in length, is well stored with fish. From Furnace village, in Hardwick, to the Brookfield depot, on the Western Railroad, is about 8 miles S. ; from thence to Bos ton is 67 miles. Hardwick, N. J., Warren co. Pelinskill, Beavor Brook, and the Bear branch of Request Creek water this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil fertile. 15 miles N. E. from Belvidere. Hardwick, Vt, Caledonia co. Hardwick is finely watered by Lamoille River, which gives the town valuable mill sites. The soil is generally very good, and produces a variety of exports. There are in this town 3 small villages, called the Street, or Hazen's Road, Stevensville, and La- nioilleville ; the latter is the largest. There is a mineral spring in the S. part of the town. About tbe year 1790, the first permanent settlement was made, by several families of the name of Norris, from New Hampshire. 12 miles N. W. from Danville, and 28 N. E. from Montpelier. Hardy County, Va., e. h. at Moorefield. Bound ed N. by the N. branch of the Potomac River, separating it from Maryland, and by Hampshire Co., E. by Frederick and Shenandoah couniies. S. by Rockingham and Pendleton counties, and W. by Randolph co. Watered by the N. and S. branches of the Potomac River, and by streams flowing into them. Some of the land bordering the streams is fertile, but the greater part is rough, rocky, and sterile. Hurdyslon, N. J., Sussex co. Watered by the Wallkill River, and two of its branches rising in ponds in this town. Surface mountainous, being crossed by the Hamburg or Wallkill Mountains. Harford County, Md., c. h. at Belair. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay, separating it from Cecil co., S. by Chesapeake Bay, and W. by Bal timore co. Watered by Deer Creek, Binum's and Winter's Runs, and the Little Falls of Gun powder. . Some of these streams afford good mill sites. The soil is diversified, and on Deer Creek the scenery is very beautiful and singular, the banks being formed of perpendicular rock from 200 to 300 feet in height. Limestone, iron, and chromate of iron are abundant in some por tions of this county. Harford, Pa., Susquehanna co. Watered by Martin's, Partner's, and Van Winkle's Creeks, all mill streams, and branches of Tunkhannoek Creek. N. E. from Harrisburg 175 miles. Harlan County, Ky., c. h. at Mount Pleasant. Bounded N. by Perry and Letcher counties, E. and S. by Virginia, and W. by Knox co. Wa tered by the Cumberland River and its branches. Surface very high, and broken by the Laurel Ridge on the N. W„ and the Cumberland Moun tains on the E. and S. Harlan, Ky., e. h. Harlan co. Harmar, 0., Washington co. It is on the site of old Fort Harmar, on the S. bank of the Muskingum River. 164 miles E. S. E. from Co lumbus. The first fortification erected by the Americans in Ohio. Harmony, Me., Somerset co. A fertile town ship, 53 miles N. by E. from Augusta. IN THE .UNITED STATES. 395 Harmony, N. J., Warren co. 58 miles N. by W. from Trenton. Harmony, N. Y., Chautauque co. Bounded on the N. E. by Chautauque Lake, and drained by Goose and Little Broken Straw Creeks. The surface is rolling; soil sandy loam and clay. 10 miles S. from Maysville, and 338 W. by S. from Albany. Harmony, Pa., Susquehanna co. The Susque hanna River, and Stavueca and Conewanta Creeks, its tributaries, water this town. Sur face hillv, having Oquaga Mountain on the N.W. . h Harper's Ferry, Va.. Jefferson co. At the pas sage of Potomac River through the Blue Ridge. 173 miles N. from Richmond. See Fashiona ble Resorts. Harpersfidd, N. Y., Delaware co. Delaware and Charlotte Rivers water this town, the surface of which is hilly and broken, and the soil rich loam. 18 miles N. E. from Delhi, and 62 S. W. from Albany. Harpswell, Me., Cumberland co., comprises a promontory in Casco Bay, and several islands surrounding it. The soil is fertile, and in sum mer the town is resorted to by invalids and par ties of pleasure. 22 miles N. E. from Portland by water, and 4 S. E. from Brunswick. Harwich, Ms., Barnstable co. This town is situated upon the S. side of the cape, and formerly included the town of Brewster, from which it was separated in 1803. It was settled by emigrants from Eastham and Plymouth in 1647. Harwich is most abundantly supplied with pure fresh water, having within its limits no less than 8 ponds, of from 1 to 6 miles in circumference, be sides a considerable number of inferior ones. Long Pond, which divides Brewster from Har wich, is the source of Herring River. It is 3 miles long, and abounds with fish, and is on an elevation of 10 feet above the sea. All these ponds are of the greatest purity. The surface is gently undulating, more level than that of other towns on the cape, and is mostly covered with oak and pine Wood. The soil is light, and well adapted to fruit trees. Harwich contains 3 hand some and thriving villages. The academy in the central village is a beautiful specimen of archi tecture, of the Doric order. 30 miles N. from Nantucket Harbor, from which island it is sepa rated by the " Shoals " and the Vineyard Sound Channel. 14 miles E. from Barnstable. Harrietstown, N. Y., Franklin co. This town contains Lower Saranac and several other small lakes, which are the sources of Racket and Sar anac Rivers. It was incorporated from Duane in 1841, and a large part of it is a wilderness. 35 miles S. from Malone, and 190 N. by W. from Albany. Harrington, N. J., Bergen co. Bounded on the E. by Hudson River, and drained by the Hack ensack and its branches. Along the Hudson ex tend the Palisades, which are here elevated 400 feet. The surface elsewhere is level, and the soil rich loam. Harris County, Ga., c. h. at Hamilton. Bound ed N. by Troup, E. by Talbot, S. by Muscogee co., and W. by the Chattahoochee River, separat ing it from Alabama. Drained by Long, Flat Shoal, Mulberry, Pine, and other creeks flowing into the Chattahoochee. Pine Mountain trav erses the N. part of this county. Harris County, Ts., u. h. at Houston. S. E. part. Touches Galveston Bay. Watered by San Jacinto and Buffalo Bayou. Harrisburg, N. Y., Lewis co. Drained by Deer Creek, and has a productive soil. 12 miles N. W. from Martinsburg, and 140 from Albany. Harrisburg, capital of the state of Pennsyl vania, and seat of justice for Dauphin CO., is situated on 'the E. bank of the Susquehanna River, about 100 miles N. W. by W. from Phila delphia. Population in 1800, 1472; in 1810, 2287; in 1820, 2990; in 1830, 4311; in 1840, 6020; in 1850, 8000. The town is built on a peninsula formed by the Susquehanna on the W. side, and Paxton Creek on the E. The northern part of the site is a gently-swelling hill, while the southern gradually sinks to a level plain, extend ing towards the junction of the creek with the river. It is regularly laid, out, with several streets running parallel to the river, and others crossing them at right angles. The situation commands a fine view of the river and of the surrounding country. The Pennsylvania Canal passes along the vale of the Paxton Croek, E. of the town. The Susquehanna is here divided into two channels by an island called Foster Island ; and a fine bridge, nearly a mile in length, including the crossing of the island, connects Harrisburg, from the foot of Market Street, with Cumberland co., on the opposite side of the river. This bridge was finished in 1817, at a cost of $192,000. An other bridge over the Susquehanna, built in 1837 for the Cumberland Valley Railroad, but having also a way for ordinary travel, enters tho town two squares below. This is an immense struc ture, nearly 4000 feet in length, having 23 spans, averaging 173 feet, and two arched viaducts, one 53 and the other 84 feet wide. Tbe railroad track passes upon the top of the bridge, and a double carriage way is beneath. The cost of this bridge was but a little short of $100,000. This railroad connects Harrisburg with Chambers- burg, 56 miles, W. by S., and there unites with the Franklin Railroad, extending to Hagerstown, in Maryland. Harrisburg is also connected by lines of railroad communication with Philadel phia on the E., and with Pittsburg on the W. It is brought into- connection with a large portion of the interior of the state, as well as of the ad joining states, and of the west, by the great Penn sylvania Canal, with its various branches. The State House at Harrisburg is a building of imposing appearance, having the advantage of a fine situation in the most elevated part of the town, facing towards the river, to which the ground gradually descends. The edifice consists of a main building, and two wings which were intended to be connected with the centre by walls, and are so placed that their porticoes are all in a range upon the front. The main building is 180 feet front by 80 feet deep, and two stories high. The chambers of the legislature are in the lower story, and the upper is appropriated to the Gov ernor's room, and two rooms for the state library, which contains about 10,000 volumes. The wings are appropriated to the public offices. The front Of the main building is decorated with a circular portico of six Ionic columns, 4 feet in diameter and 36 feet high. The edifice is surmounted by a beautiful dome, the top of which is 108 feet from the ground. From the cupola is presented one of tho finest prospects in the state. The other public edifices are the Court House, 396 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, formerly occupied as a State House; the Ma sonic Hall, which is a large and handsome build ing ; two Banks ; the new Penitentiary, which is one of the most substantial and elegant buildings in the state, built in the style of a Norman castle ; the Lancasterian School House, a large two-story brick edifice, erected by the state; and several handsome church edifices. Of religious denomi nations in Harrisburg there are the Lutheran, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, German Reformed, Methodist, Baptist, Unitarian, and Roman Cath olic. There is an aqueduct for supplying the town M with water from the Susquehanna River, called the Mount Airy Waterworks. The water is forced into the reservoir by a steam engine, and distributed over the town in iron pipes. The reservoir is on a hill N. of the capital, 90 foot above the river, and will contain 1,532,195 gallons. These works cost about $120,000. Harrisburg was laid out, to be the shire town of Dauphin co., in 1785. The original proprietor of the soil was John Harris, from whom the town is named. The ground on which the Capitol now stands was given by him for the public use. It was established as the seat of government for the state February 21, 1810. Harrison County, la., c. h. at Corydon. Bound ed N. by Washington co., E. by Floyd, S. E. and S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ken tucky, and W. by Crawford co. Drained by Blue River, and Big and Little Indian and Bucks Creeks. Surface hilly or uneven ; soil tolerably good, and on the streams quite rich. Harrison County, Ky., c. h. at Cynthiana. Bounded N. by Pendleton and Bracken counties, E. by Nicholas, S. by Bourbon, and W. by Scott co. Watered on the N. E. by Licking River, and drained by its S. fork and branches. Soil mostly fertile. Harrison, Me., Cumberland co. Crooked River passes the E. side of this town, and the waters of Long Pond are its western boundary. This is a good township of land. Incorporated 1805. Harrison has Otisfield on the E., and is 75 miles W. S. W. from Augusta, and 45 N. W. from Portland. Harrison County, Mi., e. h. at Mississippi City. Bounded N. by Perry co., E. by Jackson, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Hancock co. Drained by Wolf and Red Rivers, and the Beloxi and its branches. Surface level; soil sandy. Harrison, N. J., Hudson co. Situated between the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers. Has a level and marshy surface. Harrison, N. Y., Westchester co. Drained by Mamaroneck Creek and Blind Brook. The sur face is generally level, and the soil productive. 3 miles E. from White Plains, and 134 S. from Albany. Harrison County, O., c. h. at Cadiz, is bounded on the N. by Carroll, Tuscarawas, and Jefferson, E. by Jefferson, S. by Belmont and Guernsey, and W. by Tuscarawas. The land is elevated, and has no large streams of water. Harrison County, Ts., c. h. at Morchall. Near the E. border, on the Upper Sabine. Harrison, Te., c. h. Hamilton co. Harrison County, Va., c. h. at Clarksburg. Bounded N. by Tyler and Marion countios, E. by Barbour, S. by Lewis, and W. by Ritchie and Tyler counties. Drained by the W. fork of the Monongahela River and its branches, and by the head branches of Middle Island Creek. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. Harrisonburg, La., c. h. Catahoola parish. On the W. side of Ouohitta River. 236 miles N. W. from New Orleans. Harrisonville, Is., c. h. Monroe co. On the E. .bank of the Mississippi River. 127 miles S. S. W. from Springfield. Harrisonvilh, Mo., c. h. Cass co. Harrodsburg, Ky., c. h. Mercer co. On a small branch of Salt River, 8 miles S. from Kentucky River, and is tho seat of Bacon College. S. from Frankfort 31 miles. See Harrodsburg Springs, and Colleges. Hart County, Ky., c. h. at Mumfordsville. Bounded N. by Laurel oo., E. by Greene, S. by Barren, and W. by Edmonson. Surface level, and watered by Green River and Bacon Creek ; soil of excellent quality. Hartford County, Ct., c. h. at Hartford. This county is bounded N. by Hampden co., Ms., E. by Tolland co., S. by the counties of Mid dlesex and New Haven, and W. by the coun ty of Litchfield. This is considered the most important and valuable county in the state, in regard to the variety and richness of its soil, and the high state of culture it has attained. It was constituted in 1666, since which, Tolland co. and parts of Middlesex, Windham, Litch field, and New London have been detached. Its present limits comprise an area of about 727 square miles. Besides the Connecticut, which traverses its whole length, the Farmington, Hack- anum, Podunk, Scantic, and other streams, water the county in almost every direction. On these streams important manufacturing establishments have sprung up, and unite with the agricultural interest and river trade in rendering this county the centre of a large and flourishing business. Hartford, Ct, city, c. h. Hartford co. On the W. side of Connecticut River, 50 miles above its mouth, at the head of steamboat and coasting navigation. The river is navigable as far as Hartford by steamboats of 1000 tons' burden, and other coasting and sea-going vessels of light draught. It is 34 miles N. N. E. from New Haven, 44 N. W. from New London, 73 W. from Provi dence, R. I., 124 W. S. W. from Boston, 128 S. E. from Albany, and 118 N. E. from New York. It is one of the capitals of the state, the legisla ture meeting here and at New Haven alter nately, in May of each year, the odd years at Hartford and the even years at New Haven. The state offices and records are kept at Hart ford. The corporate limits of the city extend along the river from N. to S., over a mile, and from the river W. three fourths of a mile, em bracing about 700 acres. In 1810, the popula tion was 3955; in 1820, 4726; in 1830, 7076; in 1840, 9468 ; in 1850, 17,966. It is pleasantly situated upon a gently-rising eminence, sloping eastwardly to Connecticut River, and broken into graceful undulations on its western limits. It contains 73 streets and lanes, a portion of them running nearly parallel to the river, and others generally crossing them E. and W. Main Street, which extends from N. to S. quite tlirough the city, and divides it into nearly equal divis ions, is the great thoroughfare, and the seat of the principal retail trade. It is broad and nearly straight, and for more than a mile presents an almost unbroken range of brick and stone edi fices, many of which aro elegant On this street IN THE UNITED STATES. 397 are the principal public buildings and churches. State Street, also a broad avenue extending from Main Street E. to Connecticut River, contains many elegant buildings, and is the seat of an active business. Near its junction with Main Street, it divides into two branches, enclosing the State House and the Public Square. Com merce Street runs along the bank of the river, is connected by a branch track with the several railroads entering the city, and has a large and commodious freight depot upon the wharf, at the terminus of the branch track, substantially built of brown freestone and brick. Asylum Street, extending W. from Main Street to the general railroad depot, is compactly occupied by large brick and freestone edifices, and is the seat of a very extensive and heavy business, chiefly in cotton and woollen domestic fabrics. The city, as a whole, is substantially and compactly built, of brick and stone, and exhibits a larger number of elegant edifices and more elaborate architect ure than most cities of its size. Hartford Bridge, which connects the city with East Hartford from the foot of Morgan Street, is a substantial wooden structure, 1000 feet, in length. Among the public buildings, the State House is conspicuous. It stands in the centre of the city, enclosed in a beautiful park surrounded by an ornamental iron railing, and adorned with fine shade trees. It is built of stone and brick ; order Roman Doric, length 114 feet, width 76 feet, height of walls 54 feet, with two porticoes each 38 by 17 feet. On the basement a hall ex tends through the building from E. to W., having on the N. side a court room, and on the S. the public offices of the comptroller, treasurer, and school commissioner, and the governor's room. On the second floor, on the N. side of a cor responding hall, is the House of Representatives chamber, on the S. tho Senate chamber, and in the western portico the office of the state secre tary. In the Senate chamber is one of the best original paintings of Washington ever executed, painted by Stewart. The State House was erected in 1792. The cupola of this building commands one of the richest and most exten sive landscape views in the country, embracing the scenery of the Connecticut River with its broad alluvial valley, crowned with luxuriant vegetation for many miles in every direction, and terminating only with the far distant blue high lands. The City Hall, on Market Square, is an ele gant structure of Grecian architecture ; the base ment occupied as a city market, the second floor as the city and police court rooms and other public offices, and the third floor as the public city hall. Wadsworth Athenaeum, standing on the W. side of Main Street, is a noble building, of light- gray granite, in the castellated Gothic style of architecture, devoted to historical and literary purposes. The north compartment is occupied by the " Young Men's Institute," the basement as lecture rooms, and the second floor for their library, containing some 10,000 volumes ; the centre compartment contains a gallery of paint ings, and other rooms devoted also to the fine arts and sculpture ; the south compartment is appropriated to the use of the Connecticut His torical Society, and contains in its archives a large and highly interesting collection of histori cal antiquities, besides some 5000 volumes, and multitudes of ancient documents, pamphlets, and manuscripts. This building derives its name from the late Daniel Wadsworth, Esq., who gave the site upon which it stands. Trinity College is situated on a gentle emi nence in the S. W. part of the city. See Colleges. The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is in the immediate vicinity of the city, though outside of the corporate limits, as is also the Retreat for the Insane. The Asylum was the first institution for the instruction of deaf mutes ever established in this country. It was founded in 1817, chiefly through the instrumentality of the late Rev. Thomas II. Gallaudet, LL. D., its first principal, who visited Europe for the pur pose of obtaining the requisite information. On his return in 1816, he was accompanied by Mr. Laurent Clerc, a deaf mute, who had been a suc cessful teacher for several years in Paris, under the Abbe Sicard. He was at once secured as an associate instructor with Mr. Gallaudet, and the institution rose rapidly into public favor and confidence — the number of 7 deaf mutes, with which it commenced, soon increasing to 140, from all sections of the Union. Congress, in 1819, granted to the Asylum a township of land in Alabama, which has since been invested in a permanent fund. The main building was erect ed in 1820. It is 130 by 50 feet, and 4 stories high. Several other buildings, workshops, &c, have been since erected. The number of pupils averages about 200. This institution is an orna ment to the city, the state, and the country, and an enduring monument of the Christian philan thropy and wisdom of its now departed founder. The Retreat for the Insane, but little less interesting in the scale of human benevolence, stands on a commanding but easy eminence half a mile S. W. of the city. The site is admi rably chosen, overlooking one of the most serene and lovely landscapes which can any where be found. In one direction, the eye embraces the city, with its spires, turrets, and towers ; in others, extensive views of the Connecticut Valley and River, with its floating burden of steamers and other vessels ; in others still, a number of thriv ing farming villages, embowered amid orchards and deep foliage, from whence the numerous white cottages and farm houses seem to peep forth ; and in the immediate foreground the scenery is enriched by the ornamental and taste ful lawns and gardens of the institution, embra cing some 17 acres, beautifully adorned with shrubbery and trees, and diversified with serpen tine walks and carriage ways. The main build ing is about 410 feet long, consisting of a centre building 50 feet square, 3 stories above the base ment, flanked with wings extending N. and S. 2 and 3 stories high, 144 by 30 feot, and termi nating with two angular end buildings or halls, one at each end, 120 by 36 feet. The mules occupy the north, and the females the south wings and halls, exclusively, except such patients, of both sexes, as have separate attendants, and rooms in the centre building. The institution accommodates 200 patients, and is considered a model one of its highly-beneficent class. It was founded in 1822. The celebrated " Charter Oak " is among the objects of interest in Hartford. The original charter which it concealed and saved is still in a good state of preservation, in the office of the 398 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, state secretary. Within the ample scope of the capital C with which the manuscript charter com mences, there is a spirited likeness of Charles II., executed by the original scribe, entirely with a pen. There were, in 1852, 21 churches of the various denominations, and one Jewish synagogue. There are 2 savings institutions, with a joint capital and deposits of over $2,000,000 ; 5 fire insurance companies, with an aggregate capital of $1,750,000; 5 life insurance companies, with an aggregate original and accumulated capital of $2,138,100. The railroads which centre here, and whose stock is to a great extent owned in the city, are the Hartford, New Haven, and Spring field, and the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill ; the former connecting at New Haven with the New York and New Haven Railroad, and at Springfield with the Connecticut River Rail road, and the Western Railroad between Boston and Albany. The junction or main depot of these roads is an elegant structure of brown free stone, in the Italian Campenilli style of archi tecture ; length from N. to S. 360 feet ; width, fronting S. on Asylum Street, 94 feet ; cost, $60,000. For Banks, See Banks. There are also 18 other incorporated com panies, having an aggregate capital of about $2,000,000, engaged in manufacturing and com mercial enterprises, besides a vast number of heavy manufacturing and mechanical establish ments, unincorporated, among which the pistol factory of Samuel Colt, Esq., for the manufac ture of his world-renowned " revolver," Sharp's celebrated rifle factory, Tracey and Fales's ex tensive car factory, and Woodruff and Beach's mammoth iron foundery, stand conspicuous. The amount of articles manufactured within the city, for the year ending June 1, 1850, as appears from the last census returns, was $3,619,389; and from the rapid increase of this interest in the city it is now (1852J estimated at one quarter more. The book trade is aNo very extensive. The city is divided into six wards, and is rter the corporate government of a mayor, chosen once in two years, six aldermen, twenty- four common councilmen, a clerk, treasurer, au ditor, collector, judge, and two sheriffs, chosen annually. The Court of Common Council, which is the municipal legislative body, is com posed of the mayor, aldermen, and councilmen, who meet in one assembly semi-monthly. The Indian name of Hartford was Suckiaug. It was first settled by the English in the autumn of 1635, who gave it the name of Newtown, after the town of that name in Massachusetts, (now Cambridge,) from whence they migrated. In February, IU37, the General Court gave it tho present name of Hartford, in honor of Mr. Stone, one of the principal settlers, who was born in Hartford, England. The Dutch had, however, explored the river, and had erected a rude fort on what is still called " Dutch Poiut," in the S. E. part of the city, prior to 1633. It was incorporated as a city in 1784. Besides its college, it has the best system of public schools in the state, entirely free to every resident pupil, embracing every grade from the Utile ''Primary," up lo the noble " Free High School," furnished with an ample scientific and philosophical apparatus, and prepared to advance students of eithei sex to a high grade of scien- tifical or classical educational attainment ; all supported partly from the public fund, and part-» ly by a general tax on property. A project is on foot for bringing to Hartford the water of the Connecticut from Enfield, 12 miles above, where the river has a rapid of 32 feet descent, as well to supply the city with water as for hydraulic use. This would give to the city immense advantages for manufacturing pur poses. See Windsor Locks. Hartford, Ky., c. h. Ohio co. On the S. side of Rough Creek, near the junction of Mead Creek, and 154 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort Hartford, Me., Oxford co. This excellent township is watered by ponds and small streams. It lies 31 miles W. from Augusta, and 15 N. E. from Paris. Hartford, N. Y., Washington co. Drained by some small branches of Wood Creek. The sur face is mostly hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam. 14 miles N. from Salem, and 56 N. N. E. from Albany. Hartford, Vt, Windsor co. Hartford is wa tered by White and Quechee Rivers, which are the only streams of consequence. They both afford very valuable privileges for mills. The surface is broken, but the soil is rich and warm. The timber is principally white pine, beech, ma ple, and birch. The gulf formed by the passage of Quechee River, through a considerable hill, is a curiosity. There are several villages in the town ; the largest are White River village and Quechee village. The former is pleasantly situ ated on the banks of White River, about 1 mile from its mouth. The river is here crossed by a handsome bridge. Quechee village is situated around a considerable fall in Otta-Quechee Riv er, about 5 miles from its mouth. The first settlers were Elijah, Solomon, and Benajah Strong. They emigrated from Lebanon, Ct, and came into this township with their families in 1764. 42 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, and 14 N. from Windsor. The railroad from Boston to Burlington, via Montpelier, crosses the Con necticut here, and is crossed by the road up and down the river. Hartland, Ct, Hartford co. It lies in a moun tainous part of the state ; most of the land is cold, and fit only for grazing. A branch of Farmington River passes through the town, and forms what is called Hartland Hollow, a deep ravine, presenting some bold and picturesque scenery. 22 miles N. W. from Hartford. Hartland, Me., Somerset co. A good town ship. 42 miles N. by E. from Augusta. Hartland, N. Y., Niagara co. It is drained by Johnson's and Eighteen Mile Creek. The sur face is level ; soil calcareous and sandy loam. 8 miles N. E. from Lockport, and 272 W. by N. from Albany. Hartland, Vt., Windsor co. This is a rich farming township. Surface pleasantly diversi fied with hills and valleys. Connecticut River washes the eastern boundary, and at Quechee Fulls, on this stream, are several mills. Quechee River runs across the N. E. corner, and Lull's Brook through the southern part of the town, and afford some of the best mill privileges in the state. A valuable bed of paint has been discov ered here. Tho settlement of the township was commenced in May, 1763, by Timothy Lull, from Dummerstou, Vt 50 miles S. S. E. from Montpeliyr, and 9 N. from Windsor. The Con noeticut River Railroad passes through the town. IN THE UNITED STATES. 399 Hartsnille, Mo., c. h. Wright co. On the N. side of Wood's Fork of Gasconade River. Hartwick. N. Y., Otsego co. The Susquehan na River and Otsego Creek water this- town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil sandy loam, very fertile in the valleys. 5 miles S. W. from Cooperstown village, and 75 W. from Albany. In the E. part of the town, on the bank of the Susquehanna, 73 miles W. from Albany, is the seat of a literary and theological seminary under the care of the Lutherans. See Theological Schools. Harvard, Ms., Worcester co., was taken from Stow, Lancaster, and Groton in 1732, and re ceived its name in honor of the founder of Har vard College. The town has a warm, strong, and fertile soil, but its surface is somewhat rocky and broken by hills. The Nashua washes its western boundary. The town is also watered by a small stream called Still River, and some ponds. Bare Hill Pond, a fine sheet of water, 3 miles in circumference, containing 2 small islands and affording some water power, lies a little to the eastward of Still River village. Hell Pond, so called from its great depth, 90 feet, and Rob- bins's Pond lie at the N. part of the town. These ponds contain fine perch and pickerel. A fine blue slate is found here. Still River vil lage, in Harvard, lies 6 miles W. from the Little ton depot, on the Fitchburg Railroad, and 3l£ miles from Boston. A society of Shakers reside in the N. part of the town. Hurwinton, Ct, Litchfield co. Har-win-ton derived its name from 3 syllables taken from the names of Hartford, Windsor, and Farmington. It was first settled in 1731, incorporated 1737. Harwinton is situated on high ground, abounding with granite rocks, and more fit for grazing than tillage. Hustings, N. Y., Oswego co. Drained by Salmon Creek and several small tributaries of Oneida Lake. The surface is level; soil favor able to the growth of grass. 20 miles S. E. from Oswego, and 150 N. W. from Albany. Hatfield, Ms., Hampshire co., was formerly a part of the town of Hadley. It lies on the W. side of Connecticut River. The surface is level, ' with a soil of an excellent quality, a good part of which is choice intervale. Haydensville, at the S. W. part of the town, is a neat village, watered by Mill River. 5 miles N. from North ampton. Hatfidd, Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by Neshaming and Towamensing Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam. Havano, Is., c. h. Mason co., occupies a high, sandy ridge on the E. bank of Illinois River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and 45 miles N. N. W. from Springfield. Haverford, Pa., Delaware co Watered by Cobb's and Darby Creeks. Surface hilly; soil rich sandy loam. 95 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Haverhill, Ms., Essex co., is a town of uncom mon beauty. It is situated on the N. side of Merrimac River, over which are two handsome bridges. It is at the head of navigation on the Merrimac River. Little River and other streams give Haverhill a fine hydraulic power. The soil is very good and highly cultivated. From " Gold en Hill," and " Silver's Hill," two of the most commanding eminences in the town, the land scape scenery is delightful. Near the centre of the town are Plug. Round, and Great Ponds ; and, in the W. parish, Creek Pond. - The two latter are celebrated for tlieir beautiful scenery and fine fish. These ponds cover an area of 780 acres. At the N. part of the town, on the brow of a hill, ,is a large rock called the •' Comer Stone," located at the corner of 4 towns. 16 , miles N. E. from Lowell, and 32 N. from Boston, by the Boston and Maine Railroad. Haverhill, N. H, Grafton co. This is one of the shire towns, and is watered by Oliverian and Hazen Brooks. The soil is suited to every spe cies of cultivation common to the climate. There is a quarry of granite suitable for mill stones and buildings, and a bed of iron ore, on the W. side of Benton, bordering this town. The prin cipal village is called Haverhill Corner ; in it is a beautiful common, of an oblong square ; the situation is elevated, overlooking the adjacent country for many miies. There is also another village, on a street nearly a mile in length, straight and very level. Several of the early settlers were from Newbury and Haverhill, Ms., from which latter place this town derived its name. Fine crystals are found here. First settler, Captain John Hazen, in 1764. Distances 31 miles N. W. from Plymouth, and 99 N. N. W. from Concord, by railroad. It also has railroad connection with New York, Montreal, and Boston. Haverstraw, N. Y., Rockland co. Watered by 2 or 3 small tributaries of the Hudson River, which bounds it on the E. Stony Point, an im portant military post during the revolutionary war, is in this town. The surface is hilly and mountainous, being partly covered by the Dun- derberg Mountain. The soil in the valleys is chiefly clay loam of good quality. 7 miles N. from New City, and 116 S. from Albany. Havre de Grace, Md., Hartford co. On the W. bank of Susquehanna River, at its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. It is on the railroad between Wilmington and Baltimore, and at the termina tion of the Susquehanna Canal. Hawkins County, Te., c. h. at Rogersville. It is bounded by Virginia, E. by Sullivan co., S. by Greene and Jefferson, and W. by Grainger and Claiborne counties. Surface mountainous, and drained by Holstoit and Clinch Rivers and branches. Hawley, Ms., Franklin co. This town lies on the Green Mountain ,range, and is the source of some of the head waters of Deerfield River. The surface is rough, but the soil good. There is good iron ore in the town. 14 miles W. by S. from Greenfield, and 104 W. by N. from Boston. Haywood County, N. C, c. h. at Waynesville. On the western border. A highly-elevated tract ; in its lowest portions 1500 feet above the ocean. Separated from Tennessee by the Smoky ridge. Touches the Blue Ridge on the S. Drained by the Big Pigeon branch of the French Broad, one of the south-eastern tributaries of the Tennessee. Among tho inhabitants are 710 Cherokee Indians. Haywood County, Te, c. h. at Brownsville. W. part watered by the Forked Deer and Hatchee, tributaries of the Mississippi, which flow through it. Flat and fertile. Hays County, Ts., c. h. at San Marcus. Heard County, Ga., c . h. at Franklin. Bounded N. by Carroll co., E. by Coweta, S. by Troup, and W. by Alabama. The Chattahoochee River traverses this county. Surface level ; soil tolera bly good. .Heath, Ms., Franklin co. Heath is a moun tainous township. Some of the head waters of 400 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, the W. branch of Deerfield River flow through it 13 miles N. W. by W. from Greenfield, and 103 N. W. by W. from Boston. Heathsville, Va., c. h. Northumberland co. Near the head of Coan River. 98 miles E. by N. from Richmond. Hebron, Ct., Tolland co. Hop River, a branch of the Willimantic, waters this town. The vil lage of Hebron, with its Gothic church, is pleas ant and commands a good prospect. The sur face of the town is hilly, but fertile. North Pond, in the S. part of the town, is a handsome sheet of water. Hebron was first settled 1704 ; incor porated 1707. 20 miles S. E. from Hartford. Hebron, Me., Oxford co. This is a good farm ing town, lying S. E. from Paris about 7 miles, and 42 W. S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated 1792. Hebron, N. U, Grafton co. A considerable part of Newfound Lake lies in the S. E. part of this town. It has no river, nor any important streams. Nearly one half of the town was in cluded in the grant of Cockermouth, now Gro ton. The remaining part was taken from Plymouth. 9 miles S. W. from Plymouth, and 40 N. W. from Concord. Hebron, N. Y., Washington co. Watered by Black Creek. The surface is hilly ; soil sandy loam, yielding good crops of grass and grain. 8 miles N. from Salem, and 52 N. E. from Albany. Hebron, O., Licking co. At the intersection of the Ohio Canal with the national road. It is 9 miles from Newark, and 27 from Columbus. Hector, N. Y., Tompkins co. On the S. E. border of Seneca Lake. Drained by several small creeks. The surface is high and somewhat uneven ; soil suitable for grass. 14 miles W. from Ithaca village, and 186 W. from Albany. Heiddburg, Pa., Berks co. Tulpehocken, Spring, and Cacoosing Creeks water this town. Surface hilly in some portions ; soil rich calcareous loam and gravel, well suited to the growth of grass and grain. Heiddburg, Pa.. Lebanon co. Drained on the N. E. by Mill, a branch of Tulpehocken Creek, and on the S. W. by Hammer Creek, a branch of the Conestoga River, both mill streams. Surface level ; soil good . Heidelburg, Pa., Lehigh co. Bounded on the E. by the Lehigh River, and drained by Trout and Jordan's Creeks. The Blue Ridge crosses the N. part of this town, and at the N. E. extremity is the Lehigh Water Gap. Soil gravelly. Heidelburg. Pa., York co. Codorus and Ham mer Creeks water this town, the surface of which is level, and the soil a rich calcareous loam. 15 miles S. W. from York. Helena, As., c. h. Philips co. On the W. bank of Mississippi River. 122 miles E. from Little Rock. Hellam, Pa., York co. Bounded N. W. by Co dorus Creek, and N. E. by the Susquehanna Riv er, and drained by Grist Creek. Surface level ; soil fertile, being based upon limestone. 29 miles S. from Harrisburg. Hemlock, Pa., Columbia co. Mahoning, Great and Little Fishing, and Hemlock Creeks drain this town, and along its S. border run the Sus quehanna River and State Canal. Surface va ried ; soil clay and loam. Ilempfield, Pa., Westmoreland co. Bush, and Big and Little Sowickly Crooks water this town. Surface hilly ; soil gravel and loam. Hempstead County, As., «. h. at Washington. Bounded N. by Pike co., E. by Clark and Wash ita, S. by Lafayette, and W. by Sevier co. Wa tered on the N. E. by the Little Missouri and branches, and W. by Red River. Soil mostlj poor. Hempstead, L. I., Queen's co., N. Y. Situated 22 miles E. from the city of New York, and 167 miles S. by E. from^ Albany. The township is large, extending across Long Island, including several villages, and an extensive heath of 15,000 acres, called Hempstead Plains, which lies un filled, and is occupied as a common pasturage ground. The surface is level, and the soil light, but capable of being rendered highly productive by cultivation. It is drained by several streams running S. into Hempstead Bay, Jamaica Bay, and the Atlantic. There are several islands be longing to this town, the largest of which are Hog Island and Great Island, near the Atlantic sh.ore. On the same shore are Rockaway Beach and Long Beach, which are places of much re sort from the cities of New York and Brooklyn during the summer months. The principal village, and that which bears the name of the town, is delightfully situated on the southern margin of the great Hempstead Plains. It contains a Presbyterian, an Episcopal, and a Methodist church, an academy and a femalo seminary. A branch railroad, 2 miles long, con nects this place with the Long Island Railroad. It is a most agreeable and healthful place of resi dence in the summer season. North Hempstead is another village in this town, situated at the bead of Hempstead Harbor, on the N. side of Long Island, where there is a small population, and considerable business in manufacturing, and in sloop navigation on the Sound. Henderson County, Ky., e. h. at Henderson. Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Indiana, E. by Owen co., S. by Madison, and W. by Union. Green River traverses the N. E. part of this county, and forms a part of the E. boun dary. Canoe River waters the central portions, and Highland Creek waters its S. W. border. Henderson, Ky., c. h. Henderson co. On the S. bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above the mouth of the Wabash, and 197 miles from Frank fort. Henderson County, N. C, c. h. at Henderson- ville. Bounded N. by Buncombe, and E. by Rutherford co., S. by South Carolina, and W. by Macon and Haywood counties. Watered by French Broad River and tributaries. Surface mountainous ;• soil good, and particularly well adapted to grazing. Henderson, N. Y., Jefferson co. This town comprises Stony, Gallop, and Little Gallop Islands, in Lake Ontario. It is drained by Stony and Little Stony Creeks. The surface is level ; soil rich sandy loam. 15 miles S. W. from Wa tertown, and 162 N. W. from Albany. Henderson, Pa., Huntingdon co. The Juniata River forms the S. W. and W. boundary of this town. Henderson County, Te., . c. h. at Lexington. Bounded N. by Carroll, E. bv Perry, S. by Hardin and McNairy, and W. by Madison co. Drained by Big Sandy River, the head branches of Beech River, and tlio S. fork of Forked Deer River. Surface mostly level ; soil fertile, yielding good crops of grass, grain, and grapes. Henderson County, Ts., c. h. at Buffalo. In the N. E. angle. On the upper waters of Trinity. IN THE UNITED STATES. 401 Henderson County, Is., c.h. at Oquaka. On tho N. W. border. Washed by the Mississippi. Hendersonville, N. C.,-c. h. Henderson co. On French Broad River. 490 miles W. of Raleigh. Hendricks County, la., c. h. at Danville. Bound ed N. by Boone, E. by Marion, S. by Morgan, and W. by Putnam and Montgomery counties. Drained by Eel River, and White Lick and Mud Creeks, affording good hydraulic power. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. Hennepin, Is., Putnam co. On the E. bank of Illinois River, at tho great bend, and on the bor der of De Pru prairie. N. from Springfield 118 miles. At a moderate stage of water, steamboats go up to this place. Henniker, N. H., Merrimac co. Few places af ford better prospects for the successful operation of water machinery than this town. Contoocook River passes through its centre. There are sev eral ponds of considerable size. Long Pond is the largest, being between 1 and 2 miles in length, and from 40 to 80 rods wide. Craney Hill is the principal elevation. It is mostly in a state of cultivation. The soil of the hills is favorable for wheat ; the valleys produce good crops of. corn. Henniker received its present name from Gov ernor Wentworth, in honor of his friend Henniker, probably John Henniker, Esq., a merchant in London, and a member of the British Parliament First settler, James Peters, in 1761. Distances, 23 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 15 W. from Concord. Henrico County, Va., c. h. at Richmond. Bound ed N. and N. E. by the Chickahominy River, sep arating it from Hanover and Now Kent counties, S. E. by Charles City co., S. and S. W. by James River, separating it from Chesterfield co., and N. W. by Goochland co. Surface undulating; soil various. Henrietta, Mn., Jackson co. Henrietta, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered on the W. by the Genesee River. The surface is roll ing ; soil very fertile. 1 0 miles S. from Roches ter, and 228 W. by N. from Albany. Henrietta, 0., Lorain co. This township is situated on the great E. and W. mail road. 35 miles W. from Cleveland, and 133 N. E. from Columbus. Henry County, Aa., c. h. at Abbeville. Bound ed N. by Barbour co., E. by the Chattahoochee River, separating it from Georgia, S. by Florida, and W. by Dale co. Soil sterile, and watered by branches of the Chattahoochee River. Henry County, Ga., c. h. at McDonough. Bound ed N. by De Kalb, E. by Newton and Butts, S. by Pike, and W. by Fayette co. The Ockmulgee River forms its N. E. boundary. Drained by branches of Ockmulgee and Flint Rivers. Henry County, Is., c. h. at Morriston. Bound ed N. by Whitesides, E. by Bureau, S. E. by Stark, S. by Knox, and W. by Mercer and Rock Island counties. Watered by Rock, Green, and Edwards Rivers. The N. part of this county is low and marshy, but in some portions the soil is fertile. Henry County, la., c. h. at New Castle. Bound ed N. by Delaware co., E! by Randolph and Wayne, S. by Fayette and Rush, and W. by Hancock and Madison counties. Drained by Flat Rock and Blue Rivers and Fall Creek, af fording some water power. Surface slightly un even in some parts, but mostly level. Henry County, Io., c. h. at Mount Pleasant. 51 Bounded N. by Washington and Louisa counties, E. by Des Moines, S. by Leo, and W. by Van Bu ren and Jefferson counties. Watered by Che- cauque or Skunk River and its branches, and Big Brush and Little Cedar Creeks. Surface high and rolling ; soil very fertile. Henry County, Ky., c. h. at Now Castle. Bound ed N. by Carroll co., E. by Owen and Franklin, S. by Shelby, and W. by Oldham and Trimble coun ties. The Kentucky River forms its N. E. boun dary, and its branches, with those of the Little Kentucky, drain the surface of this county. Henry County, Mo., c. h. at Clinton. Bounded N. by Johnson co., E. by Benton, S. by St. Clair, and W. by Bates and Van Buren counties. Drained by Grand, a branch of Osage River. Henry County, 0., c. h. at Napoleon. This coun ty is in the north-western part of the state, and is well watered by several small streams and the Maumee River, which passes through its centre from W. to E. In some parts, the soil is very rich and productive. It is a flourishing county, and has the Wabash and Erie Canal passing through it. Henry County, Te., c. h. at Paris. Bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by tho Tennessee River, sepa rating it from Steward co., and by Benton co., S. by Carroll, and W. by Weakley co. Drained by the Big and Little Sandy Rivers, and the middle and S. forks of Obion River. Henry County, Va., c. h. at Martinsville. Bound ed N. by Franklin, E. by Pittsylvania co., S. by North Carolina, and W. by Patrick co. Drained by Smith's and Mary's, and branches of Dan River. Henry Clay, Pa., Fayette co. The Yiough- iogeny River and branches water this town. Sur face mountainous ; soil gravel. Hepburn, Pa., Lycoming co. Watered on its boundaries by Plunket's, Loyalsock, and Lyco ming Creeks. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil gravel and slate. 9 miles N. from Williams- port. Herculaneum, Mo., Jefferson co. On the W. bank of Mississippi River. 30 miles below St. Louis, and 160 miles from Jefferson City. A great mart of the surrounding lead region. There are several shot factories here. Hereford, Pa., Berks co. Watered by Perkio- men Creek and its W. branch. On the N. E. is Shroub's Mountain. 80 miles E. from Harris burg. Herkimer County, N. Y., c. h. at Herkimer. This county was incorporated in 1791, but has since been enlarged. It is bounded N. by St. Lawrence, E. by Hamilton, Fulton, and Mont gomery, S. by Otsego, and W. by Oneida and Lewis counties. It contains numerous lakes and ponds, wheh are the sources of Black, Moose, In dependence, and Beaver Rivers, and West Cana da Creek. The Mohawk Rives also crosses its S. part. Surface- hilly and mountainous, being traversed by Adirondack range ; soil extremely fertile in the valley of the Mohawk, and in the N. parts well adapted to the growth of grass. This county affords iron ore, gypsum, lead, and in the vicinity of Little Falls are found most exquisite specimens of rock crystal. The Utica and Schenectady Railroad here follows the N., and the Erie Canal the S. shores of the Mohawk River. Herkimer, N. Y„ c. h. Herkimer co. On the N. bank of the Mohawk River, and watered 402 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, by West Canada Creek. The surface is hilly on the N., and the soil extremely fertile along the valley of the Mohawk. 80 miles N. W. from Albany. Herman, Me., Penobscot co. A good township of land, 7 miles W. from Bangor. A large pond, and the Sowadabscook River water its S. W. corner. Incorporated 1814. Hermon, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. The surface of this town is rolling, and drained by a few small streams ; the soil clay loam, favorable to the growth of grass. 15 miles S. from Canton, and 199 N. W. from Albany. Hernando, Mi., c. h. De Soto co. 18 miles E. of Mississippi River, and 202 from Jackson. Herrick. Pa., Susquehanna co. Drained by the head branches of Lackawannock River. Surface hilly, Elk Mountain lying in the S. W. part; soil clay and gravel. 20 miles S. E. from Montrose. Hertford County, N. C, c. h. at Winton. Bounded N. and E. by the Chowan River, separating it from Gates and Chowan counties, S. by Bertie, and W. by Northampton co. Drained by branches of the Chowan River. Hertford, N. C, c. h. Perquimans co. On the S. side of Perquimans River, near its entrance into Perquimans Bay. 1 94 miles N. E. by E. from Raleigh. Heuvelton, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. On Os- wegatchie River. 7 miles from Ogdensburg, and 203 N. W. from Albany. Hickman County, Ky., c. h. at Clinton. Bounded N. by Ballard, E. by Graves co., S. by Ten nessee, and W. by the Mississippi River, separat ing it from Missouri. Watered by Little Obion River and branches, and Bayou Desha Creek. Hickman County, To., c. h. at Centreville. Bounded N. by Dickson co., E. by Williamson and Maury, S. by Lawrence and Wayne, and W. by Perry and Humphrey counties. Watered by Duck River and its tributaries. Hickory County, Mo., c. h. at Hermitage. S. W. central. Pomme de Torre River, a tributary of the Osage, runs N. through it. Hicksford, Va., c. h. Greenville co. On the S. W. of Meherin River, 62 miles S. from Rich mond. The Petersburg Railroad here crosses the Meherin, on a magnificent stone viaduct High Falls, N. Y.,' Ulster co. On Rondout i Creek, 69 miles S. from Albany. It has a good water power. The Delaware and Hudson Canal passes here. Highgate, Vt, Franklin co. The Missisco River passes through the township. About , 6 miles above Swanton Falls is a fall in the river of about 40 feet, affording some excellent mill privileges. Rock River is in the N. part of the township. The soil is mostly sandy, and covered with pine, except along the course of the Missisco River, where the timber is hemlock, ash, &c, and in the S. E. corner, which constitutes a part of what is called Hog Island, and is marshy. Bog iron ore is found in groat abundance. Tho first settlers were Germans, mostly soldiers who had served in the British army during the revolution, but the time of their settlement is not known. The town was chartered in 1763. 70 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 1 2 N. from St. Albans. Hiqhland County, 0., c. h. at Hillsboro'. Clinton and Fayette counties bound it on tho N., Ross and Pike on the E., Adams and Brown on the S., and Brown co. on the W. It takes its name from its elevated position, and has rolling land, well watered by permanent springs and the head waters of Paint, Brush, and Whiteoak Creeks, and the E. fork of Little Miami. Highland County, Va,, c. h. at Monterey. North ern central part On elevated table land, rough and sterile, containing the interlocking head springs of the Potomac, (S. branch,) and of the James River. Hill, N. H., Grafton co. Watered by Pemige wasset and Smith's Rivers, and several small streams. Eagle Pond is the only one of note. Ragged Mountain is of considerable elevation. Tho soil in some parts is rich and fertile ; it is gen erally good. At the S. E. section is a flourishing village, situated on a spacious street, 1 mile in length. This town was granted, September 14, 1753, to 87 proprietors, who held their first meet ing at Chester. As most of the inhabitants be longed to that place, it was called New Chester, , until January, 1837. First settlers: Captain Cushing Favor and Can- Huse, Esq., settled in 1768. 24 miles N. N. W. from Concord, and 44 S. S. E. from Haverhill. Hillsboro' Uounfy, Fa., c. h. at Tampa. Bounded N. by Benton, E. by Musqueto, S. by Munroe co., and W. by the Gulf of Mexico. Watered in the N. interior by Tampa Bay, and drained by Hillsboro', Alafia, and Asterual Rivers. Soil yarious, being very fertile in some parts. Hillsboro', Is., c. h. Montgomery co. 64 miles S. from Springfield. Hillsboro', Mi., u. h. Scott co. Hillsboro', Mo., c. h. Jefferson co. On tbe E. side of Big River. 132 miles E. from Jefferson City. Hillsboro', N. C, c. h. Orange co. On the Eno, a branch of Neuse River. 40 miles N. W. from Raleigh. Hillsboro' County, N. H, c. h. at Amherst. Merrimac co. is on the N., Rockingham on the E., the state of Massachusetts on the S., and Cheshire co. on the W. The surface is generally uneven, though there are but few lofty mountains. Lyndeboro', Unconconock, and Crotched are of considerable altitude. This county is well wa tered by Merrimac, Nashua, Souhegan, and Pis- cataquog Rivers. Massabesick Lake lies on the E. boundary of Manchester. There are numer ous ponds here ; the largest are Gregg's, Pleas ant, Babboosuck, and Potanipo. This county possesses many advantages for manufacturing establishments. Its settlement was made at Nashua, lately Dunstable, some 3'ears before the war with King Philip, in 1665." It received its name from the Earl of Hillsboro', one of the privy council of George III. Hillsboro', N. H, Hillsboro' co. This town is well watered by Contoocook and Hillsboro' Riv ers, which streams form a junction on the S. line of the town. The land is uneven, but affords many good farms. Fine plumbago is found here. Four pleasant villages are in this town. The largest is called Hillsboro' Bridge, is situated on both sides of Contoocook River, and has con siderable trade. First settlers, Jas. M'Calley, Sam. Gibson, Robt. M'Clure, Jas. Lyon, and others, in 1741. 23 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 30 W. S. W. from Concord. Hillsboro', N. J., Somerset co. Bounded N. by the S. branch of the Raritan, and E. by Millstone River, and drained by Roy's Brook, a branch of Millstone River. Surface level on the E., and hilly on the W; soil red shale and clay loam. IN THE UNITED STATES. 403 Hillsbord1, O., c. h. Highland co. Near the source of Rocky Fork of Painf Creek, and is noted for its elevated and healthy situation. 62 miles S. W. from Columbus, and 36 W. by S. from Chillicothe. Hillsboro', Pa., Washington co. 203 miles W. from Harrisburg. On the national road on the high land, 1002 feet above the Ohio River at Wheeling. Hillsdale County, Mn., c. h. at Jonesville. In corporated in 1835. Bounded N. by Calhoun and Jackson counties, E. by Lenawee Co., S. by Ohio, and W. by Branch co. Drained by St Joseph River, of Lake Michigan, St. Joseph, a branch of Maumee River, Hog and Sandy Rivers, Little St. Joseph, Goose and Tiffin's Creeks, and the S. branch of the Kalamazoo River. Surface high and undulating ; soil fertile sandy loam. This county contains iron ore, and sandstone suitable for grindstones. Hillsdale, Mn., c. h. Hillsdale co. This village. is on the outlet of St. Joseph, or Baubese Lake, near the mouth of French Creek, on the Southern Michigan Railroad, and 98 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. It has extensive water power. Hillsdale, N. Y., Columbia co. Copake and Ancram Creeks water this town, which is partly covered by the Taghkanic Mountain. The soil consists chiefly of clay and gravelly loam. 13 miles E. from Hudson, and 43 S. E. from Albany. Hilltown, Pa., Bucks co. Watered by branches of Nishaminy Creek, 100 miles E. from Har risburg. Hinds County, Mi., c. h. at Raymond. Bounded N. by Madison co., E. by Pearl River, separating it from Franklin co., S. by Copiah, and W. by Claiborne and Warren counties. The Big Black River forms the N. W. boundary. Surface level ; soil mostly fertile. > Hinesburg, Vt., Chittenden co. There is in the N. part of the town a high ridge of rough land, called Richard Mountain. The W. part has gen erally a level surface, interspersed with small hillocks. In the eastern part the land is hilly and broken, containing, however, a good share of feasible, fertile, and valuable land. The for ests consist of hard timber, generally. There were some beaver meadows, one of which con tained between 100 and 200 acres. The princi pal streams are Lewis Creek, Laplat River, and Pond Brook, which afford an abundant water power. The first inhabitants were a Mr. Isaac Lawrence and family, from Canaan, Ct. They came here before the revolutionary war, left when the war eommenecn, and returned in 1783. 12 miles S. S. E. from Burlington, and 36 W. from Montpelier. The Rutland Railroad passes through this town. Hinesville, Ga., c. h. Liberty co. 14 miles N. E. from Riceboro', and 196 S. E. from Mil ledgeville. Hingham, Ms., Plymouth co. Hingham is a pleasant town on Boston Harbor. It was first settled in 1 633, and named after a town in Eng land. This town is remarkable for the health and longevity of its inhabitants. There is a well-endowed academy here, named, from its founder, Derby Academy. An elegant steam packet plies between Hingham and Boston for 9 months of the year. The passage among the islands is truly delightful. Turkey, Baker's, Otis, Pleasant, and Squirrel Hills present ex tensive and delightful views of the bay and sur rounding country. 12 miles S. E. from Boston by water, and 14 by land, over the South Shore Railroad. Hinsdale, Ms., Berkshire co. This town lies on the west side of the Green Mountain range, and is watered by a branch of Housatonic River. On the banks of this stream and its tributaries is excellent meadow land. This town was formerly a part of old Partridgefield, now Peru, and was first settled about the year 1762. It was named after the worthy and Rev. Theodore Hinsdale, who came and gathered a church in 1795. J43 miles W. from Boston, and 8,E.by S. from Pitts- field. Hinsdale, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by Ischua and Olean Creeks, and contains a small lake, called the Reservoir. The surface is hilly ; soil favorable to the growth of grass. 15 miles S. E. from Ellicottville, and 281 W. by S. from Albany. Hinsdale. N. H., Cheshire co. This town is well watered with springs and rivulets of the purest water. The Connecticut washes its west ern border, and the Ashuelet runs through the centre, forming a junction with the Connecticut a little below the bend called Cooper's Point. Kilburn and Ash Swamp Brooks are found here. There are several islands in the Connecticut in this town. On the N. line of Hinsdale is West River Mountain ; in it are found iron ore and some other minerals. S. of Ashuelet is Stebbin's Hill, a tract of excellent land. On the point of a hill not far from the Connecticut River are to be seen the remains of an Indian fortification. Hinsdale was originally a part of Northfield, and received its name from Colonel Ebenezer Hins dale, one of the principal inhabitants. 75 miles S. W. by W. from Concord, and about 15 S. W. from Keene, with which it is connected by a railroad. Hiram, Me., Oxford co. This town lies on both sides of a branch of Saco River, 86 miles W. S. W. from Augusta, and 40 S. W. from Paris. The township is fertile, and productive of wool and wheat Incorporated 1807. Hiram, O., Portage co., is a fertile, well-cul tivated township, having Geauga on the N. It is 148 miles N. E. from Columbus. ' Hitchcockville, Ct, Litchfield co. On the W. branch of Farmington River, which affords good water power. N. W. from Hartford 26 miles. An enterprising manufacturing place. Hoboken, N. J., Hudson co. This fine summer resort lies on the W. bank of Hudson River, opposite New York city, and 60 miles N. E. from Trenton. See Fashionable Resorts. Hocking County, O., c. h. at Logan. Fairfield and Perry counties bound it on the N., Athens on the E., Jackson on the S., and Ross co. on the W. Part of the land is hilly and broken, bnt that which lies on the Hockhocking River is fer tile and valuable. The head waters of Raceoon and Salt Creeks are found here. The county was established in 1818. Holmesville, Ga., c. h. Appling co. 177 miles S. S. E. from Milledgeville. Holmesville, Mi., c. h. Pike co. On the W. side of Bogue Chitto River. 87 miles S. from Jack son. Honeybrook, Pa., Chester co. Drained by branches of Brandywine River. Surface gently sloping ; soil sandy loam. 38 miles N. W. from Philadelphia. 404 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Hodgdon, Me., Aroostook co. Incorporated 1832. 179 miles from Augusta. Holden, Me., Oxford co. A new town. Taken from Brewer in 1852. Holden, Ms., Worcester co., was formerly a part of Worcester, and was called North Worces ter until 1740. The surface of this town is broken by hills ; the soil is very good, producing a variety of hard wood and some pine. There . are several beautiful ponds in the town, some of which are the sources of Quinepoxet River, and which, united, form the S. branch of the Nashua. These waters, with branches of the Blackstone, give the town a good hydraulic power. 6 miles N. N. W. from Worcester, and 50 from Boston. Holderness, N. H„ Grafton co. The soil is hard, and not easily cultivated, but when subdued is^ quite productive. The Pemigewasset and Squam Rivers, and several other streams, fertilize the soil. There are three ponds here ; also beau tiful scenery and fine fishing. First settler, William Piper, in 1763. 6 miles N. E. from Plymouth. The Concord and Montreal Railroad passes through the town. 36 miles from Concord. Holland, Ms., Hampden co. This is a small, mountainous, well-watered town, and was for merly a part of Brimfield. The Quinebaug River passes nearly through the centre of the town, and receives the waters of Mill and Stevens's Brooks. Gould and Holland Ponds are hand some sheets of water, and add much to the high land scenery of the town. The soil is strong. 23 miles E. by S. from Springfield, and 70 S. W. by W. from Boston. Holland, N. Y., Erie co. Drained by Cazenove and Seneca Creeks. The surface is elevated ; soil sandy loam and moist clay. 24 miles S. E. from Buffalo, and 281 W. from Albany. Holley, N. Y., Orleans co. The Erie Canal passes over Sandy Creek at this place, by means of an embankment 75 feet above the bed of the stream. W. N. W. from Albany 240 miles. Hollidaysburg, Pa., c. h. Blair co. The termi nation of the eastern section of the Pennsylvania Canal. Holland, Vt., Orleans co. This is an excellent township of land, producing in great abundance all the varieties common to the climate. There is a large pond situated in the N. E. part of the town, and several small ponds. The streams are small, part flowing N. into Canada, and part S. into Clyde River. The settlement was com menced in 1800, by Edmund Eliot and Joseph Conal. 18 miles N. E. from Irasburg, and 58 N. E. from Montpelier. Hollis, Me., York co. This town lies on the W. bank of Saco River, and contains numerous mill sites. It lies 30 miles N, from York. It is bounded on the W. by Waterboro', and on the N. by Limington and Buxton. Quantities of lumber of various kinds, and wood, annually pass to market from this place by the Saco River. Hollis, N. II., Hillsboro' co. Nashua and Nisitissit Rivers water this town. There are four ponds, named Flint's, Penichork, Long, and Rocky Ponds. There is a pleasant village near the centre of the town. The original name of Hollis was Nisitissit, its Indian name. It has a v.arioty of soils. First settler, Captain Peter Powers, in 1731. 8 miles S. from Amherst, and 38 S. from Concord. Holliston, Ms., Middlesex co. The surface is pleasantly diversified ; tho soil good and well cul tivated. A number of small streams give the town some water power, and Winthrop's Pond some pleasant scenery. This town was formerly the western parish of Sherburne. It was first settled in 1710, and named, at its incorporation in 1724, after Thomas Hollis, of London, a patron of Harvard College. 20 miles S. from Concord, and 23 S. W. by S. from Boston. Holmes County. Fa. New. Holmes County, Mi., c. h. at Lexington. Bound ed N. by Carroil Co., E. by the Big Black River, separating it from Attala co., S. by Yazoo co, and W. by the Yazoo River, separating it from Wash ington co. Holmes, Mi., c. h. Pike co. Holmes Hole, Ms., Dukes co. A safe and spacious harbor on the N. side of Martha's Vine yard, in the town of Tisbury, much resorted to by ships passing between New York and the east ward. There is a sufficient depth of water for vessels of the largest class. S. S. E. from Bos ton S9 miles. Holmes County, O., c. h. at Millersburg. Wayne co. bounds it on the N., Stark and Tuscarawas on the E., Coshocton on the S., and Knox and Richland on the W. The soil is good. It was organized in January, 1825, and is watered by the Killhuck, Lake Fork of Mohican, Paint Creek, Salt Creek, Martin's Run, Double Eyes Fork, Honey Run, Casey's Run, Indian Creek, Rush Run, Shrimlin's Run, Wolf Creek, and Crab Apple. Iron ore and coal stone abound. Holmesville, Ga., c. h. Appling co. Holyoke, Ms., Hampden co. Situated on the right bank of Connecticut River, 9 miles above Springfield, and 107 miles W. from Boston. This flourishing place has been created from nothing, within a few years past, by the enter prise of a number of capitalists, who projected, and have brought to an advanced stage of its execution, a magnificent scheme for the founding of a manufacturing city on the falls in the Con necticut at this spot, long known as the " Hadley Falls." The village of South Hadley Falls, in the town of South Hadley, is on the opposite side of the river, where some application of this in comparable privilege has been in use, for manu facturing purposes, for several years. It was not, however, until 1848, that any thing was done of all which is now to be seen on the Holyoke side. Up to that time, this spot, which lay within the precincts of the rural parish of Ireland, in the N. part of West Springfield, was one of the most retired and quiet spots on the banks of the Connecticut. The Hadley Falls Company, act ing under a charter granted by the Massachusetts legislature, April 28, 1848, with an authorized capital of $4,000,000, has here developed the most extensive water power which has ever been brought into operation in the United States. This company owns about 1200 acres of land, and by the erection of a dam 30 feet in height, and placed at tho head of natural rapids, com mands a head and fall of about 60 feet within the distance of three fourths of a mile. The power which is thus rendered available for manufactur ing purposes is estimated to be sufficient to drive 1,250,000 spindles for No. 14 cotton yarn, with looins and preparatory machinery. So that 56 mills of the first class, each containing 18,500 spindles, may be supplied with land and water power, besides machine shops and other works. The dam across the Connecticut River is 1018 IN THE UNITED STATES. 405 feet in length between the abutments, and 30 feet high. Through suitable guard gates the water is admitted to the canals, which are 140 feet wide and 15 feet deep. . Thepower being divided be tween two levels, the whole water may be used twice. The length of the two canals, when fully extended, will be about 7000 feet each, with a raceway of the same dimensions ; and every 1000 feet of the canals will supply convenient location for four mills. The Hadley Falls Company have erected two large mills, each 268 feet long, 68 feet wide, and 5 stories in height; one of which contains about 19,000 spindles, with looms for the manufacture of heavy cotton goods; and the other about 30,000 spindles, with looms for the manufacture of fine lawns and muslins. Their machine shop is 448 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 3 stories high, besides a large furnace and blacksmith's shop, and is filled with machinery and tools of the best description. A large number of brick boarding houses of the firs(t class, offices, storehouses, &c., have been erected by the company, besides nu merous dwelling houses and stores by the increas ing population of the place. On a finely-elevated portion of the plot, lying W. of the canals and mills, and exempt from all annoyance by the business' operations of the place, is that portion of the town which is occu pied with dwellings, hotels, churches, and other public buildings. This is laid out, with beautiful regularity, into public squares and streets, at right angles with each other. A hotel has been erected 162 feet in length, and 4 stories high, well ar ranged and conveniently situated for the accom modation of visitors ; and houses, stores, churches, and buildings of every description required by the inhabitants, are being rapidly multiplied. The town is supplied with water for the use of the inhabitants, from a reservoir constructed on the most elevated ground, into which the water is raised by a forcing pump, operated by a water wheel at the dam. The reservoir has a capacity of two and a half millions of gallons. The Connecticut River Railroad passes through the place, and the greatest part of it is built at such an elevation as to allow the avenues of tho town to pass beneath ; thus avoiding the danger and inconvenience of a railroad on the same grade with the streets. A continuous railroad com munication is open through this place to Mon treal on the N. and New York on the S., to Boston on the E., and to the great lakes on the W. The great amount of water power here avail able, the convenience of its development and application, and the admirable situation .of the town, are advantages which render Holyoke one of the most desirable locations for the establish ment of manufactures in the country. Homer, La., c. h. at Claiborne. Homer, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by Tioughnioga River and some of its branches. The surface is level; soil fertile sandy and clay loam. 5 miles N. from Cortland, and 141 W. from Albany. Honeoye Falls, N. Y., Monroe co. On Honeoye Creek, which has a perpendicular descent of 30 feet in the centre of the village. W. by N. from Albany 214 miles. Here are numerous manu factures, and an extensive quarry of fine building stone. Honesdale, Pa., Wayne co. A flourishing place on Lackawaxen Creek. 172 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. At the junction of tho Lackawaxen Railroad with the Delaware Canal. Hooksett, N. H, Merrimac co. The River Mer rimac passes through this town. Hooksett Falls are here ; the descent of water is about 1 6 feet in 30 rods. From an eminence called the Pinnacle there is a delightful landscape. There is a pleas ant village on the W. side of the river. Over tho river, at 'this place, are two bridges, one of which is for the Concord Railroad. Hooksett Canal is in this town. It is a quarter of a mile in length. 8 miles S. S. E. from Concord, and 9 N. from Manchester by the Concord Railroad, It is already a flourishing manufacturing place, though much of the water power remains unem ployed. Hoosic, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Drained by Hoosic River and some of its branches. The surface is hilly; soil well adapted to grazing. 22 miles N. E.from Troy, and 28 N. E. from Albany. Hoosic Falls, N. Y., Rensselaer co. On both sides of Hoosie River, which falls 40 feet at this place, affording fine privileges. N. E. from Al bany 35 miles. Hope, Me., Waldo co. A good township. 44 miles E. S. E. from Augusta. Hope, N. J., Warren co. Watered by a branch of Beaver Brook. 66 miles N. by W. from Tren ton. Hope, N. Y., Hamilton co. The Sacandaga River flows through this town, tho surface of which is somewhat hilly, and the soil 'rather sterile, except in the valley of the Sacandaga. 15 miles S. E. from Lake Pleasant, and 60 N. N. W. from Albany. Hopewell, N. J., Cumberland co. Bounded on tbe -E. and S. by Cohansey Creek, and drained by Mount's and Mill branches of Cohansey Creek. Surface undulating ; soil clay loam. Hopewell, N. Y., Ontario co. The outlet of Canandaigua Lake and some of its tributaries water this town. Surface rolling ; soil clay loam upon a basis of lime. 5 miles E. from Canandai gua, and 190 E. by N. from Albany. Hopewell, Pa., Cumberland co. A hilly town, with a slaty soil. 21 miles W. from Carlisle. Hopewell. Pa., Bedford co. Watered by the Rayston branch of the Juniata River and its tributaries Surface mountainous, containing abundance of bituminous coal; soil calcareous loam in the valleys. 15 miles N. E. from Bed ford, and 104 W. from Harrisburg. Hopewell, Pa., Huntingdon co. A mountain ous town ; soil calcareous loam in the valleys. 13 miles S W. from Huntingdon. Hopewell, Pa., Washington co. Brushy Run, and Buffalo and Cross Creeks, water this town. Surface hilly; soil loam. 12 miles N. W. from Washington. Hojiewell, Pa., York co. Watered by the head branches of Deer Creek. Surface undulating ; soil a rich loam. 14 miles S. E. from York. Hopkins County, Ky., c. h. at Madisonville. W. part of the state. Has the Green River on its northern border. Hopkins County, Ts., c. h. at Tarrant. Hopkinsvilte, Ky., c. h. Christian co. On the E. side of. Little River. 204 miles S. W. from Frankfort. Hopkinton, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was first settled about 1710, and named in honor of Edward Hopkins, a donor to the funds of Harvard University. Its Indian name was Maguncook. 406 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, The soil is very good, and the surface variegated and elevated. Branches of the Charles, the Con cord, and the Blackstone rise in this town, and, although their streams here are not large, they afford the town a good water power. The min eral springs in this town have become celebrated. They contain carbonic acid, and carbonate of lime and iron. These are 3 in number, each dif fering in its properties from the other. They are situated near White Hall Pond, which abounds in fine fish of various kinds. 30 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 14 E. by S. from Worcester. Hopkinton, N. H, Merrimac co. Contoocook River and its branches, Warner and Blackwatcr, pass through the town. On these streams are valuable intervale and meadow land. Tho prin cipal village is 7 miles from the State House in Concord. In the W. part of the town is a thriv ing village, on Contoocook' River, known as Hill's Bridge or Contoocookville, where is a valuable water power. First settlers, emigrants from Hopkinton, Ms., in 1740. 28 miles N. from Am herst, and 7 W. from Concord. - Hopkinton, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by the Racket and St. Regis Rivers. The sur face and soil are extremely varied, the S. part being the most level, and having the best soil. 25 m. E.from Canton, and 234 N. W.from Albany. Hopkinton, R. I., Washington co. Wood River, a valuable mill stream, passes through this town. The soil of the town is generally well adapted for grazing and tho cultivation of grain. It pro duces large quantities of fruit and excellent cider. Shad and alewives are taken in Paucatuck River. There are several ponds within the town. Con siderable wood and timber arc sent to market from this place. Hopkinton City, at the S. part of the town, on the Tommaquag branch of Charles River, is very pleasant and flourishing. Horicon, N. Y„ Warren co. On the E. side of the Hudson. Watered on the N. by Schroon Lake, which lies mostly in this town. It con tains also Brant, and several other small lakes. The surface is hilly and mountainous, a large part being waste. 28 miles N. from Caldwell, and 90 N. from Albany. Hornby, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by Mead's Creek and some smaller streams. Surface hilly ; soil well adapted to grazing. 18 miles S. E. from Bath, and 196 W. by S. from Albany. Hornellsvilfe, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Canisteo River and some of its branches. The surface is somewhat hilly and broken. 20 miles W. from Bath, and 236 W. by S. from Albany. Horry District, S. C, c. h. at Conwaysboro'. Little Pedee forms its W. boundary, and the Waccamaw, a branch of tho Great Pedeo, drains the S. and E. portions. Surface level; soil sandy and wet. Horsham, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by Pennypack and a branch of Neshaminy Creek. Surface level; soil calcareous loam. 118 miles E. from Harrisburg. Hot Springs County, As., e. h. at Hot Springs. Bounded N. by Perry co., E. by Saline, S. by Dallas and Clark, and W. by Montgomery. Sur face rough and hilly. Watered by the Wachita River and branches. Houghton County, Mn„ includes tho mining district on Keewaiwona Point, projecting into Lake Superior. The principal settlement is at Eagle River. Houlton, Me., c. h. Aroostook co. About 90 miles W. of N. from Calais, with which it is con nected by a good road, and 120 N. N. E. from Bangor. It is on the boundary of New Bruns wick, and is a U. S. military station. The dis tance to Fredericton, N. B., is 75 miles W. N. W. The land is fertile, and the town thriving. Houma, La., c. h. Terre Bonne parish. On the W. side of Bayou Terre Bonne. 132 miles S. W. from New Orleans. Houndsfield, N. Y., Jefferson co. Bounded on the N. by Black River, and W. by Lake Ontario. Surface mostly level ; soil clay and sandy loam. 6 miles W. from Watertown, and 160 N. W from Albany. Houston County, Ga., c. h. at Perry. Bounded N. by Bibb co., E. by the Ockmulgee River, sep arating it from Twiggs co., and by Pulaski co., S. by Dooley, and W. by Macon and Crawford counties. Drained by branches of the Ockmul gee River. Houston, Mi., c. h. Chickasaw co. On the head branches of Octibbeha Creek. 145 miles N.E. from Jackson. Houston, Mo., c. h. Texas co. Houston County, Ts., u. h. at Crockett. E. cen tral, between Trinity and Neches Rivers. Houston, Ts., c. h. Harris co. This flourishing place is situated on the Buffalo Bayou, which opens into the N. W. arm of Galveston Bay, and about 80 miles from the city of Galveston, with which it is connected by regular steam communi cation. Being in the centre of an extensive cot ton-growing region, it has a large and increasing business as a depot for this important article of commerce. Howard County, la., c. h. at Kohomo. Howard County, Mo„ c. h. at Fayette. Bounded N. by Chariton and Randolph counties, E. by Boone co., S. and W. by the Missouri River, separating it from Cooper and Saline counties. Drained by Great Manitou and Bonne Femmo Rivers, and Salt Creek. Howard, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by sev eral small branches of Canisteo and Conhocton Rivers. Surface undulating; soil clay loam, well adapted to the growth of grass and grain. 10 miles W. from Bath village, and 228 W. by S. from Albany. Howard, Pa., Centre co. Watered by Bald Eagle Creek and its branches, and by Marsh and Beach Creeks. The main ridge of the Alleghany Mountains passes through this town. Soil cal careous loam in the valleys. 97 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Howell, Mn., c. h. Livingston co. 51 miles W. by N. from Detroit. Howell, N. J., Monmouth co. Drained by Shark, Mottccunk, and Manasquan Rivers. Sur face level ; soil chiefly sandy loam and clay. Howland, Me., Penobscot co. This is a large township of good land, in which the Piscataquis and Seboois Rivers foriri. a junction. At the mouth of the former, about 50 rods from the Pe nobscot, are several saw mills. The banks of the river are low and very beautiful. Howland was incorporated in 1826. It lies H7 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 34 N. from Bangor. Hubbardston, Ms., Worcester co. Formerly a part of Rutland, named after Thomas Hub bard, of Boston, a principal proprietor. Hub bardston is pleasantly situated on the height of ground between Connecticut River and the IN THE UNITED STATES. 407 sea, and about 1000 feet above them. The surface is varied by hills and valleys, commanding wide and beautiful prospects. There is probably no town in New England, so elevated, which pos sesses' so great a water power. There are springs, brooks, and rivers in almost every direction. Meadow and Canneystone Brooks, Burnshirt and Otter Rivers, are good mill streams. There is some choice meadow land in tho town, and the soil is generally good. About a mile and a half S. E. from the handsome village, near the centre of the town, lies Great Asnaeoncomick Pond, covering about 300 acres. About a mile N. E. from this is Moose Horn Pond, circular in form, and around which there are appearances of an ancient wall. 20 miles N. N. W. from Worcester, and 52 W. by N. from Boston, by the old road. Hubbardston, Vt., Rutland co. 50 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 10 N. W. from Rutland. Hudson, N. II. , Hillsboro' co. The land is easy of cultivation. On the Merrimac are fine intervales, of a deep, rich soil. Distant from the river, the, land is hilly and broken. There are 2 ponds, Little Massabesiek and Otternick. Tho Merrimac River forms its western boundary, and on its banks the first settlements were made. This town was formerly called Nottingham West. First settlers, Messrs. Blodgett, Whin, Lovewell, Colburn, Hill. Greely, Cross, Cumings, Pollard. Marsh, and Merrill. 17 miles S. E. from Am herst, and 40 S. from Concord. Hudson, N. Y. City and seat of justice for Co lumbia co. Situated on the E. bank of Hudson River, on fine navigable waters, 116 miles N. from New York city, and 29 S. from Albany. Population in 1820, 2900-; in 1830, 5392; in 1840, 5672; in 1850, 6289. Tho ground on which the city stands is elevated about 60 feet above the river, terminating in a bold promon tory in front, upon the brow of which a beautiful public ground has been laid out, and ornamented with trees and shrubs, commanding a fine, view of the river, of Athens opposite, and of the dis tant landscape, extending to the Catskill Moun tains on the N. and W. Upon either side of this promontory, which is formed of a silicions slate rock, the river makes up, and forms the two considerable bays called South Bay and North Bay, and which have a sufficient depth of water for large vessels. Around the margins of these bays, and at the foot of the promontory along the river bank, are the quays, which arc carried out oil* line with the base of the' hill. From the promenade on the lofty bank of the river, the city extends back, by a gradual ascent, about one mile, to a smoothly rounded hill, called Prospect Hill, about 200 feet high, which com mands an entire view of the place. The streets are straight, and cross each other at right angles. The central and principal street, running S. E. from the promenade, is Warren Street, which is closely and handsomely built upon, and near its upper end, upon the N. side, has an extensive public square. The court house in Hudson is a spacious and handsome structure, situated on a small puhlic square near the centre of the S. Side of the city. This building, including the wings, presents a front of 116 feet. The main edifice, 40 feet by 60, and 60 feet high, is sur mounted by a dome 40 feet high, towering above the other buildings of the city. The front en trance is decorated by a portico with 6 Ionic columns. The material used for the front is the Stockbridge marble ; and for the other parts the blue limestone of the neighborhood, which fur nishes here a fine material for ornamental ar chitecture. There are a number of handsome church edifices, of which the Presbyterians, tho Episcopalians, the Methodists, the Baptists, and the Universalists have one each. There are 2 markets, 2 banks, an academy, a female semina ry, and 3 or 4 extensive public houses, besides others of less note. Tho city is well supplied with pure water, which is brought in iron pipes from a fountain at the foot of Becraft's Moun tain, 2 miles distant. Hudson was founded in 1784, by a company of 30 enterprising emigrants from Providence, R. I., and from Nantucket and Martha's Vine yard, in Massachusetts. It had a rapid growth, and great prosperity in business, for many years, until the interests of commerce, and especially of the whale fishery, in which it had a large capital invested, experienced a cheek; after which its prosperity declined for a time, until its enterprise had found new channels to some ex tent. It is now rising again by n gradual and healthful advancement The construction of the Hudson and Berkshire Railroad, which connects this place with the Western Railroad between Boston and Albany, 34 miles long, has opened new facilities of travel and trade to this pleasant city. The resources of Berkshire co., in iron, 'lime, and marble, are abundant, and are in demand in all the Atlantic cities. By this road an eligible route of travel is opened from New York to the New Lebanon. Springs, and to many of the most important places in Massachusetts. Hudson was incorpo rated as a city in 1785, the year after its settle ment was commenced, with a mayor, aldermen, and recorder; but the charter has been repeated ly amended since that time. Hull, Ms., Plymouth co. This town comprises tho peninsula of Nantasket, which forms the S. E. side of Boston Harbor. It extends N. by W. from Cohasset, nearly 5 miles, and is celebrated for its beautiful beach 4 miles in length, and for its shell fish and sea fowl. The town lies be tween two hills of fine land, near Point Alderton, opposite Boston light-house. On one of the hills in this place is a well, 90 feet deep, which is fre quently almost full of water. Hull was a mart of commerce, and the residence of eminent men, six years before Boston bore its present name, and four years before Salem became a town. The steamer which plies between Boston and Hing ham stops at this place. 9 miles E. S. E. from Boston by water, and 21 by land. Hume, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by the Genesee River and some of its branches. Sur face undulating ; soil clay loam, producing large crops of grass and grain. 14 N. from Angelica, and 26 W. from Albany. Humphrey, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Five Mile Run and Great Valley Creek water this town, the surface of which is undulating, and the soil suitable for grass. 8 miles S. E. from Elli- cotu ille, and 300 W. by S. from Albany. Humphreys County, Te.,- c. h. at Reynoldsburg. Bounded N. by Steward, E. by Dickson and Hickman, S. by Perry co., and W. by the Tennes see River, separating it from Benton co. Drained by Duck Creek and its„branches. Hunt County, Ts., c. h. at Grenville. 408 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Hunter, N. Y., Greene co. Drained by some of the head branches of Schoharie Creek. Tho surface is mountainous, being covered by the Catskill range of mountains. The highest peak, called Round Top, is elevated 3804 feet above the Hudson. Soil mostly sterile. 18 miles W. from Catskill, and 55 S. W. from Albany. Hunterdon County, N. J., c. h. at Flemington. Bounded N. by Warren and Morris counties, E. by Somerset, S. by Mercer co.. and W. by the Delaware River, separating it from Pennsylva nia. Drained by tho S. branch of the RaVitan and its tributaries, and by small creeks flowing into the Delaware. Surface mountainous in the N. and level in the S. portions ; soil mostly of excellent quality. Huntingdon County, Pa., c. h. at Huntingdon. Incorporated in 1787, and bounded N. by Cen tre co., E. by Mifflin, Juniata, and Perry, S. by Bedford, and W. by Blair co. .Watered ' by tho main and Raystown branch of the Juniata River. The Pennsylvania Canal runs parallel to the Ju niata River through this county. Surface moun tainous in some parts ; soil mostly fertile. Iron ore, lead, bituminous coal, alum, and salt exist here. Huntingdon, Pa., c. h. Huntingdon co. On the W. side of the Frankstown branch, at its en trance into Juniata River, anrt 92 miles W.N. W. from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal and the Pennsylvania Railroad pass through it. Huntingdon, Pa., Adams co. Bounded W. by Bermudian Creek. Surface level , soil gravel and calcareous loam. 12 miles N. E. from Gettsyburg. Huntingdon, Pa., Luzerne co. North Mountain lies in the N., and Knob Mountain in the S. E. part of this town. The rest of the surface is un dulating, and the soil fertile. Huntingdon, Te., c. h. Carroll co. On the S. fork of Obion River. 98 miles W. from Nashville. Huntington, Ct., Fairfield co. This is a town ship of uneven surface, but well adapted to agri cultural purposes, to which the inhabitants are principally devoted. Huntington County, la., c. h. at Huntington. In corporated in 183-2, and is bounded N. by Whit ley CO., E. by Allen and Wells, S. by Grant, and W. by Wabash. Watered by the Wabash and its branches, Salmaina and Little Rivers. The Wabash and Erie Canal also traverses this coun ty. Surface level or undulating. Huntington, la., e. h. Huntington co. On the N. side of Wabash River. 105 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. Huntington, N. Y., Suffolk co. A largo town, extending across tho widest part of Long Island, and including Oak Island Beach. It is indented by several large bays on the N., anrt watered on the S. by some small streams flowing into the Great South Bay. The surface is somewhat hilly ; the soil various. 35 miles W. from Rivcrhcad. and 198 S. S. E. from Albany. Huntersville, Va., c. h. Pocahontas ' co. On Knapp's Creek, 6 miles from its mouth, at an ele vation of 1800 feet above the Atlantic. W. N. W. from Richmond 190 miles. Hunts'ville, Aa., shire town of Martison eo. About 180 miles N. by W. from Montgomery, and 150 N. byE. from Tuscaloosa. It is a neat and thriving place, situated in the northern part of the state, about 10 miles N. of the Tennessee River, and 30 miles from the railroad at Decatur, which runs to Tuscumbia.*- It is principally built of brick, and many of the houses are elegant and costly. Among the public buildings, it contains a court house of Grecian architecture, which cost $45,000 ; a banking house of hewn stone, with an Ionic portico, built at a cost of $80,000 ; a hand some market house ; a U. S. land office ; an acad emy ; and several churches. The streets are McAdamized, and kept remarkably clean. The town is abundantly supplied with pure and cool water from a spring, which breaks out at the foot of a rock with force sufficient to drive a forcirio- pump for elevating and distributing it to all tbe dwellings. A fine McAdamized road, commen cing 4 miles N. of the town, passes through it, and extends to the Tennessee River. Hurley, N. Y., Ulster co. Esopus Creek wa ters this town, the surface of which is hilly, .and tho soil fertile. 6 miles W. from Kingstown vil lage, and 60 S. S. W. from Albany. Huron, N. Y., Wayne co. Bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario. Port Bay lies wholly, and East and Sodus Bays partly, within this town. Surface level ; soil sandy and gravelly loam. 14 miles N. from Lyons, and 195 NW. from Albany. Huron County, O., c. h. at Norwalk. It is bounded N. by Lake Erie, is very fertile, and is watered by the Huron and Vermilion Rivers, La Chapelle, Old Woman's, Pipe, and Cold Creeks. Sandusky Bay is on the northern boundary, and it has two excellent harbors on the shore of Lake Erie. Emigrants from Connecticut and other N. E. States were the first settlers. All tho tract called fire land lies within this county. The rail road from Cincinnati to Lake Erie passes through the county, and it is a rising, prosperous region. Huron County, Mn., includes the projection be tween Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron. Huron, O.. Huron co. The situation of this town causes it to be a place of great importance ; it is located on the shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of Huron River, aud has an excellent, ar tificial harbor. Commercial business is carried on here to a large extent; it has improved rapid ly for a few years past. 47 miles W. from Cleve land, and 120 from Columbus. Hyannis, Ms..' Barnstable CO., in the town of Barnstable. 5 miles S. E. from Barnstable court house, and 77 S. E. from Boston. Hyde County, N. C, c. h. at Lake Landing. Bounded N. by Washington and Tyrrell counties, E. and S. by Pamlico Sound, and W. by Beau fort co. Surface flat and marshy. Hyde Park, N. Y., Dutchess co. On the E. bank of the Hudson. Watered by Crum Elbow Creek and some 'other small streams. The sur face is somewhat hilly and uneven, and the soil of a good quality along the border of the river. 6 miles N. from Poughkoepsie village, and 68 S. from Albany. ' Hydepark, Vt, c. h. Lamoille co. The La moille, Green, and other rivers give this town a great water power. The soil is generally of a good quality, and easily cultivated. There are in the N. E. part of the town 12 ponds, containing from 1 to 50 acres, besides sever al smaller ones. Some' of them have names, such as Great, Clear, George's, Zack's, Mud Pond. Hydepark village is situated in the S. W. part of the town, on a beautiful elevated plain.' This town has a valuable water power, and is surrounded by a country rich in agricultural and mineral productions. Tho settlement was commenced by John McDaniel, Esq., who re moved his family hore July 4, 1787. Ho emi- IN THE UNITED STATES. 409 grated from Northfield, N. H. The town was named Hyde's Park in the charter, as a compli ment to Captain Jedediah Hyde, the first named in that instrument. 27 miles' N. from Montpelier. Iberville Parish, La., c. h. at Plaquemine. Bounded N. by Point Coupee, East and West Baton Rouge parishes, E. and S. E. by Ascension parish, and S. and W. by the Atchafalaya River, separating it from St. Martin's and St. Landry parishes. Drained by outlets of the Mississippi River, which flows through the E.part. Surface level, and too low for cultivation, except on the borders of the streams, where the soil is fertile. Iberville, La., c. h. Iberville parish. 92 miles W. N. W. from New Orleans. Independence County, As., c. h. at Batesville. Bounded N. E. by Lawrence co., E. by Big Black and White Rivers, separating it from Jackson Co., S. by White co„ W. by Van Buren, and N. W. by Izard co. White River crosses this county from N. W. to S. E. Independence, la., c h. Buchanan. Independence, Ky., c. h. Kenton co. 82 miles N. N. E. from Frankfort. Independence, Mo., c. h. Jackson co. It is situated 6 miles S. from the Missouri River, near the W. boundary of the state, 134 miles W. from Jefferson City, the capital, and 264 miles, by the nearest land route, W. from St. Louis. Tho distance from St. Louis, by the river, is about 370 miles. This is the place of departure for the Santa Fe traders, and a point from which many of the emigrants to California start on their overland route, through the S. pass in the Rocky Mountains ; and many of their supplies, of course, are obtained here. The distances from St. Louis, by Independence, on this entire route, to Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, on the Pacific Ocean, as given in Appleton's United States Traveller's Guide, published in 1850, are as follows : — St. Louis, Miles. Miles. To Jefferson Citt, 156 Independence, 214 370 Kansas River Landing, 12 382 By Land. Kansas River Crossing, 75 457 Piatt River, 220 677 Forks of River, 15 692 Chimney Rock, 155 847 Scott's Bluff, 22 869 Fort Laramie, 60 929 Red Butter, 155 1084 Rock Independence, 50 1134 South Pass, (Fremont's,) 110 1244 Green River, 69 1313 Beer Springs, 191 1504 Fort Hall, 50 1554 American Falls, 22 1576 Fishing Falls. 125 1701 Lewis River Crossing, 40 1741 FortBoisse, 130 1871 Burnt River, 70 1941 Grand Rond, 68 2009 Fort Wala Wala, 90 2099 Umatilbjt River, 25 2124 John Day's River, 70 2194 Falls River, 20 2214 The Dalles, 26 2234 Cascades, 45 2279 Fort Vancouver, 55 2334 Astoiha, 100 2434 52 Independence, N. J., Warren co. Watered by Pequest Creek, and its tributary Bacon Creek. Surface hilly on tho E. and W., with a valley be tween. 14 miles N. E. from Belvidere. Independence, N. Y., Alleghany co. Cryder's and Independence Creeks water this town, the surface of which is elevated and rolling; soil clay loam. 20 miles S. E. from Angelica, and 258 W. by S. from Albany. Independence, Va., c. h. Grayson co. Indian Key, Fa., Dade co. This village is sit uated on a pleasant island containing about 7 acres. The foundation is entire Madrepore rock, but it has been covered with rich mould from the channel, and is cultivated with good success. It lies 75 miles N. E. from Key West, and 75 S. W. from Cape Florida. Indian River, Fa., St Lucie co. The only post office in the county is here. Indian Springs, Ga., Butts co. This favorite watering-place is situated, 10 miles W. from the Ockmulgee River, at the confluence of two small streams, which form one of its tributaries. W. from Milledgeville 52 miles. The waters are impregnated with sulphur, and are efficacious in cutaneous complaints. Indiana, Pa., e. h. Indiana co. 155 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Indiana County, Pa., c. h. at Indiana. Bounded N. by Jefferson, E. by Clearfield and Cambria, S. by Westmoreland, and W. by Armstrong co. Drained by the head waters of the W. branch of the Susquehanna and by branches of Cone maugh River. Surface hilly, containing abun dance of coal and salt, and small quantities of iron ore. The soil is mostly very fertile, being com posed of loam, gravel, sand and clay. Iiidiana,Pa,., Alleghany co. Drained by Deer, Long, Squaw, and Pine Creeks. Surface hilly ; soil loam. 10 miles N. E. from Pittsburg. Indianapolis, capital of the state of Indiana, and seat of justice for Marion co. It is situated very near the geographical centre of the state, on the E. side of the W. fork of White River, which is navigable, except at low water, for steam boats from the Ohio and Wabash Rivers to this place. The ground on which it is built, together with the suburbs, embracing, all together, four sections of land, according to the government surveys, was secured to the state of Indiana by a compact with the United States, in 1820, when it was covered with a dense forest, as a perma nent seat of government. In the spring of 1821, the town was laid out and surveyed by commis sioners appointed for that purpose. The original plat of tbe town, which is on an extended plain, was a mile square ; but it has since been extended in different directions beyond these limits. It was laid out into regular four-acre squares, each to contain 12 lots ; and these squares were divid ed through the middle by alleys, from E. to W., 30 feet wide; and from N. to S. 15 feet wide. The streets, in general, were laid out 90 feet in width. Washington Street, which passes through the centre, and is the great business street, is 120 feet in width. Through this street the great national road passes. Near the centre of the town a square has been appropriated, as a site for the mansion of the governor of the state. In the centre of this square stands the Governor's House, on ground slightly elevated, 60 feet square, and having four elegant fronts. A circular street, 80 feet wide, encompasses this enclosure, and four 410 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. streets extend from it diagonally, towards the four corners of the city. The streets, with the exception of these four, all intersect each other at right angles. They bear the names of the differ ent states of the Union. The State House at Indianapolis is beautifully located, in the centre of one of the 40 acre squares, handsomely laid out and enclosed. It is one of the most splendid buildings in tho west. It is 180 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 40 feet high, to the top of the cornice, and is surmounted with a handsome dome. It is on the model of the Par thenon at Athens, with the omission of the col umns on the sides ; for which pilasters, 13 in number, are substituted. On each front there is a beautiful portico, with 10 Doric columns. The two halls for the legislature are in the second story, to which the entrance is tlirough a hall and rotunda in the centre. The Court House, which was formerly occupied as the State House, is also a handsome building. Some of the church edi fices are large and of fine appearance. Indianapolis is the centre of a number of stage routes from different sections of the west, and is fast becoming a place of extensive business. 'It is connected by railroad with Madison, on the Ohio River, a distance of 86 miles ; being by this route about 150 miles from Cincinnati, and about the same distance from Louisville, Ky. The railroad will soon be completed to connect it with Peru, on the Wabash and Erie Canal. Indianola, la., c. h. Warren co. Industry, Me., Franklin co. This town borders N. W. on Sandy River, and is a valuable tract of land. It lies 32 miles N. W. from Augusta, and is bounded S. W. by Farmington. Industry was incorporated in 1 803 : it has a pleasant village. Ingham County, Mn., c. h. at Vevay. Incorpo rated in 1838. Bounded N.lby Clinton and Shiawassbe counties, E. by Livingston, S. by Jackson, anrt W. by Eaton co. Watered by Pine, Swampy, and Portage Lakes, and Red Cedar, Willow, Mud, and Sycamore Creeks. Surface mostly level, and soil fertile. lonfa County, Mn., c. h. at Ionia. Bounded N. by Montcalm, E. by Clinton, S. by Eaton and Barry, and W. by Kent co. Drained by Grand River and its tributaries. Surface slightly undu lating ; soil of excellent quality. Ionia, Mn., e. h. Ionia co. On both sides of Grand River. 136 miles W. N. W. from Detroit. , Iowa City, Io. Capital of the state, and seat of justice of Johnson co. It stands on the E. bank of Iowa River, 88 miles N. by W. from Bur lington, and 50 miles W. from Davenport, these towns being on the Mississippi. This place was hunting ground for the Indian until 1839, when it was selected by the legislature to be the seat of government Within one year from that time it contained between 500 and 700 in habitants, with two hotels, stores, mechanics' shops, &c, and it has continued ever since rapidly to increase. The first plateau from the river, about 100 yards in widtb, is reserved as a public promenade. There is then an elevation of- about 12 feet, and a second elevation of about 18 feet, upon which the city is built. Upon tho brow of this second natural terrace, Capitol Street is laid out, 120 feet in width, and is intersected at right angles by Iowa Avenue, of the same width. The State House, on Capitol Street, and fronting Iowa Avenue, is an elegant building, constructed of " birdseye marble," at a Cost of about $1120,000 ; and is every way worthy of being the capitol of a great and wealthy state, such as Iowa in the future must become. It is 120 feet long by 60 feet wide, and two stories bigh above the base ment. It is of the Grecian Doric order of archi tecture, and is surmounted with a dome resting on 22 Corinthian columns. Among the other public buildings are the court house and jail, and academy, and seven very handsome chnrch edifices. The location is a beautiful and healthy one. By an act of the Iowa legislature, the State University is to be located here. The Davenport and Council Bluffs, and the Dubuque and Keokuk Railroads will pass through Iowa City. Steamboats frequently ascend the river to this place. About a mile above the city there is an excellent water power, which is im proved to drive a large merchant and custom flouring mill, a saw mill, and other machinery. Iowa County, Io., c. h. at Marengo. S. E. part. Watered by the Iowa and branches. Iowa. County, Wn.. c. h. at Mineral Point. Bounded N. by the Wisconsin River, separating it from Richland and Sauk counties, E. by Dane co., S. by Lafayette, and W. by Grant co. The N. part is drained by small tributaries of the Wisconsin, and the S. part by Pekatonokee and Fever Rivers. There are some fertile prairies in this county, and lead and copper ores abound. Ipswich, Ms., Essex co. This town was bought by John Winthrop, Jr. in 1638, of an Indian sag amore, named Masconnomet, for 20 pounds. It was first settled in 1633, and named after the town of Ipswich, in England. Its Indian name was Agawam, signifying a fishing station. Ipswich is one of the shire towns of the county, a port of entry, and a place long noted for its enterprise in commerce and manufactures. Ipswich River pass- es through the town, and flows into a bay of the same name. The river affords a good water pow er, and at its mouth is an excellent harbor. The surface is pleasantly interspersed with hills and vales ; the soil is of a good quality. The village of Ipswich is very pleasant It lies on both sides of the river, which is crossed by a stone bridge, with two arches, built in 1764, at a cost of 1000 pounds. The Ipswich Female Seminary is situ ated in the centre of the village. Distances, 25 miles E. from Lowell, and 25 from Boston by the Eastern Railroad. Ira, N. Y., Cayuga co. The surface of this town is undulating, and watered by a few small streams ; soil mostly sandy loam of good quality. 20 miles N. from Auburn, and 160 W. by N. from Albany. Ira, Vt, Rutland co. This township is ele vated ; it contains good land for rearing cattle. Castleton River and Ira Brook wash a part of the town, but afford no valuable mill privileges. Tho town was organized in 1779. From Montpelier 40 miles S. \V„ and 8 S. W. from Rutland. Irasbnrg, Vt,, Orleans co. Irasburg is some what diversified with gentle hills and valleys. The soil is easy to cultivate, and, in general, pro duces good crops. Black River passes through tho township in a north-eastorly direction, and Barton River just touches upon the eastern cor ner. Nearly in the centre of the township is a small village. The settlement was commenced a little previous to the year 1800. Distance from Montpelier, 42 miles N. E. Ireddl County, N. C, c. h. at Statesville. Bound ed N. by Wilkes and Surry counties, E. by Davie and Rowan, S. by Mecklenburg, and W. by Co- IN THE UNITED STATES. 411 tawba and Caldwell counties. Watered on the S. W. border by Catawba River, and drained by branches of the South Yadkin. \ Irondequoit, N. Y., Monroe co. Bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Irondequoit Bay, and W. by the Genesee River. The surface is chiefly level ; soil gravelly and sandy loam. 5 miles N. from the city of Rochester, and 220 W. by N. from Albany. Iroquois County, Is., c. h. at Montgomery. Bounded N.by Will co., E. by Indiana, and S. and W. by Vermilion co. Watered by the Iroquois River and branches, Kankakee River, and Sugar and Spring Creeks. Much of the land is fertile prairie. Irvine, Ky., e. h. Estill co. 'On the N. side of Kentucky River. 68 miles S. E. from Frankfort Irwin County, Ga., c.h. at Irwinville. Bounded N. by Dooly, Pulaski, and Telfair, E. by Telfair and Ware, S. by Lowndes, and W. by Baker and Lee counties. Watered by the hgad branches of Santilla, Alapahaw, Withlacoochee, and Oclock- ony Rivers ; the Ockmulgee River also runs along its N. E. boundary. Irwin, Pa., Venango co. This is a level town, watered by ¦ Scrub Grass Creek; soil loam. 12 miles S. W. from Franklin. Irwinsville, Ga., c. h. Irwin co. On the E. side of Alapahaw River. 105 miles S. from Milledgeville. Irwinton, Ga., c. h. Wilkinson co. 4 miles W. from the Oconee River, between Commissioner's and Big Sandy Creeks, and 20 miles S. from Mil ledgeville. Isle La Motte, Vt, Grand Isle co. An island in Lake Champlain, in the western part of the county. It was chartered by this name to Ben jamin" Wait and others, October 27, 1789. The settlement was commenced about the year 1785, and the town was organized about the year 1790. There are no streams on the island. A marsh extends across it which abounds with excellent cedar. The rocks are limestone. 28 miles N. W. from Burlington, and 13 nearly W. from St. Al bans. Isle of Wight County, Va., c. h. at Isle of Wight. Bounded on the N. by Surry, and on the E. by Nansemond counties, on the N. E. by James Riv er, separating it from Warwick, and W. by Black- water River, separating it from Southampton. Islesboro', Me., Waldo CO., comprises several isl ands in Penobscot Bay. 56 miles E.from Augusta. Islip, N. Y., Suffolk co. Washed on the S. by the Great South Bay. Surface level ; soil light and sandy. 28 miles W. from Riverhead, and 197 S. S. E. from Albany. Issaquena County, Mi., c. h. at Tallulah. New. Italy, N. Y., Yates co. Watered by Flint Creek, and on the N. W. by Canandaigua Lake. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil clay loam upon a basis of slate. 15 miles W. from Penn Yan, and 198 from Albany. Itasca County, Ma., includes the sources of the Mississippi! Itawamba County, Mi., c. h. at Fulton. Bounded N. by Tishamingo co., E. by Alabama, S. by Mon roe co., and W. by Pontotoc. Surface slightly uneven, and watered by the head branches of the Tom bigbee River; soil fertile. Ithaca, N. Y., shire town of Tompkins co., lies at the head of Cayuga Lake, 170 miles W. by S. from Albany, and 277 miles, by railroad, N. W. from New York. The lake extends S. into the town about 2 miles. Around its head are fine alluvial flats, containing about 3000 acres. Back of these flats the hills rise gradually, on three sides, to an elevation of about 500 feet, exhibiting some of the most magnificent scenery, especially as the landscape presents itself to the eye upon the lake. Back of the hills the surface is undu lating, and the soil of excellent quality. Several considerable streams, which drain the township, pour their waters over the hills in their course towards the lake ; and by their beautiful cascades and stupendous cataracts, add much to the, pic turesque features of the scenery. The largest of these are the Cascadilla, Fall Creek, and Six Mile Creek. The Cascadilla, in one place, tum bles over a succession of ledges, in the form of a gigantic stairway, through a descent of 100 feet Near the N. end of the village, Fall Creek de scends over rocks, within a distance of one mile, 438 feet ; in the course of which the whole sheet of water is at once precipitated over a perpendic ular fall of 1,16 feet. The village of Ithaca, founded about 1800, by Simeon De Witt, surveyor general of the state, and incorporated in 1821, is very beautifully sit uated, about a mile and a half above the head of the lake. Small vessels and steamboats can come up to the village by the Cayuga Inlet It lies partly on the alluvial plain, and partly on the rising acclivities behind it. It is handsomely laid out, having two or three fine avenues running from the lake to and through the village, and forming a part of the streets, which are numerous, and cross each other at right angles. The houses are tastefully and neatly built ; and many of the streets are lined with beautiful shade trees, form ing vistas which open charming views of the ad jacent hills. That portion of the place which lies upon the hill commands a fine view of the lake, the valley, the inlet, and the surrounding country, which is highly cultivated. Within the chartered limits of Ithaca, there ex ists hydraulic power equal to any in the state, for extent and facility of application. The water power on Fall Creek alone, it is said, is capable of operating 133,000 spindles, at all seasons of the year. There are at present on this and tlie other streams which pass by Ithaca into the lake, sev eral large manufacturing establishments, among which are cotton and woollen mills, flouring mills, furnaces and machine shops, plaster mills, and mills for the manufacture of paper, sashes and blinds, oil, tobacco, &c. This place is very advantageously situated for trade. By means of Cayuga Lake, and the Cayu ga and Seneca Canal, it communicates with the Erie Canal. A beautiful steamboat for conveying passengers, runs daily on the lake, from Ithaca to Cayuga Bridge, a distance of 42 miles, where it meets the railroad from Albany to Buffalo. A railroad extends S. 29 miles to Owego, on the Susquehanna River, where it intersects the Great Erie Railroad, and thus opens a continuous rail road communication from Ithaca to Jersey City, opposite New York. Izard County, As., c. h. at Athens. Bounded N. by Fulton co., E. and S. by Lawrence, Inde pendence, and Van Buren, and W. by Searcy co. Watered by White River and its tributaries, and by some streams flowing into the Big Black. Jacinto, Mi., e. h. Tishamingo co. At the head of Tuscumbia Creek. 233 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. 412 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Jacksboro', Te., c. h. Campbell co. Jackson County, Aa., c. h. at Bcllcfonto. Bound ed N. by Tennessee, E. by De Kalb co., S. by Marshall, and W. by Madison. Tennessee River flows near its E. and on its S. border, and Flint River on its S. W. It is also watered by Rac coon Creek and Paint Rock Creek and branches. Surface mountainous. Jackson County, As., c. h. at Elizabeth. Bound ed N. by Lawrence, E. by Poinsett, S. by St Francis co., and W. by White and Big Black Rivers, separating it from White and Independ ence counties. Cache River runs nearly tlirough the centre of this county. Jaclcson County, Fa., c. h. at Marianna. Bound ed N. by Alabama, E. by the Chattahoochee and Appalachicola Rivers, separating it from Georgia and Gadsden co., S. by Washington co., and W. by the Choctawhatchee River, separating it from Walton co. Drained by Spring, Holmes, and Sandy Creeks. Surface somewhat uneven on the W., but elsewhere level ; soil rich on the margins of the streams, and of excellent quality in some other portions. Jackson County. Ga., c. h. at Jefferson. Bounded N. E. by Madison, co., S. E. by Clarke, S. W. by Gwinnett, and N. W. by Hall. Branches of Oconee and Appalachee Rivers traverse its surface. Jackson, fin., c. h. Butts co. A few miles W. from Ockmulgee River, and 67 miles W. from Milledgeville. Jackson County, Is., c. h. at Brownsville. In corporated in 1816, and bounded N. by Perry, E. by Franklin and Williamson, S. by Union co., and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Missouri, and by Randolph co. Drained by Muddy River and its branches, on the bor der of which, near Brownsville, salt is found. The N. E. portions are partly prairie land. Jaclcson County, la., c, h. at Brownstown. In corporated in 1815, and bounded N. by Brown and Bartholomew counties, E. by Jennings, S. by Washington, and W. by Lawrence co. Surface undulating, and drained by Muscatanck River and the Driftwood Fork of White River, and Salt and White Creeks. Soil fertile. Jackson County, Io., c. h. at Bellevue. Bounded N. by Dubuque co., E. by the Mississippi River, S. by Clinton, and W. by Jones co. The Maco- quetais River and branches drain the surface, which is rich in mineral products, the chief of which are iron, tin, copper, zinc, gypsum, and porcelain clay. The water in this county is re markably pure, and the soil very fertile. Jackson, Ky., c. h. Breathitt co. Jackson Parish, La. Northern central. On the height of land between the Wachita and Dugdemona. Jackson, La., c. h. East Feliciana parish. On the E. side of Thompson's Creek, and is the seat of Louisiana Gollege. 124 miles N. W. from New Orleans. Jackson, Me., Waldo co. An interior township of good land. 49 miles N. E. from Augusta. Jackson County, Mn., c. h. at Jackson. This county was incorporated in 1832, and is bounded N. by Eaton and Ingham counties, E. by Wash tenaw, S. by Lenawee and Hillsdale, and W. by Calhoun co. Grand River and branches, Kala mazoo and Raisin Rivers, and Portage, Goose, and Sandstone Creeks, besides several small lakes, water the surface, which is chiefly undu lating. Limestone abounds hore. Soil fertile. Jackson, Mn., c. h. Jackson co. On Grand River, wbich affords a good hydraulic power. 79 miles W. from Detroit. Jackson County, Mi., c. h. at Jackson. Bounded N. by Greene co., E by Alabama, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Harrison and Perry coun ties. It is well watered by the Pascagoula River and branches, but the soil is sterile, producing little but pine trees and cotton. Jackson, Mi., capital of the state, and seat of justice of Hinds co. It stands on the W. side of Pearl River, which is navigable for boats to this place It is about 45 miles E. of Vicksburg, on the Mississippi River, with which point it is connected by a railroad. The town is regularly laid out, upon a level spot about half a mile square, and distant about a quarter of a mile from the river. The State House is an elegant structure, which is said to have cost $600,000. Besides this the State Penitentiary, a large and hand some building, the Governor's House, the United States land office, the Court House, the Method ist and . Baptist Churches, are public buildings which are ornamental to the place. A railroad extends E. to Brandon 14 miles. Jackson County, Mo., c. h. at Independence. Bounded N. by the Missouri River, separating it from Clay co., E. by Lafayette and Johnson, S. by Van Buren co., and W. by Indian territory. Surface undulating, and drained by Big and Lit tle Blue Rivers, and Fire Prairie Creek ; soil productive. Jackson, Mo., c. h. Cape Girardeau co. 10 miles W. from Mississippi River, on a branch of White water River. Jackson, N. C, c. h. Northampton co. 108 miles N. E. from Raleigh. Jaclcson, N. H, Coos co. On the E. side of the White Mountains. The surface is uneven, but the soil rich and productive. Ellis's River is the principal stream. The principal elevations are Black, Baklface, and Thorn Mountains. Jack son was formerly called Adams. Excellent tin ore is found in this town. First settler, Benja min Copp, in 1779. 90 miles N. E. from Concord, and 40 S. E. from Lancaster. Jackson, N. Y., Washington co. The surface of this town is somewhat hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam. 5 miles S. from Salem, and 42 N. E. from Albany. Jaclcson County, 0., c. h. at Jackson. Hock ing and Athens bound it on the N., Athens and Gallier on the E., Lawrence and Scioto on the S., and Pike and Ross counties on the W. It was established in February, 1816. The land is well adapted for farming, although it is hilly and uneven. Little Raccoon, Little Scioto, Salt and Symmes Creek, are the most important streams. Millstone grit and stone coal are found in great plenty. Iron oro is also found in some parts. Jackson, 0., c. h. Jackson co. 63 miles S. S. E. from Columbus, and 28 S. E. from Chillicothe. Jackson, Pa., Cambria eo. Surface undulating; soil calcareous loam and clay. Jackson, Pa., Columbia co. Watered by branches of Fishing Creek. Jackson, Pa., Dauphin co. Drained by Pow ell's and Armstrong's Creeks, branches of the Susquehanna River. Surface diversified with hills and valleys, having Berry Mountain on the N., and Peter's on the S. ; soil gravelly on the hills, and sandy loam in the valleys. Jackson, Pa., Lebanon co. Tulpehocken and IN THE UNITED STATES. 413 Swatara Creeks water this town, and the Union Canal crosses it from E. to W. Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. "1 miles E. from Lebanon. Jackson, Pa., Susquehanna co. Lackawannock and Tunkhannock Creeks water this town, the surface of which is hilly ; soil gravel and clay. 181 miles N.'E. from Harrisburg. Jackson, Pa., Tioga co. Surface hilly, and watered by Seely's and Mill Creeks; soil loam and gravel. Jackson County, Te., c. h. at Gainesboro'. Bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by Overton co., S. by Putnam, and W. by Smith and Macon coun ties. Cumberland River and its branches water this county. Jackson, Te., c. h. Madison co. On the N. side of Forked Deer River. 134 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. Jackson County, Ts., c. h. at Texana. On La Vacca River. ' > Jackson County, Va., c. h. at Ripley. Bounded N. E. by Wood co., S. E. by Kanawha, S. W. by Mason, and N. W. by the Ohio River. Big Sand and Big Mill Creeks, and a tributary of Little Kanawha River, drain this county. Jackson, Va., e. h. Jackson co. 336 miles W. N.- W. from Richmond. Jacksonboro', Ga., c. h. Scrivcn co. On the W. side of Brier Creek. 116 miles E. S. E. from Milledgeville. Jacksonville,. Aa., c. h. Benton co. 2 miles E. from Tallasseehatchee Creek, and 139 E. N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Jacksonville, Fa., c. h. Duvall co. On the N. W. bank of St. John's River. 252 miles E. from Tallahassee. Jacksonville, Is., c. h. Morgan co. 33 miles W. from Springfield, in the midst of a fertile prairie, the seat of Illinois College. See Colleges. One of the largest inland towns in the state, and con nected with the Illinois River and with Spring field by railroad. Jaffrey, N. H., Cheshire co. The Grand Mo- nadnock lies in the N. W. part of this town, and in Dublin. Innumerable streams of water issue from it; the largest rises 100 rods from the sum mit, and descends in a S. E. direction. The soil of Jaffrey is uneven, affording numerous mead ows and rich pastures. There are several ponds in Jaffrey. Out of 3 issue streams sufficient to carry mills. In the largest, which is 400 rods long, and 140 wide, is an island comprising about 10 acres. About lj miles S. E. from the moun tain is the " Monadnock Mineral Spring." It preserves so uniform a temperature as never to have been known to freeze. The sprjng is slightly impregnated with carbonate of iron and sulphate of soda, and where it issues from the earth yellow ochre is thrown out. Jaffrey received its name from George Jaffrey, Esq., .'of Portsmouth, one of the original proprietors. First settlers, Mr. Grant and John, Davison, in 1758. 46 miles S. W. by S. from Concord, and' about 15 S. E. from Keene. Jamaica Plains, Ms., in the town of West' Rox bury, Norfolk co. 3j miles S. W. from Boston, by railroad. Has many beautiful country seats. Jamaica, N. Y., Queen's co. This town 'con tains the greater part of Jamaica Bay, into which flows several small streams. The surface is hilly on the N., and on the S. are extensive salt marshes. The soil is chiefly sandy loam of good quality. Its W. part contains the Union Race Course. 8 miles E. from Brooklyn, and 158 S from Albany. Jamaica, Vt, Windham co. West River passes through this township, and, together with its trib utaries, affords excellent mill privileges. The surface is broken and mountainous, and the ele vations rocky ; but the soil is in general warm and productive. A range of primitive limestone passes through the township. There is a pleasant and flourishing village near the centre 'of the town.' The settlement was commenced in 1780, by people from Mendon, Ms., and its vicinity. 90 miles S. from Montpelier, and 14 N. W. from Newfane. James City County, Va., c. h. at Williamsburg. Bounded N. E. by York River, separating it from Gloucester co., S. E. by York co., S. and W. by James and Chickahominy Rivers, separating it from Surry and Charles City counties, and N. W. by New Kent co. Jamestown, N. Y., Chautauque co. On the S. E. end of Chautauque Lake, at its outlet. 331 miles W. by S. from Albany. A manufacturing place, in the shops of which are produced almost every variety of fabrics, wares, agricultural im plements, and household utensils. A steamboat runs to Maysville, 21 miles, at the western end of the lake. Jamestown, R. I., Newport co. This town com prises Connanicut, a beautiful island in Narra ganset Bay, about 8 miles in length ; its average breadth is about a mile. The soil is a rich loam, and peculiarly adapted for grazing, and the pro duction of Indian corn and barley. The inhab itants of this island are remarkable for their in dustry and agricultural skill, which, united 'with the fertility of the soil and the location of the island, renders it a delightful place. The dis tance from the town or island to Newport and South Kingston is about a mile each way ; to each of those places a ferry is established. The island was purchased of the Indians in 1657. Jamestown, Va., James City co. This is the oldest English settlement in the United States, having been made in 1608. It was located on a point of land extending into James River, 32 miles above its mouth, and is now in ruins, con taining the remains of a church steeple arid grave yard, some ancient fortifications, and 2 or 3 old houses. 8 miles S. W. from Williamsburg, and 65 E. S. E. from Richmond. Janesville, Wn., c. h. Rock co. On Rock River. A flourishing place, 30 miles S. W. from Madison. Jasper County, Ga., c. h. atMonticello. Bounded N. by Newton and Morgan counties, E. by Put nam, S. by Jones co., and W. by the Ockmulgee River. Jasper County, Is., c. h. at Newton. Bounded N. by Cumberland, E. by Crawford, S. by Rich land, and W. by Clay and Effingham counties. Surface flat, and rather low, two thirds being prairie. Embarrass River drains this county. Jasper County, la., c. h. at Rensselaer. Bounded N. by the Kankakee River, separating it from Lake and Porter counties, E. by Stark, Pulaski, and White counties, S. by Benton co., and W. by Illinois. Drained by the Iroquois River, and Pine and Sugar Creeks. Jasper, la., c. h. Dubois co. On the N. W. side of Patoka Creek. 124 miles S. S. W. from Indianapolis. Jasper County, Io., c. h. at Newton. S. central. Jasper County, Mi., c. h. at Paulding. Bounded 414 COUNTIES, CITD2S, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, N. by Newton co., E. by Clarke, S. by Jones, and W. by Smith. Drained by tributaries of Leaf River. Jasper County, Mo., Jasper shire town. Bounded N. by Bates co., E. by Cedar, Dade, and Law rence, S. by Newton co., and W. by Indian terri tory. Surface undulating, and watered by a branch of Neosho River ; soil fertile. Jasper, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Ben nett's and Tuscarora Creeks. Surface undulat ing; soil gravelly loam and clay. 18 miles S. W. from Bath, and 240 W. by S. from Albany. Jasper, Te., c. h. Marion co. On the W. side of Sequatchy River. 114 miles S. E. from Nashville. Jasper County, Ts., c. h. at Jasper. On the middle E. border, between the Sabine and Naches. Java, N. Y., Wyoming co. Drained by Sen eca and the head branches of Cattaraugus Creek. The surface is rolling ; soil clay loam. 15 miles S. W. from Warsaw, and 263 W. from Albany. Jay County, la., c. h. at Jay. Bounded N. by Wells and Adams counties, E. by Ohio, S. by Randolph, and W. by Delaware and Blackford counties. Drained by Salamie River Soil chief ly fertile. Jay, la., c. h. Jay co. On the N. side of Salamie River. 100 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. Jay, Me., Franklin co. Jay lies at a bend of Androscoggin River, 29 miles W. by N. from Augusta, and 12 S. S. W. from Farmington. Jay, N. Y., Essex co. The E. branch of the Au Sable River waters this town, the surface of which is broken by the Adirondack range of mountains. Along the borders of the river are some extensive and fertile plains. 18 miles N. from Elizabeth, and 1 53 N. from Albany. Jay, Vt, Orleans co. A part of this town is very mountainous — Jay's Peak, lying in the S. W. part ; the other part is good arable land, and would produce good crops if well cultivated. A number of streams issue from the mountain, and produce an ample water power. Previous to the last war with Great Britain, 5 or 6 families had settled in this township, but during the war they nearly all left it. A few families have since re turned, and the settlement has been advancing. 16 miles N. W. from Irasburg, and 50 N. from Montpelier. Jefferson City, Mo. Capital of the state, and seat of justice of Cole co. 130 miles W. of St. Louis. It is situated on the S. side of the Mis souri River, about 9 miles above the mouth of Osage River. The distance to St. Louis by steamboat is 154 miles. It is built on elevated and uneven ground, offering many handsome situations for private residence. The public build ings are the State House, a spacious and elegant house for tho governor, the state penitentiary, an academy, and churches of various denomina tions. Tho place is rapidly growing in popula tion, business, and wealth. Jefferson County, Aa., c. h. at Elyton. Bounded N. by Blount co., E. and S. by St. Clair and Shel by, and W. by Tuscaloosa and Walker counties. Drained by Locust Fork of Black Warrior River and its tributaries. Jefferson County, As., c. h. at Pino Bluffs. Bounded N. by Pulaski, E. by Arkansaw, S. by Desha and Dallas, and W. by Dallas and Saline counties. The Arkansas River flows nearly through the centre of this county, which is also watered by branches of Bayou, Bartholoniew, and Saline Rivers. Jefferson County, Fa., c. h. at Monticello. Bounded N. by Georgia, E. by Oscilla River, sepa rating it from Madison co., S. by Appalachec Bay, and W. by Wakulla and Leon counties. Mickasuky Lake lies in the W. part, and its out let, united with several other streams, and afford ing some water power, sinks into the earth, and disappears 2 miles S. E. from the lake. Soil fer tile in many portions. Jefferson County, Ga., c. h. at Louisville. Bounded N. and E. by Warren, Richmond, and Burke counties, S. by a branch of Ogeechee River, separating it from Emanuel co., and W. by Washington co. Brier Creek runs on its N. E. border, and Ogeechee River and branches. Reedy and Mill Creeks, drain the interior. Jefferson, Ga., c. h. Jackson co. On the W. side of Oconee River. 95 miles N. from Mil ledgeville. Jefferson County, Is., c. h. at Mount Vernon. Bounded N. by Marion, E. by Wayne and Ham ilton, S. by Franklin, and W. by Berry and Washington counties. Branches of Big Muddy and Little Wabash water this county, of which one third of the surface is prairie, and the soil tolerably fertile. Jefferson County, la., c. h. at Madison. Incor porated in 1809, and bounded N. by Jennings and Ripley, E. by Switzerland co., S. by the Ohio River and Clark co., and W. by Scott co. Surface diversified and drained by branches of Muscatauck River, by Indian Kentucky, and Big and Lewis Creeks. Soil fertile. Jefferson County, Io., e. h. at Fairfield. Incor porated in 1839, and bounded N. by Keokuck and Washington counties, E. by Henry, S. by Van Buren, and W. by Warello co. Drained by Checauque or Skunk River and tributaries. Soil fertile. Limestone and anthracite coal are found here. Jefferson County, Ky., c. h. at Louisville. Bounded N. by Oldham co., E. by Shelby, S. by Bullitt co., and W. by Salt River, separating it from Hardin co., and the Ohio River, separating it from Indiana. Floyd's Fork and Pond Creek, branches of Salt River, water this county, opposite which are the rapids of the Ohio, having a canal around them. Jefferson Parish, La., c. h. at Lafayette. Bounded N. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Orleans parish, E. by Plaquemine parish, S. by Barrataria Bay, and W. by La Fourche In terior and St. Charles parishes." The surface is mostly too low for cultivation, except on the borders of the rivers. Jefferson, Me., Lincoln co. Jefferson lies at the head of Damariscotta River, and embraces a large body of water. It is otherwise watered by several ponds, producing streams for mill seats, which give to Jefferson great facilities for sawing and transporting lumber. This is a flourishing town in its trade and agricultural pursuits. It is bounded N. by Washington, and S. by New castle. 28 miles E. S. E. from Augusta. Jefferson County, Mi., c. h. at Fayette. This county is bounded N. by Claiborne, E. by Copiah, S. by Franklin and Adams counties, and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Louis iana. Drained by Bayou Pierre and Homochitto • Rivers, and Fairchild's and Cole's Creeks and branches. Soil poor in the E., but fertile in the W. portions. Jefferson County, Mo., c. h. at Hillsboro'. IN THE UNITED STATES. 415 Bounded N. by St. Louis co., E. by the Missis sippi River, S. by St Genevieve and Francois, and W. by Washington and Franklin counties. Drained by Big River and Joachim Creek. Sur face rough and hilly; soil diversified. Minerals of different kinds and mineral springs are abundant. Jefferson Barracks, Mo., St. Louis co. This U. S. military station lies 142 miles E. from Jefferson City. Jefferson, N. C, c. h. Ashe co. On the W. side of New River. 202 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. Jefferson, N. H, Coos co. Pondicherry Pond, in this town, is about 200 rods in diameter. Pon dicherry Bay is about 200 rods wide and 100 long. Around the base of Mount Pliny is excel lent grazing and tillage land, and on its S. W. side are several fine farms, which command a delightful view of the White Mountains. Israel's River passes through Jefferson, and here receives a considerable branch. First settlers, Colonel Joseph Whipple, Samuel Hart, and others, in 1773. 98 miles N. from Concord, and 10 S. E. from Lancaster. Jefferson, N. J., Morris co. This town is drained by Rockaway River, a good mill stream, and contains Hurd's Pond, which is 14 miles long and 1 mile wide, and enters Hopatcong Lake, which is from 3 to 4 miles long and 1 mile wide, covering about 3000 acres. This lake is a feeder to the Mortis Canal. Iron ore abounds in the moun tains. 15 miles N. W. from Morristown. Jefferson County, N. Y., e. h. at Watertown. Incorporated in 1805. Bounded on the N. by St. Lawrence, E. by Lewis, S. by Oswego co., and W. by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, and is watered by Black, Chaumont, and Perch Riv ers, and Sandy and Stony Creeks, besides several small lakes. The surface is generally level, or slightly uneven, and the soil mostly a rich sandy loam. This county is one of the richest in the state in mineral productions, containing immense quantities of iron ore, besides several localities of lead and copper. Jefferson, N. Y., Schoharie co. Drained by the branches of Schoharie Creek, and some of the head branches of the Delaware River. Sur face hilly and mountainous ; soil sandy loam of indifferent quality, except in the valleys. 20 miles S. W. from Schoharie village, and 57 from Albany. Jefferson County, O., c. h. at Steubenville, is bounded N. by Carroll and Columbiana counties, E. by the Ohio River, S. by Belmont, and W. by Harrison and Carroll counties. It has a fertile soil, which produces fine crops of wheat, and is watered by Yellow, Cross, and Short Creeks. Jefferson, 0., Scioto co., borders on the Scioto River, and is a township well adapted to raising grain and timber. In the early settling of the country, a sycamore tree, on the farm of Abra ham Miller, admitted at one time within the hol low of the trunk 14 horses, all mounted. Jefferson, 0., c. h. Ashtabula co. 10 miles from Lake Erie, and 204 N. E. from Columbus. Jefferson County, Pa., c. h. at Brookville. It is bounded N. and N. E. by Warren and Elk coun-. ties, E. by Clearfield, S. by Indiana, and W. by Armstrong and Clarion counties. Watered by Toby's and Clarion Rivers, Manoning and Big and Little Sandy Creeks. Surface hilly, abound ing with iron and coal ; soil mostly fertile in the valleys. Jefferson, Pa., Greene co. On the W. side of thd Monongahela River, and watered by Ten Mile Creek. Surface undulating; soil loam. 204 miles W. by S, from Harrisburg. Jefferson County, Te., c. h. at Dandridge. Bounded N. by Hawkins co., E. by Greene and Union, S. by Sevier co , and W. by Holston River, separating it from Grainger co. The French Broad River runs on its S. W border. Surface rough and uneven ; soil rich in some portions. Jefferson County, Ts., c. h. at Beaumont. In the S. E. corner. Jefferson County, Va., c. h. at Charleston. Bounded N. E. by the Potomac River, separating it from Maryland, S. E. by Shenandoah River, separating it from Loudon "co., S. W. by Clarke, and N. W. by Berkely co. Watered on the W. boundary by Opequan Creek. Surface rough and hilly ; soil various. Jefferson County, Wn., c. . h. at Jefferson. Bounded N. by Dodge, E. by Waukesha, S. by Walworth and Rock, and W. by Dane co. Drained by Rock River. Surface marshy in some portions. Jeffersonton, Ga., c. h. Camden co. On the S. bank of St. Ilia River, at the head of naviga tion. 270 miles S. S. E. from Milledgeville. Jeffersonton, Va., Culpepper co. On the W. side of Rappahannock River. 112 miles N. N. W. from Richmond. Lee's Sulphur Springs are near this place. Jeffersonville, la., Clark co. On the N. bank of Ohio River, just above the rapids, and opposite Louisville, Ky. S. by E. from Indianapolis 117 miles, with which it is connected by railroad. Jenner, Pa., Somerset co. Surface undulating, and drained by Beaver Dam Run, on the borders of which coal is found; soil clay. 12 miles N. W.from Somerset. Jennings County, la., c. h. at Vernon. Incorpo rated in 1816, and bounded N. by Bartholomew and Decatur, E. by Ripley, S. by Jefferson and Scott, and W. by Jackson co. Watered by Gra ham's and the N. fork of Muscatauck River and Sand Creek, which afford valuable hydraulic power. Surface hilly ; soil calcareous loam. The Madison and Indianapolis Railroad passes through this co. Jericho, Vt., Chittenden co. Jericho is watered with springs and brooks. Winooski River washes the S. W. boundary, and Brown's River, Little River, and Mill Brook are within its limits. The soil and timber are various in different parts. It is a good farming town, and well adapted to rais ing most kinds of grain and grass. There is a village at the centre of the town, and another at the corner, in the W. part of the town. The set tlement of Jericho was commenced in 1774, by Messrs. Messenger, Rood, and Brown, with their families, from the western part of Massachusetts. 25 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 12 E. from Burlington. Jersey County, Is., c. h. at Jerseyville. Bounded N. by Greene and E. by Macoupin co., S. by Madison co. and the Mississippi River, separating it from Missouri, and W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Calhoun co. Watered on the N. by a branch of the Illinois River. Jersey City, N.J. City and seat of justice for Hudson co.,' situated on the W. bank of Hudson River, opposite the city of New York. The ground on which it is built projects into the river. having a bay both N. and S. of it. This penin sula, or point of land, was called by the Indians Arese-heck, by the Dutch, sometimes, Areseck- 416 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Houck, and afterwards Paulus-Hoeck, from which comes Powl.es Hook. From a remote period, this territory belonged to the Van Vorst family. In 1804 the title was conveyed to the -'Association of the Jersey Company," which received an act of incorporation that year, and on the 28th of January, 1820, an act was passed to incorporate the " City of Jersey," under which, with various alterations and amendments, it still continues with a city government At the time of its in corporation it was a mere village, with about 300 inhabitants. Since that time various causes have contributed rapidly to increase the business and population of the place. This is now the prin cipal starting-point of the great line of southern travel. The New Jersey Railroad commences here, which connects with other railroads to Philadelphia. The Ramapo Railroad also com- merftes here, uniting with and making a con tinuous line with the Erie. Railroad. This also is the terminus of the Morris Canal, which, after a circuitous route of 101 miles, and a total rise and fall of 1669 feet, unites the waters of the Delaware with the harbor of New York. The city, though small, is well laid out, with wide and convenient streets, crossing each other at right angles, and has many handsome build ings. It contains five or six churches, of differ ent denominations ; a high school for boys, and a female academy, both of which have an ex cellent reputation. Several branches of manu facture are carried on in Jersey City and its sub urbs, upon an extensive scale. There is a pot tery, where the beautiful Delft ware is made ; a flint glass factory, employing not less than 100 hands ; a ropewalk, a starch factory, two or three iron founderies, and two or three steam mills for the manufacture of carpets. Being closely con nected with the city of New York, with which it has communication by steam ferry boats every 15 minutes, it is, in fact, though in a different state, a suburb of that city. It is connected with the collection district of New York, as a port of entry, together with all that part of New Jersey lying N. and E. of Elizabethtown and Staten Island. The British line of ocean steam ers, running between New York and Liverpool, have established their dock at Jersey City. Population in 1840, 3050; in 1850, 6856. Jersey Shore, Pa., Mifflin, Lycoming co. On the N. side of the W. fork of Susquehanna River. 99 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. This place is on the western branch of the Pennsylvania Canal, and has considerable business. Jerusalem, N. Y., Yates co. Watered by a part of Crooked Lake and a small stream flowing into its W. branch. Bluff Point lies 'in this town, the surface of which is rather hilly, and the soil productive. 5 miles W. from Penn Yan, and 192 from Albany. Jessamine County, Ky., e. h. at Nicholasville. Bounded N. and E. by Fayette co., S. and S. W. by the Kentucky River, separating it from Madi son and Garrard counties, and W. by Woodford co. Drained by Jessamine, Hickman, and branches of Clear Creek. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil productive. JewettCity, Ct, in the town of Griswold, New London co. On the E. sido of Quinebaug, at its junction with Patchaug River, and on the Nor wich and Worcester ' Railroad. 47 miles E. by S. from Hartford. There is a fine water power hore, and an active business in manufacturing. Jo. Daviess County, Is., c. h. at Galena. Named from an officer who fell in the battle of Tippeca noe. The county is bounded N. by Wn., E. by Stephenson co., S. by Carroll CO., and W. by the Mississippi River, separating itfrom Iowa. Sur face undulating or hilly, and drained by Fever River and Rush's, Apple, and Pine Creeks ; soil productive. Lead and copper ores are abundant. Johnson County, N. O, c. h. at Smithfield. Bounded N. E. by the Moccason River, sepa rating it from Nash co., E. by Wayne co., S. by " Sampson, S. W. by Cumberland, and N. W. by Wake co. Watered by the Neuse River and its tributaries. Johnson County, As., c. h. at Clarksville. Bound ed N. by Newton co., E. by Pope, S. by Yell, and W. by Franklin co. Watered by the Arkansas River and some of its branches. Surface rough and hilly ; soil fertile on the borders of the streams. Johnson County, Is., c. h. at Vienna. Incorpo rated in 1812, and bounded N. by Williamson co., E. by Pope, S. by Massac and Alexander, and W. by Union co. It is well watered. Sur face generally level ; the soil in some parts fertile, but, being low, is rather unhealthy. Johnson County, la., c. h. at Franklin. Incorpo rated in 1822, and bounded N. by Marion, E. by Shelby, S. by Bartholomew and Brown, and W. by Morgan co. Surface undulating, and drained by Sugar, Young's, Stott's, and Indian Creeks. Soil of excellent quality. The Madison and In dianapolis Railroad passes through it. Johnson County, Io, c. h. at Iowa City. Bounded N. by Linn co., E. by Cedar and Mus catine, S. by Louisa and Washington, and W. by Iowa co. Surface uneven, and watered by Iowa River and branches ; soil fertile. Johnson County, Ky., c. h. at Paintville. In tho E. part of the state. Drained by affluents of the W. fork of Big Sandy, which flows through its eastern border from S. to N. Hilly. Johnson County, Mo., c. h. at Warrensbnrg. Bounded N. by Lafayette, E. by Pettis, S. by Henry, and W. by Van Buren and Jackson counties. "Watered by Blackwater River and its branches, and a branch of La Maine River. Johnson County, Te., c. h. at Taylorsville. Bounded N. by Virginia., E. and S. E. by North Carolina, S. W. and W. by Carter and Sulli van counties. Watered by Watauga, a tribu tary of Holston River and its branches. It con sists mostly of valley land, having mountain ridges on its N. W. and S. E. borders. Johnson, Vt, Lamoillo co. The River La moille enters this township near the S. E. corner, and running westerly about 2 miles, through a rich tract of intervale, falls over a lodge of rocks about 15 feet in height into a basin below. This is called McConnell's Falls. Thence it runs north westerly over a bed of rocks about 100 rods, nar rowing its channel and increasing its velocity ,when it forms a whirlpool, and sinks under a barrier of rocks which extend across the river. The arch is of solid rock, about 8 feet wide. The surface of this township is uneven ; the soil is a dark or yellow loam mixed with a light sand, is easily tilled, and very productive. In the north eastern part, soapstone has been discovered. The village in Johnson is very pleasant. It was first settled in 1784, by a revolutionary hero of the name of Samuel Eaton. 5 miles N. W. from Hydepark, and 32 N. W. from Montpelier. Johnston, R. L, Providence co. This town IN THE UNITED STATES. 417 lies 5 miles W. from Providence, from which it was taken in 1759. It is pleasantly varie gated by hills and vales, with » soil adapted to the culture of corn and barley, and particu larly to all sorts of vegetables and fruits, of which large quantities are annually sent to Prov idence market. The quarries of freestone in Johnston are valuable ; they supply the wants, not only of the city anb\ immediate vicinity, but distant places, with that useful material. The Wonasquatucket and Pochasset Rivers, with their tributary streams, give this town a good hydraulic power. Beautiful manufacturing villages are scat tered along the banks of these waters, present ing to the eye of the traveller the pleasant union of our agricultural and manufacturing interests. Johnstown, N. Y., Fulton co. Garoga and Cay- udutta Creeks water this shire town. The sur face is hilly ; soil argillaceous loam. 45 miles N. W. from Albany. Johnstown, Pa., Conemaugh, Cambria co. At the entrance of Stony Creek into Little Cone maugh River. 150 miles W. frorn Harrisburg. This is the western terminus of the Portage Rail road, running to Hollidaysburg. It connects here with the W. division of tho Pennsylvania Canal, which has a large basin in the centre of the village. Jones County, Ga., c. h. at Clinton. Bounded N. by Jasper and Putnam counties, E. by Bald win and Wilkinson, S. by Twiggs, and W. by Bibb and Monroe. The Ockmulgee River runs on its W. border. Drained by Cedar Creek and its branches, a tributary of the Oconee River, and Falling and Walnut Creeks, tributaries of the Ockmulgee River. Jones County, Io., c. h. at Edinburg. Bounded N. by Delaware and Dubuque counties, E. by Jackson, S. by Cedar, and W. by Linn. Wa tered by Wapsipinooon and Makoqueta Rivers and branches. Surface slightly undulating, com prising extensive prairies ; soil fertile. Jones County, Mi., c. h. at Ellisville. Bound ed N. by Smith and Jasper counties, E. by Wayne, S. by Perry, and W. by Covington. Wa tered by branches of Leaf River. Jones County, N. C, c. h. at Trenton. Bounded N. and E. by Craven co., S. by Carteret and Onslow, and W. by Duplin and Lenoir counties. Trent River and its branches water this county. Surface level, and marshy in many parts. Jonesboro', Is., c. h. Union co. Jonesboro', Me., Washington co. This town has Chandler's River and the head of English man's Bay on tho E., Jonesport on the S., and the town of Addison on the W. Incorporated 1809. It lies 134 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 12 S. W. from Machias. Jonesboro', Te., c. h. Washington co. On Little Limestone Creek, 1 mile from its source, and 283 miles E. from Nashville. Jonesport, Me., Washington CO., includes the promontory and several islands on the W. side of Englishman's Bay. It has an excellent harbor. 138 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 16 S. W. from Machias. Jonesville, Mn., Hillsdale co. On the E. bank of St. Joseph River, of Lake Michigan. 92 miles W. S. W. from Detroit The Michigan Southern Railroad passes through it. Jonesville, Va., c. h. Lee co. On a branch of Powell's River. 384 miles W. by S. from Rich mond. 53 Jordan's Saline, Ts., c. h. Vanzant co. Juniata County, Pa., c. h. at Mifflin. Incorpo rated in 1831, and bounded N. by Mifflin and Union counties, E. and S. by Northumberland and Perry, and W. by Huntingdon and Mifflin. Surface hilly and mountainous, and watered by Juniata River, Licking, and Tuscarora Creeks ; soil fertile in the valleys. Juniata, Pa., Perry co. Raccoon, Buffalo, and Little Buffalo Creeks water this town. Surface mountainous; soil, in the valleys, slate, gravel, and calcareous loam. 39 milos W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Junius, N. Y., Seneca co. The surface of this town is diversified, and the soil very .fertile in some portions. 8 miles N. from Waterloo, and 173 W. by N. from Albany. Kalamazoo County, Mn., c. h. at Kalamazoo. Incorporated in 1830, and is bounded N. by Alle gan and Barry counties, E. by. Calhoun, S. by St. Joseph, and W. by Van Buren co. Surface level, or slightly uneven, and drained by Kalama zoo and Portage River, and Four Mile, Bear, and Gull Creeks; soil rich black loam. Kalamazoo, Mn., shire town of Kalamazoo co. 143 miles W. from Detroit, and about 132 E. by S. from Lansing, the capital of tho state. It is a flourishing place, on the great route of the Michi gan Central Railroad, between Detroit and Chi cago. The village contains a court house, jail, a branch of the Bank of Michigan, a branch of the Michigan University, the Huron Literary Insti tute, and churches of several denominations. An active business is done here, by one flouring mill, several saw milhv distilleries, and tanneries, and by a considerable number of mercantile estab lishments. Kalida, 0., c. h. Putnam co. Kanawha County, Va., c. h. at Kanawha Court House, otherwise called Charleston. Bounded N. by Jackson and Lewis counties, E. by Braxton and Nicholas, S. by Fayette and Logan, and W. by Cabell and Mason. Watered by Kanawha River and its branches, Elk and Coal Rivers, and numerous creeks. This county contains valuable saline springs and large quantities of coal. KanawhaNa.., c. h. Kanawha CO., otherwise called Charleston. On the N. bank of Great Kanawha River, at its junction with Elk River. 313 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. The river is here 300 yards wide and 20 feet deep, and is navigable far steamboats to this place. There are large steam flouring mills and other mills here. Kanawha Saline, Va., Kanawha co. On the N. W. side of Kanawha River. 307 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. This village is connected with the salt trade in the vicinity. Kane County, Is., c. h. at Geneva. Formed from De Kalb, in 1 836. Bounded N. by McHen.y c;., E. by Cook and Du Page, S. by Kendall, and W. by De Kalb. Fox River and its branches afford hydraulic power. Kanesville, Io., c. h. Potawatomie co. Found ed by the Mormons after their expulsion from Illinois, and the point from which they despatch their emigrant trains to the Great Salt Lake valley. It was formerly the seat of a Catholic mission. Karthaus, Pa., Clearfield co. On the N. bank. of the W. fork of Susquehanna River. 1 14 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Salt springs in the 418 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, vicinity, iron works, and coal give this place considerable trade. Kaskaskia, Is., c. h. Randolph co. On the river of the same name, 11 miles from its junc tion with the Mississippi, and 142 S. from Springfield. This is one of the oldest places in the valley of the Mississippi, having been settled by the French in 1683. It contained as many as 100 families when it was ceded to Great Britain in 1763. In the early times of the coun try this was a place of great importance. A more beautiful site for a town can hardly be im agined. It is on an extensive plain, in the centre of a gently-sloping basin, drained by a fine navi gable stream, and surrounded by a country of fertility and beauty unsurpassed. The Kaskaskia, at this point, approaches within about 6 miles of the Mississippi, and afterwards recedes again ; so that the territory of this town occupies a sort of neck between the two rivers. The Roman Cath olics have a nunnery here, and a church, and the inhabitants are mostly of the French descent to this day. Kaufman County, Ts., c. h. at Kaufman. In the N. E. angle of the state. On the head waters of the Sabine. Keating, Pa., McKean co. Traversed by the Alleghany River and its tributary, Potato Creek. Surface hilly and uneven, with broad, fertile al luvial bottoms. Keene, N. H., c. h. Cheshire eo., is one of the most flourishing towns in the state. The soil is ¦various and generally good. Ashuelot River has its source in a pond in Washington, and dis charges itself into the Connecticut at Hins dale, 20 miles distant from Keene. Tho principal village is situated on a flat, E. of the Ashuelot, nearly equidistant from that and the upland. It is particularly entitled to notice for the extent, width, and uniform level of its streets. The main street, extending one mile in a straight line, is almost a perfect level, and is well ornamented with trees. Keene has ever been an important site for inland trade ; but since the construction of the Cheshire Railroad, great additions to its business must be the consequence. First set tlers, Jeremiah Hall, Elisha Root, Nathaniel Rockwood, Josiah Fisher, and Nathan Blake, in 1734. From Concord, by stage, 55 miles, and about , four hours' ride from Boston by rail road. Keene, N. Y., Essex co. This largo town is watered by the E. and W. branches of the Au Sable River, which afford immense water power, also by Placid and several smaller, lakes. The highest peaks of the Adirondack Mountains are in this town, Mount Marcy being elevated 5467 feet above the tide waters of tho Hudsdn. Iron ore is found among these mountains in great quantities. 12 miles W. from Elizabeth, and 138 N. from Albany. Keesville, N. Y., Essex and Clinton counties. On both sides of Au Sable River, in the towns of Au Sable and Chesterfield. 4 miles W. from Lake Champlain. Here is an extensive water power, on which are largo manufactories of iron. Kelly, Pa., Union co. Buffalo Creek and its branches water this town, the surface of which is slightly uneven, and the soil calcareous loam. 9 miles N. from New Berlin. Kemper County, Mi., c. h. at De Kalb. Bound ed N. by Winston and Noxubee counties, E. by Pennsylvania, S. by Lauderdale co., and W. by Neshoba. The Sookanitchie and a branch of Oktibbeha River water this county. Kendall County, Is., c. h.at Yorkville. The sur face is undulating, and watered by Fox River. Kenduskeag, Me., Penobscot co. A new town, taken from Levant in 1852. 10 miles N. W.from Bangor. Kendall, N. Y, Orleans co. On the shore of Lake Ontario. 250 miles W. by N. from Albany. Kennebec County, Me.; c. h. at Augusta. South eastern central, extending from the Androscoggin across the Kennebec, which flows S. tlirough the middle of it. Surface undulating ; soil excellent. Kennebec, Me., Kennebec co. A new town, formed from parts of Hallowell, Augusta, Red- field, &c, in 1850. Kennebunk, Me., York co. On the S. W. side of Kennebunk River, which affords some water power. It is a port of entry, but the harbor is barred, and its commerce, once considerable, has greatly declined. 80 miles S. W. from Augus ta, and 25 S. W. from Portland. Kennebunk Port, Me., York co. On Kennebunk River opposite Kennebunk, and distant from it 4 miles N. E. Kennet, Pa.,. Chester co. Watered by Red Clay Creek. Surface hilly; soil rich calcareous loam. 28 miles S. W. from Philadelphia. Kenoslm County, Wn., c. h. at Kenosha. In the S. E. corner of the state. Kenosha, Wn., c.h. Kenosha co. Formerly called Southport. A flourishing place, with considera ble trade. Kensington, N. H., Rockingham co. This town has no streams of any note ; its surface is pretty even. There is much good land fit for grazing and tillage. It is a pleasant place, and was for merly a part of Hampton. 44 miles S. E. from Concord, and 6 S. of Exeter. Kent, Ct, Litchfield co. First settled 1738; incorporated 1739. This is a mountainous town ship, with some fine land on the banks of the Housatonic, which passes through its western border. " Good iron ore is found here. The Hou satonic, calm and still, winding gracefully at the foot of a high and rugged mountain, renders the scenery from the neat and quiet village highly picturesque and beautiful. " There is in this town," says Dr. Trumbull, " convincing evidence that it was a grand seat of the native inhabitants of this country, before In dians, who more lately inhabited it, had any res idence in it There are arrow heads, stone pots, and a sort of knives, and various kinds of uten sils, frequently found by the English, of such curious Workmanship as exceeds Tail the skill of any Indians since tho English came into this coun try, and became acquainted with them. These were not only found when the town was first set tled, but they are still found on the sides of Hou satonic River." 50 miles W. from Hartford. Kent County, De., c. h. at Dover. Bounded N. by New Castle co., E. by Delaware Bay, S. by Sussex co., and W. by Maryland. Surface slight ly nnovon, and drained by Jones, Little Duck, and Mother Kill Creeks ; soil fertile. Kent County, Md., c. h. at Chester. Bounded N. by an arm of Chesapeake Bay, separating it from Cecil co., E. by Delaware, S. by Chester River, separating it from Queen Anne co., and W. by Chesapeake Bay. Surface somewhat un even ; soil diversified. IN THE UNITED STATES. 419 Kent County, Mn., c. h. at Grand Rapids. Bounded N. by Neewaggo and Meecoosta counties, E. by Montcalm and Ionia, S. by Barry and Al legan, and W. by Ottawa co. Grand River and its branches water this county, affording good wa ter power. Surface hilly or uneven ; soil rich vege table loam. It contains limestone and salt springs. Kent, N. Y., Putnam co. Croton River waters this town, the surface of which is hilly and moun tainous, and the soil favorable to the growth of grass. 4 miles N.from Carmel, and 101 S.from Albany. Kent County, R. I., e. h. at East Greenwich. Extending from Narraganset Bay to the Con necticut line. E. part level ; W. part rough and hilly ; fertile. Traversed by the Stonington Rail road. Kenton County, Ky., c. h. at Independence. Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ohio, E. by the Licking, separating it from Camp bell co., S. by Pendleton and Grant counties, and W. by Boone co. Surface slightly uneven ; soil fertile. Kenton, 0., c. h. Hardin co. On the W. side of Scioto River. 71 miles N. W. of Columbus. Keokuclc County, Io., c. h. at Lancaster. In the S. E. part of the state. Skunk River flows through it from W. to E. Keokuck, Io., Lee co. On the W. side of Mis sissippi River, just below the lower rapids. Keosauqua, Io., c. h. Van Buren co. Kershaw District, S. O, c. h. at Camden. Bound ed N. by Lancaster co., E. by Chesterfield and Darlington, S. by Sumpter and Richland, and W. by Fairfield co. Watered by Wateree River and branches, and Lynch and Little Lynch Creeks. The soil of the uplands is sandy, but productive, while that bordering on the rivers is remarkably fertile. Keytesville, Mo., c. h. Chariton co. 2 miles W. from Grand Chariton River, and 1 5 miles from its mouth. N. W« from Jefferson City 91 miles. Key West, Fa., c. h. Monroe^o. On the N. W. end of Key West, or Thompson's Island, which is one of the Florida keys. The island is about 4 miles in length by 1 mile in width. This place has a good harbor, admitting vessels requiring 27 feet of water. The village was incorporated in 1829, and has considerable trade. Salt is manu factured here in large quantities by solar evapo ration. Many of the inhabitants are employed as " wreckers," in saving the effects of the nu merous vessels which are wrecked every year on the Florida Reef. For services thus rendered, these persons receive from 80,000 to 100,000 dol lars annually. The entire island rests upon a bed of limestone, which is but a foot or two be neath the surface. Kilkenny, N. H, Coos co. This place was granted in 1744. It is a poor town. 120 miles N. . from Concord, and about 1 5 N. E. from Lancaster. Killbuck, 0., Holmes co. A township on Kill- buck Creek, adjoining Coshocton co., S. from Millersburg. Killingly, Ct, Windham co. This town is rough and hilly, but there is a great deal ofbeauty about it, and its history is full of romantic stories relating to .the first settlers and the red men. The town is well watered by the Quinebaug and its branches. There are three villages, Pleasant Valley, Daysville, and Danielsonville, all pleas ant and flourishing manufacturing places. Kil lingly contains excellent quarries of freestone, and of a slate rock, soft, and easily wrought ; also of a slate rock composed of granular quartz, almost white. A rich bed of porcelain clay is found on Mashentuck Hill, said to equal French or Chinese clay. 45 miles E. from Hartford. Killingworth, Ct, Middlesex co. This town, the Indian Hammonnasset, was first settled in 1663. It lies on Long Island Sound, with a har bor for small vessels. Many vessels are built at this vplace. There are 1000 acres of good salt meadow in Killingworth, and the soil of the up lands, although hard and uneven, is rendered productive by industry and skilful management The village is very pleasant, with a wide street a mile and a half in length, crossed about midway by Indian River, a small stream which enters the harbor. . Killingworth is a healthful, interesting place. 38 miles S. E. from Hartford. Kilmarnock, Me., Piscataquis co. This town is well watered by Piscataquis River and the outlet of Scootum Lake. It lies 103 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 22 N. N. E. from Dover. Incor porated 1824. Kinderhook, N. Y., Columbia co. About 18 miles S. by E.from Albany. The surface of this township is agreeably diversified, with a soil of sandy loam and clay, generally fertile and well cultivated. It is drained by Kinderhook Creek, which is a large and important mill stream. The village of Kinderhook is delightfully sit uated on a plain, 5 miles E. of the Hudson, and 20 S. from Albany. It was incorporated as a village in 1838. No place in the vicinity of the Hudson exceeds this for the beauty of its location and salubrity of its climate. This is the birth place and residence of Ex-President Van Buren. His country seat is handsomely situated, about 2 miles S. of the village. Kings County, N. Y., c. h. at Brooklyn. It is bounded on the N. by the East River and New York Harbor, E. by Queens co., S. by the Atlan tic Ocean, and W. by New York Bay and the "Narrows." Surface chiefly level ; soil very pro ductive when well tilled. It is watered by a few small streams, and contains a number of bays, of which Gravesend and Jamaica are the principal. The Long Island Railroad crosses the N. part of this county. King and Queen County, Va., c. h. at King and Queen. Bounded N. W. by Caroline, N. E. by Essex and Middlesex, S. E. by Gloucester, and S. W. by New Kent and King William coun ties. Piankatank and Mattapony Rivers, branch es of York River, form the N. E. and S. W; boun daries. King and Queen, Va., c.h. King and Queen co. On a plain three quarters of a mile from Matta pony River, and 53 E. N. E. from Richmond. King George County, Va., c. h. at King George. Incorporated in 1 720, and bounded N. and N. E. by the Potomac River, separating it from Mary land, E. by Westmoreland Co., S. by the Rappa hannock, separating it from Essex and Caroline counties, and W. by Stafford co. Surface hilly ; soil diversified. King George, Va., u. h. King George co. Kingfidd, Me., Franklin co. A fine farming township, E. of Mount Abraham, and watered by Seven Mile Brook and one of its tributaries. It lies 55 miles N. W. by N. from Augusta, and 25 N. from Farmington. Incorporated 1808. Kingsbury, Me. Piscataquis co. 70 miles E. of N. from Augusta. 420 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Kingsbury, N. Y., Washington co. Half shire town with Salem. Watered by the Hudson River and a branch of Wood Creek. The surface is mostly level ; soil generally fertile. 55 miles N. from Albany. King's Bridge, N. Y, New York co. At the N. end of Manhattan Island, near a bridge cross ing Spuyten Duval Creek, which connects the East and North Rivers. N. from City Hall 13 miles, and S. from Albany 136. The Hudson River Railroad passes through it Kingsessing, Pa., Philadelphia co. This town comprises several islands lying in the Delaware . River, which bounds it on the S. E. The Schuyl kill River also runs on its E., and Darby Creek on its W. border. Mud Island, in the Delaware, was the site of Fort Mifflin, which made an ob stinate defence against the British in 1777. Bor dering on the Schuylkill is a fine botanical garden, founded by the celebrated naturalist Bartram. The surface of the town is level; soil alluvial. 7 miles S. W. from Philadelphia, and 98 E. by S. from Harrisburg. Kingston, Aa„ c. h. Autauga co. On the W. side of Autauga Creek. 86 miles from Tusca loosa. Kingston, Ms., Plymouth co., was formerly a part of Plymouth, and setoff and called Jones's River Parish, in 1717.' The harbor of Kingston, in common with that of Duxbury, lies within the Gurnet, which forms the northern boundary of Plymouth Harbor. Jones's River, a small stream, the outlet of several ponds, gives the town good mill privileges. Monk's Hill, near the line of Plymouth, commands delightful views on every side. The village, which is elevated, presents fine views of the harbor and sea. 4£ miles N. N. W. from Plymouth, and 33J S. E. from Boston by the Old Colony Railroad. Kingston, Mo., c. h. Caldwell co. Kingston, N. H., Rockingham co. There are several ponds in this town." The largest, Great Pond, contains upwards of 300 acres, with an island of 10 or 12 acres, covered with wood. There are no high hills ; Great Hill and Rock- rimmon Hill are the highest. The soil is gener ally loamy. First settled in 1694. 38 miles S. E.from Concord, and 6 S. from the railroad depot at Exeter. Kingston, N. J., Middlesex and Somerset coun ties. On Millstone Creek, midway between Philadelphia and New York, and 14 miles N. E. from Trenton. The Delaware and Raritan Ca nal passes through it. Kingston, N. Y, c. h. Ulster co. Bounded on ' the E. by the Hudson, and watered by Esopus Creek. Surface rolling ; soil fertile sandy loam upon a basis of lime and slate. 58 miles S. S. W. from Albany. This is a landing place for visit ors to the Catskill Mountains. Kingston, Pa., Luzerne co. Bounded on the S. E. by the Susquehanna River. Surface un even; soil productive. 127 miles. N. E. from Harrisburg. Kingston, R. I, c. h. Washington co. 32 miles S. by W. from Providence. Kingston, Te., c. h. Roano co. At the junc tion of Clinch and Tennessee Rivers. 143 miles E. by S. from Nashville. Kingstree, S. C, c. h. Williamsburg district. On Black River. 105 miles E. S. E. from Columbia. King William County, Va., c. h. at King Wil liam. This county lies between Mattapony River on the N. E., separating it - from King and Queen co., and the'Pamunky on the S. W., sep arating it from New Kent and Hanover coun ties. Caroline co. bounds it on the N. W. Drained by tributaries of Mattapony and Pa- munky Rivers. King William, Va., c. h. King William co. 38 miles N. E. by E. from Richmond. Kingwood, N. J., Hunterdon co. Watered by Loakatong Creek. Surface hilly and undulat ing; soil fertile, consisting of red shale, clay, and loam. 29 miles N. W. from Trenton. Kinston, N. O, c. h. Lenoir co. Kirby, Vt., Caledonia co. There are some tracts of good land in Kirby, but the township is generally either wet and cold or too moun tainous for cultivation. It has a number of springs, brooks, and a good fish pond. The settlement was commenced about the year 1799, by Phineas Page and Theophilus Grant. 15 miles N. E. from Danville, and 45 N. E. from Montpelier. Kirkland, Me., Penobscot co. 15 miles N. N.W. from Bangor. Kirkland, N. Y., Oneida co. Oriskany Creek waters this town, the surface of which is varied, and the soil fertile calcareous loam. 10 miles S. W. from Utica, and 105 W. by N. from Al bany. Kirlcsville, Mi., c. h. Adair co. Kiskiminitas, Pa., Armstrong co. Bounded on the S. E. by the Kiskiminitas or Cone maugh River. Salt is found in this town, and the Pennsylvania Canal traverses a part of it. 187 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Kittaning, Pa., c. h. Armstrong co. On the Alleghany River. 187 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Kittery, Me., York co. A seaport town on the N. E. bank of the Piscataqua River, being tho extreme south-western boundary of the state, on the Atlantic, adjoining York on the N. E., and Elliot on the N. W. It is one of the earliest settlements in the province, or state, and had its share of trial and suffering with others of then- days, from repeated incursions of the Indians. The river, or inlet, called Spruce Creek, affords a convenient harbor for vessels usually employed in the coasting trade and fishery, and formerly considerable trade was carried on with the West , Indies from this place ; but at present there is little done in the way of navigation, except in ship building and the fishery. Kittery is divided from Portsmouth, N. H, by the Piscataqua. A bridge connects it with that place. Another bridge connects it with Badger's Island, on which- is the United States navy yard. Kittery lies 50 miles S. W. from Portland. Knowlton, N. J., Warren co. Paulin's Kill, Bea ver Brook, and Shawpocussing Creek water this town, and on its N. border lies Blue Mountain, where is the celebrated Water Gap. Surface hilly ; soil calcareous loam in the valleys, and slaty in the elevated portions. 66 miles N. by W. from Trenton. Knox County, Is., c. h. at Knoxville. Bounded N. by Henry, E. by Stark and Peoria, S. by Ful ton, and W. by Warren and Mercer counties. Watered by Spoon and Henderson Rivers and, branches. A large part of the surface is prairie ; soil fertile. Knox County, la., c. h. at Vincennes. Incorpo rated in 1802, and bounded N. by Sullivan and IN THE UNITED STATES. 421 Greene counties, E.and S. by White River, sepa rating it from Daviess and Pike counties, and W. by the Wabash, separating it from Illinois. Soil very fertile. Knox County, Ky., c. h . at Barbourville. It is bounded N. by Laurel and Clay counties. E. by Harlan co., S. by Tennessee, and W. by Whitely co. The Cumberland River traverses this county from E. to W., and with its branches waters the surface. Knox, Me., Waldo co. 32 miles N. E. by E. from Augusta. A good farming town. Knox County, Mo., c. h. at Edina. In the N. E. angle of the state, crossed by the North, Middle, and South Fabius, and the N. fork of Salt River. Knox, N. Y., Albany co. Watered by the Boz- akill and a branch of Foxes Creek. Surface broken and hilly, being partly covered by the Helderberg limestone ridge, in which there is quite a large caveiai. Soil mostly productive. 18 miles W. from Albany. Knox County, 0., c. h. at Mount Vernon. Rich land bounds it on the N., Coshocton and Holmes on the E., Licking on the S., and Delaware and Marion counties on the W.' The eastern part is uneven, and the soil rather poor; tho western is level, and both are watered by fine streams. The central part has a pleasant variety of hills and vales, and the beautiful Vernon River, with its streams, waters the whole of it. In this and the western part is found a vegetable mould, based npon yellow clay mixed with sand. Knox County, Te., c. h. at Knoxville. Bounded N. by Anderson and Grainger counties, E. by Se vier, S. by Blount, and W. by Roane. Watered by the Tennessee River, and Holston and French Broad Rivers, its head branches, and by Beaver Creek, a branch of Clinch River. Surface mostly mountainous ; soil very fertile on the streams. Knoxville, Te. City and seat of justice of Knox co. This fine city is located on the N. bank of Holston River, at the head of steamboat navigation, and 4 miles below the entrance of French Broad River. It is laid out with regu larity, and handsomely built. The court house is a tine building. This is the seat of East Ten nessee College. (See Colleges.) There are also two academies here, one for males and one for fe males. A railroad route from Charleston, S. C, through Augusta, Ga., has nearly reached this place. 183 miles E. by S. from Nashville. Knoxville, Ga., c. h. Crawford co. 50 miles S. W. by W. from Milledgeville. Knoxville, Is., c. h. Knox co. On an elevated prairie. 100 miles W.N. W. from Springfield. Kuhomo, la., c. h. Howard co. Kortright, N. Y., Delaware co. The surface is hilly and mountainous ; soil fertile loam, yielding large crops of grass. 15 miles N. from Delhi, and 68 S. W.from Albany. Kosciusko County, la., c. h. at Warsaw. Tippe canoe River and other streams afford hydraulic power. Kosciusko, Mi., c. h. Attala co. 67 miles N. E. from Jackson. Lackawannock, Pa., Mercer co. Uneven. 6 miles S. W. from Mercer. Lackawaxen, Pa., Pike co. Watered by the Delaware River and Lackawaxen and other Creeks. 182 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. La Clerk County, Mo. S. central. .Crossed from S. to N. by the head waters of Gasconade. The N. W. part is drained by tributaries of the Lacon, Is., c. h. Marshall co. On the E. side of Illinois River. 99 miles N. from Springfield. La Crosse County. Wn. On the Mississippi. Drained by the La Crosse. Lafayette County, As., c. h. atLewisville. Wa tered by Red River and tributaries. S. W. corner. Lafayette, la., c. h. Tippecanoe co. On tho E. side of Wabash River, at the head of steam boat navigation. The Wabash Canal connects this growing place with Lako Erie. 10 miles below the mouth of Tippecanuoe River, and 70 N. W. from Indianapolis. Lafayette Parish, La., c. h. at Vermilionville. Bounded N. by St. Landry co., E. by St. Mar tin's and St. Mary's -counties, S. by Vermilion Bay, and W. by Vermilion co. Surface flat, and mostly too wet for agriculture. Lafayette, La., city and seat of justice of Jef ferson parish. This city borders on the Missis sippi River, and is a suburb of the city of New Orleans. It is crossed by tho New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad, and lies 2 miles W. by S. from New Orleans. Lafayette County, Mi., c. h. at Oxford. Bound ed N. by Tallahatchie River, separating it from Marshall co., E. by Pontotoc co., S. by Chickasaw ¦ and Yalabusha, and W. by Ponola co. Watered by Tallahatchie and Yocanapuafa Rivers and branches. Surface undulating ; so'il productive. Lafayette County, Mo., c. h. at Lexington. Bounded N. by the Missouri River, -separating it from Bay and Carroll counties, E. by Saline co., S. by Johnson, and W. by Jackson co. Drained by several mill streams flowing into the Mis souri. Surface slightly undulating ; soil rich. Lafayette, N. Y., Onondaga co. Onondaga Creek waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil clay loam. 10 miles S. from Syracuse village, and' 134 N. of W. from Albany. Lafayette, 0., Williams co. Pleasantly situ ated on Beaver Creek ; the land is rolling, and of an excellent quality. 22. miles from Napoleon, and 21 from Defiance. Lafayette, 0., Deer Creek township, Madison co., is located on the national road, about 21 4 miies W. from Columbus. Lafayette County, Wn. On the southern border of the state. Watered by the head streams of the Pictonica. La Fourche, Interior Parish, La., c. h. at Thibodeauxville. Bounded N. by Assumption, St. James, and St John Baptist parishes, E. by St. Charles and Jefferson parishes, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Terrebonne parish. Watered by the Bayou La Fourche and other streams. The surface is flat, and mostly too wet for cultivation, except on the borders of the streams, where the soil is rich, producing sugar and cotton. Lagada, Te., Wilson co. 30 miles E. from Nashville. La Grange, Aa., Franklin co. On high ground. 16 miles S. from Tennessee River, and 136 N. by W. from Tuscaloosa. Site of La Grange Col lege. See Colleges. La Grange, Ga., c. h. Troup co. 6 miles E. from Chattahoochee River, on one of its small tributaries. 121 miles W. from Milledgeville. La Grange County, la., c. h. at Lima. It is bounded N. by Michigan, E. by Steuben co., S. by Noble, and W. by Elkhart co. Watered 422 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, by Pigeon, Fawn, and Little Elkhart Rivers, and several small lakes. Surface undulating, consisting of prairies on the N. ; the soil is fertile. La Grange, la., 0. h. La Grange co. La Grange, Me., Penobscot co. This town is watered by Birch Stream and its branches; 95 miles N. E. from Augusta. La Grange, N. Y., Dutchess co. Sprout and Wappinger's Creeks water this town, the surface of whicb is somewhat hilly and uneven, and the soil productive gravelly loam. 7 miles E. from Poughkeepsie, and 80 S. from Albany. Lake County, Is., o. h. at Little Fort. Bounded N. by Wisconsin, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Cook, and W. by McHenry co. Watered by Des Plaines and Fox Rivers. Surface undu lating, being mostly prairie land. Lake County, la., c. h. at Crown Point. Bounded N. by Lake Michigan, E. by Porter co., S. by the Kankakee River, separating it from Jasper co., and W. by Illinois. Drained by Deep River and Cedar and Eagle Creeks. Surface mostly level, and in parts marshy ; along the lake is a ridge of bluffs and sand hills. Lake County, 0., c. h. at Painesville. N. E. part of the state. Has Lake Erie on the N. W. Watered by Grand and Chagrin Rivers. Lake Pleasant, N. Y., c. h. Hamilton co. This is a large township, about 50 miles in length. It is watered by Sacandaga and Indian Rivers, and other branches of the Hudson. It also contains Lakes Emmons and Pleasant, and Round Lake, besides several smaller ones. The surface is greatly diversified, being mostly a wilderness. 72 miles N. W. from Albany. Lake Providence, La., Carroll parish. The sheet of water from which this village takes its name was formerly the bed of the Mississippi River, and its outlet, flowing to the S., now forms Tensas River. 366 miles N. N. W. from New Orleans. Lamar, Pa., Clinton co. Watered by Big Fishing and Cedar Creeks. • Surface mountain ous ; soil calcareous loam in the valleys. Lamar County, Ts. In the N. E. angle of the state, bordering on Arkansas. Lamoille County, Vt, c. h. at Hydepark. This county was established in 1836. It is bounded N. by Franklin and Orleans counties, E. by Or leans and Caledonia counties, S. by Washing ton co., and W. by Chittenden and a part of Franklin counties. This county lies on the Green Mountain Range, and is the source of many streams. The River Lamoille passes nearly through its centre, and, with its tributaries, gives the county a great hydraulic power. The eleva tion of the county renders the soil more adapted for grazing than for tillage ; yet there are large tracts of excellent meadow bordering its streams. Lampeter, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded S. E. by Pecquea Greek, N. W. by Conestoga River, and drained by Mill Creek, a branch of Cones- toga River. Lancaster, Io., c. h. Keokuck co. Lancaster, Ky., c. h. Garrard co. Located a few miles E. from Dick's River, and 57 miles S. by E. from Frankfort. Lancaster, Mo., c. h. Schuyler co. Lancaster, Ms., Worcester co. This is the Weshakim, or Washoway, of tho Indians, and is the oldest town in the county. Lancaster lies on both sides of Nashua River, and has a re markably, fine alluvial soil, in a high state of cultivation. Tho village is very beautiful ; it is neatly built on an alluvial plain, shaded by elms, surrounded by hills, and watered by a large and placid stream. The N. and S. branches of tho Nashua meet near the centre of the town, and produce a valuable water power. George Hill, on the westerly side of the town, comprises some good farms. Turner's, Spectacle, Fort, Sandy, and other ponds, add much to the scenery of this delightful town. 34 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 25 S. W. from Lowell. A railroad passes in the neighborhood. Lancaster, N. H., c. h. Coos co. On the south eastern bank of Connecticut River, which forms and washes its N. W. boundary, a distance often miles. Besides this the town is watered by Is rael's River, and several brooks. Across this river a bridge and several dams arc thrown, forming a valuable water power. There are several ponds ; the largest is called Martin Meadow Pond, from Martin, a hunter. This communicates with Little Pond. Lancaster is situated near lofty mountains, but is not itself mountainous. There are 3 hills in the S. part, called Martin Meadow Hills. The soil along the Connecticut is alluvial, the meadows extending back nearly three fourths of a mile. The village lies on a street extending from the bridge across Israel's River northwardly. It is pleasant, and is the site of considerable trade. First settlers, Captain David Page, Emmons Stockwell, and Edward Bucknam, in 1763. 95 miles N. from Concord, and about 40 N. E. from Haverhill. Lancaster, N. Y., Erie co. Seneca, Ellicott's, ' and Cayuga Creeks water this town. The sur face is undulating; soil fertile, yielding large crops of grass and grain. 12 miles E. from Buf falo, and 272 W. from Albany. Lancaster, 0., c. h. Fail-field co. This town was laid out in 1 800. It is a thriving place, pleasant ly located near the source of Hocking River, in a fertile valley, surrounded by very valuable land. This town is connected with the Ohio Canal by the Lancaster Canal, 8 miles distant : it is also con nected with it by the Hocking Canal. 34 miles N. E. from Chillicothe, arid 28 S. E. from Columbus. Lancaster County, Pa., c. h. at Lancaster. It is bounded N. by Dauphin, Lebanon, and Berks counties, S. E, by Chester co., and S. W. by the Susquehanna River, separating it from York co. This was the 4th county formed in the state, and is admirably located, the Susquehanna Riv er running more than 40 miles on its border. It is also drained by Conestoga, Pecquea, Cone wago, and other creeks, affording fine water power. Iron ore and sulphate of magnesia, or epsom salts, are the principal minerals. Lancaster, Pa. City, and seat of justice for Lancaster co. Situated near the right bank of the Conestoga Creek, 12 miles E. of where it empties into the Susquehanna, at Columbia. It is 70 miles W. from Philadelphia, and 37 miles S. E. from Harrisburg, the capital of the state. Population in 1820, 6663; in 1830, 7704; in 1840, 8417; in 1850, 12,382. This place was for many years the seat of government of Pennsylvania, until the capital was removed to Harrisburg, in 1812. It was first chartered as a borough in 1754, and incorpo rated as a city in 1818. It is located on elevated ground, about a mile and a half W. of the creek, and is handsomely laid out with broad streets, crossing each other at right angles, which are IN THE UNITED STATES. 423 chiefly paved and curbed, and are neatly kept. The two principal streets are King and Queen Streets, at the intersection of which, in the cen tre of the city, is a handsome square, eontaining- the court house. Many buildings still remain in tbe ancient style, as built by the German settlers, which are principally one story brick houses, with wide roofs and dormer windows; but the houses of more recent date are lofty, and many of them elegant, with every modern con venience and embellishment. Besides the pecu liarities above mentioned, which had their origin in the fashions of the olden time, a stranger is struck with the number and character of the tavern signs' which are hung out in the principal streets, and which, as one writer remarks, " form a sort of out-door picture gallery," in which " may be seen half the kings of Europe — the king of Prussia, of Sweden, and the prince pf Orange ;' then the warriors — Washington, Lafayette, Jackson, Napoleon, William Tell, and a whole army of others ; and then the statesmen — Jef ferson, Franklin, and others ; and then* comes the Red Lion of England, leading a long procession of lions, bears, stags, bulls, horses, eagles, swans, black, white, dun, and red ; not to mention the inanimate emblems, th« globe, the cross-keys, the plough, the wheat sheaf, the compass and square, and the hickory tree." These numerous inns were formerly much more in demand than at present ; when the whole business of trans portation was carried on in wagons, over the great Western Turnpike, passing through this place from Pittsburg to Philadelphia. . Lancaster is an illustration of the change made in the prospects of many an inland town in our country by the introduction of railroads. When spoken of by Governor Pownal, who vis- ifed it in 1754, as already a "growing town," with fair promise of increase, some one, in alluding to this opinion, remarked, that " from its local situation, remote from water, Lancaster was not, nor could it ever possibly become, a place of busi ness." Such, until recent times, would have been the natural conclusion from the fact that a place had not been located upon a large navi gable river. But the era of internal improve ments, especially the construction of railroads, has changed all this. Speaking of Lancaster as it now appears, a descriptive author observes, "This place well deserves the title of a city; there is nothing rural in its aspect. The streets, laid off at right angles, are paved and lighted ; the houses, generally of brick, are compactly ar ranged ; and those of modern date are lofty and well built ; . . . the place is supplied with wa ter by an artificial basin and waterworks; stores, taverns, and shops abound in every quarter; railroad cars, stages, canal hoats, and wagons are constantly arriving or departing; and all together there is that rattle and din that remind one of city life." Among the manufactories of this place are two for cotton fabrics, which employ about 900 persons. Lancaster has had the benefit of every species of internal improvement in the order in which they have arisen. The turnpike from this place to Philadelphia, completed in 1794, at a cost of $465,000. paved at first with stone, and since McAdamized, was the first road of the kind built in the United States. The splendid stone bridge over the Conestoga Creek, built by in dividual enterprise, in 1799, was a work of which, at that early period, the state might have been proud, and which contributed, in no small meas ure, to the prosperity of the place. Then fol lowed, in 1829, the improvements for rendering the Conestoga Creek navigable from Lancaster to the Susquehanna River, a distance of 18 miles, which was accomplished by means of a series of 9 locks, creating slack water pools, at a cost of about $75,000. By means of this work, in connection with a tide water canal to Port Deposit, a navigable communication was opened to Baltimore. In 1834, the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, passing by Lancaster, was opened ; and, in 1 838, the railroad from Lancas ter to Harrisburg, since extended to Pittsburg, and in another direction to Hagarstown, in Ma ryland. A college was established at Lancaster in 1787, called "Franklin College," for which spa cious buildings were erected ; but it afterwards declined to the rank of an academy or high school. Lancaster District, S. C, c. h. at Lancaster. Bounded N. by North Carolina, E. by Lynche's Creek, separating it from Chester district, S. by Kershaw district, and W. by Catawba River, separating it from Chester district. Drained by branches of Catawba River and Lynche's Creek. Lancaster, S. O, c. h. Lancaster district. On a small branch of Catawba River. 72 miles N. N. E. from Columbia, Lancaster County, Va., c. h. at Heathville. It is bounded N. by Richmond CO., E. by Northum berland co. and Chesapeake Bay, and S. and W. by the Rappahannock River, separating it from Middlesex co. Lancaster, Va., e. h. Lancaster co. 38 miles E. by N. from Richmond. Landgrave, Vt, Bennington co. This town is on elevated iand, at the N. E. corner of the coun ty. Some of the head branches of West River have their sources here. The lands are too rough and high for much improvement. The settlement was commenced by William Utley and family, in June, 1769, emigrants from Ashford, Ct. 33 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 70 S. from Montpelier. Landaff, N. H., Grafton co. Wild and Great Amonoosuck Rivers pass through this town. Landaff Mountain, Cobble and Bald Hills are the principal elevations.. The farmers here are very industrious, and the soil well rewards them for their labor. The town of Landaff was granted, in 1764, to James Avery and. others. 12 miles N. E. from Haverhill, and 95 N. by W. from Concord. Lanesboro', Ms., Berkshire co., was incorpo rated on the 20th of June, 1765, and then includ ed a large part of the present town of Cheshire. The soil is of an excellent quality, mostly clay loam. The S. branch of the Hoosic rises in the S. E. corner of the town, the W. branch of the Housatonic passes by the centre and runs through Lanesboro' Pond into Pittsfield. This pond is partly in the latter town. It abounds with fish. The scenery, from various points, is picturesque and delightful. This town affords iron ore, and extensive beds of beautiful white and clouded marble, and graphic slate. There is in Lanes boro' a large rock, so equally balanced upon another that it can be easily moved. The set tlement of this town commenced in 1754. 5 424 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, miles N. from Pittsfield, from which, by the Western Railroad, is 151 miles to Boston. Langdon, N. H, Sullivan co. The principal village is 3 miles E. from Connecticut River, and 6 from Bellows Falls. A branch of Cold River passes S. W. through the town, and unites with the main branch, near the S. line. Langdon was named in honor of Governor Langdon. First settlers, Seth Walker, Nathaniel Rice, and Jona than Williard, in 1773. 18 miles S. S. W. from Newport, and 56 W. by S. from Concord. Lanier, Ga., e. h. Macon co. On the W. side of Flint River. 76 miles S. W. from Milledge ville. Lanier, 0., Preble co., was named for a citi zen of the county, Alexander C. Lanier, Esq. The township was organized in 1811, and has well-cultivated, well-watered lands. Lansing, Mn. Capital of the state. Situated on Grand River, about 55 miles N. from Jackson, which is on the Michigan Central Railroad, and 132 miles W. by N. from Detroit, via Jackson. In 1847 the place upon which it stands was covered with a thick forest. Now there are about 400 buildings, including several large hotels. Both steam and water power are used for driving several flouring mills and saw mills. The state house is finely situated upon an emi nence about 50 feet above the river, overlooking the town. It is a large and handsome edifice, and is surrounded by an ample enclosure, to be tastefully laid out and ornamented. Many things, in a town so recent, must be yet rough and in complete ; but their outline is sufficiently de veloped to indicate the beauty which will speedi ly adorn the new capital of this rich and enter prising state. Lansing, N. Y., Tompkins co. Drained by Salmon Creek and its branches. Surface hilly ; soil productive. 8 miles N. from Ithaca, and 166 W. from Albany. Lansingburg, N. Y., Rensselaer co. On tho E. bank of the Hudson ; the surface is hilly, ex cept on the border of the river, where is an ex tensive plain ; the soil mostly gravelly and clay loam, of good quality. 3 miles N. from Troy, and 9 N. N. E. from Albany. Lapeer County, Mn., c. h. at Lapeer. Bounded N. by Tuscarora and Sanilac counties, E. by St. Clair, S. by Macomb and Oakland, and W. by Genesee co. Watered by Flint River and branches, Belle River and Mill Creek. Surface slightly uneven ; soil fertile. . Lapeer, Mn., c. h. at Lapeer co. Situated at the junction of Flint River and Farmer's Creek. 61 miles N. from Detroit. La Pointe County, Wn. In the N. W. corner of the state, on the S. shore of Lake Superior. La Porte County, la., c. h. at La Porte. Bound ed N. W. by Lake Michigan, N. by Michigan, E. by St. Joseph co., S. by Stark, and W. by Porter co. Drained by Kankakee, Little Kankakee, and Gallien Rivers and Trail Creek. Laredo, Ts., c. h. Webb co. Larissa, Ts., Cherokee co. This pleasant and thriving town is situated in Eastern Texas, 25 miles N. from Rusk, in the samo county, and 30 miles E. from Palestine, in Anderson co. It is decidedly the most prosperous inland village in Eastern Texas. It is situated in tho centre of a largo body of fertile lands, well watered and densely populated by thrifty farmers, Tho state of society is one of the chief attractions of the place. In a population of about 400, there are three regularly-organized churches — a Presby terian, a Cumberland Presbyterian, and a Baptist. Larue County, Ky. Central part. Washed on the N. by the Rolling Fork of Salt River. La Salle County, Is., c. h. at Ottawa. Incorpo rated in 1831. Bounded N. by Lee and De Kalb counties, E. by Kendall and Grundy, S. by Liv ingston and Woodford, and W. by Putnam and Bureau counties. Drained by Illinois, Fox, and Vermilion Rivers, and their branches, which afford water power. Land mostly fertile prairie. The Illinois and Michigan Railroad traverses this county. La Salle, Is., La Salle Co., at the head of navi gation on the Illinois River, 213 miles from its mouth, where the Illinois and Michigan Canal ter minates by a conjunction with the river. This is a new place, created entirely by its being made the terminus of the canal, and is destined from this circumstance to become a place of considerable importance. Steamboats on the river, and canal boats from the lake, are continually arriving and departing; and a number of steamers are almost always lading and unlading at the wharves. The distance on the canal, from this place to Chica go, on Lake Michigan, is 102 miles. Latimore, Pa., Adams co. This is a level town, watered by Bermudian Creek and branches. Soil red shale. About two miles S. from the village are York Sulphur Springs. 15 miles N. E. from Gettysburg. Lauderdale County, Aa., c. h. at Florence. Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Limestone co., and S. and W. by the Tennessee River, separating it from Lawrence and Franklin counties, and Mis sissippi. Drained by Blackwater, Shoal, Sec ond, Cypress, and other creeks flowing into the Tennessee. Surface uneven ; soil of excellent, quality. A canal here extends around the Mus cle Shoals in the Tennessee River. Lauderdale County, Mi., c. h. at Marion. Bound ed N. by Kemper co., E, by Alabama, S. by Clarke, and W. by Newton co. Watered by Oktibbeha River and branches. Lauderdale County, Te., c. h. at Ripley. Bound ed N. by Dyer co., E. by Gibson, S. by Hay wood and Tipton counties, and W. by -the Mis sissippi River. Soil very fertile, and watered by Forked Deer and Big Hatchee Rivers and Coal Creek. Laurel County, Ky., c. h. at Loudon. Bounded N. by Madison co., E. by Clay, S. by Knox and Whitely, and W. by Rockcastle Creek, a head branch of Cumberland River. In the S. E. part of the state. Watered by several tributaries of the Cumberland, namely, South Fork, Little Rockcastle, and Laurel Creeks. The surface is hilly. Laurens County, Ga., c. h. at Dublin. Bounded N. E. by Emanuel, S. E. by Montgomery, S. W. by Pulaski, and N. W. by Wilkinson and Washing ton counties. Laurens, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by Ote- go Creek. The surface is elevated and hilly ; soil rich sandy loam. 15 miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and 84 W. from Albany. Laurens District, S. C, c. h. at Laurensville. Bounded N. E. by Ennoree River, separating it from Spartanburg and Union districts, S. E. by Newberry district, .S. W. by Saluda River, sepa rating it from Abbeville district, and N. W. by Greenville district. IN THE UNITED STATES. 425 Laurens, S. C, c. h. Laurens district. On tho ridge which separates the waters of Ennoree and Saluda Rivers. 70 miles N. W. by W. from Columbia. Lausanne, Pa., Northampton co. Watered by Lehigh River and Laurel Run. . Surface moun tainous ; soil gravelly and sterile. The Beaver Meadow coal mine is in Spring Mountain, in this town. 100 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. La l^acca County*, Ts. S. central part of the state. Lawrence County, Aa., c. h. at Moulton. Bound ed by the Tennessee River, separating it from Lauderdale co., E. by Morgan, S. by Walker, and W. by Franklin co. Watered by Big Nance and Town Creeks and branches, and by the head branches of Black Warrior River. Lawrence County, As., c. h. at Jackson. Bound ed N. by Missouri and Randolph co., E. by Cache River, separating it from Greene co., S. by Jack son and Independence, and W. by Izard and Ful ton counties. Drained by Big Black, Current, and Strawberry Rivers. Surface level in the E. and uneven in the W. portions. Lawrence County, Ky., c. h. at Louisa. Bound ed N. by Carter co., E. by Big Sandy River, sep arating it from Virginia, S. by Johnson, and W. by Morgan co. Little Sandy River and Blane's tireok drain this county, affording important wa ter power. Soil fertile. Lawrence County, Is., c. h. at Lawrenceville. Incorporated in 1821. Bounded N. by Crawford co., E. by the Wabash River, separating it from Indiana, S. by Wabash co., and W. by Richland co. Watered by Fox and Embarrass Rivers and Raccoon Creek. The land is excellent in some portions, but that on the borders of the streams is liable to inundation. Lawrence County, la., c. h. at Bedford. Bound ed N. by Monroe, E. by Jackson and Washing ton, S. by Orange, and W. by Martin and Greene counties. White river, Salt, Guthrie's, Leather- wood and Beaver Creeks water the surface, which is mostly hilly. The streams afford wa ter power. Lawrence, Ms., Essex co. 26 miles N. 4 W. from Boston. Population, 1850, 8500. Pro jected by the Essex Company, in 1844, and in corporated as a town in 1847. It contains 1980 acres on the S. side of Merrimac River, taken from Andover, and 2050 acres on the north side, taken from, Methuen. The Essex Company was organized in April, 1845, and the following offi cers constituted its first board : Hon. Abbott Law rence, president ; Messrs. Patrick T. Jackson, 'William Sturgis, Nathan Appleton, John A. Lowell, and Ignatius Sargent, directors ; and Charles S. Storrow, treasurer and chief engineer. The Essex Company have created a water power, by the erection of a stone dam, laid in cement, 35 feet thick at base, 12 feet 6 inches at crest, 900 feet long between abutments, with wings respec tively 324 feet and 405 feet, giving an effective head and fall of 28 feet for the whole Merrimac River, and a water power equal to that at Low ell, which is about 10 miles above, on the same river. Cost of dam, $250,000. . From this dam they convey water for manufacturing purposes, by a canal on the N. side of the river, 5330 feet in length, 100 feet wide at the upper end, 60 feet wide at the lower' end, and 12 feet deep in the centre. This canal is parallel with the river, at a distance of 400 feet, giving that space for mill 54 sites. The following manufacturing companies are in operation : — Atlantic Cotton Mills. Capital, $1,800,000. Manufacture coarse sheetings and shirtings. 45,000 spindles, 1200 looms, employ 1000 oper atives, and consume 13,000 bales of cotton per annum. Bay State Mills. Capital, $1,800,000. Manu facture woollen goods of all kinds. 98 sets of cards, 379 broad, 213 narrow looms, employ 2100 operatives. Amount of wool consumed equal to 12,000 lbs: American fleece per day. , Essex Company's Machine Shop. Make steam engines, locomotives, cotton and woollen ma chinery of all kinds ; employ 500 to 800 hands. Charter Paper Company. Manufacture printed paper hangings. Besides these concerns, there is a mill of the Plymouth Duck Company, which contains about ' 5000 spindles. The Pacific Mills, for the manufacture of fine lawns and barege de laines for printing. 50,000 spindles, ,1000 looms. The Essex Company are still the owners of the principal part of the land and water power. Capital, $1,500,000. The Lawrence Gas Light Company furnish gas for lighting the mills and public buildings. Present capital, $55,000. Other smaller manufactures, of various kinds, ' are in operation, the most prominent of which are a steam saw mill, card factory, file shop, a, piano-forte factory, a carriage factory, and a steam planing mill. The school department consists of 1 high school, 2 grammar, 2 mixed, 6 middle, and 7 primary schools. 28 teachers are employed, and 1700 scholars are enrolled. Annual cost $10,000. The! Town Hall is a handsome brick edifice, 121 feet by 64 feet, and 55 feet high, containing -the town offices on the lower floor, and the town hall above, with seats for 1500 people. Ten religious societies have been organized; seven of which have built handsome churches.. A reservoir has been constructed, at a height of 150 feet above the level of water in the canal, containing 1,395,000 gallons, to supply water in case of fire. This reservoir is kept filled by the force pumps of the different mills. Six lines of railway diverge from this place to Boston, Salem, Newburyport, Dover, Portland, Manchester, N. H., and Lowell, affording unsur passed facilities for intercourse and business. A common, of 18 acres, in the centre of the town, has been presented to it by the Essex Company, and trees have been planted, and walks laid out, for the benefit of future inhabitants. A generous donation of 4 acres of land, in the centre of the town, has been made by the Hon. Daniel A. White, of Salem, the proceeds to be applied to the maintenance of a course of public lectures, and also of a public library, for the benefit of the citizens. This town received its name in honor of the Lawrence family, well-known merchants of Bos ton, originally from Groton, to whose intelligence and enterprise the progress of Massachusetts id manufactures has been greatly indebted. The Hon. Abbott Lawrence, one of its members, has ably represented the country at the court of St. James, and, as well as his elder brother, Amos, the founder of the family, has been greatly dis- 426 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. tinguished for a liberal, philanthropic, and public- spirited employment of his ample income. Lawrence County, Mi.,' c. h. at Monticello. Bounded N. by Copiah and Simpson counties, E. by Covington, S. by Marion and Pike, and W. by Franklin-co. Soil various, and watered by Pearl River and branches, and the head branches of Homochitto River. Lawrence County, Mo., c. h. at Mount Vernon. In the S. W. angle of the state, on the height of land between the Sac, Neosho, and White Rivers. Lawrence, N. J., Mercer co. Assunpink Creek and Stony Brook drain this town. Surface undu lating ; soil clay and loam. 6 miles N. E. from Trenton. Lawrence, N. Y, St Lawrence co. Drained by Deer and St. Regis Rivers. Surface uneven ; soil of good quality. 25 miles N. E. from Can ton, and 230 N. N.'W. from Albany. Lawrence County, 0., c. h. at Burlington. Jack son co. bounds it on the N., Gallia on the E., Scio to on the W., and the Ohio River on the S., which, with Symmes and Indian Guyandot Creeks, are the principal streams. The land is barren and hilly. Irish and Dutch emigrants from Pennsyl vania and Virginia first settled here about the year 1800. 42 miles of this c&unty are bounded by the Ohio River. The land near it is good and productive. Iron ore and stone coal are found here ill great abundance. There has also been found a valuable bed of clay for stone ware. Lawrence County, Pa., c. h. at New Castle. On the western border of the state. Watered by Chenango Creek, (the E. branch of Beaver River,) which passes through it from N. to S. Hilly. Lawrence County, Te., c. h. at Lawrenccboro'. Bounded N. by Hickman and Maury counties, E. by Giles co., S. by Alabama, and W. by Wayne co., Shoal Creek and its branches, some branches of Sugar Creek and Buffalo River, drain this county. Lawrenceburg, la., c. h. Dearborn co. On the N. bank of Ohio River, 1 mile below the mouth of Great Miami river, and 86 miles S. E. from In dianapolis. Lawrenceburg, Te., c. h. Lawrence co. On the E. side of Shoal Creek. 75 miles S. S- W. from Nashville. Lawrenceville, Ga., c. h. Gwinnett co. Near the sources of Yellow River. 84 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. Lawrenceville, Is., c. h. Lawrence co. Lawrenceville, Va., c. h. Brunswick co. Wa tered by a branch of Meherin River. S. S. W. from Richmond 73 miles. Lawsville Centre, Pa., Susquehanna co. On Snake Creek. 187 miles N. N. E. from Har risburg. On a branch of the creek is a salt spring. Leacock, Pa., Lancaster co. Pecquea Creek forms the S. E., and Conestoga River the W. boundary of this town, which is also watered by Mill Creek. Surface level ; soil clay and calca reous loam. Distant 44 miles E. S. E. from Har risburg. Leake County, Mi., c. h. at Carthage. Bounded N. by Atala co., E. by Neshoba, S. by Scott, and ' . w tributaries. W. by Madison. Watered by Pearl River and Lebanon, Aa., c. h. De Kalb co. On the N. side of Big Wills Creek. 112 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Lebanon, As., c. h. Searcey co. On the S. side of the Buffalo Fork of White River. 95 miles N. by W. from Little Rock. • j Lebanon, Ct, New London co. First settled about 1700. The surface of the town is uneven — riioderately hilly. The soil is of a chocolate color; — a rich daep mould, very fertile, and well adapted for grass. Husbandry is the principal business of the inhabitants. The village is on a street more than a mile in length, wide, pleasant, and interesting. 30 miles S. E. from Hartford. Lebanon, Is., St. Clair co. 71 miles from Spring field. - The seat of McKendree College. See Col leges. Lebanon, la., c. h. Boone co. 25 miles N. W. from Indianapolis. Lebanon, Ky., c. h. Marion co. On a small branch of Salt River. S. W. by S. from Frank fort 59 miles. Lebanon, Me., York co. This town is bounded. W. by Salmon Fall River, on the line of New Hampshire. It is a large agricultural township, with some trade and manufactures. It lies 50 miles S. W. by W. from Portland, and is bound ed S. E. by North Berwick. Lebanon, N. H, Grafton co. The Connecticut and Mascomy Rivers water this town, and afford many valuable mill sites. The principal village is situated on a plain at the head of the falls of Mascomy River. It is a pleasant village, and has become an important place in consequence of the Northern Railroad passing through it Olcott's Falls, in the Connecticut, in this town, afford a great water power, — 40 feet fall in one mile. These have been locked and canalled by the White River Company. Lyman's Bridge con nects this town with Hartford, Vt. A medicinal spring, a lead mine, and a vein of iron ore have been discovered here. Lebanon was the first town settled on Connecticut River to the north of Charlestown. First settlers, Wm. Downer, Wm. Dana, Levi Hyde, Charles Hill, Silas Waterman, and Nathaniel Porter. 4 miles S. from Dart mouth College, and 65 N. W. from Concord by the Northern Railroad. Lebanon, N. J., Hunterdon co. The south branch of Raritan River and Spruce Run wa ter this town. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil rich clay and loam. 40 miles N. by W. from Trenton. Lebanon, N. Y., Madison co. Chenango River and some of its branches water this town. The surface is hilly ; soil clay loam. 10 miles S. from Morrisvillo, and 103 W. from Albany. Lebanon, 0., c. h. Warren co. Between two branches of Turtle Creek, on a branch of Little Miami River, and 85 miles W. S. W. from Co lumbus. Lebanon County, Pa., c. h. at Lebanon. Bound ed N. E. by Schuylkill and Berks counties, S. E. by Lancaster, and S. W. and N. W. by Dauphin co. Drained by Swatara Creek and branches. Surfaco slightly uneven ; soil rich. The Union Canal passes through this county. Lebanon, Pa., Wayne co. Watered by branches of Dyberry Creek." Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam. Lebanon, To., o, h. Wilson co. On a branch of Cumberland River. 32 miles E. from Nashville. Cumberland University is located here. (See Colleges.) There is a largo steam cotton factory near this place. Lebanon, Va., c. h. Russell co. On a branch of Clinch River. 325 miles W. by S. from Richmond. IN THE UNITED STATES. 427 Ledyard, Ct., NewXondon co. This town was taken from Groton in 1836. It was formerly called North Groton. There is a pretty, village, of some thirty houses, at Gale's Ferry, on the Thames. This town was named in honor of two brothers, natives of Groton — Colonel Ledyard, the brave defender of Groton Heights, in 1781, and John Ledyard, the celebrated traveller, who died at Cairo, in Egypt, in 1789, aged 38. John Ledyard was probably as distinguished a travel ler as can be found on record. 7 miles N. by E. from New London. Ledyard, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the W. by Cayuga .Lake, and watered by. several small streams flowing into it. Surface rolling ; soil fertile clay loam and marl. 12 miles S. W. from Auburn, and 168 W. from Albany. Lee County, Ga., c. h. at Starkville. Bounded N. by Sumpter co., E. by Dooly, S. by Irwin and Baker, and W. by Randolph co. Flint River and branches water this county. Lee County, Is., c. h. at Dixon, Bounded N. by Qgle co., E. by De Kalb, S. by Lasalle and Bureau, and W. by Whitesides. Drained by Rock, Green, and Bureau Rivers. Lee County, Iowa, c. h. at Fort Madison. In corporated in 1837. Bounded N. by Henry and Des Moines counties, E. and S. E. by the Mis sissippi River, separating it from Illinois, S. W. by Des Moines River, separating it from Missouri, and W. by Van Buren co. Skunk River runs on its N. E. border, and Sugar, Half breed, and Lost Creeks drain the interior. Surface undulat ing ; soil productive. Lee, Me., Penobscot co. It lies 120 miles N. E. from Augusta. Lee, Ms., Berkshire co., was settled by Mr. Isaac Davis, in 1760. The town was named for General Lee, of the revolutionary army. It pre sents a diversified appearance, and forms part of the intervale between the Taconic and Green Mountain ranges. The Green Mountain range runs partly within the eastern limits of the town ; these mountains are for the most part of gentle acclivity, and are cultivated, in some places, quite to their summits. From the base of these moun tains the surface is rather uneven, occasionally rising into hills of considerable height, but gen erally descending, until it reaches the plain upon the banks of the Housatonic. At the N. E. corner of the town enters the Housatonic, and it passes out at the S. W. corner, dividing the town into two nearly equal parts. It receives, in its passage, the waters of Washington Mountain, Scott's Pond, Greenwater Pond, and Goose Pond, also, on the summit of the mountain, the waters of Hop Brook, as well as several' other streams of less size. On each side of the Housatonic are extensive plains of rich alluvial land. The soil of the uplands is a loam, interspersed with gravel and stones. Limestone and white and clouded marble are found here. This is one of the most flourishing towns in the county or state ; its vil lages are neat and handsome. 10 miles S. from Pittsfield. Lee, N. H., Stafford co. In the N. part of this town lies Wheelwright's Pond, containing about 165 acres, and forming the principal source of Oyster River. This pond is memorable for the battle which was fought near it, in 1690, between a scouting party of Indians and two companies of rangers, under Captains Floyd and Wiswall. Lamprey, Little, North, and Oyster Rivers water this town. 31 miles E. S. E. from Concord, and 12 S. W. from Dover. Lee, N. Y., Oneida co. Drained by Canada and Fish Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam and clay. 22 miles N. W. from Utica, and 115 from Albany. Lee County, Va., c. h. at Jonesville. Bounded E. by Russell" and Scott counties, S. by Ten nessee, and W. and N. by Kentucky. This coun ty is situated in the valley between Cumberland and Powell's Mountains, and is drained by Pow ell's River and branches. Leeds, Me., Kennebec co. This is a large and flourishing agricultural town, finely watered by a large and beautiful pond. The outlet of this pond into the Androscoggin gives the town a good water power, for saw mills and other manu factories. The villages in Leeds are very neat and pleasant. The soil is fertile and productive. Leeds was incorporated in 1802. It lies 30 miles W. S. W. from Augusta. Leesburg, Va., c. h. Loudon co. On an ele vated plain at the base of Kittoctan Mountains. lj miles N. from the Potomac River, and 153 N. from Richmond. Lehigh County, Pa., c. h. at Allentown. Bound ed N. E. by the Lehigh River, separating it from Northampton co., S. E. by Bucks co., S. W. by Berks, and N. W. by Carbon. It lies mostly in the valley between South and Blue or Kittany Mountains. Surface diversified, and watered by branches of the Lehigh RJrer ; soil very fertile in some portions. Lehigh, Pa., Northampton co. Bounded W. by the Lehigh River, and drained by Indian Creek. In the N. W. corner of this town is the Lehigh Water Gap. Surface hilly" in parts ; soil calcareous loam and gravel. Lehigh Gap, Pa., Carbon co. At the passage of Lehigh River through Blue Mountain. 104 iriiles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. The chasm through which the river here passes is 1200 feet deep, and the scenery of the most romantic de scription. Lehighton, Pa., Carbon co. On an elevated table land, on the W. bank of Lehigh River, half a mile above Mahoning Creek, and 96 miles N. E. by E. from Harrisburg, at the point of junc tion of the Lehigh Canal with the railroad lead ing to the coal miles. The old Moravian vil lage of Gnadenhutten stood about three quarters of a mile from this place, near the mouth of the Mahoning Creek, and an old church is still standing on the spot. - Lehman, Pa., Luzerne co. Watered by Har vey's, Bowman's, and Mahoopeny Creeks, all fine mill streams, and by Lehman's Lake, and its outlet Lehman's Creek. Surface uneven. 121 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. Leicester, Ms., Worcester co., was first settled about the year 1713. It was at first called Straw berry Hill. Its Indian name was Towtaid. This town is situated on the height of land between the ocean and Connecticut River, and is famed1 for its hills. These hills are of a strong, deep soil; rather cold and wet, but well adapted to the cultivation of the various grains, grasses, and fruits common to the climate. The most no'ted elevations are Strawberry, Indian, Bald, Moose, and Cary's Hills, and Mount Pleasant The town is watered by springs, rivulets, and several large brooks, which take their rise in this town, and empty into the Chicopee, the Quinebaug, and 428 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VDLLAGES, &c, the Blackstone. These, with the aid of several large reservoirs which have been constructed, afford valuable mill sites. The village on Straw berry Hill, near the centre of the town, is very pleasant, and commands delightful views for many miles around. Here is situated an academy, founded in 1784. Clappville, a busy, pleasant village, on the Western Railroad, lies 4 miles S. from Strawberry Hill village, and 53 W. S. W. from Boston. Leicester, N. Y, Livingston co. On the W. side of the Genesee River. The surface on the W. is elevated, sloping towards the river ; soil of good quality. 5 miles W. from Genesee, and 232 from Albany. Leicester, Vt, Addison co. Leicester is wa tered by a river of its own name, by Otter Creek, and by a part of Lake Dunmore. These waters are too sluggish to afford the town much water power. The soil is of a sandy loam, interspersed with some flats of clay. Along the rivers the soil is rich and productive. The highlands are hard and .fit for grazing. There are in this town several beautiful ponds, which abound in trout and other fish. The first settlement was com menced in 1773, by Jeremiah Parker, from Mas sachusetts. 36 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 10 S. by E. from Middlebury. The Rutland Railroad passes through this town. Lemington, Vt, Essex co. This is a mountain ous township, on the W. side of Connecticut River, with a small potion of intervale. There are several brooks in the town, and a beautiful cascade of 50 feet. There is a mountain in the town called the " Monadnock of Vermont" Generally not adapted to cultivation. . 25 miles N. from Guildhall, and. 64 N. E. from Montpelier. Lempster, N. H, Suilivan co. The surface is uneven, and the eastern part mountainous. The soil is moist, and better suited for grass than grain. The town is well watered, although it* streams are small. One branch of Sugar, and the S. and W. branches of Cold River, afford conveniences for water machinery. Near the W. boundary line is a pond, 320 rods long, and 80 wide. Sand Pond lies in this town and Mar- low. First settlers, emigrants from Connecticut, in 1770. ' 42 miles W. from Concord, and about 12 S. E. from Newport. Lenawee County, Mn., c. h. at Adrian. Bound ed N. by Jackson and Washtenaw counties, E. by Monroe co., S. by Ohio, and W. by Hillsdale co. Surface slightly undulating, and watered by Raisin and Ottawa Rivers ; soil fertile, consist ing of sand and argillaceous loam. Iron ore is found here. Lenoir County, N. C, c. h. at Kingston. Bound ed N. by Greene co., E. by Pitt and Craven, S. by Jones, and W. by Duplin and Wayne counties. Watered by Neuse River and tributaries. Lenoir, N. C, c. h. Caldwell co. On the S. side of Yadkin River, near its head. • Lenox, Ms., c. h. Berkshire co. It was first set tled in 1750, and received the family name of the Duko of Richmond. The land in the N. and W. parts is hilly, in some parts stony, and in some broken. The soil is more favorable to grass than grain. The town abounds in limestone, also various kinds of marble, and an abundance of iron ore. The Housatonic passes through the town from N. to S., and furnishes a small water power. The centre of the town is very hand some. It is built upon a hill, on two streets, intersecting each other nearly at right angles. Lenox has fine mountain air, and is surrounded by equally fine mountain scenery. 6 miles S. from Pittsfield, and 157 W. from Boston, by Pittsfield and the Western Railroad. Lenox, N. Y., Madison co. Partly bounded on the N. by Oneida Lake, and is watered by Cowasalon and Oneida "Creeks. The surface is level, or slightly uneven ; the soil mostly fertile. 12 miles N. from Morrisville, and 125 W. by N. from Albany. . Lenox, Pa., Susquehanna co. Drained by Tunkhannock Creek and branches. Surface hilly; soil gravel and clay. 170 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. Leominster, Ms., Worcester CO., was formerly a part of the town of Lancaster. The first house was built by Gorham Haughton, in 1725. The surface is rather plain than hilly; the greatest elevation is Wauhnoosnook Hill, in the westerly part of the town. The soil is clayey, and gen erally of a good quality. The town is well watered in every part by springs and rivulets. The Wauhnoosnook, a branch of the Nashua River, and the N. branch of the Nashua pro duce fine mill privileges. A rich alum rock has been found in this town. The village in the centre of the town makes a fine appearance. It lies about a mile and a half S. from the Fitch burg Railroad ; from thence to Boston is 43 miles. Leon County, Fa., c. h. at Tallahassee. Bounded N. by Georgia. Some of the land is fertile. Leon, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Conewango Creek waters this town, the surface of which is elevated, but chiefly level, and the soil produc tive. 3 1 0 miles W. by S. from Albany. Leon County, Ts., c. h. at Leona. E. central part of the state, between the Navasota and Trin ity Rivers. Leonardtown, Md., c. h. St. Mary's co. On a small branch of the Potomac. 87 miles S. from Annapolis. Le Ray, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by In dian and Black Rivers. Surface undulating; soil easily cultivated and very productive. 158 miles N. W. from Albany. Le Roy, N. Y., Genesee co. Drained by Allen's Creek. Mostly a level town, with a fertile soil, yielding large crops of grain. 10 miles E. from Batavia, and 234 N. of W. from Albany. Letcher County, Ky., c. h. at Whitesburg. Taken mostly from Perry co., and incorporated in 1842. Bounded N. and N. E. by Perry and Floyd counties, S. E. and S. by Virginia, and W. by the head branch of Kentucky River, separat ing it from Harlan and Perry counties. Letterkenny, Pa., Franklin co. Surface chiefly level, and watered by Conedogwinit and Raccoon Creeks. Soil slaty. Blue Mountain covers the W. part of this town, which lies 7 miles N. W. from Chambersburg. Levant, Me., Penobscot co. A fertile township on the Kenduskeag. 10 miles N. W. from Bangor. Leverett, Ms., Franklin CO., was formerly a part of Sunderland. The surface is somewhat moun tainous ; the soil is strong and well adapted for pasturage. The town is watered by Roaring Brook, and several small streams. Roaring Brook is a rapid stream, on which is a cascade, and some wild scenery. 10 miles S. E. from Greenfield, and 80 W. by N. from Boston. IN THE UNITED STATES. 429 Lewis County, Ky., c. h. Clarksburg. Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ohio, E. by Greenup co., S. by Craven and Fleming, and W. by Mason co. Drained by Salt Lick and Kinniconick Creeks, branches of the Ohio River. Lewis County, Mo., c. h. at Waterloo. Bounded N. by Clark co., E. by the Mississippi River, S. by Marion and Shelby counties, and W. by Knox co. Drained by Fabius and Wyaconda Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil excellent. Lewis County, N. Y., c. h. at Martinsburg. Bounded on the ISf. by Jefferson and St. Law rence, E. by Herkimer, S. by Oneida, and W. by Oswego .and Jefferson counties. It is watered by Black, Beaver, Independence, Moose, Indian, Oswegatchie, and Salmon Rivers, apd Salmon and Fish Creeks. Surface hilly and broken ; soil diversified, being very fertile on the borders of Black River. Iron ore and galena are mined to a considerable extent. Lewis, N. Y., Essex co. Watered by Boquet River and its branches. The surface is diversified with hills and mountains ; the soil tolerably good. 10 miles N. from Elizabeth, and 141 from Albany. Lewis County, On. N. of the Oregon River. Lewis County, Te., c. h. at Newburg. New. Lewis, Vt, Essex co. Lewis is an uninhabited township in the N. part of Essex co. It was chartered June 29, 1762. It is. mountainous, and has no streams of consequence excepting the N. branch of Nulhegan River, which crosses the N. E. corner. Lewis County, Va., c. h. at Weston. Bounded N. by Ritchie, Harrison, and Barbour counties, E. by Randolph, S. by Braxton and Kanawha^ and W. by Wood co. Watered by the Little Kanawha River and branches, and by the W. and branches of the E. fork of the Monongahela River. Surface rough and broken. Lewisboro', N. Y., Westchester co. Watered on the W. by Croton River and some of its branch es. Surface rather broken ; soil clay and sandy loam. 18 miles N. from White Plains, and 119 S. from Albany. . Lewisburg, Pa., Union co. On the W. bank of Susquehanna River, just below the entrance of Buffalo Creek, on the West Branch Canal, and 67 miles N. from Harrisburg. A place of much manufacturing business. Lewisburg, Te., c. h. Marshall co. 54 miles S. of Nashville. Lewisburg, Va., c. h. Greenbrier co. 9 miles W. from the White Sulphur Springs, and 214 miles W. from Richmond. Here are the cele brated White Sulphur Springs of Virginia. See Mineral Springs. Lewiston, Me., Lincoln co. On tho E. side of the Androscoggin, which here descends 47 feet in tho distance of 12 or 15 rods, producing a great water power, which is already availed of for cot ton factories, and which promises to render Lew iston one of the", great manufacturing towns of New England. The Waterville Railroad, branch ing from the Portland and Atlantic, passes through it. The town extends along the river 13 miles, and at the foot of the falls is connected with Mi not by a bridge 1000 feet long. 33 miles W. of N. from Portland. Lewiston, N. Y, Niagara co. On the Niagara River, opposite Queenstown, U. C, at the head of navigation, 7 miles from Lake Ontario. The surface is level, with the exception of a high ridge extending from E. to W. 15 miles W. from Lockport, and 10 by railroad from Niagara Falls. Lewistown, Pa., c. h. Mifflin co. On the N. side of Juniata River, at the entrance of Kishco- quillas Creek. 57 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. A large and handsome place, with streets cross ing each other at right angles. The Pennsyl vania Canal passes here. Lewisville, As., c. h. Fayette co. A few miles E. of Red River. Lexington, Ga., c. h. Oglethorpe co. 70 miles N. from Milledgeville. Lexington, la., c. h. Scott eo. 11 miles W. from the Ohio River, on the head branches of the Mus catauck Fork of White River. S. by E. from Indianapolis 89 miles. Lexington. Ky., city, and seat of justice for Fay ette eo., is situated on the Town Fork of Elkhorn River, 24 miles E. S. E. from Frankfort, and 74 miles E. from Louisville. Population 7000. It is one of the handsomest places in Ken tucky, and was formerly the capital of the state. The city is laid out two miles square, with broad streets intersecting each other at right angles, many of them paved and well built. The main street is about a mile and a half in length, with a width of 80 feet. There are upon this street many splendid buildings. In the centre of the city is a public square, upon which is a market house, richly supplied from the surrounding country. The district of country in which Lexington is situated is highly fertile and beautiful. Few towns have in this respect a more delightful location than this. It has also, within itself, an air of neat ness, opulence, and repose, which is grateful to the eye and to the heart of a stranger. Tho churches and public edifices are built mostly of brick, as are a great number of the stores and private dwellings. Besides the court house and county prison, the city contains the buildings of several literary and philanthropic institutions, which are highly ornamental in their architectu ral effect, as well as indicative of intelligence and refinement in the citizens. Transylvania Univer sity was established hero by the legislature of Kentucky, in 1798, and continued, until within a few years, to be a state institution. It has lately passed into the hands of tho Methodist Episcopal church. The " Transylvania Seminary," which preceded the university, and which, with the Ken tucky Academy,, was merged in that institution when the state took it up, was established by the legislature of Virginia in 1780, and was the first literary institution of the kind established in the west. The university has a medical department, whose graduates are more numerous than those of any other institution in the country, excepting two in Philadelphia. The University Hall and the Medical Hall are both beautiftil buildings. The Lunatic Asylum, at Lexington, is one of the noblest institutions in the state. The buildings are very extensive and commodious, with grounds embracing 30 acres, handsomely improved and ornamented. Another handsome edifice is that of the Masonic Hall. In the vicinity of the city are numerous country seats, including that of our late distinguished statesman Henry Clay. Ashland, as, the late domicile of Mr. Clay is named, is on tho turnpike road leading to Richmond, a mile and a half S. E. of the court house in Lexington. The house is a spacious brick mansion, with wings, surrounded with lawns and pleasure grounds, which are planted with 430 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, almost every variety of American shrubbery and forest trees. The whole estate consists of 500 or 600 acres of the best land in Kentucky, upon which its distinguished proprietor, as a recreation amidst the cares of public life, bestowed much skil ful and successful husbandry. In the year 1775, a party of hunters, while temporarily encamped on one of the branches of the Elkhorn, received intelligence of the first blood shed in the war of the revolution, at the battle of Lexington. As expressive of their deep interest in this event they gave this name, ever after to be memorable in their country's history, to the place of their encampment. Upon this spot has arisen one of the most beautiful cities west of the Alleghany Mountains. The settlement com menced about four years later, by the erection of a block house, and throe rows of cabins, the two outer serving as the walls of the fortification. It was first incorporated by Virginia, in 1782. It received its charter as a city from the legislature of Kentucky, in 1831. A railroad, by way of Frankfort, connects Lexington with Louisville, on the Ohio River, thus establishing an easy com munication with the great channels of business and travel in the west. Several fine McAdam ized roads diverge from this city towards different sections of the state. In 1798, 9 years before Fulton's experiment upon the Hudson, a Mr. West, an ingenious me chanic of Lexington, having constructed a steam boat upon a small scale, tried it in the presence of hundreds of persons, upon the Town Fork of the Elkhorn, which had been dammed up for the purpose ; when it is said to have " moved through the water with great velocity." This is believed by many to have been the first successful illus tration of the application of steam to navigation. Several of the identical parts of Mr. West's min iature engine are now to be seen in the museum of the Adelphi Society, in the Transylvania Uni versity. Lexington, Ms., Middlesex co., was formerly a part of Cambridge, and is watered by several branches of the Shawsheen River. The surface is varied by hills and valleys, and the soil is ren dered productive by the industry and skill of its proprietors. There is considerable woodland in the town, and extensive meadows. Lexington will ever be an interesting place, as here the first blood was shed in the cause of American inde pendence. . A monument is erected on the village green, and on the site, of the battle. 1 1 miles by railroad N. W. from Boston, and 15 S. S. E. from Lowell. Lexington, Mi., c. h. Holmes co. On the N. side of a branch of Yazoo River. 62 miles N. from Jackson. Lcxingtm, Mo., c. h. Lafayette oo. 1 milo S. from the Missouri River, and 132 W. N. W.from Jefferson City. Lexington, N. C, c. h. Davidson co. It is on the W. side of Abbott's Creek, a branch of Yad kin River. 117 miles W. from Raleigh. Lexington, N. Y., Greene co. Watered by Scho harie Creek and some of its head branches. The surface is broken by the Catskill range of moun tains. 28 miles W. from Catskill,' and 50 S. W. from Albany. Lexington District, S. C, c. h. at Lexington. Bounded N. and E. by Broad and Congaree Riv ers, separating it from Fairfield and Richland districts, S. by Orangeburg district, and W. by Edgefield and Newberry districts. Drained by Saluda, which unites with Broad River on the W. border of this district to form the Congaree. The E. fork of Edisto River also runs on its S. W. border. Lexington, S. C, c. h. Lexington district On a small branch of Saluda River. 12 miles W. from Columbia. Lexington, Va.. Rockbridge co. 146 miles W. of Richmond, on an elevated bank of the W.side of North River, the seat of Washington College, and of the Virginia Military Institute. See Col leges. Leyden, Ms., Franklin co., is a mountainous township, on the line of the state. It was for merly a part of Bernardston. Two branches of Deerfield River, Green River, and Budington Creek pass through the town, on which are good sites for mills. There is some good arable land in the town, but the greater part is fit only for grazing. On Green River is a narrow, rocky pas sage, called the " Glen," a curious place, much admired for its romantic scenery. Distances, 9 miles N. by W. from Greenfield, and about 100 W. N. W. from Boston. Leyden, N. Y., Lewis co. Black and Moose Rivers water this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil productive. 15 miles S. from Martinsburg, and 116 N. W. from Albany. Liberty County, Ga., c. h. at Hinesville. Bound ed N. and N. E. by Bryan co., S. E. by the Atlan tic Ocean, S. by Mcintosh co. and the Alatamaha River, separating it from Wayne co., and W. by Tatnall co. Surface level, and watered by Little Cannonchee River and Taylor's Creek. Liberty, la., c. h. Union co. On the E. side of Silver Creek. 72 miles E. by S. from Indian apolis. Liberty, Me., Waldo co. 29 miles E. from Au gusta, anrt 1 8 W. S. W. from Bangor. Liberty, Mi., c. h. Amite co. On the E. side of the W. fork of Amite River. 101 miles S. S. W. from Jackson. Liberty, Mo., c. h. Clay co. 159 miles W. N. W. from Jefferson City. Liberty, N. Y., Sullivan co. Watered by the Callicoon and other small tributaries of the Del aware River, which bounds this town on the S. W. Surface mountainous ; soil mostly gravelly loam. 15 miles N. W. from Monticello, and 128 S. W. from Albany. Liberty, Pa., Columbia co. Watered by Chil- isquaque and Mahoning Creeks. Surface mostly level ; soil clay. Liberty, Pa., Tioga co. The surface of this town is hilly ; soil clay and gravel. 123 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. Liberty County, Ts., c. h. at Liberty. In the S. E. angle of the state. On Galveston Bay and both banks of the Trinity. Liberty, Va., c. h. Bedford co. On a branch of Otter River. W. by S. from Richmond 142 miles. Licking County, O., c. h. at Newark. Bounded N. by Knox, E. by Muskingum, S. by Perry and Fairfield, and W. by Franklin and Delaware counties The soil is fertile, and is finely watered by Licking Creek, which runs through every part of the county. Emigrants from Pennsyl vania and Virginia settled here in 1800, and they were soon followed by people from New England. Largo beds of iron ore are found here. Ligonier, Pa., Westmoreland co. This town lies in a valley watered by Loyahanna Creek and IN THE UNITED STATES. 431 branches. Soil calcareous loam. 149 miles W. from Harrisburg. Lima, N. Y., Livingston co. Honeoye Creek and one of its branches water this town. Surface rolling; soil fertile. .12 miles N. E. from Gene- seo, and 213 N. of W. from Albany. Lima, 0., c. h. Allen co. On Ottawa River, 20 miles from its mouth, and 100 miles N. W. by W. from Columbus. Limerick, Me., York co. Little Ossipee River waters this town. It lies 28 miles W. from Port land, 85 S. W.from Augusta, and 15 N. by W. from Alfred. This is a good farming town, with a pleasant village, and an academy, incorporated in 1812. The town was incorporated in 1787. Limerick, Pa., Montgomery co. Bounded S. by the Schuylkill River. 78 miles E. from Har risburg. Limestone County, Aa., c. h. at Athens. Bound ed N. by Tennessee, E. by Madison CO., S. by the Tennessee River, separating it from Morgan and Lawrence counties, and W. by Lauderdale co. Elk River and its branches, Swan River, and Piney and Limestone Creeks drain this county. Limestone, Pa., Columbia co. A level town, watered by Chilisquaque Creek and Limestone Run. Soil calcareous loam. 10 miles N. W. from Danville. Limestone County, Ts., c. h.- at Springfield. A central county. Between the Brazos and Trinity Rivers. Limington, Me., York CO.- This town is bound ed on the S. by Limerick, and is watered by Saco River on the S. and W. The town has a good soil, very productive of hay, wheat, and other grain. It lies 28 miles W. N. W.*from Portland. Lincoln County, Ga., c. h. at Lincolnton, Bounded N. by Broad River, separating it from Elbert co., E. by the Savannah River, separating it from South Carolina by Little River, sepa rating it from Columbia Co., and W. by Wilkes co. Drained by Fishing and Soap Creeks, branches of the Savannah. Lincoln County, Ky., c. h. at Stanford. Bounded N. by Doyle, E. by Garrard and Rockcastle, S. by Pulaski, and W. by Casey co. Watered by Dick's River and branches, and the head branches of Green River. Surface elevated table land. Lincoln Co\inty, Me., Topsham, Wiscasset, and Warren shire towns. In the S. W. part of the state. Bounded S. by the Androscoggin and the coast between the Kennebec and the Penobscot, comprising many rivers, inlets, and excellent har bors. The Kennebec, Muscongus, Damariscotta, Sheepscot, and St. George's Rivers flow S. through it. The soil is tolerably fertile, but commerce and the fisheries chiefly engross atten tion. The Kennebec Railroad passes N. and S. through it. Lincoln, Me., Penobscot co. A large township on the E. side of the Penobscot, at the mouth of Matanawcook, where is a pleasant village. 45 miles N. by E. from Bangor. Lincoln, Ms., Middlesex co. Though rough, it contains some of the best farms in the county. Flint's or Sandy Pond, containing about 197 acres, derived its name from its being situated on the farm of Ephraim Flint, one of the ori ginal owners of Lincoln. It is a favorite resort for pickerel. From the depot of the Fitchburg Railroad, in this town, to the centre village, is about a mile and a half; to Boston 16£ miles. Lincoln County, Mo., c. h. at Troy. Bounded N. W. and N. by Pike co., E. by the Mississippi River, S. by St. Charles and Warren counties, and W. by Montgomery co. Watered by Cuivre River and branches. Lincoln County, N. O, c. h. at Lincolnton. Bounded N. by Catawba co., E. by Great Catawba River, separating it from Iredell and Mecklen burg, counties, S. by South Carolina, and W. by Cleaveland co. Drained by Little Catawba River and branches, Dutchman's Creek, and Buffalo Creek, a branch of Broad River. Lincoln, N. H., Grafton co., is a mountainous township. The middle branch of the Pemige wasset passes through the town. Bog, Fish, and Loon Ponds are here. There are many' eleva tions, of which Kinsman's Mountain is the largest. In the N. part of 'the town are two large gulfs, made by an extraordinary discharge of water from the clouds, in 1774. The numer ous "slips" from the mountain commence near the summit, and proceed to its base, forcing a passage through all obstructions. The soil here is poor. Wild animals are very numerous. First settlers : this town was granted, in 1764, to James Avery and others. 80 miles N. from Concord, and about 20 E. from Haverhill. Lincoln County, Te., c. h. at Fayetteville. Bounded N. by Marshall and Bedford counties, E. by Franklin co., S. by Alabama., and W. by Giles co. Watered by Elk River and branches. Lincoln, Vt., Addison co. Lincoln is consider ably uneven. The western part is watered by New Haven River, which is formed here; and several small branches of Mad River rise in the eastern part. The timber is principally hard wood, with some tracts of spruce. The settle ment was commenced about the year 1790. The first settlers wore mostly Quakers. 21 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 15 N. E. from Middlebury. Lincolnton, N. G, c. Ti. Lincoln co. On the E. side of Little Catawba River. 172 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. Lincolnville, Me., Waldo co. On the W. side of Penobscot Bay. 10 miles S. from Belfast and 51 E. from Augusta. Linden, Aa., c. h. Marengo co. 8 miles E. from Tombigbee River, on the S. side of Chickasaw Bogue Creek. S. by»W. from Tuscaloosa 80 miles. Lindley, N. Y., Steuben co> Watered by Tioga River. Surface hilly ; soil sandy loam and clay. The Corning and Blossburg Railroad passes through the centre of this town. 25 miles S. E. from Bath, and 221 from Albany. Linklean, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by some tributaries of Ostelic River. Surface slight ly uneven ; soil argillaceous loam. 1 8 miles N. W. from Norwich, and 110 W. from Albany. Linn County, Io., c. h. at Marion. Incorporated in 1837. Bounded N. by Buchanan and Dela ware, E. by Jones, S. by Johnson, and W. by Benton co. Watered by" Wabesipinica River, Buffalo Creek, and the Cedar Fork of Iowa River. Surface slightly undulating ; soil excellent. Linn County, Mo., c. h. at Linneus. Bounded N. by Smiivan, E. by Macon, S. by Chariton, and W. by Livingston and Grundy counties. Watered by Locust and Yellow Creeks. Linn, Mo., c. h. Osage co. Linneus, Mo., c. h. Linn co. Lisbon, Ct., New London co. This town is 7 miles N. from Norwich, from which it was taken in 1786. It is watered by Quinebaug and She- 432 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, tucket Rivers, which unite in the S. part of the town. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, with some alluvial meadow. This is an excellent farming town. Lisbon, Me., Lincoln co. On the E. side of the Androscoggin, 6 miles below'Lewiston Falls. There are also falls here, called the Five Miles Falls. There are some manufactures of cotton and wool, and many saw mills. 30 miles S. S. E. from Augusta. Lisbon, N. H, Grafton co., is watered by Amo noosuck River and several smaller streams. Here are several ponds ; the most noted is called Mink, and affords mill sites at its outlet The meadows on Amonoosuck are generally very productive ; the plain land has a light, thin soil, requiring con siderable manure to make it productive ; and the uplands have a strong, good soil, which affords many good farms. Blueberry Mountain is the principal elevation. Large quantities of iron ore and of limestone are found here. Franconia Iron Works receive their supply of ore from this town. This town was called Concord until 1824. First settlers: Lisbon was granted, in 1763, to Joseph Burt and others. 20 miles N. E. from Haverhill, and 95 N. W. from Concord. Lisbon, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded on the N. W. by the St. Lawrence River ; and wa tered by Grass River and several small streams. Surface undulating ; soil fertile and heavily tim bered. Isle au Gallope, lying in the St. Law rence, belongs to this town. 10 miles N. W. from Canton, and 211 from Albany. Lisle, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by Tiougn- nioga River and some of its branches. Surface undulating; soil well adapted for grazing. 18 miles N. from Binghampton, and 140 S. of W. from Albany. Litchfield County, Ct., c. h. at Litchfield. This is the largest and most elevated county in the state. The surface is hilly, and in some parts mountainous ; the soil is chiefly a gravelly loam, under good cultivation, and very produc tive of butter, cheese, beef, and pork. It abounds in iron ore, which is extensively manufactured. This county is watered by numerous ponds, by the beautiful Housatonic, and by many rivers rising in the high grounds. The streams give a valuable water power, and .flourishing manufac turing establishments are found in almost every town. Litchfield county was incorporated in 1751. It is bounded N. by Berkshire co., Ms., E. by Hartford and New Haven counties, S. by the counties of New Haven and Fairfield, and W\ by the state of New York. Litchfidd, Ct, c. h. Litchfield co. This town, the Indian Bantam, is elevated, and its surface presents a diversity of hills and valleys. Bantam was first settled in 1720, and incorpora ted by its present name in 1734. The soil is a gravelly loam, deep, strong, and admirably adapted for grazing. Great Pond is a beautiful sheet of water ; it comprises an area of 900 acres, and is the largest pond in the state. The wa ters of the Naugatuck, Shepung, and Bantam give the town a good water power. . Litchfield village, on " Litchfield Hill," is a delightful placo. It is situated on an elevated plain, surrounded by interesting scenery, and affords extensive prospects. In the W. part of the town, Mount Tom rears a front of 700 feet above tho Naugatuck, presenting a panoramic landscapo of great beauty and vast extent. Near this town is a mineral spring " which is saturated with iron and sulphur." A law school of great respectability was established in this tpwn, by the Hon. Tapping Reeve, in 1784. 30 miles W. from Hartford. Litchfield, Ky., c. h. Grayson Oo. 109 miles S. W. by W. from Frankfort. Litchfield, Me., Kennebec co. A good farming township. 16 miles S. S. W. from Augusta. Litchfield, N. H., Hillsboro' Co., is a small, fer tile township on the E. bank of Merrimac River. It has an excellent soil. There arc 2 ferries — Thornton's, on the post road from Amherst to Portsmouth, and Read's, 3 miles above. This town was originally known by the Indian name of Natticott, and by the English one of Brenson's Farm. 8 miles E. from Amherst, and 30 S: by E. from Concord. The Concord Railroad passes on the opposite bank of the river, where there is a station. Litchfield, N. Y., Herkimer co. Drained by one of the head branches of the Unadilla, and several small tributaries of the Mohawk River. Surface hilly; soil calcareous loam. 10 miles S. W. from Herkimer, and -83 N. W. from Albany. Litchfield, Pa., Bradford co. Surface hilly, and drained by branches of Wepassining Creek ; soil gravelly loam. 156 miles N. from Harrisburg. Little Compton, R. I., Newport co. This very pleasant town, the Indian Seaconnet, lies on the ocean, at the eastern entrance into Narraganset Bay. The soil of the town is uncommonly fertile. Seaconnet Rocks, at the south-eastern extremity of tho town, where a breakwater has been erected by government, are well known to sailors, and memorable as- the place where a treaty was made between the English and the queen of the power ful Seaconnet tribe in 1674. That tribe is now extinct. Seaconnet Rocks are their only monu ment. Little Compton is becoming celebrated as a place of resort, iu summer months, for sea air and bathing, and very justly so, for very few parts of our coast exhibit a more interesting location. 9 miles E. by N. from Newport. Little Beaver, Pa., Beaver co. A branch of Little Beaver Creek waters this town. Surface undulating ; soil rich calcareous loam. Little Falls, N. J., Passaic co. The Passaic River has a fall of 33 feet at this place, affording great hydraulic power. The Morris Canal passes hore. 79 miles N. E. by E. from Trenton. Little Rock, As. Capital of the state, and seat of justice of Pulaski co. On the S. side of the Arkansas River, about 150 miles from its mouth, where it enters the Mississippi. The river is navigable for steamboats to this place at all stages of the water. The town is built upon a high bluff, from 150 to 200 feet above the river. It js said to be the first place above the mouth of the river in which rocks are found. It is laid out upon a regular plan, and contains the state house, court house, jail, and other public offices for the state and county, a United States arsenal, a United States land office, a penitentiary, and churches of all the principal denominations. This placo was laid out and settled in 1820. Littleton, N. H, Grafton co. Littleton extends on the Connecticut River about 14 miles. There are 3 bridges over tho river. The beautiful Con necticut, in passing down the rapids called Fif teen Milo Falls, extending the whole length of Littleton, runs in foaming waves' for miles to gether, which renders it impossible to ascend or IN THE UNITED STATES. 433 descend with boats in safety. The Amonoosuck waters the S'. part, having on its banks small tracts of excellent intervale. The principal vil lage is on this river, and is called Glynville. Raspberry, Black, Palmer's, and Iron Mountains are the most prominent elevations. Near Amo noosuck River is a mineral spring, the water of which is said to be similar to the Congress Spring at Saratoga. Hone slate is found here in great abundance and purity. Littleton is an important point for travellers passing from the Connecticut River to and from the White Mountains. First settler, Captain Nathan Caswell, about 1774. 30 miles N. by E. from Haverhill, and 100 N. N. W. from Concord. Littleton, Ms., Middlesex co. This township was granted in 1714, and named for George Lit tleton, a member of the British parliament. Its Indian name was Nashobah. The surface is pleas antly variegated, containing a number of beauti ful ponds ; the soil is not very strong. There are 2 pleasant villages in the town. The Fitchburg Railroad passes through the town. 13 miles N. W from Concord, and 31j N. W. from Boston. Livermore, Me., Oxford co. A good township of land on both sides of the Androscoggin, with 3 pleasant villages and falls on the river, produ cing a large water power. 25 miles W. from Augusta. Liverpool, N. Y, Onondaga co. On the, E. side of Onandaga Lake, in the township of Salina, 5 miles N. of Syracuse. Incorporated as a village in 1830. The principal business of the village is the manufacture of fine salt from the saline springs situated here, and belonging to the state, from which vast quantities are produced. See Salina. The Oswego Canal passes through this place. 136 miles W. by N. from Albany. Liverpool, 0., Medina co. 125 miles N. E. by N. from Columbus. A flourishing place, with salt springs, a petroleum spring, and iron ore. Liverpool, Pa., Perry co. Bounded E. by the Susquehanna River, and watered by a small creek flowing into it. Surface hilly ; soil slate and gravel on the hills, and calcareous loam in the valleys. 29 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. Livingston, Aa., c. h. Sumpter coi On the N. side of Sucarnachee River. 68 miles S. W. from Tuscaloosa. Livingston County, Is., c. h. at Pontiac. Bounded N. by Lasalle and Grundy counties, E. and S. by Vermilion and McLean, and W. by Woodford co. Watered by Vermilion River and tributa ries. Surface slightly undulating ; soil fertile. Livingston County, Ky., c. h. at Salem. Bounded E. by Crittenden and Caldwell, S. by Marshall and McCracken counties, and W. and N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Illinois. Tennessee River runs on its S. border, and|Cum- berland River passes through it. Surface mostly level ; soil fertile. Livingston Parish, La., c. h. at Springfield. Bounded N. by St Helena parish, E. by St. Tammany, S. by St John Baptist and Ascen sion, and' W. 'by East Bafon Rouge parish. Wa tered on its S. E. border by Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, arid on its S. and W. by Amite River, flowing into Lake Maurepas. Drained by small rivers flowing into the lakes. LivingstonCounty,Mn., c. h. at Howell. Bounded N. by Shiawassee and Genesee counties, E. by Oakland, S. by Washtenaw, and W. by Ingham co. Watered by Shiawassee, Cedar, and Huron 55 Rivers. Surface slightly undulating ; soil fertile. Iron ore is found in tho S. E., and salt in the central portions. Livingston County, Mo., c. h. at Chillicothe. Bounded N. by Grundy, E. by Linn and Chariton, S. by Carroll, and W. by Caldwell and Daviess counties. Watered by Grand River and tribu taries. Surface level ; soil of fine quality. Livingston, N. J., Essex co. Bounded on tho W. by Passaic River, and drained by small streams flowing into it. Surface mountainous and uneven, except on the border of the Passaic. 9 miles N. W. from Newark, and 58 N. E. from Trenton. Livingston County, N. Y., c. h. at Geneseo. Formed from Ontario and Genesee counties in 1821. It is bounded N. by, Monroe, E. by On tario, S. by Alleghany and Steuben, and W. by Genesee and Wyoming counties, and watered by Genesee River, Canaseraga Creek, and Coneseus and Hemlock Lakes, with their outlets. Surface much diversified ; soil mostly of good quality, and in the Genesee valley very fertile. Gypsum and bog iron ore exist here in large quantities, and tho Avon Sulphur Springs have long been celebrated. The Genesee Valley Canal and a side branch pass through this county. Livingston, N. Y., Columbia co. On the E. side of the Hudson, and watered by Ancram or Roeliff Jansen's Creek. The Surface is varied ; soil gravel, clay, and loam, based upon lime and slate. . 10 miles S. from Hudson. Livingston. Te., c. h. Overton co. 100 miles E. by N. from Nashville. Livonia, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered by the outlet of Hemlock Lake and a few small streams flowing W. into Coneseus Lake. Surface slightly uneven ; soil productive. 8 miles E. from Geneseo, and 217 W. from Albany. Locke, N. Y., . Cayuga co. Watered by the inlet of Owasco Lake. The surface is hilly; soil gravelly loam, based upon slate. 20 miles S. from Auburn, and 153 W. from Albany. Lockhaven, Pa., c. h. Clinton co. On the S. side of Susquehanna River. 107 miles N. W. by N. from Harrisburg. Lockport, Is., Will co. On the Illinois and Michigan Canal. 34 miles W. from Chicago, and 170 N. E. by N. from Springfield. It is at the termination of the lake level, and here the canal has a fall of 20 feet, by two locks. From the surplus water of the canal, and likewise of the Des Plaines River, which has a fall of 15 feet- at this place, a large amount of hydraulic power is obtained. Lockport, N. Y., c. h. Niagara co. It is watered by Tonawanda and a branch of Eighteen Mile Creek. The surface is hilly ; soil sandy and cal careous loam. This town contains several large quarries of fine building stone. 277 miles W by N. from Albany. Lodi, N. J., Bergen co. This town is bounded E. and S. E. by the Hackensack, and W. and S. W. by the Passaic River. Surface level. 5 miles S. W. from Hackensack. Lodi, N. Y., Seneca co. On the E. shore of Seneca Lake. Watered by several streams flow ing into Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. Surface rolling; soil clay loam, based upon lime and slate. 20 miles S. from Waterloo; and 175 W from Albany. Logan County, Is., c. h. at Postville. Bounded N. by Tazewell and De Witt counties, E. by De 434 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &o.. Witt and Macon, S. by Sangamon, and W. by Menard and Mason counties. Drained by Sugar Creek and other branches of Sangamon River. / Surface level, including much prairie land. Logan County. Ky., c. b. at Russelville. Bounded N. by Muhle«burg and Butler counties, E. by Simpson co., S. by Tennessee, and W. by Todd co. Watered by branches of Green and Cum berland Rivers. Surface table land. Logan County, 0., c.h. at Bellefontaine. Hardin : co. bounds it on the N., Union on the E., Cham paign on the S., and Shelby on the W. Miami and Mad Rivers, Boques, Mill, and Darby Creeks rise here, and water the land, which is level and fertile. This county was named for General Logan, of Kentucky, and was organized in 1818. The first settlers came from North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, about the year 1806. Logan, 0., c. h. Hocking co. On the N. bank of Hockhocking River, 1 mile below the Great Falls. It was laid out in 1816, and is 46 miles S. E. from Columbus, and 18 S. E. from Lan caster. Logan, Pa., Clinton co. Watered by Big Fish ing Creek. Surface mountainous ; soil calcare ous loam in the valleys. 20 miles N. E. from Bellefontaine. Logan County, Va., c. h. at Logan. Bounded N. by Cabell and Kanawha counties, E. by Fay ette and Mercer, S. by Tazewell, and W. by the Tug Fork of Sandy River, separating jt from Kentucky, and by Wayne co. Drained by Guy andotte and Coal Rivers. Surface rough and uneven. Logan; Va., c. h. Logan co. On the E. side of Guyandotte River. 351 miles W. from Richmond. Logansport, la. City, and seat of justice of Cass co. Situated on the Wabash River, at the junc tion of Eel River. 68 miles N. of Indianapolis. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes through it, giving it a fine advantage of position for busi ness. It has a valuable water power, on which are several flouring mills and saw mills. The site of the town is on ground gradually rising from the junction of the rivers, where it is about 10 feet above high-water mark, for the distance of 100 rods, to an elevation of 30 or 40 feet, which is about the altitude of the highest bluffs along the Wabash River. Bridges here cross both the Wabash and Eel Rivers. The town contains a court house, jail, an academy, and churches of the leading Christian denominations. It promises to become one of the principal towns in northern Indiana. London, 0., c. h. Madison co. 27 miles W. by S. from Columbus. Londonderry, N. H., Rockingham co., adjoins the E. line of the county of Hillsboro'. This town has a very fertile soil, and contains but little waste land. The principal stream is Beaver River, issuing from Beaver Pond, a beautiful body of water, nearly circular in form, and about 300 rods in diameter. 3 miles N. W. from this pond are 3 other small ponds, Scoby's, Upper, and Lower Shields. Small streams issuing from these unite and fall into Beaver River, on which are extensive and valuable meadows. There are several other ponds in the town. Londonderry was settled in 1719, by a colony of Presbyterians from the vicinity of the city of Londonderry, in the north of Ireland. 16 families, accompanied by Rev. James McGregor, on the day ,of their arrival performed religious services under an oak, on the E. shore of Beaver Pond. They in troduced the culture of the potato, a vegetable till then unknown in New England ; also tho manufacture of linen cloth. In 1828 part of this town was taken to form Derry. 26 miles S. S. E. from Concord, and 35 S. W. from Portsmouth. Londonderry, Pa„ Chester, co. Surface level, and watered by Doe Run, a, branch of Brandy wine River, and by the head branches of Elk and White Clay Creeks. Soil sandy loam. Londondeny, Pa., Dauphin co. Watered by Conewago and Spring Creeks, the latter afford ing water power. Surface somewhat hilly; "soil gravel and calcareous loam. 14 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Londonderry, Pa., Lebanon co. Bounded N. by Swatara Creek, and drained by Conewago and Quitapahilla Creeks and Klinger's Run. Sur face hilly on the N. and S., but more level in the central portions. Soil gravel and calcareous loam. 8 miles S. W. frbm Lebanon. Londonderry, Vt., Windham co. West River passes through this town, and receives several tributaries in it The land on the streams is rich and fertile; the uplands are good for grazing, except those parts that are mountainous. There are in this town 2 pleasant villages. The settle ment was commenced in 1774, by people from Londonderry, N. H. 28 miles S. W. from Wind sor, and 30 N. E. from Bennington. London Grove, Pa., Chester co. Watered by White Clay Creek and branches. Surface un dulating; soil calcareous loam. 71 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. Long Branch, N. J., Shrewsbury, Monmouth co. A long beach, on the Atlantic, 50 miles E. from Trenton, a place of fashionable resort for persons seeking the recreations of sea air and bathing. s Long Lake, N. Y., Hamilton co. The territory of this large town is mostly a wilderness, wa tered by numerous streams and lakes. The sur face is somewhat uneven; soil tolerably fertile. 35 miles N. from Lake Pleasant, and 100 N. W. from Albany. Longmeadow, Ms., Hampden co. This town was formerly the second parish of Springfield. It was first settled about 1644, and derived its name from the long meadow within the town. Its Indian name was Massacsick. Longmeadow is finely located on the eastern bank of Connecti cut River, and has some rich meadow land. The town is watered by some small streams. The village is delightfully situated about a mile from the river ; it is built on one wide, level street, beautifully shaded by tall native elms. The Hartford and Springfield Railroad passes through here, about 21 miles from Hartford : to Spring field it is 4 miles, and from Springfield to Bos ton, by tho Western Railroad, it is 98 miles. Long Swamp, Pa.. Berks co. Drained by Lit tle Lehigh River. Surface hilly ; soil gravel and calcareous loam. 72 miles E. by N. from Harris burg. Lorain County, 0., is bounded N. by Lake Erie, E. by Cuyahoga and Medina counties, S. by Wayne and Richland, and W. by Huron co. The branches of Black River and Beaver Creek rise in the county. It was organized in 1824, and has a rich, productive soil. The fall in Black River furnishes the county with an immense wa ter power. . IN THE UNITED STATES. 435 Lorraine, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by Sandy Creek and its branches. Surface hilly ; soil sandy loam and clay. 15 miles S. from Wa tertown, and 145 N. W. from Albany. Los Angelos County, Ca., c. h. at Puebla de Los Angelos. In the S. part of the state. Los Angdos, Ca., c. h. Los Angelos co. Former Mexican capital of California. Loudon, N. H, Merrimac co. Suncook River passes through Loudon, furnishing valuable mill privileges. There is some good intervale on its borders. Loudon was originally a part of Can terbury, and lies on the E. side of Merrimac Riv er. First settlers, Abraham and Jethro Batchel- der and Moses Ordway. About 10 miles N. E. from the state house in Concord. Loudon County, Va., c. h. at Leesburg. Bound ed N. E. by the Potomac River, separating it from Maryland, S. E. by Fairfax co., S. W. by Prince William and Fauquier, and N. W. by Clarke and Jefferson counties. Drained by Killoctan and Goose Creeks, and branches, which afford good water power. Surface mountainous, the Blue Ridge lying on the N. W. border. Soil of vari ous qualities. Louisa County, Io., c. h. at Wappello. Bound ed N. by Johnson and Muscatine counties, E. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Illinois. S. by Des Moines and Henry, and W. by Wash ington co. Drained by Iowa River and branches, which afford hydraulic power. Soil of fine quali ty, especially on the borders of the rivers. Louisa, Ky., c. h. Lawrence co. Located on the W. side of Big Sandy River. 158 miles E. from Frankfort. Louisa County^ Va., c. h. at Louisa Court House. Bounded N. and N. E. by Pamunky River, separating it from Orange and Spottsylva- nia counties, S. E. by Hanover, S. W. by Gooch land and Fluvanna, and N. W. by Albemarle co. Louisburg, N. O, c. h. Franklin co. On the N. side of Tar River. 36 miles N. E. from Raleigh. Louisville, As,, e. h. Lafayette co. Louisville, Ga., c. h. Jefferson co. On Rocky Comfort Creek, just above its junction with Ogeechee River, and 53 miles E. from Milledge ville. Louisville, Ky. City, port of entry, and seat of justice of Jefferson co. It is 52 miles W. by N. from Frankfort, the capital of the state. The population in 1800 was 800; 1810, 1357; 1820, 4012; 1830, 10,336; 1840, 21,210; 1850, 43.000. Louisville is situated on the S. side of the Ohio River, at the head of the rapids. Opposite to the city the river is a mile wide, and for many miles above spreads put into a most beautiful sheet of water. The city is built on a gradual ascent from the river, about 75 feet above low-water mark, with streets running parallel to the river, nearly E. and W., from 60 to 120 feet wide, intersected at right angles by streets running up from the river, which are uniformly 60 feet wide. The areas enclosed by the intersecting streets are 420 feet square ; which, however, are in most in stances subdivided by narrower streets and alleys. The public buildings of Louisville are, many of them, of the most convenient and elegant con struction. The City Hall, for the accommodation of the municipal courts and offices, is a spacious and magnificent building. The city and county prison is constructed on the most approved mod el of modern improvements, combining health, convenience, and security. The Marine Hospital is a fine building, erected in 1820, by a grant of $40,000 from the state ; a donation for the site, containing about 7i acres of ground, having been made by two noble-minded citizens. The establishment is well endowed, admirably regulated, and abundantly sufficient for all the purposes of its design. There is in Louisville a Medical Institute, which is well fur nished with books and apparatus, and has been in very successful operation for a number of years. There is here a school for the blind, en dowed by the state. There are two orphan asy lums, and a Magdalen asylum ; a city workhouse, a hospital, a prison, several markets, and banking houses. It has several spacious hotels, which are among the best in the country. Some of the church edifices are fine specimens of architecture, of which there are in the city 3 Presbyterian, 6 Methodist, 4 Baptist, 1 Campbellite Baptist, 2 Episcopal, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Friends, 1 Uni tarian, 1 Universalist, several colored churches, 1 free church, and a Jews' synagogue. The Mercantile Library Association has a library of between 4000 and 5000 volumes. The Kentucky Historical Society has accumulated a large and valuable collection of books, pamphlets, and man uscript documents, connected with the settlement and history of the state. An Agricultural and a Horticultural Society have been organized. The system of free schools was introduced into Louisville earlier than any where else west of the mountains ; and the city is well provided with the means of education, which are open to children of every age, and of all classes. Large banking facilities have been provided. The principal business of Louisvilleris foreign and domestic commerce. It is extensively re sorted to by merchants from the river towns above and below, and from the interior of the adjacent states, as an eligible wholesale market for dry goods and groceries. In this commerce are employed more than 300 steamboats, besides boats of other descriptions with which the western rivers are navigated. The import and export trade of Louisville, in 1850, amounted to near $50,000,000. The exports consist of tobacco, bag ging, and bale rope, pork, lard, bacon, flour, whis key, feathers, flaxseed, beeswax, and live stock ; to which should be added steam engines, sugar mills, and various kinds of machinery manufactured here. There are several large founderies and ma chine shops, in which engines and machinery of the best description are produced. Many steam boats of the largest class, every year, are built at Louisville and the adjoining towns, and fur nished with engines from these establishments. Two extensive steam bagging factories are in full operation, and several ropewalks, converting tons of raw hemp daily into bagging, cordage, and bale rope. There are manufactories of cot ton and woollen ; a number of flouring mills, breweries, and distilleries. White lead, linseed and lard oil, starch and hydraulic cement, tobac co, snuff, cigars, &c, are manufactured here in large quantities. The book trade, printing, bind ing, and paper making, are carried on with great energy and success. All, or nearly all, these branches of manufacture are rapidly extending their business. The city is abundantly supplied with excellent water, and gas works have besn established for lighting the city 436 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, The greatest falls in the Ohio River are those just below this city ; which are caused by a bed of limestone extending across the river, over which the waters pour with a broken and irregular current, for a distance of 2 miles, making a de scent of 22 feet, and, excepting one or two months during the period of the highest flood, entirely intercepting the passage of loaded boats up and down the river. To overcome this obstruction to the important commerce of the Ohio, the Louis ville and Portland Canal was constructed, ex tending from the city to Portland, a village lying at the foot of the falls, which was formerly the port at which the boats and shipping from below were obliged to stop and discharge their cargoes. The length of the canal is between 2 and 3 miles, 50 feet wide at the surface, and overcoming 224 feet of fall by 4 locks, sufficiently capacious to ad- rait steamboats of the largest size. Almost the entire line is excavated out of the solid limestone rock, to the average depth of 10 feet. This great and useful work was finally completed in 1833, in a most thorough and substantial style of exe cution. The cost was $1,000,000. The United States are stockholders to the amount of $290,000. The amount of business done upon this river is so great, that this large outlay has proved a most judicious and profitable investment In 1843, the tolls received, since the canal began to be used in 1830, had amounted to $1,225,350. It is believed that these falls may be made available for the purpose of obtaining an incalculable amount of water power ; and that, at some future period, Louisville may become one of tho great est manufacturing cities in the Union. In 1778, a fort was built at this place, and a settlemeM commenced. For several years the inhabitants were harassed by Indian hostilities. In 1780, the legislature of Virginia authorized the laying out of a town at the falls of the Ohio, to which they gave the name of Louisville, in honor of Louis XVI., of France, the first ally of the republic. The next year a fort was built, and the place was made secure against the assaults of the Indians. For many years, owing to the mias mata arising from several surrounding swamps and ponds, Louisville continued to be exceedingly unhealthy. But, in 1 823, these local causes were effectually removed ; since which time, it is be lieved that no large city in the country has been more uniformly healthy than Louisville. Louisville, Mi., c. h. Winston co. On the head branches of Pearl River.' N. E. from Jackson 92 miles. Loujsville, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded on the N. W. by the St. Lawrence, and watered S. by Grass River. Several islands lying in the St. Lawrence River belong to this town. The surface is undulating; soil fertile loam, based upon limestone. 20 miles N. from Canton, and 23 1 N. W. from Albany. Lovdl, Me., Oxford co. This town embraces Kezer Pond, a large sheet of water, and other ponds whose outlet is into the Saco, at Frye- burg. Lovell lies 10 miles N. from Frycburg, 20 W. S. W. from Paris, and 67 W. S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated 1800. "In this town are Lovell's Falls, a great natural curiosi ty. Where the water makes over into the tre mendous basin below; it falls perpendicularly 40 feet . Above the falls, there is a chain of 8 ponds, partly in Lovell and partly in Water- ford, connected by small natural dams, 1 or 2 rods in width, through which there are sluice ways, which will admit the passage of a common sail boat. The scenery of the mountains and ascending lands in the vicinity is rural and beau tiful." Lovington, Va., c. h. Nelson co. 105 miles W. by N. from Richmond. Lowell, Mc., Penobscot co. Formerly called Huntsville. Incorporated by its present name in 1838. 30 miles E. of N. from Bangor. Lowell, Ms. City, and one of the seats of jus tice of Middlesex" co. Situated on the Merrimac River, at the point where it receives the Concord River. 26 miles N. W. from Boston, 45 N. N.E. from Worcester, 13 S. W. from Lawrence, and 50 S. S. E. from Concord, N. H. The rapid growth of this city, the variety and richness of its manufactures, and the peculiar character of its population, have rendered it an object of interest and inquiry throughout the world. In these respects, it stands unrivalled in this country, and is well entitled to the appellation of the " Manchester of America." The township was taken from Chelmsford in 1826, and embraces a territory, including the vil lage of Belvidere, on the opposite side of the Concord River, which has since been annexed to Lowell from the corner of Tewksbury, of about 5 square miles. The number of inhabitants on this territory in 1820 was less than 200; and the whole valuation of property did not exceed $100,000. The first purchases, with a view to the establishment of manufactories here, were made in 1821. The Merrimac Company, which was the first incorporated, was established in 1822, with a capital of $1,500,000; and the first cloth woven was in one of their mills, in 1823. There are now 12 incorporated companies in Low ell, employing a capital of nearly $14,000,000, besides about $500,000 more of other manufac turing and mechanical investments, which is em ployed by individual enterprise. The population in 1830 was 6477; in 1840, 20,796; in 1850, 33,385; and at the present time, (1852,) not less than 35,000. All the principal water privileges at Lowell are owned by a company called " The Proprie tors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimac River." This company was incorporated in 1792, for the purpose of constructing a canal from the head of Pawtucket Falls, so called, in the Merrimac River, to the Concord River, near its junction with the Merrimac, for the purpose of affording a passage to boats and rafts navigating the river. This canal is a mile and a half long, 60 feet wide, and 6 or 8 feet deep. It is still used to some extent for tho purpose originally intended. But when the de sign was entertained of applying the immenso water power thus created to manufacturing pur poses, this company, having secured the title to a considerable area on the south side of the river, sold out to other companies the sites for mills, agreeing to furnish them with a certain amount of water for a stipulated annual rent. They also erected an extensive shop for the manufacture of machinery, from which, in as short a time as three months, they can furnish the machinery complete for a cotton mill of 6000 spindles ; and in tho same time, if required, they also build the mill itself, to the orders of a new company, and furnish it ready to be oper ated. The facilities thus afforded contributed IN THE UNITED STATES. 437 rapidly to build up the place, and the energy and foresight of these enterprising capitalists were largely rewarded. This old canal having, of late years, proved in some degree insufficient, a new one was con structed in 1847, of great capacity and superior workmanship, costing $640,000. This canal is nearly 1 mile in length, averaging 100 feet wide and 15 feet deep; and for size, solidity, and the completeness of all its arrangements, is said to exceed any thing of the kind in the United States. The whole number of mills belonging to tho 12 manufacturing corporations of Lowell, on the 1st of January, 1851, was 50; containing 325,500 spindles and 9906 looms; the number of males employed, 3702 ; females, 8274 ; pounds of cotton consumed per week, 575,400 ; pounds of wool consumed per week, 69,000 ; making of cotton cloth, per week, 2,190,000 yards; of woollen cloth, 20.477 yards; and of carpeting, 15,000 yards. The average wages earned by males, clear of board, is 80 cents per day ; and by females, clear of board, $2 per week. — These mills are all now lighted with gas, and warmed by steam. Besides these there are ex tensive powder mills, paper mills, and mills for making batting, the Lowell bleachery, a foun- dcry and planing mill, with a variety of other manufactures, carried on by individual proprie tors of large means, which together employ as many as 1500 hands. The public buildings of Lowell are a Court House, City Hall, Market House, a Hospital, a Mechanics' Hall, the houses for public worship, which, are generally handsome, and the edifices for the public schools. The Mechanics' Hall was erected by an association of mechanics, in corporated as early as 1825. It is a spacious and expensive building, in the heart of the city, furnished with a fine library and reading room, with philosophical apparatus and a mineralogi- cal cabinet. Courses of lectures, literary and scientific, are delivered here. There is also a valuable library of 7000 volumes belonging to the city, which is open to all persons for tbe small fee of fifty cents per annum. The Hospi tal was established in 1839, by the several manu facturing companies, for the convenience and comfort of persons employed by them, when sick ; where, for a very small price, an experi enced physician and nurses are provided. Perhaps nothing has contributed more to en courage industry, frugality, and thrift, among the operatives, than the Institutions for Savings, of which there are now two in Lowell. The labor ers are the principal depositors in these banks, the greater part being females. The number of depositors November 1, 1851, was 6224; and the amount of deposits $812,598.63. The fire department in this city is very effi cient and well organized. A reservoir of great capacity has been constructed on the high ground in Belvidere, for the purpose of furnishing a ready supply of water to any part of the city in case of fires. The water is carried into the res ervoir by forcing pumps from the Lowell Ma chine Shop, and thence distributed through pipes to the hydrants in the city. The number of churches in Lowell of all de nominations is 23. The population, although so largely composed of young persons hut recently removed from the counsels and restraints of the parental roof, is superior to that of most cities, for general intelligence, sobriety and correct de portment For nothing, perhaps, does Lowell deserve more credit than for her liberal provision for the public, schools. This/ wise policy was early adopted, and has perseveringly enlarged its op erations with the growth of the city! From -$1200, the amount appropriated for the support of the public schools in 1827, the annual appro priation in 1850 had risen to $43,000. These schools consist of a high school, 10 grammar schools, and 46 primary schools. The total ex penditures of the city for 1850 was $178,614. The place where Lowell stands was known in the early annals of the country as one of the best fishing grounds of the Indians in all Now England. The "Apostle Eliot " speaks of one or two excursions which he made to " Pawtucket Falls," to become acquainted with the tribes of Indians from the interior, and to teach them the principles of Christianity. They continued even to a late day, after the country around began to be settled, to retain their title to a right at this fishing ground. There are still evident marks, it is said, of a trench which once enclosed a large area, about the junction of Merrimac and Concord Rivers, which was expressly reserved for the use of the Indians. How altered now the scene ! How different the enterprise, which brings such multitudes to sojourn at these falls I Lowell must be considered as a magnificent and most successful experiment of an American manufacturing city, upon which our countrymen look with pride and foreigners with admiration. To its founders, a few Boston capitalists, be longs the credit of establishing a wise system of means to .produce at once the most successful pecuniary, social, and moral results ; in a great measure precluding the evils of ignorance, degra dation, and vice, which were once thought insep arable from large manufacturing towns. No community, for the period of its existen.ee, has enjoyed more of the substantial comforts of life, or possesses better intellectual and moral advan tages, than Lowell. It has become an honor to the state in which it is located, and a model to the manufacturing cities springing up around it, and in other parts of the land. May this great and industrious city always continue to be wor thy of the title given it by tbe Hon. Edward Everett, in his Memoirs of Fkancis C. Lowell, from whom it derives its name — "The noble City of the Arts." Lowell, Vt, Orleans co. The Missisco River originates in a small pond, nearly on flhe line between this township and Eden,"and taking a northerly course, and receiving a number of considerable tributaries, enters Westfield near its S. E. comer. Although encompassed by mountains on all sides, except the N. E., much of the township is handsome land, easy to till, and generally productive. At the grist mill, near the centre of Lowell, the whole river passes through a hole in the solid rock. This natural bridge is situated at the foot of a fall in the river of about 10 feet. The first permanent settle ment was made in 1806, by Major William Caldwell. 9 miles S. W. from Irasburg, and 40 N. from Montpelier. Lower Chichester, Pa., Delaware co. Surface level, and watered by Hook, a branch of Naa- man's Creek ; soil loam. Lower Dublin, Pa., Philadelphia co. Penny- 438 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, pack Creek and Saw Mill Run flow through this town, affording water power. Surface gently uneven ; soil sandy loam. Lower Macungy, Pa., Lehigh co Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. Lower Mahantango, Pa., Schuylkill co. Deep and Swatara Creeks water this town, which is crossed by Broad and Sharp's Mountains. Soil ¦ red shale, and fertile in the valleys. Anthracite coal exists here. 55 miles N. E. from Harris burg. Lower Makefield, Pa., Bucks eo. Bounded on the E. by Delaware River. Surface undulating ; soil clay and sandy loam. Lower Merion, Pa., Montgomery co. Schuyl kill River and Mill and Cobb's Creeks water this town, which has an undulating surface and rich, loamy soil. It lies 93 miles E. from Harrisburg. Lower Nazareth, Pa., Northampton co. Wa tered by Manookisy Creek. Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. Lower Oxford, Pa., Chester co. Drained by branches of Octarara and Elk Creeks. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil loam. Lower Paxton, Pa., Dauphin co. Beaver and Paxton's Creeks water this town, and Blue Mountain lies on its N. border. 6 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Lower Providence, Pa., Montgomery co. Per- kiomen Creek, on the borders of which lead is found, and Shippack Creek, water this town. Surface hilly ; soil red shale. Lower Salford, Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by branches of Perkiomen and Shippack Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil loam and red shale. Lower Saucon, Pa., Northampton co. Watered by Lehigh River and Saucon Creek and branches. Surface hilly ; soil gravel and calcareous loam. 99 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. Lower St. Clair, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded on the N. by Monongahela and Ohio Rivers, and drained by Chartier's Creek and Saw Mill River. Surface hilly ; soil loam. Coal is abundant. lower Swatara, Pa., Dauphin co. Bounded S. W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Spring and other creeks. Surface hilly ; soil slate and calcareous loam. 5 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Low Hill, Pa., Lehigh co. Surface hilly ; soil gravel. 88 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. Lowndes County, Aa., c. h. at Haynesville. It is bounded N. by Alabama River, separating it from Autauga co., E. by Montgomery and Pike counties, S. by Butler, and W. by Wilcox and Dallas counties. Drained by branches of Ala bama River. Lowndes County, Ga., c. h. at Troupsville. It is bounded N. by Irwin co., E. by Ware, S. by Indiana, and W. by Thomas and Baker counties. Alapaha and Withlac'oochee Rivers, branches of the Suwannee, flow through this county. Lowndes County, Mi., c. h. at Columbus. It is bounded N. by Monroe co., E. by Alabama, S. by Noxubee, and W. by Oktibbeha co. Wa tered by Tombigbee River and branches. Sur face undulating ; soil productive. Lowville, N. Y., Lewis co. On the W. side of Black River. Surface rolling; soil good, and, on tho banks of the river, very fertile. 7 miles N. from Martinsburg, and 132 N. W. from Albany. Lubec, Me., Washington co. In tho N. E. cor ner of the state, at tho entrance of Passama quoddy Bay. It has an excellent harbor, easy of access, and never obstructed by ice. The principal village occupies a point of land jutting into the harbor, and makes a fine appearance. It is largely engaged in navigation, and has a thriving business. 3 miles S. from Eastport, 31 S. E. from Calais, and 1 73 E. by N. from Augusta. Lucas County, Io., c. h. at Chariton. Southern central. Lucas County, 0., c. h. at Maumee City. Sit uated in the N. W. part of the state, having the Maumee River for its S. E. boundary, and for its N. boundary the state line, dividing it from Michigan. It has been recently constituted a county, being a part of the former territory of Wood and Henry counties. The surface is gen erally level, a portion of it covered by the Black Swamp, and a portion of the northern part dry and sandy. In this county, not far from the present locality of Maumee City, was fought, August 20, 1794, the " Battle of the Fallen Tim bers," in which the Americans, under General Wayne and General Scott, gained an important victory over the Indians, assisted by Canadian militia and volunteers. This part of the Mau mee valley was also the theatre of important operations in the war of 1812. This county is at present but sparsely settled, but is destined, at no distant day, to become populous and wealthy. Ludlow, Ms., Hampden co. This was formerly a part of Springfield, and called Stony HilL The town is watered by branches of Chicopee River, and by that river itself, at the S. part of the town, where is situated a flourishing manu facturing village. The surface of the town is pleasant, with some elevations on its eastern section. The soil is good and productive. The North Wilbraham depot, on the Western Rail road, is near the village in Ludlow. 9 miles from Springfield, and 89 from Boston. Ludlow, Vt, Windsor co. Black River passes through the centre of the town, and has many valu able mill sites. In the upper part of its course it widens into 4 large basins, the largest in Ludlow being nearly circular, and 1 mile in diameter, known as the Ludlow and Plymouth Ponds. In the N. W. corner of the town is the " Tiney Pond," several hundred feet above the level of the river, and nearly half a mile in diameter. There- is another large collection of water in the western part of the town, and several extensive bogs upon both sides of the river. The soil upon the river is alluvial, and throughout the town is fertile. The prevailing rock is mica slate. The settle ment, was commenced in 1784-5, by emigrants from Massachusetts. 61 miles S. from Montpe lier, and 18 S. W. from Windsor. Ludlowville, N. Y., Tompkins co. On Salmon Creek, which has a fall of nearly 100 feet at this place. W. by S. from Albany 172 miles. Lumberland, N. Y., Sullivan co. Bounded on the S. W. by the Delaware River, and watered by Mongoup River and several other tributaries of the Delaware. The surface is hilly, and heavily timbered; soil gravelly loam. 12 miles S. W. froiri Monticello, and 125 from Albany. Lumberton, N. C, c. h. Robeson co. On the E. bank of Lumber River. 91 miles S. by W. from Raleigh. Lumpkin County, Ga., c. h. at Dahlonega. It is bounded N. by Union, E. by Habersham and Hall, S. by Forsyth, and W. by Cherokee and Gilmer counties. Watered by Etowah and Ches- tatee Rivers and branches. Surface hilly ; soil IN THE UNITED STATES. 439 very rich on the streams. Gold dust of a superior quality is found here. Lunenburg, Ms., Worcester co. This was .originally a part of " Turkey Hills,'' or Fitch burg, and was so called in compliment to George II, or to his title of Duke of Lunenburg. Many ¦ of the first settlers were emigrants from Scot land and Ireland. The soil is fertile. Though the land is generally high, yet by reason of its cohesive texture, and having a clayey stratum within a few feet of its surface, it retains moisture sufficient for vegetation through the whole sum mer, unless in seasons of severe drought There are 3 handsome ponds, but the town is singularly destitute of water power. Lunenburg is a flour ishing town, with a pleasant village near its cen tre. This village is 5 miles N. W. from Shirley depot, on the Fitchburg Railroad, and 37 from Boston. Lunenburg, Vt, Essex co. On the W. side of Connecticut River, and watered by Neal's Branch and Pond, and Catbow Branch, good mill streams. Some of the land is very good, but the most of it is stony. It is good' for grazing. This town was probably settled as early as 1770. 13 miles S. from Guildhall, and 55 N. E. by E. from Montpelier. Lunenburg County, Va., c. h. at Lewistown. It is bounded N. by Nottoway River, separating it from Prince Edward and Nottoway counties, E. by Dinwiddie and Brunswick counties, S. by Meherin River, separating it from Mecklenburg, CO., and W. by Charlotte co. Drained by small streams flowing into Nottoway and Meherin Rivers. Lunenburg, Va., c. h. Lunenburg co. 78 miles S. W. from Richmond. Lurgan, Pa., Franklin co. Watered by the N. and S. branches of Conedogwinit Creek. Sur face mostly slaty valley land. 13 miles N. from Chambersburg. Luray, Va., c. h.' Page co. It is situated on Hawksbil! Creek. 130 miles N. W. from Richmond. Luzerne, N. Y., Warren co. On the E. side of the Hudson River, and watered by a chain of small lakes extending from Lake George to the Hudson. It is a hilly town, the E. part being covered by the Palmertown Hills. 6 miles S. W. from Caldwell, and 55 N. from Albany. Luzerne County, Pa., c. h. at Wilkesbarre. Bounded N. by Wyoming and Susquehanna counties, E. by Wayne and Monroe, S. by Car bon and Schuylkill, and W. by Northumberland, Columbia, and Lycoming counties. Watered bv Susquehanna and Lehigh Rivers. The surface is much diversified, and anthracite coal is abun dant; soil fertile in the valleys. Luzerne, Pa., Fayette co. In the great bend of the Monongahela River, which bounds it N. and W. It is also watered by Dunlap's Creek. Sur face level ; soil calcareous loam. 12 miles N. W. from Uniontown. Lycoming County, Pa., c. h. at Williamsport Bounded N. by Tioga and Bradford counts, E. by Wyoming and Luzerne, S. by Columbia, Northumberland, and Union, and W. by Clinton co. Watered by the W. branch of the Susque hanna and its tributaries. A canal passes through this county, and unites with the Penn sylvania Canal at the mouth of the Juniata. Surface rough and mountainous ; soil fertile in the valleys. ' Lycoming, Pa., Lycoming co. Watered by Lycoming Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna River. Surface mostly mountainous ; soil rich calcareous loam in the valleys. Lykens, Pa., Dauphin co. Wieorfisco, Little, and Mahan tango Creeks water this town. Sur face mountainous, containing coal ; soil red shale. 26 miles N. from Harri.-burg. Lyman, Me., York co. This is a pleasant town, watered by several ponds, which empty, some into the Saco, and others into tho Kennebunk and Mousum. It lies 87 miles S. W. from Au gusta, 5 E. from Alfred, and 6 N. N. W. from Kennebunk. Lyman, N. II., Grafton co.. is situated on Con necticut River. Lyman's Mountain is in this town : from it the N. W. branch of Burnham's River has its source. There are several ponds in the R part of Lyman, through the largest of which Burnham's River has its course. The lower bar of Fifteen Mile Falls is in this town. Carleton's Falls are several miles below ; and below these is Stevens's Ferry, which communi cates with Barnet. The scenery in this town is wild and romantic. Lyman was granted, in 1761, to a number of proprietors, of whom was Daniel Lyman, from whom it probably received its name. 13 miles N. from Haverhill, and 100 N. E. from Concord. Lyme, Ct., New London co. Lyme is situated at the mouth of Connecticut River, on the E. side, opposite to Saybrook. It is a pleasant town, generally of good soil, but greatly diversi fied in regard to surface ; some parts are moun tainous and rocky, while others are level, with large tracts of salt meadow. The town is watered by several streams and ponds, and the shores on the sound and river are indented by small bays and harbors, which afford the town some naviga ble privileges. There are several neat villages in the town. Incorporated 1667. Its Indian name was Nehantic. Among the first settlers was Mat thew Griswold, the ancestor of two governors, and ' of a numerous and highly respected family in the state. 40 miles S. E. from Hartford. Lyme, N. H, Grafton co. The soil here is similar to that of other towns on Connecticut River, with this difference, that there is a less proportion of intervale, and a less difference be tween that directly adjoining the river and the other parts of the towri. Three small streams pass through the town. There are two small ponds; the largest is called Port's. Here is an elevation called Smart's Mountain. The town received its name from Lyme, Ct. First settlers, Walter Fairfield, John and William Sloan, and others, from Connecticut. 20, miles S. from Haverhill, and 55 N. W. from Concord. Lyme, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by Chau mont and St. Lawrence Rivers, and comprises Fox and Grenadier Islands, lying in Lake On tario, which bounds th,e town on the S. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile sandy and marly loam. 12 miles W. from Watertown, and 172 N. W. from Albany. Lynchburg, Va., Campbell co. On the S. side of James River, 20 miles below its passage through the Blue Ridge, and 1 16 W. from Richmond. The James River and Kanawha Canal is in operation between this place and Richmond, with five pack et boats for passengers, leaving" and arriving 'every day except Sundays. The town is handsomely situated, on ground ascending from the river in 440 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, tho midst of bold and beauliful scenery, within view of the Blue Ridge and the Peaks of Otter. It was incorporated in 1805, and has risen to the rank of a flourishing commercial mart. The buildings, both public and private, are substan tial and elegant, indicative of the wealth, intelli gence, and taste of the inhabitants. Seven or eight of the prevailing religious denominations have churches here. There are six or seven large hotels, a large cotton factory, an iron foundory, several extensive flouring mills, and about thirty tobacco factories, in whjch from 35,000 to 40,000 boxes of tobacco are manufac tured annually. Lynchburg has an extensive trade with the N., the N. W., and S. parts of Vir ginia, and. with the adjacent parts of Ohio, Ken tucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina. A bridge crosses the James River in front of the town ; and by a dam, some distance above, water is taken out of the river, and raised, by machinery, through an ascending pipe 2000 feet long, to an elevation 253 feet above the stream, for the sup ply of the inhabitants. A water power is also created by this dam which is capable of extensive application to manufacturing purposes. Lynd'eboro', N. H, Hillsboro' co. This is an elevated township, having a considerable moun tain, which divides it from E. to W. There is below tho mountain a plain, where there is a small village, pleasantly situated near Piscata- quog River. The soil, though stony, is deep and strong, and excellent for grazing. The streams are small. In 1753, Benjamin Lynde, Esq., of Salem, purchased a large part of tho township and adjoining lands. From him the place took the name of Lyndoboro'. ' First settlers : the earliest names were Putnam, Chamberlain, and Cram. 10 miles W. N. W. from Amherst, and 30 S. S. W. from Concord. Lyndon, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by Isch'ua and Oil Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam and clay. 18 miles E. from Ellicottville. and 274 S. of W. from Albany. . Lyndon, Vt, Caledonia co. Lyndon is one of the best townships in the state; its surface is un dulating, with a soil of rich loam, free from stone, and easy to cultivate. It is well watered by the Passumpsic and some of its tributaries. Two important falls of that river are in the town, one of 65 feot in the distance of 30 rods, the other of 18 feet. These are called Great and Little Falls, and afford a water power of great extent. Agaric mineral, used for chalk, and a good sub stitute for Spanish white, is found here. The principal village is very pleasant, and the seat of considerable business. The settlement was com menced by Daniel Cahorn, Jr., in 1788. 14 miles N. E. from Danville, and 44 N. E. from Mont pelier. Lynn, Ms., Essex co. This city lies on the N. shore of Massachusetts Bay, 9 miles, by the Eastern Railroad, N. N. E. from Boston, and 5 miles S. from Salem. It extends 6 miles on the sea, this portion of the township being a plane, bounded on the N. by a chain of bold, rocky hills, chiefly composed of porphyry. Beyond this rocky barrier lies tin extensive tract of woodland, into which Lynn extends about 5 miles. Its In dian name was Saugus. It is surrounded al most by water, having the River Saugus on the W., the harbor on'the S., tho ocean on the S. E., and a chain of large ponds, culled the " Lakes of Lynn," on the N. From the S. side a peninsula, with a splendid beach, extends four miles into the ocean, at the extremity of which is the celebrated watering-place Nahant Sec Fashionable Resorts. On another projection of this romantic shore, is Phillips's Point, which also is a place of fashiona ble resort in tho summer season. A mineral spring in the N. part of the town is also a place of much celebrity. The city is neatly built, on wide anrt pleasant streets, and is one of the most flourishing and beautiful places in New England. The popula tion in 1790 was 2291 ; 1800, 2837; 1810, 4087; 1820,4515; 1830,6138; 1840,9367; 1850,.14,257. There are in Lynn 15 churches of various de nominations, nine or ten principal school houses, an academy, banks, insurance offices, and a large number of literary, social, and beneficent so cieties. This place has risen to wealth and im portance by the industry and enterprise of its people in the manufacture of shoes, for which it has been longer celebrated, than any other town in the country. The manufacture of ladies' shoes was commenced here before the revolution ary war. Previous to the war, the market for Lynn shoes was principally confined to New England, except that a few were sent to Phila delphia. Many individuals with small capital carried on the business in their own families ; fathers, sons, apprentices, with one or two jour neymen perhaps, all in one small shop, forming the whole establishment. After the revolution, the business assumed a different aspect. Enter prising individuals embarked in it on a more enlarged scale, building large shops, and em ploying a great number of journeymen. Master workmen exported tlieir shoes to the south, and to other parts of the country, so that the shoes from Lynn soon took the place of the English and other imported shoes. There are in Lynn upwards of 130 principal shoe manufacturers and merchants, giving em ployment in this species of industry to about 10,000 persons, of both sexes. More than 3,000,000 pairs of ladies' and misses' shoes are made there annually. From 300,000 to 400,000 pairs besides are purchased from other towns for the trade, making an annual business, in this article alone, of nearly $2,500,000. The other principal business of Lynn is the cod and mackerel fishery, which is often very productive. From the eminences back of the city a most enchanting prospect is presented to the eye, com prehending the harbors of Boston and Salem, with tlieir numerous islands; the spires and domes of those cities, and nearly the whole com pass of Massachusetts Bay, with the Blue Hills and the outline of Cape Cod stretching along the southern horizon. Jutting out into the sea, a few furlongs on the S., appear the rugged cliffs of Nahant, and the hard, polished beach leading to it, like a narrow footpath of sand upon the waters. Lynn County, On. In the valley of the Willa mette. Lynnfidd, Ms., Essex co. This was formerly tho N. parish of Lynn, and called Lynn End. Tho town is watered by Ipswich and Saugus Rivers and two very handsome ponds. The sur face is uneven, but the soil is strong and fertile. Lynnficld contains large tracts of woodland, and no town, so near the city, presents more wild and romantic scenery. 13 miles N. from Boston, and 8 W. by N. from Salem. IN THE UNITED STATES. 441 Lyons, Mn , Ionia co. On both sides of Grand River, 100 miles from its mouth, and at the head of steamboat navigation. The river has a fall at this place, affording good hydraulic power. 134 miles W. N. W. from Detroit. Lyons, N. Y., c. h. Wayne co. ' At the junc tion of Mud Creek and the Canandaigua outlet, which form Clyde River. Surface hilly; soil fertile sandy and calcareous, loam. 171 miles N. of W.from Albany. Lysaiider, N. Y., Onondaga co. Bounded on the S. by Seneca River. Surface chiefly level, and soil of good quality. 15 miles N. W. from Syracuse, and 158 from Albany. McArthurstown, 0., c. h. Vinton co. 71 miles S. E. from Columbus. McConnelsville, 0., c. h. Morgan co. . On the E. bank of Muskingum River, on a pleasant spot, from 10 to 30 feet above high water. 75 miles S. E. from Columbus, and 38 N. W. from Marietta. McCraken. County, Ky., c. h. at Paducah. Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Illinois, E.by Marshall, S. by Graves, and W. by Ballard co. Drained by Clark's River and branches. Surface level ; soil fertile. , McDonald, Mo., c. h. Barry co. On the N. side of a small branch of White River. 200 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. McDonald County, Mo. In the S. W. corner of the state. Watered by branshes of Elk River, a tributary of the Neosho. McDonough, Ga., c. h. Henry co. Between Towelagga and South Ockmulgee Rivers. 65 miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. McDonough County, Is., c. h. at Macomb. Incor porated in i 829. Bounded N. by Henderson and Warren counties, E. by Fulton, S.by Schuyler, and W. by Hancock co. Watered by Crooked River and' branches. Most of the land is fertile prairie. McDowdl County, N. O, c. h. at Marion. In the W. part of the state. On the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge. Contains the westernmost sources of the Catawba. McHenry County, Is., c. h. at McHenry. Bounded N. by Wn., E. by Lake CO., S. by Kane and De Kalb, and W. by Boone co. Watered by Des Plaines and Fox Rivers and branches, and the N. branch of Chicago River. The soil on the E. side of Fox River is clay, and on the W. rich sandy loam. Limestone is abundant. Mclndoes Falls, Vt. In the town of Barnet, Caledonia co. At the head of navigation on the Connecticut, and on the Passumpsic Railroad. 46 miles E. by N. from Montpelier. Mcintosh County, Ga., c. h. at Darien. Bounded N. W. anrt N. E. by Liberty co., S. E. by the At lantic Ocean, and S. W. by the Alatamaha River, separating it from Glynn and Wayne counties. South Newport River runs on its N. E. border, and Sapelo River, Jones and Doctor's Creeks drain the interior. Surface level ; soil produc tive. Sapelo, Black Bend, Wolf, and several other islands, belong to this county. McKean County, Pa., c. h. at Smithport In corporated in 1804. Bounded N. by New York, E. by Potter and Clinton counties, S. by Elk, and W. by Warren co. Watered by Alleghany River and branches, and by Sinnemahoning Creek, a head branch of the W. fork of the Sus quehanna. Surface hilly, abounding with iron, coal, and salt; soil suitable for grazing. McKean. Pa., Erie co. Watered by Walnut 56 Creek and branches, and by Elk Creek. Surface hilly; soil gravellv loam. 9 miles S. from Eric, and 265 N. W. by"W. from Harrisburg. Machias, Me., c. h. Washington co. On Ma chias River. It contains numerous saw mills, and has an extensive trade in lumber. It is also a place where ship building is largely carried on, and the falls of the river above the tide water afford considerable water power. It formerly included Machias Port and East Machias. 143 miles E. N. E. from Augusta. Machias Port, Me., Washington co. 146 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and 3 S. of Machias. It has an excellent harbor, and a great number of saw mills. Mackinac County, Mn., c. h. at Mackinac. This county embraces the whole upper peninsula of Michigan lying beyond the Straits of Mackinac, and between parts of Lakes Michigan and Supe rior, containing about 13,500 square miles, and likewise several islands in the straits, which are about 40 miles long, between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and 4 miles wide, in the nar rowest part. Mackinac Island is elevated about 300 feet above the lake. A settlement was com menced hero in 1764. The interior is yet, to a great extent, a wilderness. Mackinac. Mn., c. h. Mackinac co. This vil lage, 300 miles N. N. W. from Detroit, occupies the S. E. extremity of an island of tbe same name, at the W. extremity of Lake Huron. It has a fine, spacious harbor, is the centre of an extensive fur trade, and exports large quantities offish. Fort Mackinac stands on a rocky emi nence, 150 feet above the village, commanding the passage of the straits. This has long been a station of the Roriian Catholic missions. , The Protestant mission of the A. B. C. F. M. have also established schools here. McLean County, Is., c. h. at Bloomington. Bounded N. by Woodford and Livingston coun ties, E. by Vermilion and Champaign, S. by Piatt, De Witt, and Logan,, and W. by Taze well co. Watered by Mackinaw River and Kickapoo and Salt Creeks. Surface slightly un dulating, a large part being prairie ;. soil fertile. McLeansboro', Is., c. h. Hamilton co. On a head branch of the N. fork of Salina Creek. S. S. E. from Springfield 156 miles. McMinn County, Te., c. h. at Athens. Hiwassee River and its branches water this county. McMinnville. Te., c. h. Warren co. 75 miles S. E. from Nashville. McNairy County, Te., c. h. at Purdy. Bounded N. by Madison and Henderson, and E. by Hardin co., S. by Mississippi, and W. by Hardeman co. Drained by tributaries of Big Hatchee. McNutt",M\., c. h. Sunflower co. Macomb County, Mn., c. h. at Mount Clemens. Incorporated in 1818. Bounded N. by Lapeer and St. Clair counties, E. by St. Clair co. and Lake St. Clair, S. by Wayne, and W. by Oakland co. Drained by Clinton River and its branches. Surface level in the R., but more hilly and un even in the W. portions. . Soil mostly very fertile, and well adapted to grass and grain. Saline springs are found here. Ifiacon County, Aa., c. h. at Tuskegee. Bounded N. by Tallapoosa and Chambers, E. by Russell, S. by Barbour and Pike, and W. by Montgomery co. Watered by Tallapoosa River and branches, and by branches of Chattahoochee and Choctaw- hatchie Rivers. 442 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Macon County, Ga., c. h. at Lanier. Bounded N. by Talbot and Crawford counties, E. by Hous ton, S. by Dooly and Sumpter, and W. by Mari on co. Flint River traverses this county from N.'to S., and with its branches waters the sur face. Macon, Ga. City, and seat of justice of Bibb co., at the head of steam navigation on the Ockmulgee River, 30 miles S. W. from Milledge ville. The town is built on both sides of the river, over which there is a bridge, about 400 feet in length. This place has had a very rapid growth since 1822, when there was but a single cabin on the site where it now stands. By its population it now ranks among the largest places in the state. Besides the county buildings, which are large and handsome, there is an elegant mar ket house, and 5 or 6 churches. A great amount of cotton is shipped from this place, employing 8 or 10 steamboats on the Ockmulgee, besides tow boats and pole boats. There are 10 or 12 foreign commission houses, -with a large capital em ployed, and many stores occupied with an exten sive retail trade.- This city is connected by rail roads with Savannah, 191 miles; Augusta, 165 miles, and Charleston, 300 miles ; with Mont gomery, on the navigable waters of the Alabama, 27/6 miles ; and- with other important points on the Chattahoochee and Tennessee Rivers. Macon County, Is., e. h. at Decatur. Bounded N. by De Witt, E. by Piatt and Moultrie, S. by Shelby and Christian, and W. by Christian, San gamon, and Logan counties. Watered by Kas kaskia River, by the N. fork of Sangamon River, and by Salt Creek. The surface is chiefly level, and soil fertile. Macon County, Mo., c. h." at Bloomington. Bounded N. by Adair and Knox, E. by Shelby, S. by Randolph and Chariton, and W. by Linn co. Chariton and East Chariton Rivers, and the branches of Salt River, water this county. Macon County, N. G, c. h. at Franklin. Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Haywood and Henderson counties, S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and W. by Cherokee co. Watered by the head branches of Tennessee River. Surface elevated, and in parts mountainous. Macoupin County, Is., c. h. Carlinville. Incor porated in 1829. Bounded N. by Morgan and Sangamon counties, E. by Montgomery, S. by Madison, and W. by Jersey and Greene counties. Watered by Macoupin Creek and branches, and by the head branches of Cahokia and Wood Creeks. Surface gently undulating ; soil mostly of excellent quality. Macungy, Pa., Lehigh co. Surface level, and watered by Jordan and Little Lehigh Creeks. Soil fertile calcareous loam. 83 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. Madawaska Plantation, Me. Aroostook co. On the St. John's, opposite the mouth of the Madawaska. Madbury, N. H., Strafford eo. The soil is gen erally productive. In some parts of the town, bog iron ore and red and yellow ochre have been found. Bellamy Bank River is the only stream of any magnitude, and Barbadoes Pond the only considerable body of water. This pond lies be tween Dover and Madbury, and is 120 rods long and 50 wide, Madbury was formerly a part of Dover. 36 miles E. S. E. from Con cord, and about 3 miles from the railroad depot at Dover. Madbury, N. H., Strafford co. 36 miles E. S E. from Concord. Madison County, Aa., c.h.at Huntsville. Bound ed N. by Tennessee, E. by Jackson co., S. by the Tennessee River, separating it from Marshall and Morgan counties, and W. by Limestone co. Watered by Flint River and other branches of the Tennessee. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil very fertile. Madison County, As., c. h. at Sevierville. It is bounded N. by Missouri, E. by Carroll and New ton, S. by Franklin, and W. by Washington and* Benton counties, Watered by White River and branches. Madison, Ct, New Haven co. This town was taken from Guilford in 1 826. The soil is stony, and naturally hard to cultivate ; but it is made quite productive by the use of whitefish, ploughed in. These fish appear in the Sound about the 1st of June, and continue 3 or 4 months. They are taken in great quantities, and are considered an excellent manure.- They were first thus used about the year 1798. This place has a small harbor and some navigation. Ship building is the most important mechanical pursuit. 18 miles E. by S. from New Haven. Madison County, Fa., c. h. Madison. Bounded N. by Georgia, E. by Suwanee River, separating it from Columbia, Alachua, and Levy counties, S. and S. W. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Oscilla River, separating it from Jefferson co. This county contains numerous small lakes, and has good water. Surface undulating; soil sterile in the central portions, but fertile elsewhere. Madison, Fa., c. h. Madison co. Madison County, Ga., c. h. at Danielsville. It is bounded N. by Franklin, E. by Elbert, S. by Ogle thorpe and Clarke, and W. by Jackson co. Madison, Ga., c. h. Morgan co. 41 miles N. N. W- from Milledgeville. Madison County, Is., c h. Edwardsville. It is bounded N. by Jersey, Macoupin, and Montgom ery counties, E. by Bond and Clinton, S. by St. Clair co., and W. by the Mississippi River, sep arating it from Missouri. Drained by Cahokia, Silver, and Wood Creeks, and their branches. Madison County, la., c. h. at Andersontown. Bounded N. by Grant, E. by Delaware, S. by Hancock, and W. by Hamilton and Richardville counties. Watered by White River and its trib utaries, which afford hydraulic power. Surface level ; soil productive. Madison, la. City, and seat of justice of Jef ferson co. On the N. side of the Ohio River. 86 miles S. from Indianapolis, 92 W. from Cincin nati, and 41 E. from Louisville. This place is well situated on a bend of the river, above the reach of the highest floods. In the rear of the city the hills rise abruptly to the height of 250 feet. This is the S. terminus of the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, which extends by branches in different directions beyond Indian apolis, N. and W. Madison is handsomely built, mostly with brick. The streets are broad and straight, and several of them are paved. The principal public buildings are a court house, jail, a branch of the State Bank, and 5 or 6 church edifices. It is a placo of much enterprise and success in business. Large manufacturing operations are carried on here by steam power, among which are iron fbunderies, cotton facto- t ries, a steam-engine factory, flouring mills, oil mills, &c. A great business is done here in the IN THE UNITED STATES. 443 slaughtering and packing of hogs, which are driven in large droves from the interior. The advantages for commerce which this place pos sesses must secure to it, as the resources of the state aro more and more developed, a steady in crease of prosperity and wealth. Madison County, Io., c. h. at Winterset S. central part of the state. Madison County, Ky., c. h. at Richmond. It is bounded N. by Kentucky River,, separating it from Jessamine and Fayette counties, E. by Estill co., S. by Laurel, and W. by Rockcastle and Garrard counties. Drained by branches of the Kentucky River. Madison Parish, La., c. h. at Richmond. It is bounded N. by Carroll parish, E. by the Missis sippi River, separating it from Missouri, S. by Tensas parish, and W. by the Bayou Macon, separating it from Franklin and Carroll parishes. Drained by Roundaway Bayou. Madison, Me., Somerset co. On the E. side of Kennebec River. 34 miles N. from Augusta. Madison County, Mi., c. h. at Canton. Bound ed N. by Atala, and E. by Leake co., S. E. by Pearl River, separating it from Franklin co., S. by Hinds co., and W. by the Big Black River, separating it from Yazoo co. Madison County, Mo., c. h. at Fredericktown. Bounded N. by Francois, E. by Cape Girardeau, S. by Wayne, and W. by Reynolds co. Watered by St. Francis and Whitewater Rivers and branches. Madison County, N. Y., c. h. at Eaton. Formed from Chenango co. in 1806. It is bounded on the N. by Oneida, E. by Oneida and Otsego, S. by Chenango, and W. by Onondaga co. Wa tered by Oneida Lake, which lies on the N. boundary, and by the streams flowing into it, and S. by the head branches of Unadilla, Che nango, Ostelic, and Tioughnioga Rivers. Surface rather level in the N. parts, but more hilly in the S., being crossed by an elevated ridge. Soil fer tile, especially in the valleys. Gypsum and wa ter limestone are the most important mineral productions, and marl and bog iron ore are found in several places. Near Chittenango village aro 2 celebrated sulphur springs. The Erie Canal, and Syracuse and Utica Railroad pass through the N. part of this county. Madison County, 0., c. h. at London. Union bounds it on the N., Franklin and Pickaway on the E., Fayette on the S., and Greene, Clark, and Champaign counties on the W. It was settled in the year 1815; the land is excellent for grazing, and is watered by Darby and Deer Creeks. Madison, Pa., Columbia co. Watered by Lit tle Fishing and Mahoning Creeks. Surface quite uneven ; soil loam and clay. 10 miles N. from Danville. Madison County, Te., c. h. at Jackson. Bounded N. by Gibson and Carroll, E. by Henderson, S. by McNairy and Hardeman, and W. by Hay wood co. Drained by the S. fork of Forked Deer and its branches. Madison County, Va., c. h. at Madison. Bound ed N. E. and E. by Rappahannock and Culpep per, S. E. by Orange, S. W. by Madison, and N. W. by Page co. Watered by Robertson's, and other branches of Rapid Ann Rivers. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil of medium quality. Madison, Va., c. h. Madison co. 97 miles N. -W. from Richmond. Madison, Wn. Capital of the state, and seat of justice of Dane co., 80 miles W. from Milwau kie, and 90 miles N. E. from Galena, Illinois. It is pleasantly situated between two small lakes, which constitute the third and fourth of the chain denominated " the Four Lakes," which are among the sources of the Rock River. There is a regu lar and gentle descent each way from the site on which the town is built to the lakes on either side, affording a delightful prospect of the water. The town is regularly laid out, with a handsome cen tral square, 914 feet on a side, and streets inter secting each other at right angles. The first improvements here were made by the general government, when Wisconsin was organized as a territory. Having selected this spot as the ter ritorial seat of government, appropriations were made for laying out the town, enclosing the pub lic square, and erecting a capital in its centre. This handsome edifice is of stone, two stories high above the basement, surmounted with a dome, which can be seen at the distance of 10 miles in every direction. In 1837, the contractor with the government for building the capital, with 40 men and 5 females, started from Milwaukie, and cut their way through the wilderness in a te dious journey of 11 days, to commence their un dertaking. The growth of the place has been rapid, and its prosperity substantial. It has now churches for several of the principal religious de nominations, many handsome hotels, stores, and public buildings, and is a great thoroughfare of travel between important points on Lake Michigan and Greeri Bay on the E. and N., and the Upper Mississippi on the W. Madison Springs, Ga., Madison co. 99 miles N. from Milledgeville. The chalybeate waters here are efficacious in the cure of many complaints ; and good accommodations are provided to render a residence at the springs agreeable. Madisonville, Ky., c. h. Hopkins co. On high land between Green and Tradewater Rivers. 127 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. Madisonville, La., St. Tammany parish. A sea port on Chefonte River, a northern tributary of Lake Pontchartrain. 35 miles N. from New Or leans. Madrid, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by Grass River and several small streams flowing into the St. Lawrence, which bounds it on the N. W. The Isle au Rapid Plat and some smaller Islands are attached to this town. Surface slight ly undulating ; soil fertile loam. 12 miles N. from Canton, and 227 N. N. W. from Albany. Mahaska, Io., c. h. at Askaloosa. S. central. Mahoning County, 0., c.h. at Enfield. On the N. E. border. The N. E. corner is traversed by the W. fork of Beaver River and the Ohio and Pennsylvania Canal. Mahoning, Pa., Mercer co. Bounded S. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Mahoning Creek.- Surface varied ; soil gravel and clay. Mahoning, Pa., Indiana co. Watered by Great and Little Mahoning Creeks, and on the borders of the latter iron ore is found. Surface hilly ; soil clay. 173 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. Maiden Creek, Pa., Berks co. Watered by the Schuylkill River and its tributary, Maiden Creek. Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. 60 miles E. from Harrisburg. Maidstone, Vt., Essex co. Watered by Paul's Stream and Maidstone Lake. The settlement here is mostly confined to the margin of Connec ticut River, along which a road passes through the township. The settlement was probably com- 444 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, menced about the year 1770. 3 miles N. from Guildhall, and 71 N. E. from Montpelier. . Maiden, Ms., Middlesex co. This town is con nected with Charlestown by a bridge across Mys tic River, of 2420 feet in length, built in 1787. It was formerly a part of Charlestown, and called Mystic Side. Maiden has a rich soil, varied sur face, and good water power. There are two de lightful and flourishing villages in the town, through both of which the Maine railroad passes. 5 miles from Boston. Maiden, N. Y., Ulster co. On the W. bank of Hudson River, 43 miles S. by W. from Albany. Leather and flagging stone pavements are export ed from this place in large quantities. Malone, N. Y., c. h. Franklin co. It is bounded on the N. by Canada, and is drained by Salmon and Trout Rivers. The Ogdensburg Railroad passes through it. . 61 miles E. from Ogdensburg, and 212 miles N. N. W. from Albany. Malta. N. Y., Saratoga co. Drained by the outlet of fiound and Ballston or Long Lakes, and by Anthony's Kill. Saratoga Lake also lies on the N. E. boundary. Surface undulating ; soil clay loam and sand. 6 miles S. E. from Balls- ton Spa, and 24 N. from Albany. Mamakating, N. Y., Sullivan co. Watered by Bashe's Kill, nearly parallel to which runs the Delaware and Hudson Canal. The surface is hilly and mountainous. Shawangunk Mountain lying in the E., and a high ridge in the W. part. 12 miles E. from Montieello, and 101 S. S. W. from Albany. Mamaroneck, N. Y., Westchester co. Bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound, and drained by Mamaroneck Creek. Surface hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam. 7 miles S. from White Plains, and 138 S. from Albany. Manayunk, Pa., Philadelphia co. On the E. bank of the Schuylkill River. 7 miles N. N. W. from Philadelphia, and 99 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. The waste water of the Schuyl kill Canal makes a large water power. The Norristown Railroad passes through this place. There is a large amount of manufacturing and other business done here. Manchester, Ct., Hartford co. An important manufacturing town on the Hockanum. The first cotton mill in this state was built here in 1794. The face of the town is uneven, but the soil, a sandy and gravelly loam, is quite produc tive. 9 miles E. from Hartford. Manchester, Ky., c. h. Clay co. On the W. side of Goose Creek, a branch of Kentucky River, and 119 miles S. E. from Frankfort Manchester, Ms., Essex co. This town was for merly a part of Salem, called Jeffrey's Creek, and was settled by William Jeffrey, as early as 1628. The surface of the town is rocky, but pleasantly ( diversified; tho soil is various, but generally good. Massachusetts Bay is on the S. of this town. The harbor here is well protected. Tho village is pleasantly situated on a southern declivity towards the harbor. Man chester is celebrated for producing the magnolia, a beautiful flowering tree, rarely found in New England. It is about a dozen feet in height, with deep-green leaves and white flowers. It possesses a delicious fragrance, and flowers about the first of July. 8 miles N. E. from Salem, and 22 N. E. from Boston. The railroad between Beverly and Gloucester passes through the town. Manchester, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town lies on the E. side of Merrimac River, on which it is bounded, 9 miles ; it is otherwise bounded N. by Hooksett, E. by Chester, and S. by Litchfield. Massabesick Lake lies at the E. ''of the town. It is a fine sheet of water, with many islands, and presenting some of the finest prospects in this part of the state.. This lake or pond is divided into two nearly equal parts by a narrow strait crossed by a bridge ; each of these parts is about 3 miles long by 1 mile wide. Its outlet, the Cohas Brook, is a fine mill stream, and the only con siderable stream rising in the town. The soil of a considerable part of the town is light and sandy. The intervales on the river are inconsiderable, but of easy cultivation and pro ductive, and the swells afford some fine farms. The Amoskeag Falls, between Manchester and Goffstown, are the largest on the Merriraac. At an ordinary stage of the water, the fall to the foot of the locks is 47 feet, and the whole fall in the distance of a mile is 54 feet. A permanent stone dam is erected across the river at the head of the falls, and on the E. side, guard gates of most substantial masonry are constructed, through which the water passes into a spacious basin con nected with the upper canal for the use of the mills, and with the Amoskeag Canal for pur poses of navigation. The upper canal is 4950 feet long, 75 feet wide at the basin, from which it is gradually narrowed to 45 feet, is 1 0 feet deep, and walled throughout with stone. The lower canal, which occupies the place of the Amoskeag Canal, is 7500 feet long, of a size and depth corresponding with the upper canal, and constructed in a similar manner. The fall from the upper into the lower canal is 20 feet, and from the latter into the river varies from 20 to 30 feet. ' The water power is estimated by competent engineers to be sufficient to drive 216,000 spindles, with all the machinery to com plete the manufacture of the cloth. The rapid fall of the river below prevents any obstruction from back water. There are now in operation at this place 7 large cotton mills, 4 owned and operated by the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, and 3 bythe StarkMills Corporation, containing 105,000 spindles and 3000 looms, employing 6+0 males and 3500 females, consuming annually 36,000 bales cotton, 635,000 pounds potato starch, 31,000 gallons sperm oil, 6700 cords wood, 1200 tons anthracite coal, and producing 39,500,000 yards of sheeting, shirting, ticking, denims, me rino stripes, and cotton flannel. There are connected with these mills an ex tensive blue dyeing establishment, long ranges of cotton warehouses and buildings for repair shops and counting houses, numerous blocks of boarding houses for the operatives, containing 166 tenements, all of which buildings are built of bricks in the most substantial manner, with slated roofs, and well adapted for the purposes for which they are used. There is a large machine shop and foundery owned by the Amoskeag Manufacturing Com pany, in which are employed 500 hands, and con sumes 350 tons bar iron and steel, 400 tons an thracite coal, 3000 tons pig iron, 30,000 bushels charcoal, and can furnish annually 25 locomo tives and the machinery necessary for a 25,000 spindle mill. There are blocks of houses con taining 66 tenements for the holp employed in the shop and foundery, and more in contemplation. IN THE UNITED STATES. 445 The mousseline de laine works owned by the Manchester Print Works Corporation include two large mills, print works, dye house, and bleach house, with the necessary appurtenances. These mills contain 48,000 spindles, 1230 loom's, and to gether with the print works connected therewith give employment to 600 males and 1150 females. and consume annually about 600,000 pounds of ,cotton, 1.100,000 pounds of wool, 4000 cords of wood, 1000 tons of coal, 10,000 gallons of olive oil, 8000 gallons of sperm oil, 6000 gallons of whale oil, 60,000 pounds of oil soap, an.d 60,000 pounds of starch, and produce about 10,000,000 yards of mousseline de laines and fine prints, that are celebrated for the brilliancy of their colors and the taste displayed in the patterns. Since the beginning of the year 1839, a large village has grown up near the mills, in which are 8 meeting houses erected at an expense of more than $50,000, for the use of the Congrega tionalists, Baptists, Universalists, Methodists, Freewill Baptists, Episcopalians, and Unitarians. Several of these are large and handsome buildings. 9 school houses afford accommodations for 15 schools, and upwards of 900 scholars. There are 4 large hotels, 75 stores, and more than 400 pri vate dwellings. A town house 90 by 68 feet 2 stories high, with a spacious town hall, cupola, clock, bell, &c, erected in 1841, at an expense of $23,000, was destroyed by fire in August, 1842, and is now rebuilt The village is beautifully situated on a plain about 90 feet above the river, the boarding houses of tho corporations occupying the slope towards the canals. It is laid out upon a plan at once neat and convenient. The principal street is 100 feet wide, and extends more than a mile N. and S., and from 60 to 100 rods distant from the river ; 10 other streets intersect this at right angles,.and 4 others run parallel to it. These streets are about 50 feet wide. Four large squares have been laid out for public use, some of which are enclosed and planted with trees. A public cemetery, called the Valley, contain ing 20 acres, at a short distance from the village, is a beautiful spot It is intersected by a deep valley and a running stream, and is laid out with winding paths and avenues. It is always a place of great resort, and of just pride to the citizens. An Athcna3um was established in January, 1844, which has a library of 2200 volumes, and a reading room for periodicals and newspapers ; and a law library has been commenced, which has now about 400 volumes. Two free bridges across the Merrimac connect this town with Goffstown and Bedford. These are new and handsome structures, erected at an expense of more than $28,000. The villages of Piscataquog and Amoskeag, on the W. side of the river, are connected by these bridges with Manchester, and, in fact, constitute with it but one place of business. At the mouth of the Cohas is a thriving vil lage growing up around the mills on that stream. The growth -of the city of Manchester is unrivalled by any place in this country except Lowell, and is a magnificent specimen of the en terprise and skill of the New England people. The population within the limits in 1838 was about 50 ; in 1848, it contained 12,000 inhabi tants ; in 1850,13,933. Manchester was incor porated as a city in 1846. Manchester is on the great Northern Railroad, 58 miles from Boston and 17 from Concord. It is also connected by railroad with the Boston and Maine Railroad" direct to Lawrence, Ms., 27 miles, and thence to Salem, Ms., 23 miles, where it is connected with the Eastern Railroad. Manchester, N. J., Passaic co. Incorporated in 1836. It is watered by Ramapo, Pompton, and Passaic Rivers, which afford extensive water priv ileges. Surface hilly and mountainous. Manchester, N. Y., Ontario co. Drained by the Canandaigua outlet. Clifton Springs, situated in the E. part of this town, aro quite celebrated. 8 miles N. E. from Canandaigua. / Manchester, Te., u. h. Coffee co. On the head waters of Duck River. 68 m. S. E. from Nashville. Manchester, Vt, Bennington co. One of the county towns. Situated between the Green Moun tains on the E., and Equinox Mountain on the ,'W. There are' two neat villages in this valley. The town is watered by the Battenkill and its branches, and affords good mill sites. The soil along the watercourses is good, but the principal part of the town is better for grazing than tillage. Here are large quarries of beautiful marble, and a curious cavern ; also a variety of minerals. 25 miles N. ^by E. from Bennington, and about 40 W. from Bellows Falls, across the mountains. Manchester, Va., Chesterfield co. On the S. side of James River, opposite Richmond. There are numerous manufactories here, among which are those of cotton seed oil, tobacco, and flour. Manhattanville, N. Y, New York co. On the E. side of Hudson River, and has a good landing. 8 miles N. from the City Hall, New York. The New York Lunatic Asylum is located near this vil lage. There is an extensive white lead factory here. The Hudson River Railroad passes through it. Manheim, N. Y., Herkimer co. Bounded on the S. by the Mohawk River, and drained by East Canada Creek, one of its tributaries. This is a hilly town, with a fertile soil. 10 miles E. from Herkimer, and 70 N. W. from Albany. Manheim, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by Great Conestoga on its E., and Little Conestoga Creek on its S. W. border. Moravia Creek also traverses its N.E. corner. Surface undulating; soil cal careous loam and clay. 33 miles E- S. E. from Harrisburg. Manheim, Pa., York co. Watered by Hammer, a branch of Codorus Creek. Surface undulating ; soil rich loam. 16 miles S. W. from York. Manheim, Pa., Schuylkill co. Watered by the Schuylkill and tributaries ; gravelly and barren. Manitowoc County, Mn., c. h. atManitowoc. On the W. shore of Lake Michigan, opposite Lake Winnebago. Manlius, N. Y., Onondaga co. Chittenango and Limestone Creeks water this town, the surface of which is somewhat rolling, and the soil uncom monly .fertile. 10 miles E.from Syracuse, by railroad, and 120 N. of W.from Albany. Mannington, N. J., Salem co. Surface level, and watered by Salem River and Manriington Creek ; soil rich loam. 6 miles N. E. from Salem. Manny, La., c. h. Sabine parish. 30 rniles S. W. from Natchitoches. Manor, Pa., Lancaster co. Drained by streams flowing into Conestoga River, which forms its S. E. boundary. 6 miles S. W. from Lancaster. Mansfield, Ct, Tolland co. Mansfield, the In dian Nawbesetuck, was taken from Windham in 1703. The face of the town is uneven, and. some of the hills have considerable elevation. The 446 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, ' town is watered by Willimantic River, and the Natchaug and its tributaries — Mount Hope and Fenton. A larger quantity of silk is manufac tured here than in any other place in the United States. This branch of industry was introduced into the country by Dr. Aspinwall, of this place, above 70 years since, who established the rais ing of silk worms in New Haven, Long Island, and Philadelphia. 27 miles E. from Hartford. Mansfield, La., c. h. De Soto co. Mansfield, Ms., Bristol co., was originally the north parish of the town of Norton. Mansfield is watered by several branches of Taunton River. The soil is thin, and the surface level. About the year 1836, a mine of anthracite coal was dis covered here in digging a well. Among a varie ty of berries, which flourish in Mansfield, is the white whortleberry, rarely known to exist in any other place. The New Bedford and Taunton' Railroad meets the Boston and Providence Rail road in the centre of the town. 1 1 miles N. W. from Taunton, and 24 S. from Boston. Mansfield, N. J., Burlington co. Drained by Black's, Craft's, and Assiscunk Creeks, branches of the Delaware River. Along the river is a kind of clay which makes superior fire bricks. Surface level ; soil sand, clay, and loam of good quality. 7 miles N. from Mount Holly. Mansfield, N. J, Warren co. Musconetcong and Pohatcong Creeks water this town, which is also traversed* by the Morris Canal. Surface mountainous, containing iron ore and a chalybe ate spring. Soil rich calcareous loam. 48 miles N. N. W. from Trenton. Mansfidd, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by branches of Cattaraugus Creek and of the Al leghany River. Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam, yielding good crops of grass and grain. 5 miles W. from Ellicottville, and 297 S. of W. from Albany. Mansfidd, 0., c. h. Richland co. Pleasantly situated on elevated ground. 63 miles N. E. from Columbus. Marathon, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by Tioughnioga River and some of its branches. Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam. 15 miles S. E.from Cortland, and 145 W. from Albany. Marblehead, Ms., Essex co., was originally a part of Salem, and for some time after its settle ment was called Marble Harbor. It is bounded on the N. by Salem Harbor, E. and S. by Massa chusetts Bayt and W. by Salem and Salem Har bor. The surface is exceedingly irregular and rocky, and considerably elevated. The harbor, in front of the town, a mile and a half long, and half a mile wide, formed by a narrow neck at the S. W., which separates it from Lynn Bay, and connects the town with Great Neck, is deep and excellent, capable of being entered at all times by ships of the largest size, and by a breakwater, constructed in 1845, for the protection Of Little Harbor, will be rendered a safe retreat from storms. . This harbor is protected by Fort Sew- all, near its entrance. Marblehead has always been noted for the enterprise of its people in the fisheries. The village is very pleasant in summer, and an excellent place to witness the raging of the ocean in a storm. A railroad passes from this town to Salem, 4 miles, and to Boston, 16 miles. Marbletown, N. Y., Ulster co. Drained by Esopus and Rondout Creeks, and is crossed by the Shawan gunk Mountain. The soil is productive. 7 miles S.-W. from Kingston, and 65 S. S. W. from Albany. Marcellus, N. Y., Onondaga co. Drained by Nine Mile Creek. A hilly town, with a fertile soil. 10 miles S. W. from Syracuse, and 140 N. of W. from Albany. Marcy, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Nine Mile Creek, a branch of the Mohawk River, which forms its S. boundary. Surface hilly, the Hassen- cleavCr Mountain partly covering it ; soil chiefly clay and sandy loam. 6 miles N. from Utica, and 100 miles N. W. from Albany.' Marengo County, Aa., c. h. at Linden. Bound ed N. by Greene, E. by Perry, Dallas, and Wil cox, S. by Clarke co., and W. by the Tombig- bee River, separating it from Washington and Sumpter counties. The Warrior River runs on its N. W. border. Soil sterile. Marengo, Io., c. h. Iowa co. Marianna, Fa., c. h. Jackson co. On the W. side of Chipola River. 77 miles W. N. W. from Tallahassee. Marietta, Io., c. h. Marshall co. Marietta, O., c. h. Washington co. On both sides of the Muskingum, at its entrance into the Ohio. It is regularly laid out with wide streets, and neatly and compactly built. It is the oldest town in the state, having been laid out in 1788, and named after the unfortunate Marie Antoinette, queen of Louis XVI. After 50 years of very slow prog ress, it has recently taken a decided start, and the arrangements for railroad communication with Cincinnati, Wheeling, Pittsburg, Baltimore, and Philadelphia promise to enhance its importance. 104 miles E. S. E. from Columbus, and 300 by the river above Cincinnati. Marietta, Pa., Lancaster co. On the N.E. bank of Susquehanna River, above the junction of Little Chiques Creek, and 27 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Marion County, Aa., c. h. at Pikeville. Bounded N. by Franklin co., E. by Walker, S. by Fayette co., and W. by Mississippi. Watered by Bear Creek, a branch of the Tennessee River, and by Buttahatchie River and branches. Marion, Aa., c. h. Perry co. 58 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. Marion County, As., c. h. at Yellville. Bound ed N. by Missouri, E. by Fulton co., S. by Searcy, and W. by Carroll co. Drained by White River and its branches. Marion, As., c. h. Crittenden co. 6 miles W. from the Mississippi River, and 140 E. N. E. from Little Rock. Marion County, Ca. In the N. peninsula, be tween the Bay of San Francisco and the Ocean. Marion County, Fa. In the centre of the pen insula. Marion County, Ga., c. h. at Tazewell. Bounded N. by Talbot, E. by Macon, S. by Sumpter and Stewart, and W. by Muscogee co. Drained by branches of Flint River. Marion, Ga., c. h. Twiggs co. 41 miles S. S. W. from Milledgeville. Marion County, Is., c. h. at Salem. Incorpo rated in 1823; and is bounded N. by Fayette, E. by Clay and Wayne, S. by Jefferson, and W. by Washington, Clinton, and Fayette counties. Watered by Kaskaskia River and branches, and the Skillet Fork of Little Wabash River. A large part of the surface is prairie land. Marion, Is., c. h. Williamson co. 172 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. Marion County, la., c. h. at Indianapolis. Bounded N. by Boone and Hamilton counties, IN THE UNITED STATES. 447 E. by Hancock and Shelby, S. by Johnson and Morgan, and W. by Hendricks co. .Drained by the W. fork of White River, and by Fall and Eagle Creeks; Surface level ; soil of excellent quality. Marion, la., c. h. Grant co. On Missisinewa River, 25 miles from its junction with the Wa bash, and 73 'N. N. E. from Indianapolis. Marion, Io., c. h.-Linnco. 4 miles E. from Cedar River. Marion, Io., c. h. at Knoxville. S. central. Marion County, Ky., c. h. at Lebanon. A cen tral county. Watered by the Rolling Fork of Salt River and its tributaries. Marion, Ky., c. h. Crittenden co. Marion, As., c. h. Crittenden co. Marion, Ms., Bristol co. A new town, taken from Rochester. Marion County, Mi., c. h. at Columbia. Bound ed N. by Lawrence and Covington, E. by Perry, S. by Harrison and Hancock counties, S. W. by Louisiana, and W. by Pike co. Drained by Pearl and Leaf Rivers" and Black Creek. Soil fertile on the borders of the streams. Marion, Mi., c. h. Lauderdale co. On the head branches of Oktibbeha Creek. E. from Jackson 1 10 miles. Marion County, Mo., c. h. at Palmyra. Bound ed N. by Lewis co., E. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Illinois, S. by Ralls and Mon roe, and W. by Shelby co. Drained by South Fabius and North Rivers, branches of the Missis sippi. Surface undulating; soil very rich. Marion, Mo., c. h. Cole co. On the S. bank of Missouri River. 15 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. Marion City, Mo., Marion co. The landing for the town of Palmyra. It extends 14 miles along the W. bank of the Mississippi. Marion County, N. G, c. h. at Monroe. Mid way of the southern border. Marion, N. C, c. h. McDowell co. Marion, N. Y., Wayne co. Surface uneven ; watered by a branch of Mud Creek ; has a soil well adapted for grain. 14 miles N. W. from Lyons, and 195 N. of W. from Albany. Marion County, O., c. h. at Marion. Cranford is on the N., Richland on the E., Hardin on the W., and Delaware and Union counties on the S. It was constituted in February, 1820, and settled the same year ; but it was not organized until January, 1824. The- principal waters are the Scioto, Little >Scioto, and Whetstone Rivers. The land is rich and fertile, and part of it is an open plain ; it is well improved. Marion County, On. In the valley of the Wil lamette. Marion District, S. C, c. h. at Marion Court House. Bounded N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. by the Little Pedee River, separating it from Horry district, S. W. by Great Pedee River and Lyneh's Creek, separating it from Georgetown and Williamsburg districts, and N. W. by Dar lington and Marlboro' districts. Surface level, and in some portions marshy. Marion, S. C, c. h. Marion district. On the E. side of Catfish Creek, a branch of the Great Pe dee River, and 146 miles E. from Columbia. Marion County, Te., c. h. at Jasper. Bounded N. by Warren and Bledsoe, and E. by Hamilton co., S. by Georgia and Alabama, and W. by Franklin and Coffee counties. Drained by Ten nessee and Sequatchie Rivers and branches. Marion County, Te. New ; taken from Smith co. In the N. central part of the state. Marion County, Va., c. h. at Fairmount. N. W. part. Includes part of the valley of the Up per Monongahela, the two forks of which unite in the S. part of the county, and thence flow N, through it. Hilly. Crossed from E. to W. by tho Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Marion, Va., c. h. Smyth co. On the Middle Fork of Holston River. W. by S. from Richmond 275 miles. Mariposa County, Ca. About the banks' of the San Joaquin. Marksvilte, La., c. h. Avoyelles parish. Marlboro', Ct., Hartford co. . Marlboro' was taken from 3 towns which belonged to 3 different counties, in 1803. The surface of the town is hilly and stony, and the lands best adapted for grazing. Dark Hollow, in the western part of the town, presents some wild scenery of more terror than beauty. 14 miles S. E. from Hart ford. Marlboro', Ms., was granted to some people at Sudbury in 1655. Its Indian name was Okom- makamesitt. The town is remarkable for its fine undulating surface and fertile soil. The Assa- bet River waters the western part of the town, and affords Feltonville, a flourishing manufactur ing village, a fine water power. The town is otherwise watered by several small streams, and a number of beautiful ponds, fhe villages are handsome, and largely engaged in the shoe trade, and other manufactures. 27 miles W. from Bos ton, and 14 S. W. from Concord. Marlboro', N. H., Cheshire co. There are sev eral ponds in this town, which are the sources of some of the branches of Ashuelot River. The soil is rocky, but good for grazing. 6 miles S. E. from Keene, and 58 S. W. from Concord. The Cheshire Railroad passes through the town. Marlboro', N. Y., Ulster co. Bounded on the E. by the Hudson River, and is watered by the Old Man's Kill, one of its branches. Surface hilly ; soil clay loam, based upon slate. 20 miles S. from Kingston, and 88 S. S. W. from Albany. Marlboro', Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by Perkiomen and Swamp Creeks. Surface undu lating, containing iron ore ; soil red shale. Marlboro"District, S. C, c. h. at Bennettsville. Bounded N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. by Marion district, S. W. and N. W. by the Yad kin River, separating it from Darlington and Chesterfield districts. Marlboro', Vt, Windham co. The town is well watered by the W. branch of West River, Whetstone Brook, and Green River. It has a good soil, and is very productive in grain. Here are a pleasant village, several fine trout ponds, various kinds of minerals, and medicinal springs. The settlement was commenced in the spring of 1763, by Abel Stockwell, from West Springfield, Ms., and Thomas Whitmore, from Middleton, Ct 8 miles S. from Newfane, and 24 E. from Bennington. Marlow, N. H., Cheshire co. Ashuelot River passes through almost the whole length of this town. There are no ponds of note, nor any mountains. The soil is wet, but productive. There are excellent tracts of meadow land on Ashuelot River, and other streams. The land is uneven, and produces the various kinds of grain. First settlers, Joseph Tubbs, Samuel and John Gnstin, N. Royce, N. Miller, Nathan Huntley, 448 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, and others. 15 miles N. from Keene, and 50 W. by S. from Concord. Marquette County, Wn., «.-. h. at Marquette. Bounded E. by Winnebago and Fond du Lac, and S. by Dodge and Portage counties, and W. and N. by Puckaway Lake and Fox River,, sep arating it from Portage co. Marshall County, Aa., c. h. at Warrenton. Bounded N. by the Tennessee River, separating it from Madison and Jackson counties, E. by De Kalb co., S. by Blount, and W. by Morgan co. Drained by small streams flowing into the Ten nessee River. Marshall County,1s., c. h. at Lacon. Illinois River runs on the W. border of this county. Marshall, Is., c. h. Clarke co. 123 miles" E. S E. from Springfield, on the national road. Marshall County, la., c. h. at Plymouth. Bound ed N. by St. Joseph co., E. by Kosciusko, S. by Fulton, and W. by Stark co. Watered by Yel low and Tippecanoe Rivers. Marshall, Io , c. h. at Marietta. Central. Marshall County, Ky., c. h. at Benton. W. part of the state. Washed on the N. E. by the Tennessee River. Marshall, Mn., c. h. Calhoun co. 105 miles W. of Detroit. On the Northern Michigan Railroad. , Marshall County, Mi., c. h. at Holly Springs. Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Tippah and Pontosoc counjies, S. by the Tallahatchie River, separating it from Lafayette co., and W. by Po- nolo and De Soto counties. Watered by the head branches of Tallahatchie and Coldwater Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil productive. Marshall, Mo., c. h. Saline co. 87 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. Marshall, N. Y., Oneida co. Drained by the Oriskany Creek, arid is also crossed by the Che nango Canal. The surface is rolling; soil rich sandy loam. 12 miles S. W. from Utica, and 106 N. of W. from Albany. Marshall County, Te., c. h. at Lewisburg, Bounded N. by Williamson co., E. by Bedford, S. by Lincoln and Giles, and W by Maury co. Watered by Duck River and tributaries. Surface undulating ; soil productive. Marshall County, Va., c. h. at Elizabethtown. Bounded N. by Ohio co., E. by Pennsylvania, S. by Tyler co., and W. by the Ohio River, separat ing it from Ohio. Drained by Grave Creek and other small branches of the Ohio. Surface hilly; soil well adapted to grazing and the growth of grain. Marshfield, Ms., Plymouth co. Until its in corporation in 1641, this town was a part of Duxbury, and was called Green's Harbor, or Rexham. Its Indian name was Missancatucket. North River separates Marshfield from Scituate on the N., and Massachusetts Bay bounds it on the N. E. The surface is pleasantly diversified. South and North Rivers give to Marshfield a good water power. The lamented Webster's country seat was situated in the S. part of the town, about 12 miles N. from Plymouth. Marshfield, Vt, Washington co. The surface of this township is very uneven. That part of it W. of the river is timbered with hard wood, and the soil is good. E. of the river the timber consists principally of evergreens, and the sur face is broken, wet, and stony. Tbe town is wa tered principally by Winooski River. Hero in this stream is a fall, said to bo 500 feot in the distance of 30 rods. In the N. E. part of the town is a considerable natural pond. The rocks are principally slate and granite.' In the N. part of the town is a pleasant village. The town was granted to the Stockbridge tribe of Indians Oc tober 16, 1782, and chartered to them June 22, 1790. The township was purchased of the In dians by.Isaac Marsh, Esq., of Stdckbridge, Ms., from whom the town-derives its name, foril40, and was deeded to him July 29, 1789. The im provements were commenced here in the spring of 1790, by Martin and Calvin Pitkin, from East Hartford, Ct. 15 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Marshpee District, Ms., Barnstable co. A tract of 22 square miles, reserved for the Marshpee Indians. It was incorporated in 1834 as a dis trict, the people having the privilege of choosing their own officers, and managing their own affairs, assisted by a commissioner appointed by the state. The land cannot be sold without the con sent of all the inhabitants, who are only 102 by the census of 1850, — the largest remnant of New England Indians west of the Penobscot, — and of these only five or six are of pure blood. The land is good for grain, and is well watered by Marshpee and Quoshmet Streams, and numer ous ponds. It lies on the ocean, 12 miles S. W. from Barnstable. Martic, Pa., Lancaster co. Beaver, Muddy, and Pecquea water this town, affording good hydraulic power. The Susquehanna River also runs on its S. W. border. Surface hilly ; soil calcareous loam. 10 miles S. from Lancaster. Martin County, la., c. h. at Mount Pleasant. Bounded N. by Green, E. by Lawrence and Or ange, S. by Dubois, and W. by Daviess co. The E. fork of White River drains this county, its branches affording water power. The surface E. of White River is rough and hilly, and" W. level, or slightly uneven. Martin County, N. C, c. h. at Williamston. Bonnd- ed N. by the Roanoke River, separating it from Bertie co., E. by Washington co., S. by Beaufort and Pitt, and W. by Edgecombe co. Surface level, and some portions marshy. Martinez, Ca., c. h. Contra Costa co. Martinsburg, N. Y, c. h. Lewis co. Watered by Martin's Creek, a branch of Black River, which bounds it on the E. Surface undulating; soil rich loam, well adapted to the growth of grain. 142 miles N. W. from Albany. Martinsburg, Va., c. h. Berkley co. 21 miles N. W. from Harper's Ferry, and 169 N. by W. from Richmond. Martinville, la., c. h. Morgan co. On a beau tiful plain about half a mile E. from the E. branch of White River. Martinville, Va., e. h. Henry co. On Smith's River, a branch of Dan River. 194 miles S. W. from Richmond. Maryland, N. Y., Otsego co. Schenevas Creek waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, Crumhorn Mountain lying in tho W. part. The soil, consisting of clay loam, is fertile in the val leys. 12 miles S.-from Cooperstown, and 66 W. from Albany. Marysville, Ca., c. h. Yuba co. On the Yuba, just above its confluence with the Feather River. Marysville, O., c. h. Union co. On the S. side of Mill Creek, a branch of Little Scioto River. 30 miles N. W. from Columbus. Maryville, Te., Blount co. On a branch IN THE UNITED STATES. 449 of Pistol Creek, a tributary of Little River., 18 miles S. S. W. from Knoxville. This is the seat of the Southwestern Theological Seminary. See Tlieological Seminaries. Muson County, Is., c. h. at Bath. W. central part of the state. In the angle formed by the junction of the Sangamon with the Illinois. Mason County, Ky., <.-. h. at Washington. Bounded N. by the Ohio River, E. by Lewis, S. by Fleming, and W. by Nicholas and Bracken counties. Drained by North Lick, a branch of Licking River. Mason County, Mn. On the E. shore of Lake Michigan, half way from the head to the foot. Mason, N. H, Hillsboro' co. The surface is uneven ; the hills are chiefly large swells, with narrow valleys between them. The streams are rapid. There are no natural ponds. Souhegan is the principal stream, affording many fine mill sites. The soil in the E. part is light ; in the W. is a strong, deep soil, but stony. 15 miles S. W. from Amherst, and 45 S. S. W. from Concord. Mason County, Va., c. h. at Point Pleasant. Bounded N. E. by Jackson co., S. E. by Kana wha, S. W. by Cabell co., and N. W. and N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ohio. Great Kanawha River and its branches, and some small branches of the Ohio, water this county. Surface rough ; soil mostly fertile. Salt is found near the Kanawha. Masonvi/le, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by some small branches of the Delaware and Sus quehanna Rivers. The surface is hilly and mountainous. 23 miles W. from Delhi, and 105 S. W. from Albany. Massanutton, Va.. Page co. 188 miles N. W. from Richmond. Near this village is a stream from Massanutton Mountain, which has an un broken fall of nearly 50 feet, presenting a most beautiful spectacle. Massena, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Racket and Grass Rivers water this town, which comprises 2 large islands, lying in the St. Lawrence River, and contains a sulphur spring of some celebrity. Surface slightly .uneven ; soil fertile loam, based upon lime. 28 miles N. from Canton, and 236 N..N. W.from Albany. Massillbn, 0., Stark co., is on the Ohio Canal 65 miles S. from Cleveland, and 116 N. E. from Columbus. This place was laid out in 1826. It is now one of the most flourishing and in viting places in the interior of Ohio. It is the seat of a large commercial and manufactur ing business, contains iron works and flouring mills extensive business blocks, good hotels, fine churches, a model Union School, splendid private residences, and all the adornments of shrubbery, shade, and good taste, which charac terize an intelligent, enterprising, and prosperous people. The location of tho town on the Tus carawas River is a beautiful one, and affords good soil and a variety of landscape, with choice, sightly building spots in abundance. Many of these are'oceupied and improved with rare.taste. Superior building stone abounds in tho immedi ate vicinity ^of Massillon, and the public and private improvements are of the most durable character. A substantial stone bridge has re cently been finished over the Tuscarawas. The Union School at Massillon is deservedly the pride of all the citizens. It was one of the first established in Ohio, and stands first in site, bnilding. and good management All the chil- 57 dren of the town are free scholars, and may advance from the primary to the highest depart ment. Over 500 attend regularly. Massillon is known as tho Wheat City, and justly so. No town in the state, or in the Union, it is said, is the market of such large quantities of wheat, direct from the hands of the producers, as.Massiilon. The receipts from wagons alone some days have been as high as thirty thousand bushels. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad running from this place to Pittsburg, Pa., and connecting with the railroad from Cleveland to Pittsburg, brings Massillon into connection with all the great lines of steam communication through the eas.t and west. Matagorda County, Ts., c. h. at Matagorda. S. part. On tho coast and includes both banks of the Lower Colorado. Matteawan, N. Y., Dutchess co. On Fishkill Creek, a mile and a half from the landing on the . Hndson River. The creek falls 40 feet, and gives a great water power, improved for the manufac ture of stuffs for hats, machinery, &c. Matthews County, Va., c. h. at Matthews. This county consists of a peninsula situated between Piankatauck Bay on the N., Chesapeake Bay on the E., Mobjack Bay on the S., and Gloucester cd. on the W. Mauch Chunk, Pa., Carbon co. Township and village. In the midst of the Schuylkill coal fields. The surface is mountainous, the soil gravel. The village is on the W. bank of the Lehigh River, at the bead of the Lehigh Canal, in a deep and romantic ravine, between rocky moun tains, which rise precipitously 800 or 1000 feet. An inclined plane and a railroad 9 miles long ex tend to the coal mines. Maumee City, 0., c. h. Lucas co. On the W. side of Maumeo River, and at the head of navi gation, which is here interrupted by the rapids. The place has considerable trade, for which its ¦¦ location on the river, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, gives it good facilities. The canal is here connected with the river by a side cut. The water power at this place is very extensive, and is partially improved for several flouring mills and factories. 8 miles S. from Toledo, and 124 miles N. N. W. from Columbus. Maurice River, N. J., Cumberland co. Bounded S. by Delaware Bay, and W. by Maurice River, and drained by Tuckahoe and Tarkill Creeks, tributaries of Maurice River. Surface level; soil clay and loam on the streams, and sandy elsewhere. 20 miles S. E. from Bridgeton. Maury, La., c. h. Sabine parish. Maury County, Te., c. h. at Columbia. Bounded N. by Williamson co., E. by Marshall, S. by Giles and Lawrence, and W. by Hickman co. Well watered by Duck River and branches. Maxatawny, Pa., Berks co. Drained by Maiden Creek and its tributary Sacony Creek, both mill streams. Surface level; soil rich calcareous loam and gravel. 74 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Mayfield, N. Y., Fulton co. Watered by sev eral streams flowing into the Sacandaga River. It is a hilly and mountainous town, the N. part being traversed by a range of hills called the Mayfield Mountains ; soil chiefly sandy and clay loam. 8 miles N.E. from Johnstown, and 52 . N. W. from Albany. May's Landing,^. J., c. h. Atlantic co. Situ ated on both sides of Great Egg Harbor River, at the head of sloop navigation. 16 miles from 450 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, the ocean, and 73 miles S. from Trenton. It has a considerable wood and lumber trade. Maysville, Is., c. h. Clay co. Near the Little Wabash River, on the margin of Twelve Mile Prairie. 122 miles S. E. from Springfield. Maysville, Ky.. Mason co. This city is located on the S. bank of the Ohio River, and is enclosed in the rear by a ridge of high hills. It has 3 streets running parallel with the river, and others crossing them at right angles. The har bor for boats is good ; and a large part of the goods imported into the N. E. section of the state are landed here. There are some manu factures of leather, cotton, flour, &c. 81 miles N. E. by E. from Frankfort Maysville, Mo., c. h. De Kalb co. Maysville, N. Y., c. h. Chautauque co. At the N. end of Chautauque Lake. 344 miles W. by S. from Albany. A steamboat plies on the lake between this place and Jamestown, at the other end of the lake. Mead County. Ky., c. h. at Brandenburg. Bound ed N. W. and N. E. by the Ohio River, separat ing it from Indiana, E. by Hardin co., and S. and W. by Breckenridge co. Drained by Otter and Spring Creeks, and other small branches of the Ohio. Meadvil.le, Mi., c. h. Franklin co. On the W. bank of Homochitto River. 80 miles S. W. from Jackson. Meadville, Pa., seat of justice of Crawford co., 37 miles S. from Erie, and 234 N. by W. from Harrisburg. Pleasantly situated on the E. side of French River, from which it gradually rises to its central part, where is a handsome public square, containing about 5 acres. On the E. side of the square stands the court house, which is a fine edifice of brick and hammered 6tone, orna mented with a cupola. The place has 7 or 8 churches, an academy, a state arsenal, and a con siderable number of stores. It is the seat of Alleghany College. See Colleges. Mechanicsburg, 0., Champaign CO. 36 miles W. by N. from Columbus. Mecklenburg County, N. O, c. h. at Charlotte. Bounded N. by Iredell co., E. and S. E. by Ca barrus and Union counties, and S. W. and W. by Catawba River, separating it from South Caroli na and Lincoln co. Drained by branches of the Catawba River. Surface undulating ; soil fer tile. Rich gold ore is found here. Mecklenburg County, Va., c. h. at Boydton. Bounded N. by Meherin River, separating it from Lunenburg co., E. by Brunswick co , S. by North Carolina, and W. by Halifax and Charlotte coun ties. Drained by the Roanoke River and its branches. Medfidd, Ms., Norfolk co. This was a part of Dedham, and called Dedham village until its in corporation. It is a pleasant, flourishing town, watered by Charles and Stop Rivers, containing a good soil and diversified surface. 8 miles S. W. from Dedham, and 17 S. S. W. from Boston. Tbe Norfolk County Railroad passes near this town! Medford, Ms., Middlesex co. This beautiful town is situated at the head of navigation on Mystic River. The soil is very fertile, and in a high state of cultivation. Winter Hill, memora ble as the place of encampment of General Bur- goyne and his army, after their capture at Sara toga, borders the town. It is 125 feet above tide water, and presents a view of great extent and beauty. Medford has long been, and still is, dis tinguished for ship building. It "is connected with Boston by railroad, and is the locality of many beautiful country seats. 5 miles N. W. from Boston, and 14 E. by S. from Concord. Medina Comity, 0., c. h. at Medina. Bounded on the N. by Cuyahoga and Lorajn, E. by Por tage, S. by Wayne and Stark, and W. by Lorain counties. The Ohio Canal passes through the S. E. corner of it, and the other waters are Black and Rocky Rivers. Medina County, Ts., c. h. at Castroville. In the W. central part of the state. Watered by the Medina, an upper tributary of the San Antonio. Medway, Ms., Norfolk co. This was attached to Medfield until its incorporation as a town in 1713. The surface is undulating, with soil of a moderate quality. Medway is finely watered by Charles River on the E. and S., and otherwise by its branches. There are a number of pleas ant villages in Medway. Factory village is a place of considerable business. There are man ufactures of cotton, woollens, boots, shoes, scythes, bells, cabinet wares, ploughs, &c, to tho annual value of half a million dollars or more. 22 miles S. E. from Boston, with which it com municates by the Norfolk County Railroad. Meigs County, 0„ c. h. at Pomeroy. Washed by the Ohio River, and the interior parts by Shade and Leading Creeks. Meigs County, Te., c. h. at Decatur. Bounded W. by the Tennessee River, separating it from Rhea co. Surface hilly; soil productive. Melendez, Ts., c. h. Benton co. Melmore, 0., Eden township, Seneca co„ is a thriving place on the N. bank of Honey Creek. 80 miles N. from Columbus, and 8 S. E. from Tiffin. Melonville, Fa., c. h. Orange co. Melrose, Ms., Middlesex co. A new town. formed from the N. part of Maiden, on the Maine Railroad. 7 miles from Boston. A new and handsome village, principally inhabited by per sons doing business in Boston. Memphis, Te., Shelby co. On the Mississippi River. 135 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. It is built on the site of old Fort Pickering^upon an elevated bluff, called the Fourth Chickasaw Bluff, immediately below the mouth of Wolf River, near the S. W. corner of the state. This place is increasing rapidly, and becoming an im portant mart of trade. Large quantities of cot ton are brought from the interior to this port, and sent off in various directions. This place is favorably situated to obtain timber for ship building, and the river is deep enough to float the largest ships, when built, down to New Or leans. A U. S. naval depot is located here, to which is attached a ropewalk 1400 feet in length. Menard County, Is., c. h. at Petersburg. It is bounded N. by Mason co., E. by Logan, S. by Sangamon and W. by Cass co. Watered by Sangamon River and its branches. Mendham, N. J., Morris co. Watered by the head streams of the N. branch of the Raritan River, and by branches of Whippany River. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil clay and calcareous loam. 56 miles N. from Trenton. Mendon, Ms., Worcester co. Mendon is the oldest town in the county, except Lancaster. It was originally settled by people from Braintree and Weymouth. Nipmug was its original name. May 15, 1667, this plantation, whieh was then called Quinshepauge, was incorporated by the IN THE UNITED STATES. 451 ame of Mendon, probably after Mendham, in the county of Suffolk, England. The face o*f the town is fertile, oroducing large crops of hay and grain, and has for a long time been noted for the variety and abundance of its winter apples. This is a pleasant, healthy, and flourishing town. 32 miles S. W.from Boston, and 18 S. E.from Worcester. Mendon, N. Y., Monroe co. Irondequoit and Honeoye Creeks water' this town, the surface of which is undulating, and the soil of good quali ty. 12 miles S. from Rochester, and 209 N. of W. from Albany. Mendon, Vt, Rutland co. There is some good land in the town, but it is generally too high up the Green Mountains for cultivation. Mendon was chartered to Joseph Banker and others, Feb ruary 23, 1781, by the name of Medway. Par ker's Gore was annexed to it, and the whole incorporated into a township by the. name of Parkerstown, November 7, 1804; and, November 6, 1827, the name was altered to Mendon. 47 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. Mentz, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the N. and W. by the Seneca River, and watered by the Owasco outlet The Erie Canal crosses the Owasco outlet by a stone aqueduct, in this town, and the Montezuma Salt Springs lie a short dis tance N. from the canal, and communicate with it by a side branch. Surface undulating; soil rich, sandy loam. 8 miles N. from Auburn, and 156 N. of W. from Albany. Mercer County; Is., c. h. at Millersburg. It is bounded N. by Rock Island co., E. by Henry and Knox. S. by Warren and Henderson counties, and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Iowa. Drained by Edwards and Pope River and' the N. fork of Henderson River. Sur face undulating, much of the middle and E. por tions consisting of prairies; soil very fertile. Mercer County, Ky., c. h. at Harrodsburg. It is bounded N. by Anderson, E. by Woodford and Garrard, S. by Lincoln and Casey, and W. by Marion and Washington counties. Bounded Kf. E. by Kentucky River, and drained by head branches of Salt River. Soil of excellent quality. Mercer, Me., Somerset co. 32 miles N. N. W. from Augusta. Mercer County, Mo.' On the N. border, of the state. On the upper waters of Crooked Fork of Grand River. Mercer County, N. J., c.h. at Trenton. Bound ed N. by Somerset co , E. by Middlesex and Mon mouth; S. by Burlington, W. by the Delaware River, separating it from Pennsylvania, and N. W. by Hunterdon co. Drained by Assunpink Creek, a tributary of the Delaware, and by a head branch of Millstone River, a tributary of the Raritan. Mercer County, Pa., c. h. at Mercer. Is distin guished for its large extent of water power, for its bituminous canncl coal, iron ore, lime, and fine soil, and especially for its being the county where the Chenango or Mercer potato was first produced from the potato ball. They were pro duced upon the banks of the Neshanock Creek, which enters into the Chenango, and are called there the Neshanock potato. Bounded N. by Crawford co., E. by Venango and Butler, S. by Beaver, co., and W. by Ohio. Drained by Ma honing River, by Chenango Creek and brunches, and by Deer, Sandy, and Slippery Rock Creeks. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, and particularly adapted to grazing Mercer County, 0., c. h. at St. Mary's. Van- wert bounds it on the N., Dark on the S., Allen and Shelby counties on the E., and the state of Indiana oti the W. The land is level, rich, and fertile, and is watered by the St. Mary's and Wabash Rivers and their branches. Mercer, Pa., c. h. Mercer co. Near Neshan- dock Creek. 57 miles N. by W. from Pittsburg, and 234 W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Mercer County, Va., c. h. at Princeton. Bound ed N. E. by New River, separatinsr it from Mon roe co., S. E. by Giles, S. by Tazewell, and W. and N. W. by Logan and Fayette counties. Drained by Blue Stone and East Rivers, and Lick Creek, all branches of New River. Mercersburg, Pa., Montgomery township, Frank lin co. On a branch of Coneeocheague Creek. 15 miles S. W. from Chambersburg, and 62 S. W. from Harrisburg. Marshall College is located here. See Colleges. Meredith, N. H., Belknap co There is in this town a pond adjoining Centre Harbor, about 2 miles long and 1 wide, emptying into the lake near the village. Besides this, there are several smaller ponds. There is probably no town in the country more pleasantly and advantageously situated, or of a better soil, than Meredith. The Winnipiseogee Lake and River bound it on tbe N. and E. Near the upper part of the town, the traveller passing along the road is presented with a beautiful landscape. On the E. and S. E., the placid Winnipiseogee, the largest lake in New Hampshire, with its numerous islands, arrests the eye. and bounds the circle of vision in a S. E. direction. On the N. E., Ossipee Mountain rises to view. On the N., the prospect is inter cepted by Red Hill. Meredith Bridge is a hand some and flourishing village, and the seat of much business. The water power of Meredith is immense. It. is connected with the principal vil lage of Gilford, by a bridge over the Winnipiseo gee. The railroad from Concord to Montreal passes through this town. By the Concord and Montreal Railroad, 24 miles N. from Concord, and 1 mile N. W. from Gilford. Meredith Village, N. H, in Meredith, Belknap co. At the outlet of Winnipiseogee Lake, 37 miles N. from Concord. See Meredith. N. H. Meredith, N. Y., Delaware co. Drained by sev eral small tributaries of the E. branch of the Delaware, and by Oleout Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna River. Surface hilly ; soil suitable for grazing. 6 miles N. from Delhi, and 77 S. W. from Albany. Meriden, Ct, New Haven co. 17 miles N.E. from New Haven, 17 S. W. from Hartford, on the Quincpiac River, and the Hartford and New Haven Railroad. Hilly, but fertile. A flourish ing manufacturing town, particularly of hard ware, of which it produces a large value and great variety. Meriwether County, Ga., c. h. Greenville. Bound ed N. by Coweta co., E. bv Flint River, sepa rating it from Piko CO., S. E. by Talbot, S. W. by Harris, and W. by Troup to. Drained E. by brandies of Flint, and W. by branches of Chat tahoochee River. Merrimac County, N. H., c. h. at Concord. N. by Grafton and Belknap counties, E. by Strafford and Rockingham, S. by Hillsboro', and W. by Sullivnn. Its greatest length is 36 miles ; its breadth, at the broadest part, 26 miles. The surface is uneven ; the soil very fertile. The 452 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, northerly part is rough and mountainous. Kear- sage is the highest mountain, its summit being about 2400 feet above the level of the sea. The Ragged Mountains, so culled from their appear ance, lie N. E. of Kearsage, and between Andover and Hill. They are nearly 2000 feot high, at the N. points of the range. Beai's Hill, Suna- pee, Catamount, anrt Peak are the other most considerable elevations. A part of Lake Suna- pee lies in Newbury ; and there are numerous ponds interspersed throughout the whole territory. The Merrimac River meanders through nearly the centre of the county, and forms theboundary some distance at the N. E. part. It receives from the W. Blaekwater and Contoocook Rivers, and from the E. Soucook and Suncook, and other smaller streams. Merrimac, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The Merri mac waters the E. borders of this town, opening a communication by water from this place to Boston. Souhegan also passes through it, and has fine water privileges. Babboosuck Brook empties into Souhegan River, and Penichook Brook forms the southern boundary. The soil is fertile, and there are fine intervales on the Merri mac. This town claims the first manufacture, in this region, of Leghorn bonnets. They were first made by the Misses Burnaps. Some of their bonnets sold at auction for $50 each. The first house in this town was erected on the mar gin of the river for a house of traffic with the Indians. 6 miles S. E. from Amherst, and 28 S. from Concord, by railroad. The railroad between Lowell and Concord passes tlirough this town. Mtthuen, Ms., Essex co. On the N. bank of the Merrimac. It was taken from Haverhill in 1725. In this town is a pleasant and flourishing village, on both sides of Spigot River, which here has a fall of 36 feet, over a rocky precipice. The natural resources of the town are various — a fertile soil, abundance of wood, and inexhaust ible beds of excellent peat. The site of the vil lage is very elevated, and commands an extensive prospect of the beautiful and romantic scenery with which it is environed. It adjoins the city of Lawrence on the N. 25 miles N. by W. from Boston, and 20 N. W. by N. from Salem. Metropolis City, Is., c. h. Monroe co. On the Ohio River. Mexico, Me., Oxford co. This town lies on the N. side of Androscoggin River, and is watered by two of its tributaries. It has a good soil and a good water power. It lies 47 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 20 N. from Paris. Incorpo rated 1818. Mexico, Mo., c. h. Audrain co. On the E. side of Salt River. 47 miles N. from Jefferson City. Mexico, N. Y., Oswego co. Drained by Salmon Creek, a tributary of Lake Ontario, which bounds this town on the N. Surface undulating ; soil productive. 16 miles E. from Oswego, and 152 N. W. from Albany. Miami Cbunty, la., c. h. at Peru. Bounded N. by Kosciusko co., E. by Wabash and Grant, S. by Richardville, and W. by Cass and Fulton counties. Drained by Wabash, Eel, and Missis- sinewa Rivers. The Erie and Wabash Canal also passes through this county. Surface undu lating; soil very fertile. Miami County, O., c. h. at Troy. Shelby is on the N., Champaign and Clark on the E., Mont gomery on the S., and Dark on tho W. The county was organized in 1807, and settled in 1799, by John Knorp, from Pennsylvania, and Shadrach Hudson, from New Jersey. It is well improved, very productive, and is watered by the Miami Canal and River, South-west Branch, Spring, Honey, and Lost Creeks. Miami, 0., Hamilton co. 119 miles W. S. W. from Columbus. It is on the W. bank of Miami River, about 15 miles from its junction with the Ohio. The Miami is here crossed by a bridge. A McAdamized turnpike leads to Cin cinnati, 14 miles E. Miamisburg, 0., Montgomery co. This is a very flourishing, pleasant town, on the E. bank of the Great Miami River. The Miami Canal passes through it, and a very large artificial mound is within its limits. 80 miles from Co lumbus, and 40 from Cincinnati. Michigan City, la., Laporte co. 157 miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis. This place, which is on the S. shore of Michigan, is the only harbor in the state. It is at the mouth of Trail Creek, and was laid out in 1835. It is well situated for trade, as a lake port, and is now connected both with the Michigan Central and the Michigan Southern Railroads, which unite, and pass through this place to Chicago, 41 miles W. Middleboro', Ms., Plymouth co. This Is the largest town in the commonwealth. Middle boro' was so named from the circumstance that Nemasket, the central Indian village in the town, was half way between the seat of the Pil grims in Plymouth and the seat of the great In dian sachem, Massasoit, towards Mount Hope, near Bristol, Rhode Island. The Nemasket River flows through the town, and there are sev eral handsome villages in different parts. The great ponds, for which this town has been dis tinguished, are Sowampset, Quiticasset, Perksha, and Poekaninna; also Long Pond. Some of the streams on which the manufactures are con ducted are these : Whetstone, Ravens, Bartlett, Fall Brook, Trout Brook, and Stillwater. On the rocks in this town are the prints of naked hands and feet. The first planters of Middleboro' came mainly from Plymouth. Middleboro' Four Corners, a large and handsome village, lies 36 miles S. S. E. from Boston. The railroad be tween Boston, Fall River, and Wareham passes through this village. From the Four Corners to Central village, is about 2 miles N. E. ; to Eddyville, 4 miles N. E.; to Muttock village, 1 mile N. ; to Titicut, 4 miles N. W. ; and to Sowampset village, near the Great Pond, is 4 miles S. W. The New Bedford and Taunton Railroad passes through the S. part of the town. Middlebourne, Va., c. h. Tyler co. On the E. side of Middle Island Creek. 307 miles N. W. from Richmond. Middleburg, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by the head branch of the Catskill Creek, and a large pond or marsh called the Vly, from which flows a powerful mill stream, emptying into Scho harie Creek. Surface hilly ; soil, in the valleys, very fertile loam. 6 miles S. from Schoharie, and 37 S. W. from Albany. Middlebury, N. Y., Wyoming co. Allen's Creek and a branch of the Tonawanda water this town, the surface of which is rolling, and the soil sandy and clay loam, yielding large crops of grass and grain. 6 miles N. from Warsaw, and 248 W. from Albany. Middlebury, Vt., shire town of Addison co., is a large and flourishing town on both sides of IN THE UNITED STATES. 453 Otter Creek, 31 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 33 S. S. E. fiom Burlington. The fathers t/f this town were Colonel John Chipman and the Hon. Gamaliel Painter, who came here and settled in 1773. The settlement advanced but slowly until after the revolutionary war-; it then began to increase, and is now one of the most important towns in the state. In 1791 it became the shire town of the county, and in 1800 Middlebury College was founded here. See Col leges. The surface of the town is generally level. Chipman's Hill, 439 feet above Otter Creek, is the highest elevation. The soil is fer tile and productive, and furnishes large quanti ties of wool, beef, pork, butter, and cheese. The- town is admirably watered by Otter Creek and Middlebury River. At the falls on Otter Creek, the site of this flourishing village, are extensive manufacturing establishments ; and large quanti ties of white and variegated marble, with which the town abounds, are sawed and polished for various uses, and transported to market. Middlebury is well built, on ground ascending gradually each way from the creek, and present ing many eligible sites for the location of dwell ings and public buildings. There are five or six churches of different denominations ; also one or two flourishing academies. The Rutland and Burlington Railroad passes through Middlebury, and connects it with all the other great routes, N., S., and E. Middle, N. J., Cape May co. Bounded E. by the Atlantic Ocean, W. by Delaware Bay, and is drained by Goshen, Dyer's, Green, and Fishing Creeks, which empty into Delaware Bay. Here ford Inlet also extends from the Atlantic in land 4 miles. Surface level and marshy; soil sandy. Middlefield, Ms., Hampshire co. Previous to 1783, this town was a part of Worthington and other towns. The features of this town are bold and rough, but the soil is strong and well adapt ed for grazing. The town is well watered by a number of the upper branches of the W. branch of Westfield River. 135 miles W. from Boston, and 16 from Pittsfield. Middlefield, N. Y, Otsego co. Watered on the W. by Otsego Lake and its outlet, and on the E. by Cherry Valley Creek. It is a hilly town, with a soil of sandy, calcareous loam. 3 miles E. from Cooperstown, and 59 W. from Albany. Middle Haddam, Ct. In the town of Chatham, Middlesex co., on the E. side of Connecticut River. 21 miles S. S. E. from Hartford. Middle Paxton, Pa., Dauphin co. Drained by Fishing, Stony, and Clark's Creeks. Surface mountainous ; soil gravel. 9 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Middleport, c. h. Iroquois co. 192 miles N. E. of Springfield. , Middlesex County, Ct, Middletown and Haddam, shire towns. This county is bounded N. by Hart ford co., E. by Hartford and New London coun ties, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New Haven co. The general surface of the county is uneven. The soil is generally good, particularly adjacent to Connecticut River. There are many small streams which afford mill privileges, fertil izing tho soil and giving beauty to the county. The waters of the Connecticut afford it an im portant business in navigation, especially in the coasting trade. Middlesex County, Ms., Concord, Cambridge, and Lowell, shire towns. Surface uneven, growing hilly on the W. ; soil various, though generally light. Highly cultivated. The Mer rimac enters the N. E. border, by the afflu ents of which, including the Nashua and Con cord Rivers, the county is crossed from S. W. to N. E. In the S. E. is the Charles River, flowing into Boston Harbor. The Maine, Lowell, Fitch burg, and Worcester Railroads, with their branch es, afford easy communication with Boston. This county abounds with manufacturing establish ments. Middlesex County, N. J., c. h. at New Bruns wick. Bounded N. by Essex Co., E. by Staten Island and Sound, and Monmouth co., S. by Monmouth and Mercer counties, and W. by Somerset co. Drained by Raritan River and its branches, Millstone and Railway Rivers. Rari tan Bay, in the E. part, forms a fine harbor. communicating with the ocean and with Staten Island Sound. Surface level in the S. E., and undulating in the N. and N. E. ; soil diversified, being very fertile in some parts. Middlesex, N. Y., Yates co. Bounded on tho W. by Canandaigua Lake, and drained by West Creek. Surface somewhat hilly; soil very rich gravelly loam. 12 miles W, from Penn Yann, and 194 from Albany. Middlesex, Vt, Washington co. The S. part of Middlesex is watered by Winooski River, which furnishes here one of the best stands for mills in the county. The N. branch of this river runs across the N. E. corner of the town. Mid dlesex is uneven, but the only mountain of con sequence lies along the line between the town and Waterbury, and is called the Hogback. The timber is such as is common to the mountain towns, and the soil generally good. The chan nel worn through the rocks by Winooski River, between this township and Moretown, is a con siderable curiosity. On the bank of the Winooski River, at the falls, near the middle of the S. line of Middlesex, is a flourishing village. Mr. Thomas Mead was the first settler. He began improvement, in 1781 or '82, and the next year moved his family here from Chelmsford, Ms. 6 miles N. W. from Montpelier. The Cen tral Railroad passes through the town. Middlesex County, Va., o. h. at Urbanna. Bounded N. E. and E. by the Rappahannock River, separating it from Lancaster co., S. E. by Chesapeake Bay, and S. and W. by Piankatank River, separating it from Matthews, Gloucester, and King and Queen counties, and N. W. by Essex co. Middletown, Ct. City, port of entry, and half shire town of Middlesex co., lies on the W. bank of Connecticut Riyer. 14 miles S. from Hartford, and 24 miles N. E. from New Haven. The town ship was originally about 9 miles N. and S. varying from 4 to 10 miles E. and W., and em bracing four parishes ; but that part of the town formerly known as Upper Middletown, has recent ly been constituted a distinct township, by the name of Cromwell. The soil of Middletown, which rests on a base of secondary red sand stone, is generally good ; and the surface is undu lating, and in many parts highly picturesque. There are fine meadows, on a considerable stream entering the river N. of the city, which contain about 650 acres. On this and other streams there are several manufacturing establishments ; among which are two or three, on a large scale, 454 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, for the manufacture of arms for the United States. A range of hills with a base of granite, about two miles below the city, crosses the Con necticut, compressing the channel into a strait of about 35 rods in width, and rising from 400 to 600 feet above the river. At this point occurs an inexhaustible deposit of the finest feldspar, used in the manufacture of porcelain ware. Masses of several hundred weight are often found, without any admixture of other minerals. The city of Middletown is very beautifully situ ated on ground gently rising from the river, which is here from 80 to 100 rods in width. The main street runs parallel with the river, on which are the principal retail stores, the hotels, which are large and handsome, most of the houses of worship, the court house, custom house, and other elegant buildings. Parallel with this are other streets, both above and below, which are intersected by several, running up from the river, at right angles. The more elevated por tion of the city, W. of the main street, is adorned with some of the most splendid private mansions in the state, having an advantage of position, for beauty and extent of prospect, rarely equalled. The public edifices of handsomest architectural appearance are the custom house, of Chatham freestone; the court house, with a Grecian por tico, and the Episcopal Church, also of the Chatham stone. The meeting house of the South Congregational Church is a neat speci men of the Grecian style. The buildings of the Wesleyan University are on elevated ground in the rear of the city, overlooking the surrounding country, and presenting a handsome appearance as they are seen from a distance. See Colleges. The wharves at Middletown are commodious for the shipping, there being 10 feet of water, which is sufficient for all vessels that can cross the bar at the river's mouth. Steamboats stop here daily on their trips between Hartford and New York. A branch railroad connects this place with the railroad between Hartford and New Haven. In March, 1650, the lands in Mattabesett, the Indian name of Middletown, were explored with a view to a settlement. Three years later the place received its present name. In 1760, there were over 50 families. The ancient burial ground, near the river, N. of the city, contains many interesting memorials of the early settlers. Here, under a handsome monument, repose the remains of Commodore Macdonough, the hero of Lake Champlain. Middleton, Ms., Essex co. This town was taken from Salem, Topsfield, Boxford, and An dover, in 1728. It was formerly called Wills Hill. This is a small, but pretty town. Its soil is not by nature of the first quality, but the in dustry of the people has made it quite produc tive. The surface is varied by hill and dale. Ipswich River passes along its southern and eastern borders, and receives the waters of three small tributaries. There are some fine ponds in the town, and a neat village near its centre. From this village to Salem is 8 miles S. E., to . Boston 18 S. Middleton, N. H, Strafford co., is a level town ship, having no high ground except a part of Moose Mountain, which separates it from Brook field. There aro no rivers nor ponds, and tho soil is rocky. Settled a short time before the revolu tion. It was incorporated as a town in 1773. 25 miles N. W. from Dover, and 40 N. E. from Con cord. Middletown, N. J., Monmouth co. Watered on the S. by Sandy Hook Bay, and drained by Swimming and Neversink Rivers. Bounded E. by the sand beach called Sandy Hook, and S. W. by the highlands of Neversink. Surface hilly in the E. and central portions, and elsewhere level; soil sand, clay, and loam. Situated 51 miles E. N. E. from Trenton. Middletown, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by the Papacton branch of the Delaware River. A mountainous town, with a productive soil. 16 miles S. E. from Delhi, and 79 S. W. from Albany. Middletown, O., Butler co. On the E. side of Miami River, 30 miles N. from Cincinnati, and 90 W. S. W. from Columbus. The Miami Canal passes through this place. It has some manufactures. Middletown, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded W. by Neshaminy Creek, and drained by one of its branches and Bristol Creek. Surface undulating; soil clay. Middletown, Pa., Dauphin co. Near the junction of Swatara and Susquehanna Rivers. 10 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania and Union Canals unite here. The place has an ac tive trade in iron, coal, and lumber. Middletown, Pa., Delaware co. Bounded E. by Ridley, and W. by Chester Creek. Surface level; soil clay and loam. Middletown, Pa., Susquehanna co. Drained by Wyalusing Creek and branches. Surface hilly; soil clay and gravel. Middletown, R. I , Newport co. This is the mid dle township on the Island of Rhode Island. The surface of the town is undulating, and affords many interesting and beautiful landscapes. Tho soil is a rich loam, very productive, and under a high state of cultivation ; the lands are highly valued, and command a great price. The inhab itants of the town are principally farmers. Middletown, Vt, Rutland co. This town lies between two mountains, is watered by Poultney River, and has a good soil for grazing. It has a neat and flourishing village. A settlement was commenced here, a short time before the revolu tion, by Thomas Morgan and others. 14 miles S. W. from Rutland, and 45 N. from Bennington. Middletown Point, N. J., Monmouth co, A port of entry, situated on an elevated bank of Middle- town Creek. 3 miles from Raritan Bay, and 43 E. bv N. from Trenton. Mifflin County, Pa., c. h. at Lewiston. Bounded N. by Centre and Union counties, E. by Juniata co., anrt S. and W. by Huntingdon co. The Ju niata River flows on the S. E. and S. border of this co., and parallel to it runs the Pennsylvania Canal. Surface rough and mountainous ; soil very fertile in some portions. Mifflin, Pa., Dauphin co. Watered by Wicon- isco Creek. Mahantango Mountain forms the N., and Berry's Mountain the S. boundary. Soil red shale. 23 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Mifflin, Pa„ Cumberland co. Bounded on the N. by Blue Mountains, and S. by Conedogwinit Creek. Surface hilly; soil slaty. 17 miles N. W. from Carlisle. Mifflin, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded Nv E. and S. E. by the Monongahela River, and drained bv Thompson's and Strut's .Runs and Peter's Oreek. Surface hilly ; soil loam. 8 miles S. from Petersburg. IN THE UNITED STATES. 455 Mifflintown, Pa., c. h. Juniata co. On the E. bank of Juniata River. 45 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Milan, N. H., Coos co. The Upper Amonoo- snck and Androscoggin Rivers pass through this town. There are several ponds, and some con siderable mountains. It was called Paulsburg until 1824. First settlers : this town was grant ed in 1771 to Sir William Mavne and others. 150 miles N. by E. from Concord, and 22 N. E. from Lancaster. Milan, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by 'the Sawkill and a branch of Roeliff Jansen's Creek. Surface hilly ; soil clay and gravelly loam, upon a foundation of limestone and slate. 18 miles N. from Poughkeepsie, and 66 S. from Albany. Milan County, Ts., c. h. at Nashville. On the left bank of the Brazos. Milford, Ct, New Haven co. This is one of the towns which composed the " Old Jurisdiction of New Haven." The settlement commenced in 1639. The first purchase of land was made of the 'Indians for the consideration of " 6 coats,l0 blan kets, 1 kettle, besides a number of hoes, knives, hatchets, and glasses." The Indians made a res ervation of 20 acres in the town, which was sold by them, in 1661, for 6 coats, 2 blankets, and a pair of breeches. The Indian name of the place was Wepawaug. The town is generally level, and the soil produc tive. There is a quarry of beautiful serpentine marble in the town, and a harbor for small ves sels. Poconock or Milford Point is a noted place, where are a number of huts on the beach, occu pied by persons engaged in the oyster and clam business. Milford village is very pleasant, and the scen ery variegated and interesting. 10 miles S. W. from New Haven, on the railroad to New York. Milford, Ms., Worcester co. Milford was once the E. parish of Mendon. It was called Wo- powage by the Indians, and Mill River by the whites. The surface is uneven, and the soil of an excellent quality. A branch of Charles River on the E. side of the town, Mill River, a branch of the Blackstone on the W., with numerous brooks and ponds, water the town in every part, and give it a great water power. The village in the centre of the town is neat, and pleasantly situated near Cedar Swamp Pond. The Frater nal Community, at Hopedale, in this town, own 400 acres of land. 28 miles S. W. from Boston, by the old road, and 18 S. E. from Worcester. Milford, N. H, Hillsboro' co. Milford lies on both sides of Souhegan River, which runs through the town from W. to E., forming a rich meadow or intervale, from a quarter to half a mile wide. Tho banks of this river are annually overflowed, by which means the soil, which is black and deep, is much enriched. This town has exensive water privileges, and has become the seat of large manufactures, and an active trade, being connected with Nashua, Lowell, and Boston by railroad. 32 miles S. by W. from Concord, and about 5 S. W. from Amherst. Milford, N. Y., Otsego co. The Susquehanna River and some of its branches water this town. The surface is hilly ; soil in the valleys fertile loam. 13 miles S. from Cooperstown, and 73 W. from Albany. Milfiird, Pa., Somerset co. Drained by Castle- man's River and branches and Laurel Hill Creek. Iron ore and anthracite coal are abundant. T miles S. W. from Somerset. Milford, Pa., c. h. Pike co. Situated on the W. side of the Delaware River. 162 miles N. E. by E. from Harrisburg. Milford, Pa., Bucks co. Watered by Swamp, a branch of Perkiomen Creek. Surface undu lating; soil clay and gravel. Millbury, Ms , Worcester co. This is one of the most beautiful and flourishing towns in the county. It was formerly the N. parish in Sutton. The Blackstone River "and Canal pass through the town. The Blackstone River, and Singletary Pond, which lies mostly in Sutton, furnish excel lent water privileges. The soil is fertile, well culti vated, and yields abundance of all the varieties of agricultural products common to this fruitful region. The surface is delightfully varied by hills and valleys, decorated by lovely ponds, and spread out with neat and prosperous villages. The Worcester Railroad has a branch to the centre of the town. 6 miles S. S. E. from Worcester, and 42 W. S. W. from Boston. Miller County, Mo., c. h. at Tuscambia. Bound ed N. by Moniteau and Cole counties, E. by Osage and Pulaski, S. by Pulaski and Camden, and W. by Camden and Morgan counties. Watered by Osage River and branches. Soil very fertile on the streams. Millersburg, Is., c. h. Mercer co. Millersburg, O., c. h. Holmes co. On the E. side of Killbuck Creek. 87 miles N. E. from Co lumbus. Millersburg, Pa., Dauphin co. On the E. bank of Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Wicon- isco Creek. 31 miles N. from Harrisburg. There is a railroad to the river at this point from the coal mines in Lyken's Valley. Milledgeville, Ga. City, capital of the state, and seat of justice of Baldwin co. 187 miles, N. W. from Savannah, and 89 W. S. W. from Au gusta. It is situated on the W. side of Oconee River, at the head of navigation, anrt at the junc tion of Fishing Creek, 193 miles N. from Darien, at the mouth of the river. The city is built upon an uneven surface, but is laid out with great regu larity, having 10 streets running parallel with the river, and 10 others intersecting them at right an gles, all of which are 100 feet wide, except Wash ington Street, in the centre, which is 120 feet in width. There are 3 public squares, each 450 feet on a side, called State House Square, Gov ernor's Square, and Penitentiary Square. In the centre of'State House Square, which is in an elevated part of the city, about three fourths of a mile from the river, stands the state house; which is a handsome Gothic edifice, erected in 1828, at a cost of $1 15,000. On this square also is an academy, an arsenal, and a powder maga zine. There are churches of the Presbyterian, Methodist, anrt Baptist denominations. Milledgeville was laid out in 1803. The first house, of logs, was built the next year, and the first framed house in 1805. A railroad, 17 miles long, to Gordon, connects Milledgeville with the long railroad route from Savannah to Macon. Mills County, Io., c. h. at Coonville. In the S. W. angle, on the Missouri. Millsfidd, N. H, Coos co. Clear Stream wa ters its N. extremity, anrt Philips River, with several small streams, , the other parts. Here ¦ are several ponds : thc«largest is about 300 rods long, 140 wide. This town was named from Sir 456 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Thomas Mills, a grantee. The surface is too rough and the climate too cold for cultivation. First settlers: Millsfield was, granted, in 1774, to George Boyd and 81 others. 150 miles N. from Concord, and about 35 N. E. from Lancaster. Millville. N. J., Cumberland co. Drained by Maurice River and its branches, the principal of which is Manantico Creek. Surface level ; soil sandy and rather sterile. 67 miles S. by W. from Trenton.' Milo. Me., Piscataquis co. This is a beautiful township, on the fertile banks of Sebec and Pleas ant Rivers, at their union with the Piscataquis. It lies 103 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 15 N. E.from Dover. Incorporated in 1823. Milo, N. Y., c. h. Yates co. Bounded W. by Crooked Lake, and N. by its outlet. Surface un dulating;, soil very productive. 189 miles W. from Albany. Milton, Me., Piscataquis co. 94 miles from Au gusta. Milton, Ms., Norfolk co. Milton was a part of Dorchester until 1662. The Indians called the place Unquety or Uncataquisset. Neponset Riv er washes its northern border, and affords the town numerous valuable mill sites. Milton pos sesses fine granite. The soil of the town is strong and, fertile ; and the surface presents many finely- cultivated farms, and large tracts of wood and meadow lands. Milton contains many elegant country seats, and much delightful scenery. The views from Milton Hill, near the head of the Neponset, and Blue Hill, a celebrated land mark for sailors, 635 feet above the sea, in this town and Canton, are among the most admired in our country. The village called the " Mills," comprising a part of Dorchester, at the head of navigation on the Neponset, is a wild, romantic place, and the seat of considerable trade and man ufacture. The village at the railroad, near the granite quarry, in Quincy, is very pleasant and flourishing. By a new and beautiful bridge, called the Granite Bridge, across the Neponset, the distance to the city is reduced to 6 miles. There is an academy in this place. The first paper mill in New England was erected in this town. This interesting and pleasant town lies 7 miles S. from Boston, and 6 E. from Dedham. Milton, N. H, Strafford co. The Salmon Fall River washes its whole eastern boundary, a dis tance of 13 miles. Teueriffe, a bold and rocky mountain, extends along the eastern part of Mil ton, near which lies Milton Pond, of considerable size, connecting with Salmon Fall Rfver. This town was formerly a part of Rochester. 40 miles N. E. from Concord, and 20 N. W. by N. from Dover. Milton, N. Y., Saratoga co. Shire town. Wa tered by Kayaderosseras Creek and some of its tributaries. Surface chiefly level ; soil sandy and clay loam. ¦ 30 miles N. from AJbany. Milton, Vt., Chittenden co. Milton is bounded on tho W. by Lake Champlain, and is finely wa tered by the River Lamoille. The soil is gener ally good. A little distance from the neat and flourishing village are the Great Falls, on the La moille. In the course of 50 rods the whole river falls 180 feet. 'About the middle of the rapid is it small island, by which tho water passes on each side, with great violence and loud roaring. There is another pleasant village 2 miles W. of tho falls, called Checker Berry. The immense water power of this town, and the facilities afforded it by Lake Champlain for' an extensive commerce, added to the advantage of railroad communica tion with Burlington, Montreal, and Boston, will, doubtless, render this place a site of important business. A bridge, called the Sand Bar Bridge, connects this town with South Hero. The set tlement of this place was commenced Febru ary 15, 1782. 12 miles N. from Burlington, and 40 N. W.from Montpelier. Milwaukie County, Wn., c. h. at Milwaukee". Bounded N. by Wasbington co., E by Lake Mich igan, S. by Racine, and W. by Waukesha co. Drained by Wilwaukie, Manewakee, Root, Dos Plaines, and Fox Rivers, anrt branches of Rock River. Milwaukie, Wn., c. h- Milwaukie co., situated on the W. shore of Lake Michigan. 95 miles N. from Chicago, and 80 miles E.from Madison, the capi tal of the state. The town lies on both sides of the Milwaukie River, which here runs nearly parallel to the shore of the lake, and empties into it just below. This place is the natural outlet of one of the finest regions for the production of cereal grains in the United States. Its growth has been re markably rapid. In 1834 it contained only two log houses. A census of the town, taken in June, 1846, showed a population of 9508 ; and another in December. 1847, only 18 months afterwards, of 14,071. The population in 1850 was 22,137. The site of Milwaukie is eligible in various respects. It commences about a mile above the mouth of the river, at a point called Walker's Point, and extends from a mile and a half to two miles up the river, which is sufficiently wide and deep, to a point some distance above the town, to accommodate a large amount of shipping. At the head of this navigable portion of the river, a dam, erected by the Milwaukie and Rock River Canal Company, for the purpose of producing a slack water navigation about two miles farther up the stream, throws a large body of water into that section of the canal which courses into the town, creating there a water power which is estimated to be equal to about 100 runs of mill stones. The manufactories erected on this canal have the advantage of being also located on the bank of the navigable river, wbich almost washes their foundations in the rear, so that they maybe approached by the largest vessels and steamboats from the lakes. The ground occupied by the town is elevated and uneven, rising from the river to the height of 50 to 100 feet, and affording beautiful situations for residences, commanding a full view of the river, the bay, the lake, and the body of the town itself. The Bay of Milwaukie is an elliptical indenta tion of the lake shore against the town, of about three miles in depth, and extending about six miles between its N. and S. points or capes, suf ficiently separated from tho body of the lake t» protect the shipping from the effect of all the storms or gales of wind except such as come from the east, which here seldom occur. The river enters this bay about half a mile below its centre, and the whole distance between the mouth of the river and the commencement of the town is occupied by a low, impassable marsh, by some supposed once to have been a part of the bay. This place, for one of such rapid growth, is finely built. From a certain quality of the clay which abounds here, the brick made from it, IN THE UNITED STATES. 457 instead of being of the usual red,- are of a light yellow or cream color, which gives to the ware houses and solid portions of the town, where this material is used, a peculiarly bright and beautiful appearance. Steamboats ply continu ally between this place and Buffalo, in the season of lake navigation ; and also to connect it with Chicago and other ports south, on Lake Michi gan, and with the termini of the Michigan Cen tral and Southern Railroads. Plank roads are rapidly extending from this point into the inte rior ; a railroad is in progress to the Mississippi, and one is proposed to Chicago. Mina. N.Y., Chautauque co. Watered by French Creek and Finley's Lake, a small sheet of water. Surface uneven ; soil gravelly loam and clay. 15 miles S. W. from Mayville, and 348 S.by W. from Albany. Minden, La., c. h. Claiborne parish. ¦ 404 miles N. W. from New Orleans. Minden, N. Y„ Montgomery co. Bounded on the N. by the Mohawk River, and drained by Otsquake Creek. The surface is diversified and the soil fertile, particularly in the valley of the Mohawk, where are some rich alluvial marshes. 15 miles W.from Fonda, and 67 N. W. from' Albany. Mineral Point, Wn., Iowa co. On a head branch of Pekatonica River. 52 miles W. S. W. from Madison. Here are. several smelting fur naces for copper and lead. Minersville, Pa., Schuylkill co. 66 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. In the Schuylkill coal field. Minerva, N. Y, Essex co. The Hudson River and some of its branches water this town, the surface of which is hilly and mountainous, being partly covered by the Adirondack range, and the soil fertile in some of the valleys. 30 miles S. W. from Elizabeth, and 92 N. by W. from Albany. Minot, Me., Cumberland co. A large town ship, on the E. side of the Androscoggin, opposite Lewiston. with two pleasant villages. 33 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 35 N. from Portland. Minster, 0., Mercer co. 94 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. Mississippi County, As., c. h. at Osceola. Bound ed N. by Missouri, E. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Tennessee, S. by Crittenden co., and W. by St. Francis River, separating it from Poinsett and Greene counties. Whitewater River waters the interior. Mississippi County, Mo., c. h. at Osceola. On the eastern border, opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Mobile County, Aa., u. h. at Mobile. Bounded N. by Washington co„ E. by Tombigbee and Mobile Rivers and Mobile Bay, separating it from Clarke and Baldwin counties, S. by Pas cagoula Bay, and W. by Mississippi. Drained by branches of the Mobile River on the E., and of the Pascagoula on the W. Surface hilly in the N, and undulating in the S. portions; soil sterile. Mobile. Aa. City, port of entry, and seat of justice of Mobile co. Situated on the W. side of Mobile River, at its entrance into Mobile Bay, 30 miles N. of Mobile Point, at the entrance of the- hay. 217 miles S. by W.from Tu-ealoosa, 160 E. N.E. from New Orleans, anrt 55 W. by N. from Pensacola, Fa. Population in 1830, 3J94; 1840, 12,672; 1850, 20,500. It is the only town of much importance in the lower part of Alabama. It is pleasantly situated 58 on an extended plain, eleVated 1 5 feet above the highest tides', and has a beautiful prospect, of the bay, extending 30 miles, with an average width of 12 miles, to the Gulf of Mexico. Access to the town is rendered somewhat difficult by a swampy, island opposite, so that vessels draw ing more than 8 feet of water cannot come directly in, but must pass up Spanish River, six miles, round this island, into Mobile River, and then drop down to tho city, into a harbor perfectly secure from winds, storms, or enemies. It has about 50 wharves, and, next to New Or leans, is the largest cotton market in the United States. Its business and prosperity have in creased with great rapidity since it came under the government of the United States. Although one of the earliest settled towns in the country, it never became, under the French and Spanish regime, which continued to 1813, any thing more than a military post. The churches of the city are of the Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, and Roman Catholic denominations. There is an academy, called Barton Academy, a court house, jail, custom house, a United States naval hospital, and a city hospital. An aque duct, by which water is brought through iron pipes 2 miles, supplies the city abundantly with this element of life, purity, and comfort. There are many steamboats running between Mobile and tho more important places above it, on the Mobile, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers; and also a line of communication by steamboats with New Orleans, by the way of Lake Pont- chartrain. There are also a great number of packet schooners, which run between Mobile, and New Orleans ; some by the way of the lake, and some by the Mississippi. The great project, now in a state of hopeful progress, of construct ing a railroad from this city to Cairo, at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, to connect with the Illinois Central Railroad, run ning thence, and terminating by its northern branches at Dubuque, on the Upper Mississippi, and at Chicago, on Lake Michigan, cannot fail, when accomplished, of bringing an immense in crease of business and prosperity to Mobile. This place was ceded to the Americans by Spain in 1813, chartered as a town in 1814, and incorporated as a city in 1819. It has suffered repeatedly by desolating fires. In 1827, 170 buildings were consumed; and in 1839, 600. But the town has been rebuilt with increased convenience and beauty. Mohawk, N. Y., Herkimer co. On the S. side of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Canal. 79 miles W. N. W. from Albany. Mohawk, N. Y., c. h. Montgomery co. Bound ed on the S. by the Mohawk River. , The sur face is hilly on the N., and the soil fertile in the Mohawk valley. 42 miles N. W. from Albany. Moira, N. Y, Franklin co. The Little Salmon River waters this town, the surface of which is level, and the soil sandy loam. 13 miles W.from Malone, and 225 N. N. W. from Albany, on the Ogdensburg Railroad, from which latter place it is distant 47 miles. Moniteau County, Mo. . In the central part of the slate. On the S. bank of the, Missouri. Monkton, Vt., Addison co. The western part of the town is watered by Little Otter Creek, and the eastern part by Pond Brook. Lewis Croek runs a short distance in the north-eastern part These streams afford but few mill privi- 458 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VLLLAGES, &c, leges. Monkton Pond lies in the N. part of the town, and is about a mile in length and half a mile wide. A mountain, called the Hogback, extends along the eastern boundary of Monkton, and there are several other considerable eleva tions. Iron ore is found in the S. parf of this township in large quantities. About a mile N. of the iron ore bed is an extensive bed of rac- lin, or porcelain earth. In the S. part of this township is a pond, curiously located on the summit of a considerable hill. In the north western part is a remarkable cavern. Monkton was settled in 1774, by John and Ebenezer Stearns, Barnabas Burnham, and John Bishop. They loft during the war, but returned in 1784. 27 miles W. from Montpelier, and 16 N. from Middlebury. The Vermont Central Railroad passes tlirough the town. Monmouth, Me., Kennebec co. On the sources of the Cobbessecontee. 15 miles S. W. from Augusta. Monmouth County, N. J., c. h. at Freehold. Bounded N. by Staten Island Sound, E. and S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. W. and W. by Burlington, Mercer, and Middlesex counties. Drained by Millstone and South Rivers, branches of the Raritan, by Assunpink, Crosswick's, and Raneocus, branches of the Delaware, by Never sink, Tom's, Shrewsbury, and Forked Rivers, and Manasquan, Cedar, Oyster, Westecunk, and Man- ahocking Creeks. Surface mostly level ; soil al luvial, being a mixture of sand, clay, gravel, and vegetable mould. Marl is abundant in some parts. Monongahda, Pa., Greene co. Bounded E. by Monongahela River, and drained by Whitley Creek. Surface undulating ; soil loamy. 14 miles S. E from Waynesburg. Monongahda County, Va., c. h. at Morgantown. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Preston, S. by Marion, and W. by Tyler co. Drained by the Monongahela and its tributary, Cheat River. Sur face uneven; soil fertile. 'Monroe County, Aa., c. h. at Monroeville. Bounded N. by Wilcox co., E. by Butler and Conechu, S. by Baldwin co., and W. by the Ala bama River and Clarke co. Drained by the Al abama and its tributaries ; soil bordering on some of the streams fertile. Monroe County, As., c. h. at Lawrenceville. Bounded N. by St. Francis and Pulaski counties, E. by Phillips, S. by Desha, S. W. by Arkansas, and W. by Pulaski co. Drained by Cache and White Rivers, and branches. Monroe, Ct Fairfield co. This town was taken from Huntington in 1823. The soil is good, and well adapted for grazing, but the sur face is rough and stony. Agriculture is the prin cipal business of the' inhabitants. There are ex cellent orchards of various kinds of fruit in the town, a pleasant village on elevated ground, and a classical school. 15 miles W. by.N. from New Haven. Monroe County, Fa., c. h. at Key West. The main land of this county is bounded E. by Dade co., S. by the Florida Channel, and W. by the Gulf of * Mexico. It also embraces the islands called the Florida Keys; and un inundated tract of land called the Everglades. In the N. W. part is some good land. Monroe County, Ga., c. h. at Forsyth. Bounded N. by Butts co., E. bv Jasper, Jones, and Bibb, S. by Crawford, and W. by Upson ami Pike counties. Drained by small streams flowing into the Ockmulgee River, which forms its N. E. boun dary. Monroe, Ga., c. h. Walton co. Situated at the head of Ockmulgee River. 61 miles N. W. by N. from Milledgeville. Monroe County, Is., c. h. at Harrisonville. Bounded N. E. by St. Clair, S. E. by Randolph co., and S. W. and N. W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Missouri. Drained by Horse, Eagle, De Long, and Prairie Creeks. The surface is rough and hilly in the W. por tions, but in the E. there is much good land. Monroe County, la., c. h. at Bloomington. Bound ed N. by Morgan co., E. by Brown and Jackson, S. by Lawrence, and W. by Green and Owen counties. Drained bv branches of the E. and W. forks of White River. Monroe, Io., c. h. at Albia. S. E. part. Wa tered by Cedar Creek and other southern tribu taries of the Des Moines. Monroe County. Ky., c. h. at Tompkinsville. Bounded N. by Barren co., E. by Cumberland, S. by Tennessee, and W. by Allen eo. Watered by Cumberland River, and the Big Barren and its branches. Monroe, La., c. h. Wachita parish. On the E. bank of Wachita River, at the head of steamboat navigation, and 300 miles N. W. by N. from New Orleans. Monroe, Me., Waldo co. This town is watered by Marsh River, a branch of the Penobscot. It lies 59 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 14 N. from Belfast Monroe, Ms., Franklin co. Monroe was for merly a part of Rowe, and an unincorporated tract called the " Gore." There is some land in the town fit for the plough ; but being very moun tainous, the greater part is adapted only to graz ing. Monroe was named 'in honor of James Monroe, late president of the United States. 28 miles W. N. W. from Greenfield, and 115 W. by N. from Boston. Monroe County, Mn., c. h. at Monroe. Bounded N. by Washtenaw and Wayne counties, E. by Lake Erie, S. by Ohio, and W. by Lenawee co. Drained by Raisin River, and Otter, Plum, Stony, Sandy, and Swan Creeks. Surface level ; soil fertile. Monroe, Mn., e. h. Monroe co. This city is located on Raisin River, 2£ miles from its mouth, and has great water privileges. It is connected by a canal with Lake Erie. 37 miles S. S. W. from Detroit, and is one of the eastern termini of the Southern Michigan Railroad. Monroe County, Mi., c. h. at Athens. Bounded N. by Itawamba co., E. by Alabama, S. by Lowndes co., and W. by Chickasaw co. Watered by Tombigbee1 and Battahatchee Rivers. Monroe County, Mo., c. h. at Paris. Bounded N. by Shelby aiid Marion counties, E. by Ralls, S. by Audrain, and W. by Randolpb co. Drained by Salt River and its branches. Surface undulat ing; soil fertile. Monroe, N. C, c. h. Union co. Monroe. County, N. Y., c. h. at Rochester. Taken from Ontario and Genesee counties in 1821. It is bounded N. by Lako Ontario, E. by Wayne co., S. by Ontario and Livingston, and W. by Genesee and Orleans counties. Surface chiefly level, or slightly uneven, being crossed by the Mountain Ridge and Alluvial Way, or liidge Road, and watered by the Genesee River, and several streams flowing N. into Lake Ontario,; IN THE UNITED STATES. 459 soil mostly very fertile, being particularly adapted to the growth of wheat Iron ore, gypsum, marl, and sulphur springs are abundant. The Eric and Genesee Valley Canals form a junction at Rochester ; also the Auburn and Rochester and Tonawanda Railroads. Monroe, N. Y, Orange co. The Ramapo River, a branch of the Passaic, waters this town. Sur face hilly and broken, being partly covered by the Highland range, and abounding in some places with iron ore. 14 miles S. E. from Go shen, and 117 S. S. W'from Albany. Monroe County, 0., c. h. at Woo'dsville. Bel mont co. is on the N., Washington on the S., Morgan on the W., and the Ohio River on the E. The most important streams are Little Mus kingum, Sunfish, Duck, and Wills Creeks. The soil is good. In some parts the land is level, in others hilly and rough. Stone coal and iron ore are found in great plenty. ' Monroe County. Pa., c. h. at Stroudsburg. Bounded N. by Wayne and Pike counties, E. by the Delaware River, separating it from New Jer sey, S. by Northampton and Carbon, and W. by Carbon and Luzerne counties. Bounded N. W. by the Lehigh, and drained by branches of Le high and Delaware Rivers. Surface rough and hilly ; soil fertile. Monroe, Pa., Cumberland co. Yellow Breeches Creek waters this town, affording hydraulic power. Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. 7 miles S. E. from Carlisle. Monroe County, Te., c. h. at Madisonville. Bounded N. by Roane co., E. by the Tennessee River, separating it from Blount co., S. E. and S. by North Carolina, and W. by Polk and Mc- Minn counties. Drained by tributaries of the Tennessee. Monroe County, Va., c. h. at Union. Bounded N. by Greenbrier co., E. by Alleghany and Bote tourt, S. by Giles co., arid W. by New River, separating it from Mercer co. Drained by Green brier River. Surface elevated and mountainous, the Alleghany range traversing the E. part ; soil fertile calcareous loam, particularly adapted to grazing. Monroe, Wn.; c. h. Greene co. Watered by a branch of Pekatonica River. 81 miles S. from Madison. Monroeville, 0.. Huron'co. On Huron River. Connected with Sandusky City by railroad. 97 miles N. from Columbus. The river affords good water power. Monroe Works, N. Y., Orange co. On the Erie Railroad. 105 miles S. by W. from Albany. Iron ore of good quality is found in the region, which furnishes the material for large iron works at this place. Monson, Me., Piscataquis co. This town is wa tered by Piscataquis River and Wilson's Stream. Monson .comprises a fine tract of land, and is settled by a worthy class of people.' Incorporated 1822. It lies 83 miles N. by E. from Augusta, and 20 N. W. from Dover. A stage runs be tween this town and Bangor three times a week. Distance from Monson to Bangor, 60 miles ; to Moosehead Lake, 15. Monson, Ms., Hampden co. Before its incor poration, in 1760, Monson was a part of the town of Brimfield. The surface is agreeably di versified hy hill and dale, with much good soil, and many excellent farms. The position of its central village, in a vale running N. and S., and bounded on either hand by sloping hills, is beau tiful and romantic. A branch of the Chicopee runs through the centre of the town. Nearly a mile from the centre of the village is an inex haustible quarry of granite of a beautiful quality. 17 miles E. from Springfield, and 80 W. S. W. from Boston. Montague, Ms., Franklin co. This town, pre vious to 1753, was the north parish in Sun derland, und was called Hunting Hills. The town contains some fine plains, and large tracts of good meadow on Connecticut River, on the E. side of which the town is situated. It is bounded on the N. partly by the Connecticut, and partly by Miller's River. Turner's'Falls, at the north erly part of the town, are more interesting than* any in the state. The canal . for passing these falls, 3 milts in length, and 75 feet lockage, with an immense dam across the river, greatly facil itates the navigation on Connecticut River. This place has great water power and romantic scenery; but the water power remains as yet un improved. The. village in the centre of the town lies 83 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 7 S. E. from Greenfield. It • is on the railroad from Greenfield to Fitchburg. Montague, N. J., Sussex co. Mountainous in the S. E. portions. Soil fertile, being partly allu vial. 91 miles N. from Trenton. Monterey County, Ca., c. h. at Monterey. On the coast, S. of Monterey Bay. Monterey, Ca., c. h. Monterey co. Situated on the S. side of the Bay of Monterey, about 150 miles S. of San Francisco. This is an old Span ish town, and was for a long time the principal one in California. The houses are built on a broad, gentle slope of land, about 2 miles from Point Pinos, the southern extremity of the hay. The land rises fast behind it, the coast range ap proaching within 4 miles of the town. The har bor is equal to any in California. The climate is fine, and the town, though not immediately con nected with the mining region, is growing rapidly. Monterey, Ms., Berkshire co. Taken from the S.part of Tyringham in 1847. A mountainous township. 15 miles S. by E. from Lenox. Monterey, Va., c. h. Highland co. About 30 miles N. W. from Staunton. Montezuma, Io., c. h. Poweshiek co. Montezuma, N. Y., Cayuga co. At the junc tion of the Cayuga and Seneca and Erie Canals. It contains important salt springs, and is in the vicinity of the Montezuma Marshes, which ex tend 14 miles along the outlet of Cayuga Lake, and along Seneca River. They are from 2 to 3 . miles wide, and are covered with high g.ass. The village lies 162 miles W. by N. from Albany. ^Montgomery County, Aa., c. h. at Montgomery. Bounded N. by Coosa co., E. by Macon and Pike. S. by Pike and Lowndes, and W. by Lown des and Autauga counties. Watered by Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers and branches. Montgomery, Aa. City, capital of the state, and seat of justice of Montgomery co. Situated at the head of steamboat navigation on the Ala bama River. The town is built on a high bluff. It contains the state house, the usual county buildings, churches for 5 or 6 denominations, stores, and other buildings, which are of hand some appearance. A large amount of cotton in annually shipped from this place. It is con nected by steamboat navigation \yitli the Gulf of Mexico on the S., and, by continuous lines of 460 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, tributary, the Auchenahatchee, on its S. and S. W. border. Drained by the Oconee and branches, and Pendleton Creek. Montgomery County, Is., c. h. at Hillsboro'. Bounded N. by Sangamon and Christian coun ties, E. by Shelby and Fayette, S. by Bond and Madison, and W. by Macoupin co. Shoal Creek and its branches, the head waters of Macoupin Creek, and a branch of the S. fork of Sagamon River water this county. Surface high and un dulating : soil fertile. Montgomery County, la., c. h. at Crawfordsville. Bounded N. by Tippecanoe, E. by Boone and Hendricks, S. by Putnam, and W. by Parke and Fountain counties. Sugar, Big and Little "Raccoon Creeks drain this county. Surface un dulating ; soil fertile. Montgomery County, Ky., c. h. at Mount Ster ling, Bounded N. and N. E. by Bourbon and Bath counties, E. by Morgan, S. by Breathitt and Owsley, and W. by Estill and Clark counties. Drained by Red River and branches, a branch of Kentucky River, and a branch of Licking River. Montgomery County, Md., c. h. at Rockville. Bounded N. E. by the Patuxent River, separat ing it from Ann co., S. E. by Prince George co. and the District of Columbia, S. W. by the Poto mac River, separating it from Virginia, and N. W. by Frederick co. Drained by branches of Po tomac and Patuxent Rivers. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil rather poor, except on the streams. Montgomery, Ms., Hampden co. This is a moun tainous township, well watered by Westfield Riv er and Moose Meadow Brook, and produces rich pasturage. Montgomery lies, by the Western Railroad, which passes the S. W. border of the town, 18 miles N. W. from Springfield, and 116 W. by S. from Boston. Montgomery County, Mo., e. h. at Danville. Bounded N. by Audrain and Pike counties, E. by Lincoln and Warren, S. by the Missouri Riv er, separating it from Gasconade co., and W. by Callaway co. Drained by Au Cuivre and Loutre Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil diver sified. Montgomery County, N. C, c. h. at Lawrence ville. Bounded N. by Randolph co., E. by Moore, S. by Richmond, and W. by the Yadkin River, separating it from Stanley co. Surface hilly and mountainous, and drained by branches of the Yadkin ; soil fertile. Montgomery, N. J.. Somerset co. Beden's Brook and branches, and Stony Brook, water this town. . Surface hilly ; soil clay, sand, and red shale. 12 miles S. W. from Somerville. Montgomery County, N. Y., c. h. at Mohayk. Formed from Albany co„ in 1772, but since re duced in size by tho formation of new counties. Bounded N. by Fulton, E. by Saratoga and Schenectady, S. by Schenectady and Schoharie, and W. by Herkimer co. It is watered by the Mohawk River and its branches, the principal of which are East Canada, Otsquake and Schoharie railroad communication, with Charleston and Savannah on the Atlantic coast It has thus 'be come a great thoroughfare for travellers between the north and south. This city was laid out and began to be settled in 1817. Montgomery County, Ga., c. h. at Mount Ver non. Bounded N. E. by Emanuel co, S. E. by Tatnal and Appling. S. W. by Telfair, and N. W. by Laurens co. It has the Ockmulgee and its Creeks. Surface rather hilly and mountainous, being partly covered by a range of the High lands and the Klips, a branch of the Mayfield Mountain ; soil mostly good, and along the mar gins of the streams remarkably fertile. A fine quality of building stone is quarried here in large quantities. The Erie Canal runs Along the N., and the Utica and Schenecf-dy Railroad the S. side of the Mohawk River, through this county. Montgomery, N. Y., Orange co. Watered by the Wallkill. Surface hilly ; soil well adapted to grass and grain. 10 miles N. from Goshen, and 95 S. S. W. from Albany. Montgomery County, 0., c. h. at Dayton. Mi ami is on the N., Green on the E., Preble on the W., and Warren and Butler counties on the S. It was constituted and organized in 1803. The land is generally level, and is watered by the Mi ami, South- West Branch, and. Mad Rivers, be sides Wolf, Hole's, Bear, and Trim Creeks. This county is fast improving in wealth and population. Montgomery County, Pa., c. h., at Norristown. Bounded N. E. by Bucks, and S. E. by Philadel phia co., S. W. by the Schuylkill River, separat ing it from Chester Co., and N. W. by Berks co. The Schuylkill River affords extensive water power, and it is also drained by Manatawney, Perkiomen, Wissihickon and Pennypack Creeks. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile, especially along the Schuylkill. Montgomery, Pa.. Franklin co. _ Drained by Conecobeague Creek and branches. Surface level ; soil mostly calcareous loam. 16 miles S. W. from Chambersburg. Montgomery, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by Wissihickon, a branch of the Schuylkill, and by the W.fork of Neshaminy Creek, a branch of the Delaware. Surface level ; soil loam and red shale. Montgomeiy County, Te., c. h. at Clarksville. Bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by Robertson co., S. by Dickson, and W. by Steward co. Drained by Cumberland River and its branches, the chief of which is Red River. Montgomery County, Ts., c. h. at Montgomery. On the E. banks of the Brazos and Navasota and upper waters of San Jacinto. Montgomery, Vt., Franklin co. This town lies in a mountainous country, but it has a valuable tract of land on Trout River, a good mill stream, a branch of the Missisco. Montgomery was granted March 13, 1 780, and chartered October 8, 1789, to Stephen R. Brandley and others. Cap tain Joshua Clap, a revolutionary officer, removed his family from Worcester co.,' Ms., into this town, in March, 1793. 40 miles N. from Montpelier, and 27 E. N. E. from St. Albans. Montgomery County, Va., c. h. at Christiansburg. Incorporated in 1777. Bounded N. by Giles and Roanoke counties, E. by Roanoke and Franklin, S. by Floyd co., and W. by New River, separating it from Pulaski co. Drained by branches of New and head branches of Staunton River. Surface rough and mountainous, having the Blue Ridge on its E. border ; soil fertile on the streams. Monticello, As., ct h. Drew co. Monticdlo, Fa., c. h. Jefferson co. On a ridge 4 miles E. from Mickasooky Lake, and 29 E. N. E. from Tallahassee. Monticdlo, Ga., c. h. Jasper co. 35 miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. Monticello, la., c. h. White co. On the W. bank of Tippecanoe River. 73 miles N. NVW. frcm Indianapolis. IN THE UNITED STATES. 461 Monticello, Is., c. h. Piatt co. On the E. Bide of Sangamon River. Monticdlo, Ky., c. h. Wayne co. On the N. side of Beaver Creek, a branch of Cumberland River. 110 miles S. from Frankfort. Monticello, Mi., c. h. Lawrence co. On the W. side of Pearl River. 85 miles S. of Jackson. Monticdlo, Mo., c. h. Lewis co. On the N. E side of North Fabius River. 145 miles N. by E. from Jefferson City. Monticello, N. Y., c. h. Sullivan co. 110 miles S, W. from Albany. Monticello, S. C, c. h. Fairfield district. 31 miles N. from Columbia. Montour County, Pa., c. h. at Danville. In the N. angle of the state, between the E. and W. branches of the Susquehanna. Washed on the S. by the former. Montrose, Io., Lee co. Beautifully situated on a prairie, on the W. side of the Mississippi, oppo site the late Mormon city of Nauvoo, and com mands a fine view of the river and surrounding country for 20 miles. Interesting remains of an cient mounds abound here. Montrose, Pa., c. h. Susquehanna co. Near the sources of Wyalusing and Mishoppen Creeks, branches of the Susquehanna River, and 175 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. Montpelier, Vt, Washington co. Tho capital of the state, and shire fown of the county. 206 miles N. W. by N. from Boston by railroad. Montpelier became the seat of government in 1805. and the shire town of the county in 1811. It is finely watered by Winooski River, and by several branches of that stream. These streams afford a good water power, on which are manu facturing establishments of various kinds. The surface of the town is very uneven and hilly, but not mountainous. Tho soil is very good along the streams, and the highlands produce excellent pasturage. This township was granted October '21, 1780. The village of Montpelier is surround ed by hills of considerable elevation ; and al though it is too low to command an extensive prospect, is very pleasant, and quite romantic in its appearance. It is located very near the cen tre of the state : it is a great thoroughfare from all directions, and commands a large and valu able interior trade. The buildings are in good style, and some of them are very handsome. The state house stands on an elevated site, about 325 feet from State Street, on which it fronts, and is alike beautiful in design and execution. The yard and grounds pertaining to it are large and spacious, and, in the manner they are laid out, give great importance to the building. Tlirough the whole design, a chaste architectural character is preserved, which, combined with the convenient arrangement of the interior and the stability of its construction, renders this edifice equal in every respect to any in New England, and proba bly to any in tho United States. The building is in the form of a cross, showing in front a centre, 72 feet wide, and two wings, each 39 feet, making tho whole length 1 50 feet. The centre, including the portico, is 100 feet deep ;' the wings are 50 feet'deep. The six columns of the portico are 6 feet in diameter at their base, and 36 feet high, supporting an entablature of classic proportions. The dome rises 36 feet above the ridge, making the whole height from the ground 100 feet. The order of architecture used is the Grecian Doric, and is made to conform to the peculiar arrange ment necessary in this building. The walls, col umns, cornices, &c. are of dark Barre granite, wrought in a superior manner: the dome and roofs are covered with copper. In the interior, the lower story contains ajn entrance hall, rooms for the secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, and numerous committee rooms. The second or principal story contains a vestibule, and stairways, a representatives' hall, 57 by 67 feet, with a lobby, and galleries for spectators ; a senate chamber, 30 by 44 feet, with lobby and gallery ; a governor's room, 24 by 20 feet with an anteroom, and a room for his sec retary adjoining; a library room, 18 by 36 feet; rooms for the several officers of the Senate and House of Representatives, and several committee rooms. The cost of this building, including all expenses, was about $132,100; of which the in habitants of Montpelier paid $15,000. Montville, Ct, New London co. On the W. side of the Thames. 35 miles S. E. from Hart ford, and 8 N. from New London. Here is a res ervation of 2700 acres for the use of the Mohegan Indians, and a few descendants of that tribe still dwell upon it ¦ Montville, Me., Waldo co. A fine township on the head branches of. Sheepscot River. 26 miles E. N. E. from Augusta. Montville, N. J., Morris co. In a deep valley, 67 miles N. by E. from Trenton. The Morris Canal passes through this valley by two inclined planes. Mooers, N. Y., Clinton co. Bounded on the N. by Canada, and is watered by Chazy and English Rivers. Tho surface is hilly, being traversed by the Chateaugay range; the soil various. 18 mile' N.from Plattsburg, and 182 N.from Albany. Moore County, N. C, c. h. at Carthage. Bound ed N. by Randolph and Chatham counties. E. and S. by Cumberland and Richmond, and W. by Montgomery co. Watered by Deep and Haw, and the head branches of Lumber River. Soil mostly fertile on the borders of the streams. Moore, Pa., Northampton co. Drained by the head branches of Hockendoque and Mqnokissy Creeks. Blue Mountain lies on its N. border, in which is the opening called Smith's Gap. Sur face undulating; soil gravelly. Moorefield, Va., c. h. Hardy co. In a rich val ley on the E. bank of the S.'branch of Potomac River, at the junction of the S. fork. 178 miles N. W. from Richmond. Moravia, , N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by a part of Owasco Lake, and by its inlet, a fine mill stream. The surface is somewhat hilly; the soil very fertile in the valleys. 16 miles S.' from Au burn, and 160 W. from Albany. Moreau, N. Y, Saratoga co. The Hudson River bounds this town on the N. and E. Sur face chiefly level ; soil various. 20 miles N. from Ballston Spa, and 48 N. from Albany. Morehouse Parish, La„ c. h. at Bastrop. .In the N. E. angle, bordering on Arkansas. Morehouse, N. Y., Hamilton co. Watered by a great many lakes and ponds, which are tho sources of numerous streams. The surface is diversified, and the soil productive, although a large part of the town is as yet a wilderness. 20 miles W. from Lake Pleasant, and 82 N. W. from Albany. Morehouseville, N. Y., c. h. Hamilton co. Near the S. bank of Canada Creek. 117 miles N. W. from-Albany. 462 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Moreland, Pa., Lycoming co. Surface hilly, and watered by Little Muncy Creek. Soil grav elly. 94 miles N. from Harrisburg. Moreland! Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by Pennypack Creek and its branches. Surface un dulating ; soil rich loam. 94 miles N. from Har risburg. Moretown, Vt, Washington co. Mad River, a branch of the Winooski, waters this town, and gives it good mill sites. The surface is moun tainous, and a great part of the soil unfit for cul tivation. The settlement was commenced about the year 1790, and the town was organized 3 or 4 years after. 13 miles S. W. from Mont pelier. Morgan County, Aa., c. h. at Summorville. Bounded N. by the Tennessee River, separating it from Limestone and Madison counties, E. by Marshall co., S. by Blount and Walker, and W. by Lawrence co. Drained by Flint River and Cotaco Creek and branches. Morgan County, Ga., c. h. at Madison. Bound ed N. E. by a head branch of Oconee River, sep arating it from Clarke and Greene counties, S. E. by Putnam co., S. W. by Jasper, and N. W. by Walton co. Morgan County, Is., c. h. at Jacksonville. Bounded N. by Cass co., E. by Sangamon, S. by Macoupin and Greene, S. W. by Scott co., and W. by tho Illinois River, separating it from Pike and Brown counties. Drained by Indian, Mau- vaiseterre, Apple, and Sandy Creeks, all mill streams. Soil very fertile. Morgan ¦ County, la., c. h. at Martinsville. Bounded N. by Hendricks and Marion, E. by Johnson, S. by Brown and Monroe, and W. by Owen and Putnam counties. Drained by the W. fork of White River and its branches. Sur face hilly or undulating ; soil of fine quality. Morgan County, Ky., c. h. at West ' Liberty. Bounded N. by Fleming and Carver counties, E. by Lawrence and Johnson, S. by Floyd and Breat hitt, and W. by Montgomery and Bath counties. Drained by Licking River and its branches. Morgan County, Mo., c. h. at Versailles. Bound ed N. by Cooper, E. by Moniteau and Miller, S. by Camden, and W. by Benton and Pettis coun ties. Watered by the S. fork of La ' Mine River, Osage River and its branches, and Moreau Creek. It contains some minerals, and the soil is fertile on the borders of the streams. Morgan County, 0., c. h. at McConnelsville. Muskingum and Guernsey counties are on the N., Monroe and Washington on the E., Washington and Athens on the S., and Perry on the W. The land is hilly, anrt the soil fertile. Muskingum River runs across the county, and it is also wa tered by several creeks which rise here. Morgan County, Te., c. h. at Montgomery. Bounded N. by Fentress and Campbell counties, E. by Anderson, S. by Roane, Rhea, and Bled soe, and W. by White and Putnam counties. Watered by Emery River and its branches, and by the head branches of the S. fork of Cumber land River. Surface mountainous, being crossed by the Cumberland range. Morgan, To., c. h. Morgan co. On the W. sido of Emery's River. 156 miles E. from Nashville. Morgan, Vt, Orleans co. The surface of the town consists of swells and valleys, and is mostly susceptible of cultivation. Timber, generally hard wood. Soil good. A head branch of Clyde River, called Furrand's River, passes through the E. part of Morgan, and Seymour's Lake, which is about 4 miles long and nearly 2 wide, lies in the central part. It discharges its waters to the S., through Echo Pond, into Clyde River. The settlement was commenced about the year 1800, by Nathan Wilcox. 18 miles N. E. from Iras- burg, and 60 N. E. from Montpelier. Morgan County, Va., c. h. Bath. Bounded N. W. and N. E. by the Potomac River, separating it from Maryland, S. E. by Berkely CO., and S. W. by Frederick and Hampshire counties. Drained by Cacapon River and Sleepy Creek. branches of the Potomac. Surface rough and rocky ; soil fertile in the valleys. Morganfield, Kv., c. h. Union co. 10 miles S. of the' Ohio River, and 221 W. S. W. from Frankfort Morgantown, Ky., c. h. Butler co. On the S. side of Green River. 143 miles S. W. by W. from Frankfort. Morgantown, N. C, c. h. Burke co. On the S. side of Catawba River. 197 miles W. from Raleigh. Morgantown, Va., Monongalia co. On the E. bank of Monongahela River, at the head of steam boat navigation, and 295 miles N. W. from Rich mond. The centre of an extensive manufactur ing region. Morris, Is., c. h. Grundy co. Morris County, N. J., c. h. at Morristown. Bound ed N. by Sussex and Passaic counties, E. by Es sex. S. by Somerset and Hunterdon, and W. by Warren co. Watered by Passaic River and its tributaries, Rockaway and Whippany Rivers, and by tho head branches of Raritan River. Surface hilly and^ mountainous in the N. portions, abounding with magnetic iron ore ; soil princi pally "red shale. The Morris Canal traverses this county. Morris, N. J.. Morris co. Drained by Whip pany River and by small streahis flowing into the Passaic River, which bounds it on the W. and S. Surface hilly in the N. and central, but more level in the S. portions. Morris, Pa., Tioga co. The surface of this town is hilly; soil gravel and clay. 133 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. Morrisania, N. Y., Westchester co. On the N. E. side of Haerlem River. Morristown, Is., c. h. Henry co. 4 miles S. from Green River, and 141 N. N. W. from Springfield. Morristown, N.' J., seat of justice of Morris co. 53 miles N. by E. from Trenton. Situated on an elevated plain, and commanding a fine view of the adjacent country. It is one of the most beautiful villages in the Union. It is regularly laid out, with streets crossing each other at right angles, on which are many elegant private dwellings, with tasteful yards and gardens, giving an air of neatness and comfort. There is in the centre of the town a large public square, enclosed with a handsome fence, and ornamented with trees, on which front many of the stores, hotels, and other buildings. The Morris County House, located hero, is one of the most'magnificent hotels in tho country. The First Presbyterian Church fronts upon the square, besides which there arc four or five other churches in the village. There aro extensive manufactories of carriages in Morristown, and a great variety of- mechanic shops. The Speedwell Iron Works are here. The Morris and Essex Railroad connects this IN THE UNITED STATES. 463 place with Newark, 19 miles E., and thence, by tbe Jersey Railroad, with New York, from which the distance is 26 miles. The American army under Washington had their winter quarters twice in MoiTistown and the vicinity. The dwellings occupied on these dif ferent occasions as the general's head quarters are objects of interest to the visitor. The re mains of an old revolutionary fort are still seen in the rear of the court house. Morristown, N. Y.. St. Lawrence co. Bounded on the S. E. by Black Lake, and N. W. by the St. Lawrence River. Surface undulating ; soil chiefly clay loam. 25 miles S. W. from Canton, and 194 N. W. from Albany. Morristown, O., Belmont co. 105 miles E. from Columbus. Morristown, Vt, Lamoille co. The soil is of a good quality, and easily cultivated. Morristown is, in point of agricultural products, the second in the county. Lamoille River and several other streams pass through the town. Along the river are some fine tracts of intervale, and on it are two excellent mill sites. Morrisville is a pleas ant flourishing village, situated near the Great Falls. At the falls, a few rods W. of the village, holes are worn in the solid rock by the water, some of which are nearly 8 feet deep and 4 broad. The river at this place pours itself into a channel, cut directly across the stream, 20 feet deep and 30 broad. This channel the early settlers denom inated the pulpit, from the resemblance of the rocks at the N. end. Cadysville is situated 2 miles below Morrisville, and bids fair to become a place of considerable business. At the centre of the town is a small village, pleasantly located. In the S. E. corner of the town is Joe's Pond. The People's Academy, in this towp, was incor porated in 1847. Mr. Jacob Walker, from Ben nington, commenced a settlement here in the spring of 1790. Morristown lies 3 miles S. from Hydepark, and 30 N. from Montpelier. Morrisville, N. Y., e. h. Madison co. 102 miles W. by N. from Albany. Morrisville, Pa., Bucks co. On the W. bank of Delaware River, opposite Trenton. 125 miles E. from Harrisburg. It has a good water power. The Delaware is here crossed by a bridge 1100 feet long. The Delaware Canal and the railroad from Bristol to Newark both pass through it. Morrow County, O., c. h. at Mount Gilead. S. central part of the state. Traversed by the railroad from Cleveland to Columbus. Moscow, Me., Somerset co. On the E. side of the Kennebec. 53 miles N. from Augusta. Moscow, N. Y., Livingston co. Situated on high ground, 1 mile W.from Genesee Flats, and 236 miles W. from Albany. Moltville,^. Y.. Onondaga co. At the outlet of Skaneateles Lake. 149 miles W. by N. from Albany. Moulton, An., c. h. Lawrence co. On the E. side of Big Nance Creek. 20 miles S. from Ten nessee River, and 103 miles N. from Tuscaloosa. Moultrie County, Is. E. central part of the state. Watered by the Upper Kaskaskia River and its affluents. Mouttonboro' , N. H., Carroll co. This town lies on the N. W. shore, of Winnipiseogee Lake. Its surface is broken by mountains and ponds. Red Hill, 2000 feet above the sea, lies wholly in this town, commanding most beautiful prospects of the lake and country. Squam Lake lies partly in this town, and Long Pond, both beautiful sheets of water. Red Hill River passes through this town, emptying into the Winnipiseogee. First settlers, Ezekiel Moulton and others. 50 miles N. from Concord. Mount Airy, Va., Pittsylvania oo. S. W. by W. from Richmond 145 miles. Little more than a mile from this village is a sulphur spring. Mount Carmel, Is., c. h. Wabash CO., occupies high ground on the W. side of Wabash River, op posite the mouth of White River. 166 miles S- E. from Springfield. Mount Carroll, Is , c. h. Carroll co. Mount Clemens, Mn., c. h. Macomb co. On the N. bank of Clinton River. 18 miles N. E. from Detroit Small vessels come to this place, and a steamboat runs to Detroit Mount Desert, Me., Hancock co. On the island of that name. 100 miles E. from Augusta. It has a good soil, and a number of excellent harbors. Mount Gilead, O., c. h. Morrow co. Mount Holly, N. J., c. h. Burlington co. On Rancocus Creek, at the head of navigation. 18 miles S. from Trenton. A pleasant town, with considerable commerce and manufactures. Mount Holly, Vt, Rutland co. Mill River is the only stream of consequence. In the north eastern part is a considerable pond, called Palche's Pond. The soil is similar to that of the mountain towns, being better adapted to grass than grain. In 1 848, the two tusks, one grinder, and several of the bones of a fossil elephant were found in this town, at the summit of the Green Mountains. 1360 feet above the sea. They were found in the bottom of a muck bed, 13 feet below the surface. The settlement was commenced in 1781. 60 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 17 S. E. from Rut land. Mount Joy, Pa., Adams co. Between Willo- way's Creek on the E., and Rock Creek on the W. Surface level ; soil red shale. 6 miles S. from' Gettysburg. Mount Joy, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded E. by Chiques Creek, and N. W. by Conewago Creek. Surface undulating ; soil calcareous loam. 25 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Mount Morris, N. Y., Livingston co. The sur face is diversified ; soil good clay loam. 10 miles S. from Geneseo. Mount Pleasant, la,, c. h. Martin co. Mount Pleasant, Io., c. h. Henry co. A flour ishing place, with good schools. Mount Pleasant, N. Y., Westchester co. It is bounded E. by Broux River, W. by Tappan Bay, an expansion of the Hudson, and by Croton River, while Saw Mill River waters the central part. A somewhat celebrated mineral spring is situated 3 miles E. from Sing Sing village. Sur face chiefly hilly ; soil of good quality. There are extensive marble quarries in the neighborhood of Sing Sing, and a copper mine was formerly worked in this town. (Sec Sing Sing ) 6 miles N. W. from White Plains, and 125 niiles S. from Albany. Mount Pleasant, Pa., Adams co. Drained by Plum and White Runs, branches of Rock Creek, and Swift and Bush Runs, branches of Cone wago Creek. Surface level ; soil red shale. 17 miles E. from Gettysburg. Mount Pleasant. Pa., Westmoreland co. Drained by Big Sewickly and Jacob's Creeks. Surface slightly uneven ; soil gravel and loam. 170 miles W. from Harrisburg. 464 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Mount Pleasant, Pa., Wayne co. Watered by the head branches of Lackawaxen, Dyberry, and Great'Equinunk Creeks! Mount Sterling, Ky., c. h. Montgomery co. On a small branch of the S. fork of Licking River. 59 miles E. from Frankfort _ Mount Tabor, Vt, Rutland co. Otter Creek rises in this town, by a branch on each side of a mountain. Most of the land is unfit for cultiva tion, it being so high on the Green Mountain range. Although the surface is elevated and un even, it affords good pasturage for cattle. The town was chartered in 1761. A part of Danby was annexed to it, in 1848. 66 miles S. bv W. from Montpelier, and 19 S. by E. from Rutland. Mount Vernon, Aa., Mobile co. 3 miles W. from Mobile River, and 184 miles S. by W. from Tuscaloosa. Mount Vernon, Ga., c. h. Montgomery co. 112 miles S. E. by S. from Milledgeville. Mount Vernon, Is., c.h. Jefferson co. 129 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. Mount Vernon, la., c. h. Posey co., occupies very high land on a N. bend of Ohio River. 188 miles S. W. by S. from Indianapolis. Mount Vernon, Ky., c. h. Rock Castle co. 75 miles S. S. E. from Frankfort. Mount Vernon, Me., Kennebec co. This town lies W. of Belgrade, E. of Vienna, and 15 miles N. W. from Augusta. Incorporated 1792. There • are three pleasant villages in the town ; the soil is remarkably good, and is watered by a number of beautiful ponds and small streams. ¦ Mount Vernon, N. H, Hillsboro' co. There is but one stream of any note, and this was called by the Indians Quoliquinapassakessananagnog. The situation is elevated, and on the highest point is a flourishing village. This town was taken from Amherst in 1803. First settlers, see Amherst. 3 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 29 S. W. from Concord. Mount Vernon, 0., seat of justice of Knox co. Situated 45 miles N. E. of Columbus,- on ground slightly ascending from Vernon River, which is one of the best and most durable streams in the state, affording at this place a good hydraulic power. • The town is substantially and compact ly built, and some of the structures are elegant. The principal business street is about a milelong, on which there are many brick blocks 3 stories in height. Tho court house is a superior building of its kind. The Episcopal Church is an elegant Stone edifice, near the public square. Besides this church, the town contains churches of the Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic denominations. A railroad, to connect Sandusky with Columbus, is completed as far as Mount Vernon. A canal has been con structed about half the distance, to connect this place with the Grand Ohio Canal at Roscoe, This town, with the country around it, has always boon considered as among the most healthy sec tions of the state. Population in 1840, 2363 ; in 1850,3710. Mount Washington, Ms., Berkshire co. See Fashionable Resorts. Muhlenbnrg County, Ky., c. h. at Greenville. Bounded N. and E. by Green River and one of its branches, separating it from Owen. Ohio, and Butler counties, S, by Logan and Todd counties, and W. by another branch of Groen River, sepa rating it from Madison co. Muncietown, la., c. h. Delaware co, On the S. bank of White River, at an elevation of 30 feet 58 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. There is a good water power here. Mimcy, Pa., Lycoming co. Bounded E. by Muncy and W. by Loyalsock Creek. Surface- mountainous ; soil diversified. Situated 13 miles N. E. from Williamsport Muncy Creek, Pa., Lycoming co. Drained by • Big and Little Muncy Creeks, tributaries of the W. branch of Susquehanna River. Surface hilly; soil clay. Distance S. E. from Williamsport 13 miles. Munfordsville, Ky., c. h. Hart co. On the N. bank of Green River. Ill miles S. W. from' Frankfort. Murfreesbrrd ', Te., c. h. Rutherford co., occu pies an elevated position in a fertile country, on a branch of Stone Creek. S. E. from Nash ville 34 miles. It was once the capital of the state. Murphy. N. C, c. h. Cherokee co. At the junc tion of Hiawassee and Valley Rivers, 367 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. Murray County, Ga.. c. h. at Spring Place. Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Gilmer co., S. by Cass, and W. by Floyd and Walker counties. Drained by Oostanula River and tributaries. Sur face mountainous ; soil productive. Murray, N. Y., Orleans eo. ' Watered by Sandy Creek. It is a level town, with a good soil. 8 miles E. from Albion village, and 245 N. N. W. from Albany. Muscogee County, Ga., c. h. at Columbus. Bound ed N. by Harris and Talbot counties, E. by Marion, S. by Stewart co., and W. by the Chattahoochee River, separating it from Alabama. Upotoi Creek and branches, tributaries of the Chattahoochee, drain this county. Muscatine County, Io., c. h. at Bloomington. Bounded N. and E. by Cedar and Scott counties, S. E. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Illinois, S. by Louisa, and W. by Johnson co. Drained by Red Cedar River and its branches, and Pine Creek, a good mill stream. Soil rich, particularly in the E. portions, anrt in the Mis sissippi is a large, fertile island, belonging to this county, and called the Muscatine Slue. Muskingum County, 0., c. h. at Zanesville. Sit uated towards the S. E. part of the state, hav ing Coshocton county on the N., Guernsey on the E., Morgan on the S., Perry on the S. E„ and Licking on the W. It is about 27 by 28 miles in extent. It was organized in 1804. Persons began to settle in several places in this county as early as 1798, and after the lands came into the market, in 1801, the county was rapidly set tled by emigrants, principally from the Eastern States. Its principal streams are the Muskin gum and Licking Rivers, which unite at Zanes ville, and several other smaller streams or creeks. The whole county lies in the coal region of Ohio ; but in the neighborhood of tho Muskingum River that mineral is found in great abundance and in great purity. Pipe clay, and also a peculiar kind of clay suitable to be used for crucibles, ccllula- quartz. of which the burr-millstones are made, and iron ore, are found in different sections of the county. Salt is manufactured to a consider able amount from water obtained by boring into a stratum of whitish sandstone, which lies at the depth of from 350 to 700 feet, dipping from the N. in a southerly direction. The national road passes through this county. and crosses the river at Zanesville. Upon this road IN THE UNITED STATES. 465 there is avast amount of travel. The Muskin gum is navigable for small steamboats to Dres den, 16 miles above Zanesville ; from which point a canal, 2 miles long, forms a connection with the Ohio Canal, which itself traverses 3 of the north-western townships of the county. Mystic, Ct. In the town of Stonington, New London co. On the E. bank of Mystic River, opposite Portersville. 52 miles S. E. from Hart ford. The two places are connected by a bridge. Mystic Bridge, Ct. In the town of Groton, New London co. 56 miles S. E. from Hartford. Con nected with Mystic village by a bridge. The river is navigable to the bridge for vessels of 400 tons. The people are employed in coasting and the whale fishery. Several vessels are employed as wreckers along the coast. Considerable busi ness is done here in ship building. Nacogdoches County, Ts., c. h. at Nacogdocnes. In the E. part of the state. On the N. E. bank of the Neches. Nahant, Ms., Essex co. See Fashionable Resorts. Nansemond County, Va., c.h. at Suffolk. Bound ed N. by Isle of Wight and York counties, E. by Norfolk CO., S. by North Carolina, and W. by Southampton co. Watered on the N. E. bor der by James, and S. W. by Blackwater Rivers. Drained by branches of Nansemond River. It contains a part of Dismal Swamp, and Lake Drammdnd in this swamp supplies the Dismal Swamp Canal by means of a feeder 5 miles in length. Soil fertile in many portions. Nanticoke, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by Nanticoke Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna River. Surface undulating ; soil suitable for grass. 14 miles N. W. from Binghampton, and 144 S. of W. from Albany. Nanticoke Springs, N. Y., Broome co. Here is a sulphur spring of considerable note. W. S. W. from Albany 142 miles. Nantucket, Ms., county and town. On an island of the same name in the Atlantic Ocean, about 30 miles S. of Cape Cod. This island is about 1 5 miles in length from E. to W., and about 4 milesin aver age breadth, containing about 50 square miles. It is mostly a plain, varying from 25 to 40 feet above the level of the sea, entirely destitute of trees and shrubbery, or any sign of them, although it was once covered with forest. The highest point of elevation on the island is 80 foet above the sea. The land is owned in common by proprietors, and not fenced, excepting a few house lots adjoining the town. As many as 500 cows and 7000 sheep used formerly to feed to gether in this large pasture. They are now ex cluded, however, by the proprietors from the com mon field. In 1759, the title to this island was granted by Governor Mayhow, whose ancestor, Thomas May- hew, had obtained it of William, Earl of Stirling, at New York, in 1641, to 27 proprietors, many of whom settled at Nantucket. Among them was Peter Folger, — a man of great influence, whose daughter became the mother of Dr. Franklin, — and three men by the name of Coffin. Both of these names have numerous representatives on the island at the present day. The Coffin School at Nantucket originated in a donation by Admi ral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British navy, who vis ited this place in 1826 ; and finding that a large part of the inhabitants were more or less remotely related to him, expressed a desire to confer on 59 his kindred some mark of his attachment. By his liberality, after taking measures to ascertain the preference of the people in regard to the way in which it might be most acceptably applied, a building was provided for a school of a high order, and a fund of about $12,500 invested for its permanent support. For many years past, great attention has been paid to education in Nan tucket, and the public schools, as well as others, will not suffer in comparison with any in the state. The town is situated at the bottom of a bay, on the N. side of the island, made by two points of the beach, nearly three fourths of a mile apart, on one of which, called Brant Point, is a light house. The harbor of Nantucket is good, with seven and a half feet of water at low tide on the bar at its mouth. The town is built on a site where the ground ascends more rapidly from the water than at almost any other part of the shore. It embraces nearly all the houses on the island, and is very compactly built. Many of the streets are very narrow, and the houses are mostly con structed of wood. There are many handsome buildings, however, both of wood and of brick ; and some of the churches, of which there are nine or ten in number of various denominations, are tasteful edifices. There are several fine build ings for the public schools. The Nantucket Athenaeum, incorporated in 1834, has a commodi ous building, with an Ionic portico in front; erected in 1 847, after the burning of the former edi fice, in which are contained a library of over 2500 volumes, and a large number of interesting curios ities, chiefly from the islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the upper story is a fine hall for public lectures. The whale fishery commenced at Nantucket in 1690; and this place is more celebrated than any other for the enterprise and success of its inhab itants in that species of nautical adventure. In deed, it has been the mother of this great branch of wealth in America, if not in the world. The first establishments in New Bedford were started by persons from Nantucket. Of late a consider able diversion from this business has been occa sioned by the tide of adventure setting to Califor nia ; so that the statistics of the whale fishery, if taken now, would not perhaps exhibit fairly the amount of energy and of capital ordinarily em barked in it. In tho year ending April 1, 1844, Nantucket employed 78 vessels in the whale fish ery, the tonnage of which was 26,684 tons ; 1,086,488 gallons of sperm and whale oil were imported, the value of which was $846,000. The number of hands employed was about 2000. The capital invested was $2,730,000, including the ships and outfits only. There are manufactures, on the island, of ves sels, whale boats, bar iron, tin ware, boots, shoes, oil casks, and. candle boxes. The whole amount of the manufactures of oil and candles, in 1844, was $1,375,745. On the night of the 13th of July, 1846, a fire broke out in the most compact part of the town, and in a few hours it destroyed not less than 350 buildings ; among which were two banking houses, a church, the Athenaeum, seven oil and candle factories, &c. The loss was estimated at $900,000. Tbe village of Siasconset is situated at the S. E. extremity of the island, about 7 miles from the town, and coutains about 70 houses. The cod fishery was carried on there a few years since, but of late it has been nearly relinquished. The 466 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, houses, with few exceptions, are occupied only in the warm season. A fine hotel is maintained here, affording the most genteel accommodations during the season of company. The village is compactly built on a level grass plat, near the edge of a steep cliff, tho land rising in the rear so as to cut off a view of the town of Nantucket, This place presents uncommon attractions in the warm season for invalids and persons seeking recreation. It has a fine bracing air and excel lent water. In front of the village " the eye rests on a broad expanse of the Atlantic, and below, the surf, rolling and breaking, gives animation to the scene by day, and lulls to repose by night." An excellent steamboat plies between Nan tucket and New Bedford, touching at Holmes Hole, on Martha's Vineyard, and Wood's Hole, 5 miles from Falmouth. The distance from Boston to Nantucket is 110 miles, of which one half is travelled by railroad, and the other half by steamboats. Naples, Is., Scott co. Located on Illinois Riv er, 2 miles above the entrance of the Mauvaise- tcrre, and 56 miles W. from Springfield. The trade of this place is extensive. Steamboats in great numbers arrive here. Naples, Me., Cumberland co. This town was formed from Otisfield and Raymond, and incor porated in 1834. It is watered by Sebago and Songo Ponds, and Crooked and Muddy Rivers. It has good mill privileges and a productive soil. Naples lies 63 miles W. S. W. from Augus ta, and 27 N. N. W. from Portland. Naples. N. Y. Ontario co. The outlets of Canandaigua and Honeoye Lakes water this town. the surface of which is hilly, and tho soil clay loam, based upon slate. 18 miles S. from Can andaigua, and 211 W. from Albany Napa County, Ca. On the height of land be tween the Sacramento and the coast. Napoleon, 0., c. h. Henry co. Napoli, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Coldspring Creek waters this town, which has an elevated and rolling surface and productive soil. 12 miles W. from Ellicottville, and 307 S. of W. from Albany. Nash County. N. C, c. h. at Nashville. Bound ed N. by Halifax co., E. by Edgecombe, S. by Johnson, and W. by Franklin co. Drained by Moccason River, and Tar River and branches. Nashua, N. II., Hillsboro' co. This town, which was called Dunstable until 1836, original ly embraced a large extent of territory. In the N. E. corner of the town, (and in Nash ville,) on Nashua River, is the flourishing village of Nashua, the centre of a large trade and the seat of important manufactures. The village lies partly in Nashua and partly in Nashville, the river forming the dividing line. (See Nashville.) That part of the village lying in Nashua con tains 4 churches, a beautiful town house, a large number of handsome dwelling houses, stores, public houses, &c. The Nashua Manufacturing Company was in corporated in 1823. It has 4 mills, two 155 feet in length, 45 in breadth, and 6 stories in height; two about 190 foet in length, 50 feet in breadth, and 5 stories high. They contain 37,000 spin dles, 100 loomB, and manufacture 13,000,000 yards of cloth per annum, uso 10,000 bales cot ton, weighing 4,000,000 pounds, and their pay roll is about $16,000 every 4 weeks. Their canal is 3 miles long, 60 feet wide, and 8 feet deep, head and fall 36 feet. There are about 1000 femalos and 200 males employed in these mills. In 1845, the Nashua Company built a large machine shop; the main building is 150 feet long, with an addition of 153 feet, used for a blacksmith's shop, furnace, &c. The main build ing is occupied by shuttle and bobbin makers, locksmiths, gunsmiths, manufacturers of axes, hoes, ploughs, and by artisans in other branch es ; there are about 300 men employed in thi< concern. About $40,000 worth of mortise locks and latches for dwelling house doors, and rose wood and brass knobs for the handles of tho same, are manufactured annually. In 1845, a large and extensive iron foundery was erected ; more than 4000 pounds of castings per day are manufactured from pig iron; 18 tons can be melted in 12 hours: more than 30 men are employed, and the business exceeds $40,000 a year. The same year a cotton manufacturing es tablishment went into operation in the Salmon Brook, at the " Harbor," so called ; about $30,000 worth of goods are annually manufactured. There are also other valuable manufactures on Nashua River and the waters of Salmon Brook. In the spring of 1848, an extensive concern went into operation for making railroad iron. The soil of Nashua has considerable variety. The land in the E. part of the town, on Merri mac River, is level and fertile, as well as some portion of the valleys of the Nashua and Salmon Brook, but a considerable part of the town is sandy or uneven. It is watered by Salmon Brook, a small stream flowing from Groton, Ms., and emptying into the Merrimac, and by the Merri mac and Nashua Rivers. This was the earliest settlement in the south ern part of New Hampshire. It was incorporat ed in 1673, and settled before that time. Since 1679 it has had a settled minister. It was a fron tier settlement for 50 years, and as such peculiar ly exposed to 1. dian attacks. In 1675, during Philip's war, it was abandoned. In 1691, several persons were killed in town by the Indians. From this time to 1 706, frequent attacks were made, and ravages committed, in one of which, the celebrat ed friendly Indian, Joe. English, was killed. In 1724. 2 persons were captured in Nash ville, and carried away. A party of 1 1 persons started in pursuit, but were soon waylaid by tho Indians, and 10 of them killed. The only sur vivor was Jo.siah Farwell, who was the next year lieutenant in Lovewell's expedition. In 1725, Captain John Lovewell, of this town, raised a company of volunteers, and marched northward in pursuit of the enemy. In his first expedition, thov killed 1 Indian and took 1 pris oner; in his second excursion, they killed 10 In dians, but in his third expedition, he fell into au ambuscade at Lovewell's Pond, in Fryeburg, Me. Captain Lovewell, Lieutenant Farwell, and En sign Robbins, all of this town, were killed, as also the chaplain, Mr. Frye, and 12 others, and 1 1 wounded. In this conflict the noted chief Paugus was killed. Tue blow fell heavily upon the feeble settlement, hut it was a triumph for New Eng land. The power of the Indians was broken for ever, and so.ig and romance have embalmed the memory of tiio heroes of " Lovewell's Fight." Dunstable belonged to Massachusetts till the division lino between the two provinces of Mas sachusetts and New Hampshire was settled in IN THE UNITED STATES. 467 1741. It. was incorporated by New Hampshire, April 1, 1746, and the name altered to Nashua, in December, 1836. Distances, 35 miles S. of Concord, and 40 N. from Boston by railroad, and about 12 miles S. E. from Amherst. A railroad passes from this place to Worcester and Providence. Nashville, Is., c. h. Washington co. On an ele vated prairie, at the head of Little Crooked Creek, and 118 miles S. by E. from Springfield. Nashville, la., c. h. Brown co. On the N. side of Salt Creek, 54 miles S. from Indianapolis. Nashville, N. O, c. h. Nash co. On the S. side of Peach Tree Creek, a branch of Tar River, and 44 miles E. by N. from Raleigh. Nashville, N. H, Hillsboro' co. This town was taken from Nashua and incorporated June 23, 1842. The soil on the rivers and other streams is rich, but elsewhere is light and sandy.' In the S. E. corner of the town is a considerable portion of Nashua village. The cemetery in this village is beautiful. It lies in a grove in the rear of the Unitarian Church, occupying about two acres. Cost of ground, fences, walks, &c, about $3000. In this place are large manufactories, on the Nashua River, opposite to Nashua. See Nashua. Nashville, city, capital of the state of Tennes see, and seat of justice for Davidson co., is situ ated on the S. side of Cumberland River, 120 miles from its mouth, and at the head of steam boat navigation. Population in 1830,5566; in 1840. 6929; in 1850, 10.500. The city is pleasantly located upon a high and healthy site, of undulating surface, varying from 50 to 175 feet in elevation from tho level of the river. The foundation is rocky, the soil thin, and dotted here and there with beautiful groves of cedar, giving to the environs a pleas ing variety of landscape scenery. Owing to the salubrity of its situation, Nashville is the resort of considerable numbers from the lower parts of the country during the sultry heats of summer. The city was originally laid out upon a ground plot of 200 acres, with building lots of one acre each, four acres being reserved for the public buildings. But these boundaries have been sub ject to many variations. There is a public square in the centre of the city, in which the court house is placed, which is a handsome edifice, 105 feet in front by 63 feet in depth, and two stories high, besides the basement. It is surmounted by a dome, the top of which is 90 feet from the ground, supported by eight Ionic columns. The market bouse, situated also in the public square, is one of the finest buildings in the west. There are spacious apartments in the building occupied as a city hall and recorder's office. The Episcopal Church is a fine stone building, in the Gothic style of architecture. The Presbyterian and the Methodist Churches, and some others, are large and elegant buildings. There are ten or twelve churches in the city, of the various denomina tions. The state house has a commanding loca tion on the highest ground in the city. The site, consisting of four acres of ground, was purchased by the city at a cost of $30,000, and presented to tbe state fbrthc purpose. There is a female academy, situated in the western part of the city, which is a flourishing institution, and several other schools for young ladies, of a high order of excellence. The primary schools for both sexes are numerous and good. Few cities are better provided with means of instruction for the yonng. This city is the seat of Nashville University, which was founded in 1806. The main col lege building is 200 feet long, 50 feet wide, and three stories high. This building has wings, and is accompanied by a spacious building for the accommodation of the chemical laboratory. All the university buildings, except the presi dent's house, are within the college campus, which includes eight acres. The Lunatic Hospi tal is a large and commodous building, which will accommodate over 100 patients. Vauxhall Gar den, in the S. part of the city, is a pleasant place of resort for promenading and for popular recre ations. It is provided with a circular railway, upon which a light pleasure car is propelled by the hand of the rider. In the suburbs of the city is a spring strongly impregnated with sulphur, with accommodations provided for cold and warm baths. A number of steamboats of the first class are owned in Nashville, which ply between this city and Cincinnati, and other places. A railroad is in process of construction from Nashville to Chatanooga, in the southern border of the state, a distance of 150 miles, which, when completed, will afford an uninterrupted railroad communi cation between Nashville and Charleston, S. C, and also by a separate line part of the way be tween Nashville and Savannah, Ga. About 1 2 miles distant from Nashville is the retired and quiet country seat of the late presi dent of the United States, Andrew Jackson, fa miliarly known as the " Hermitage." As the name he gave to it implies, the place which he had selected for his private residence was in a rural situation, rather remote from other habi tations. The house is stately in its size, and symmetrical in its proportions, but makes no great architectural display. To this quiet home, after retiring from the presidential chair in 1836, General Jackson withdrew to pass the remainder of his days in the bosom of his family, continu ing still, through the great popularity of his name, to exert a silent but extensive influence upon the politics of the country. Here, on the 8th day of June, 1845, he breathed his last, in the 79th year of his age. Nassau County, Fa., c. h. at Fernandina. Is bounded W. and N. by St. Mary's River, separat ing it from Georgia, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and S. by Nassau River, partly separating it from Du val co., and by Columbia co. Surface level, and somewhat marshy. Amelia Island extends along its sea-shore on the E. boundary. Nassau, N. Y, Rensselaer co. Watered by Kinderhook Creek and its branches. The sur face is rather hilly; soil very fertile. 16 miles S. E. from Troy, and 12 S. by E. from Albany. Natchez. City, and seat of justice for Adams co., Mi. Situated on a high bluff on the E. bank of the Mississippi, \00 miles S. W. from Jackson, the capital of the state, and 279 miles by the river above New Orleans. The bluff on which Natchez is built is in some parts nearly 300 feet above the river; and is entirely composed of clay, unmixed with the smallest pebble ; the whole resting on a substratum of pudding stone rock, which appears in view only when the water in the river is at a very low stage. Natchez under the Hill, as it is called, is a portion of the place which lies upon the margin of the river, consisting of warehouses, stores, and shops, for the Accommodation of the landing. But the 468 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, greater portion of the city is situated on the ele vated ground, and is laid out in a rectangular form, with broad streets, which are extensively ornamented with the China tree. The surface of the ground on which the city stands, and of the whole adjacent country, is uneven, undulating like the rolling of the sea in a storm, and pre sents a strong contrast to low and level surfaces of the boundless cypress swamps of Louisiana seen on the opposite side of the river. Many of the houses aro elegant, though generally the style of building is plain. They are mostly of wood, one story high, with a piazza and balcony. The houses of tbe more wealthy are situated widely apart, each occupying a square, surrounded with the palmetto, orange trees, and other beautiful shrubbery. This class of the inhabitants is dis tinguished for intelligence, refinement, and hos pitality. The city contains a court house and jail, a hospital, an orphan asylum, a masonic hall, a theatre, two or three banks, and several churches. There are oil mills here, operated by steam, for manufacturing oil from the cotton seed. The cotton crop is extensively cultivated in the vi cinity; and Natchez was formerly the principal mart in this region for this important product. In 1820, the exports of cotton exceeded 35,000 bales. The business and prosperity of the place, however, has, from various causes, materially de clined from what it once was. The hurricane of 1836, which destroyed a vast amount of prop erty, the failure of the banks, which followed soon after, the depression in the price of cotton, ac companied by the emigration to Texas, which about this time drew off many of the most enter prising inhabitants, have had a disastrous effect upon the prosperity of Natchez. Its trade, how ever, is still considerable, as indicated by the steamboats which are continually arriving and departing on the river. Natchez was first settled by the French in 1716. From its geographical position, and the wealth which has been expended upon its decorations, it has long been considered as one of the most beau tiful places in the lower valley of the Mississippi. Its elevated site affords a fine view of this majes tic river, with the numerous craft moving to and fro upon its waters, of tho village of Concordia on the opposite bank, and the vast region of country spreading out beyond. Although the city is liable occasionally to be visited with the bilious and intermittent fevers of the climate, yet its location is comparatively advantageous in this respect, and in most seasons it proves a healthful and nn agreeable place of residence. Natchitoches Parish, La., c. h. at Natchitoches. Bounded N. by Claiborne parish, E. by Cata hoola and Rapides, S. by Rapides, and W. by Sa bine and Caddo parishes. Drained by Red River and its tributaries. The soil is mostly sterile, but bordering on the streams is some good land, well adapted to the growth of cotton. Natchitoches, La., 'c. h. Natchitoches district. Natick, Ms , Middlesex eo. This township was originally granted by tho General Court to the Indians, as a place for a permanent residence. It was incorporated into an English district in 1761, and into a town in 1781, by the name of Natick, a1' word in the Indian language signifying "the place of hills." It is watered by Charles River, and contains numerous fish ponds. There are 2 villages, upwards of a mile apart Natural Bridge, N. Y., Jefferson Co. A natural bridge 15 feet wide, and 6 feet above the water, crosses Indian River at this place. 153 miles N. W. from Albany. Naugatuck, Ct, New Haven co. A flourishing manufacturing town, on the Naugatuck River. 27 miles by railroad N. by E. from Bridgeport, and 55 N. W. from New Haven. A railroad, connect ing with the New York and New Haven Railroad at Stratford, runs up the Naugatuck valley. Nauvoo City, Is., Hancock co. 124 miles N. W. from Springfield. It is situated on tbe E. bank of the Mississippi, about 180 miles above the mouth of the River Illinois. This is the site of the celebrated Mormon city founded by Joe Smith and his followers in 1840. It is located on ele vated ground, gradually rising from the river to an unusual height, and presenting a smooth and regular surface, which, with the plain at its sum mit, might amply suffice for the erection of a large city. Upon this beautiful ground Nauvoo was laid out on a very magnificent scale, and many of the houses erected were handsome structures. The streets are of ample width, crossing each other at right angles. Three years after the settlement was begun, the city contained 1000 houses, a large part of which were log cab ins, whitewashed. The great Mormon Temple, which stood in fair view from the river, was 1 28 feet long, 88 feet wide, and 65 feet high to the top of the cornice. The top of the cupola was 163 feet from the ground. It was built of com pact, polished limestone, quarried near the spot. It was calculated to contain 3000 people, and was built at a-supposed cost of about half a mil lion of dollars. On the 9th of October, 1848, this Temple was destroyed by fire, and now pre sents only a blackened pile of ruins. Four years previous, the Mormon leader had been arrested, and put in prison, where, soon afterwards, he came to his end by the violence of a mob. The Mor mons have since left the place. The population, which at one time was as high as 16,000, is now much less. Neashoc, Mo., c. h. Newton co. Needham, Ms., Norfolk co., was a part of Ded ham until 1711. It is surrounded for more than two thirds of its limits by Charles River. Broad Meadow, lying partly in this town, and the towns of Dedham and Newton, is said to be one of the largest in the state. The town is uncommonly well watered, and is diversified with hills and plains. In the course of the river, which sepa rates this town from Newton, there are 2 fulls, called the Upper and Lower Falls, which afford valuable water privileges. At the Upper Falls is the largest cataract in the whole of Charles River. The water here falls 20 feet upon a bed of rocks. There is a manufacturing village at both of these falls, lying partly in this town and partly in Newton. The soil is good, and the encircling river presents much beautiful scenery. 5 miles N. W. from Dedham, and by the Worcester Railroad 13 S. W. from Boston. Nelson County, Ky., c. h. at Bardstown. Bound ed N by Spencer co., E. by Anderson and Wash ington, S. by Marion and Laure, and W. by Bul litt co. Drained by the Beech and Rolling Forks of Salt River and their tributaries. Ndson, N. H, Cheshire co. This town is situ ated on the height of land between Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers. The surface is hilly, but good for grazing. A branch of Ashuelot and IN THE TOTTED STATES. 469 one of Contoocook River water this town. The best mill privileges are furnished by streams issu ing from ponds, of which there are 4, containing 1800 acres. First settlers, Breed Batchelder, and Dr. Nathaniel Breed, in 1767. 4£ miles S. W. from Concord, and 8 N. E. from Keene. Nelson, N. Y. Madison co. Chenango Creek and'he head branches of Chenango River water this town, the surface of which is high and slightly uneven, and the soil clay and calcareous loam. 106 miles W. from Albany. Nelson County, Va., c. h. at Livingston. Bound ed N. E.by Albemarle CO., S. E. by James River, separating it from Buckingham CO., S. W. by Amherst, and N. W. by Augusta co. Drained by Rock, Rockfish, and Tyre Rivers. The Blue Ridge lies on the N. W. border of this county. Neosho, Mo., c. h. Newton co. 175 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. Neponset Village. Ms., in the town of Dorches ter, Norfolk co. See Dorchester. Nescopeck, Pa., Luzerne co. Watered by the Susquehanna River and its tributaries, Big and Little Wapwallopen, and Nescopeck Creeks. Sur face uneven, and some of the bottom land on the streams fertile. 98 miles N. E. from Har risburg. Neshoba County, Mi., c. h. at Philadelphia. Bounded N. by Winston co., E. by Kemper, S. by Newton, and W. by Leake co. Drained by Pearl River and its head branches. New Albany, la. City, and seat of justice of Floyd co. 126 miles S. by E. from Indianapolis. Situated on the N. bank of the Ohio River, about 2 miles below the foot of the falls in that river, at Louisville. This is one of the largest places in the state. It is laid out with entire regularity, having 6 streets parallel with the river, nearly E. and W., and eleven running back from the river, intersecting them at right angles. It has churches of the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Meth odist, Baptist, Campbellite Baptist, and Roman Catholic denominations. There are a male and a female seminary, a lyceum, and other excellent provisions for the education of the young. A donation of $5000 was made by the original pro prietors to constitute a fund for the support of a public school. There are several ship yards at New Albany, in which a number of steamboats are built annually, and a large business is done in various branches of manufacture. Population in 1840, 4226 ; in 1850, 10,000.. New Albion, N. Y, Cattaraugus co. Well wa tered by branches of Cattaraugus Creek on the N., and of the Alleghany River on the S. The surface is high and rather uneven ; the soil favor able to the growth of grass and grain. 11 miles W. from Ellicottville, and 306 S. of W. from Albany. Newark, N. J., city, port of entry, and seat of justice for Essex co., is situated on the W. side of the Passaic River, 3 miles from its en trance into Newark Bay, and 9 miles W. from the city of New York. It stands on a fertile plain, with a rising ground on the W., to which the suburbs of the city extend. Population in 1830,10,950; in 1840, 17,290; in 1850, 38,893. This is the most populous and flourishing place in the state of New Jersey. Tho city is regularly laid out, with broad and straight streets, gener ally crossing each other at right angles. Many of the streets are bordered by lofty and beautiful shade trees, which give an air of elegance and comfort to the place. There are two large and pleasant public squares, in the. heart of the city, which are in like manner adorned with majestic elms. Broad Street, rnnning through the middle of the city from N. to S., is one of the most ex tensive and beautiful avenues to be met with in any of our populous towns. Newark is well built, having several handsome churches, and other public edifices. The court house, situ- uated upon a commanding site, in the W. part of the city, is a large and elegant building, of brown freestone, in the Egyptian style of archi tecture. Some of the'ehurch edifices are of stone ; among which are the First Presbyterian Church, on Broad Street, and the Episcopal Church, pn the lower green, or Park, as it is now called. The dwelling houses which front upon this beautiful public parade are among the handsomest in the city. The elevated ground on the W. affords some of the finest situations for gentlemen's seats, many of which are occupied with elegant buildings, and surrounded with the evidences of luxury and taste. Among the literary institutions in Newark are the Mechanics' Association for Literary and Sci entific Improvement, which has a library and philosophical apparatus ; the Mercantile and Lit erary Association, which sustains a course of public lectures ; the Newark Library Association, which has accumulated a library of 3000 vol umes, open to the public on the most liberal terms ; and the New Jersey Historical Society. The Newark Academy was established in 1792, and was distinguished, for many years, as one of the largest and most prominent institutions of the kind in the country. Previous to this date, there had been an academy at Newark, whose building, — a stone building, two stories high, — then standing upon the upper green, was burned by a party of 500 British soldiers from New York, on the night of January 25, 1780. Newark is very extensively engaged in manu factures, a great part of the products of which are sent to distant markets. Although there are no peculiar natural facilities here for this kind of industry, this want has been abundantly supplied by steam power and other artificial agents, un der the direction of human skill and enterprise. About the year 1676, measures were taken to invite mechanics to this place. The first shoe maker appears to have been induced to come into the settlement from Elizabethtown, having been " formally admitted a member of the com munity, on condition of his supplying it with shoes." The manufacture of shoes, boots, sad dles, harness, and the various fabrics of leather, have constituted an extensive branch of the busi ness of Newark in modern times. The tanneries here have been very extensive, the first of which was established as long ago as 1698. Other manufactures, in great variety and abundance, have been produced, the most important of which are hats and caps, carriages, omnibuses, and wagons, cutlery, and jewelry. The number of persons and the amount of capital employed in these large manufacturing operations is such as to constitute this the leading interest of the place, although, by its position at the . head of ship navigation from the- Atlantic, its facilities for commerce, and its investments in that line, have been by no means inconsiderable. The coasting trade employs from 60 to 80 vessels of 100 toni In 1833, a whaling company was incorporated 470 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, here, which has prosecuted the business with success. The New Jersey Railroad, on its route between New York and Philadelphia, passes through Newark, thus bringing it within half an hour's distance of New York. The Morris and Essex Railroad connects this place with Morristown, in the interior of New Jersey. The Morris Canal also terminates here. Newark, in its origin, was eminently a New England town, having been settled, in 1666, by a company consisting of 30 families, from Guil ford, Branford, Milford, and New Haven, Ct. These families had been preceded by four per sons as agents, commissioned to select and lay out the township, who were Captain Robert Treat, John Treat, Jasper Crane, and John Cur tis. To the good judgment of these men New ark is indebted for the beautiful location and plan of the city, and for its broad streets and handsome public squares. Nor are these the most important, nor the most characteristic fea tures of its preeminence, derived from its Puritan ancestry. Captain Robert Treat, above named, is the same who was afterwards governor of Connecticut. Newark, N, Y., Tioga co. Drained by East and West Owego Creeks. Surface hilly ; soil fertile "in the valleys. 8 miles N. from Owego, and 161 S. of W. from Albany. Newark, 0., e. h. Licking co. On the Ohio and Erie Canal, at the junction of the three main branches of Licking River, and 39 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. A place of large and flour ishing business. 176 miles from Cleveland, by the canal. Newark, Vt., Caledonia co. The Passumpsic River is formed in this town by a collection of streams issuing principally from ponds. The town is not mountainous, but the Soil is cold, and generally unproductive. The settlement was commenced about the year 1800. 26 miles N. E. from Danville, and 56 N. E. from Montpelier. New Ashford, Ms., Berkshire co. This township is situated principally on the steep and rugged hills which make from Saddle Mountain on the E., and the 'laconic range on the W., and which here approach each other. In the narrow valley be tween these hills, along the rise of the western branch of the Housatonic, and the eastern branch of Green River, are some small tracts of feasible land, producing grain, grass, &c; though the soil in general is hard and gravelly. By these streams, with the connected springs and brooks, the town is well watered. The people of this town pay considerable attention to rearing sheep. Much variegated marble is found here. 13 miles N. from Pittsfield, and by the Western Railroad from Pittsfield, 164 miles W. from Boston. New Athens, 0., Harrison co. Tho seat of Franklin College. 115 miles E. by N. from Co lumbus. See Colleges. New Baltimore, N. Y., Greene co. On tho W. side of the Hudson. Drained bv Dieppe and Haivnakraus Creeks. Surface hilly and broken ; soil rich clay and sandy loam. 18 miles N. from Cattskill, and 15 S. from Albany. ¦ New Barbadoes, N. J., Bergen co. This town is mostly level, and is watered by Hackensack River. Soil red shale and a sandy loam. New Bedford, Ms. Port of entry, and one of the shire towns of Bristol co. 55 miles S. from Boston. Population in 1790, 3313; 1800, 4361 ; 1810, 5651; 1820, 6947; 1830, 7592; 1840, 12,087; 1850,16,464. It stands on the W. side of a small estuary, called Accushnut River, which makes up in a northerly direction into the land from near the western extremity of Buzzard's Bay. The township is 10j miles in length by about 1 mile in average width. The situation of New Bedford is very beautiful. It is built upon ground which rises rapidly from the water, and the view from Fair Haven, on the opposite side of the River, and from the harbor as the town is approached from the S., is not excelled by that of any other place in the country. It is laid out with much regularity, the streets crossing each other at right angles. The buildings are gen- rally of wood, although several of the finest houses, stores, and other edifices are of brick and stone. The buildings in the upper part of the town are much admired for their neatness and beauty ; and many of them have the additional attractions of splendid ornamental grounds and gardens. County Street, which runs the whole extent of the thickly-inhabited part of the town, along the summit of the rising ground upon which it is built, is allowed to be without a rival in this country for its splendid combination of the finest features of natural and artistic beauty. Among the public buildings most worthy of notice are the town hall, the court house, and the custom house. The town hall is a mag nificent structure of granite, 100 feet long, 61 feet wide, and 3 stories high. The lower story is occupied. as a market, the second as a hall for public meetings, and the third for offices. This edifice, which, with the land, cost $60,000, is by many regarded as the handsomest building in New England devoted to civil purposes. The court house is a structure of brick, and near it are the jail and house of correction. The cus tom house, which is of granite, is of a beautiful design, and makes an imposing appearance. The Friends' Academy is a handsome struc ture, pleasantly situated on County Street, and environed with beautiful grounds. This institu tion is exclusively for young ladies. Few places have been more liberal in provid ing the means of education in the public schools. These ¦ consist of a high school, and about 30 other schools, requiring the services of about 50 teachers. The Social Library, owned by an in corporated association, contains between 4000 and 5000 volumes. . The churches in New Bedford are numerous, and several of the church edifices are handsome and substantial structures. Two of the largest are of stone. The whale fishery, and the manufacture of the product of that fishery, are the principal branches of business in which the inhabitants of this town are engaged. As early as the year 1764, we find the settlers in tho village of Bedford sending out their small vessels after these monsters of the deep, some of which reached as far south as theFalkland Islands. Suspended by the war of the revolution, the busi ness was vigorously and successfully renewed at its close ; and excepting the interruption caused by the second war with England, it has been con stantly pursued, and continually increasing. Much of the sperm oil imported is here pro- pared for use by tho different processes by which spring, summer, fall, and winter oil, as the dif ferent kinds are called, are produced, before it IN THE UNITED STATES. 471 finds its way to the various markets of the conn- try; and from the spermaceti, an article exclu sively the product of the sperm whale, is manu factured the spermaceti candle, so universally ad mired for its beauty, and esteemed for its pleasant light. There are upwards of 20 oil and candle manufactories now in operation in the town. A large proportion of the right whale oil is exported to the north of Europe. Quite a number of ships were lately withdrawn from the whaling business for the California trade. They were generally of tho older class, soon tc be replaced by others. , As u necessary appendage to the fisheries, the coopering business is extensively carried on. Ship building and ship repairing employ many of the mechanics of the town. No better ships float the ocean than some of those which have been launched from the ship yards of New Bed ford. The New Bedford Railway and Wharf Com pany have a capital of $50,000, and on a small island, owned by the company, they have a marine railway, which affords great facilities for cleaning and repairing the smaller class of vessels. There is an extensive steam cordage factory, the machinery of which is moved by 2 engines of ,20 horse power each, and turning out annually 400 tons of cordage. There is also in operation a manufactory of Prussian blue. An immense building has lately been erected for manufacturing and mechanical purposes. The power is steam. Apparatus for grinding grain, working iron, and planing and sawing, is in operation here. Another planing mill, a large blacksmith shop, a block manufactory, a foundery, a coppersmith establishment, a frame factory, and 1 or 2 other mechanics' establishments, have steam engines connected with them. The harbor of New Bedford is safe and capa cious, though not very easy of access. It has 3 to 4 fathoms of water. A wooden bridge and causeway, three fourths of a mile in length, con nect this town with Fair Haven. New Bedford is connected by railroads with Boston, Providence, and Fall River. A steam boat plies regularly between this place and Nan tucket, touching at Wood's Hole in Falmouth, and Holmes Hole on Martha's Vineyard. The distance to Nantucket is the same as to Boston, 55 miles. The whale fishery has proved very lucrative, and New Bedford is thought to be one of the richest cities in proportion to the number of its inhabitants any where to be found. New Berlin, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered S. and E. by the Unadilla River. Surface undu lating ; soil moist clay Ionm of good quality. 8 miles N. E. from Norwich, and 100 W. from Albany. New Berlin, Pa., c. h. Union co. On the N. side of Penn's Creek. 69 miles N. from Harris burg. Newbern, N. C, o. h. Craven co. This is a port of entry, on the S. W. bank of Neuse Riv er, at its junction with the Trent. It was for merly the capital of the state. It is a pleasant and healthy town, and a place of considerable trade. 120 miles E. S. E. from Raleigh. Newberry District. S. C, c. h. at Newberry Court House. Bounded N. by Union district, E. by Fairfield and Lexington, S. by Edgefield, and W. and N. W. by Laurens district Watered on its E. and S. borders by Broad and Saluda Rivers, and drained by their branches; soil fertile in many portions. New Bloomfield, c. h. Perry co. 34 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. New Boston, N. H, Hillsboro' co. Several streams water this town ; the largest is the S. branch of Piscataquog River. This town con sists of fertile hills, productive vales, and some valuable meadows. The soil is fertile. In the S. part is a considerable elevation, called Jo. English Hill, one side of which is nearly perpen dicular. Its height is 572 feet Beard's and Jo. English Ponds are the only ones of note. From Amherst 9 mjlos N. N. W. New Braintree, Ms., Worcester co. 6000 acres of this township were granted to people in ancient Braintree, for services rendered to the public in 1670 ; the residue of the township was taken from Brookfield and Hardwick. It was called "Braintree Farms," until its incorporation, in 1751. Tho surface is uneven, and the soil gen erally good. The town is celebrated for good farmers, and the abundance of excellent beef, butter, and cheese produced. The township is finely watered by brooks, rivulets, and springs. Ware River passes its western border. In the W. part of the town is Wenimesset Brook, formed entirely by springs from the adjacent hills. On this brook is an extensive and luxuriant meadow of several hundred acres, called Wenimesset, the name given it by the Indians when a hideous swamp. 18. miles W. N. W. from Worcester, and 62 W. from Boston. New Brighton, N. Y., Richmond co. On the N. end of Staten Island, 6 miles from New York city. It is much resorted to during the summer. See Staten Island. New Brighton, Pa., B.eavcr co. A flourishing place on the E. bank of Beaver River, 3 miles above its junction with the Ohio. Here is a good water power, and active manufacturing opera tions are carried on. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes through it. New Britain, Ct., Hartford co. A flourishing village in the town of Berlin. 10 miles W. by S. from Hartford. This place is distinguished for the intelligent enterprise of its inhabitants, who, without water privileges of any amount, or any other peculiar advantages of natural situation, hf.ve established and prosperously carried on a greater variety of manufactures than almost any other town in New England. Commencing on a small scale at first, they have rapidly enlarged their operations as the- demands of the market have called for and rewarded' their exertions. There are now several large establishments where steam power is employed, besides a great amount of labor in shops where little or no assistance from machinery is required. A numerous list of articles in brass, tin ware, plated ware, buttons, hooks and eyes, jewelry, &c, is the produce of this well-directed industry; in which a large amount of capital and a multitude of laborers are constantly employed. There are two large Congregational churches in New Britain, which have handsome houses of worship, and one each of the Baptist and Meth odist denominations. The village is pleasantly situated, and has all those marks of thrift, wealth, and good taste which would be indicated by the facts already mentioned. The Hartford and Fish kill Railroad passes through this place. The 472 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Hartford and New Haven Railroad also has a Btation within a mile and a half of the village. New Britain, Pa., Bucks co. Drained by sev eral mill streams flowing into Neshaminy Creek. Surface undulating; soil sandy loam. 96 miles E. from Harrisburg. New Brunswick, N. J., Middlesex co. City and seat of justice. Situated at the head of steam boat navigation on the Raritan River, 15 miles from its entrance into the bay of the same name. It is 26 miles N. E. from Trenton. The city lies partly in Somerset CO., Albany Street being on the dividing line between the counties of Middle sex and Somerset. The ground on which it is built rises rapidly from the river. The streets close upon the river are narrow and crooked, and the ground low ; but those in the upper part of the city are broad and regular; and many of the houses are neat and elegant, surrounded by orna mental yards and gardens. Upon the highest part of the city stands the fine edifice of Rutger's College, founded in 1770, under the name of Queen's College. The present building is con structed of dark red sandstone, and was complet ed in 1811. The view from the commanding eminence on which it stands is extensive and beautiful; terminated by mountains on the N., and by the Raritan Bay on the E. The Delaware and Raritan Canal commences at New Brunswick, and extends to the Delaware River, at Bordentown, a distance of 42 miles, intended to furnish an uninterrupted and direct communication between New York and Philadel phia by water. It is 75 feet wide, and 7 feet deep; with 14 locks, 24 feet wide, and 110 feet long; admitting the passage of sloops of 75 or 100 tons' burden. The cost of building this canal was about $2,500,000. The New Jersey Railroad, between New York and Philadelphia, passes through New Bruns wick ; this point being distant from New York 31 miles, and from Philadelphia 56 miles. The railroad is carried into the city over the Raritan, and the canal by its side, upon a fine bridge, con structed upon stone piers. This city contains 8 or 10 churches of the va rious denominations. The first established was the Dutch Reformed church, in 1717. The first edifice of the Presbyterian church, erected some time before 1726, was burned down by the British during the revolutionary war. Through the multiplied means of commerce and communication which New Brunswick en joys, it is favored with great facilities for business. It is a constant thoroughfare on the great route between New York and Philadelphia and the more southern cities, both by railroad and canal ; and vessels of 200 tons come up to its wharves from the Atlantic coast by the Raritan Bay and River. The first European inhabitants of New Bruns wick were from Long Island. "About 1730," the historian tells us, " several Dutch families emi- f rated from Albany, bringing with them their uilding materials, in imitation of their ances tors, who imported their tiles, &c., from Hol land." They gave the name of Albany Street to the high road on which several of their company settled. One of the first houses is said to be still standing ; and others will be noticed by the stran ger in Albany and Burnet Streets, which, from their antique structure, are evidently of an early date. New Brunswick was incorporated as a eityinl784. Population in 1850, 10,000. New Braumfils, Ts., c. h. Comal co. New Buffalo, Mn., Berriari co. On Lake Mich igan, where the Michigan Central Railroad strikes the lake. Connected also by railroad with Chicago. Newburgh, Me., Penobscot co. This is a good township of land, 54 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 14 S. W. from Bangor. Incorporated 1819. Watered by a branch of the Sowadabscook. Newbury, Ms., Essex co. This ancient and re spectable town, the mother of Newburyport and West Newbury, although reduced in territory, still retains its forriier reputation and beauty. It was first settled in 1633, and was called by the In dians Quassacumcon. This town is well watered by Parker River and the Merrimac. The soil of this town is not naturally of great fertility, but is of that kind which well rewards the industrious cul tivator. There aro a number of smiling villages in the town. That portion of the town which lies on the S. E. side of Newburyport, and which com prises a part of High Street, so celebrated for its beauty, has recently been annexed to New buryport. The village of Byfield, partly in Row ley, lies at the S. W. part of the town, 7 miles S. S. W. from Newburyport, while Bellville consti tutes the north-western boundary of that town. There is a curious cave in Newbury, called the " Devil's Den," which contains specimens of as bestos, limestone, marble, serpentine, and amian thus. In a pond in the town is a floating island, of about half an acre in extent Its annual rise and fall is from 4 to 8 feet Dummer Academy is situated in the parish of Byfield. ' By the Eastern Railroad, which passes through the town, Newbury lies 3 miles S. from Newburyport, and 31 miles N. by E. from Boston. Newbury.'S. H., Merrimac co. The S. part of Sunapee Lake lies in the N. W. part of this town. Todd Pond, 500 rods in length, and 60 in width, affords a small branch to Warner River. From Chalk Pond issues asmall stream communicating with Sunapee Lake. The land is mountainous ; the soil hard and rocky. Newbury was originally called Dantzic ; in 1778 it took the name of Fish- ersfield ; in 1837, its present name. First settler, Zephaniah Clark, in 1762. From Concord 30 miles W. by N. Newburg, N. Y., half shire town of Orange CO., lies on the W. side of Hudson River, 85 miles S. from Albany, and 60 N, from the city of New York. It is 20 miles N. E. from Goshen, the other half shire town, which is near the centre of the county. The surface of the township is hilly and somewhat broken, containing, however, much ar able land, with a soil well adapted to grass, and much of it well cultivated and productive. It is drained by two or three small streams flowing into the Hudson River. The village of Newburg has a commanding and beautiful location on the acclivity of a hill rising from the shore of the Hudson to an elevation of about 300 feet Thus situated, it makes a fine appearance from the river, and itself enjoys, from its upper terraces, an extensive and delightful prospect, embracing West Point and tho most prominent summits of the Highlands on the S., the noble river in front, with the village of Fish kill on the opposite side, and the fertile and pic turesque valleys beyond, and the Newburg Bay, and a broad champaign country towards the N. On the river margin, about 600 feet in extent, are constructed convenient quays and docks for the accommodation of a large business which centres IN THE UNITED STATES. 473 here, and for the steamboats which make their regular stops in passing up and down the river; A railroad connects this place with the great Erie Railroad Jtt Chester, about 20 miles S. W. ; and a railroad is in progress from Fishkill, on the op posite side of the river, to unite with this branch, and form a connection by way of Hartford, Ct, between Boston and the Erie Railroad. Newburg was incorporated as a village in 1800. There is here an incorporated academy, a high school, two female seminaries, and a number of select schools, all in a flourishing condition. The Presbyterians, Presbyterians Reformed, Dutch Reformed, Associate Reformed, Methodists, Bap tists, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics have each a church, and some of them 2 each. A great variety of manufacturing operations are carried on here, the heaviest of which are iron founderies, steam engine factories, machine shops, cordage factories, flouring mills, plaster mills, tanneries, carriage and chair factories, an extensive brewery, &c, &c. The population in 1840 was about 6000 ; in 1850, 11,415. For a period, near the close of the revolution ary war, Newburg was the head quarters of Wash ington, and the old stone house, at the S. part of the village, in which the general and his family were accommodated, is still in a good state of preservation. Hero it was that the celebrated " Newburg Letters " were addressed to the army, by some of the officers, anonymously, designed to excite them to mutiny ; and that Washington, by his great influence, so nobly defeated the design, and secured the confidence and affections of the army for the government. Here, at the close of the war, on the 23d of June, 1783, the army, which had achieved and endured so much in es tablishing our national independence, was finally disbanded. Newburg, Te.; c. h. Lewis co. Newbury, Pa., York co. Bounded S. by Cone wago Creek, and W. by Beaver Creek and Stony Run. Fishing Creek also waters its N. E. corner. Surface undulating ; soil gravel and calcareous loam. 12 miles N. from York. Newbury, Vt., Orange co. This is a beautiful town on the W. side of Connecticut River, and supplied with mill privileges by Wells River and Hariman's and Hill's Brooks. These brooks have their sources in ponds of considerable size. New bury comprises the tract commonly called the Great Oxbow, on a bend in Connecticut River. This tract is of great extent, and celebrated for its luxuriance and beauty. The town contains a number of mineral springs, of some celebrity in scrofulous and cutaneous complaints. The vil lages of Newbury and Wells River are very pleas ant. This town is connected with Haverhill, N. H., by two bridges. The settlement was com menced in the spring of 1762. The first family was that of Samuel Sleeper. 27 miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 20 N. E. -from Chelsea. The Passumpsic Railroad passes through this town. Newburyport, Ms. City, port of entry, and. a shire town of Essex co. 34 miles N. by E. from Boston. Population in 1790,4837; 1800,5946; 1810, 7634; 1820,6852; 1830,6375; 1840, 7161 ; 1850, 9572. It is beautifully situated upon a gen tle acclivity, on the S. bank of the Merrimac, near its junction with the ocean. Its population occu pies an area of about 2 miles in length by about one quarter of a mile in breadth. At the two extremities of this area, upon the river, and so 60 closely connected with the town as to appear one with it, are two populous villages, lately annexed to Newburyport from the town of Newbury. The territory of Newburyport proper is smaller than that of any other town within the common wealth. It contains somewhat more than a square mile, and was taken from Newbury in 1764. The town is laid out with great regularity, in the form of a parallelogram. Water Street, at the head of the wharves and docks, follows the margin of the river. High Street runs nearly parallel to the river, at a distance of 1000 feet from it, and at an elevation of nearly 100 feet above its level. This has always been admired as a finely-located and most beautiful street Near the centre of the town, adjoining High Street, is a fine pond, of about 6 acres, the level of which is 60 feet above the river. This has been beauti fully embellished, by surrounding it with a mall and terraced promenade. This elevation, in its whole extent of about 3 miles, overlooks a de lightful prospect on the opposite side of the river, embracing a view of the harbor, Plum Island, and the Atlantic Ocean. From the mouth of the har bor Plum Island extends 9 miles, to the "mouth of Ipswich River. The houses in Newburyport are generallyneat, and many are elegant, being surrounded often with beautiful grounds and gardens. The town has 10 or 12 houses of public worship; audits other public buildings are numerous and elegant. The custom house is of rough granite, with a fine wrought portico of the Grecian Doric order, which cost $25,000. A beautiful cemetery has been recently established in the immediate vicin ity of the town, in a grove of venerable oaks, and forms a most inviting resort to the contemplative. This town was early noted forjts commerce and ship building. The vessels built here attained a high reputation throughout the colonies, and in the mother country. After a decline of many years, during the peculiar reverses of the place, the business of ship building is again on tbe in crease. Some of the' finest packets and swift- sailing merchantmen of New York have been recently built here. Several of these packet ships have been upwards of 1000 tons' burden. There were built, for freighting and packet ships, during the year 1844, 6200 tons, besides about 1000 tons of smaller vessels, including one steamer. No place in New England has experienced se verer commercial vicissitudes than this town. The commercial restrictions fell upon it with disas trous effect. Its capital had become largely in vested in the fisheries and freighting business, and the suspension of its commerce and ship building was long and severely felt. In 18U, before it had recovered from these severe losses, it was visited with an extensive conflagration. Its central and most compact and valuable portion, covering an area of 16 acres, was laid in ashes. Superadded to these accumulated disasters, tbe war of 1812 greatly checked its prosperity; and at the con clusion of peace its wealth and population had greatly diminished. It continued to decline till about 1830. Since that time it has been gradu ally recovering its former prosperity, and is now- advancing in wealth and population. In 1830, the manufacture of cotton by steam power was commenced here. There are now several incor porated companies for this purpose. Their mills are 4 stories high, and their aggregate length is 474 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, 1300 feet. In addition to cotton goods, there are other manufactures, of machinery, castings, hats, shoes, organs, soap, candles, &c, to an amount of upwards of half a million annually. This town is distinguished for a liberal exten sion of the common school system, and for supe rior means of free education. It has, in addition to the schools supported by the town, two liberally- endowed free schools. One of these was endowed by the late Moses Brown, Esq., a merchant of tbe place, known as a distinguished benefactor of the Andover Theological Seminary, and is designed to furnish an institution for classical studies. The other, designed for the higher branches of an English education, is founded on a munificent bequest of the late Oliver Putnam, Esq., of Boston, formerly a resident of this town. This bequest amounts, at the present time, to up wards of $70,000. The privileges of free edu cation in Newburyport equal, if they do not exceed, those of any other place in Massachusetts, and are only inferior in their results to those of a collegiate course of instruction. The celebrated George Whitefield died in this town, September 21. 1770. His remains repose under the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church, and a beautiful marble cenotaph, erected within the church to his memory, by Hon. William Bart- let, — another of the munificent benefactors of.the Andover Seminary from Newburyport, — records, among other things, that, " in a ministry of 34 years, he crossed the Atlantic 13 times, and preached more than 18,000 sermons." The Eastern Railroad from Boston to Portland passes through Newbul-yport. It crosses its north ern section by a tunnel under High Street, and thence by an embankment to the river, below the town. There is also a railroad up the Merrimac to Bradford, by Georgetown, crossing from the Eastern to the Boston and Maine Railroad. By whatever avenue this beautiful town is approached, it cannot fail to make a favorable impression upon the visitor ; and while, on account of the bar at the mouth of its harbor, and from other causes, it may not hope to possess the commercial conse quence which it once had, during the comparative infancy of our maritime interests, it will always continue to be the seat of much wealth and re finement, and one of the most eligible places for genteel residence in New England. New Canaan, Ct, Fairfield co. This town was taken fromNorwalk and Stamford in 1801. The surface is rough and mountainous ; the soil is a hard, gravelly loam, but generally productive. An academy was established here in 1815, and has acquired a high reputation. It stands on an elevated and commanding situation, having a fine prospect of Long Island Sound and the interven ing country. Pestles and other Indian implements have been found at the N. part of the town, which probably was the resort of the natives. 37 miles W. S. W. from New Haven. New Canton, Va., Buckingham co. On a high bank of Slate Creek, a quarter of a mile from James River, and 64 miles W. from Richmond. The manufacture of flour at the Virginia Mills, 4 miles from this place, is extensive. New Carlisle, O., c. h. Clarke co. 102 miles W. of Columbus. New Castle County, De., c. h. at New Castle. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Dela ware River, S.' by Kent CO.. and W..by Maryland. Drained by Noaman's, Red Clay, Brandywine, Christiana, St. George's, Appoquinimink, Black bird, and Duck Creeks. Surface low and marshy on the E., but elsewhere somewhat hilly; soil fertile. The Philadelphia and Baltimore and Delaware and Chesapeake Railroads traverse this county. It is also crossed by the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, which is 66 feet wide. Newcastle, De., c. h. New Castle co. A con siderable town, on the W. bank of Delaware River. 5 miles S. S. W. from Wilmington, and 42 N. from Dover. The Newcastle and French- town Railroad opens a communication between Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. New Castle, la., c. h. Henry co. On Blue River. 47 miles E. by N. from Indianapolis. New Castle. Ky., u. h. Henry co. 25 miles N. W. from Frankfort New Castle, Me., Lincoln co. On the W. side of Damariscotta River, 15 miles from its mouth, and 36 S. E. from Augusta. New Castle, N. H, Rockingham co. On a rough and rocky island, situated in Portsmouth Harbor, and formerly called Great Island. A handsome bridge connects this town with Portsmouth, of which it constitutes a fishing suburb. On it stand Fort Constitution and the light-house. About 2 miles from Portsmouth. New Castle, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered by branches of Croton and Saw Mill Rivers. Surface hilly ; soil sandy loam and clay. 10 miles N. from White Plains, and 121 S. from Albany. Newcastle, Pa., c. h. Lawrence co. At the con fluence of the Shcnango and Neshannock, tribu taries of the Beaver, on the Erie Canal. 230 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Newcomb, N. Y., Essex co. This town con tains' several beautiful lakes and waterfalls, the sources of the head waters of the Hudson. The surface is mountainous, the principal peaks of the Adirondack range lying in this and the adjoining town of Keene. This vicinity is celebrated for its mineral wealth, the mountains containing im mense quantities of. fine iron ore. 30 miles S. W. from Elizabeth, and 92 N. from Albany. New Durham, N. H., Strafford co. The sur face is very uneven ; soil moist, and well adapted to grazing. There are 5 ponds here ; the largest is Merrymeeting Pond, about 10 miles in cir cumference, from which a copious and perpetual stream runs into Merrymeeting Bay, in Alton. Ela's River flows from Coldrain Pond into Fart mington, on which is a fine waterfall. The Co checo also has its source here. Mount Betty, Copplecrown, and Saw's Mountains are the principal eminences. On the N. E. side of the latter is a remarkable cave, the entrance of which is about 3 feet wide and 10 feet high. The outer room is 20 feet square ; the inner becomes smaller, until, at the distance of 50 feet, they are too small to be investigated. The sides are solid granite. They bear marks of having been once united. There is a fountain, over which a part of Ela's River passes. By sinking a small-mouthed vessel into it, water may be procured extremely cold and pure. Near the centre of tho town is Rattle snake Hill, the S. side of which is almost 100 feet high, and nearly perpendicular. Several other hills contain precipices and cavities, some of considerable extent First settlers : New Dur ham was granted, in 1749, to Ebenezer Smith and others. 35 miles N. E. from Concord, and 32 N. YV. by N. from Dover. New England. This is a name which may be IN THE UNITED STATES. 475 said, on the one hand, to have no legalized mod ern authority for its use, and yet, on the other, to be traditionally or historically unavoidable. It is not recognized, of course, in the enumeration of the states of the American Union ; arid the same may be said of the convenient division of Middle States, Southern States, Western States, &c. ; but although not specifically authorized in the national constitution, we repeat, it is in anoth er view necessary. And this shall be explained. The discovery of the northern part of the American continent was effected by Cabot in 1497, five years after Columbus had landed in the West Indies. But France, in 1524, became emulous of sharing with Spain and England, and efforts were made for that end. However, neither of these powers made any permanent settlement in North America for many years afterwards. Some Protestants, authorized by the celebrated Coligny, then admiral, attempted to form a col ony in Florida, 1562, with permission of Charles IX., then king; but it was frustrated. (See Holmes's Annals, under the respective dates, &c.) At length, in 1604, after the coast. had been re peatedly visited, a settlement of Frenchmen was made in that part of Canada which received the name of "Acadie," aftciwards called " Nova Sco tia," but then denominated " Nouvelle France." Between these two, Florida and Canada, or New France, the country had, from 1584, been called " Virginia," in compliment to the Queen of England ; but no permanent settlement was ef fected until 1607, although repeated attempts had been made towards the close of the previous cen tury, under the able but unfortunate Sir Walter Raleigh, at great sacrifice of money and of men. In 1609, the Dutch, then a strong maritime power, were invested with the possession of the territory named by them " New Netherlands," and now constituting a part of the state of New York. In 1606, King James I. had divided Virginia into the north and south portions, and authorized distinct companies for effecting settlements in each of these divisions, who were not inactive, but in the northern part unsuccessful ; their effort at the mouth of the Kennebec proving abortive. But Captain John Smith, the hero of Virginia, and its governor, having explored, in 1614, the coasts between the Penobscot, or Pentagoet, and Hudson Rivers, presented his chart of them to the Prince of Wales, afterward Charles I., who gave to the territory the name of " New England." Now, the settlement at Plymouth, in 1 620, being made by native but exiled Englishmen, whose nearest European neighbors on the American coast were French or Dutch, the name of '• New England " became precious to them ; and, as dis tinctive, it was necessary; not an arbitrary as sumption, or arrogated exclusively, in reference to other colonies from the same country, either by themselves or their posterity under the Stu arts. If, since, that period, it has been familiarly employed, that circumstance is due principally to the fact, that the inhabitants of the six sovereign states of our Union which now occupy the ter ritory, namely, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Maine, sometimes denominated the Eastern States, were mostly of kindred blood until a recent period, being generally of unmixed English descent, and, for the most part, sympathizing in religion, both as regards its privileges and tbe reproaches it may hare been called to sustain. As Virginia, being first settled from England, is often called the "Ancient Dominion," so the territory connected with Plymouth is called the "Old Colony;" having, until 1686, sustained a separate government, independent of Massachu setts. ' At that time, also, all the New England governments then existing were placed under a president, as they had been previously united for mutual defence by the memorable confeder acy of 1643, of which an interesting account has been given by the second President Adams, pub lished in the 29th volume of Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. New England Village, Ms., Worcester co. In the town of Grafton. See Grafton. 38 miles W. from Boston. New Fairfield, Ct, Fairfield co. This is a small township, rough and hilly, with a hard and gravelly soil. 64 miles S. W. from Hartford. Newfane, N. Y., Niagara co. On the border of Lake Ontario. Drained by Eighteen Mile Creek. The surface is mostly level, sloping gradually towards the lake ; soil argillaceous and sandy loam. 10 miles N. from Lockport, and 287 N. of W. from Albany. Newfane, Vt, c. h. Windham co. This town is watered by a branch of West River, and several other streams. The surface is diver sified ; the soil good, and produces white oak and walnut in abundance. There is but little waste land in the town. Newfane exhibits a great variety of minerals, among which are some of value. There are two pleasant villages in the town. The court-house village is called Fayette ville. The settlement was commenced in tho month of May, 1766, by Deacon Jonathan Park, Nathaniel Stedman, and Ebenezer Dyer, who emigrated from Worcester CO., Ms. 115 miles S. from Montpelier, and 12 N. W. from Brat tleboro'. Newfield, Me., York co. Watered by Little Ossipee River. A good farming town. 99 miles S. W. by W. from Augusta. Newfield, N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by Cayuga Creek and the inlet of Cayuga Lake. Surface hilly and broken ; soil productive. 6 miles S. W. from Ithaca, and 1 75 W. from Albany. New Garden, Pa., Chester co. Watered by Red Clay and White Clay Creeks. Surface lev el ; soil calcareous loam. 74 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. New Geneva, Pa., Fayette co. On Mononga hela River, at the mouth of George Creek, and 196 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. New Gloucester, Me., Cumberland co. A fer tile township. 23 miles N. from Portland. New Hampton, N. H, Belknap co. Pemige wasset River is the only stream of magnitude in the town; over it is a bridge which unites the town with Bristol. There is a remarkable spring on the W. side of Kelly's Hill, from which is sues a stream that is never affected by rains or droughts. Pemigewasset Pond lies on the bor der of Meredith. There are four other ponds in this town. The soil, though the surface is broken and uneven, is remarkably fertile, producing grain and grass in abundance. In the S. part of the town is a high hill, of a conical form, which may be seen, in almost any direction, from 10 to 50 miles. The academical and theological in stitution in this town is finely located. First settler, Samuel Kelly, in 1775. 30 miles N. by W. from Concord, and 15 N. W. from Gilford- 476 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, The Concord and Montreal Railroad passes through this town. New Hanover County, N. C, c. h. at Wilming ton. Bounded N. by Sampson and Duplin coun ties, E. by Onslow co., S. E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by Cape Fear River and one of its tributaries, separating it from Bruns wick and Bladen counties. Drained by the N. E. branch of Cape Fear River. In the E. part of this county is a large swamp, and along the coast is a chain of low, narrow islands. New Hanover, Pa., Montgomery co. Swamp Creek waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil loam and red shale, of medium quality. 74 miles E. from Harrisburg. New Harmony, la., Posey cor On the E. side of the Wabash' River. 16 miles N. from Mount Vernon, on the Ohio River, and 172 S. W. from Indianapolis. It is situated on a wide and rich plateau or second bottom, and has a healthy and pleasant location. Its position on the river is very favorable for trade. It was first settled in 1814, by a religious sect of Germans under George Rapp, who denominated themselves " Harmonists." They came in a body from Beaver Creek, Pa., where they had previously settled on their first arrival from Germany. Af ter remaining here a few years, during which they made great improvements, turning the wil derness into a garden, they returned again to the place of their first settlement, now called Econo my, on the Ohio River, 18 miles below Pittsburg. To the community of George Rapp succeeded that of Robert Owen, of Lanark, Scotland, who purchased the village of Now Harmony of its original proprietors, tho Harmonists, and com menced here his experiment of a new " social system." After about a year, Mr. Owen returned to Europe, and the " society " which he had gath ered, of about 800 persons, was soon abandoned. New Hartford, Ct., Litchfield co. This town was first settled in 1733. The surface of the town is hilly and mountainous. The lands are best adapted to grazing. It is watered by Far mington River and other streams, on which are several mills. In the eastern part of this town there is a rough and mountainous district, former ly designated Satan's Kingdom. 20 miles N. W. from Hartford. New Hartford, N. Y., Oneida co. The Sada- quada Creek, one of the most valuable mill streams in the state, waters this town on the N. Its surface is varied ; soil fertile calcareous loam. 4 miles S. from Utica, and 98 N. W. from Albany. New Haven County, Ct., c. h. at New Haven. New Haven co. is bounded N. by Litchfield and Hartford counties, E. by Middlesex co., S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by Litchfield co. and the Housatonic River, which separates it from Fairfield co. This county, lying on Long Island Sound, has a very extensive maritime border, but its foreign trade is chiefly confined to New Haven harbor. Its fisheries of oysters and clams, and other fish, aro valuable. It is inter sected by several streams, none of them of very large size, but of some value for their water power and fish. Of these tho principal are tho Pomperaug and Naugatuck, on the W. ; Quinni piac, Meinuikatuek, West, and Mill Rivers on the E. The Quinnipiac is the largest, and passes , through extensive meadows. The county is inter sected centrally by the Canal Railroad, which passes through this county from N. to S. There is a great variety of soil in this county, as well as of native vegetable and mineral productions. The range of secondary country, which extends along Connecticut River as far as Middletown, there leaves that stream, crosses into this county, and terminates at New Haven. This intersec tion of the priiriitive formation by a secondary ridgo affords a great variety of minerals, and ma terials for different soils. New Haven, Ct, city and c. h. New Haven co., lies at the head of a harbor which sets up 4 miles from Long Island Sound. It is, by rail road, 76 miles from New York, 36 from Hart ford, and 101 from Boston. It is the capital of a county of the same name, and the semi-cap ital of Connecticut, and contains a larger pop ulation than any other town in the state. The site of New Haven is on a large and level plain, surrounded by hills and mountains, ex cept at the S., in the direction of the harbor. The harbor is formed by the confluence of three rivers, Quinnipiac and Mill Rivers on the E., and West River on the W. The most striking ob jects which arrest the attention of the traveller in approaching the city from the S. are the East and West Rocks, two bold, perpendicular preci pices of rude, naked trap rock, the former 370, and the latter 400 feet in height. These rocks have a reddish appearance, and from this circum stance the Dutch, who appear to have been ac quainted with the locality before the arrival of the English, called the place " Red Rock." Its Indian name was Quinnipiac, the name of a tribe who occupied the place and its vicinity. New Haven was first settled in 1638, by a company, of whom John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton were leaders. Mr. Davenport was a celebrated minister in London, and Mr. Eaton an eminent merchant, and most of the settlers were persons of piety, wealth, and influence , and it was their intention to plant a mercantile colony. The original town was laid out in a plot half a mile square, which was subdivided- into 9 squares, by streets four rods in width. As the population increased, these squares were subdivided into smaller ones, and other streets were laid out, ex tending in every direction from the original town plot. The central square, usually styled the Green, containing the state house and three churches, is enclosed by an iron fence, surrounded on all sides by rows of stately elms, and is consid ered as one of the most beautiful parks or greens in the United States. The principal edifices of Yale College, four stories in height, faco the en tire length of the western boundary of the green, presenting an imposing aspect Yale College, from which New Haven derives much of its celebrity, was founded in 1700, and is one of the oldest and most distinguished literary institutions in this country, and more students are annually educated here than in any other place in the United States. The whole number of students in 1851, connected with the college, was 558. Tho number of graduates, to 1850, Is 5932. The gener al management of the college is committed to the corporation, consisting of the president, thegovcr nor and lieutenant governor of the state, the six oldest members of the state senate, and ten clergy men of the state, chosen by the clerical part of the corporation. The faculty, to whom is intrusted the government and instruction of the students, consists of the president, the professors, and tutors. IN THE UNITED STATES. 477 The whole course of instruction occupies four years. 'In each year there are three terms or sessions. Coirimencement is held on the last Thursday in July. Instruction is given in all the higher branches of education by able pro fessors, and connected with the college is a law, medical, and theological department. Imme diately back of the line of the college buildings is the library, a Gothic structure 151 feet long, with towers, the extreme height of which is 91 feet It contains the college library, now become one of the most valuable in the country, which was during the last century enriched by donations from distinguished men, among whom were J. Dummer, Sir John Davie, Governor Yale, (from whom the college derives its name,) and Bishop Berkeley. Besides this, the building contains the large and valuable libraries belonging to the different college societies. The total number of volumes in the edifice is 52,000. The mineral- ogical cabinet, another large, building, is situated in the rear of the line of college edifices. It con tains the great cabinet of Colonel Gibbs, consist ing of 10,000 specimens, collected by him in Europe during the revolutionary period there, at the commencement of the present century, to gether with very large subsequent additions. The Trumbull Gallery, erected in 1831, stand ing back of the line of the college buildings, con tains the paintings of Colonel John Trumbull, the aid of Washington, and the father of Ameri can historical painting. His remains, with those of his wife, are interred in a vault beneath this building. Besides eight principal subjects of the American revolution, there are nearly two hun dred and fifty portraits of persons distinguished during that period, painted by him from life. Back of the centre church, on the public square or green, are buried the remains of Colonel John Dixwell, one of the judges of King Charles I, and near by, if tradition be correct, those of the regicide generals, Goffe and Whalley. Colonel Dixwell's remains, after a lapse of 161 years, were reinterred by his relatives in 1849, and a tasteful and durable monument was erected, and placed in the charge of the public authorities. The public burying ground, at the north-western corner of the original town plot, is tastefully laid out with trees and shrubbery, and is surrounded by a high and durable stone wall, with an ele gant Egyptian gateway and iron fence in front. Within the enclosure are the monuments of Colonel Humphreys, the aid of Washington, Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin, Jehudi Ashmun, the first colonial agent at Liberia, Noah Webster, the author of the American Dictionary of the English Language, and other distinguished men.. The harbor of New Haven is protected from winds, but is rather shallow. To remedy its de fects, a wharf has been constructed extending into the bay 3943 feet. The commercial busi ness of the city is considerable, particularly with the West Indies, and by the recent construction of railroads in various directions its general busi ness has been much extended. The manufac turing business of the city is quite important, par ticularly that of carriage making. Besides the twelve college edifices situated at the W. side of the public square, the city contains twenty-two churches, viz.' eight Congregational, three Epis copal, five Methodist, three Baptist, two Catholic, and one Universalist ; a medical college, state house, custom house, five banks, a jail, state hos pital, and the large and elegant railroad station building in the central part of the city. The new Green, or Wooster Square, is destined to be a beautiful place, and the new burying ground, Evergreen Cemetery, situated at the western extremity of the city, is laid out with much taste. New Haven covers a great extent of ground for a city of its population. A large proportion of the houses have court yards in front and gardens in the rear. Besides Yale College, there is in this place quite a number of high schools for the education of both sexes, among which are seven seminaries or schools for the education of young ladies. The superior literary advantages to be found in New Haven, and the high standing of the resident professors, in the various depart ments of science, have given the place a wide literary reputation. The village of Fair Haven, two miles E. from the court house, lies partly within the limits of New Haven, and is situated on both sides of the Quinnipiac. It contains three churches : one Congregational, one Methodist, and one Episco pal, and about 2000 inhabitants. The oyster trade is the leading business of the place, large quantities being brought here from various places and laid down in beds, giving employment to quite a number of vessels, which are owned in the place. Westville, another village in New Haven, is situated at the foot of West Rock, about 2 miles N. W. of the court house, contain ing about 1000 inhabitants. About a mile from the village, near the summit of a rock or moun tain, is the Judges' Cave, a place where the regicides, Generals Goffe and Whalley, con cealed themselves from their pursuers. Popula tion of the city in 1850 was 20,341"; population of the city and town, 22,529. New Haven, N. Y., Oswego co. Drained by Catfish Creek, a tributary of Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Surface undulating ; soil well adapted to grass. 10 miles E. from Oswego, and 157 N. W. from Albany. New Haven, Vt, Addison co. The soil of this town is various, and generally productive. The waters of Otter Creek, Middlebury River, and Little Otter Creek give the town a good water power. Quarries of excellent marble are found here. The settlement was commenced in 1769, by a few emigrants from Salisbury, Ct, on that part which is now set off to Waltham. The set tlement was broken up during the revolutionary war, but the settlers returned at the close of it, and in 1785 the town was organized. 40 m. W. S. W. from Montpelier, and 7 N. W. from Middlebury. New Hudson, N. Y, Alleghany co. Black Creek and some other small streams water this town, the surface of which is high and undu lating, and the soil favorable to the growth of grass. 14 miles W. from Angelica, and 270 from Albany. Newington, N. H., Rockingham co. The soil is generally sandy and unproductive, excepting near the waters. At Fox Point, in the N. W. part of the town, Piscataque Bridge is thrown over the river to Goat island, and thence to Durham shore. The bridge was erected in 1793, is 2600 feet long and 40 wide, cost $65,401. Piscataqua River bounds this town on the N. E., Great and Little Bays on the W. and N. W., and Greenland and Great Bay on the S. 44 miles E- S. E. from Concord, and 5 W. from Portsmouth'. 478 COUNTIES, .CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, New Ipswich, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town is watered by many rivulets, but principally by Souhegan River. Over this river is a stone bridge, built in 1817. It is 156 feet long, 22 wide, and 42 high, resting on a single arch of split stone ; cost $3500. The first cotton factory in the state was built in this town in 1803. New Ipswich has become an important manufacturing town. Pratt's and Hoar's Ponds contain about 50 acres each. Here is fine pasture land under cultivation. The New Ipswich Academy was incorporated June 18, 1789. The principal vil lage is in the centre of the town, in a pleasant and fertile valley. 50 miles S. S. W. from Con cord, and about 18 S. W. from Amherst. New Kent County, Va., c. h. at New Kent Court House. This county is bounded N. and E. by Pamunky River, separating it from King Wil liam and King and Queen counties, S. E. by James City co., S, W. by Chickahominy River, separating it from Charles City and Henrico counties, and N. W. by Hanover co. New Kent, Va., c. h. New Kent co. 3 miles S. from Pamunky River, and 30 E. from Richmond. New Lebanon, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by Lebanon and Kinderhook Creeks, and con tains the celebrated Lebanon Springs, also an extensive Snaker settlement. The surface is hilly and mountainous, being traversed on the E. by the Taghkanic Mountains, and W. and S. by the Peterboro' Hills, leaving a large and fertile valley between. 25 miles N. E. from Hudson, and 24 S. W- from Albany. New Lebanon Springs, N. Y., Columbia co. 25 miles S. E. from Albany. See Fashionable Resorts. New Lisbon, N. Y., Otsego co. Butternut and Otego Creeks water this town. Surface diversi fied with hills and broad valleys ; soil sandy loam. 82 miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and 13 W. from Albany. New Lisbon. 0., c. h. Columbiana co. On the N. bank of the Middle Fork of Little Beaver River. 150 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. A prosperous and beautiful place ; has some of its streets paved. New London County, Ct. New London and Norwich are the county towns. New London co. is bounded N. by Windham, Tolland, and Hart ford counties. E. by Windham co. and the state of Rhode Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by the county of Middlesex. This county possesses superior maritime advantages, having an extensive border on Long Island Sound, which affords numerous bays, inlets, and harbor's. Ex cepting a small section, principally in the town of Lyme, no portion of the county can be considered as mountainous ; but it is generally hilly and ele vated, and comprises a small proportion of alluvial. The hills anrt elevated tracts are considerably rough and stony. The lands in general are not adapted to grain culture, although upon the inter vales and other tracts, Indian corn is raised to advantage anrt to* a considerable extent. The principal agricultural interests depend very much upon grazing.. The waters of the county are abundant and valuable. On the S. it is washed nlore than 30 miles by Long Island Sound, part of its western border by Connecticut River, and the interior of the county is watered and fertilized by tho Thames and its branches. The fishing business is more extensively carried on in this c-6unty than in any other section of the state, and is an important branch of industry. New Undon, Ct, c. h. New London co. Town and city. The first English settlement, in New London commenced in 1646. It 'is situ ated on the W. bank of the River Thames. In its territorial limits it is much the smallest of any town in the state, being about 4 miles in length from N. to S-, and averages about three fourths of a mile in breadth. The city of New London is situated 3 miles from Long Island Sound, and is a port of entry. The city is princi pally built on a declivity, which descends to the E. and S. It is irregularly laid out, owing to the nature of the ground on which it is builtj being much encumbered with granite rocks. Some of the streets have been straightened and levelled, by blasting the granite rocks with which they were disfigured. The harbor is one of the best in the United States, being large, safe, and commodious, having 5 fathoms of water. It is 3 miles long, and rarely obstructed with ice. During the extreme cold in January, 1835, while the naviga tion of the harbor of New York was closed by the ice, the harbor of New London remained open and unobstructed. This handsome place has long been distinguished for the enterprise of its inhabitants in navigation and commerce, especially in the whale fishery. Besides ship building, and the manufacture of oil and candles, it has a variety of other manufactures ; and now that the railroads, built and in progress, afford it an easy communication with the interior, and with the great marts of commerce, it has received a new impulse, and is rapidly increasing in wealth and population. Population in 1850,9006. 61 miles S. E. from Hartford, and 53 E. from New Haven. Connected by railroad, via New Haven, with New York, 130 miles; with Boston, via Worcester, 1 1 8 miles ; with Hartford, via Nor wich and Willimantic, 61 miles. New London, Mo., c. h. Ralls co. On tho S. side of Salt River. 98 miles N. N. E. from Jeffer son City. New London, N. H, Merrimac co. Lake Sun apee separates this town from Wendell, and is the principal source of Sugar River. Little Sun apee, Pleasant, Harvey's, and Messer's Ponds are in this town. Harvey's and Messer's are sepa rated by a bog. The settlements of New London are formed principally on three large swells of land. The soil is deep and good. In the N. part are several .elevations. In some parts the land is rocky. The damage by the violent whirl wind of September 9, 1821, was estimated at $9000. A large rock, lying out of the ground, 100 feet long, 50 wide, and 20 high, was rent into 2 pieces, and thrown about 20 feet asunder. 30 miles W. N. W. from Concord. New London, Pa., Chester co. Watered by Elk and Clay Creeks. Surface gently sloping ; soil sandy loam. New Madrid County, Mo., c. h. at New Madrid. Bounded N. and N. E. by Scott and Mississippi counties, E. and S. by the Mississippi River, sep arating it from Kentucky, and W. by Dunklin 'co. The surface is level, and the soil, in parts not lia ble to inundation, is fertile. New Madrid, Mo., c. h. New Madrid co. On the N. side of a considerable bend in the Missis sippi River. 271 miles S. E.from Jefferson City. In 1811 and 1812 this place was visited with earthquakes. , New Market, N. H., Rockingham co. Piscata qua, Lamprey, and Swampscot Rivers water this town. The soil is good, and agricultural pursuits IN THE UNITED STATES. 479 are crowned with success. There are several pleasant and thriving villages, in which are large and valuable manufactures. Mrs. Fanny Shute, who died in this town September, 1819, was re spected for her excellent qualities, and celebrated for the adventures of her youth. When 13 months old, she was taken to Canada by a party of In dians, and disposed of to the French, educated in a nunnery, and after remaining 13 years in cap tivity, was redeemed and restored to her friends. This town was originally a part of Exeter. 36 miles S. E. from Concord, and 12 W. by S. from Portsmouth by railroad. New Market, Va., Shenandoah co. 1 mile E. from the N. fork of Shenandoah River, a lit tle W. from Massanutten Mountain, and 139 miles N. W. from Richmond. Large manufac tures are carried on here. Iron is found in abun dance in the region. A beautiful cascade upon the mountain is much admired. New Marlboro', Ms., Berkshire co. The first improvements in this town were made in 1739, by Mr. Benjamin Wheeler, from Marlboro'. The surface is uneven, hilly, and stony. In the N. W. part of the town is Six Mile Pond, so called by some Indians, who lived 6 miles distant from it, in Great Barrington, and who resorted to it for the purposes of fishing. The outlet from this pond is called Konkapot, from an Indian family of that name, who lived by its. side. Umpache- ne Stream rises in the E. ipart of the town, and passing by the centre, runs S. W., and empties in the Konkapot. This stream derives its name from an Indian. In the S. E. part of the town ship is a pond nearly 2 miles in circumference, called Hermit Pond, which is the source of a stream, which runs S. W. into Canaan. This pond derived its name from the circumstance that a hermit lived for several years on the south-eastern side. In the W. part of the town is a cave. It has several apartments of various dimensions, whose sides and roof are limestone, on which stalactites are continually forming. About a quarter of a mile S. W. of the south meeting house is a rock, judged to weigh 30 or 40 tons, so equally balanced on another rock, that a man may move it with his finger. 24 miles S. from Pittsfield, and 133 W. by S. from Boston. New Milford, Ct, Litchfield co. This town ship is hilly and broken, several mountainous ridges extending through it. The .soil is much diversified, and where susceptible of cultivation, it is generally good ; but on the whole more dis tinguished for grass than grain. There are, how ever, large quantities of excellent meadow ground ; but the pasturage is, on the whole, not abundant. It is essentially A farming town. For some time after the white people came here, an Indian chief, or sachem-, named Werauhamaug. had a palace standing near the Great Falls, where he resided. On the inner walls of this palace (which were of bark, with the smooth side inwards) were pic tured every known species of beast, biro", fish, and insect, from the largest to the smallest. The town of New Milford was purchased of the col ony of Connecticut by a company of individuals chiefly belonging to Milford, and was first settled in 1707. The first bridge that was ever built over the Housatonic River, from the sea to its source, was built in this town in 1737. The village of New Milford is very handsome ; the streets are wide and well shaped. The territory of this town is larger than any other in the state. Large quan tities of granite and marble are found here. 35 miles from Bridgeport by the Houstonic Railroad. New Milford, Pa., Susquehanna co., is drained by Mitchell's and Salt Lick Creeks. Surface hilly; soil clay and gravel. 185 miles N. from Harrisburg. Newnan, Ga., c. h. Coweta co. 106 miles W. by N. from Milledgeville. Newnanville, Fa., c. li. Alachua co. 72 miles W.from St. Augustine, and 120 E. S. E. from Tallahassee. New Orleans, La. City and port of entry in the parish of Orleans. Situated on the left bank of the Mississippi River, about 100 miles from its mouth, about 950 miles below the mouth of the Ohio, and 1100 below the mouth of the Mis souri. It is distant from Baton Rouge, the capi tal of the state, 131 miles. For the distance from other important places, see Grand Distance and Table. The population, in 1810, was 17,240; in 1820, 27,176 ; in 1830, 46,310; in 1840, 102,193; in 1850, 119,285. The site of Now Orleans, in conformity to other parts of the banks of the Mississippi in the same vicinity, is on an inclined plane; the declivity falling very gently from the margin of the river towards the swamp in the rear. When the river is full, the surface of the water is from 2 to 4 feet above the streets of the city; and at any stage it is above the swamps in the rear of the back streets. To pre vent inundation, an artificial embankment, called the Levee, has been built upon the river, at a great expense, extending from Fort Plaquemine, 43 miles below tho city, to 120 miles above it, which is 4 feet high, and 15 feet wide. Directly in front of the city, it affords a very pleasant promenade. The city is built upon the concave side of a bend in the river, extending, with its in corporated faubourgs, not less than 5 miles par allel to it, and, at right angles to the river, from a quarter of a mile to a mile, giving to its outline the form of a crescent, from which New Orleans is familiarly denominated the " Crescent City." The city proper lies near the middle of the curve, extending along the rivet- 1320 yards, and 700 yards back, having the faubourgs of St Mary, Du- plantier, and' Annunciation above, those of Marig- ny and De Clouet below, and another more de tached, in the rear, on the Bayou St. John. The city proper is a parallelogram, with its side upon the river. At each extremity of the length of the city, the streets make an angle, to bring them more nearly into the direction of the river in those parts ; but between these points the streets are straight. The city proper is traversed by 22 streets, forming 84 principal and 14 minor squares. The houses are principally of brick ; and the more modern buildings, especially in the upper part of the city, or second municipality, are gen erally 3 and 4 stories high, with elegant granite fronts. Many of the houses in the outer parts are surrounded with gardens, and ornamented with orange trees. The view of the city, in as cending or descending the river, is beautiful. During the season of business, between the 1st of November and the 1st of July, the Levee, in its whole extent, is crowded with vessels of every size, from all quarters of the world, and with hundreds of large and splendid steamboats, barges, flat boats, &c. The river opposite the city is half a mile wide, and from 100 io 160 feet deep. It preserves the same width almost to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Any vessels 480 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, which can pass the bars at the mouth of the riv er, can be laid alongside of the Levee ; and at high water are generally, when loading or un loading, attached to the shore with cables and a platform. Tho harbor and the bank of the river are commensurate with each other, especially opposite the city proper. Nothing can present a more animating and busy scene, during the season of business, than the Levee at New Orleans, from the loading and unloading pf vessels and steam boats, and the passing in all directions of an ap parently countless number of drays, transporting cotton, sugar, and tobacco, and all the varied and immense products of the great western valley. The position of this city, as a great commercial emporium, is scarcely inferior to that of any in oar country. The Mississippi, with its tributa ries, brings to it, as a market, the products of more than 20,000 miles of navigation ; nor is it possible yet to~ conjecture how vast this trade must become when the resources of the whole Mississippi valley shall be fully developed. To expedite the passage of ships to and from the gulf, large and powerful steam tow-boats are em ployed ; some of which will take several large vessels in their train . By a canal and a railroad connecting New Orleans with Lake Pontchar- train, 44 miles distant, the trade of the country bordering on that lake and on Lake Borgrie, and of all the coast of the N. part of the Gulf of Mexico, as far as Florida, is brought to the city. A considerable fleet of sloops is often seen in the basin, which is formed in the city to receive the transports from the canal. . At the termina tion of the railroad also, at Lake Pontchartrain, a harbor has been formed, and a considerable vil lage has sprung up. The route passed over by these lines of artificial communication is almost a perfect level ; there being not more than 16 inches of variation from it in the whole distance of 44 miles. The facilities for trade at New Or leans are great, arid are well improved. The exports, including the foreign and coast ing trade, are greater than those of any other city of the United States, excepting New York. In 1850, about 750,000 bales of cotton were exported to foreign parts and coastwise. The imports to this port, however, are much loss ; for a large part of the western country, which sends its ex ports by the way of New Orleans, receives its im ported goods by the Atlantic cities. The government of the city is administered by a mayor and a city council, elected by the free holders. In 1836 the legislature passed an act dividing the city into three municipalities, rank ing them according to tlieir population ; hut, in 1851, these municipalities were again consolidated into one body politic. No city in the United States, perhaps, contains such a variety -of inhab itants, from every state in the Union and from every nation in Europe, as well as from the West Indies and the Spanish countries in Mexico and South America. One half of the population, probably, is black or colored. Of the white in habitants, the French yet constitute a large pro portion. The intercourse of New Orleans with New York is greater than with any other Ameri can city. That with Havana and Vera Cruz is great and constantly increasing. Tho unhoalthi- ncss of the situation of New Orleans is against it; though, from the occasional ravages of ma lignant epidemics to which it is exposed, an cx- u-ated idea has sometimes been formed of tiie insalubrity of the climate. The same is true of the morals of the city. From certain flagrant features of open abandonment and disregard of the institutions of religion among a population so little American in its composition, it is not strange that an impression extremely unfavorable to the morals of the city should be produced. It is said, however, to be an orderly and peaceable city; and its inhabitants are distinguished for their politeness, hospitality, and kindness to the distressed. There are fewer churches in New Orleans than in most large cities of this country. There are 3 Roman Catholic and 2 Protestant Episcopal Churches. The Presbyterians, tbe Congregation alists, the Baptists, and the Methodists have 1 each. A Protestant congregation has been gath ered among the French population of the city, who have preaching in their own language. There is also a Mariners' Church. Among the public buildings, the Cathedral, or Church of St. Louis, on the Place d'Armes, or Parade Square, is one of the most imposing, from its venerable and antique appearance. It was founded in 1792, and so far completed as to be occupied in 1794. The lower story is of the rus tic order, flanked at each of the front angles by hexagonal towers projecting one half of their diameter, and crowned by low spires. The sec ond story is of the Roman Doric order. Above, on the apex of the pediment of this story, rises the principal turret, square below for about 20 feot, and hexagonal above, with a belfry sur mounted by an elevated pinnacle. By the con ditions of the erection of this Cathedral, masses are offered, every Saturday eveniug, for the soul of its founder, Don Audre ; and the tolling of the bell at sunset of that day recalls his memory to the citizens. On the right anrt left of this church edifice are two public buildings of the city, in the Tuscan and Doric orders, two stories high, occupied in their lower stories by tbe police prison, city guard room, and various offices, and in their second stories by the offices of the mayor, and of the city treasurer and comptroller, and the common council chamber, and by the District and Criminal Courts of the parish, with the offices of their respective clerks. The Second Presbyterian Church is finely located, fronting on Lafayette Square, the handsomest public place in the "city. It has a fine portico of the Grecian Doric order. A neat obelisk has been erected, in tbe court in front of this church, to the memory of Rev. Sylvester Larned, the first Presbyterian pastor in the city, who died in 1820, at the early age of 24. The new Methodist Church, on tiie corner of Pqydras and Carondolel Streets, is a fine build ing, copied from the Temple of Theseus at Athens. It has a fine portico, and a steeple rising 170 feet from the ground. This building was completed in 1837. The First Congregational Church is a brick edifice, in the Gothic style of architecture, finished "in 1819. The building, which was for merly the charity hospital, and more recently the state house, is a fine piece of architecture, con sisting of a centre building and two detached wings, occupying an entire square between Canal Street and other streets. Tho new Charity Hos pital is a large building, 290 feet long and 3 stories high, entered from Common Street .The cupola ot this building presents a magnificent view of the city and its environs. Tho grounds around it arc handsomely laid out, and neatly IN THE UNITED STATES. 481 kept It is calculated to contain 540 patients. This noble charity is rendered peculiarly neces sary by the sickness which prevails at certain seasons at New Orleans, especially among stran gers. The Franklin Infirmary is a private hospi tal, fronting on the Pontchartrain Railroad. It is a«beautiful building, and can accommodate 100 patients. Several of the markets are large and expensive structures. The meat market, on the Levee, built of brick, and extending from Ann to Main Streets, is a prominent object as the city is approached by water. St. Mary's Market, in the second municipality, is 480 feet long and 42 feet wide. Washington Market, in the third munici pality, is also a fine structure. The theatres are among the most splendid buildings of New Or leans. The St. Charles Theatre, standing on the E. side of Charles Street, is 132 feet long by 175 feet deep, and cost $350,000. The Orleans Thea tre is a spacious edifice, which cost $180,000. The performances in this theatre are in the French language. The Camp Street or American Thea tre, in the second municipality, is 60 feet wide, and 160 feet deep, and cost, with its furniture, and the ground on which it stands, $120,000. It can accommodate 1100 persons. Among theim- pqsing structures peculiar to this city are several extensive cotton presses. The New Orleans cot ton press occupies ground 632 feet long and 308 feet wide, which is nearly covered by the build ings. The centre building is 3 stories high, sur mounted by a cupola, which overlooks the city. The wings aro 2 stories high, and very extensive. 150,000 bales of cotton, on an average, annually, are pressed at this establishment. There are, besides this, other presses. Some of the banks have fine buildings ; and some of the hotels are among the most costly and magnificent in the country. The St. Charles Hotel, which was burned in 1850, and is to be rebuilt, cost about $600,000. The United States Branch Mint is an edifice 282 feet long and 108 feet deep, with 2 wings, 29 by 81 feet, the whole 3 stories high. The custom house and U. S. land office are also handsome buildings. A new custom house is now in process of erection at New Orleans, which, when completed, will be one of tho largest buildings in the United States. It is to include the United States court rooms, together with the necessary warehouses, for the use of the govern ment, and will, it is stated, be one third larger than the Capitol at Washington, when completed with the new wings. The granite for this im mense building is to be furnished from the quar ries in Quincy, Ms. The water with which New Orleans is supplied is raised by a steam engine from the Mississippi River. The reservoir into which it is received is constructed on an artificial mound, and is 21 feet high at its base, and 250 feet square. From this reservoir, divided into four compartments, the water, after becoming clear, is distributed over the city in iron pipes. These waterworks belong to the Commercial Bank, and were built at a cost of $722,000. The city authorities have also built an aqueduct, at an expense of $110,000, for the purpose of bringing running water in hot weather through the gutters of the streets, thereby to pro mote the cleanliness and health of the city. The early historical annals of New Orleans, of the greatest importance, are the following. The city was laid out in 1717, and named in honor of the then Duke of Orleans, regent of France dur- 61 ing the minority of Louis XV. In consequence of an extraordinary rise of the Mississippi, a year or two later, the spot on which several buildings had been erected was overflowed, and was for a time abandoned. In 1722 the settlement was again commenced, with a view of making it the chief town of the province. The next year, when Charlevoix arrived from Canada by way of the river, tho place contained about 100 cabins, with out much order, 2 or 3 dwellings of a better class, a miserable storehouse occupied as a chapel, a shed being converted into a house of prayer, 1 large wooden warehouse, and a population of about 200. Soon after this, an accession was made to the population by the arrival of a com pany of Germans, whose descendants still remain, occupying what is called the Gorman Coast. In 1727, the Jesuits and Ursuline nuns arrived, and were accommodated on a tract of land in the lowest part of the Faubourg St. Mary. In 1763, the pope expelled the Jesuits from the do minions of France, Spain, and Naples. They were obliged to leave Louisiana, and their prop erty in New Orleans was seized and sold for about $180,000; which now is worth some $15,000,000. In 1764, British vessels began to visit New Orleans, and to trade with the inhab itants. The exports during tho last year of its subjection to France amounted to $250,000 ; and the population was 3190. The commerce suffered at first by the restrictions of the Spanish ; but shortly afterwards, through a more liberal policy, revived again. In 1785, the population of the city proper was 4980. In 1788, a groat fire con sumed 900 houses. In 1791, academies and schools began to be opened by some of the immi grants, the education of the young having previ ously been in the hands of the priests and nuns. In 1792, Baron Carondolct arrived, who divided the city into four wards, and recommenced light ing it and employing watchmen. He erected new fortifications, and organized the militia. In 1794, the first newspaper was published here. In 1801, Louisiana was ceded by Spain to the French, and in 1803, by purchase from the French, it bo- came a possession of the United States. The population of New Orleans at this time did not much exceed 8000 ; and its revenues were less than $20,000. In 1804, it was made a port of entry and delivery: and in 1805, it received a charter of incorporation as a city. January 10, 1812, the first steamboat arrived from Pittsburg. During the war of 1812 with Great Britain, New Orleans was invaded by a British force of about 8000 men, approaching it tlirough the Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain ; and in the battle of the 8th of January, 1815, the city was defended, and the enemy repulsed with great loss, by the skill and bravery of General Jackson and the troops under his command. Immediately after this event, intelligence arrived of peace having been concluded previous to the date of the battle. All things have since conspired, in the state of the country, in the rapid settlement of the Missis sippi valley, and in the new and extensive appli cation of steam power to the navigation of its mighty rivers, to hasten, with almost incredible strides, the growth and prosperity of New Orleans. New Paltz, N. Y., Ulster co. Bounded on the E. by the Hudson River, and watered by the Wallkill. The surface is rather hilly, the W. part being partly covered by the Shawangunk Moun- 482 COUNTIES, CITIES, TO'WNS, VILLAGES, &c, tain. The soil is various, but mostly productive. 14 miles S. from Kingston, and 75 from Albany. New Philadelphia, 0,., c. h. Tuscarawas co. On a beautiful plain on the E. bank of Tuscarawas River, opposite the entrance of Sugar Creek, and 115 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. Newport, la., c. h. Vermilion co. On the S. side of Vermilion River, 2 miles above its con fluence with the Wabash, and 78 W. from Indian apolis. Newport., Ky., c. h. Campbell co. On the Ohio River, opposite Cincinnati, and just above the mouth of Licking River. 86 miles N. N. E. from Frankfort. Here is a United States arsenal. Newport, Me., Penobscot co. A fine farming town. 56 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 24 W. from Bangor. Newport, Mo., u. h. Franklin co., occupies high ( bluffs. 1 mile from the Missouri River, and 70 miles E. from Jefferson City. Newport, N. IL, c. h. Sullivan co. Its cen tral situation and its water power have ren dered it a place of considerable business. Near the centre of the town, and the confluence of the E. and S. branches of Sugar River, .and the Croydon Turnpike, is a. handsome village. The soil is rich and productive. Sugar River flows through the town. Bald, Coit, and East Mountains, and Blueberry Hill, are in Newport. This town is noted for its good schools and charitable societies. First settlers, Jesse Wilcox, Ebenezer Merrit, Jesse Kelsey, and Samuel Hurd, in 1763. The settlers were mostly from Killing- worth, Ct. 40 miles W. by N. from Concord, and about 35 N. from Keene. Newport, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered on the E. and S. by West Canada Creek. It is a hilly town, with fertile valleys. 10 miles N. from Herkimer, and 88 N. W. from Albany. Newport, Pa., Luzerne co. Nanticoke River waters this town, and at the falls affords great hydraulic power, besides feeding the North Branch Canal, Anthracite coal and bog iron ore abound here. 8 miles S. W. from Wilkesbarre. Newport, Pa., Perry co. On the W. hank of Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Canal. 28 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Newport County, R. I., c. h. at Newport S. E. part, including several fertile islands in Narragan set Bay, and the continental portion of the state. S. of Mount Hope Bay. Newport, R. I. Port of entry, semi-capital of the state, and seat of justice of Newport co. This ancient town is situated on the S. W. side of the Island of Rhode Island, in Narraganset Bay, about 30 miles S. by E. from Providence. The three towns of Newport, Middletown, and Ports mouth include the whole area of the island, Portsmouth being on the N. part, and Middletown in the centre. In Portsmouth are the Rhode Island coal mines ; also a bed of plumbago has been discovered here. The soil of all those towns is rich, and is brought under excellent cultivation. The inhabitants of the two latter arc not numer ous, are chiefly occupied with the pursuits of husbandry, and are distinguished for their habits of industry and economy. Tho settlement of tho island was first commenced at the N. E. part, and Portsmouth was the first town laid out; but some of the settlors, the next spring, with others who were about to unite with them, went to the S. end, and began the settlement of Newport. This was in 1638. Of this beautiful island Neal says, "It is deservedly esteemed the paradise of New England for the fruitfulness of the soil and the temperateness of the climate. Though it is not above 60 miles S. of Boston, it is a coat warmer in winter ; and, being surrounded by the ocean, is not so much affected in summer with the hot land breezes as the towns on the continent." The harbor is considered one of the best on the coast of America, and is admirably defended by Forts Wolcott, Green, and Adams.' The latter, on Brenton's Point, is a fortification of great strength and costliness, not yet entirely complet ed. The town is built upon a gentle declivity, fronting the harbor, and looking towards the S.W., which presents it handsomely to view as it is approached upon the water. The principal street is over a mile in length. There is a public square, called Washington Square, on which the state house stands. The buildings generally are neat, and some of them very handsome. The first build ings were erected around a spring, where the foun tain now is, in the rear of the state house. The stone house is still standing on the E. side of Spring Street, which was built by Henry Bull, one of the original purchasers, and one of the early governors of the colony, who died in 1693. This house was one of the first built in Newport The marks of antiquity which some of the buildings bear, with the excellent state of preservation in which they appear, give them a grace and dignity not often found in those of more modern construc tion. Within a few years, however, the town has undergone great changes; many new buildings have been erected — churches, cotton factories, ho tels, and dwelling houses ; old houses have been re paired and painted ; new streets have been opened, and old ones put in order ; wealthy persons from other cities have purchased situations, and built tasteful dwellings for summer residence; and the place has been greatly improved in its ap pearance. Among the public buildings, the State House is a haiiitsome brick edifice, two stories high, above a basement story of stone. Over the centre is a handsome octagonal cupola. In this building, besides the hdlls and offices for the legislature, are the rooms for the different courts of the county, the state, and the United States. In the senate chamber is a fine picture of Washington, painted by Stuart for the town. The building of the Redwood Library and Athenajum, on East Truro Street, erected in" 1750, is a handsome specimen of architecture, suited to its design. It consists of a centre building, with two small wings. The centre building is orna mented in front with a portico of four Doric columns, 17 feet in height. It appears, from a historical sketch of this institution, that it origi nated in aliterary and philosophical society, which was established in Newport in 1 730, anrt which tho celebrated Bishop Berkeley, who resided ill Rhode Island from January, 1729, to September, 1731, encouraged in its formation, "often partici pating in its discussions, and, by the charm of his conversation, giving a deligbtful interest to its meetings." The library contains about 4000 volumes. A number of valuable pictures and busts adorn the room. The Market House, or Granary, as it is called, because originally intended to serve the purpose of a granary as well as of a market, built in 1762, is a very neat and tasteful building, three stories high, built in strict conformity to the rules of tho IN THE UNITED STATES. 483 Ionic order. Its location, however, on Thames Street, near the Long Wharf, is not favorable to its full appreciation as a building. The Custom House is also on Thames Street, is a large brick building, with wings projecting in front and in the rear, and is open to the harbor. The Masonic Hall, on School Street, and the Amory Hall, on Clarke Street, are handsome edifices. There are numerous religious denominations in Newport The first regularly-organized Bap tist church in this country was gathered here about 1641. Thoir first meeting-house was at Green End, now in Middletown. Subsequently they occupied the lot in Tanner Street, now used as a burial-place for the pastors of the church. Their first pastor, Dr. John Clark, was buried here. Their present house of worship, on Spring Street, is a neat and commodious edifice. The Baptists have likewise two or three other churches. There were formerly two Calvinistic Congre gational churches, of which some of the most learned and eminent of the New England divines have been the pastors. Among them were Dr. Styles, afterwards president of Yale College, and Dr. Hopkins, author of a System of Divinity. A few years ago, these churches were united in one. There are also Unitarian Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Freewill Baptists, Sabbatarians, or Seventh-day Baptists, Methodists, Quakers, Moravians, and Roman Catholics. The present Quaker meeting house -was built in 1700; at which date it is stated that one half the population were Quakers. Edmundson, in his Journal of Reli gious Visits, says that the dispute between Roger Williams and somp of the ministers of that de nomination, in 1672,washeldin the Friends' meet ing house ; Mr. Williams having come from Prov idence in his log canoe for that purpose. There was formerly a considerable body of Jews in Newport. Those who first came were of Dutch extract, from Curac,oa. The deed of their burial-place is dated February 28, 1677. But those of that nation who were subsequently among the most enterprising of the Newport merchants were from Spain and Portugal, about 75 years later. These last built the synagogue, now Btanding just E. of Spring Street, which was once thronged with worshippers. Dr. Water- bouse says, " Newport was the only place in New England where the Hebrew language was pub licly read and chanted by more than 300 of the descendants of Abraham." There are no Jews now remaining in Newport ; but their synagogue and burial-place remain, and are handsomely en closed with iron fence ; the former from the avails of a fund of ..$10,000, bequeathed to the town council by Mr. Abraham Touro, of Boston, son of their former priest, to keep it, with the burial- ground and the avenue leading to it, in perpetual repair; and the latter by the liberality of Mr. Judah Touro, of New Orleans, a brother of the first mentioned. These interesting relics are thus preserved from profanation, and rendered orna mental to the, town. As a place of trade and commerce, previous to the American revolution, Newport was highly distinguished. Having1 the advantage of a safe and commodious harbor, never obstructed with ice, easy of ingress and egress with all winds, the people early turned their attention to navi gation. " For one hundred and fifty years from the arrival of the first emigrants," observes Benjamin B. Howland, Esq., an intelligent citizen, to whom we are indebted for many of the facts for this article, " Newport and Boston were the chief cities of New England ; and thoir commerce rendered each of them superior to New York. Several of the first settlers on the island were possessed of great wealth ; some of them were from the commercial cities of Europe, and others from Massachusetts. Many who came here to reside were learned and refined, and the society of the place was literary and polite, giving tone to that of the surrounding country, who looked to Newport for their fashions and manners. Pre vious to the revolution, the prosperity of the town was almost unequalled in the history of the world. ' Her streets were thronged with the intelligent and enterprising of distant, lands, and the canvas of different nations whitened her capacious and delightful harbor. ' " Unfortunately, some of the capitalists of New port entered into the African slave trade, which, strange and humiliating as it now appears, was then prosecuted and considered reputable by the mother country, and by other European na tions. At the commencement of the revolution, the population of Newport had increased to nearly 10.000. But with that momentous struggle came a day of sad disaster to this beautiful town. The first act of popular resistance to the encroach ments of the British government was in the de struction of his Britannic majesty's sloop Liber ty, in 1769, stationed in the harbor of Newport to enforce the revenue laws, which was followed, a few years later, by the ejectment from its wa ters of the squadron sent here under the com mand of Wallace, to watch over the British in terests. But in December, 1776, the British army commanded by Sir Henry CHnton landed at Coddington Cove, and obtained possession of the town, which they held during the war. Ow ing to the interruption of its prosperity thus pro duced, connected with other changes consequent upon the commencement of a new era in the commercial relations of the country, and espe cially the impulse given to the growth of other cities, Newport has never recovered the rank which it held before as a mart of trade. The population fell off during the war to 5500. The business, which had somewhat revived during the wars in Europe, was again almost extin guished by the long embargo preceding our war with England in 1812. Since the application of steam to machinery, a number of large cotton and woollen manufac tories have been established here, and considera ble activity has been given to business in this new channel. The domestic fishery is an impor tant resource to Newport, quite beyond the reach of political fluctuations. About sixty different kinds, comprising almost every species of fin and shell fish regarded as luxuries for the table, are taken in the greatest abundance in the waters of the Narraganset. Progress is making in an enterprise to con nect this place with Fall River, Bristol, and Providence, by railroad. This, when completed, will give a great impulse to the business of New port, and add much to the advantages which it now enjoys as a place of fashionable resort. For further particulars, see Fashionable Resorts. Newport, Te., c. h. Cocke co. On the S. W. 484 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, side of French Broad River. 232 miles E. by S. from Nashville. Newport, Vt, Orleans co. Newport is sepa rated from Derby by Memphremagog Lake, and is watered by a branch of Missisco River. The settlement was begun before the year 1800. 10 miles N. from Irasburg, and 52 N. E. from Mont pelier. New Portland, Me., Franklin co. This town is finely watered by two branches of Seven Mile Brook. This is one of the finest farming towns in the county. This town has a pleasant village, a number of saw mills and other manufactories. It lies 48 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 18 N. by E. from Farmington. Incorporated 1808. New Providence, N. J., Essex co. Hilly and mountainous on the W. ; soil red shale and clay loam. 13 miles S. W. from Newark, and 56 N. E. by N. from Trenton. New Richmond, 0., Ohio township, Clermont co. In 1814 this town was laid out, and in 1828 incorporated. It is located on an extensive tract of bottom land, on the northern bank of the Ohio River, just above the mouth of Muddy Creek. It is a thriving town, and the land around it is well improved. 20 miles S. E. from Cincinnati, and 106 S. W. from Columbus. New Rochdle, N. Y., Westchester co. This town is washed on the S. by Long Island Sound. The surface is chiefly level ; soil clay loam, fa vorable to the growth of grass. 8 miles S. from White Plains, and 140 S. from Albany. Newry, Me., Oxford co. A branch of Andros coggin River waters this town, and affords it good mill privileges. It lies 63 miles W. from Augusta, and 25 N. W. from Paris. Incorpo rated 1805. New Salem, Ms., Franklin co. This town is elevated, and some parts of it are mountainous ; but the surface and soil are generally well adapt ed to agricultural purposes, particularly for grazing. It is well watered by Miller's River on the N., and a fine mill stream, the head waters of Swift River, rises in a pond in the town, and passes through it. The town comprises two handsome villages, and some pleasant ponds. 17 miles E. S. E. from Greenfield, and 70 W. by N. from Boston. New Scotland, N. Y., Albany co. Coeyman's Creek and a branch of the Normanskill water this town. Surface hilly ; soil chiefly sand and clay, baslod upon slate and limestone. 8 miles W. from Albany. New Sewickly, Pa., Beaver co. Big Beaver River has falls in this town, which afford exten sive water power. The surface is hilly; soil loamy. 5 miles E. from Beaver. New Sharon, Me., Franklin co. This town is watered on the N. W. side by Sandy River, and is bounded N. by Industry, E. by Mercer, S. by Vienna, and W. by Farmington. The soil is admirably adapted to agricultural purposes. New Shoreham, R. I., Newport co. This town comprises the Island of Block Island. The island lies in the open sea. It is about 8 miles in length, arid varies from 2 to 4 in width. It has several ponds, which cover about a seventh part of tho island. The surface of the town is uneven, in some parts elevated ; the soil is a sandy, gravelly loam, and quite productive. The island was once famous for its cattle and good dairies. Tho people are mostly fishermen ; they have no har bor, and peat is their only fuel. Its Indian name was Manisses. Newstead, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Elli- cott's and some branches of Tonawanda Creek. Surface slightly uneven; soil calcareous and gravelly loam. 20 miles N. E. from Buffalo, and 264 W. from Albany. Newton, Aa., c. h. Dale co. Newton County, As. In the N. W. angle of the state, on the height of land between the waters of the White River and the Arkansas. Newton County, Ga., c. h. at Covington. Bound ed N. E. by Walton co., S. E. by Jasper co., S. and S. W. by Yellow and Alcopatchee Rivers, separating it from Butts and Henry counties, and N. W. by De Kalb and Gwinnett counties. Newton, Ga., c. h. Baker co. Newton, Is., c. h. Jasper co. On the W. side of Embarrass River. 130 miles S. E. from Spring field. Newton, Ms., Middlesex co. This is a beauti ful town, encircled by Charles Rive'r on the N., W., and S., and bounded on the E. by Brighton and Brookline. It was at first a part of Cam bridge, and at its incorporation it adopted the old name of that venerable town, which it has never disgraced. This is the celebrated Nonan- turn of the Indians, a hallowed spot, where the red men of the forest first listened to the teach ings of Christianity in New England, and where was erected for their use the first house of pray er. There are 2 falls on Charles River, in this town, of considerable extent and great value, called Upper and Lower Falls, about 2 miles apart. At these falls are beautiful manufactur ing villages. The village at the Lower Falls is partly in Needham. It is a singular fact, that such is the winding of the river, that the Lower Falls are farther from its mouth and the city than the Upper Falls. The soil is good and highly cultivated ; the surface is varied. In this town is an academy and a normal school. No- nantum Hill, in Newton, commands some of the most delightful scenery in the vicinity of Boston. The Newton Theological Institution (Baptist) is located at Newton Centre village. The Worces ter Railroad connects the various villages with Boston. Distant from Newton Corner, 7 miles ; from West Newton, 9 miles. Newtonville lies between the two. Newton County, Mi., c. h. at Decatur. Bound ed N. by Neshoba co., E. by Lauderdale, S. by Jasper, and W. by Scott co. Drained by the head branches of Chickasawha, Leaf, and a trib utary of Pearl River. Newton County, Mo., c. h. at Neosho. Bounded N. by Jasper co., E. by Lawrence and Barry coun ties, S. by Arkansas, and W. by Indian Territory. Drained by tributaries of Neosho River. Newton, N. C, c. h. Catawba co. Newton, N. J., Gloucester co. This is a level town, watered by Cooper's and Newton Creeks. Soil sandy. Situated 6 miles N. E. from Wood bury. Newton, N. J., c. h. Sussex co. Watered by tho Paulinkill. Its surface is level in the centre, but elsewhere hilly. 70 miles N. from Trenton. Newton, Pa., Delaware co. Crum and Darby Creeks water this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil loamy. Newton, Pa., Cumberland co. Big Pond lies on the W. border of this town, and its outlet, IN THE UNITED STATES. 485 Yellow Breeches Creek, drains the surface, which is chiefly level ; the soil is a calcareous loam. 16 miles W. from Carlisle. Newton County, Ts., c. h. at BurkeviBe. In tbe western part of the state. Newton Falls, O., Trumbull co. At the conflu ence of the 2 branches of Mahoning River. 162 miles N. E. from Columbus. The rivers here af ford a good water power. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes this place. Newton Lower Falls, Ms., Middlesex co., lie principally on the E. side of Charles River. 11 miles W. from Boston. See Newton, Ms. Newton Upper Falls, Ms., Middlesex co. On the E. side of Charles River. 9 miles W. from Boston. See Newton, Ms. Newtown, Ct., Fairfield co. This town was incorporated in 1708. It is watered by Pa- tatuck River, the Indian name of the place. The surface of the town is hilly ; many of the emi nences are extensive and continuous ; the soil is principally a gravelly loam, generally fertile and productive. It is well adapted to the culture of grain, and is also favorable for fruit, there be ing many valuable orchards in the town. The borough of Newtown is beautifully situated on high ground. The flourishing village of Sandy Hook is situ ated about 14 miles N. E. of the central part of Newtown, at the foot of a rocky eminence or bluff, from the top of which is a fine prospect of tho surrounding country. A fine mill stream (the Patatuck) runs in a northerly course through the village, at the base of the cliff, which rises almost perpendicular to the height of 160 feet. Near a cotton factory, at the northern extremity of the village, some traces of coal have been dis covered. 25 miles W. N. W. from New Haven. Newtown, N. H., Rockingham co. Country Pond lies in Newtown and Kingston, and 2 other small ponds connect, by outlets, with its waters. The soil produces good crops of grain or grass. Firs* settler, in 1720, Joseph Bartlett. 40 miles S. E. from Concord, and 27 S. W.from Ports mouth, by the Boston and Maine Railroad. Newtown, N. Y., Queens co. This town com prises 2 or 3 islands lying in the East River, which bounds it on the N., and is watered on the W. by Newtown Creek. The surface is diversi fied; soil clay loam and sand, well adapted to fruit. 12 miles W. from Hempstead, and 153 S. from Albany. Newtown, Pa., Bucks co. Newtown, a branch of Ncshaminy Creek, waters this town, and affords hydraulic power. Surface level ; soil rich clay loam. 118 miles E. from Harrisburg. New Utrecht, N. Y., Kings co. On the W. ex tremity of Long Island, separated from Staten Island by the " Narrows." 6 miles S. from Brooklyn and 152 from Albany. New Vineyard, Me., Franklin co. 40 miles N. W. from Augusta. New Windsor, N. Y., Orange co. Drained by Murderer's Creek, a branch of the Hudson, which bounds it on the E. The surface is hilly and uneven, but the soil mostly arable and fertile. 3 miles S. from Newburg, and 89 from Albany. New York, city and county. Principal city of the state of New York, In population, wealth, and commerce, New York is the principal city in the United States. It is situated on Manhattan Island, at the confluence of North River with tho strait called East River, which connects Long Isl and Sound with the harbor of New York. It is dis tant 145 miles S. from Albany, the capital of the state. The population, in 1790, was 33,131 ; in 1800, 60,489 ; in 1810, 96,373 ; in 1820, 123,706 ; in 1830, 202,589; in 1840, 312,710; in 1850, 515,394. Manhattan Island, the whole of which is em braced in the chartered limits of the city, is bounded on the N. by Haerlem River, a small strait, which passes from the East River to the Hudson, navigable for small vessels ; on the E. by East River, or strait, which separates it from Long Island ; on the S. by the harbor ; and on the W. by the North River, which separates it from New Jersey. Its length, from the Battery, at the southern point, to Kingsbridge, the most northern limit, is thirteen and one third miles : its average breadth is one mile and three fifths. Its widest part is on the line of Eighty-Eighth Street, where the distance from river to river is about two miles and one third. The whole contents of the island is about 22 square miles, or 14,000 acres. The natural surface of the island was uneven, as is still the case in the northern part, with oc casionally low valleys and marshes. But as far as the building of the city has extended, the hills have been graded and the low places filled up. As early as 1804, this necessity was anticipated by the legislature, and a plan was established by law for locating the streets, cutting down the hills, and filling up the valleys to a regular and uniform grade for a distance of 8 miles in extent. The highest elevation of the ground above tide water, in any part of the island, is 238 feet Many of the creeks and inlets on the shores of the rivers have disappeared ; and the entire water line has been materially changed from what it originally was. In the S. part of the city, a large part of Water, Front, and South Streets, on the East River, and of Greenwich, Washing ton, and West Streets, on the North River, are built upon ground which has been made by en croaching upon those rivers. The portiou of city which is compactly' built covers the whole southern part of the island for a distance of about 4 miles from the Battery, each way, upon the rivers, and is continually extending its lim its to the N. ; while nearly the whole of that part of the island has been surveyed and laid out into streets, upon a regular and convenient plan, ready for occupancy as fast as any part of it may be required. Tbe streets in the older portions of the city were laid out in conformity to tBe origi nal surface of the ground and the diverging di rection of the 2 river margins. Some of them are crooked, narrow, and inconvenient ; and some of the most important, which were formerly so, have been widened and straightened at groat ex pense. Much improvement, in this respect, was effected in the building up of that portion of the lower part of the city, covering between 30 and 40 acres, which was burned down by the great fire of the 16th December, 1835. Broadway, which is at once the most elegant and fashionable street, and the greatest thoroughfare of the city, traverses its length for 2J miles in a straight line, from N. to S., commencing at the Battery and terminating at Union Square, where it is connected with the Fourth Avenue, running N. at only a slight devia tion from the same lino. This splendid street, which is 80 feet wide.occupies the natural crown of the island between the two rivers. There are only three or four streets S. of the termination of 486 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Broadway at Union Square, which open avenues entirely across the city, from river to river, though there are several others through which a contin uous course may be pursued for nearly the whole distance. Such arc Grand, Broome, Houston, and Fourth Streets, which are continuous from tho East River to that section of the city on the North River side called Greenwich. No city can exhibit a more regular and beautiful plan than this, in all that portion of it which has grown up since the survey completed in 1821. This survey, which occupied about 10 years, under the direction of Gouverneur Morris, De Witt Clin ton, and others, commissioners appointed by the legislature for the purpose, was extended as far N. as One Hundred Fifty-Fourth Street, 9J miles from the Battery. It is impossible here to notice all the important streets in this London of America. Broadway is the great promenade of the city, and one of the grandest streets in the world. It is elegantly built, with many houses, hotels, stores, and church edifices, which are costly and beautiful specimens of architecture. Here may be found tho most extensive and brilliant display of dry goods and fancy articles, at wholesale and retail, particularly the latter. The Bowery is a wide street E. of Broadway, running from Chatham Square N., connecting with the Third and Fourth Avenues, and forming the principal entrance into the heart of the city from Haerlem, on the N. E. The Haerlem Railroad is laid on the Fourth Avenue and the Bowery; and the Third Avenue is a McAdamized road to Haerlem. Chatham Street, connecting the Bowery through Chatham Square with Broadway at the Park, and which, in early- days, while the Park was a pasture for cattle, and ' Broadway extended no farther N., was' laid out and designated as the " High Road to Boston," is a great and crowded thoroughfare, distin guished for its numerous clothing stores. East Broadway, running from Chatham Square paral lel to the East River, and Henry, Madison, and Munroe Streets, between this and the river, are broad and straight streets, handsomely built Pearl Street, between Broadway and East River, is in a crescent form, over a mile in length, and is the principal seat of the wholesale dry goods and hardware business, which also extends into Cedar, Pine, and other adjacent streets. South Street, running along the margin of East River, contains the warehouses and offices of the princi pal shipping merchants. In front of it are docks and slips, and a dense forest of masts. Wall Street extends from Broadway to the East River, and is occupied with banks, brokers', insurance, and newspaper offices. The Custom House and the Merchants' Exchange are hero. This street is the centre of the heaviest money operations in the United States. Greenwich Street,' W. of Broadway, is a long, wide, and nearly straight street, extending from the Battery, parallel to ihe Hudson River, nearly 24 miles. Hudson Street, running parallel to this, from Chamber Street to tho Ninth Avenue, is wide, straight, and well built in many of its parts. It is over lj miles in length. Canal Street, half a milo N. of the City Hall, is a wide street, commencing at Centre Street, crossing Broadway, and extend ing to the North River, and is the seat of 1111 extensive retail business. There is a largo cov ered canal under this street. This was tho north ern terminus of Broadway in 1800, and far beyond tho thickly-settled part of the city. It is now much below the centre of population. Grand, Broome, and Houston Streets are extensive and important streets above Canal Street. Bleeker, Bond, and numerous other streets, in the N. part of the city, are beautifully built, and fashionable places of residence. The avenues, so called, are 16 in number, extending, as they are laid out, from the upper parts of the city, N., to Haerlem River. They are generally 100 feet wide, but are not all graded. They are crossed, above Twelfth Street, by streets running from river to river. The streets in this direction are numbered First, Second, Third, &e, commencing with the first street N. of Houston Street. New York, in the lower part of the city, is rather deficient in public grounds ; yet there are several of importance. The Battery, at the south eastern point of the island, from which Broadway begins, is the most beautiful of these grounds, and the most serviceable to the citizens and to strangers, as a healthful and delightful prom enade. It contains about 11 acres, beautifully laid out with grass plats, and gravelled walks, shaded with ornamental trees. From this ground there is a fine view of the bay, with its shipping, and of the adjacent shores! cities, and villages of New Jersey, Long Island, and Staten Island. This is considered, by many, the most delightful promenade in the United States. Castle Garden is built on a mole, and is con nected with the Battery by a bridge. It was ori ginally erected as a fortification. It is used occasionally for public meetings, and 10.000 people can be accommodated within its walls, as in a great amphitheatre. — The Bowling Green, at the iower end of Broadway, is a small elliptical area, 220 feet long by 140 broad, enclosed by an iron fence. Before the revolution it contained a leaden statue of George IV., which, during the war, was converted into bullets. — The Park is a triangular area, including 104 acres, between Broadway, Chatham, and Chamber Streets, It contains the City Hall, and two or three other splendid public buildings. It is laid out in walks, convenient to be used as crossings, and set with trees. A beautiful fountain, supplied from the Croton waterworks, here sends up a single jet- d'eau between 60 and 70 foet. — St. John's Park, comprising the entire square between Beach, Laight, Varrick, and Hudson Streets, is private property, belonging to Trinity Church, but re served as a permanent opeu ground to the dwell ers on its margin. It is enclosed with a costly iron fence, is beautifully laid out, and has a fountain in the centre. The trees in this park are of considerable age and size. — Washington Square, 14 miles N. of the City Hall, contains a little over 9 acres. A part of this square was formerly the Potter's Field. — Union Square is an elliptical opening at the upper terminus of Broad way, ornamented with a fountain. — Grammercy Park, near Union Square, and Tompkins Square, in tho N. E. part, and tho largest in the city, are handsomely laid out, and shaded with trees. There are other squares, further N., laid out for public grounds, but not yet regulated. There are in the city of Now York some of the most costly and superb public buildings in the country. Among these the City Hall, from its beautiful location in the Park, where all its tine proportions stand in open view, will be one of the first to attract the notice of the stranger. This IN THE UNITED STATES. 487 magnificent building was commenced in 1803, and completed in 1812, at a cost to the city of $538,734. It is 216 feet long, 105 feet wide, and 2 stories high, above the basement, with a third or attic story to the centre building. Including the attic story, it is 65 feet in height. Over the cen tre of the edifice there rises a lofty cupola, upon which stands a colossal statue of Justice. The entire structure, which consists of a centre build ing and two wings, covers 29,896 square feet of ground. The walls of the front and ends are of white marble, and that of the rear of the Nyack brown freestone. The front is ornamented with columns and pilasters, in ranges rising one above another, of the Ionic, Corinthian, and composite orders. A flight of 12 marble steps, extending the whole length of the central building, leads to the hall of entrance. In the centre of this hall is a double staircase, with marble steps, ascending to a circular gallery connecting with the halls and passages of the second story. The staircase is lighted from a dome above, to which, for its support, 10 marble columns, of the Corinthian or der, ascend from the marble floor of the circular gallery. The City Hall contains all the rooms and offices requisite for the accommodation of the courts, the mayor and aldermen, and common council, and other municipal functionaries. There is a splendid room, called the Governor's Room, appropriated for the use of the governor of the state whenever he visits the city. This room is 52 feet in length, and 20 feet in width ; and its walls are hung with the portraits of the govern ors of tho state, including some of the old Dutch governors, the mayors of the city, and a number of tho military and naval heroes of the country. The chamber of the common council contains several fine, full-length portraits of distinguished personages, belonging to the period of the revo lution, painted by Trumbull. That of Washing ton, taken when he was in the prime of life, is thought by many to be the best likeness in exist ence. The chair occupied by the president of- the common council, under a canopy at the head of the room, is the identical chair occupied by Washington when he presided over the first American Congress, assembled in New York. East of the City Hall, and also included in the Park, is the Hall of Records, erected for the purpose of receiving and keeping in security all records and public documents of the city. It is a large and handsome building, decorated with a lofty Ionic portico on each front. In the rear of these buildings is one formerly occupied as an almshouse, but now fitted up to contain city of fices. Here are the Marine Court room, and the rooms of the American Institute. The Merchants' Exchange, in Wall Street, is probably the largest, the most costly, and in some respects the most beautiful of the public buildings of New York. It covers the entire block bounded by Wall Street, William Street, Hanover Street and Exchange Place, and has a front upon Wall Street of 198 feet. Its other dimensions are 196 feet on Exchange Place, 171 feet on William Street, and 144 feet on Hanover Street. Its height from the foundation wall to the top of the cornice is 77 feet, and to the top of the dome 124 feet It stands partly on the site of the old Merchants' Exchange, which was burned in the great fire on December, 1835. From its confined situation, if the heart of the mo-t crowded portion of the city, its immense proportions do not produce their proper architectural effect, as * whole, like those of the City Hall, which has an ample space around it. The front, however, on Wall Street, has a most imposing and beautiful effect. It is constructed of a dark-blue Quincy granite, and has a splendid colonnade, of the full length and height of the building, with a recess in the centre, in which the ranges are repeated, making in the whole 18 of these massive columns, 38 feet high, and 4 feet 4 inches in diameter, each formed from a solid block of granite, and weighing 43 tons. They are of the Grecian Doric order, finely wrought and fluted. It is stated that these columns, with but one exception, that of a church at St. Peters burg, are the largest in the world. Their cost, delivered in New York, was $3000 each. The Exchange Room, or Rotunda, in the centre of the building, is the most magnificent of its apart ments. It encloses an area of 7000 square feet, and is calculated to accommodate 3000 persons. The height of the room, to the springing of the dome, is 51 feet, above which the dome ascends 30 feet, terminating in a skylight 37 feet in diameter. 8 Corinthian columns, of polished Italian marble, support the dome within ; behind which there aro recesses, enlarging materially the area of the room. Upon the floor of this magnificent hall the merchants of New York meet daily during the hours of change. On the roof is a marine telegraph, communicating with a station on Sta ten Island, and sending down an hourly report to the news room of the movements of the shipping inward or outward bound. Admonished by the destruction of the former Exchange, the company have made the present building absolutely in combustible ; have used no wood in its construc tion, excepting for the doors and window frames. The whole, including the dome, is of solid ma sonry. The Merchants' Exchange Company was incorporated in 1823, with a capital of $1 ,000,000. The entire cost of the new Exchange, includ ing the ground, is stated, in round numbers, at $1,800,000. The Custom House, in New York, is one of tho most perfect buildings of its size in the world. It is finely located on the corner of Wall and Nas sau Streets, affording a view of its entire perspec tive, when seen from opposite its south-western angle. The building is modelled after the Par thenon at Athens, with the omission of the col umns on the sides. It is 200 feet long by 90 feet wide, and about 80 feet high from the bottom of the foundation wall to the top. The front por tico, on Wall Street, has 8 fluted columns of the Grecian Doric order, 5 feet 8 inches in diameter, and 32 feet high, supporting a full entablature and pediment above. The ascent to this portico from the street is by 18 granite steps, which is the ele vation of the basement on this end. The ground gradually rising as it recedes on Nassau Street, leaves but 3 or 4 steps for the ascent to the portico oil the opposite end. This portico is similar to that on the front on Wall Street. On each of the sides are 13 pilasters, which are in keeping with the col umns on the two fronts. The building is two lofty stories high above the basement. The en tire exterior, including the roof, is constructed of white marble, excepting the steps, which, for great er durability, aro of light-colored granite. Some of the largest blocks of marble used weigh no less than 33' tons. The marble slabs for the roof weigh from 300 to 400 pounds, and are matched with an under and upper lip of 8 inches, making 488 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VLLLAGES, &c, it perfectly water tight. There is no wood in any part of . the building ; and there is not perhaps another structure in the world so entirely proof against fire. In the centre of the building is the great Ro tunda, or large circular room used as the collect or's office. This splendid room has a diameter of 60 feet in tho clear, and 80 feet in the recesses. 16 beautiful Corinthian columns, 30 feet high, support the dome above it, which is richly orna mented with stucco, and crowned at the top with a skylight. There are many other large and ele gant apartments suited to the purposes of the building. The architect of this 'splendid edifice was Mr. John Frazee. It was commenced in May, 1834, and finished in May, 1841. The cost, in cluding the ground, was $1,175,000; that of the building alone, $950,000. The ground on which the Custom House stands was formerly the site of tho old City Hall, or Fed eral Hall, as it was called ; in which the Amer ican Congress held their sessions in New York? and in the balcony of which, looking down upon Wall Street, Washington, ori the 13th of April, 1789, was inaugurated first president of the Unit ed States, in the presence of assembled thou sands of the joyful people, shouting at the close, with one voice, " Long live George Washington I " The Hall of Justice, which, with its enclosure, including the House of Detention, occupies the entire space between Centre, Elm, Leonard, and Franklin Streets, 253 feet long by 200 feet wide, is au elaborate and beautiful specimen of the Egyptian style of architecture. It is constructed of a light-colored granite from Hallowell, Me. The main building, which fronts on Centre Street, has a dystile portico of four massive Egyptian columns. From this there is an ascent by 12 steps, between two other columns, to an area 50 feet square, having the ceiling above supported by 8 more of these massive pillars. From this area the various apartments of the building are entered. The Court of Sessions occupies a hall, with a gal lery extending back from the main building, the roof of which is also supported by lofty Egyptian columns. The house of detention, towards tho rear of the enclosure, is 142 long and 45 feet wide, containing 148 cells for prisoners. This building, from the style of architecture adopted and the associations connected with it, has obtained the name of the Egyptian Tombs ; or, in com mon parlance, the Tombs. Though a handsome structure of its kind, it has a heavy and gloomy aspect. Its massive Theban columns, with their gigantic palm-leaved capitals, and its cornices, or namented with winged globes and serpents, give a singular and funereal effect to this sombre pile. This edifice was completed in 1838. The City Penitentiary, on Blaekwell's Island, about 5 miles from the City Hall, is a stone build ing of simple architecture, but of very imposing effect from its large dimensions and its compara tively insulated position. The main or centre build ing is 4 stories high, surmounted by a square tower ; and the wings, also 4 stories high, but somewhat less elevated, extend on either side 200 feet ; presenting, in the whole, a line of nearly 500 feet in extent. It is seen to fine advantage, upon both sides, from the decks of the numerous steam boats passing to and from Long Island Sound. Towards tho eastern end of this island, which is about a milo and a half in length, stand the buildings of the New York Lunatic Asylum, which are constructed of a dark-colored stone, In a beautiful style of architecture, upon the plan of 4 radii from a large central edifice. The number of patients in this asylum, in 1 850, was about 500. There is also on Blaekwell's Island a work house, for the employment of the able-bodied in mates of the almshouse, comprising an extensive and beautiful group of buildings, arranged on the plan of radii. One of the most splendid buildings in the city is the edifice of the New York University, which is beautifully situated on the E. side of Washing ton Square. It is constructed of white marble, in the Gothic style of English collegiate archi tecture, and is 180 feet in length by 100 in width, composed of a centre building with octangular turrets on the 4 corners, and wings right and left, 4 stories high, flanked with square towers on the 4 corners, which rise 1 story above the body of the building. The central building, or chapel, triumphs over all the rest, in depth, height, and character, and bears some resemblance to that of King's College, Cambridge, England. It occu pies 55 feet of the breadth of the building, and is 85 feet deep, including the turrets. The two ends are gabled, and, with the sides and all the other-parts of the building, crowned with an embattled parapet. The principal entrance is through a deeply-recessed and richly-moulded por tal under the great W. window. Through this win dow, which is 24 feet wide and 50 feet high, filled with stained glass, the interior of the chapel receives the principal portion of its light. This chapel is truly a splendid room, in which the various details of a Gothic interior are carried out in great per fection and beauty. The whole building, without and within, is quite a masterpiece among the spe cimens of this kind of architecture in the country. Columbia College is situated on a beautiful square a little W. from the park, between Chapel, Church, and Murray Streets, and has one vener able and handsome edifice, 200 feet long and 50 feet wide, with wings projecting at each end, in which the families of the professors are accom modated. For a more particular account of this college, and of the university, see Colleges. Among the other literary institutions are the New York Theological Seminary, which has a convenient building located near the university, and a library of 17,000 volumes; the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church, which has two handsome buildings of stone at the corner of Ninth Avenue and Twenty-First Street; the Rutger's Female Institute, in Madi son Street, which has a fine granite building, containing a valuable library and philosophical apparatus; and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, whoso handsome edifice is in Crosby Street The New York Society Library, founded in 1745, is the oldest literary association in New York. It has a neat and substantial edifice on the corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, which cost, with the land, $117,000. The library at present contains 35,000 volumes, and, with the exception of the Astor Library, is the largest and most valuable in the state. In this building. rooms are furnished for the annual exhibitions of the National Academy of Design. This institu tion, founded in 1 826, exhibits annually a largo collection of the paintings of living artists, which is always new, as the same picture is not allowed to appear a second time, and is patron ized by a great number' of visitors. The Histor- IN THE UNITED STATES. 489 ical Society, founded in 1804, which occupies rooms in the university, has a library of 1 7,000 volumes. It has published several volumes of Historical Collections. This society contemplates the erection of a building soon, and has obtained considerable funds for that purpose.' The Mer cantile Library Association, formed in 1820, for the special benefit of merchants' clerks, maintains an attractive and well-furnished reading room, and has accumulated a library of about 32,000 volumes. A building was erected for the asso ciation in 1830, at a cost of $53,000. The society provides for an able course of public lectures in the winter. There is also the Apprentices' Li brary, in Crosby Street, of 14,000 volumes, estab lished in 1820 by a society of mechanics and tradesmen founded in 1785; the library of the Mechanics' Institute, 3000 volumes ; and of the American Institute, for tho encouragement of agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and the arts, embracing about 6000 volumes. The Amer ican Institute holds an annual fair at Niblo's Garden, which is one of the most interesting ex hibitions of the city. The Lyceum of Natural History in. New York, established in 1818, has rooms, containing its iibrary and cabinet, in the medical department of the university, on Broad way. This cabinet contains extensive collections in all the departments of natural history. The society has done much for the promotion of science in this country. But one of the noblest gifts to learning and science, and one of the most splendid instances of public benefaction, for which not only the city of New York, but the whole country, owe a debt of lasting gratitude to the memory of the mu nificent donor, is that of the Astor Library. This library was endowed by the bequest of the late John Jacob Astor, of New York, who, in a codi cil to his last will, bearing date the 4th of July, 1836, devised as follows : " Desiring to render a public benefit to the city of New York, and to contribute to the advancement of useful knowl edge and the general good of society, I do, by this codicil, appropriate four hundred thousand dollars, out of my residuary estate, to the estab lishment of a public library in the city of New York." The will then directs as to the disposal of the money, " in the erection of a suitable build ing;" "in furnishing and supplying the same from time to time with books, maps, charts, mod els, drawings, paintings, engravings, casts, stat ues, furniture, and other things appertaining to a library for general use, upon the most ample scale and liberal character ; " and " in maintain ing and upholding the buildings and other prop erty, and in defraying the necessary expenses of taking care of the same, and of the accommoda tion of persons consulting the library ; " " the said library to be accessible, at all reasonable hours and times, for general use, free of expense to persons resorting thereto." Of the funds given, Mr. Astor directs that " a sum not exceeding $75,000 may be expended in the erection of a building," for which he authorizes the trustees " to select a site on the E. side of Lafayette Place, to contain 65 feet front and rear, and 120 feet deep." $120,000 are then to be expended in the first outlay for books and other objects, in establishing the library; and the residue, about $200,000, to be permanently invested as a fund for its maintenance and gradual increase. The building for the Astor Library is a hand- 62 some ornament to the city. It is built of brown freestone and brick, in the Byzantine style of architecture, or rather in that of the royal palaces of Florence ; and presents a strongly imposing appearance, both in its external and internal structure. Its dimensions, on the ground, aro as above stated ; and its height, from the sidewalk to the top of the parapet, 67 feet. Tho great library hall, occupying the second floor, is 100 feet in length, 60 in width, and 50 feet high. The side walls form one continuous shelving, sufficient to contain 100,000 volumes. The light is from windows in the front and rear walls, and from a skylight of large dimensions. Midway between ¦ the floor and ceiling is an iron gallery, resting upon 14 beautiful columns ; from which, and from other intermediate and lighted galleries, ascended by spiral stairways, the sbelves are reached. The floor is composed of a richly wrought mosaic, , resting on iron beams. Among the other apart ments of the building are a reading room, and a lecture room, with accommodations for 500 per sons. Between 55,000 and 60,000 volumes have been already purchased for this splendid library, at a cost of about $63,000. New York is liberally provided with institu tions for the relief of the poor and distressed of every description. Besides the Lunatic Asylum, on Blaekwell's Island, already noticed, the New York Hospital has a fine situation on the W. side of Broadway, opposite the head of Pearl Street. The buildings, which are extensive, stand in the rear of a beautiful yard, and seem pleasantly re tired, although in the very heart of the city. Con nected with this hospital is the Lunatic Asylum, located at Bloomingdale, on the Hudson River, 5 miles from the City Hall ; attached to which are 40 acres of ground, beautifully laid out into gar dens and pleasure grounds. This accommodates about 250 patients. Here also is one of the Orphan Asylums. A new institution, styled the State Hospital of the City of New York, has lately gone into operation, occuping a spacious square, bound ed by Forty-Second and Forty-Third Streets, and the Fifth and Sixth Avenues. The New York Dis pensary, established in 1790, the Northern Dispen sary, in 1 829, and the Eastern Dispensary, in 1 834, answer the purpose of hospitals to some extent. These useful establishments are supported by- annual subscriptions. On Staten Island are three large and excellent institutions for the relief of sick and disabled seamen : the Marine Hospital, at Tompkinsville, adjacent to the quarantine ground, which has three spacious buildings; the Seamen's Retreat, situated half u mile farther south ; and the Sailor's Snug Harbor, on the N. side of the island, which provides a home for aged and decayed seamen. This noble charity was founded by the liberality of Captain Randall, who be queathed to it an estate now reputed to be worth $1,000,000. The funds of the Sailor's Snug Har bor, in 1852, amounted to $87,000. The New York Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, a noble institution of its kind, incorporat ed in 1817, is on Fiftieth Street, near the Fourth Avenue, or Haerlem Railroad. The principal building is 110 feet long by 60 wide, and 4 stories higb above the basement. Tbe New York Institution for the Blind is on the Eighth Ave nue, and has about 50 pupils. At Bellevue, on the East River, 24 miles from the City Hall, is the New Almshouse, which is a very extensive establishment, having a hospital 490 COUNTIES, CITniS, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, connected with it. Here also is a House of Ref uge for juvenile delinquents ; and a Penitentiary for female convicts. There is another almshouse on Blaekwell's Island. But it is scarcely possible for the city to meet all the demands upon it in this department of eleemosynary aid. The bur dens of this kind are induced to far the greatest extent by the immigration of paupers, or of those who soon become paupers, from Europe. How large this item is liable to be may be inferred from the fact, that there is continually going on a ship ment of paupers, direct from the poorhouses in Europe. On board of one British vessel, arriv ing at New York in 1851, the whole number of passengers, 230, were derived from this source. " On what principles of comity, humanity, or justice," to adopt the words of "the commission ers of immigration, " the poorhouses of Europe. and, sometimes the prisons, are emptied on our shores, it is difficult to say. The fact itself is notorious. Ship loads of these helpless and often vicious persons are sent here, sometimes in the depih of winter, without means or place of des tination beyond this city, and become a perma nent burden from the moment of their arrival." The whole number of foreigners who arrived at the port of New York in 1851 was 289,601; of whom 163,256 wore from Ireland, 69,883 from Germany, and 56,462 from other countries. It was probably fortunate for us as a nation, that, in the earlier period of our republic, the peo ples of foreign nations had so little confidence in the success of our political experiment, in tho capacity of free institutions to sustain themselves, and secure a permanent prosperity to the people under them. This distrust kept back the tide of foreign immigration, until it may be hoped that, even in our large cities, the native American ele ment of the population has become too strong in numbers, intelligence, and wealth to be greatly modified by the admixture of foreign cloments. But with our continued stability and prosperity, the people of other nations, especially the more oppressed and poor among them, are beginning to regard this country " as the haven of the poor man from the fears of want ; as the mine whence the enterprising and adventurous ore to draw wealth ; as the theatre wherein the political economist is to realize his theories ; as the church of all creeds, wherein tliose deprived of liberty of conscience in their native land may worship without fear of molestation." Hence, as one has said, " the tide of the world's population is tending to our shores ; and the safe and beautiful harbor of New York receives the ships of all nations, bearing their freights of men and goods from every part of the earth." The foreign residents in New York have vari ous associations among themselves for humane and charitable purposes ; as the St George's So ciety, composed of Englishmen ; St Andrew's, of Scotch; St. David's, of Welsh; also societies of Germans, French, Spanish, and Hebrews. The St. Nicholas Society is composed of the de scendants of the early Dutch inhabitants. Be sides those, there are the Orphan Asylum, at Bloomingdale, a very large institution, established in 1806 ; the Protestant Half Orphan Asylum, on Twelfth Street ; the Roman Catholic Orphan Asy lum, on Princo Street; the Asylum for Colored Orphans ; the Lying-in Asylum ; the Female As sistance Society for tho siek poor ; and tho Socie ty for aiding Respectable, Aged Indigent Females, Several of our great national institutions of Christian benevolence have their seat of opera tions in New York. Such are the American Bi ble Society, founded in 1816, in which the several evangelical denominations cooperate; the Amer ican Tract Society, and tho American Seamen's Friend Society, of which tho same is true ; the American Home Missionary Society, and the So ciety for aiding Colleges at the West, supported more especially by the Presbyterians and Con gregationalists ; the American and Foreign Bi ble Society, for circulating a Baptist version of the Scriptures ; and the American Society for meliorating the Condition of the Jews. Other organizations of this class exist, which are auxil iary to their parent institutions in Boston, Phila delphia, and Washington. Such are the Agency of the American Board of Foreign Missions ; the Central American Education Society; the New York Colonization Society ; and the Sun day School Society. The operations of all these associations are very extensive, and constitute a noble feature of the religious enterprise of the age and country. Their anniversaries, which are celebrated during the second week in May, are occasions of great and general interest. The number of churches in the city of New York, as enumerated in 1852, is 250; Presbyte rian, 46 ; Episcopal, 45 ; Methodist 40 ; Baptist, 31; Roman Catholic, 21 ; Dutch Reformed, 20; Jews, 12; Trinitarian Congregational, 10; Lu theran, 5 ; Friends, Primitive Christians, and Universalists, 4 each ; Unitarian Congregational, Second Advent, and New Jerusalem, 2 each; Moravians, 1. Some of the houses of public worship are among the most splendid ornaments of the city. The rapid increase of business in all the lower parts of the city, for a number of years past, and the consequent demand for a larger proportion of tho space for its accommodation, has necessarily led to the abandonment of most of the localities, on which the earliest houses of worship were erected, and to the removal of their respective congregations up town. Hardly any of the church edifices of New York existing at the present day bear the impress, or are clothed with the associ ations, of a venerable antiquity. Only three, or at most four, built before the revolution, are now occupied for public worship. These are the Brick Presbyterian Church, Beekman Street built in 1767; the John Street, Methodist, the first of that denomination in America, built in 1768 ; the North Dutch, corner of William and Fulton Streets, built in 1769, at the then northern border of the city ; and St. Paul's, Episcopal, Broadway, nearly opposite the Park. During the occupa tion of New York by the British, nil the churches, except the Episcopal, were cither destroyed or used for barracks, hospitals, or riding schools, by the soldiers. Tho old building of the Mid dle Dutch Church, on the corner of Nassau and Cedar Streets, now occupied as the post office, with very little change in tho exterior, presents perhaps the most accurate specimen remaining in the city of the former style of eccle siastical buildings, particularly among the Dutch settlers. St Paul's Church and the Brick Presby terian occupy two of the finest positions in the city, and aro among its handsomest ornamonts, particularly the former. This beautiful structure is adorned with a portico of the Ionic order, con sisting of 4 fluted columns of red sandstone, IN THE UNITED STATES. 491 supporting a pediment with a niche in the centre filled with the statue of St. Paul. The spire of this church rises, with graceful proportions, to the height of 200 feet. Beneath the portico is a monument, erected by order of Congress, to the memory of General Montgomery, under which his remains were deposited in 1819 ; and in the adjoining cemetery, a few feet from Broadway, stands an obelisk which commemorates the tal ents and fame of Emmet, the Irish barrister. The new building recently erected by Trinity Church on Broadway, opposite Wall Street, may be regarded as the finest specimen of pure Gothic architecture in the United States. This edifice is the third in succession which this church hus erected upon the same site ; the first having been burned in the great fire of 1776, and the second having been taken down in 1839, to give place to the present magnificent structure. It is con structed throughout, even to its minutest details, of a lightish brown sandstone, finely hammered, and, in its tracery and ornament of every descrip tion, elaborately and delicately wrought. It is 1 89 feet long, 84 feet wide, and 64 feet high, to the eaves of the clear story. It is without galleries, and superbly finished within. The height of the tower and spire is 264 feet. Access may readily be had to this lofty tower, for the prospect it affords, which is one of the most splendid pan oramic views to be had on the whole continent. From a great height, but entirely secure and at his ease, the beholder sees this vast city, full of life and animation, as it were at his feet, while in every direction, as far as the eye can reach, the harbor, with its shipping, the islands, the rivers, the coun try, the cities and villages, and boundless ocean, are spread out before him in all the attractions with which nature, art, and luxury have invested them. The tower of this church contains a chime of bells. This beautiful building, erected at a cost of nearly $406,000, will seat only about 800 persons. St. John's Chapel, also built with the funds of Trinity Church, and beautifully situated on Var- rick Street, fronting St. John's Park, is one of the most costly church edifices in New York, " more than $200,000 having been expended upon it." It has an elegant spire 220 feet in height, and a splendid portico in front of 4 Corinthian columns. There are other Episcopal churches in the upper part of the city, which are among its handsomest specimens of architecture. The houses of wor ship erected by the other denominations are gen erally plainer and less expensive. But there are among them many costly and beautiful struc tures. The Scotch Presbyterian Church on Grand Street is a stone building, with a fine Ionic porti co of 6 stone columns, erected, it is said, at a cost of $114,000. The Duane Street Church has an imposing Ionic portico. The building of the First Baptist Church, on Broome Street, is a fine stone edifice, of Gothic architecture. It has two oc tagonal towers on the front corners, with an im mense window between them, 22 feet wide and 41 feet high. The interior is very imposing. The Reformed Dutch Church, on Washington Square, is a large Gothic structure, finished with great costliness and beauty. The new house of worship, erected by the Collegiate Reformed Dutch church on the corner of Lafayette Placo and Fourth Street, has a most beautiful Ionic portico and spire. It is in the form and propor tions of a Grecian temple, and about 100 feet in length. It is built of the eastern granite. St. Pe ter's, Roman Catholic Church, on Barclay Street, has a very imposing Ionic portico, of 6 granite columns, with a statue of St. Peter occupying a niche in the pediment. The French Protestant Church, on Franklin Street, is built of white mar ble, and has a fine portico, with a double range of marble Ionic columns. The Presbyterians, on Mer cer Street, and the Congregationalists, on Union Place, have beautiful houses of worship. Besides these there are many others in the city, which we cannot here describe, which will not fail to at tract the attention of the admirers of handsome architecture. New York contains many large and splendid hotels. One of the most spacious and elegant of these is the Astor House, on Broadway, opposite the Park. This great hotel, furnished with a magnificence and taste corresponding to the sim ple grandeur of the structure, is, with the excep tion of one other in New York, the largest in the country, if not in the world. It was erected by the late John Jacob Astor, at an expense, including the ground, of $750,000. It is built of the Quincy granite, 5 stories high, with a front of 201 feet on Broadway, 146 on Vesey Street, and 154 on Barclay Street. It contains upwards of 300 rooms. The dining hall is 108 feet in length. The American Hotel is a large house, also opposite the Park. The Irving House, at the corner of Broadway and Chamber Street, is among the most elegant and fashionable of the hotels. Several are conducted on the Eu ropean plan, affording rooms to their guests, with meals or not, as they may wish. Such are Libby's and Tammany Hall, near the Park, Del- monico's, near the Battery, and Florence's, in Broadway. We can do little more than to name a few of the principal hotels, in addition to those which have been mentioned. The United States, at the corner of Pearl and Fulton Streets, is con structed of stone, 6 stories high. Howard's Ho tel is at the corner of Maiden Lane and Broad way. The Merchants, Rochester, Western, and National Hotels, are all in Courtland Street; Rathbun's Hotel is on Broadway, between Court- land and Liberty Streets. The Pacific Hotel is in Greenwich Street, convenient to the boats arriving and departing upon the North River. , The New York Hotel, high up Broadway, is more retired, but eligibly situated. More re cently opened, and exceeding every other in size and splendor, is the new Metropolitan Hotel, situated towards the upper part of the city, on the spot formerly known as "Niblo's Garden." This stupendous structure fronts on Broadway, Prince, and Crosby Streets, having a front, all together, of 600 feet It is 6 stories high, built of fine brown freestone, with heavily-carved cor nices over the almost innumerable windows. It stands on the highest ground in the city, and is a most noble and imposing edifice. To give an idea of the magnitude of the establishment, it may be stated that it contains over 500 rooms, over 100 of which are suits of rooms ; being sup plied throughout with gas, with hot and cold water, steam, &e, through a service, in the aggre gate, of more than five miles of pipes. It con tains one mile of elegantly painted halls and pas sages. . Its 550 mirrors, to say nothing of its other furniture, cost $1 5,000. Two of the largest of these, at each end of the great dining hall, cover within a fraction of 100 square feet each. 492 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VDLLAGES, &c, being the largest mirrors ever imported into the United States. The plate glass for the windows alone cost $35,000 ; and the entire cost of the building, independent of the furniture, was about half a million of dollars. Many of the stores, banks, and other buildings for purposes of business, in New York, are among the most elegant architectural ornaments of the city. These are too numerous to be described in this place. As an example of the largest class of stores, it may suffice to instance the splendid palace on Broadway, built and occu pied by A. T. Stuart as a silk store. Fronting upon Broadway, it covers the entire block be tween Chamber Street and Reed Street, having a front upon Broadway of 150 feet, and a depth up both the other streets of the same extent It is built of polished white marble, six stories high, in a style of architectural beauty, without and with in, corresponding to the costliness of the materials. Many of the private residences in the upper part of the city are of the most costly and beauti ful description. Long streets consisting of stately blocks and terraces, and separate mansions, with every accessory of architectural splendor, excite the admiration of the beholder. " Under the smiles of fortune," says a writer of New York, "most classes of our citizens have been pros perous, many have grown wealthy, and the style and expense of living, and the beauty of some of the principal streets of the city, have proportionally improved. The buildings now generally in course of construction by our wealthy inhabitants, for their private residences, are among the most splendid and costly city dwelling houses in the world. The several styles of architecture are conceived by architects of great ability, and the designs of the buildings and interior decorations are in many instances carried out without regard to cost. ^$100,000 for the cost of a single city lot, freestone house and furniture, is not an unfrequent expenditure. The support of many private establishments requires an out lay of $10,000 to $20,000 a year, some ranging much higher." The number of theatres and places of amuse ment iri New York is not considered large in comparison with that of European cities of the same size. The principal theatres are the Park Theatre, opposite the Park ; the Bowery The atre, Bowery, above Bayard Street ; Astor Place Opera House, near the upper part of Broadway; Olympic Theatre, Broadway, above Canal Street ; National Theatre, near Chatham Square ; Burton's Theatre, Chamber Street, and Niblo's Theatre, at the corner of Broadway and Prince Streets. The American Museum, oppo site the Astor House, is an excellent and very extensive establishment of its kind, founded in 1810, and enriched with curiosities of nature and art from all parts of the world. Its immense collections occupy five large saloons 100 feet in length. From the observatory on the top of the building, which is very high, one of the finest views of the city, bay, and surrounding country is obtained. Poale's Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts, founded in 1825, contains four spa cious apartments, filled with choice specimens in the departments of natural history, painting, statuary, &o. The cosmoramic views in these museums are equal to any in the world for num ber and variety, and for the truth and perfection 6'f art with which they are prepared. The Chi nese Museum, at 359 Broadway, contains a very extensive collection of curiosities, illustrative of the arts and the customs of life in China. Castle Garden, off the Battery, and Vauxhall Garden, at the upper end of the Bowery, are places of pleasant resort for recreation. There are also in the vicinity of the city several places of daily resort in the summer season. The prin cipal of these is Hoboken, on the opposite bank of the Hudson, between which and New York, in pleasant weather, there are continual currents of persons going and returning by the boats, which seem, as it were, to bring these places nearer to the city than if they were within its limits. The grounds at Hoboken are beautifully laid out, and shaded and supplied with various moans of innocent and healthful recreation. Haerlem Village, on the N. end of the island, included within the city limits, was founded, we are told, as long ago as 1658, "with a view to the amusement and recreation of the citizens." The Haerlem Railroad, 8 miles in length, con nects this village with the very heart of the city. The cars start from the City Hall several times a day, passing through Centre and Broome Streets, the Bowery, and Fourth Avenue, as far as Twen ty-Seventh Street, with horses, and thence with steam to Haerlem, and beyond to other places to the N. and E. of it. The ride to Haerlem is pleasant, affording a view of much of the city, the East River, and surrounding country, and passing through a tunnel excavated in the solid rock, 595 feet long. Manhattanville and Bloom- ingdale, on the W. side of the island, and Astoria, on the E. side, are also much frequented. Many of the pleasant places in New Jersey, on Staten Island, and on Long Island are also" brought by the numerous ferries, railroads, and steamboats diverging from the city, within a convenient dis tance for pleasure excursions. The markets in New York are numerous, and well supplied with every necessary and luxury which the country produces. They are not sit uated, as in some other cities, in one or two cen tral localities, this being impracticable from the great extent of the city. The principal markets arc the Fulton, Catharine, Washington, Frank lin, Clinton, Tompkins, and Essex. The value of the country produce brought to market, and consumed annually by the inhabitants, has been estimated at S15,500,0"00. The city is lighted to a great extent with gas. The first experiment was made in the Park in 1812. The works of the New York Gas Light Company, organized in 1823, are in Canal Street, from which between 30 and 40 miles of pipe have been laid into all parts of the city. The light produced is strong and beautiful, imparting to Broadway, and to other streets in which the stores are generally lighted in the evening, al most the splendor of midday. But the greatest of the public works of New York is the Croton Aqueduct, by which, after much suffering from the want of it, the blessing of an abundant supply of pure water has been secured to the inhabitants. This great under taking was decided upon by a vote of the citizens at the charter election in 1835, and it was so far completed that the water was brought into the city on the 14th of October, 1842. The aque duct commences nt a point on the Croton River, about 6 miles from the Hudson, in Westchester county, and about 40 miles from the City HalL IN THE UNITED STATES. 493 The dam across the Croton is 250 feet in length, and 40 feet high ; 70 feet thick at the bottom, and 7 at the top, built of stone and cement. A pond is thus created about 5 miles long, covering 400 acres, and estimated to contain 500,000,000 gallons of water. Its elevation above tide water is 153 feet. From the gateway in the dam the aqueduct proceeds, sometimes crossing valleys by embankments, sometimes beneath the surface, and through tun nels in solid rocks, until it reaches Haerlem River, which it crosses on a magnificent stone bridge, 1450 feet in length, and 124 feet high. This bridge is supported by 14 stone piers, 8 of the arches being of 80 feet span, and the remain ing 6 of 50 feet. The aqueduct throughout is built of stone, brick, and cement, arched over and under, 8 feet 5 inches high, 6 feet 3 inches wide at the bottom of the side walls, and 7 feet 8 inches at the top. It has a descent of 134, inches per mile, and will discharge 60,000,000 gallons of water in 24 hours. It delivers its water into a receiving reservoir at Eighty-Sixth Street, 38 miles from the dam, which covers 34 acres, and contains 1 50,000,000 gallons of water. From this to the distributing reservoir on Mur ray's Hill, at Fortieth Street, 2j miles from the receiving reservoir, the water is conveyed in iron pipes. This reservoir is a massive and beautiful piece of stone masonry, laid in cement, 43 feet high above the street, containing 25,000,000 gal lons. Its surface is 115 feet above tide water. Thence the water is distributed over the city in iron pipes. The great mains are 36 inches in diameter. In 1852, 215 miles of pipe had been laid. The head is sufficient to carry the water into the upper stories of the houses, and to sus tain several beautiful jets-deau in different parts of the city. At the fountain in the Park, when the water is forced into the air in a single col umn, it rises to the height of between 60 and 70 feet. There are a great number of free hydrants in all parts of the city, from which the poor supply themselves, and water is furnished for cleansing the streets. The supply from the river, is con sidered adequate to meet the wants of a popula tion three or four times greater than the city now has. The daily consumption is now about 30,000,000 of gallons. The following is the result of an analysis of the Croton water by Prof. Benj. Silliman,Jr. : — Chloride of sodium,and a trace of potassium, .1 67 Sulphate of soda, 153 Chloride of calcium, 372 Chloride of aluminum 166 Phosphate of alumina, 832 Carbonate of lime, 2.131 Carbonate of magnesia, 662 Sulphate of lime, 235 Silica, colored by manganese, . . . .077 Carbonate of soda, equivalent to nitrates and crcnates of do. and loss, . . . 1.865 Total solid, in one gallon, after ignition . 6.66 Carbonic acid in ditto, in cubic inches, . 17.817 Of the action of this water upon lead, after an experiment of 5 weeks' continuance, the professor says, " The lead in this water looks as bright and fresh as the day it went in, and the water itself is not in the least turbid." The entire cost of the aqueduct to the city has been about $13,000,000. The revenue now amounts to half a million annually, and is rapidly increasing. New York has now an effective system of public schools, by which all the children between the ages of 4 and 16 are free to receive instruction as a common right. A society, called the " Free School Society," was formed in 1804 by many principal citizens, and. afterwards incorporated, " to provide for the education of poor cfiildren, not belonging to, nor provided for, by any reli gious society." In 1826, the charter of this society was modified, and its title changed to the " Public School Society of NeSv York," and it was required " to provide, so far as its means might extend, for the education of all children in the city of New York, not otherwise provided for, whether such children be or be not the proper objects of gratuitous education." To this society, until within a few years past, was intrusted the man agement of all the public schools of the city. They had under their care 1 6 schools, for which large and convenient buildings were provided ; and 48 primary schools, for which apartments were leased in other buildings, besides several for colored children. By a law of the state, of comparatively recent date, public district schools have been established, in addition to those under tho direction of the School Society, which are also well instructed and flourishing. The number of public schools of New York, in 1851, was 207; the number of children taught, 107,000. The whole expense of maintaining the schools for that year was $274,794'59 ; which is an average of $6-864 per scholar. The funds for defraying these expenses are derived partly from the Common School Fund of the state, of which the city re ceived its due proportion ; partly from an assess ment upon the citizens for an amount equal to their appropriation from the fund, as a condition of receiving the same ; and partly by a special tax of 4-80ths of 1 per cent, on the valuation of property in the city. In 1 846 the city of New York resolved, by a very large majority in a popular vote, to establish a free school of a higher order, perhaps, than any which had been hitherto projected in our country ; to be known by the name of the " Free Academy." For this school a noble building has been erected on the corner of Lexington Avenue andTwenty-Third Street, and the institution was opened January 27, 1849. It was established by the Board of Education, under an act empowering them to establish a free academy, " for the purpose of ex tending the benefits of education gratuitously to those who have been pupils in the common schools of the city and county of New York." A thorough knowledge of the branches taught in the common schools qualifies for admission into the academy, where the education of the pupils is to be continued onward, branching, as it proceeds, towards the various divisions of the field of knowledge, as their preferences respectively may lead them. The plan of the institution is designed to be intermediate between the college system and that of the Polytechnic schools of Europe, embracing portions of both of these systems. It was organized with a corps of 10 instructors, embracing, besides the principal, professors of Latin and Greek, of mathematics and natural philosophy, of chemistry, of history and belles-lettres, of the French, Spanish, and German languages, and of drawing. The building erected for the Free Academy is 494 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, on Twenty-Third Street, corner of Lexington Avenue. It is a spacious and elegant structure, in which utility and ornament are admirably united. In its external architecture it is in the style of the Gothic town halls of the Netherlands. Its dimensions on tho ground are 125 feet by 80. It consists, exclusive of the basement, of three lofty stories, which are intersected by two wide passages running at right angles through the middle of the building ; above which is the great hall, extending over the entire building, and lighted by windows in the roof. This fine build ing will accommodate 1000 scholars, with all the necessary appliances ; and has cost, exclusive of the ground and furniture, about $50,000. The total value of real and personal property in the city of New York, as assessed in 1851, was $320,108,358. This was an increase from the valuers assessed in 1850, of $34,022,941. The amount of taxes authorized to be raised in 1850 was $2,578,325. The number of buildings erected in the city in 1850 was 1912. The aggregate of new buildings erected for 10 years, from 1840 to 1850, was 15,409. The whole number of dwellings in New York, in 1850, was 37,677, and the number of families 93,608. The largest number of persons are in the various descriptions of manufacturing and mechanical employments. The number of pro ductive establishments of this kind, in 1850, was 3387, employing 83,620 persons, of whom 29,917 were females. The capital invested in these op erations was $34,232,822 ; and the annual value of manufactured articles, $105,218,308. — For the statistics of commerce, banks, &c, see Statistical Tables. New York enjoys peculiar advantages for being a great commercial city. The harbor, for capacity, security, and beauty of scenery, is one of the finest in the world. It consists of an outer and an inner harbor; the outer extending from Sandy Hook and the bar, about 18 miles S. from the city, to the Narrows, formed by the ap proaching extremities of Long Island and Staten Island, and constituting the Raritan Bay. On the bar there are 27 feet of water at hig'h tide, and 21 at low tide, and within the bay there is good anchorage for vessels. The inner harbor, or that which is more properly known as the bay or harbor of New York, extends from the Nar rows, 8 miles, to the city, and several miles on each side of it, up both the North and the East Rivers, particularly the latter. It has a width of from 1 4 to 54 miles, and is about 25 miles in circum ference. It has a depth of water sufficient for tho largest ships of war, in every part, and the largest merchant vessels come directly to the docks and slips with which the whole of the lower part of the city, excepting the Battery, is bordered, for a length, in all, of about 7 miles. The inner harbor is entered, not only from the ocean at Sandy Hook and through the Narrows, which is the usual channel for large vessels bound inward from sea, but, on the N. E., from Long Island Sound, and, on the S. W., tlirough the Kills and Staten Island Sound. The passage at the Nar rows is about a third of a mile wide. The har bor is every where well protected against tho influence ol storms; but especially within the East River, which is the part most closely land locked. Here the largest number of vessels always lie, presenting, in the multitude of their masts and spars, the appearance of a leafless forest The. harbor is generally open for the free ingress and egress of vessels at all seasons of the year. In very severe winters, it is occasionally obstructed for a few days with ice ; but the tide sets through from the East River with such force that it is only at rare intervals that the ice, though running from above, stops and closes over. There are several beautiful islands in the inner harbor, which are attached to the city. Governor's Island is 3200 feet distant from the Battery, and contains 70 acres. On this island are three fortifications — Fort Columbus on the S., star-shaped ; Castle Williams on the N. W. point, which is a round tower, 60 feet high, with 3 tiers of guns; and likewise a battery on the S. W. side, commanding the entrance of Buttermilk Channel. Here are barracks, and houses for the officers, for a considerable garri son. On Bedlow's and Ellis's Islands also are strong fortifications. At the Narrows, Forts Hamilton and Lafayette, on the E. side, and Forts Tompkins and Richmond, on Staten Island, well defend the entrance of that impor tant channel. The entrance from the Sound, on the East River, is defended by Fort Schuyler, on Throg's Neck. Blaekwell's, Great Barn, and Randall's Islands are in the East River. The immediate communication between New York and the surrounding country is maintained by no less than 15 steam ferry boats, which are constantly running from different points of the city to Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Staten Island, Jersey City, Hoboken, and other points. These, with tho continual arrival and departure of ves sels of every class, of steamboats on the numer ous routes of travel, and of sailing boats with parties of pleasure, render the harbor a scene of bustle and animation scarcely less exciting than the city itself ; while the variegated scenery upon its shores, the neatly-built cottages, the elegant country seats of opulent citizens, surrounded with luxuriant groves and pleasure grounds, and the fine view of the islands, furnishing each the site of noble public institutions, or of strong works for military defence, render all the ap proaches to the city upon its waters beyond de scription beautiful. The distances to the most important suhurbs of New York by the different ferries is as follows : South ferry to Brooklyn, 1063 yards; Fulton ferry, 731 yards; Catharine ferry, 735 yards ; Walnut Street ferry, 635 yards ; Peek Slip ferry, 2800 yards ; Williamsburg ferry, 950 yards; Hoboken ferry, 1955 yards; Jersey City ferry, 2746 yards ; Staten Island ferry, 6418 yards. The suburbs thus connected with the city of Now York are all, in an important sense, an integral part of this great commercial empo rium, being created by its prosperity, and afford ing residence to its overflowing population. The suburbs of New York, consisting of Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Jersey City, and Hoboken, con tain, in round numbers, 150,000 inhabitants, which, added to the population of tho city proper make a total of at least 650,000. In this connection, it may be proper to refer to the extensive public accommodations in the city proper for conveying persons from place to place by means of omnibuses, or cheap coaches for the million. The greatest number of these aro drawn by two horses ; but many of them, of large capacity, have four. They have seats for from 1 2 to 24 persons inside, and for others on IN THE UNITED STATES. 495 the top. There are no less than 24 established routes between different points in the city, on which they run, with a great number of vehicles belonging to each route. The total number of licensed omnibuses, February 1, 1851, was 568; yielding a revenue to "the city of $10,700. Be sides these, the Haerlem Railroad cars, which run as omnibuses from the Park through the city, starting every 15 minutes, accommodate an im mense number of persons. The number of hackney coaches, licensed in 1851, was 341. The "lines of communication between New York and the great interior of the country, both by water and by land, are numerous and exten sive. Those on the North River are connected, by canals and railroads from Albany and Troy, with Lake Champlain and Canada on the N., and with Western 'New York, the great lakes, and the Mississippi Valley on the W. The Erie Railroad opens a communication from Jersey City, opposite the city of New York, to Dun kirk, on Lake Erie ; and will soon be connected, by a continuous chaih of railroads, with the west, as far as the Mississippi, and ultimately far beyond. A railroad from the heart of the city, running along the eastern bank of the Hudson to Grcenbush, opposite Albany, now establishes a communication, at all seasons, with the railroads going thence N., E., and W. The Haerlem Railroad is extended W., to con nect with others running through the Connecti cut and Housatonic valleys, and reaching the metropolis of New England, and the British provinces, on the N. and E. Several lines of steamboats, through Long Island Sound, connect with lines of railroad at the E., and form routes to Boston. With Philadelphia, Baltimore, and the cities S., to New Orleans, similar lines of communication are established, connection by steam being already continuous through this whole extent. Frequent and regular commu nication is maintained, by the various lines of packet ships and ocean steamers, between the principal ports of Europe, the West Indies, Mexico, and California. Some of these vessels are now almost daily arriving and departing, with a precision and despatch which, a few years ago, would have been thought incredible. The Collins line of steamships to Liverpool hove a con tract with the government for carrying the mails. The central position of New York, in reference to the other parts of the Union, having Now England on the N. E., the Middle and Southern states on the S. W., and much of the vast inte rior of the Mississippi Valley brought into free communication with it by canals and' railroads, in connection with the navigation of the Hudson, gives to this city preeminent advantages for being a great commercial mart for the whole country. Its first selection by the Dutch, as a place of set tlement, was influenced, no doubt, by the circum stances of its lying at the mouth of a navigable river, having a good harbor, and being easy of defence against the Indians. A communication with the interior by navigable streams, until within a few years past, has been thought essential to the existence of a commercial city. It is true, indeed, that since the introductionof canals and railroads, particularly the latter, this consideration has sunk into one of secondary importance; and it must be granted that, in this respect, New York has not now the advantage which she once had over some of her sister cities. By means of railroads and canals, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston will obtain a large amount of the western trade, which, before these new facilities arose, would have found its way to New York. Still the central position of New York, and tho extensive growth to which she has attained, must continue to secure to her the name and rank which she already possesses of being the com mercial emporium' of the nation. When we con sider the prospective advances of this country, the vast resources of its enterprise and wealth which remain to be developed, and the power which New York will have to increase her facil ities of traffic with our own interior, and with foreign ports, to any requisite extent, we cannot doubt that she is destined to become, perhaps, the most flourishing and extensive mart of com merce in the world. , The first settlement made on Manhattan Island, with a view to permanent occupancy, was by the Dutch in 1615. In 1629, being resolved to estab lish a colony at New Amsterdam, as New York was then called, they appointed Walter Van Twiller governor, who held the office nine years. In 1635, the governor erected a substantial fort; and in 1643 a house of worship was built in the S. E. corner of the fort. In 1644, a city hall, or stadt house, was erected, which was on the corner of Pearl Street and Coenties Slip. In 1653, a wall of earth and stones was built from Hudson River to East River, designed as a defence against the Indians, immediately N. of Wall Street, which from that circumstance received its name. The first public wharf was built in 1658, where Whitehall Street now is. The administration of Governor Stuyvosant, the last of the Dutch governors, terminated, after a continuance of 17 years with the capture of the colony by the English, in 1664, when the city was named New York, in honor of James, Duke of York. Tho property of the Dutch West India Trading Company was all confiscated. The number of inhabitants was then about 3000. In 1673, the Du_tch retook the city from the English, it having been surrendered by Captain Manning without firing a gun. It was restored to the English the next year ; and Manning was tried for cowardice and treachery, and sentenced to have his . sword broken over his head. The inhabitants were all then required to take the oath of allegiance to the English government. As descriptive of the commercial condition of the city at that period, Governor Andros, in his re port to the government in England, in 1678, says, ¦' Our principal places of trade are New York and Kingston, except Albany for the In dians. Our buildings most wood, some lately stone and brick ; good country houses, and strong of their severall kindes. A merchant worth £1000, or .£500, is accompted a good substantial! merchant, and a planter worthe half that in move ables accompted rich ; all estates may be valued att about £150,000; there may lately have traded to ye colony, in a yeare, from 10 to 15 ships or vessells, of about togeather 100 tunns each, Eng lish, New England, and oure own built, of which five small shipps and a ketch now belonging to New Yorke, foure of them built there." In 1686, James II. abolished the representative system, and prohibited the use of printing presses. A meeting of commissioners, denominated a congress of the several colonies, was this year assembled at New York. A regulation for light- 496 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, ing tho city was established in 1697, requiring that lights be put in the windows of the houses fronting on the streets, on a penalty of nincpence for every night's omission; and that a lighted lantern be hung out upon a pole at every 7th house, the expense to be borne equally by the 7 intervening houses. In 1703, Wall Street was paved from William Street to the English (Trin ity) Church. The Presbyterian ministers were prohibited from preaching by Governor Cornbury, in 1707, and two of their number were arrested and tried for violating this prohibition ; but they were discharged on their paying $220 costs. In 1719, a Presbyterian Church was built in Wall Street. In 1 725, the New York Gazette, a weekly newspaper, was established. Tho first stage be gan to run between New York and Boston in 1732. It made its trips once a month, and was 14 days on the journey. In 1745, Lady Murray owned the only coach in New York. "The city, the next year, contained 1834 houses, and 11,717 inhabitants, all lying below the Park, having in creased about 1000 in 9 years. A theatre was opened in 1750. From this time to the period of the revolution, streets were laid out, and built upon more or less, as far N. as Murray Street. In consequence of the disastrous issue of the battle of Long Island, soon after the commence ment of the war, in 1776, the city was taken pos session of by the British army, under- Lord Howe, and occupied by them until November 25, 1783, when they evacuated it, upon the inde pendence of the United States being established. On that day. General Washington, at the head of the American army, entered the city. The Brit ish had erected works across the island, near Duane Street. After the devastation committed by the British upon the houses of worship, the college, and other public institutions, and in con sequence of the loss of the books and accounts of the corporation, which had been carried off by the treasurer, who joined the British and left the country, much difficulty was found in tracing out and securing various descriptions of the public property. The whole increase of the pop ulation of New York, during a century of the English rule, did not exceed 20,000, which at the present day must seem greatly disproportionate to its commercial advantages in relation to the American colonies, and under the auspices of such a nation as Great Britain. But when wo consider the strange and unnatural restrictions thrown around the colonics by the mother coun try, our surprise is diminished. Governor Corn- bury, writing from New York to his superiors at home, in 1705, says, " I hope I may be pardoned if I declare my opinion to be that all these collo- neys, which are but twigs belonging to the main tree, ought to be kept entirely dependent upon and subservient to England; and that can never be if they are suffered to go on in tho notions they have, that as they are Englishmen, so they may set up the same manufactures here as people may do in England." In conformity with this policy, the people of New York were not allowed to manufacture cloths of any kind, except for their own use. Afler tho close of the revolution, the city contained 23.614 inhabitants, being an increase of about 2000 in 15 years. In 1785, the first Congress after tho war was organized in New York, in the City Hall, where the Custom House now stands ; and here, four years later, when the constitution had been adopted, Washington was inaugurated president of the United States. From this time, in our country, commences the period of modern history, so to speak; and the most important events in the annals of the city must be comparatively familiar to the reader. For a place of such magnitude, New York cannot be considered unhealthy. It has enjoyed as groat an exemption as cities of this class in most countries from the ravages of epidemic diseases. It has been four times visited by yellow fever. viz., in 1742, in 1798, in 1805, and in 1822. The disease was the most fatal in 1798, when it pre vailed from July to November, and the deaths amounted to 2086. The city, with other cities large and small, suffered severely from Asiatic cholera in the years 1832, 1834, and 1849. The deaths in July and August, 1832, numbered 4673 ; and during the year, 9975. The deaths during the year 1850, a year of ordinary health, were 15,377; which is a ratio of 1 to 33 of the population. This ratio does not vary materially from that of other northern cities of the largest class. ' The most extensive and destructive fire which has ever occurred in New York was that of the 16th of December, 1835, which -swept over be tween 30 and 40 acres of the most valuable part of the city, densely occupied with stores and filled with the richest merchandise. About 650 build ings were consumed, and the amount of property destroyed was estimated, by a committee appoint ed to ascertain the loss, at nearly $18,000,000. Under this heavy calamity, the wealth and recu perative energies of the city were in a wonderful manner demonstrated, as in an incredibly short time the whole burned district was covered again with stores and with public edifices, more costly, convenient, and elegant than before. The first formal charter of the city was granted June 12, 1665. This has been superseded by a second, and also by a third, granted in 1 730, which, though much changed by acts of the legislature, forms the basis of the present rights and privi leges of the city. The present charter, by the New York legislature, was granted in 1831. The city is divided at present into 1 9 wards, each of which annually elects an alderman and an as sistant alderman, to each of the two boards re spectively, which constitute the common coun cil. The mayor is chosen annually by the elect ors of the city. It is now (1852) 237 years since the passengers of a Dutch emigrant vessel established their rude habitations on the southern extremity of Man hattan Island. The annals of the city, during the period which has intervened, and more espe cially since tho country became an independent nation, illustrate its unexampled progress in population, wealth, and commercial greatness. " In these respects," to adopt the words of the editor of the New York Manual of the Corpora tion for 1851, "it maybe safely said, that history affords no equal example of prosperity ; and, if we may anticipate tho lapse of another century, its extent and population will stand with scarcely a rival among the cities of the world." New York Mills, N. Y., Oneida co. An im portant manufacturing village on Sadaquada Creek. 96 miles W. N. W. from Albany. Niagara County, N. Y., c. h. at Lockport Formed from Genesee co. in 1808. Lake On tario bounds it on tho N., Orleans co. on the E., IN THE UNITED STATES. 497 Erie on the S., and the Niagara River, which separates it from Canada, on the W. It is also watered by Tonawanda Creek, which separates it from Erie co., on the S. The surface gradual ly descends from the Mountain Ridge to the lake, and between the two extends the Alluvial Way, or Ridge Road, which is elevated 130 feet above the waters of the lake. The soil is mostly good, being well adapted to the growth of grass and grain. This county contains several impor tant mineral and gas springs. It is crossed by the Erie Canal, which unites with the Tonawan da Creek at Pendleton village, and by the Lock- port and Niagara Falls, and Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroads, which unite at. Niagara Falls village. Niagara, N. Y., Niagara co., is separated from Canada by the Niagara River, which bounds it on the W., and is drained by a few small streams. Goat and some smaller islands belong to this town, which also embraces a part of Niagara Falls. It is situated on the Mountain Ridge, and slopes towards the^ S. The soil is calcareous sandy loam, upon a foundation of gypsum and lime. 16 miles W. from Lockport, and 298 from Albany. Niagara Falls, N. Y., Niagara co. On the E. side of Niagara River, at the falls, and 297 miles W. by N. from Albany. See Fashionable Resorts. Nicholas County, Ky., c. h. at Carlisle. Bound ed N. by Harrison and Mason, E. by Fleming and Bath, and S. and W. by Bourbon and Harri son counties. Drained by Licking River and branches. Nicholas County, Va., c. h. at Nicholas. It is bounded N. by Kanawha and Braxton counties, E. by Randolph and Pocahontas, S. by Green brier and Fayette, and W. by Kanawha co. Wa tered by Great Kanawha, Gauley, and Elk Riv ers, and branches. Nicholas, Va., c. h. Nicholas co. 310 miles W. by N. from Richmond. Nicholasville, Ky., c. h. Jessamine co. On a small branch of Kentucky River. 36 miles S. E. from Frankfort. Nichols, N. Y., Tioga co. Bounded on the N. by the Susquehanna River. The surface is hilly, except on the river border, where are broad and fertile flats. 8 miles S. W. from Owego, and 175 W. by S. from Albany. Nicholson, Pa., Lu»erne co. Tunkhannock Mountain crosses the N. part of this town. 161 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Niles, Mn., Berrien co. On the E. side of the St. Joseph's, on the Michigan Central Railroad. 191 miles W. from Detroit. Niles, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the E. by Skaneateles, and W. by Owasco Lake, and watered by some Small streams. Surface rolling ; soil clay and sandy loam, underlaid by lime and slate. 10 miles S. E. from Auburn, and 160 W. from Albany. Nine Eagles, Io., c. h. Decatur co. Nippenose, Pa., Lycoming co. Bounded W. by Nippcnose Creek, and N. by the N. branch of the Susquehanna River. Surface hilly ; soil cal careous loam. 96 miles N. from Harrisburg. Niskayuna, N. Y., Schenectady co. This town lies on the S. side of the Mohawk. The surface is somewhat hilly near the river, but more level and sandy on the S. 4 miles E. from Schenec tady, and 12 N. W. from Albany. Noble County, la., c. h. at Augusta. Bounded 63 N. by La Grange, E. by De Kalb, S. by Allen and Whitley, and W. by Kosciusko and Elkhart counties. Watered by "Elkhart and' Tippecanoe Rivers, and numerous small lakes. Noble, Ia„ c. h. Noble co. A little N. E. from Elkhart River, and 159 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. - ' Nobleboro', Me., Lincoln co. On the upper waters of Damariscotta River, E. side. 38 miles S. E. from Augusta. A ship-owning and ship building place. Nockamixon, Pa.. Bucks co. Bounded E. by Delaware River, and N. by its tributary, Gallows Run. The Delaware flows between high per pendicular banks, composed of red sandstone. Surface hilly : soil gravelby, and in parts swampy. 14 miles N. from Doylestown. Nottaway County, Mo. In the N. W. angle, bordering on Iowa. ¦ The head streams of the Platte run S. through it, and the Nottaway above its western border. Norfolk, Ct., Litchfield co. The settlement of Norfolk began in 1744. This town is ele vated and mountainous. The soil is a primitive gravelly loam, generally cold and stony, but has considerable depth, and affords good grazing. A stream, called Blackberry River, runs near the centre of the place, and a little westward of the Congregational Church falls over a ledge of rocks 30 feet in height. There is a handsome village, with an open square or green in front of the church, which is uncommonly neat and beau tiful in its appearance. About half a mile N. is another village. 25 miles W. NW. from Hartford. Norfolk County, Ms., c. h. at Dedham. This county is bounded N. E. by Boston Harbor, N. by Suffolk co., W. by the S. E. corner of Worces ter co , S. by the N. E. corner of the state of Rhode Island, and S. S. E. and E. by the coun ties of Bristol and Plymouth. This county has a maritime coast on Boston Harbor of about 12 miles, which is indented with many small bays and navigable rivers. Its surface is uneven, and in some parts hilly'; its soil strong and rocky. Great quantities of the dark-colored granite are found here. A large part of Norfolk co., par ticularly those towns near Boston, is under a high state of cultivation, and affords fruits and vegetables in great abundance. The proximity of this county to the capital gives it many facili ties, and the towns in this and in the county of Middlesex, that border on Boston Harbor, may be called the gardens of Boston. The Charles. Neponset, and Manatiquot are its chief rivers. Nm-follc, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Racket River and some of its branches water this town. Sur- -face' undulating ; soil fertile loam. 18 miles N. from Canton, and 224 N. W. from Albany.. Norfolk County, Va., c. h. at Norfolk. Bounded N. by Chesapeake Bay, E. by Princess Anne co., S. by North Carolina, and W. by Nansemond co. Hampton Roads lie on the N. border of this county, which also contains the greater part of Dismal Swamp. It is drained by Elizabeth and Pasquotank Rivers. Norfolk, Va. Port of entry and shire town of Norfolk county. This place is situated on the N. E. bank of Elizabeth River, just below the confluence of the two branches of which that river is formed, and 8 miles above its entrance into Hampton Roads. It is 32 miles from the' ocean, 106 miles E. S. E. from Richmond, 110 miles, by water, below City Point, at the junction 498 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, of the James and Appomattox Rivers Popula tion, in 1810, 9193; 1820, 8478; 1830, 9816; 1840, 10,920; 1850. 14,320. The site of Norfolk is low, and in some parts marshy ; but the principal streets are well paved, lighted, and clean, though others are less com modious and pleasant. The general style of the buildings is not distinguished for elegance. The public buildings aro a court house, jail, market house, theatre, banks, insurance offices, an or- phah asylum, an academy, and an athanseum, which has a respectable library. There are 8 or 10 churches, 2 of which are Episcopal, 2 Meth odist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Roman Catho lic,' and 1 African. The harbor of Norfolk is spacious, easy of ac cess, and deep enough to admit vessels of 18 feet draught. The entrance, between Old Point Com fort and the Rip Raps, is more than a mile wide, defended by Fort Munroe and Fort Calhoun. The former, on Old Point Comfort, including the ditch or moat, covers 70 acres of ground ; and the whole peninsula ceded by the state to the United States contains 250 acres. This work is calculated to mount 335 guns, the most of which are either 42's, 32's, or 24's, and about 130 of them under bomb-proof covers. Fort Calhoun, on the opposite side of the river, covers about 7 acres, for which a solid foundation was prepared by throwing stones into the flats near the chan nel, and suffering them to settle for several years before erecting the superstructure. This work will mount 265 guns, 32 and 24 pounders,, nearly all under cover. These fortifications completely command the entrance to the harbor from Hamp ton Roads. Opposite to Norfolk is Portsmouth, immediately above which is Gosport, one of the most important navy yards in the United States, having a splendid dry dock, constructed of hewn granite, at a cost of $974,356. About a mile from Norfolk, on Washington Point between the E. and W. branches of Elizabeth River, stands the United States Marine Hospital, which is a hand some edifice of brick. The Dismal Swamp Canal, which connects the waters of Albemarle Sound with Chesapeake Bay, opens to Norfolk the commerce of the great basins of the Roanoke and Chowan, and, conse quently, some of the finest sections of North Carolina and Virginia. The James River, which is navigable for sloops 150 miles, to Richmond, and for bateaux 220 miles above that place, opens a valuable trade into an extensive and produc tive country. This port has more foreign com merce than any other place in Virginia. Norridgewock, Me., c. h. Somerset co. On both sides of the Kennebec, 28 miles N. from Augus ta. The village is situated on the N. side of the river, directly in the bend, 5 miles W. of Skow- hegan Falls. It is a pleasant place, the main street being broad, and shaded by fine trees. Nor ridgewock is famous in history as the residence of the Norridgewock Indians, and the seat of a French Jesuit mission. Norristown, As., c. h. Pope co. On the Arkan sas. 71 miles N. W. from Little Rock. Norristown, Pa., c. h. Montgomery co. 1 6 miles from Philadelphia. The town is handsomely built. Many of the buildings being covered with stucco gives it a bright and lively appearance. •Besides the usual county buildings, and several handsome churches, there is an academy, a private sominary for boys, and public library. The princi pal growth of this place has been within the last 1 5 or 20 years, since the erection of a dam across the Schuylkill, which has created an im mense water power, giving rise to several large manufacturing establishments. These consist of extensive cotton factories, iron works, shops for building locomotives, saw mills, grist mills, &c. A bridge across the Schuylkill, 800 feet long, was built in 1830, at a cost of $32,000. The Norristown and Philadelphia Railroad, opened about 1835, connects these two places, passing through Conshocken and Managunk. The rail road from Philadelphia to Reading and Potts- ville passes along the opposite bank of the river. On that side of the river also are the locks of the Schuylkill Navigation Company, around which, and at the station of the Reading Railroad, a small village has sprung up. About 3 miles W. of this place are extensive marble quarries, from which a part of the stone was obtained for the Girard College. A saw mill, for cutting it into merchantable forms, is in operation at Norris town. This place was laid out in 1784, and in corporated as a borough March 31, 1812. Norriton, Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by the Schuylkill River, which affords extensive water power, and by some small streams flowing into it Surface level; soil fertile red shale. North Adams, Ms., Berkshire co. See Adams, Ms. Northampton, Ms., shire town of Hampshire co. 93 miles W. from Boston, by the old stage route, and 115 miles by railroad, via Springfield, from which it is 17 miles N. Population in 1790, 1628; 1800, 2190; 1810, 2631; 1820, 2854; 1830, 3613; 1840, 3750; 1850,5278. This town is delightfully situated, on the W. side of the Connecticut, on elevated ground, about a mile from the river, between which and the town are large tracts of meadow land, the most fertile and beautiful to be found in this or any other country. These meadows comprise between 3000 and 4000 acres. A fine bridge, 1080 feci long, connects this town with Hadley. This territory, with that of the towns adjoining, was purchased, in 1653, of " the chief and proper owners," and conveyed to John Pynchon, for the planters, for the consideration of one hundred fathoms of wampum, ten coats, and some small gifts, and also for ploughing up 16 acres of land on the E. side of Quonnecticut river. The Indian name of the territory was Nonotuck. Since the first settlements in the Connecticut basin, this town has been an important point of attraction. It was the third town settled on Con necticut River in Massachusetts. The soil of tbo town is alluvial, and its products exuberant. Both before and since the division of tho old county into three, this place has been the scat of justice. The buildings of the county and town are handsome, and tbo most important county offices are fire proof. The town is irregularly but handsomely laid out, and is regarded as one of the most pleasant for an elegant residence of any in New England. The ground rises, W. of the village, into a con siderable elevation of regular form, called Round Hill, which is the site of several of the finest edifices in this part of the country. Above them all, and crowning the summit of the hill, is the celebrated water cure and boarding establish ment, which occupies an extensive range of buildings originally constituting three separate IN THE UNITED STATES. 499 private mansions. Tho meeting house of the First Congregational Church in Northampton is one of the largest in the United States. It is an imposing edifice of wood, 100 feet in length by 76 in width, so constructed that the voice of the speaker easily fills its large dimensions. It is ordinarily well filled with intelligent worshippers. There is also another Congregational Church, besides churches of the Unitarian, Episcopal, Bap- list and Methodist denominations. There are many institutions of a literary and religious character in this town, and its schools are of the first order. The country around Northampton is enchanting ; and those who visit Mount Holyoke. 830 feet high, on the E. side of the river, or Mount Tom. 1214 feet high, on the W. side, will find a wonderful variety of landscape scenery, probably unsurpassed in beauty by any in the" New England States. The view from the situations on Round Hill is exten sive and very beautiful. The college buildings at Amherst, 7 miles to the N. E., are within the horizon of this lovely prospect. The ancient cemetery at Northampton is much visited by strangers, who feel an interest to stand by the grave of David Brainerd, the devoted mis sionary among the Indians, who died. October 10. 1747, at the house of the Rev. Jonathan Ed wards, afterwards President Edwards, but at that time pastor of the First Congregational Church in this town. " If the greatness of a character," as a writer justly observes, " is to be estimated by tho object it pursues, the danger it braves, the difficulties it encounters, and the purity and ¦energy of its motives, David Brainerd is one of the greatest characters that ever appeared, in the world. Compared with this standard of great ness, what little things are the Alexanders, the Caesars, the conquerors of the whole earth 1 " A fine stream passes through the centre of this town, possessing a good water power, on which are manufactories and mills of various kinds, About 2 miles W. of the centre, on the river, a flourishing manufacturing village has sprung up. The manufactures of Northampton consist of woollen and silk goods, boots, shoes, leather, paper, brooms, chairs, iron, tin, cabinet wares, &i:. The manufacture of sewing silk and ribbons is on a large scale. By the Connecticut River Railroad Northamp ton has an easy communication with all the principal lines of travel N., S., E., and W. The passage in the cars from Springfield to North ampton offers a fine treat to the lovers of splendid scenrcy. We pass the whole distance on the banks of the river, by the falls at South Hadley and the great Holyoke dam, through the gorge between Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom. The Canal Railroad, along the course of the old Hampshire and Hamden Canal, affords an inland route to New Haven. Northampton County, N. C, Jackson shire town. Bounded N. by Virginia, E. by Gates and Hertford counties S. by Bertie co., S. W. by Ro anoke River, separating it from Halifax co., and W. by Warren co. Watered on tho N. E. by Meherin River. Soil mostly fertile. Northampton, N. H., Rockingham co. This town lies on the sea-coast. It was formerly a part of Hampton, called North Hill. Little Riv er rises here, and flows into the sea between Lit tle Boar's Head, in this town, mid Great Boar's Head, in Hampton. WinnKut River rises near the centre, and passes N. W. into Great Bay. 47 miles S. E. by E. from Concord, by stage, and 9 S. by W. from Portsmouth by the Eastern Railroad. Northampton, N. J., Burlington co. Watered by Rancocus Creek and branches of Little Egg Harbor. Surface mostly level; soil sand and 6andy loam ; sterile, except in the N. W. part Nortliampton, N. Y.. Fulton co. Watered by the Sacandaga River, which unites at this- place with the Vlaie, or Mayfield Creek. A part of the Great Fly, or marsh, ( Vlaie, in Dutch,) lies in the S. part of this town. It covers from 15,000 to 20,000 acres, and is frequently overflowed by the Sacandaga and other streams. The surface is chiefly level; soil sandy, but productive. 18 miles N. E. from Johnstown, and 53 N. W. from Albany. Northampton County, Pa., c. h. at Easton. Bounded N. by Monroe co., E. by the Delaware River, separating it from New Jersey, S. by Bucks and Lehigh, and W. by Lehigh and Car bon counties. Drained by the Lehigh River and numerous small branches of the Delaware. Sur face mountainous and uneven, affording much picturesque scenery ; soil fertile. Northampton County. Va., c. h. at Eastvillc. Bounded N. by Accomac Co., E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and S. and W. by Chesapeake Bay. This county comprises several islands, and is indented by numerous small inlets. Surface varied. North Beaver, Pa., Beaver co. Drained by Hickory Creek. Surface undulating ; soil rich, calcareous loam. North Bend, 0.. Hamilton co. 16 miles below Cincinnati, on the N. side of the Ohio River, at the point where tho bend in the river northward attains its highest latitude. In the early settle ment of this part of the country, this place* was selected as the site of the chief city, and for a time it had the advantage of Cincinnati. Cir cumstances, however, having led to the selection of the latter as a military post, turned the scale in its favor as the principal centre of business. In later years, this place has been invested with a national interest, as the residence, and the place of sepulture, of the late president of the United States, William Henry Harrison. The mansion of the president stands in full view from the riv er, about 300 yards distant, amidst agreeable scouery, and is a spacious two-story building, with wings. One half of the main building is built of logs, but covered with clapboards, and painted, so that the whole presents a uniform and handsome external appearancee. About a quar ter of a mile S. of the family mansion, on the summit of a small, oval-shaped hill, rising about 100 feet from the plain, is the tomb of Harrison. It is built of brick, and is without any inscrip tion upon its portal. The view of the river and surrounding country, to a person standing on this hallowed spot, is one of great serenity and beauty. North Berwick, Me., York co. This town was incorporated in 1831, and was taken from the E. side of Berwick. It comprises a fine tract of land ; it is well watered, and very pleasant. It lies 91 miles S. W. from Augusta", and 13 N. W. from York. Northburo', Ms., Worcester co. Northhoro' was first, settled in 1700, and. until 1766, was the N. parish of Westhoro'. This is a good farming town, lying between the highlands of Marlboro" on the E and those of Shrewsbury and Boylston 500 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, on the W. This town is well watered by several small streams and ponds, and by the Assabet River, which passes through it. On the banks of the Assabet are large tracts of good meadow. 10 miles N. E. from Worcester, and 32 from Boston. North Branford, Ct., New Haven co. This town was incorporated in 1831, and was taken from Branford. A range of mountains from the S. W. to N. E. passes through the central part of the town. The inhabitants are generally sub stantial farmers, and property is very equally distributed. The face of the township is gen erally hilly, but the soil is strong and fertile. About a mile S. E. of the Northford Church, on Tetoket Mountain, there is the appearance of having been, at some remote period, some violent convulsions in nature; the rocks appear to have been rent asunder, and are thrown about in great disorder. 9 miles E. from New Haven. Northbridge, Ms., Worcester co. Until 1772, this town was the N. part of Uxbridge. The surface is somewhat rocky and rough, but the soil is generally rich, strong, and good. It is finely watered by springs, streams, and rivers. Of these Blackstone and Mumford Rivers are the largest. On these rivers are tracts of good inter vale land. The Worcester and Providence Rail road passes through the town. From Whitneys- ville, near the centre of the town, to Boston, is 36 miles N. E„ to Worcester, 13 miles N. W. North Bridgewater, Ms., Plymouth co., is well watered by Salisbury River, and another small stream, which empties into the Taunton. Its surface is uneven, but the soil is of a good qual ity, particularly for grazing. This town was the first of the three Bridgewaters that have sprung from Old Bridgewater, named after a celebrated English duke. 20 miles S. from Bos ton, and 24 N. W. from Plymouth. North Brookfield, Ms., Worcester co. This town, formerly the second parish of Brookfield, was incorporated in 1812. It is on elevated ground, has good soil, well cultivated, well wa tered, and filled with many beautiful swells. There is an artificial pond in the town, covering 700 or 800 acres, raised for water power. The village of East Brookfield, partly in this town and partly in Brookfield, lies, by the Western Railroad, 64 miles from Boston, and 20 W. S. W. from Worcester. From East Brookfield to the village in the centre of the town is 4 miles N. W. North Castle, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered by Byram River. Surface hilly and stony ; soil clay and sandy loam. 6 miles N. from White Plains, and 129 S. from Albany. North East, N. Y., Dutchess co. This town contains Indian Pond and several smaller ponds, and is drained by Ten Mile Creek and some of its tributaries. It is partly covered by the Tagh- kanic Mountain. The soil is diversified, but mostly arable and of good quality. A vein of lead o/o, which is crossed by one of copper, corn- mences in this town. 25 miles N. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 75 S. E. from Albany. North East, Pa., Erie co. In the N. E. corner of the county. Bounded N. by Lake Erie, and E. by the state of New York. Drained by Six teen and Twenty Milo Creeks. 10 miles N. E. from Erie, and 281 N. W. by W. from Harris burg. Northfield, Ms., Franklin co. This town, the Indian Squeakeag, was first settled in 1673. This is a fine township of land, on both sides of Con necticut River. The town contains large tracts of fine alluvial land, on the banks of the river; and the uplands, with an undulatirig surface, are generally of a good quality. There are some smalLstreams in the town, and some handsome ponds. The pleasant village of Northfield is situated on an elevated plain, about a mile from the river, on the E. side. 37 miles W. by N. from Fitchburg, by railroad, and 87 from Boston. Northfield, N. H., Merrimac co. The soil is in some parts good. Chestnut and Sondogardy Ponds are in this town. Winnipiseogee River is on the N., and the Merrimac on the W. Near Webster's Falls, the Winnipiseogee falls into the Pemigewasset, and the united streams form the Merrimac. The principal elevation, Bean Hill, separates the town from Canterbury. First set tlers, Benjamin Blanchard and others, in 1760. From Concord 16 miles N., on the Concord and Montreal Railroad. Northfield, N. Y., Richmond co. Bounded on the N. and W. by the Kills. The surface and soil arc diversified, and bordering on Staten Island Sound are some broad marshes. 3 miles N. from Richmond, and 156 S. from Albany. Northfield, Vt, Washington co. The princi pal stream in this town is Dog River ; it affords a great number of valuable mill privileges. The timber is various. The soil is generally good, and the surface uneven. There are 4 villages in this town. The Central Railroad between Bos ton and Burlington passes through it. The first settlement was made here, in 1785, by Amos and Ezekiel Robinson and Staunton Richardson, from Westminster. The first land was cleared by Hon. Elijah Paine. 10 miles S. W. from Mont pelier. North Haven, Ct, New Haven co. North Ha ven was taken from New Haven in 1786. The town lies on both sides of the Wallingford, or Quinnipiac River, and comprises the valley and a part of the bordering hills. The valley is partly rich intervale land, and more extensively sand, covered with a thin stratum of loam, light, but warm. Near the northern line of the town, it is so light as, in two or three places of Small ex tent, to be blown into drifts. The soil of the hills is good, being a reddish loam. From the vicinity of this town to New Haven, and from its light and warm soil, which is favorable for early vegetation, there are various culinary vegetables, particularly peas, cultivated for the New Haven market. But the most striking feature in the township is the large and beautiful tract of salt meadows on both sides of the Quinnipiac. These meadows produce large quantities of grass, which is mowed and stacked upon the land, from whence, when the ground is frozen sufficiently solid in the winter, it is removed. Upon the salt marsh, the hay is salt ; but on those meadows which are protected from the salt water by means of dikes, the grass is fresh and of a better quality. Theso are called dike marshes or meadows. North Hempstead, N. Y., Long Island. See Heinpslead. North Hero, Vt., o. h. Grand Isle co. The soil is of an excellent quality, and produces grain of all kinds in abundance. This town has no streams of any consequence. It was organized in 1789. The settlement was commenced in 1783, by Enos and Solomon Wood, the former IN THE UNITED STATES. 501 from Bennington, Vt, and the latter from Nor wich, Ct. 57 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 28 N. N. W. from Burlington. North Kingston, R. I. Washington co. This is a wealthy township, on tho W. side of Narragan set Bay. The surface of the town is uneven ; the soil is a gravelly loam, well adapted for the cul ture of grain and vegetables, and the productions qf the dairy. There are some forests in the town, of good ship timber. It is watered by several small streams, which produce a good wa ter power, on which are numerous manufacturing establishments. These streams afford bass and other fish in abundance. There is considerable navigation owned at North Kingston, which is employed in the coasting trade and fishery. Wickford village, in this town, is very pleasant and flourishing; it has a good harbor, and is a place of considerable trade. It lies about 2 miles E. of the Stonington Railroad. 30 miles S. from Providence. North Middleton, Pa., Cumberland co. Wa tered by Conadogwinit Creek and its branches, and is bounded N. by Blue Mountains, in which occur Sterret's and Long's Gaps. Surface level in some portions ; soil calcareous loam and slate. Northport, Me., Waldo co. On Penobscot Bay. 46 miles E. from Augusta, and 6 S. from Belfast. North Providence, R. I., Providence co. This ancient and wealthy town was a part of Provi dence until 1767. The surface of this town is uneven, consisting of moderate elevations and gentle declivities. The rocks are primitive and transition; some limestone is found. The prevailing, soil is a gravelly loam, which is interspersed with tracts of sandy loam, and some of calcareous. The forests consist of oak, walnut, and some pine. The waters of the town consist of the Seekonk River, which washes its eastern border ; the Wanasquatucket, which forms its western boun dary ; and the Mashasuck, which intersects the in terior of the township. These streams afford numerous sites for hydraulic works, some of which are almost unrivalled. There are some valuable shad and herring fisheries in the See konk. « The village of Pawtucket is situated in the N. E. section of the town, four miles N. E. from Providence, on the border of the Seekonk River ; its site being principally the declivity of a hill, and it is highly romantic and picturesque. The river here affords numerous natural sites for manufac turing establishments, mills, and hydraulic works of almost every description, which are scarcely rivalled, and which are occupied to a great extent. The rapid march of manufacturing and mechan ical industry, which the short annals of this place disclose, has few examples in our 'country, and lias produced one of the most considerable and flourishing manufacturing villages in the United States. The river here forms 'the boundary line between Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and the village is built upon both sides of it, being partly in each state. That part of the village which is in Rhode Island is principally built on four streets, and comprises a large number of handsome buildings. 4 miles N. of Providence, and 38 S. W. from Boston by the Boston and Providence Railroad. North Salem, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered by Titicus Creek or River, a branch of the Cro ton, which bounds it on the W. Surface rather hilly; soil gravelly and clay loam. 24 miles N. from White Plains, and 122 S. from Albany. North Sewickly, Pa., Beaver co. Slippery Rpck and Conquenessing Creeks unite in this town, and flow into Beaver River. Surface undulating ; soil calcareous loam. 233 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. North Stonington, Ct. New London co. This town was taken from Stonington in 1808. It is watered by the Pawcatuck and its branches, which afford good mill sites. The surface is uneven, hilly, and abounding in granitic rocks. The soil is a gravelly loam, and generally productive of good pasturage. Agriculture is the principal em ployment of the inhabitants. Milltown is a pretty village, with some trade. 13 miles S. E. from New London, and 50 S. E. from Hartford. North Strabane, Pa., Washington co. Char- tier's and Little Chartier's Creeks flow through this town, and unite on its N. border. Surface hilly ; soil loamy. Northumberland,. N. H., Coos co. On the E. bank of Connecticut River. The soil along the river is very productive, perfectly free from stone and gravel, and originally covered with a groyvth of butternut. A portion of the upland is also good, and covered with pine, spruce, &e. Cape Horn, an abrupt mountain, 1000 feet in height, lies near the centre of the town. At the falls in the Connecticut below the mouth of the Amo noosuck. a handsome bridge connects this town with Guildhall, Vt. A dam is thrown across the river at this place, at both ends of which are pleasant villages, and mills of various kinds are erected. The scenery of Northumberland is very wild and beautiful. First settlers, Thomas Burnside and Daniel Spaulding, with their fam ilies. Settled in 1762. 130 miles N. from Con cord, and 7 N. E. from Lancaster. On the Mon treal and Atlantic Railroad. Northumberland, N. Y., Saratoga co. Bounded on the E. by the Hudson River. A "level town, with a soil of sandy loam. 15 miles N. E. from Ballston Spa, and 36 N. N. E. from Albany. Northumberland County, Pa., c. h. at Sunbury. Bounded N. by Lycoming and Columbia coun ties, E. by Luzerne and Schuylkill, S. by Dau phin co., and W. by Susquehanna River, sep arating it from Perry, Juniata, Union, and Ly coming counties. Drained by the main and some smaller branches of the Susquehanna. Surface rough and mountainous, except on the border of the river, where it is more level, and the soil fertile. Northumberland, Pa., Northumberland co. 59 miles N. from Harrisburg. It is situated at the confluence of the N. and W. branches of the Susquehanna River. It is connected by bridges across both of these branches with the opposite shores. The country spreads out behind the town in a semicircular area, rising gradually to wards Montouss ridge, which crosses from one river to the other, about 3 miles distant. The village is regularly laid out with broad streets, and is a quiet and pleasant place of residence. Business has been in some measure withdrawn from this place by the facilities offered for pass ing up the respective branches between which it is located by the Susquehanna North and West Branch Canals, which meet here. Each branch has its respective trading town at a point farther up. There is, nevertheless, considerable trade 502 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, here. The celebrated Dr. Priestley, the philoso pher and theologian, spent the last ten years of his life in Northumberland. He died here Feb ruary 6, 1804, in his 71st year. With him also came from England Dr. Thomas Cooper, who, after residing hero some time, went south, and became distinguished as a politician, philosopher, and political economist. Northumberland County, Va., c. h. at Heaths- ville. Bounded N. by the Potomac River, E. by Chesapeake Bay, and S. and W. by Lancaster, Richmond, and Westmoreland counties. Drained by branches of Potomac River, and by Wico mico River, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. Northville, Mn., Wayne co. On the W. side of the W. branch of Rouge River, at the mouth of the outlet of Walled Lake, and 28 miles W. N. W. from Detroit. It has extensive water power, which is improved for flouring mills, iron works, &o. North Whitehall, Pa., Lehigh co. Coply and Jordan Creeks, and some small branches of Le high River, water this town. Surface level ; soil rich calcareous loam. 95 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. Nwthwood, N. H., Rockingham co. There are a number of ponds in this town, and excellent fishing. Suncook Pond, 780 rods long, 100 wide; Jenness's, 300 rods long, 50 wide; Har vey's, 200 rods long, from 40 to 80 wide ; a part of Great Bow Pond is also in this town, and a part of North River Pond, Pleasant Pond, and Little Bow Pond. The N. branch of Lamprey River has its rise in this town, near Saddleback Mountain, a high ridge between this town and Deerfield. On the E. side of this ridge are found crystals and crystalline spars of various colors and sizes. This town has an elevated site. The soil is generally moist, and well suited to grazing. Northwood was originally a part of Nottingham. First settlers, Moses Godfrey, and John and In crease Batchelder, from Northampton, in 1763. 20 miles E. from Concord, and 20 N. W. from Exeter. North Yarmouth, Me., Cumberland co. On Casco Bay and the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad. See Yarmouth. ¦ Norton, Ms., Bristol co. Before its incorpora tion, this town was the N. part of Taunton. It began to be settled in 1670. Among its first settlers was George Leonard, Esq. He discov ered iron ore in the town, and there being a number of good streams, branches of the Taun ton, whereon could be erected extensive iron works, he commenced tho business. By him and his posterity it has been continued to the present day. The surface is pleasantly diversified, but the soil is not of the first quality. Tho village is pleasant, and remarkably healthy. About 3 miles to the eastward of it is Winnicunnet Pond, a handsome sheet of water. There is a literary seminary in this town for the education of young ladies. The New Bedford and Taunton Rail road passes through the town. 28 miles from Boston, and 27 from New Bedford. Norton, Vt, Essex eo. An uninhabited town ship in tho N. W. corner of the county. The land is said to bo good, and well timbered, con siderable tracts of it with pine. The charter of the township was burtied, and it is difficult get ting a valid title to the lands. There are 2 considerable ponds lying partly in the town. Tbe outlet of Norton Pond is tho head branch of Coatocook River. Farrand's River also heads here, and runs S. Norwalk, Ct, Fairfield co. This pleasant town lies on Long Island Sound. It originally included . part of the present towns of New Canaan and Wilton, and part of Westport For this tract the following articles were given, viz.: "8 fathom wampum. 6 coats, 10 hatchets, 10 hoes, iO knives, 10 scissors, 10 jewsharps, 10 fathom tobacco, 3 kettles, 3 hands-about, and 10 looking glasses." The following articles were given to the Indians for the tract " from Norwalk River to Five Mile River, from sea, Indian one day in country," viz.: "10 fathom wampum, 3 hatchets, 3 hoes when ships come, 6 glasses. 12 tobacco pipes, 3 knives, 10 drillers, 10 needles." The name of Norwalk is derived from the above bargain, viz. : the northern bounds of the lands purchased were to extend from the sea one day's " north walk" into the country. The soil in this town is excellent; the surface is uneven, being pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys. On the border of the sound the hills are generally moderate, and in the interior more elevated. " The valley, which lies along Norwalk River, and in which the town is built, is beautiful." Norwalk contains 2 considerable and flourish ing-villages — Norwalk Borough and the village of Old Well. The borough is built on both sides of a small river or creek, which is much con tracted in width at the bridge which connects the two parts of the village ; and the buildings on each side of the stream are so near each other, that the passage of the river from the N. is not readily perceived at a short distance. Vessels drawing 6 feet of water can get up to the bridge in the most compact part of the borough. The flourishing village of Old Well is situ ated about 14 miles S. of the central part of Nor walk Borough, on the W. side of the creek. This is the principal landing-place for steamboats for Norwalk and the vicinity, there being a daily line from and to New York. A boat every other day leaves Norwalk Bridge for New York. 32 miles from New Haven by railroad. Norwalk, O., c. h. Huron co. 100 miles N. by E. from Columbus. Norway, Me., Oxford co. A fertile township. 47 miles W. by S. from Augusta. Norway, N. Y., Herkimer co. Some tributa ries of West Canada Creek water this town, the surface of which is elevated and hilly ; soil sandy loam and clay. 14 miles N. from Herkimer, and 79 N. W. from Albany. Norwegian, Pa.. Schuylkill co. Watered by the Schuylkill and its tributaries. This is a hilly and mountainous town, and the centre of an important coal region. Norwich, Ct. One of the shire towns of New London co. Norwich city is situated at the head of navigation of Thames River, at the point of hind formed by the junction of the Sjietuckct and Yantio Rivers, whose united waters constitute the Thames. The main part of tho city is built on tho southern declivity of a high and rocky hill ; the houses are built in tiers, rising one above another. The city, ns it is approached from tho south, presents one of the most beautiful, interest ing, and romantic prospects in the state. There are in this city (or, as it was formerly called, Chelsea or Norwich Landing) a court house and town hall, a high school for boys, and a female IN THE UNITED STATES. 503 academy. About a mile eastward of the landing is situated the flourishing village of Greenville, at the eastern extremity of which a dam has been constructed across the Shetucket. The first pa per manufactured in Connecticut was made in this town, by Colonel Christopher Leffingwell. Above the cove, which sets up about a mile from tbe river, " the bed of the river consists of a 6olid rock, having a perpendicular height of 10 or 12 feet, over which the whole body of water falls in an entire sheet upon a bed of.roeks below. The river here is compressed into a very narrow channel, the banks consisting of solid rocks, and being bold and elevated. For a dis tance of 1 5 or 20 rods, the channel or bed of the river has a gradual descent, is crooked, and cov ered with pointed rocks. The rock, forming the bed of the river at the bottom of tho perpendicu lar falls, is curiously excavated, some of the cavi ties being 5 or 6 feet deep, from the constant pouring of the sheet of water for a succession of ages." At the bottom of the falls there is the broad basin of the cove, where the enraged and agitated element resumes its usual smoothness and placidity. 15 miles N. from New London, with which, and with Hartford and Worcester, it is connected by railroad. Norwich, Ms., Hampshire co. A branch oT Westfield River, and a number of its tributaries, give this tqwn an excellent water power. Many parts of the town are fit for cultivation, the soil being strong and fertile ; but tho larger part of it, rough and hilly, is fit only for grazing. The Western Railroad just touches thesouth-western corner of the town, at Chester village depot, 119 miles W. from Boston. To Northampton it is 12 miles. From Chester village to a pleasant village, in the centre of the town, is 4 miles. Norwich, N. Y., Chenango co. .Shire town. Situated on the Chenango River. The surface is hilly, with a broad, fertile valley bordering the river. The hilly parts are well adapted to graz ing. 1 10 miles W. from Albany. Norwich, Vt, Windsor co. The Connecticut River washes the eastern boundary of this town ship, and is from 30 to 40 rods in width. The Ompomponoosuc River and Bloody Brook pass through, Norwich. The lalter is said lo have had its name from a bloody battle fought there during the French war. The surface is uneven, but nearly all admits of cultivation. It produces all kinds of grain and grass, and some of the finest orchards in the state. Extensive beds of iron ore are found in the N. W. corner of the town. On the bunk of Connecticut River, about 70 rods above the mouth of the Ompomponoosuc, is an Indian burying-ground Between the Conecti- cut and the Ompomponoosuc is a high bluff, where explosions were formerly heard, like the report of cannon. Norwich village is pleasantly situated on a plain, near Connecticut River. In 1762, the township was partly lotted, and the next year Jacob Fcnton, Ebenezcr Smith, and John Slafter came here from Mansfield, Ct, built a camp, and began improvements, 40 miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 19 N.from Windsor. The Passumpsic Railroad passes through the town. Nottingham, N. H., Rockingham co. There aro several ponds in this town, mostly of small size. Little River and several other streams rise here, and North River passes through the town. The soil is in many parts good, though the surface is rough and broken. Several mountains extend along the western part of the town, forming parts of the range called Bluo Hills. Nottingham Square is a pleasant village on an elevated site. Bog iron ore is found hero in great, quantities. Mountain ore. crystals and crystalline spars, arid ochres are also found. First settlers, Captain Jo seph Cillcv and others, in 1727. From Concord, 25 miles E. S. E, and- 20 W. from Portsmouth. Nottingham, N. J., Mercer eo. Drained by As- sunpink and Crosswick's Creeks and branches. Surface mostly level ; soil much diversified. Lo cated 17 miles N. E. from Mount Holly. Nottingham, Pa., Washington co. Drained by Peter's, Mingo, and Little Mingo Creeks. Sur face hilly, abounding with coal ; soil loamy. 13 miles E. from Washington. * , Nottoway County, Va., c. h. at Nottoway. Bounded N. by Amelia co., E. by Dinwiddie, S. by the Nottoway River, separating it from Lunen burg co., and W. by Prince Edward co. Drained by branches of the Appomattox and Nottoway Rivers. Nottoway, Va., c. h. Nottoway co. On Notto way River. 67 miles S. W. from Richmond. Novarro County, Ts., c. h. at Corsicana. an E. central county, on the W. bank of the Trinity. Noxubee County, Mi., c. h. at Macon. Drained by the W. fork of Tombigbee River and its tributaries. Nueces County, Ts., c. h. at Corpus Christi. On the S. bank of the Nueces, at its mouth. Nunda, N. Y., Alleghany co. Canseraga and Cashaqua Creeks water this town. Surface undu lating : soil fertile and well adapted to wheat. 20 miles N. from Angelica, aud 225 W. from Albany. Oakdale, Mo., c. h. Shelby eo. Oaklmm, Ms., Worcester co. This was once a part of Rutland, and called "Rutland West Wing." The surface is uneven, rough, and stony, Jbut not mountainous ;, its soil is moist, and affords uncommonly sweet pasturage for cattle. Ware River passes its north-western border, and it is otherwise watered by a number of rivulets, streams, and ponds. 15 miles N. W. from Worces ter, and 59 W. from Boston. Oakland County, Mn., c. h. at Pontiac. Bound ed N. by Geneseo and Lapeer counties, E by Ma comb, S. by Wayne and Washtenaw, and W. by Livingston co. Drained by Clinton River and its tributaries, and by the head branches of Huron, Flint, Rouge, and Shiawassee Rivers. Surface undulating; soil fertile. Oberlin, 0., Lorain co. A village situated in the southern part of Russia township, 32 miles S W. from Cleveland, and 1 1 miles S. from the port on Lake Erie, called " Black River Port" This place was laid out and settled, in 1832, to be the seat of the literary institution located there, and named Oberlin, in honor of the Rev. John Fred eric Oberlin, a distinguished philanthropist of Switzerland. The village is located upon a level plain, in the midst of a tract 3 miles square, em braced in the original purchase, and to a great ex tent yet covered with the primitive forest. The site was selected because it was supposed to. be healthy, could be easily approached by the west ern lakes and other avenues of" travel, and yet was sufficiently remote from the vicinity of large towns to secure an exemption from the tempta tions to dissipation and vice which they offer. Another consideration was, that extensive and fertile lands could be obtained for the purposes of t 504 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, the seminary, which was to be made a manual la bor institution ; and for the settlement of a colony around it, which, by the lease or purchase of the property at a value which would be created in a great measure in the progress of the enterprise, should supply the means of an ultimate invest ment for the college. Oberlin is now a pleasant and thriving vil lage, with a population of over 2000 souls, with stores, mechanics' shops, &c, suited to the condi tion of such a place. The sale of ardent spirits has never been permitted within its limits. The houses in Oberlin are genei ally two sto ries in height, built of wood, and painted white ; giving to the place a striking resemblance to a New England town. The Presbyterian Church edifice is one of the largest in the state. Near it, upon a green of about 12 acres, stands the prin cipal edifice of the college, named Tappan Hall, in honor of Arthur Tappan, Esq., of New York, an early and liberal benefactor of the institution. Facing the Green are Oberlin Hall, Ladies' Hall, and Colonial Hall, all of which, with other build ings, belong to the institution. The distinguish ing objects proposed in the establishment of this seminary are, "to secure the development of a sound mind in a sound body, by the aid of a ju dicious system of manual labor," and to afford " thorough instruction, in all the branches of an education, for both sexes ; and to which colored persons, of both sexes, shall be freely admitted, on the terms of equality and brotherhood." The institution possess 500 acres of land at Oberlin, and 10,000 acres in Western Virginia. See Col leges. Obion County, Te., c. h. at Troy. Bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by Weakley co., S. by Gibson and Dyer counties, and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Arkansas. Drained by Obion and Reelfoot Rivers and branches. The (and bordering on the Mississippi is liable to in undation. Ocean County, N. J. On the sea coast. Taken from Monmouth — southern half. Flat and sandy, Oceola, As., c. h. Mississippi co. On tho W. side of Mississippi River. 130 miles E. N. E. from Little Rock. Oconto County, Wn. Taken from Brown in 1851. Ogden, N. Y„ Monroe co. The Erie Canal passes through this town, which is chiefly level. 10 miles W. from Rochester. Ogdensburg, N. Y, St Lawrence co. Port of entry and delivery, on the E. side of the St. Law rence River, at the mouth of the Oswcgatchie, 60 miles below Kingston, at the outlet of Lake On tario. 204 miles N. from Albany, and 130 S. from Montreal. Ogdensburg is considered as be ing at the foot of the lake, because there is little descent in the river to this place, below which the rapids commence, and the river navigation ends. The town is built upon a beautiful plain, and is laid out with much regularity in broad streets, with many handsome buildings, and some which are highly ornamental. Tho material used for the most substantial structures is .limestone and a calcareous sandstone. This is the largest town in the county, and was formerly the county seat, un til that was removed to Canton for a more central position. It is a.placo of much trade, and from the various facilities for transportation and busi ness which aro concentrating hero, it is destined inevitably to a speedy and very extensive enlarge ment Its advantages for manufacturing are very great from the falls in the Oswegatchie River ; on which there is a natural dam, a short distance from its mouth, which, being raised somewhat higher, gives a head of about 14 feet. By locks at this fall, and improvements in the river above, it is rendered navigable for boats to Black Lake. There are at Ogdensburg large flouring mills, iron founderies, machine shops, saw mills, an ex tensive brewery, distillery, tannery, &c. Besides tbe shipping, there are lines of steamboats daily running through Lake Ontario, and touching at all its ports, and also passing down the rapids, and, by canal, to Montreal. The communication by railroad is now complete between Ogdensburg and Boston, in consequence of which a vast amount of the traffic of the Western States and Canada is drawn to this port in finding its most eligible direction to the eastern and the foreign markets. Heretofore, the trade of Ogdensburg has been almost exclusively with Montreal ; but now a new channel has been opened which brings it into commercial connection with some of the most important seaports of the Atlantic States. The distance to Boston by railroad is 403 miles. The distance to New York, via Rouse's Point, Lake Champlain, and Albany, 458 miles. From Ogdensburg to Oswego by water, on Lake Onta rio, 110 miles, thence to Albany, by railroad, 178 miies, and thence to New York, 145 miles — total, 433 miles. There is also a continuous railroad route from Ogdensburg to New York, via Rouse's Point, Burlington, Rutland, Whitehall, Saratoga, and Albany, the whole distance being 482 miles. Situated at the foot of ship navigation on the great lakes, possessing an almost unbounded water power, surrounded by a fertile country, and hav ing now a direct communication at all seasons of the year to our principal eastern markets, and, through them, to the great marts of trade in Eu rope, Ogdensburg can hardly fail of becoming, like another Buffalo, a principal outlet of the rich es of the W. and N., and consequently a place of immense prosperity and wealth. Ogle County, Is., c. h. at Oregon. Bounded N. by Stephenson and Winnebago, E. by De Kalb, S. by Lee, and W. by Whitesides and Carroll counties. Rock River and its tributaries water this county, Oglethorpe County, Ga., c. h. at Lexington. Bounded N. by Madison and Elkhart counties, E. by Wilkes and Taliaferro, S. by Greene, and W. by Clarke co. Bounded N. E. by Broad River, and drained by its branches, and watered on the S. W. border by a head branch of Oconee River. Ohio County, Ky., c. h. at Hartford. Bounded N. by Hancock co., E. by Grayson, S. E. by Butler co., S. W. by Green River, separating it from Muhlenburg co., and W. by Owen co. Drained by Rough and Panther Creeks, branches of Green River. Ohio, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by West Canada Creek and some of its tributaries. Sur face elevated and hilly; soil favorable to grass. 20 miles N. from Herkimer, and 90 N. W. from Albany. Ohio City, O., Cuyahoga co. Situated on Lake Eric, at the mouth of Cuyahoga River, op posite Cleveland. 145 miles N. N. E. from Co lumbus. It is built on elevated ground, and enjoys a commanding and beautiful view of the lake, and of the city of Cleveland opposite, with which it is connected by a bridge. It was for- IN THE UNITED STATES. 505 merly called Brooklyn Village, being included within the township of that name. For a few years after 1830, it had the most rapid increase of any town in the state, and bade fair to outstrip its older and wealther sister and rival in the spirit of enterprise and improvement, if not in amount of business. It was incorporated as a city in 1836. It has many elegant mansions, and extensive blocks of stores, shops, warehouses, &c. The edifice of the Episcopal Church here is a Gothic stone building, of great beauty. There are other churches of the Presbyterian and Methodist de nominations. Population in 1840, 1577 ; in 1850, including the township, 6375. Ohio, Pa., Alleghany co. Little Beaver Creek flows through this town, and enters the Ohio River at its S. W. corner. Surface undulating; soil rich alluvion and loam. 10 miles S. W. from Beaver. Ohio County, Va., c. h. at Wheeling. Bounded N. by Brooke co., E. by Pennsylvania, S. by Marshall co., and W. by the Ohio River, separat ing it from Ohio. Drained by Wheeling Creek and other small branches of the Ohio. Surface rough and hilly; soil fertile, and the alluvial bottoms on the Ohio are very rich. Oil Creek, Pa., Crawford co. Oil Creek and its branches water this town, which is situated 227 miles N. W. by W. from Harrisburg. Oktibbeha County, Mi., c. h. at Starksville. Bounded N. by CliickasaAv and Monroe counties, E. by Lowndes, S. by Noxubee and Winston, and W. by Choctaw co. Watered by Oktibbeha River and Runnaway Creek. Old Codorus, Pa., York co. Codorus Creek and its' branches water this town. Surface undulat ing; soil gravelly, and rather poor. 10 miles S. W. from York. Oldham County, Ky., c. h. at La Grange. Bound ed N. by Trimble, E. by Henry and Shelby, S. by Jefferson co., and W. by the Ohio River, separating it from Indiana. The head streams of Floyd's Fork, of Salt River, Harrod's Creek, and other small branches of the Ohio, water this county. Oldtown, Me., Ponobscot co. See Orono. Old. Point Comfort, Va., Elizabeth City co., occupies the N. point at the entrance of James River, lying opposite and 3 miles distant from Willoughby Point. The fort, called also Fortress Monroe, is 1 mile from Fort Calhoun, on the Rip Raps. The village beach is a favorite summer resort. 97 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. Old Washington, Aa., c. h. Washington co. Olean, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Alleghany River and some of its tributaries water this town. Surface hilly, and heavily timbered with pine ; soil sandy loam. 20 miles S. E. from Ellicott- ville, and 288 S. of W. from Albany. Oley, Pa., Berks co. The head branches of Manatawny and Manookisy Creeks water this town, the surface of which is level, and the soil fertile calcareous loam. 62 miles E. from Harris burg. Olive, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by Esopus Creek. Surface mountainous and uneven, being broken on the W. by spurs of the Catskill Range. Soil gravel and clay loam. 12 miles W. from Kingston, and 68 S. W. from Albany. Olney, Is., c. h. Rutland co. Oneida County, N. Y., Rome, Utica, and Whites- town shire towns. It was formed from Herkimer co. in 1798. Bounded N. by Lewis, E. by Her-1 timer, S. by Madison, and W. by Madison and 64 Oswego counties, and watered by Black and Mohawk Rivers, Oneida Lake, and Oneida, Oris kany, Sadaquada, Fish, and Wood Creeks. Sur face pleasantly diversified with hills and fertile valleys ; soil mostly very fertile, being well adapted to grain. Iron ore, argillaceous clay, gypsum, water limestone, peat, and marl occur in great abundance. There are also many min eral and gas springs of considerable importance. The Erie and Chenango Canals, and Utica and Schenectady, and Syracuse and Schenectady Rail roads pass through this county. Oneonta, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by the Susquehanna River, and Charlotte River, and Otego Creek, flowing into it. Surface billy and broken, with broad and fertile flats along the borders of the Susquehanna. 20 miles S. from Cooperstown, and 80 S. of W. from Albany. Onondaga County, N. Y., c. h. at Syracuse. Formed from Herkimer co. in 1 794. It is bounded on the N. by Oswego, E. by Madison, S. by Cort land and Cayuga, and W. by Cuyuga co. Watered by Oneida Lake on the N. E., near the centre by Onondaga Lake, and W. by Cross, Skaneateles, and Otisco Lakes. Seneca and Oneida Rivers unite to form Oswego River in this county, which is also watered by several other fine mill streams. Surface level on the N.,but more hilly on the S. ; soil chiefly a mixture of calcareous loam and vegetable mould, and very fertile. Brine springs are very numerous, giving employment to a great number of people, and yielding a large revenue to the state. There are also several sulphur springs, and oxide of iron, marl, gypsum, and water limestone exist in abundance. The Oswego Canal unites at Syra cuse with the Erie Canal, which extends through the county. The Syracuse and Utica and Auburn, and Syracuse Railroads also run nearly parallel with the Erie Canal. Onondaga, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered' by a creek of the same name. ' Surface hilly ; soil rich clay loam. 5 miles S. from Syracuse, and 135 W. from Albany. Onslow County, N. O, c. h. at Onslow. Bound ed N. and E. by Jones and Carteret counties, S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by New Hanover and Duplin counties. Drained by New River and its tributaries. Surface low and flat. Onslow, N. C, c. h. Onslow co. Ontanagon River Settlement, Mn. Ontanagon River Settlement is situated at the mouth of that river, and is about 20 miles to the westward of Ke- waiwona Point. This place owes its prosperity to the discovery of several valuable mines, about 15 miles up the stream. These were discovered by miners between the years 1845 and 1848, and have been opened to considerable extent, and some of them have begun to give returns that in dicate that they will prove profitable to the stock holders. Notwithstanding the failure and disap pointment of many of the mining companies, the fact of valuable deposits of copper in this vicinity is now established beyond question, and the mining operations are extending from year to year. The Ontanagon is one of the largest rivers that pour their waters into Lake Superior. ' Its waters are quite dark colored, from peaty matter taken up by the water in its course. The dark-brown hue of this stream may be traced in Lake Superior for some miles from the mouth of the river. There is no bar that will prevent boats from entering this stream, but they cannot go up far on account of the falls. The soil on 506 COUNTIES, CITEES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, this river, though coarse, is good, and produces excellent potatoes. Other vegetables thrive well farther inland, where they escape the cold winds from the lake. A small village, with a town store and post office, will be found at the mouth of the river. In the course of a few years, a considerably larger town will be built here, if the mines should, as it is hoped they will, prove productive. Water power, suitable for saw mills, can be readily ob tained on this large stream, so full of rapids and falls. Tho copper is found mostly in veins, run ning in the direction of the strata, or trends of the rocks, and epidote is frequently found to be the matrice of the copper, which also is found in trap rocks of an amygdaloidal character. Ontario County, N. Y., c. h. at Canandaigua. Incorporated from Montgomery co., in 1789, but has since been greatly reduced in size. It is bounded on the N. by Monroe and Wayne, E. by Seneca, S. by Yates and Steuben, and W. by Livingston and Monroe counties. Surface pleas antly diversified ; soil mostly fertile loam and mould, yielding large quantities of fruit and grain. Its principal waters are Seneca, Canadice, Hone oye, Hemlock, and Canandaigua Lakes, and their outlet, and Flint and Mud Creeks. It contains several sulphur springs, and at one place carbu- retted hydrogen, or imflammable gas, is given forth in large quantities. Iron ore, gypsum, and marl, also abound. The Erie, and Cayuga and Seneca Canals run a short distance on the boun daries of this county, and the Auburn and Roches ter Railroad crosses it from E. to W. Ontario, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by sev eral small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Surface level ; soil 6andy and gravelly loam. 22 miles N. W. from Lyons village, and 208 N. of W. from Albany. Opelousas, La., St. Landry parish. Near the head of Vermilion River ; the seat of Franklin College. (See Colleges.) 217 miles W. N. W. from New Orleans. Oppenheim, N. Y., Fulton co. Watered by East Canada Creek and several small streams. Sur face somewhat hilly; soil various. 14 miles W. from Johnstown, and 63 N. W. from Albany. Orange, Ct., New Haven co. This town was taken from New Haven and Milford in 1822. The name was adopted in honor of William, Prince of Orange, in commemoration of the bene fits received from him by the colony of Connec ticut; particularly for the restoration of their charter after the usurpation and tyranny of Ed mund Andros. 4 miles S. W. from New Haven. Orange is a pleasant town, with a productive soil. The inhabitants are principally farmers. Savin Rock, in this town, is a romantic spot, and a place of resort in the summer. There are mines of silver and copper in the town, and asbestos is found in abundance in serpentine rocks. Orange County, Fa., c. h. at Melonville. On the Atlantic shore of the peninsula. Orange County, la., c. h. at Paoli. Bounded N. by Lawrence, E. by Washington, S. by Craw ford, and W. by Dubois anil Martin counties. Drained by Lost River and Lick and Patoka Crosks, which afford good hydraulic power. Sur face rough and hilly. The McAdamized road leading from Albany to Vinccnnes traverses this county. Orange, Ms., Franklin co. 72 miles W. from Boston^ and 20 E. from Greenfield. Miller's River affords good water power, and it has a variety of manufactures. Orange County, N. C, c. h. at Hillsboro'. It is bounded N. by Caswell and Person counties, E. by Granville and Wake, S. by Chatham, and W. by Guilford co. Haw and Neuse Rivers and branches Water this county. Orange, N. H., Grafton co. 40 miles N. W. from Concord/ In this town are found many mineral substances. There is in the S. E. part a small pond, in which is found paint, resem bling spruce yellow ; in it is also found chalk, intermixed with magnesia. In 1810, a valuable species of ochre was discovered. The surface is uneven, but the soil, in many parts, is productive. Cardigan Mountain lies in the eastern part of the town. Orange, N. J., Essex co. Drained by Second, and branches of Rahway River. Surface undu lating or mountainous ; soil red shale. 4 miles N. W. from Newark, and 53 N. E. from Trenton. Orange County, N. Y, Newburg and Goshen shire towns. Originally incorporated in 1683. It is bounded >J. by Ulster co., E. by the Hudson River, S. by Rockland co. and the state of N. J., and W. by Sullivan co. and the Delaware River, which separates it from Pennsylvania. Watered by the Hudson, the Wallkill, the Delaware River and its branches, and the head branches of the Ramapo. The S. E. portions are covered by the Highlands, and the W. by the Shawangunk Mountains; the rest of the surface is covered with gentle hills and broad, fertile valleys. The soil is well adapted to grazing, and this county has long been celebrated for its fine dairies. It is also rich in mineral productions, the most impor tant of which are ilmenite and magnetic iron ore. It is crossed by the Delaware and Hudson Canal and New York and Erie Railroad. Orange, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Mead's Creek. Has a high and rolling surface, and a soil suitable for grass and, grain. 16 miles E.from Bath, and 205 S. of W. from Albany. Orange County, Vt, c. h. at Chelsea. This coun ty is bounded N. by Washington and Caledonia counties, E. by Connecticut River, S. by Windsor co., and W. by Addison and Washington coun ties. The eastern range of the Green Mountains extends along the north-western part of the county. The principal rivers, besides the Connecticut, are the Ompomponoosuc, Wait's branches of the White, and Stevens's branch of the Winooski. The lands in Orange co. are generally good for grazing ; there are some excellent tracts on the banks of the Connecticut Iron and lead ores, slate and granite, are abundant. Orange, Vt, Orange co. Knox Mountain, in the north-easterly part of the town, is a consider able elevation, and affords inexhaustible quanti ties of granite for building stone. The timber is chiefly hard wood, except along the streams. The soil in some, parts of the town, particularly on tho heights, is rather cold and wet ; in other parts and on the streams it is rich and productive. The principal stream of water is Jail Branch ; it receives a considerable stream from the north, called Cold Branch. Orange possesses a large and valuable water power. The first settlement was commenced by Ensign Joseph Williams in 1793. on the S. line of the town. 12 miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 12 N. from Chelsea. Orange County, Va., c. h. at Orange Court IN THE UNITED STATES. 507 House. Bounded N. by Rapidan River, separat ing it from Culpepper co., E. by Spottsylvania co., S. by Pamunky River, separating it from Louisa co., and W. by Albermale and Greene counties. Drained by tributaries of North Anna and Rivanna Rivers. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. Orange Court House, Va., c. h. Orange co. At the base of South West Mountain. 84 miles N. W. from Richmond. Orangeburg District, S. C, «.-. h. at Orangeburg. Bounded N. by Lexington and Richland dis tricts, E. by Sumpter, S. by Charleston and Barn well, aud W. by Barnwell and Edgefield districts. The Congaree River runs on a part of its N. and the Santee on its E. border. The South Edisto washes its S. W. border, and the North Edisto and branches drain the interior. Orangeburg, S. C, c. h. Orangeburg District. On the E. bank of North Edisto River. 43 miles S. by E. from Columbia. Orangetown, N. Y., Rockland co. Bounded on the E. by Tappan Bay, an enlargement of the Hudson River, and is drained by the Hackensack. Surface hilly; soil a mixture of red shale and clay. 123 miles from Albany. Orangeville, N. Y, Wyoming co. Tonawanda Creek and some of its branches water this town. Surface hilly ; soil clay loam. 7 miles W. from Warsaw, and 25 from Warsaw, and 239 W. from Albany. Perry County, O., c. h. at Somerset. Licking co. is on the N.. Muskingum and Morgan on the E., Athens and Hocking on the S., and Fairfield on the W. The land is hilly and good for wheat IN THE UNITED STATES. 515 Borne Germans, from Pennsylvania, settled here about the years 1802 and 1803. Muskingum aud Hockhocking Rivers are in this county. Stone coal is found in some parts. Perry County, Pa., c. h. at Bloomfield. Bound ed N. W. and N. hy Juniata CO., E. by the Sus quehanna River, separating it from Dauphin co., S. by Cumberland and Franklin counties, and W. by Huntingdon co. Drained by Juniata Riv er and Sherman's Creek. On Sherman's Creek, 11 miles N. from Carlisle, is a warm spring, bene ficial in cutaneous and other disorders, which dis charges 90 gallons of water in a minute. Sur face rough and mountainous ; soil very fertile. Perry, Pa.. Armstrong co. The Alleghany River, and its tributary. Clarion River, water this town, which contains iron ore. Perry, Pa., Jefferson co. Watered by Maho ning and Little Sandy Lick Creeks. Surface un dulating; soil gravel and loam. Perry County, Te., c. h. at Perrysville. Bounded N. by Benton and Humphreys counties, E. by Hickman, S. by Wayne and Hardin, and W. by Henderson co. Drained by Tennessee River and several small branches, and by Buffalo, a tribu tary of Duck River. Perry's Mills, Ga., c. h. Tatnal co. 144 miles S. E. from Milledgeville. Perrysburg, N. Y, Cattaraugus co. Drained by several small streams flowing into Cattarau gus Creek, which bounds it on the N. Surface broken ; soil well adapted to grass and grain. 20 miles N. W. from Ellicottville, and 306 W. from Albany. Perrysburg, 0., c. h. Wood co., was laid out in 1817. On the Maumee River, at the head of steamboat navigation, on an inclined plane, 60 feet above the S. E. bank of Maumee River, from which is one of the most delightful pros pects in the United States. 184 miles N. from Cincinnati, and 64 S. from Detroit. The Wa bash and Erie Canal passes on the opposite side of the river. Perryrille, As., c. h. Perry co. On the N. side of La Ffive, a branch of Arkansas River. 55 miles W. N. W. from Little Rock. Persia, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by some branches of Cattaraugus Creek, which bounds it on the N. Surface undulating; soil good clay and gravelly loam. 16 miles N. W. from Ellicottville, and 300 W. from Albany. Person County, N. C, c. h. at Roxboro'. It is bounded N. by Virginia, E. by Granville, S. by Orange, and W. by Caswell co. Some branches of Dan River, and the head branches of Neuse River, water this county. Perth Amboy, N. J., Middlesex co. City and port of entry. Situated at the head of Raritan Bay, at the junction of the Raritan River with Arthurkill, or Staten Island Sound. It has a fine spacious harbor, containing 12. feet, of water at the mouths of the rivers, and from 24 to 26 in the main channel. The town was laid out in 1698, and incorporated as a city in 1784. 25 miles from New York by water, and 65 from Philadelphia by the New York and Philadelphia Railroad. Perth, N. Y., Fulton co. Drained by Chucte- miuda Creek. Has a rolling surface; soil clay loam. 10 miles E. from Johnstown, and 40 N. W. from Albany. Peru, Is., La Salle co. Situated on the right bank of the Illinois River, at the foot of the rapids, 212 miles above its mouth, and about 250 miles above St. Louis. This, in ordinary stages of the water, was formerly considered as the head of steamboat navigation ;' but by an improvement of the channel, the boats now pass about a mile farther up, to the village of La Salle, where the canal from Lake Michigan unites with the river. There is a considerable village here, the principal street of which is low, running along the river bank, while other portions of it are spread over the elevated grounds immediately behind. The locality is favorable to business. Peru, la., c. h. Miami co. On the N. bank of Wabash, and is crossed by the Wabash and Erie Canal. 90 miles N. from Indianapolis. Peru, Me., Oxford co. Peru is bounded on the N. by Androscoggin River, and cqntains some pleasant ponds and mill streams. It has a good soil. Incorporated 1821. Peru lies 38 miles W. by N. from Augusta, and 17 N. by E. from Paris. .Peru, Ms., Berkshire co. This township in cluded the greater part of Hinsdale until 1804. The whole was purchased at auction, at Boston, June 2, 1762, for 1460 pounds. It went into the hands of Oliver Partridge and Elisha Jones, and, in honor of the former gentleman, was called Partridgefield, from its incorporation, in 1771, until 1806. when it received its present name. The settlement commenced about 1764. This town, occupying the height of land on the Green Mountain range, has a cold, severe climate. The surface is uneven, and the soil hard and stony, and best adapted to grazing. There is an excel lent limestone quarry here. 12 miles E. from Pittsfield, and 143 from Boston. Peru, N. Y., Clinton co. On the border of Lake Champlain, and watered hy Great and Little Au Sable Rivers. Surface mostly level on the E., and hilly on the W. ; soil sandy and clay loam. 10 miles S. W. from Plattsburg, and 153 N. from Albany. Peru, Vt, Bennington co. This is a Green Mountain township, high and broken. It con tains 2 large fish ponds, from which issue beau tiful mountain streams. The settlement was commenced about the year 1773, by William Barton, from Woodstock, Ct. 30 miles N. N. E. from Bennington, and 30 S. W. from Wind sor. Peterboro', N. H., Hillsboro' co. Peterboro' lies in a N. E. direction from the Grand Monad- nock, and is bounded on the E. by a chain of hills, called Pack Monadnock. Contoocook River passes through the centre of the town. The N. branch affords a never-failing supply of water, and furnishes those noble falls, on which are situ ated several factories. There are extensive and valuable meadows on this branch, above these falls ; and the soil, generally, is excellent In the centre of the town is a high hill, 200 feet above the river. The chain of hills on the E. is dis tinguished by two principal summits. Between these is a depression of a quarter part of the mountain's height About 60 rods W. of the ridge of this depression, on a terrace of the moun tain, is a pond of about 9 acres' extent, very deep, and replenished with fish. There is another pond near the foot of the southern summit, of 33 acres, from which, during the dry season, there is no visible outlet. Excellent iron ore has been dis covered. First settlers, William Rolfe, Alex ander Scott, Hugh Gregg, William Scott, and 516 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Samuel Stinson, about 1 793. This town lies mid way between Amherst and Keene, being 20 miles from each. It is 40 miles S. W. from Concord. Peters, Pa., Franklin co. The W. branch of Coneeocheague Creek waters this town, the sur face of which is level, and the soil calcareous loam. It contains a singular cave; a sulphur spring, and some iron works. Peters, Pa., Washington co. Watered by Char- tier's and Peter's Creeks. Surface hilly; soil loam. 11 miles N.'E. from Washington. Petersburg, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Little Hoosic Creek waters this town, the surface of which is' hilly and mountainous, with the exception of a fertile valleyrfhrough which the river flows. Soil chiefly loam, based upon limestone and slate. 20 miles'E. from Troy, and 26 N. E. from Albany. Petersburg, Va., Dinwiddie co. Port of entry, on the S. side of Appomattox River, 9 miles above its entrance into James River, at Citj Point, and' 22 miles S. from Richmond. The river is navigable to this place for vessels of con siderable draught, and ships come up to Wal thall's Landing, 6 miles below the town, with which there is a railroad communication. Peters burg is on the great southern railroad route be tween Baltimore and Wilmington, N. C. The falls in the river here afford an extensive water power, and this is one of the largest and most flourishing manufacturing towns m the state. It has also a lucrative commerce, and exports large ly tobacco and flour. There are 7 or 8 compa nies engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods, whose fabrics have a high reputation. Woollens are also manufactured to some extent; besides which there are iron works, cordage factories, tobacco factories, flouring mills, grist mills, saw mills, &c. A number of large commercial firms and commission houses are engaged in foreign trade. This town was devastated by a fire in July, 1815, and property to the amount of $2,000,000 was destroyed. It was soon rebuilt, with many improvements. Being situated at the extreme N. E. angle of the county, the borough includes, besides Petersburg, the villages of Blandford, in Prince George CO., and of Pocahontas, in Ches terfield co. Blandford is said to be the oldest part of the place, arid was once the best built and most fashionable part of it An old ivy-mantled church in this part of the town is one of the most picturesque ruins in the country. There are many interesting reminiscences of the revolution connected with this placo. It was twice visited by the British ; and here their com mander, General Phillips, died of a bilious fever, on the 13th of May, 1781. He was lying at the point of death while the town was cannonaded from Archer's Hill, by the Americans under the Marquis Lafayette. Petersham, Ms., Worcester co. Tho situation of this town is elevated, but not hilly or uneven. The centre of the town lies upon the highest land in it, which is a large, long, flat hill. The soil is rich and fertile. Though tho town is high, yet the land is not dry, but stony and moist, abound ing with springs and brooks. West Brook, a considerable stream, rises in the town, and Swift River passes its eastern and southern borders. Petersham was first settled about the year 1738. Nichcnoag Hill was the Indian name of tho town. There are several handsome villages in the town : that in the contra! part is very beautiful ; it lies 27 miles N. W. from Worcester, and about 65 W. by N. from Boston. Pettis County, Mo., c. h. at Georgetown. It is bounded N. by Saline co., E. by Cooper and Morgan, S. by Benton, and W. by Johnson co. Drained by- La Mine River and its tributaries. Surface level, embracing extensive prairies ; soil of excellent quality. Pharsalia, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by Ostelic River and Geneganslette Creek. Surface hilly; soil argillaceous loam. 12 miles W. from Norwich, and 124 from Albany. Phdps, N. Y., Ontario co. Flint Creek and the Canandaigua outlet flow through this town, forming a junction in the W. part. Surface un dulating ; soil rich clay loam, underlaid with lime. Gypsum is extensively quarried in this vicinity. 15 miles E. from Canandaigua, and 185 W. from Albany. ^ Philaddphia, N. Y., Jefferson co. Indian Riv er and some of its branches water this town, tho surface of which is rolling, and the soil sandy and clay loam. 1 6 miles N. E. from Watertown, and 177 N. W. from Albany. Philaddphia County. Pa., c. h. at Philadelphia, Bounded N. E. by Bucks Co., E. and S. E. by the Delaware River, separating it from New Jer sey, S. W. by Delaware CO., and W. and N. W. by Chester and Montgomery counties. Besides the city of Philadelphia, and the adjacent muni cipalities, usually reckoned a part of the city, the county contains several other townships, of which the population is also counted with that of the city. See Tables of Population. Philadelphia, Pa. City, and port of entry. Situ ated between the Delaware and Schuylkill Riv ers, about 5 miles above their junction, and 55 in a direct line N. W. from the Atlantic coast ; although the distance from the mouth of the Delaware, following the course of the river, is 120 miles. Population in 1800, 70,287 ; in 1810, 96,287; in 1820, 119,325; in 1830, 167.325; in 1840, 228,691 ; in 1850, 409,352, including tho county. The city is the seat of justice. The city was originally laid out in the form of a parallelogram, extending across the neck of land between the two rivers, at a point where their courses curve inward towards each other, and where, at their nearest approximation, they are about 2 miles distant. The streets were laid out straight, from river to river, in a direction which varies but slightly from the true meridian, with transverse streets, over the whole width, crossing the others at right angles. With the exception of Front Street on the E., which some what deviates from a right line, conforming to the shore of the Delaware, and one other short street, called Dock Street, which occupies the site of a former navigable creek, all the streets in the city proper, included between Vine Street on the N. and. Cedar Street on the S., are accu rately delineated in the above description. This regularity of arrangement is less exact in tho districts, which have extended N. and S. far beyond the city proper, although it is there, also, a prevailing characteristic. These districts are tho Northern Liberties, Kensington, and Spring Garden, on the N., and Southwark, Moyamen- sing, and Passyunk, on the S., embracing more than one half of the population contained in the aggregate given above. Including the whole of the densely-built portions in one description, as they properly belong to ono uninterrupted area, IN THE UNITED STATES. 517 it may be said that Philadelphia has- a circum ference of nearly 9 miles, stretching about 44 miles along the shore of the Delaware. The ground on which the city is built rises gradually, from each of the rivers, to an elevation of 64 feet above high-water mark. It is divided nearly in the centre by Market Street, 100 feet broad, run ning E. anil W. from river to river, and trans versely by Broad Street 130 feet in width, which crosses Market Street at right angles, a little W. of the middle. Front Streets, on both. of tho rivers, are 60 feet wide ; Arch Street, running parallel with Market on the N., is 66 feet wide. ; and the other principal streets generally are 50 feet wide. The streets running from river to river, in the city proper, were originally 9 in number; to all of which, except Market Street, were given the names of the trees of the forest. Thus on the S. of Market are Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, Pine, and Cedar ; and on the N., Mul berry, Sassafras, and Vino. In one or two in stances these names have given place, in popu lar usage, to others more convenient, as Mulber ry to Arch, and Sassafras to Race ; while the names of other trees have been given to some of the secondary streets, running parallel with these, by which the original sections have been sub divided. The memory of the stranger is often much assisted in finding the localities in Phila delphia by the popular rhyme into which these names so naturally fall, reading them each way from the central avenue : — , Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, and Pine, Mulberry, Cherry, Race, and Vine. The great streets at right angles with these are numbered First, Second, Third, &e., inward from their respective rivers, towards Broad Street, which is the central avenue running N. and S. Those on the Schuylkill side are distinguished from the others by prefixing the name of that river ; and the sections on each side of Market Street, throughout, by the addition of North or South. So that, out of the indefiniteness and uncertainty at first resulting from such an entire uniformity of plan, there soon arises a beautiful simplicity in the system, by which the stranger learns to guide his steps. The gradual inclination of the ground, each way, towards the rivers, favors the most perfect drainage of the city, which is effected by com mon sewers or arched culverts constructed under most of the principal streets. From the same cause, also, the streets are easily washed super ficially by rains, and by the abundant supply of water from the hose attached to the water pipes. Philadelphia is consequently one of the cleanest cities in the world. The blocks of stores and houses throughout the city are chiefly of brick, in a plain and uniform style of architecture ; characterized by order and neatness rather than by variety and by showy decorations. Besides brick, a beautiful species of white marble is used in building, of which the steps and basements of. the dwellings are, to a considerable extent, constructed, con trasting finely with the color of the walls. The entire exterior of some of the public edifices is faced with this fine material ; which is quarried in the neighboring counties of Montgomery and Chester, and has contributed much to ornament the city. Of the public buildings, the first to be men tioned, on account of its venerable antiquity and interesting historical associations, is Independence Hall, in which the Declaration of Independence was framed and signed by that venerable body of patriots, whom William" Pitt, in the British Parliament, pronounced to be "the most dis tinguished for wisdom of any body of men of whom he had read in ancient or modern times." This building, formerly the State House, fronts upon Chestnut Street, having Independence Square in the rear. From the steps of the build ing descending into this spacious area, the Decla ration was first promulgated to the assembled people called together by tbe joyous tones of the old bell in the cupola, which, as if prophetic of its future use. had been inscribed, when it was cast, 20 years before, with the text in Leviticus, xxv. 1 0 — Proclaim liberty throughout this land, to alt the inhabitants thereof. The foundations of the main building were laid in 1729, and it was com pleted in 1733. The wings, which now extend on each side to Fifth and Sixth Streets, are of more modern construction. The hall or chamber in which the Declaration was signed is on tbe first floor in the oast end of the old building. Although it has been refitted within since that day, it has been carefully preserved nearly in the same style of decoration with which it was ori ginally finished. The present steeple, which was erected in 1828, to replace the old one, which had, on account of its decay, been taken down many years before, was made to correspond as nearly as possible with the original structure. The old bell, too, is carefully preserved in the cupola as an interesting relic. There is in Inde pendence Hall a statue of Washington, said to be an excellent likeness. It was sculptured in wood by Rush. This venerable hall shares, with Faneuil Hall in Boston, the honor of having witnessed those momentous deliberations which issued in the establishment of American liberty and inde pendence. One of the finest buildings in Philadelphia is the Custom House, on Chestnut, between Fourth and Fifth Streets, built originally for the United States Bank. It is of the Grecian Doric order, after the pattern of the Parthenon at Athens, with theomission of the colonnades upon the sides. Its portico has 8 marble columns 44 feet in diame ter. The width of the edifice is 87 feet, and its depth 161 feet. The room in the centre, for the transaction of business, is 81 feet long by 48 wide, richly decorated with beautiful Ionic columns. This building was commenced in 1819, and com pleted in 1824, at a cost of about $500,000. Some of the banks in Philadelphia are provided with costly and beautiful edifices. The Pennsyl vania Bank is of white marble, a fine specimen of Grecian architecture, having a portico on each front, with 6 Ionic columns. It stands in an en closure, surrounded hy an iron railing, and orna mented with plants and shrubbery. The Girard Bank, formerly the Old United States Bank, has a marble front, adorned with a portico of 6 Corinthian columns. The Bank of North Amer ica, originally incorporated by Congress in 1781, and the first"institution of its kind in the United States, has erected a new banking house on Chestnut Street, above Third, which is one of the most chaste and elegant buildings in the country. The Merchants' Exchange, situated in the trian gular space between Dock, Walnut, and Third Streets, is a beautiful structure of white marble. A semicircular portico on the eastern front, support- 518 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, ed. upon a basement about 1 2 feet high, by 6 Corin thian columns, presents an imposing appearance. Some of the public and philanthropic institu tions for which Philadelphia is distinguished have buildings which arc an ornament to the city. Of those we shall speak in connection with the institutions themselves. One of the oldest of these is the Pennsylvania Hospital. It was founded in 1750. by the exertions of Dr. Franklin and Dr. Bond. The buildings and grounds occupy the entire square, between Spruce and Pine, Eight and Ninth Streets. The front is on Pine Street. The cast wing was erected in 1 756, the west wing in 1796, and the central building in 1804. In the beautiful area in front of the build ing is a colossal bronzed statue of William Penn. In the rear, fronting on Spruce Street, is a small building containing West's celebrated picture of Christ Healing the Sick, presented by tho painter to this hospital. The funds of this institution, derived from individual benefactions and public endowments, are ample ; and its spacious build ings furnish accommodations for indigent patients as well as others. A branch of this hospital is the Insane Asylum, situated about 2 miles W. of the Schuylkijl, which has spacious buildings, and is enclosed in beautiful grounds containing about 40 acres. The United States Marine Hos pital, situated on the Schuylkill, below Cedar Street, is an institution provided for invalid seamen and officers disabled from the United States service. It has an elegant and extensive edifice, built of white marble, consisting of a centre building of 146 feet in front, and 175 feet deep, and 2 wings ; the whole presenting a front of 386 feet. The front of the centre build ing is embellished with a fine Doric portico of 8 columns. The whole building can receive about 400 residents. The Almshouse, designed for the poor of the city and the adjoining districts, is situated on tho western bank of the Schuylkill, opposite Cedar Street, and furnishes from its windows a fine view of the city and surrounding country. The edifice, in the form of a parallelo gram, covers and encloses an area of 10 acres ; and the front on the Schuylkill, with its portico of 8 columns, 30 feet high, presents an imposing appearance. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb has extensive buildings on the corner of Pine and Broad Streets. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind is situated on Race Street, near Schuylkill Third Street. The main edifice occupies a lot of 247 feet on Race Street, and 220 feet on Third Street, having beautifully decorated ground in the front and rear. There are many other charitable and humane institutions in Philadelphia, which are less ex tensive, but very important in their place. Few cities in tho world arc better supplied, in propor tion to their magnitude, with the means of alle viating human want and suffering. Among the literary institutions, one of the oldest and most respectable is the university of Pennsylvania. It comprises three departments, the academical, tho collegiate, and tbe medical. The medical school connected with this univer sity is the oldest and largest in the Union, hav ing between 400 and 500 students. The univer sity buildings are situated upon Ninth Street, between Market and Chestnut, and consist of two handsome edifices, 112 feet by 85, surrounded by open grounds, and enclosed in front by an iron railing. Jefferson Medical College, founded in 1825, has ample buildings on Tenth Street, between Chestnut and Walnut The Pennsyl vania Medical College is located on Filbert Street, above Twelfth. It was founded in 1839. Philadelphia is distinguished above all other cities in the country as the emporium of medical science and instruction. Among the literary institutions of Philadelphia, the Girard College for Orphans holds a distin guished place. It was founded by the late Ste phen Girard, who died in 1831, and bequeathed a large amount of his real and personal estate in trust to the " mayor, aldermen, and citizens of Philadelphia," for the establishment of an in stitution for the support and education of *¦ poor male white orphan children," belonging either to that city, or to the state of Pennsylvania, or to the cities of New York and New Orleans, in the order of preference here observed, until the num ber so provided for should be full. Of the prop erty bequeathed, $2,000,000, and more if neces sary, were to be expended " in erecting a perma nent college, with suitable outbuildings, suffi ciently spacious for the residence and accommo dation of at least 300 scholars, with the requisite teachers," &c, " the said college to be constructed with the most durable materials, and in the most permanent manner, avoiding needless ornament," &c. The will contained specific directions with regard to the structure and dimensions of the college edifice, and also the devise of a lot of land of 45 acres, on the ridge road in the N. E part of the district of Spring Garden, as a site for its location. The buildings which have been erected are five in number, of which the centre building is the grand college edifice, and the two others upon each side are designed for the resi dences of the pupils and their instructors. The college edifice is one of the most superb build ings in the country. Its length is 218 feet, its width 160 feet, and its height 90 feet. It is surrounded by 34 columns of the Corinthian order, 55 feet high, including the capital and base, and 6 feet in diameter, standing 15 feot distant from the body of the building. These columns stand upon bases 3 feet high and 9 feet in diameter, and are crowned with gorgeous Corinthian capitals, upon which rests a full entablature. The entrances are at each end of the building, through lofty doors, decorated with massive architraves and sculptured cornices. The interior, excepting the portions required for the vestibules and stairs, is divided into four spacious rooms in each of the two stories, which are used for the purposes of giving instruction to the different classes of the pupils. No wood is used in the construction of this edifice, excepting for the doors. The other four buildings are each 125 feet long, by 52 feet wide, and two stories high, above tbeir basements. The most eastern, including four distinct houses, is the one occupied by the families of the professors. The orphans are received into the college at any age between 6 and 10 years, and they may continue, if it is deemed desirable, until they are 18 years of age. When they leave, they are to be apprenticed by the city authorities to some useful trade or busi ness. Tho institution is in full operation, with abovo 300 pupils in 1852. The amount of appro priations for defraying the current expenses of the institution for the year 1851 was $62,900. Of this sum $30,500 was for the clothing and subsistence of the pupils. IN THE UNITED STATES. 519 A singular restriction in the will of Mr. Girard, in regard to the clergy, is in these words : " I enjoin and require that no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister, of any sect whatsoever, shall ever hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in the said college ; nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises appropriated to the purposes of the said college. In making this restriction, I do not mean to cast any reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever; but as there is such a multitude of sects, and such a diversity of opinion amongst them, I de- Bire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, who are to derive advantage from this bequest, free from the excitement which clashing doctrines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce. My desire is, that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest principles of morality ; so that, on their entrance into active life, they may, from inclination and habit, evince benevolence towards their fdlow-creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety, and industry, adopting at the same time such religious tenets as their ma tured reason may enable them to prefer." This restriction of Mr. Girard, as explained by himself, and taken in connection with his requisition to secure the inculcation of the purest principles of morality in the minds of the scholars, has justly been construed as not only not prohibiting, but rather rendering obligatory, /the use of the Bible, and other means of general religious instruction and training in the school. In the rules for the government of the college, adopted by the board of directors, it is made the duty of the president " to conduct the family worship morning and evening, which shall consist of singing a hymn, reading a portion of Scripture, and prayer. He shall also be responsible for the performance of public religious services in the college on the forenoon and afternoon of every Sunday. These services shall consist of singing hymns, prayers, reading the Scriptures, and moral and religious discourses. The president is permitted to invite any member of the board of directors, or other competent layman approved by the board, to take his place, or assist him in the public wor ship. Prayers and hymns, or psalms, shall be prepared or selected by the president, with the approbation of the directors, which shall be framed so as to form a full and appropriate ser vice, without sectarianism, but calculated to awaken or preserve true devotion." The public schools of Philadelphia are organized upon a comprehensive and efficient system. By a law of the state passed in 1818, the city and county of Philadelphia was constituted a separate school district, in order that the benefits of one consis tent scheme, adapted in the best manner to the circumstances and wants of such a population, might he secured. The schools, most of which, of course, are in the city, and incorporated dis tricts, are divided into eleven sections. At the head stands a high school, and a model school. The next in rank arc the grammar schools ; then the secondary ; and last, the primary schools. The high school is among the best institutions of the kind in the country. It provides instruction in the ancient and modern languages ; in theoretical and practical mathematics ; in natural history, natural philosophy, and chemistry ; in mental, moral, and political science ; and in writing, drawing, &£, and is designed to serve the highest ends of popular education. It is under the tuition of a principal and 10 professors. In all the other schools about 500 teachers are employed, four fifths of whom are females ; and the aggregate of tho pupils, who are between the ages of 5 and 15, cannot be less than 50,000, embracing a very large proportion of all the children of this age in the city. The average annual expense of maintaining the -public schools is not far from $200,000. Tho schocjl houses are substantial buildings, generally 3 stories high, and capable of accommodating from 600 to 1000 scholars each. There are several valuable libraries and literary and scientific associations in Philadelphia, which owe their origin to the enlightened, inventive, and practical philanthropy of Dr. Franklin. One of these is the Philadelphia Library, founded in 1731, to which, in 1792, the valuable private library of Dr. Logan was added. This library now contains over 60,000 volumes. The building, erected in 1791, is on South Fifth Street, fronting upon the E side of Independence Square. The American Philosophical Society, the oldest of the scientific associations in the United States, was founded principally through the exertions of Dr. Frank lin, in 1742. Its hall, erected in 1786, is on South Fifth Street, below Chestnut It has a rare and valuable library of 20,000 volumes, and a ¦ cabinet of minerals, fossils, and antiquities. The published Transactions of this society amount to several volumes. The Academy of Natural Sci ences, incorporated in 1817, has a new and splen did hall in Broad Street, between Chestnut and Walnut Its library contains ahout 12,000 vol umes. Its cabinet, containing every variety of specimens in Natural History, is perhaps the best in the United States. The collection of birds is said to be the largest in the world, containing about 25,000 specimens. The Athenaeum has erected a beautiful structure on Sixth Street, be low Walnut, 50 feet front by 125 in depth. It is an excellent specimen of the Italian style of ar chitecture, treated with spirit and taste. The li brary contains about 10,000 volumes; to which, as well as to the reading room, strangers are free ly admitted. Among the curiosities of literature in these rooms is a collection of pamphlets, bound in 148 volumes, which belonged to Dr. Franklin, some of them containing his marginal notes and remarks ; and also a regular series of the Journal de Paris, bound in volumes, continued during the whole eventful period of the French revolution. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, founded in 1825, occupies rooms in the 3d story of tho Athenasum building. It has a library of nearly 2000 volumes. The Mercantile Library, on the corner of Fifth and Library Streets, has a library of over 12,000 volumes, founded in 1822, for the objects indicated by its name. There is also the Apprentices' Library, of about' the same number of volumes, on the corner of Fifth and Arch Streets, open to youth of both sexes. The Frank lin Institute, formed about 1830, for the promo tion of the mechanic arts, has a library of between 4000 and 5000 volumes, situated on Seventh Street, below Market. Other institutions for the diffusion of knowledge, in a more local and lim ited sphere, likewise exist. There are in Philadelphia about 160 churches of different denominations — Presbyterian, 25: Episcopal, 27 ; Methodist 28 ; Baptist, 16; Re formed Presbyterian, 4 ; Associate Presbyterian, 520 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, 4; Associate Reformed, 2; German Reformed, 3 ; Lutheran, 5 ; Independent, 2 ; Dutch Reformed, 2; Roman Catholic, 12 ; Friends, 7 ; Jewish Syn agogues, 3; Mariners, 2; Univcrsalist, 2 ; Unita rian, 1 ; New Jerusalem, 1 ; Moravian, 1 ; Disci ples of Christ, 1 ; and 12 of various denominations for colored persons. Only a few of the church edifices make pretensions to architectural beauty. Very many of them are without towers or stee ples to distinguish them tfi-om the general mass of buildings. St. Stephen's Church," (Episcopal,) situated on Tenth Street, is a fine specimen of Gothic architecture, 102 feet long and 50 feet wide, with two octagonal towers 86 feet high. Christ Church, built in 1691, and enlarged in 1810, is the oldest church edifice in tbe city. It is situated on Second Street It has a spire 196 feet high, erected in 1753, in which is a chime of bells. St. John's Church, (Roman Catholic.) situated on Thirteenth Street, below Market, is an elegant Gothic structure, with square towers on each of its front corners. The First Presby terian Church, fronting on the S. side of Wash ington Square, is the handsomest church of this denomination. It is in tho Grecian style of archi tecture, after the model of a temple on the Ilis- sus, having a portico of six Ionic columns in front. The Fifth Presbyterian Church, on Arch Street, is also distinguished for the beauty of its architecture. There are also other church edifices which are neat and handsome structures. The United States Mint in Philadelphia was founded in 1790, and first occupied the building where the Apprentices' Library now is. In 1 830 it was removed to the fine building which it now occupies, on Chestnut Street, below Broad Street This edifice is of white marble, 123 feet long, having a portico of 6 columns, and 60 feet in length in tho centre of its front, on Chestnut Street, and a similar one on the opposite side, which looks out upon Penn Square. Visitors are admitted to witness the interesting processes of assaying and coining the precious metals, on the forenoon of every day, upon application to the proper officers. The United States navy yard is located in the S. E. quarter of the. city, fronting on the Delaware. Tho enclosure contains about 12 acres. Some of the largest vessels for the U. S. service have been built here. The Eastern Penitentiary, in the N. W. section of the city.jiot far distant from the Girard College, is one of the most imposing structures. It occupies a square of 10 acres, which is enclosed by a wall 30 feet high, upon the angles of which, and at the en trance, watch towers are erected, from which all parts of the enclosure can be observed. In the middle of this area is an octagonal tower, from which the ranges of cells extend on every side like radii, and from which the passages lead ing to them can all be inspected by a sentinel posted at the centre. Each cell opens in the rear into .a little yard, 18 feet by 8, surrounded by a wall 12 feet high. The discipline of this peniten tiary is that of solitary confinement, each pris oner being kept in his separate cell and yard both day and night There are several theatres in the city, of which the largest arc the Chestnut Street Theatre, the Walnut Street Theatre, and the Arch Street The atre, l'cale's Museum, founded by Charles Wil son Poale, in 1784, occupies the upper story of an edifice on the corner of Ninth and George Streets, 238 feot long and 70 feet wide. This is one of the most distinguished institutions of the kind in the country. Philadelphia is celebrated for its excellent markets, having the advantage of various and abundant supplies, not only from tho interior of its own state, but also of New Jersey, lying across the Delaware. As a fruit market it is among the best in the world. The principal market-place is in Market Street, extending along the middle of the street from the Delaware to Eighth Street. There is another market further W., in the same street, between Schuylkill Seventh and Eighth Streets ; and there are four or five others in dif ferent quarters of the city. There is quite a number of public squares in the city, which are generally ornamented with fine shade trees, and laid out in other respects with much taste and beauty. Penn Square lies about in the centre of the city proper, and is intersected by the two great streets, Market and Broad Streets, whiclr divide the city into its four quarters. Independence Square, in the rear of the old State, House, has been referred to above. Washington Square, not far from this, is a de lightful public ground. Franklin Square is be tween Race and Vine Streets, having Sixth Street on the E. In the centre of this square is a beau tiful fountain. Other squares are Logan Square, also between Race and Vine Streets, and Ritten- house Square, between Walnut and Locust Streets. Among the principal hotels of Philadelphia are the United States Hotel, Jones's Hotel, Washington House, Columbia House, Congress Hall, Franklin House, and the Morris House, all in different parts of Chestnut Street Besides these there aro the Madison House, the Mer chants' Hotel, the Mansion House, the White Swan Hotel, the Indian Queen, and many other excellent houses in various parts of the city. Philadelphia is abundantly suplied with water from the Schuylkill River. The present water works are known as the Fairmount Waterworks, the reservoirs being constructed upon the summit of a small mount which had received that name, on the western border of the district of Spring Garden, near the eastern bank of the Schuyl kill, and about two miles from the centre of the city. These works were the first of the kind erected in this country, and, for simplicity of design and entire efficiency, are not exceeded by any that have been since constructed. The reservoirs, which are 4 in number, occupy about 6 acres upon the top of this mount, at the height of 100 feet above the water in the river, and 56 above the most elevated portions of the city. They are 12 feet deep, lined with stone and paved with brick, laid upon a bed of clay, in strong lime cement, water tight, and are capable of containing more than 22,000,000 gallons. One of these reservoirs is divided into three sections, for the purpose of filtration. The water is forced up from the river by a power obtained from the river itself, a dam being thrown across, 1600 feet in length, and a raceway cut in the solid rock, 400 feet long and 90 feet in width, by which a machinery of eight water wheels, operating an equal number of forcing pumps, may be driven night and day. Each of these pumps will life about 1,250,000 gallons into the reservoirs in 24 hours. The machinery is covered by a build ing of stone, 238 feet long by 56 feet wide. The water is carried from the reservoirs to the city in 3 main iron pipes, one 20, another 22, and anoth- IN THE UNITED STATES. 521 er 30 inches in diameter, and then is distributed through the streets by about 113 miles of iron pipe, from 6 to 10 inches in diameter. The average daily consumption of water in the city and dis tricts, in 1851, was 5,690.744 gallons. Three thousand families are supplied from the public pumps, which take their water from cisterns filled from the aqueduct. These works have been constructed and maintained, up to 1852, at a cost of $1,707,550. The expenses of the year 1851 were $92,380. The whole cost for water works to the city of Philadelphia, including the previous works, and the experiments which have been abandoned, is $3,174,267. The amount re ceived for water rents, in 1851,was$150,107. The total receipts since 1801 have been $2,953,316. Fairmount and its vicinity is a favorite place of resort for the citizens, and for persons visiting Philadelphia. A fine gravel walk surrounds the reservoirs, from which a beautiful view of the city and of the scenery in other directions is ob tained. A light and graceful wire suspension bridge is carried across the Schuylkill at this place, which is itself an object of curiosity, while it affords, in crossing, a pleasing view of the dam, the river, and its banks. Analysis of the Schuylkill water by Professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr. : — Chloride of sodium, 1470 Chloride of magnesium, . . . .0094 Sulphate of magnesia, . . .0570 Carbonate of lime, .... 1.8720 Carbonate of magnesia, . . . .3510 Silica, .0800 Carbonate of soda, from decomposed crenates and nitrates, and loss on analysis, 1.6436 3.879 Total solid matter, .... 4.2600 Carbonic acid in one gallon in cubic inches, " No living animalcules were visible. Inodorous, and nearly or quite insipid, perfectly sweet, and like distilled water to the taste." Of lead sub jected five weeks to the action of this water the professor notes — "Quite bright, and not much acted upon." The situation of Philadelphia between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, makes it a kind of double port; that on tho Delaware being its port of foreign commerce, and that on the Schuylkill, its port for the domestic or internal trade. The principal harbor is upon the Dela ware, where large vessels come up from the ocean, and where the foreign commerce centres. Its imports, in 1851, amounted to $14,000,000. The great business of the city was originally done upon the Delaware. But since the opening of tho coal trade, which has become extensive within the last 30 years, the business upon the Schuylkill has grown into great importance. That river affords a convenient harbor for small vessels, and many wharves are built for tlieir accommodation below the bridge, which is at the termination of Market Street This bridge, which was built in 1805, to connect the important suburbs on the W. side of the river with the city, was originally a toll.bridge, but is now free. There are two other bridges over the Schuylkill besides the suspension bridge before mentioned, one above and the other below the city, built for the 66 railroads, which also accommodate foot passen gers and vehicles. By means of railroads and canals, an extensive communication has been established between Philadelphia and the south and west, affording great facilities of trade with the interior of the country. The principal of these are, the railroad to Baltimore, 97 miles, whence there is a wide communication S. and W. ; the Columbia Railroad to Columbia, on the Susque hanna River, 82 miles, thence by the Pennsylva nia Central Railroad to Harrisburg, the capital of the state, 28 miles, and thence by canal anrt rail road to Pittsburg, 399 miles from Philadelphia ; the Philadelphia, Reading, and Pottsville Rail road, extending to Pottsville, in the region of the coal formation, 94 miles from Philadelphia. The following links of railroad are intended, when complete, to connect Philadelphia with the ex treme western boundary of Missouri, viz. : from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 358 miles ; from Pitts burg to the Indiana state line, 300 miles ; from the Indiana line through Indianapolis, to Terre Haute, 150 miles; from Torre Haute to St. Louis, 160 miles ; from St Louis to Independence, 300 miles ; which, when completed, will make a continuous railroad route of 1268 miles. Between Philadel phia and New York there are two routes, one by railroad throughout, and the other hy railroad and steamboat, whence there are extensive com munications E. and N., via Boston and Albany. The time, by either route, to New York is about 4 hours. As a comparison with this, it may be mentioned that, in 1766, a "third line" of stages from Philadelphia to New York was es tablished, called the "Flying Machine," which was to go through in two days. The manufactures of Philadelphia constitute one of its most important interests. For the va riety and amount of its products in this depart ment, this city ranks first among the cities of the United States. -And many of them are of the most valuable description, and of exquisite tex ture and workmanship. Philadelphia was first laid out in 1682, under the direction of its celebrated founder, William Penn. For some notice of this distinguished benefactor of his race, and of his connection with the history of Pennsylvania, the reader is refered to our general description of the state, p. 125. An appropriate monument now marks the spot in the district of Kensington, where the great elm tree once stood, near the bank of the Delaware, under the shadow of which Penn, soon after his arrival, acting upon the pacific princi ples of his religious creed, so successfully negoti ated with the Indian chiefs, disarming their ap prehensions and jealousies by his calm, benevo lent demeanor, and by the presents of useful im plements and goods which he offered, and estab lishing the most amicable relations of intercourse between them and his infant colony. " Great promises," he says, " passed between us, of kindness and good neighborhood; and that the Indians and English must live in love as long as the sun gave light." " Under the shelter of "the forest," says Bancroft, " now leafless by the frosts of Au tumn, Penn proclaimed to the men of the Algon quin race, from both hanks of the Delaware, from tho borde/s of the Schuylkill, and it may have been even from the Susquehanna, the same sim ple message of peace and love which George Fox had professed before Cromwell, and Mary Fisher had borne to the Grand Turk. The Eng- 522 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, lish and the Indian should respect the same moral law, should be alike secure in their pursuits and their possessions, and adjust every difference by a peaceful tribunal, composed of an equal number of men from each race." The ground so judiciously selected by its founder for the site of his new city having been previously claimed by three Swedish emigrants by the name of Swenson, under a grant from the Dutch governor of New York, Penn had to ex tinguish their claim by giving them in exchange a tract of land higher "up on the Schuylkill. Late in the year 1682, assisted hy Thomas Holme, a surveyor, he laid out the city proper on the land so purchased, with substantially the same outline and divisions which it now has. When he de parted for England, two years afterwards, the city contained 300 houses and 2500 inhabitants. On board the ship, ho wrote a farewell letter to his infant colony, replete with his characteristic benevolence. In this letter he says, " And thou Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this prov ince, what service and what travail has there been to bring theo forth 1 O that thou mayst be kept from the evil that would overwhelm thee ; that faithful to the God of thy mercies, in the life of righteousness, thou mayst be preserved to the end. My soul prays to God for thee, that thou mayst stand in the day of trial, that thy children may be blessed of the Lord, and thy people saved by his power." It would seem that, from the first, Penn had the idea that a large city would be built up on the site which he had selected. Dr. Prideaux, in his work on the " Connection of the Old and New Testaments," after describing the plan of an cient Babylon, says, " Much according to this model hath William Penn, the Quaker, laid out the ground for his city of Philadelphia, in Penn sylvania; and were it all built according to that design, it would bo the fairest city in America, and not much behind any other in the whole world." It is little, now that this beautiful de sign has been so happily executed, to say that posterity honors the judgment of the learned critic. Philadelphia is undoubtedly one of the fairest cities in America, or in the world. In 1699, after an absence of 15 years, during which time, in consequence of the revolution in England which drove James II. from the throne, Penn had been deprived of his authority over Pennsylvania, and had it restored to him again, he revisited this country. Having made some changes in the government, he sailed again for England in 1701, where he remained until his death, in 1718. In 1719, the mayor and alder men employed Jacob Taylor to stake out the 7 streets of the city; in order to prevent encroach ments by building thereon. This year the first Weekly Gazette was published by Andrew Brad ford. In 1727, Benjamin Franklin started an other weekly paper, called " The Pennsylvania Gazette," In 1 738, Benjamin Franklin instituted the first fire company in Philadelphia. In 1743, the first Lutheran Church was built, and the first Dutch Reformed Church in 1747. In 1749, agreeably to a suggestion of Dr. Franklin, a portion of Second Street, from Market Street to Chestnut Street, was paved ; a horse having been mired there, and his rider having been thrown and broken his leg. At this time tho city con tained about 15,000 inhabitants; and for some time afterwards Fifth Street might be considered as its western limit. St Paul's, the first Episco pal Church, was founded in 1760 ; and the same year, the Pennsylvania Hospital, and also the first public library, by the influence of Dr. Franklin. In 1773 the first stage coaches were established to run to New York ; the previous lines having been post wagons. Now came on that series of events connected with the Ameri can revolution, in which this city so largely and honorably participated. In 1780 the Bank of Pennsylvania was established, for the purpose of supplying the army of the United States for two months, by a subscription of £300,000, by 90 per sons ; among whom were Robert Morris and Blair McClennachan, who subscribed £10,000 each. Dr. Franklin died on the 17th of April,, 1790, leaving, among other public benefactions, £1000 sterling, to be loaned to unmarried me chanics, under 25 years of age, upon certain con ditions adapted to secure and encourage individ ual enterprise and thrift. This constituted the foundation of the public fund known as the Franklin Fund, which now amounts to about $25,000. Dr. Franklin was born in Boston, Jan uary 17, 1706, and became a resident of Phila delphia about 1723. His practical wisdom and philanthropy originated many of its early eco nomical improvements, and brought into being some of its most distinguished literary and hu mane institutions. His fame as a man, a patriot, and a philosopher is an everlasting legacy of honor to the city of his adoption. His unosten tatious grave is in the N. W. corner of the church yard of Christ Church, at the corner of Fifth and Arch Streets ; which is covered with a plain marble slab resting upon the ground, in strict accordance with the directions in his will, which were as follows: "I wish to be buried by the side of my wife, if it may be ; and that a marble stone, to be made by Chambers, 6 feet long, 4 feet wide, plain, with only a small moulding round the upper edge, and this inscription — Benjamin 1 and > Fkanklin, Debobah ) 178-, — be placed over us both." The only change ne cessary to be made was in the figure 8, Prov idence having prolonged his life, beyond his expectations, until 1790. Philadelphia received its charter from the pro prietary, October 25, 1701. The government of the city proper is in the hands of a mayor, a se lect council of 12, and a common council of 20 members. One third of the select and the whole of the common council are chosen annually by the people, and the councils elect the mayor. The aldermen, 15 in number, aro appointed by the governor to act, with the mayor and recorder, as judges, during good behavior; and the aldermen act as justices of tho peace. The whole legislative power is in the councils, of which the select council is the upper house. The several districts, or liberties, of Philadel phia, N. and S. of the city proper, are separate municipalities ; having, at different dates within a comparatively modern period, received their respective charters of incorporation. They aro governed each by a body of cornmissioncrs, elect ed for three years, one third of them being chosen annually. Philadelphia was the seat of the United States IN THE UNITED STATES 523 government for a period of ten years, from the close of the first congress, in 1790, to 1800, when the capital was removed to Washington. Of the environs of Philadelphia, which are very beautiful, mnch might be said. The ter ritory included between the rivers below the city is highly improved and cultivated in farms and gardens, for the supply of the rich vegetable market. There are many attractive places in the immediate vicinity of the city,' to which the in habitants resort for rides and recreations, or for their country residences. Camden, on the opposite bank of the Delaware, and accessible at several points by steam ferry boats, besides being a place of considerable population and business, has much of its soil under high cultivation, for raising the delicious fruits, which, during their season, are so tempting to the eyo and to the taste in the stalls of Market Street. Kaigns Point, Gloucester Point, and Greenwich, all of them a little below the city, on the Delaware, are favorite places of resort, to which steamboats are constantly running. The banks of the ro mantic Wissahicken Creek, about 6 miles above the city, offer a delightful excursion for parties of pleasure. Laurel Hill Cemetery, in the neigh borhood of Fairmount, is one of the most beauti ful places of the kind in the country. The naturally-diversified surface of the ground, in cluding about 20 acres, the trees, shrubs, foliage, and fragrant flowers with which it is adorned, and the edstly and finely-sculptured monuments with which it is interspersed, render this a retreat at once of pleasing and of solemn interest. There are also Germantown, Manayunk, Norristown, and other places, a few miles distant from the city, which invite the citizens to pleasant drives over beautiful roads, and amidst scenes of rich luxuriance and beauty. Phillippa, Va., c. h. Barbour co. On the E. fork of the Monpngahela, about 20 miles S. of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Phillips County, As., c. h. at Helena. It is drained by the St. Francis and its tributary Lan- quille River. The N. portions of this county have a fertile, sandy soil, while the S. are liable to inundation. Bounded E. by the Mississippi. Phillips, Me., Franklin co. This town is wa tered by Sandy River. It lies 53 miles N. W. from Augusta, and 15 N. W. from Farmington. Incorporated 1812. Phillipston, Ms., Worcester co. This town was formerly part of Templeton and Athol. At its incorporation in 1786, the legislature gave it the name of Gerry. In 1814, it took its present name. This town is finely watered by streams and rivulets which flow into Swift and Miller's Rivers. The surface "is uneven, consisting of hills arid valleys, but the soil is productive. Pros pect Hill, in this place, is a large hill, and over looks all the highlands for many miles around. Upon it are many excellent farms. About a milo from the centre village is Factory Village and a fine pond. 27 miles N. W. from' Worcester, and 58 N. W. by W. from Boston. The railroad from Fitchburg to Vermont passes through this town. Phillipstown, N. Y., Putnam co. Watered by a few small streams flowing into the Hudson, which bounds it on the W. Some of the highest peaks of the Highlands, such as Breakneck, Bull, and Sugar Loaf Hills, are situated in this town, and afford great quantities of excellent iron ore. 14 miles W. from Carmel, and 96 S. from Albany. Phipsburg, Me., Lincoln co. This is a mari time town at the mouth of Kennehec River; on the W. side. It consists of a peninsula of land of about 15 miles in length, and from 2 to 4 miles in width, lying between Kennebec River, on the E., and New Meadows, or Stevens's River, on the W., and extending from Small Point, the eastern boundary of Casco Bay, to the city of Bath on the N. It contains a United States fort, and Seguin and Pond Islands, on which are light-houses. 40 miles S. from Augusta. Phipsburg was taken from the ancient town of Bristol in 1816, and named in honor of Govern or Phips, who was born in Bristol. Phipsburg has considerable trade and naviga tion. Ship building is pursued, and fishing is a source of profit. There is no better site for fish ing establishments on the coast. It is a very pleasant town, and an agreeable location to court the sea breezes in summer. Pickaway County, O., c. h. at Circleville. Sit uated a little S. of the centre of the state, with Franklin co. on the N., Fairfield on the E., Ross on the S., Fayette and Madison on the W. It was constituted in 1810, from Ross, Fairfield, and Ffanklin. The name Pickaway is a corrup tion of Piqua, the name of a tribe of the Shawa- nese Indians. The surface of the county is gen erally level, and the soil very fertile. The staplo productions are wheat, corn, oats, grass, neat cat tle, pork, and wool. It is divided nearly through the centre, N. and S., by the Scioto River. The Ohio Canal also traverses the valley of the Scioto through the entire length of the county. This county has all the four varieties of woodland, barren, plain, and prairie. The barrens were originally covered with shrub oak, and were at first considered as of little value ; but they are found- to produce excellent pasturage. The "prai ries are best for corn and grass. The plain lands equal, and perhaps, exceed, any other in the west ern country, for the production of wheat. About 3 miles S. of Circleville are the cele brated Pickaway Plains, in their natural state, without a tree or shrub within reach of the eye, including an elliptical area of about 7 miles in tbe longest diameter, and 3£ in the other, and said to contain the richest body of land in the state. The soil, the result of vegetable decom position througb an indefinite period, was very black when first cultivated. Corn for many years grew to the height of 12 or 15 feet, and produced 100 bushels to the acre. It lies on both sides of the Scioto River, but chiefly on the E. " Of all places in the west," says the autlmr of the Historical Collections of Ohio, " this preem inently deserves the name of classic ground. Here, in olden time, burned the council fires of the red man. Here the affairs of the nation in general council were discussed, and the impor tant questions of peace and war decided. On those plains the allied tribes marched forth and met General Lewis, and fought the sanguinary battle at Point Pleasant. Here it was that Logan made his memorable speech ; and here, too, that the noted campaign of Dunmore was brought to a close, by a treaty, or rather a truce, at Camp Charlotte." Pickens County, Aa., e. h. at Carrollton. It is bounded N. by Fayette. E. by Tuscaloosa, S. by Greene and Sumpter counties, and W. by Mis sissippi. The Tombigbee River and its tributaries traverse this county. 524 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Pickens District, S. C, Pickens Court House, seat of justice. Bounded N. by North Carolina, E. by the Saluda River, separating it from Green ville district, S. by Anderson district, and W. by the Tugaloo River, separating it from Georgia. Drained by Seneca River, a branch of the Tuga loo. Surface hilly and mountainous. Pickens, S. C, c. h. Pickens district. 130 miles N. W. by W. from Columbia. Piermont, N. II, Grafton co. The soil, es pecially on the Connecticut, is good. The inter vales are extensive, and favorable to the growth of grain. Back from the river iifine grazing and mowing land, well watered with brooks and springs. In the N. E. part of the town are 3 considerable ponds, called Eastman's Ponds. From these issue Eastman's Brook, valuable for mill sites. Indian Brook, on which mills are erected, is in the S. part. A mine of valuable iron ore is found here. This town was granted, in 1764, to John Temple and 59 others, and was first settled in 1770. 75 miles N. N. W. from Concord, and about 10 S. from Haverhill. Piermont, N. Y., Rockland co. A village in Orangetown, on the W. side of the Hudson River, 24 miles N. from the city of New York. The Erie Railroad, extending from Dunkirk on Lake Erie, a distance of 445 miles, strikes the Hudson at this place, whence is a communication to New York by steamboats. For the accommodation of this route, a long pier has been erected, ex tending about a mile from the main land, over which the cars run to the extreme end, thus con necting with the boats and barges which run to and from the city at all seasons of the year. The freight trains pass this way. The mail and pas senger trains from the W. take the railroad through New Jersey, from a point 18 miles W. of Piermont, to Jersey City. See Dunkirk. This flourishing village lies in a narrow valley, through which flows the Sparkill Creek, affording a considerable water power, which is improved to some extent for mills and manufactories. The Palisades terminate here, towards the N., in an abrupt hill, which circumstance, in connection with the piers erected at this place, very naturally suggested the name of Piermont. Pierrepont, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. This large town is watered by Racket, Grass, and Oswe gatchie Rivers. The surface and soil are diver sified. 8 miles E. from Canton, and 213 N. W. from Albany. Pike County, Aa., c. h. at Troy. Bounded N. by Montgomery and Macon counties, E. by Pea Rivfr, separating it from Barbour co., S. by Dale and Coffee, and W. by Butler and Lowndes coun ties. Drained by Conecuh River and branches. Pike County, As., c. h. at Murfreesboro'. It is bounded N. by Montgomery, E. by Clark, S. by Hempstead, and W. by Sevier and Polk counties. Watered by branches of the Little Missouri River. Pike County, Ga., c. h. at Zebulon. Bounded N. by Fayette and Henry counties, E. by Butts and Monroe, S. by Upson co., and W. by Anhau, a branch of Flint River, separating it from Merri- wethcr and Coweta counties. Pike County, Is., c. h. at Pittsfield. Bounded N. by Adams, Marquette and Brown counties, E. by the Illinois River, separating it from Morgan, Scott, and Greene counties, S. by Calhoun co., and S. W. and W. by the Mississippi River, sepa rating it from Missouri. Drained by several small creeks, which afford hydraulic power. Sny- cartee Slough passes along the Mississippi River through this county ; and on "McKee's Creek is a salt spring 20 feet in diameter. Pike County, la., c. h. at Petersburg. Incor porated in 1816. Bounded N. by White River, separating it from Knox and Daviess counties, E. by Dubois co., S. by Warwick, and W. by Gibson co. Drained by Tatoka River and Flat Creek. Surface undulating; soil fertile. Pike County, Ky., c. h. at Piketon. Bounded N. by Johnson co. and Big Sandy River, sepa rating it from Virginia, E. and S. by Virginia, and W. by Floyd co. Traversed by the W. fork of Big Sandy River. The Cumberland Ridge crosses its S. W. corner. Pike County, Mi., c. h. at Holmesville. Bounded N. by Lawrence Co., E. by Marion co., S. by Lou isiana, and W. by Amite co. Bogue Chitto River and its branches, and Tangiapaho River water this county. Pike County, Mo., c. h. at Bowling Green. Bounded N. E. and E. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Illinois, S. by Lincoln and Montgomery counties, and W. and N. W. by Audrain and Ralls counties. Drained by Salt, and a branch of Cuivr River. Pike, N. Y, Alleghany co. Watered by East- koy and Westkoy Creeks. Surface rolling ; soil rich mould. 20 miles N. from Angelica, and 255 W. from Albany. Pike County, O., c. h. at Piketon. • Ross co. is on the N., Jackson on the E., Scioto and Adams on the S., and Highland on the W. The most important streams are Pee Pee, Sunfish, Camp Creek, Wilson's Run, and Beaver Creek. The land is excellent for farming. Several antiqui ties are found here, one of which is supposed to have been a fort. It is about 1 mile W. of Piketon, and consists of 2 parallel walls of earth, about 15 feet high and 80 rods in length. Stone coal and iron ore are found in some parts of the county. Pike County, Pa., c. h. at Milford. Bounded N. E. and S. E. by the Delaware River, separat ing it from New York and New Jersey, S. by Monroe co., and W. and N. W. by Wayne co. Drained by the Lackawaxen and several small mill streams. Along the valley of the Lacka waxen runs the Delaware and Hudson Canal. Surface rough and mountainous ; soil fertile on the Delaware, but elsewhere rather sterile. Pike, Pa., Berks co. Drained by the head branches of Manatawny Creek, which afford hy draulic power. Surface uneveb ; soil gravelly and sterile. Pike, Pa., Bedford co. Wyalusing Creek and its branches water this town. Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam. 158 miles N. from Harrisburg. Piketon, 0., o. h. Pike co. On the E. side of Scioto River. 19 miles S. from Chillicothe, and 64 S. from Columbus. Pikeville, Aa., c. h. Monroe co. Pikeville, Te., c. h. Bledsoe co. On high ground, a little W. from Sequatchy River, and 112 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. Piles Grove, N. J., Salem co. Salem Creek, a good mill stream, waters this town. Surface level ; soil clay and loam. 10 miles N. E. from Salem. Pilot Hill, As., c. h. Fulton co. Pinckney, N. Y.', Lewis eo. Watered by Deer River and Sandy Creek. A level town, with a IN THE UNITED STATES.' 525 good soil. 16 miles N. W. from Martinsburg, and 156 from Albany. Pinckneyville, Is., c. h. Perry co. At the head of Four Mile Prairie, on the W. side of Big Beaucoup Creek, and 134 miles S. from Spring field. Pine, Pa., Armstrong co. Bounded W. by the Alleghany River, and drained by its branches. Pine, Pa., Alleghany co. Drained by branches of the Alleghany River. Surface hilly ; soil loam. 1 1 miles N. from Pittsburg. Pine Grove. Pa., Venango co. Watered by Swatara Creek, along the valley of which runs a navigable' feeder of the Union Canal. It also contains a pond covering 70O or 800 acres, and formed by building a dam across the creek, in a gorge of the Blue Mountains. Surface moun tainous, containing coal. 43 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Pine Plains, N. Y., Dutchess co. Wotered by Chicomeco, a branch of Roeliff Jansen's Creek, and contains several small lakes, the principal of which, called Stissing's, supplies the bead waters of Wappinger's Creek. Surface hilly and moun tainous on the E. and W., with a broad fertile plain between, which gives name to the town ; soil gravelly and sandy loam. 25 miles N. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 69 S. S. E. from Albany. Piqua, 0„ Miami co. On the S. W. side of Miami River. 73 miles W. from Columbus. On the line of the Miami Canal, which affords good water power. Piscataquis County, Me., c. h. at Dover. In the N. central part, including interlocking sources of the Kennebec, Penobscot, and St John's. The settled part is in the S., on the Piscataquis, an eastern tributary of the Penobscot. Undulating and hilly, with some high mountains, and in the N. numerous lakes ; soil good. Piscataway. N. J., Middlesex co. Drained by Amherst and Cedar Brooks, branches of Green Brook. Surface level; soil clay loam and red shale. 5 miles N. from New Brunswick. Pitcairn. N. Y.., St Lawrence co. The W. branch of the Oswegatchie River waters this town, the surface of which is slightly uneven, and the soil well adapted to grass. 30 miles S. from Canton, and 180 N. W. from Albany. Pitcher, N. Y, Chenango co. Watered by Ostelic River and some of its branches. Surface hilly ; soil argillaceous loam. 1 6 miles W. from Norwich, and 127 from Albany. Pitt County, N. C, c. h. at Greenville. Bound ed N. by Edgecombe and Martin counties, E. by Beaufort, S. by Craven and Lenoir, and W. by- Greene co. Tar River traverses the interior of this county, and Neuse River runs on its S. W. border. Pitt, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded on the N. by Alleghany River, S. and W. by the Monon gahela, and N. W. by the city of Pittsburg. The surface is hilly, abounding with coal ; soil loam. Pittsburg, N. H, Coos CO., was incorporated December 10, 1840; before that it was called Indian Stream Territory. It lies on the borders of Canada, and has within its limits Lake Con necticut and several considerable ponds. It con tains 160,360 acres. 150 miles N. from Concord, and 40 N. E. from Lancaster. Pittsburg, Pa. City, port of entry, and seat of justice of Alleghany co. This place is 200 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. The population, in I 1810, was 4768; 1S20, 7248; 1830,12,542; 1840, 21,115; 1850,46,500. This is the population of Pittsburg proper; but if that of the adjoining cities and boroughs of Alleghany, Manchester, Birmingham, and Lawrenceville were included, which, both in' a commercial and social point of view, are a part of the same community with Pittsburg, a more just idea of the size of the place, perhaps, would be obtained. The city stands at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, which, by their union, form the Ohio. It is built upon the triangular plain, enclosed on two sides by these two rivers, extend ing partly up the highlands, by which the side op posite to the point is bounded. The distance from the point back to these highlands is about one mile; and the different protriinences are known by the names of Grant's. Ayers's, and Quarry Hills. The place was laid out in 1765, on the bank of the Monongahela ; with streets running parallel to the river, and others running back from the river at right angles with them. The same arrangement wis followed when, after wards, the town began to be built upon the bank of the Alleghany ; so that the cross streets, start ing at right angles from the two rivers, neces sarily meet obliquely, at a point a few streets back from the Alleghany. Thus the city, in its outline, bears a strong resemblance to the lower part of the city of New Yolk. The city is united to the adjacent country, beyond the two rivers, by a bridge over each, and by ferries. The site, says a writer on tho spot, is a real amphitheatre, formed by the hand of nature. The rivers flow in channels from 450 to 465 feet below the highest peaks of the neighboring hills, which by accu rate measurement have been found to vary thus slightly between these relative elevations. These hills surrounding the city are filled with bitumi nous coal, which is easily quarried and brought to the city, and affords unequalled facilities for manufacturing operations, for fuel, and for lighting the streets and dwellings with gas. The princi pal coal strata lie at an elevation .of above 300 feet above the part-of the city which is on the al luvial plain; and so uniform is this geological feature, that a levelling instrument, placed at the mouth of any of the beds, if carried round the horizon, carries the circle of vision along the openings of all the other mines. The coal for mation is here, as in every other part of the Ohio valley, level ; so much so as often to render the draining of the mines difficult. These hills, though steep, are not generally precipitous, and afford from their verdant slopes and peaks a series of rich and varied landscapes. The fer tility of the soil continues to their very summits. There is nothing of barrenness visible, but the forests, fields, meadows, orchards, and gardens exhibit one panorama of beauty and abun dance. Pittsburg occupies the site of the former French fort Du Quesne, which the French held posses sion of from 1754 to 1758, and whence, by insti gating the Indians to hostilities, they 'brought so much terror to the frontier settlements of Penn sylvania. It was here, in 1755, that General Braddock lost his life, and the army under him suffered a defeat, in an attempt to drive the French from this post, and that the youthful Washington displayed his military skill, and gave promise of his future greatness, by con ducting in a masterly manner the retreat of the 526 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, shattered forces. A subsequent expedition, with a more formidable force, under General Forbes. was successful in striking terror into the enemy, so that they burned the fort and abandoned the place; though not without having routed and dispersed an advanced detachment of 800 men, sent forward under Captain Grant ; which they did, with the aid of the Indians, by surrounding them, upon what is now Grant's Hill, and kill ing and capturing about 300 of their number. Among the prisoners taken was the captain himself. The English, having dispossessed the French, erected a temporary stockade, which they called Fort Pitt; and in 1759, General Stanwix commenced the construction of a more formidable work, which cost the British govern ment £60,000 sterling. This fort sustained an attack from the Indians in 1763. Some remains of a brick redoubt, which was built in 1764, after peace was restored between the French and the English, are still visible. Until after the close of the revolutionary war, Pittsburg continued to be only a small place. In 1775, the number of dwellings within the present limits of the city was not more than 25 or 30. But in 1784, the ground, which belonged to Penn's manor, and was the property of the family, was laid out into town lots, and sold rapidly. Two years later, the first number of the Pennsylvania Gazette was published here, in which it was stated that the number of houses in the village was about 100. In 1788, the county of Alleghany was consti tuted, and in 1791, Pittsburg became the county town. The earliest authentic account of the pop ulation is in the Pittsburg Gazette for January 9, 1796 ; when, by a census just taken, it appeared that it amounted to 1395. It was during this year that Louis Philippe, afterwards king of the French, visited this place, and spent considerable time there. Pittsburg is compactly built, with many hand some edifices, chiefly of brick ; which, however, have a dark and smoky appearance, from the falling soot of the bituminous coal, which is used to such an extent by the manufactories and otherwise. Among the public buildings, the new court house, situated upon an elevation which commands an extensive view, is a splendid edi fice, of the Grecian Doric order of architecture, 165 feet long and 100 feet deep. The height of the dome above the ground is 148 feet. The cost of this building was about $200,000. A splen did Roman Catholic cathedral, located on Grant's Hill, makes an imposing appearance. The build ings of the Western University of Pennsylvania arc also situated near Grant's Hill. The Third Presbyterian Church, several of the banking houses, and some of the large hotels, are also fine buildings. There are three market houses, and a museum containing many Indian curios ities. Three covered bridges cross the Alleghany River, one of which has a walk for foot passen gers upon the top. A bridge also crosses the Monongahela, 1500 feot in length, which was erected atari expense of $102,000. The harbor is chiefly in this river, because the depth of water is greater here than in the Alleghany. The Penn sylvania Canal is carried over tho Alleghany in a viaduct 1200 feot long, built by the state, at an expense of $104,000. After entering the city, it passes through a tunnel under Grant's Hill, and enters the Monongahela River. Another branch of tho canal passes through Alleghany City, and enters the Alleghany River a few hundred yards above where it unites with the Ohio. The water with which the city is supplied is raised 116 feet from the Alleghany River, by a steam engine, which raises 3,000,000 gallons daily. It is dis tributed through the city in pipes, which have an aggregate length of about ten miles. These waterworks cost over $250,000. In 1836 an es tablishment was completed for lighting the city with gas ; which is manufactured from the bitu minous coal at a small expense, and gives a bril liant light. Several of the places adjacent to Pittsburg deserve to be described with it, as they virtually belong to the same community, although under separate corporations. The most important of these is Alleghany City, on the opposite side of the Alleghany River. It contains many of the finest residences, in commanding situations, occupied by persons doing business in Pittsburg. Its commercial and manufacturing business, properly its own, is also considerable. It con tains a number of churches of different denom inations. The Western Theological Seminary is located here. It is under the direction of the Presbyterians, and has two professors and a library of 6000 volumes. The edifice, which is on a commanding eminence, is 140 feet long and 50 wide ; the central part being four stories high, and the wings three. The Theological Seminary of the Associate Reformed Church is also located here. Birmingham, borough, is another considerable suburb of Pittsburg, on the opposite side of the Monongahela, and connected by a bridge and ferry. It is about a mile from the centre of the city. It contains extensive manufactories of glass and iron. It has two churches, a Presby terian and a Methodist. There are a number of flourishing villages, besides, in the vicinity of Pittsburg, some of which have been named in this article. Pittsburg combines great advantages of posi» tion. The great line of canal and railroad from Philadelphia, over the Schuylkill and Susque hanna valley and the intervening mountains, which here connects with the Ohio River, is of great importance to Pittsburg, and to the whole west. In 1811, the first sieamboat constructed on the western waters was built at Pittsburg. This was the commencement of a vast increase in the trade and business of this city. Whereas it was before the work of a whole season to make a trip to New Orleans and return, now many are made in a season. Nearly 100 steamboats, em ployed on the Ohio and connected rivers, are owned, either wholly or in part, in this city. Its manufactures, too, give it great importance. It has deservedly acquired the name of the Bir mingham of America. To Philadelphia, by rail road and canal, 399 miles; to Erie, 130; to Cin cinnati, 470 miles. Pittsboro; N. C, c. h. Chatham co. On Robin son's Creek. 34 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. Pittsfield, Is., c. h. Pike co., occupies elevated ground at nearly equal distances between Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, and 70 miles W. S. W. from Springfield. Pittsfield, Me., Somerset co. A good township. 38 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Pittsfield, Ms,, Berkshire co. 5 miles N. of Lenox, tho shire town. 151 miles W. from Boston, and 49 E. from Albany, N. Y. IN THE UNITED STATES. 527 This is one of the handsomest and most flourishing towns in the western part of Massa chusetts. It is situated at the junction of the Pontoosuc with the Housatonic River, and occu pies a beautiful expansion of the valley between the Taconie anrt the Green Mountain ranges. It has no mountains within its territorial limits, except a point of Lenox Mountain on the S., which extends a short distance into the town. There is little or no waste land in the town. A large proportion of the land upon the rivers is of the best alluvial formation, especially on the Housatonic, which usually overflows its banks in the spring. The stranger at Pittsfield, finding himself set down in a valley of exceeding beauty and fertility, surrounded at a distance, with high and picturesque mountains, while charming rivers are quietly meandering at his feet, sees nothing to remind him that he stands at an elevation of more than a thousand feet above the level of the sea. In the salubrity of its climate, and in love liness of scenery and situation, Pittsfield can hardly be surpassed. The village in the centre is well located and handsomely built. There are two principal streets, which cross each other at right angles, on which are located many of the most beautiful buildings. At their intersection there is a public square containing about 4 acres. Fronting on the differerft sides of this square are the First Congregational Meeting House, re cently rebuilt, in an elegant style of architect ure, the Berkshire Medical Institution, two or three spacious hotels, with ranges of stores, &c. Besides these, there are also many other handsome streets and buildings. The meeting houses of the Second Congregational Church and of the Baptist Church, situated on the main street run ning N. and S., are new and tasteful structures. i Pittsfield has become distinguished for its excellent schools and seminaries of learning. The Berkshire Medical Institution is a profes sional school of deservedly high reputation. It was established in 1822 ; and handsome and commodious buildings were erected for its use. TheYoung Ladies' Institute, located here, is one of the best provided and most popular institutions of the kind in the country. It occupies a range of three beautiful buildings, most eligibly situated, a short distance N. of the village. The centre building, containing the chapel, library, recitation rooms, apparatus, &c., is an exact copy of a Grecian temple at Athens. The symmetry of the whole establishment is very fine. On a gentle elevation, overlooking the town towards the S., and the country far and wide, stand the buildings of the institute, with a number of acres laid out in a circular garden, sloping from the green in front, surrounded and intersected by spacious gravelled walks, ornamented with shrubbery and flowers, tastefully set off with parterres and arbors, and enlivened by an artificial fountain. The course of studies pursued in the Institute is liberal and extensive, and cannot fail, in all cases where it is diligently and systematically prosecuted, to ex ert a decided influence in furnishing the female mind with every desirable talent and accomplish ment. Pittsfield is quite a busy place in manufacturing as well as agriculturaloperations. As early asl837, the various manufactures of the town amounted to about $700,000, since which they have greatly increased. The principal manufactures now are cotton and woollen goods, castings, machinery,' musical instruments, hats, caps, harnesses, trunks, railroad cars, carriages, chairs, cabinet furniture, mechanics' tools, muskets, rifles, fowling pieces, &c. ' The amount of the product in these various branches is large. v The Western Railroad from Boston to Albany passes through Pittsfield. A railroad extends S. W. through Lenox and Stockbridge to con nect with the Housatonic Railroad, and, connected with these, is a railroad to Hudson, New York. Another extends N. 20 miles to the flourishing manufacturing village of North Adams, a few miles S. of Williamstown. Pittsfield was settled in 1752. Its Indian name was Pontoosuc, signifying, "a run for deer" — a name which one of its beautiful streams still bears. The territory of this town was granted to Boston in 1 735. It was called " Boston Plantation," until it was sold- to Jacob Wendell, in 1743; it then bore the name of Wendell's Town until its incorporation, in 1761, when it received its present name, in honor of William Pitt, the English statesman. This beautiful town among the mountains is becoming quite a favorite resort for persons of wealth, intelligence, and refinement, as a place of residence. Many come here, especially from our cities and from the south, to spend the summer months. The salubrious climate, the charming scenery, and the agreeable society to be enjoyed in Pittsfield, constitute a union of attractions not often so happily combined. Pittsfidd, N. H., Merrimac co. The surface is pleasantly varied, with a good soil. Suncook River passes through the town, affording good mill privileges. Catamount Mountain is in tho town. There are a number of ponds here, W. of which the magnetic needle varies materially. Berry's Pond is on the mountain; it is half "a mile in length, and is supplied by mountain springs. There is a neat and flourishing village in Pittsfield, which possesses a fine water power, First settlers, John Cram and others. 15 miles N. E. from Concord. Pittsfield, N. Y., Otsego co. Unadilla River and some of its branches water this town, the surface of which is hilly, with fertile valleys. 18 miles W. from Cooperstown, and 87 from Albany. Pittsfield, Vt, Rutland co. Tweed River is formed in this town, by two branches, which afford mill sites : it empties into White River, which passes through the N. E. corner. The surface is mountainous, and the soil hard. The settlement was commenced in 1786. 35 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 17 N. E. from Rutland. Pittsford, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by tho Irondoquoit Creek and some of its branches. Surface undulating ; soil argillaceous and calca reous loam. 6 miles E. from Rochester, and 213 N.,of W. from Albany. Pittsford, Vt, Rutland co. Otter Creek is the principal stream, and its width here is from 40 to 50 yards. Furnace Brook is in Pittsford : on it and its branches are numerous mill privileges. Along these streams are extensive meadows of rich alluvial soil. There arc 2 ponris in the town. The soil is generally loam, with some sandy tracts, and some of ciay. The timber is oak, of several kinds. Iron ore and excellent marble abound here. In the eastern part of Pittsford is a deep cavern, in which ice may com monly be found in the months of July and 528 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, August. There are 2 pleasant and flourishing villages in the town ; one near the centre, the other on Furnace Brook. The settlement was com menced in the year 1769. 44 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 8 N. from Rutland. The Rutland Railroad between Boston and Burling ton passes through Pittsford. Pittston, Me., Kennebec co. Pittston is a pleas ant town on the E. side of Kennebec River, op posite to Gardiner. It is a flourishing town, of good soil, and has several ponds and mill streams, and a considerable business in the lumber trade. It is bounded E. by Whitefield, and S. by Dres den. 7 miles S. by E. from Augusta. Pittstown, N. Y., Rensselaer "co. Bounded on the N. by the Hoosic River, and drained by Tom- hannock Creek. Surface uneven ; soil of good quality. 12 miles N. E. from Troy, and 18 from Albany. Pittsylvania County, Va., c. h. at Pittsylvania. Bounded N. by Staunton River, separating it from Bedford and Campbell counties. E. by Hal ifax co., S. by North Carolina, and W. by Henry and Franklin counties. Drained by Dan, Ban nister, and branches of Staunton River. Soil mostly fertile. Pittsylvania, Va., c. h. Pittsylvania co. On a branch of Bannister River. 162 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. Pluinfield, Ms., Hampshire co. The territory of tkis town was called Pontoosuc by, the In dians. It was the north part of Cummington. Incorporated as a district in 1785, and ns a town in 1807. This township lies on the eastern side of the Green Mountain range. The, surface is undulating, and in many parts rough and broken. The summit of East Hill, on which is the princi pal village, may be considered as level, through nearly the whole breadth of tho town. The soil is good and strong, and well adapted for grass. The township is exceedingly well supplied with springs and rivulets. Mill Brook is tho largest stream. There are 2 ponds, both in the N. W. part of the town ; the North Pond, which is about a mile long, anrt half a mile wide, and the Crooked Pond, so called from its figure. The scenery around these ponds is wild, and may perhaps be said to partake of the gloomy. The North Pond is dotted with islands, and is a favorite place of resort for anglers and parties of pleasure. 27 miles N. W. from Northampton, and 117 W. by N. from Boston. Plainfidd, N. H., Sullivan co. There are valu able intervale and excellent meadows on the Connecticut River, and in other parts of the town. Here aro 2 ponds. At the S. W. part of this town, in Connecticut River, is Hart's Island, which contains 19 acres. Quechee Falls are in this town. Abridge was erected here in 1807. A small stream, flowing from Croydon Moun tains, waters the town. Plainficld has a pleasant village, situated on a handsome plain, called Plainficld Plain. Kimball Union Academy, in this town, incorporated June 16, 1813, is in the vjllage called Moriden. First settlers, L. Nash and "Russell, in 1764. 12 miles S. from Dart mouth College, and 60 N. W. from Concord. Plainfidd, N. Y., Otsego co. The Unadilla River and its branches water this town, the sur face of which is hilly and undulating, and the soil very fertile. 15 miles N. W. from Coopers- town, and 75 W. from Albany. Plainfidd, Pa., Northampton co. Drained by the E. branch of Bushkill Creek. Surface level, except in the N. part, where it is crossed by Blue Mountain. Plainfidd, Vt., Washington co. Plainfield is watered by Winooski River and Great Brook. At the junction of these streams is a neat village. There is a small pond in the eastern part, which is well furnished with excellent trout. There is also a mineral spring. It is situated so near the margin of Great Brook as to be overflowed at high water. The surface of the town is une ven, but well timbered. There is but little waste land, and the soil is generally of a good quality. Tho settlement was commenced about the year 1794. 9 miles S. E. from Montpelier. Plaistow, N. H, Rockingham co., was originally a part of Haverbill, Ms. After it became an nexed to New Hampshire, a charter was granted, in 1749. The soil is good, being a mixture of black loam, clay, and gravel. First settlers, Cap tain Charles Bartlett, Nicholas White, Esq., Dea con Benjamin Kimball, and J. Harriman. 40 miles S. E. from Concord, and 12 S. from Exe ter by the Boston and Maine Railroad. Plaquemine Parish, La., c. h. at Fort Jackson. Bounded N. by Orleans Parish, E. by St Ber nard Parish and the Gulf of Mexico, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Jefferson Parish. The Mississippi River flows through this parish; on its coast are several bays. The surface is low, and in the S. portions is nowhere elevated more than 10 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The soil is only arable on the margins of the river, where it is very fertile. The principal produc tions aro cotton and sugar. Piatt County, Is., c. h. at Monticello. Bounded N. by McLean, E. by Champaign, S. by Moul trie, and W. by Macon and De Witt counties. Drained by Sangamon River. Platte County, Mo., c. h. at Platte City. Bound ed N. by Buchanan co„ E. by Clinton and Clay counties, and S. and W. by the Missouri River, separating it from Indian Territory. Drained by Little Platte River. Platte City, Mo., c. h. Platte co. On the W. side of Little Platte River. Plattekill. N. Y, Ulster co. Watered by Old Man's Kill, a branch of the Hudson, and by some branches of the Wallkill. Surface hilly and undulating; soil clay and gravelly loam based upon slate and limestone. 29 miles S. from Kingston, and 79 from Albany. Plattsburg. Mo., c. h. Clinton co. On the W. side of Smith's Fork of Little Platte River. 180 miles W. N. W. from Jefferson City. Plattsburg, N. Y., shire town of Clinton co., lies on the W. side of Lake Champlain. 162 miles N. from Albany, 25 miles N. W. from Burlington, and to Rouse's Point, where the Ogdensburg Rail road crosses the lake, 29 miles N. Tho surface of the township on the E. is nearly level, but ' towards tho W. it becomes hilly. The soil is mostly a clay loam, and of a good quality in the neighborhood of the lake. It is drained by the Saranac River, and also on the S. by Salmon Creek. Plattsburg Village, situated on the lake shore, at the mouth of the Saranac. is a port of entry, and contains the county buildings. It was incorpo rated in 1815, and has been subject to consider able fluctuations in its prosperity, consequent upon the vicissitudes of war and peace. It prof ited by the expenditures of the last war with IN THE UNITED STATES. 529 Great Britain, although twice captured by the enemy. After the stimulus of these causes was withdrawn, it languished for a time; but it is now thriving again, under the more healthful auspices of peace. The Saranac affords a valuable water power, having a succession of falls, in and near the village, amounting in the entire descent to about 40 feet. These privileges are partially improved for cotton and woollen factories, flour ing mills, saw mills, and other works. Plattsburg has been selected by the govern ment as a military post ; and extensive stone barracks have been erected along the lake shore, a little S. of the village. The United States have also erected a breakwater here for the pro tection of the harbor. On the 11th of September, 1814, Plattsburg was the scene of an important conflict betweeu the Americans and British forces, both on the land and on the water, in which the Americans were victorious. The land forces of the enemy, consisting of about 14,000 men, were led on to the attack by Sir George Prevost, and were suc cessfully repulsed by about 3000 men, under the command of General Macomb. The engage ment on the lake was between Commodore Mc- Donough, of the American, and Commodore Downie, of the British navy. The fleet under McDonough carried 86 guns and 820 men, and the British fleet 95 guns and 1050 men. The action lasted, without any cessation, on a smooth sea, at close quarters, 2 hours and 20 minutes, in full view of both the armies fighting on land. The fortune of the day was in a great measure decid ed by the issue on the lake. When the British army saw their fleet completely conquered, they were at once dispirited, and commenced their re treat. Thoir loss, in the mean time, had been more than six times as great as that of the Americans. Among tho slain in the naval engagement was the British commandant, Commodore Downie, who was a brave and skilful officer. The fact is stated as showing the frame of mind in which the brave McDonough entered the battle, and in whom he put his trust for success, that, " after the enemy's fleet hove in sight, the men of his ship were assembled on the quarter deck, when he kneeled down, and, in humble and fervent prayer, com mended himself, his men, and the cause in which they were engaged, to the God of battles." This favorable issue of the battle of Plattsburg was of great importance to this part of the country. Pleasant Valley, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by Wappingcr's Creek. Surface diversified ; soil clay and sandy loam. 7 miles N. E.from Pough- keepsio, and 82 S. from Albany. Plumb, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded N. by the Alleghany River, and drained by Plumb and Turtle Creeks and Thompson's Run. Surface hilly ; soil loam. 14 miles E. from Pittsburg. Plumstead, Pa., Bucks co. Surface hilly, and drained by Tohickotf and Neshaminy Creeks ; soil sandy loam. 106 miles E. from Harris burg. Plymouth, Ct, Litchfield co. The surface of the town is rough and hilly, with a strong grav elly soil, well adapted for grazing. Tho Nauga tuck affords an ample water power. The manufacture of small wooden clocks, it is believed, originated with Mr. Terry, of this town, about 30 years ago ; since that period, the man ufacture of wooden clocks has been widely ex tended, and forms a very important branch of the 67 manufactures in this part of the state. 22 miles W. S. W. from Hartford. Plymouth, la., c. h. Marshall co. 115 miles N. from Indianapolis. • Plymouth, Me., Penobscot co. This is a fine township of land, watered by beautiful ponds, and a valuable branch of Sebasticook River. 45 miles N. E. from Augusta. Plymouth County, Ms., c. h. at Plymouth. The soil of this county is not so productive as that of many others in Massachusetts ; yet there is con siderable good land within its limits. It has a great water power, and an abundant supply of fine iron ore. This county has a sea-coast on Massachusetts Bay, of between 30 and 40 miles, and many ships are built in its numerous ports, of native white oak. This county has consider able foreign commerce, but its shipping is princi pally engaged in the fishing business and coast ing trade. It is bounded N. E. and E. by Massa chusetts Bay, N. by Norfolk co. and Boston Har bor, N. W. by Norfolk CO., W. by Bristol co., and S. E. and S. by Buzzard's Bay and Barnstable co. The North River and numerous branches of the Taunton are its chief rivers. Plymouth, Ms., c. h. Plymouth co. The town ship of Plymouth, though once much larger than at present, is still one of the largest in the state. It extends on the coast 1 1 miles from N. to S. The land is generally hilly, sandy, and barren, ex cept a small strip of rich, loamy soil on the sea board. The harbor of Plymouth is extensive, but not deep enough for vessels of the largest class. It is formed partly by a narrow spit of sand, extend ing 3 miles northerly from the mouth of Eel River, S. of the principal village, where is a pleasant village, called Chiltonville, about 2 miles distant from the main village. This beach, ex posed to all the fury of the Atlantic, has been in danger of being broken through, to the destruc tion of the harbor, and large expenditures have been necessary, as well on the part of the town and state, as by the general government for its repair and preservation. Considerable shipping is owned in Plymouth, and the inhabitants are largely con cerned in navigation and the fisheries. There is considerable water power, and some manufactures. The village is in the N. part of the town, com pactly built, and 37 miles S. E. from Boston by railroad. Not a dwelling house of ancient date or antique form now remains in the town. Those recently erected are in the style of modern archi tecture, and the largest proportion of the build ings are painted of a light color, and exhibit an air of neatness and elegance. Among the build ings most worthy of note are Pilgrim Hall, the Court House, and a Gothic structure for the church of the First Society. See Plymouth Rock, under Fashionable Resorts. Plymouth, N, II, Grafton co. Plymouth is ono of the shire towns. Besides numerous smaller streams, there are two rivers in the town, Pemi gewasset and Baker's ; both are of importance. Baker's is 30 miles in length. It takes its name from Captain Baker, who attacked the Indians at its mouth. In consequence of the great water power in this town, and the passage of the Con cord and Montreal Railroad through it, it bids fair to become an important place of trade ^and manufacture. The soil is tolerably good. Holmes's Academy is in this town. First settlers, Zachariah Parker and James Hobart, in 1764. From Con- 530 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, cord, 51 miles N., and 31 S. E. from Haverhill by railroad. Plymouth, N. Y., Chenango co. Canasawacta Creek waters this town. Surface undulating ; soil of good quality. 7 miles N. W. from Nor wich, .and 118 W. from Albany. Plymouth, N. O, c. h. Washington co. On the S. side of Roanoke River, 8 miles from its mouth, and 112 miles E. from Raleigh. Plymouth, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Har vey's and Toby's Creeks. Surface mostly moun tainous, abounding with coal. A portion of the town lies in the valley of Wyoming, and has a rich soil. Distant 124 miles N. E. from Harris burg. Plymouth, Pa., Montgomery co. This town is mostly inhabited by Friends. The surface is un dulating, abounding with limestone and rharble ; soil calcareous loam. Plymouth, Vt., Windsor co. The principal stream in this township is Black River. On it are several good mill sites, and a number of natural ponds, which abound in fish. Two considerable branches of Quechee River also rise in this town. A large share of the rocks are primitive lime stone. Some of the limestone makes excellent marble. Steatite or soapstone is also found here. The surface of Plymouth is considerably broken. Two mountains extend through it, parallel to the river, and at no great distance from it. Plymouth Cave was discovered about the 1st of July, 1818. (See Caves.) The settlement of this place was commenced in 1777, by John Mudge, who was . soon followed by Aaron Hewett and others. 52 miles S. from Montpelier, and 15 W. by N. from Windsor. > Plympton, Ms., Plymouth co. Before its incor poration, in 1707, Plympton comprised the N. W. part of Plymouth. Its Indian name was Wena- tuckset. The Wqnatuckset, a branch of Taunton River, passes through the western width of this town. There are two pleasant villages in the town. A noble white oak was cut here a few vears ago. It contained 7 tons and 7 feet of ship timber, and 2 cords of firewood. The Old Colony Railroad passes through the town. 29J miles S. E. by S. from Boston, and 7 J W. by N. from Plymouth. Pocahontas County, Va., c. h. Huntersville. Bounded N. by Randolph co., E. by Pendleton and Bath, S. by Greenbrier, and W. by Greenbrier, Nicholas, and Randolph counties. Drained by Greenbrier River. Surface rough and elevated, being crossed by ridges of the Alleghany Moun tains ; soil sterile. Poinsett Comity, As., c. h. at Bolivar. Bounded N.by Greene co., E. by the St. Francis River, sepa rating it from Mississippi and Crittenden coun ties, S. by St. Francis co., and W. by Jackson co. Drained by a tributary of St. Francis River, by Laguille River, and by St. Francis Bayou. Point Coupee Parish, La., c. h. at Point Coupee. Bounded N. by Avoyelles and Concordia parish es, N. E. and E.,by tho Mississippi River, sepa rating it from West Feliciana parish, S. by Baton Rouge and Iberville parishes, and W. by the Atchafalaya, separating it from St. Landry parish. Drained by Pc'rdouche Bayou, and in its S. E. part is Fauso Riviere, a former bed of tho Missis sippi. Surface low and level ; soil of excellent quality, where it is not liable to inundation. Point Coupee, La., c. h. Point Coupee parish. On tho S. side of Mississippi River, at the com mencement of the levee or embankment, opposite St. Francisville, and 140 miles W. N. W. from New Orleans. Point Pleasant, Va., c. h. Mason co. On the E. side of the Ohio River, at the junction of the Great Kanawha, and 370 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. Poland, Me., Cumberland co. On Little An droscoggin River, 6 miles above Lewiston Falls. It is 26 miles N. from Portland. This is an ex cellent farming town, with good mill privileges, several ponds, and a pleasant village. A family consisting of about 70 of that curi ous people denominated " Shakers" reside in Po land. They possess about 600 acres of choice land. They are attached to the society at New Gloucester. Poland, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by Chautauque outlet and Connewango Creek. Sur face hilly; soil sandy and gravelly loam. 22 miles S. E. from Mayville, and 317 S. W. from Albany. Polk County, As., c. h. at Liberty. On the western border. Polk Cbunty, Io., c. h. at Fort Des Moines. S. central. The Des Moines flows through it from N. W. to S. E. Polk, Io., c. h. Lucas co. Polk County, Mo., c. h. at Bolivar. Bounded N. by Hickory, E. by Dallas, S. by Green, and W. by Dade and Cedar counties. Pomme de Terre, Sac, and Niangua Rivers water this county, arid afford hydraulic power. Polk County, Te., c. h. at Benton. Bounded N. by McMinn co., E. by Monroe co. and North Car olina, S. by Georgia, and W. by Bradley co. Drained by Hiwassee River and branches. Sur face mountainous. Polk County, Ts., c. h. at Livingston. In the S. E. angle of the state. On the Trinity. Pomeroy, O., c. h. Meigs co. A flourishing place on the Ohio River, a short distance above the mouth of the Kanhawa. Pomfret, Ct., Windham co. Its Indian name was Mashamoquet. The surface of the town is pleasantly diversified by hills and valleys ; from some of the elevations delightful views are ob tained. The soil is deep, strong, and fertile, and, although somewhat stony, is very productive, and exceedingly well adapted for grazing. The Quin nebaug and several of its branches water the town. 40 miles E. by. N. from Hartford. Pomfret contains the " Wolf Den," celebrated for the bold exploit of tbe gallant Putnam, who resided here some years. He died at Brooklyn, in this state, in 1790. Pomfret, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by Cassadaga Creek and its tributaries, and by some small streams flowing into Lake Erie. Surface hilly, sloping towards Lake Erie, which bounds it on the N. Soil very fertile. 12 miles N. E. from Mayville, and 315 S. of W. from Albany. Pomfret, Vt., Windsor co. The surface is con siderably uneven, but tho soil is generally good. White River touches upon the N. E. corner, and Quechee upon the S. E. The other streams are small. The settlement was commenced in the spring of 1770, by Bartholomew Durkee, from Pomfret, Ct. ; he camo into town with his family on the 6th day of March, and in a few days they were joined by Mr. John Cheedle and family. 45 miles S. from Montpelier, and 20 N. N. W. from Windsor. The Central Railroad passes through the town. Pompey, N. Y., Onondago co. Watered by IN THE UNITED STATES. 531 Limestone Creek, and the head branches of the Tioughnioga River. .Surface hilly; soil fertile sandy and clay loam. 14 miles S. E. from Syra cuse, and 132 W. from Albany. Pompton, N. J., Passaic co. Watered by Ring- wood River and several ponds. Surface hilly and mountainous, containing iron ore ; soil clay and loam. 23 miles N. W. from Hackensack. Pontotoc County, Mi., c. h. at Pontotoc. Bound ed N. by Tippah, E. by Itawamba, S. by Chick asaw, and W.hy Lafayette co. The Tallahatchee River and its branches, and some branches of the W. fork of Tombigbee River, water this county. Pope County, As., c. h. at Nerrisville. Bounded N. by Nowton co., E. by Van Buren and Conway counties, S. by the Arkansas River, separating it from Yell co., and W. by Johnson co. Drained by small branches of the Arkansas. On the N. border are the Black Hills. Pope County, Is., c. h. at Golconda. Bounded N. by Gallatin co., E. and S. by Hardin co. and the Ohio River, separating it from Kentucky, and W. by Massac and Johnson counties. Drained by Big Bay, Great Pierre, Lusk's, and Rock Creeks. Surface level ; soil rich sandy loam. Poplin, N. H., Rockingham co. Loon Pond is in the N. part. The town is watered by Exeter River and several small streams. The soil is of a good quality, and the surface is not broken by high hills. The inhabitants aro principally indus trious farmers. 24 miles W. -S. W. from Ports mouth, and 30 S. S. E. from Concord. Portage, N. Y., Alleghany co. The Genesee River and Genesee Valley Canal pass through this town, in the N. part of which are situated the celebrated Genesee Falls. The river descends about 300 feet in the distance 'of two miles, af fording immense water power. Surface hilly on the E. and W. Soil very favorable to the growth of grain. 18 miles N. from Angelica, and 247 W. from Albany. Portage County, O., c. h. at Ravenna. Cuya hoga and Geauga counties are on the N., Trum bull on the E., Stark on the S., and Medina on the W. This county is named from the cir cumstance of including within its limits the old portage, connecting the waters of Cuyahoga River with those of the Muskingum. These streams, with the head waters of Mahoning River, are the principal waters. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes through this county from E. to W. The land is high, elevated, and well improved. Portage County, Wn., c. h. at Portage. This extensive county is bounded N. by Michigan, E. by Brown, Marquette, and Dodge counties, S. by Dane and Sauk, and W. by Crawford co. Drained by Wisconsin River and its branches. Surface mountainous in the N., and level in the S. por tions. Porta County, la., c. h. at Valparaiso. Bounded N. by Lake Erie, E. by La Porte and Stark coun ties, S. by Kankakee River, separating it from Jasper co., and W. by Lake co. Drained by Ca- lumic River and Coffee and Salt Creeks. The surface on the Ni is elevated and sterile, but on the S. level, and in parts marshy, and the soil of better quality. Porter, Me., Oxford co. Porter is bounded W. by New Hampshire, and Ossipee River separates it from the county of York. It lies 99 miles S. W. from Augusta, 42 W. N. W. from Portland, and 37 S. W. from Paris. Incorporated 1807. Porter, N. Y., Niagara co. Watered on the N. by Lake Ontario, E. by .Tuscarora Creek, and W. by the Niagara River, which separates it from Canada. At the mouth of the Niagara, in this town, is situated the old Fort Niagara. Surface chiefly level ; soil argillaceous and sandy loam. 16 miles N. W. from Lockport, and 300 N. of W. from Albany. Port Carbon, Pa., Schuylkill co. Situated in an important coal region, at the head of canal navigation, and at the junction, of Mill Creek with Schuylkill River. 65 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Connects with Philadelphia by the Schuylkill Canal and Reading Railroad. Port Chester, N. Y, Westchester co. On the W. side of Byram River. 136 miles S. from Albany. Steamboats and vessels ply daily to New York. The New York and New Haven Railroad passes through it Port Clinton, O., Ottowa co. Located on the S. side of Portage River, at its mouth, and has a good harbor. N. from Columbus 1 20 miles. Port Deposit, Md., Cecil co. Located on the E. side of Susquehanna River, at the lower falls, 5 miles from its mouth, and 68 miles N. E. from Annapolis. The termination of the Susquehanna Canal. Port Elizabeth, N. J., Cumberland co. Situated near the mouth 6f Manamuskin Creek. 14 miles from Delaware Bay, and 73 S. S. W. from Tren ton. Vessels of 120 tons come here. Exports, wood and lumber. \ Port Gibson, Mi., Claiborne co. On Bayou Pierre, 30 miles above its mouth, 45 miles N. from Natchez, and 72 S. W. from Jackson. Port Henry, N. Y., Essex co., has a good steamboat landing on the W. side of Lake Cham plain. 118 miles N. from Albany. The vicin ity abounds in iron ore. Port Kent, N. Y., Essex co. On the W. shore of Lake Champlain. 12 miles S. from Plattsburg, and 151 N. by E. from Albany. There is a steam ferry between this and Burlington, Vt. Portland, Me. City, seaport, and seat of jus tice of Cumberland co. 65 miles S. W. from Au gusta, the capital of the state, 105 miles N. N. E. from Boston, and 290 miles S. E. from Montreal, by railroad. Population in 1790, 2240; 1800, 3704; 1810, 7169; 1820, 8521; 1830, 12,601; 1840, 15,218; 1850, 20,879. Portland is very pleasantly situated, on a pen insula at the W. extremity of Casco Bay, between Casco River on the S., and Back Cove, which makes up from the harbor, on the N. The length of this peninsula, from E. to W, is 3 miles, and its average width about three fourths of a mile, containing about 2200 acres of land. The ground on which the city is built rises, towards both its eastern and western extremities, into considerable elevations, which gives a beautiful appearance to the general outline of the place, as it is approached from the sea. The city is regularly laid out, especially the more modern portions of it, and several of the streets are among the handsomest in any of our cities. It is built mostly with brick ; and the dwellings, always neat, are, many of them, spacious and elegant. Beautiful elms and other shade trees adorn several of the more re tired avenues. The main street extends through the whole city, E. and W, upon the ridge of the peninsula, reaching from hill to hill. One of the latest and most important improvements within the city is the opening of a new street along the heads -of the wharves and docks, in such a man- 532 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. ner as to form a connection between the termini of the principal railroad routes, and to give them a direct access to the shipping in the harbor, or to the large warehouses Where the vessels are laden and unladen. The principal public buildings in 'Portland, be sides the churches, are the City Hall, under which is a market, standing at the junction of Middle and Congress Streets, built of brick, with a pedi ment and portico; the old Custom House, on Fore Street, of hammered granite ; and the Ex change, an elegant structure, 136 feet in length by 72 in width, on the corner of Exchange and Middle Streets. The colonnade of the Exchange, in front, consists of 8 columns, 24 feet high, each shaft being a single stone, beautifully fluted, and crowned by an Ionic capital. The edifice is sur mounted by a dome, the top of which is 75 feet above the ground. This building, erected by the city as an Exchange, was purchased by the United States government in 1848, and is now used for a ¦custom house, post office, and the United States court rooms. On a promontory at the eastern end of the city, rising about 100 feet above the water, stands a tower, 70 feet high, erected in 1807, by the merchants of Portland, for the purpose of ob serving vessels at sea. It is furnished with a large telescope, and with signals to be raised on the approach of vessels making this port. This position commands a most extensive and beauti ful prospect in all directions, embracing the At lantic Ocean as far as the eye can reach ; Casco Bay, to the mouth of the Kennebec, with the numerous verdant and beautiful islands reposing upon its bosom ; the Agamenticus Hills, in York ; and the whole range of mountains on the borders of New Hampshire, from Ossipee, near Lake Winnipiseogee, to the White Mountains, which constitute the crowning feature of the landscape. The serene, majestic form of Mount Washington, as it stands in clear relief against the distant heavens, is here a most impressive object ; while below, "in the immediate vicinity," as one has said of it, "lie the city and adjacent country, as a gem in its emerald setting." The Portland Athenieum, incorporated in 1827, has a valuable library of over 6000 volumes, with a steady annual increase. It is kept in a conven ient room, over the Canal Bank. The Society for promoting a Knowledge of Natural History has a valuable collection of minerals and shells, specimens in zoology, ornithology, &c. There are 18 churches in Portland, belonging to nine different denominations. One of the church edifices is of stone, and several are of brick, generally in handsome situations. The first parish was organized in 1727, and has now, after a period of 125 years, only its third minister, never fof an hour having been destitute of a pas tor since the year of its formation. The public schools of Portland, embracing about 3000 children, are of a high order of excel lence. Among them are a classical school for boys, a high school for girls, and four grammar schools, two for boys and two for girls. These schools are supported at an annual expense to the city of 12,000 or $15,000. There is also an academy, and numerous private schools, all af fording superior privileges for instruction. A company was incorporated in 1849 for light ing the city with gas, which is rapidly extending through all parts of it this pleasant improvement. A new impulse has been given to the pros perity of Portland by the introduction of rail roads. Her advantages as a seaport, and her relations to the surrounding country, are such, that her intelligent capitalists and merchants were not slow to perceive their inducements for enlisting earnestly in this branch of internal im provement. The Portsmouth, Saco, and Port land Railroad, completing the lino from Boston to this city, was opened in 1842. In 1844, tho movement was commenced towards the con struction of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Rail road, and two companies were organized, one in Maine and the other in Canada, which com menced, at their respective ends of the line, tho great undertaking of uniting the waters flowing from the great lakes at Montreal and Quebec with the Atlantic at Portland, a distance, as the route runs, of 290 miles. This entire route is under contract to be finished in 1853, and largo sections of it, on each end of the line, are already in operation. This great work will cost aoout $5,000,000. Another great route, extending east ward, is opened from Portland as far as Waterville, within 45 miles of Bangor. This is expected hereafter to be continued to the British provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The Ken nebec and Portland Railroad is another route, independent of the above, extending E. to Au gusta, 65 miles, passing through Brunswick, and connecting Portland with the Kennebec River at the prominent points of Bath, Gardiner, Hallowell, and Augusta. Besides these, another interior railroad is commenced, to extend from Portland, through Gorham, Buxton, Hollis, Alfred, &c, to South Berwick. This road is open to Gorham. A branch from the St. Lawrence road has also been opened from Mechanic Falls to Buckfield, a distance of 12 miles. Among the enterprises of labor and skill which have come in to meet the demands created by these extensive improvements is that of tho Portland Company, a large manufacturing estab lishment, in which are made the locomotives, care, and all the apparatus and appurtenances for rail roads, as well as other work in wood and iron. It is incorporated, with a fixed capital of $100,000. The Cumberland and Oxford Canal, extend ing through Sebago and Long Ponds, one 12 and the other 10 miles long, a distance of 50 miles from Portland, was a work of earlier con struction than the railroads, which furnishes an inland navigation for the counties of Oxford and Cumberland to Portland Harbor. The harbor of Portland is one of the best in the United States, being near the ocean, easy of access, safe and ample, with sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels. It is not obstruct ed with ice, except occasionally in the most ex treme cold weather. This city, from its relative position, enjoys fine advantages for trade and commerce. When all the great projects for ex tending its internal communication shall be com pleted, it will offer very strong inducements, from its high northern latitude, and its nearness to the great marts of Europe, as a port for the ship ment of the products of the great north and west, which are increasing in » ratio unparalleled in any other country. The settlement of Portland was commenced in 1632, by George Cleaves and Richard Tucker, two adventurers from the west of England, who procured a grant of it, in. 1637, from Sir Francis IN THE UNITED STATES. 533 Gorges, the proprietor of'the province. In 1675, the settlement was destroyed by the Indians. That which afterwards grew up was again de stroyed by the French and Indians, in 1690, after which the place lay waste for about 20 years. In 1718, it was incorporated, under the name of Falmouth, with the present towns of Cape Eliza beth, Westbrook, and Falmouth, by tbe Massa chusetts legislature. This part of the town went by the name of " Old Casco." It was separated from Falmouth, and incorporated by its present name, in 1786. In 1832, it received a city charter. On the 18th of October, 1775, the place was bombarded by a British fleet, and entirely pros trated ; 136 of the principal dwellings, the Epis copal Church, the court house, and the town bouse having been laid in ruins. From the close of the revolutionary war. the growth of the town was rapid. Its tonnage had increased to 39,000 tons, and the amount received for duties to $346,000, when it again received a severe check by the restrictions on commerce during the war of 1812. After the war, a new impulse was given to its prosperity ; which has since been generally onward ; though not without serious reverses, in one or two instances, from desolating fires and a misdirected spirit of speculation. With energies exercised and developed by so many vicissitudes, and with so many new facilities for trade as are now furnished, this beautiful city is certainly destined, in the future, to a large in crease in population, wealth, and influence. Portland, Ct, Middlesex co. On the E. side of Connecticut River, nearly opposite Middle- town, and about 15 miles S. from Hartford. A new town, recently incorporated from Chatham. The village is pleasantly situated on elevated ground, looking towards the W. and S. W., and is the most populous towards the two extremi ties of a street running parallel with the course of the river, about 2 miles in length. At the southern extremity are the valuable freestone quarries, from which large quantities of a most beautiful reddish or dark-colored sandstone, of a fine quality for building, are exported to dis tant cities every year. The quarries lie directly upon the bank of the river, though the bed of 6tone appears to extend back for considerable distance. It is not perfectly solid, but lies in blocks 8 or 10 feet thick, and 50 or 60 feet long. For about 50 years past these quarries have been extensively worked, with a handsome profit to their proprietors. There are some delightful seats here occupied for private residence, from which views of the river and of the surrounding country are enjoyed which are scarcely surpassed by any in the country. At the northern part of the town there is a ship yard where vessels are built for the river navigation. Portland, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by several small streams flowing into Lake Erie, which bounds it on the N. W. Surface hilly; soil sandy and argillaceous loam. 7 miles N. from Mayville, and 331 W. from Albany. Portland, On., c. h. Washington co. Portsmouth, N. H. Seaport and half shire town of Rockingham co. 47 miles E. from Concord, and 54 N. by E. from Boston. This important town is the only seaport in the state. It is built on a beautiful peninsula, on the S. side of the Piscataqua River, about 3 miles from the ocean. The ground rises gradually from the harbor, affording for the town a peculiarly pleasant and healthful situation. Population in J810, 6934; 1820,7327,; 1830,8082; 1840,7887; 1850, 9739. Portsmouth is connected with Kittery, in Maine, by 2 bridges, 1 of which, built in 1822. at a cost of $32,000, is 1750 feet in length, and is sup ported by 70 piers : the other is 480 feet long, supported by 20 piers. Under the longest of these bridges the water, at low tide, for an extent of 900 feet, varies from 45 to 53 feet in depth. The town is also connected by a bridge with Great Island, comprising the township of Newcastle. The streets of Portsmouth, though not laid out with much regularity, are neat and pleasant, and contain many beautiful buildings. In many parts of the town are beautiful gardens, and much rural embellishment. Few places more agreeably unite the advantages of the town and country. That part of it which lies around Church Hill, so called, was originally called Strawberry Bank. The proximity of Portsmouth to the ocean, its neatness, quietness, and. beauty, render it a desirable place of residence, and a place of fashionable resort for visitors during the sum mer season. Among the public buildings are 5 or 6 hand some churches, 2 market houses, an academy, an athenaeum, an almshouse, and the state Lunatic Hospital. The Episcopal Church is a large and elegant brick edifice, from the cupola of which a very beautiful view is had of the town, the river, the harbor, the islands, and the sur rounding country. One of the markets near the centre of the town is of brick, 80 feet long arid 30 feet wide, having a spacious hall in the upper story for public uses. The Athenaeum was incor porated in 1817, and has a handsome brick edifice 3 stories high, with a library of 7300 volumes. In the third story are valuable collections of minerals and of natural history. Besides the Athenaeum library there are libraries belonging to St. John's Church, and to the Unitarian Church, of about 500 volumes each. The people of this town were early distinguished as the patrons of literature, and their institutions of learning, of every grade, are highly respectable. The town is supplied with water of an excellent quality, brought by an aqueduct from a fountain 3 miles distant, and carried through all the princi pal streets. The United States navy yard, " situated on tho harbor of Portsmouth, is admirably located for its objects, on an island called Continental, or Badg er's Island, on the E. side of the river. Here is every convenience for the construction and re pair of vessels of the largest class, among which are a dry dock of costly construction, and 6 im mense ship houses, the largest of which is 240 feet long and 131 feet wide, having the roof covered with 130 tons of slate. Portsmouth has been long celebrated for the skill of its naval architects, as well as for its abundant supply of fine white oak timber and other materials for ship building. The merchant service, as well as the United States navy, is supplied from the ship yards here with many of their finest vessels. On Badger's Island, in this harbor, was built, during the revolutionary war, the first line of battle ship launched in the western hemisphere, called the North America. A very large number of vessels are owned at this port, which are constantly em ployed in the freighting and fishing business in other seas, and between other ports of this country ¦ 534 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, and the world. The consequence is, that much of the capital of this wealthy town is employed abroad ; and there is but little show of business in the streets, compared with the amount of com merce, in the profits of which it is interested: The place has always been noted for its enter prise and commercial spirit, and is the immediate centre of a considerable trade. The Piscataqua is from half to three quarters of a mile wide where it passes the town, and although the current has so much rapidity as to prevent the river from freezing, it forms one of the most secure and com modious harbors in the United States, into which ships of any size may enter with perfect safety. It is well protected, by its islands, from the N. E. storms, which are the most to be dreaded on this coast, %and can be easily defended, and rendered perfectly impregnable, in time of war. The main channel passes on the E. side of Great Island, on the N. W. point of which is Fort Constitution, and opposite, in Kittery, is Fort McClary. On two other islands are Forts Washington and Sullivan. There is another entrance on the S. side of New Castle, called Little Harbor, where the water is shoal and the bottorn sandy. The Portsmouth pier, 340 feet long and about 60 feet wide, was built by an incorporated company in 1795. The principal manufacturing establishments of Portsmouth are a machine shop and car fac tory, which employs a large number of men ; an iron foundery ; a manufactory of hosiery, which is extensive ; a mill for the manufacture of fine twist, driven by an engine of fifty horse power, and the Portsmouth steam factory, erected in 1846-7 for making the finer class of cotton fab rics. This mill is located in a central part of the town, having the Boston and Portland and the Portsmouth and Concord Railroads immedi ately in the rear. The main building is 200 feet long, and 6 stories high, and for architectural character, as well as internal arrangement, this is»oneof the most attractive manufacturing es tablishments in the country. At this port, in the spring of 1623, the first settlers of New Hampshire made a landing, and commenced their settlements here and at Dover. From the peculiar advantages of its situation, Portsmouth appears almost wholly to have es caped the invasion of the Indians. They could approach the place only by the isthmus which connects it with the main land, across which a stockade was extended for defence against them. The settlement was also compact, and the num ber of inhabitants at an early date considerable. The Eastern Railroad from Boston to Port land, by way of Salem and Newburyport, passes through Portsmouth. A railroad has also been completed to connect this place with Concord, and thus with the great northern route ex tending to Burlington, on Lake Champlain, to Ogdensburg, at the outlet of the great north western lakes, and to the River St. Lawrence, opposite Montreal. This road, which is only 47 miles in length, must open very important ad vantages to this port, by rendering it directly ac cessible to the northern and western trade, com ing from a vast extent of the interior, with which it has heretofore had little or no connection. Portsmouth, 0. Seat of justice of Scioto co. Situated at the termination of the Ohio Canal, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Scioto. 90 miles S. of Columbus, and 110 miles, by the river, above Cincinnati. The site of the town is rather low, exposing it to occasional injury from floods : but it has great and enduring advantages, from its position, as a commercial depot, and is a busy and flourishing place. Iron ore, coal, and building stone abound in the vicinity, and here are founderies, forges, and a rolling mill for the manufacture of iron. Several steamboats ply continually between this place and the iron re gion in the upper part of this county and St. Law rence co. A commodious basin has been con structed in the old channel of the Scioto, with dry docks attached, for the building of steam boats. There is in this place a well-conducted free school, supported chiefly by funds bequeathed for this purpose, yielding about $2000 annually. The town is well built, and makes a handsome, appearance from the river. In the immediate neighborhood, on both sides of the Ohio, are some very extensive ancient works, which will not fail to interest the intelligent tourist. From this place to Cleveland, on Lake Erie, by the canal, the distance is 305 miles. Portsmouth, R. I, Newport co. The soil of this town, in common with all the lands on the Island of Rhode Island, is uncommonly fertile, well cultivated, and productive. The maritime situation of the town affords the people great facilities for the fisheries, which, with a fine soil, and industry, give them a great degree of inde pendence. A number of islands are attached to this town, of which the beautiful and fertile one called Prudence is the largest. It is 6 miles in length, and about three quarters of a mile average width. In this town are the *Rhode Island coal mines. A fine bed of plumbago has re cently been discovered. A stone bridge, 1000 feet in length, connects it with Tiverton. Portsmouth, Va., c. h. Norfolk co. On the W. side of Elizabeth River, at its mouth, and has one of the best harbors in the United States. It is opposite to and 1 mile distant from Norfolk, and 105 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. The United States navy yard, dry dock, and hospital are at Gosport, a suburb. There is daily communica tion with Charleston by the Portsmouth and Roanoke and Wilmington Railroads, and with Baltimore and Richmond»by steam. Port Tobacco, Md., c. h. Charles co. Situated at the mouth of a small river, which empties through a bay into Potomac River. 72 miles S. W. from Annapolis. » Portville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Alle ghany River and some of its branches water this town. Surface broken ; soil sandy loam. 24 miles S. E. from Ellicottville, and 296 S. W. from Albany. Posey County, la., c. h. at Mount Vernon. Bounded N. by Gibson co., E. by Vanderburg co., S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Kentucky, and W. by the Wabash River, sep arating it from Illinois. Drained by Big and Flat Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. Potosi, Mo., Washington co. In a rich mineral region, abounding in lead, iron, and copper ores. Ill miles E. S. E. from Jefferson City. Potter County, Pa., c. h. at Coudersport Bound ed N. by New York, E. by Tioga co., S. by Clin ton, and W. by McKean co. Drained by the head branches of the Alleghany, Tioga, and Genesee Rivors, and of the W. fork of the SuSr quehanna River, and by Pine, Kettle, Driftwood, IN THE UNITED STATES. 535 and Sinnemahoning -Creeks. Surface elevated, containing coal and iron ; soil loam. -Potter, N. Y., Yates co. Flint Creek waters this town, the snrface of which is hilly, and the soil fertile. 8 miles N. from Penn- Yan, and 200 W. from Albany. Potter, Pa., Centre co. The surface of this town is .mountainous, its soil calcareous loam. 10 miles S. E. from Bellefonte, and 74. N. W. from Harrisburg. Potsdam, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by Racket and Grass Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. 8 miles N. E. from Canton, and 206 N. W. from Albany. Potts Grove, Pa., Montgomery co. Bounded S. by the Schuylkill River, and drained by Man- atawny Creek and Sprogels's Run. Surface hilly ; soil red shale. Pottstown, Pa., Montgomery co., lies at the junction of Manatawny Creek and Schuylkill River. 71 miles E. from Harrisburg, and 37 N. from Philadelphia. The Schuylkill Canal passes through it Pottsville, Pa., Schuylkill co. 99 miles N. W. from Philadelphia, and 62 E. from Har risburg. It is at the termination of the Schuyl kill Canal, and of the Philadelphia, Reading, and Pottsville Railroad, in the midst of the an thracite coal region of Pennsylvania. It is situ ated just above the gorge where the Schuylkill breaks through Sharp Mountain, and is the largest town in the county. The immense coal trade has given it a rapid growth. The borough, as in corporated February 19, 1828, embraces, besides Pottsville proper, what were once the separate neighborhoods of Morrisville, Greenwood, Mount Carbon, Bath, Salem, and Allenville. Mount Carbon comprises the southern part of Potts ville, lying in the valley, between Sharp Moun tain and Second Mountain. The surrounding scenery here is very romantic. The place, as a whole, contains many large warehouses and fine ranges of stores, and is now a compact, bustling place. Its trade has settled into a steady chan nel, well understood and well managed by capi talists, merchants, and miners. The place con tains 5 or 6 churches, some of which have fine Gothic edifices, an academy, a town hall, a splen did hotel, called Pennsylvania Hall, and several other spacious hotels and handsome public build ings. Here are iron furnaces, forges, founderies, and rolling mills, in which the anthracite coal is successfully used. Steam engines and machinery are manufactured, and many boats are built for the river navigation. Pottowattomie County, Io., c. h. at Kanesville. In the S. W. angle of the state, on the Missouri. Poughkeepsie, N. Y., shire town of Dutchess co. Situated on the E. side of the Hudson River. 70 miles S. from Albany, and 75 N. from New York. It was first settled by the Dutch, in 1735, and is jne of the handsomest places in the state. The population, in 1840, was 7500: in 1850, 13,944. No place on the Hudson, perhaps, exceeds this for the beauty of its location. The grourid on which the principal part of the village is built is elevated about 200 feet above the river, and ex tends into it by two bold promontories on the N. and S., so as almost to cover the landing, which lies between them, from the view of the boats ap proaching, especially from below. Main Street, extending from the landing to the plain above, has' been conveniently graded and paved. Many of the buildings on this street are of the finest description, for the various purposes of their erec tion ; and in every part of the village, which em braces about 40 streets, there are many beautiful mansions, affording evidence of the wealth, taste, and refinements of the inhabitants. There are churches in Poughkeepsie of the Dutch Reformed, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Congregational, Bap tist, Methodist, Universalist, Quaker, and Roman Catholic denominations. Besides the court house, arid other county buildings, there are banks, newspaper offices, and a great variety of manu facturing and mechanical establishments. A large water power is furnished by the Fall Kill, a stream which, winding through the village, de scends by a ravine into the Hudson, over a fall, in the whole, of about 170 feet There is hero an incorporated company for the growth and manufacture of silk, which has erected an exten sive establishment ; another for the manufacture of locomotive engines, and other railroad ma chinery, with buildings not surpassed by any in the state; and another still, called theDutchess Whaling Company, which owns a number of ships engaged in the whale fishery. One of the breweries in this place is perhaps the largest in the state, capable of making 30,000 barrels of ale annually. Some of the other manufacturing operations, of principal importance, are flouring mills, brass and iron founderies, tanneries, manu factories of carpets, guns, pins, sperm oil and candles, ploughs, carriages, &c. The Poughkeepsie Collegiate School, a fine in stitution, opened in 1836, for fitting young men for college, or for teachers, or any of the active pursuits of life, is beautifully located upon a hill, about a mile from the Hudson, and half amilo northward from the business part of the village. The prospect from this spot extends through a compass of nearly 50 miles, and is one of surpass ing beauty. The building is a handsome struc ture, 137 feet long, modelled after the Parthenon at Athens, with the colonnade carried entirely round, erected at a cost of about $40,000. 'Pho Dutchess County Academy is, also lbcated here, and has a building in the S. E. part of the vil lage, which cost about $14,000. Proportionate attention is likewise given to tbe interests of fe male education, for which =i number of schools exist, which are of high reputation. Poughkeepsie was incorporated as a village in 1801, and is a part of a township of the same name. Its name is said to be a modification of the Indian word Apokeepsing, meaning a safe har bor. Being situated about half way between New York and Albany, this place was occasional ly resorted to, in the earlier periods of its history, for popular deliberations, and here, in 1788, the state convention met to deliberate upon the fed eral constitution, and voted for its adoption. Poultney, Vt., Rutland co. This township is watered by Poultney River and its nnmerous tributaries, which afford a«nnmber of valuable mill sites. The soil is generally warm and pro ductive, and the surface pleasantly diversified. Along Poultney River the alluvial flats are extensive and very productive. The forest trees are mostly deciduous, there being but few ever greens. A violent freshet, in July, 1811, swept off a number of. mills. There are two pleasant villages, called East and West Poultney : both are very flourishing. The settlement was com menced in 1771, by Thomas Ashley and Eben- 536 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, ezer Allen. 60 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 13 S. W. from Rutland. Poundridge, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered hy a few small streams flowing into Long Island Sound. Surface hilly and stony ; soil gravelly loam. 15 miles N. E. from White Plains, and 139 S. from Albany. Poweshiek County, Io., c. h. at Montezuma. S. E. central. Between Iowa and Skunk Rivers. Powhatan County, Va., c. h. at Powhatan. Bounrtert N. by James River, separating it from Goochland co., E. by Chesterfield co., S. by the Appomattox River, separating it from Amelia co., and W. by Cumberland co. Powhatan, Va., c. h. Powhatan co. Pownal, Me., Cumberland co. This is a small town, of good soil, and bounded N. by Durham. It lies 35 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 19 N. from Portland. Incorporated 1808. Pownal, Vt., Bennington co. The surface is uneven, but the. soil generally good, and pro duces plentiful crops. Some of the finest dairies in the state are kept here. The principal stream is Hoosic River. Along this stream are some rich and beautiful tracts of intervale, and on it are several valuable stands for mills. Some of the head branches of Walloomscoik River rise in Pownal. The settlement of Pownal, under the New Hampshire charter, was commenced in the spring of 1 762, there being at that time four or five Dutch families within the limits of the town ship, claiming under the Hoosic patent, granted by the government of New York. 30 miles W. by S. from Brattleboro', and 8 S. from Bennington. Prairie Du Chien, Wn., shire town of Crawford co. On the E. bank of the Mississippi, about 90 miles W. of Madison, and 170 W. ofrMilwaukie. it is about 3 miles above the mouth of the Wiscon sin River, 516 above St. Louis, and 276 below the Falls of St Anthony. The prairie on which the town stands is 10 miles long and 3 in width ; upon which are numerous mounds of all shapes and sizes. Rich copper mines are found here, and occasionally large masses of pure copper. The place contains a court house and jail, an academy, and three or four churches, with a con siderable number of stores and mechanic shops. Fort Crawford, a United States military post, is immediately S. of the town. This place is well situated for business, and will doubtless be the point where a railroad from Milwaukie, on Lake Michigan, passing through the capital of the state, will strike the Mississippi. Pratlsburg, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by some small branches of the Conhocton River. Surface rather hilly; soil well adapted to grass. 12 miles N. from Bath, and 202 W. from Albany. Prattsville, N. Y., Greene co. Schoharie Creek flows through this town, and the soil on its borders is very fertile. Surface mostly broken and mountainous, the uplands Iwingwell adapted to grazing. 38 miles W. from Catskill, and 50 S. W.from Albany.' Preble, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by a branch of the Tioughnioga River. Surface hilly ; soil well adapted to grass and grain. 136 miles N. from Cortland, and 136 W. from Albany. Preble County, O., c. h. at Eaton. Dark co. bounds it on the N., Montgomery on tho E., Butler on tho S., and the state of Indiana on the W. It was named after Commodore Preble. First settled in 1804, and established January 8, 1 808. This county has good fertile land, which is well timbered, and contains several mineral springs. Several mounds, from 50 to 80 feet in circumference, have been discovered here. The waters are Big Twin, Seven Mile, White Water. and Four Mile Creeks. Prescott, Ms., Hampshire CO., was formerly part of Pelham and New Salem. - The surface is rough and uneven, and in some parts quite hilly; but it has a strong soil, with considerable arable land' : the greater part is better suited to grazing than tillage. There are some good mill streams in the town, branches of Swift River. 18 miles N. E. from Northampton, and 67 W. by N. from Boston. Preston, Ct., New London co. This is an ir regular, uneven, rocky town, of a pretty good soil for corn and grazing. It is bounded W. and N. by the Thames and Quinebaug Rivers. Poquetannuck, an ancient village, lies partly in Preston and partly in Ledyard. It has a water power, and small vessels pass within a short dis tance of it Many of the inhabitants are em ployed in navigation, and considerable ship tim ber is taken from there down the river. Preston City lies in the eastern part of the town. Near this village is " Amos Lake," a handsome sheet of water, and a place of resort for parties of pleasure. 6 miles E. from Norwich. Preston, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by a few small branches of the Chenango River. Sur face slightly uneven ; soil productive in grass and grain. 5 miles W. from Norwich, and 1 1 5 W. from Albany. Preston, Pa., Wayne co. Surface hilly; soil sandy loam. 1 84 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Preston County, Va., c. h. at Kingwood. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Maryland, S. by Randolph and Barbour, and W. by Marion and Monongahela counties. Drained by Cheat River. Surface rough and mountainous ; soil of excellent quality in some portions. Prestonburg, Ky., c. h. Floyd co. On the W. fork of Sandy River. E. S. E. from Frankfort 120 miles. Prince Edward County, Va., c. h. Prince Ed ward Court House. Bounded N. by the Appo mattox River, separating it from Buckingham and Cumberland counties, E. by Nottoway, S. by Lunenburg, and S. W. and W. by Charlotte and Campbell counties. Soil fertile, and watered by branches of the Appomattox. In this county is Hampden Sidney College. See Colleges. Prince Fredericktown, Md., c. h. Calvert co. On Parker's Creek, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. S. by W. from Annapolis 46 miles. Prince George County, Va., c. h. at Prince George Court House. Bounded N. by the Appo mattox and James Rivers, separating it from Chesterfield and Charles City counties, E. by Surry, S. by Essex, and W. by Dinwiddie co.- Drained by Blackwater River. Prince George's County, Md., c. h. at Upper Marlboro'. Bounded N. E. and E. by the Patux* ent River, separating it from Anne Arundel and Culvert counties, S. by Charles co., W. by the Potomac River, separating it from Virginia, and by the District of Columbia, and N. W. by Mont gomery co. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. Princess Ann, Md., c. h. Somerset co. On the S. E. bank of Manokin River, near the head of tide water, and 110 miles S. S. E. from Annap olis. Princess Ann County, Va., c. h. at Princess Ann IN THE UNITED STATES. 537 Conrt House. Bounded N. by Chesapeake Bay, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by North Carolina, and W. by Norfolk co. It is drained . by North River and the E. branch of Elizabeth River, and has Back Bay, a branch of Currituck Sound, in its S. part. ( Princess Ann, Va., c. h. Princess Ann co. 132 miles S. E. from Richmond. Prince William County, Va., c. h. at Brentsville. Bounded N. E. and EVby Occoquan River, sepa rating it from Loudon and Fairfax counties. S. E. by the Potomac River, separating it from Mary land, S. by Stafford Co., and W. and N. W. by Fauquier co. Surface hilly ; soil tolerably fertile. Princeton, As., c. h. Dallas co. Princeton, la., c. h. Gibson co. 4 miles S. from Patoka Creek, and 142 miles S. W. from Indian apolis. Princeton, Ms., Worcester co. This town was named for the Rev. Thomas Prince, a large pro prietor, the chronologer of New England, and pastor of the Old South Church in Boston. It was formerly called the East Wing of Rutland. The surface is elevated, but agreeably diversified with undulating valleys. There are some noted high grounds in the town, the most prominent of which is Wachusett Mountain, tbe Indian name of the township. There are no large streams flowing in or through this town. The town is nevertheless well watered with brooks and small streams, which rise entirely within its limits. Wachusett Mountain is situated in the north westerly part of the town. This mountain rears its conical head 2018 feet above Massachusetts Bay, and the prospect from the top of it is de lightful. 1 8 miles N. by W. from Worcester, 9 S. W. from the Fitchburg Railroad at Leom inster, and, by the latter, 52 W. by N. from Boston. v Princeton, Mi., c. h. Washington co. On the E. iide of Mississippi River. 1 1 9 miles N. W. from Jackson. Princeton, N. Y., Schenectady co. Norman's Kill waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil composed of clay, sand, and loam. '8 miles W. from Schenectady, and 23 N. W. from Albany. Princeton, N. J., Mercer co. 10 miles N. E. from Trenton. The township of Princeton, formed from those of Montgomery and West Windsor, is about 5 miles long and broad. The village of Princeton, incorporated as a borough in 1812, is pleasantly situated on an ele vated ridge of land, commanding an extensive prospect towards the E. It is chiefly built on one extended street The Delaware and Raritan Canal, and the railroad between New York and Philadelphia, pass about 1 mile S. E. of the cen tral part of the village. It is 50 miles from New York, and 40 from Philadelphia. This was the scene of one of the battles of the revolution, January 3, 1777, which, for the time it lasted, and the numbers engaged, was one of the most bloody and fatal to our officers of any during the war. The heroic devotion of Washington on the field of Princeton is matter of history. The College of New Jersey, and the Princeton Theological Seminary are situated in this place, and give to it at present its principal importance. See Colleges. Prospect, Ct, New Haven co, This stony and mountainous town was taken from Cheshire and Waterbury in 1827. It derived its name from 68 its elevated situation. There is a pretty village in the town. The inhabitants are chiefly farmers. 17 miles N. by W. from New Haven. Prospect, Me., Waldo co. This is a* beautiful town, of good soil, on the W. side of Penobscot River. It is bounded on the S. by Belfast Bay, on the W. by Swanville, and on the N. by Frank fort. Prospect is very flourishing in its trade, ship building, and agricultural pursuits. 52 E. by N. from Augusta, and 18 from Bangor. Providence, N. Y., Saratoga co. Sacondaga River and a few small streams water this town, which is partly covered by the Kayaderoseras Mountain. The soil is well adapted to the growth of grass. 1 5 miles N. W. from Ballston Spa, and 43 from Albany. Providence, Pa., Luzernaxo. Watered by Lack awannock Creek and Roaring Brook, both afford ing fine hydraulic power. Situated in a valley abounding with anthracite coal. 146- miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Providence County, R. I., c. h. at Providence. Uneven, but fertile and well cultivated. The Blackstone or Pawtucket, the Pautuxet, and many smaller streams, furnish abundant, water power, on whieh are numerous > manufactures.. Its E. border is traversed by the Worcester and Providence and Stonington Railroads. Providence, R. I, city, shire town of Providence co., and the largest in the state of Rhode Island. It is situated at the head of navigation on Provi- idence River, 35 miles from the sea, 30 N. N. W. from Newport, 40 S. W. from Boston, 169 N, E. from New York. Its area is about 9 square miles. The compact, part is divided into two nearly equal parts by Providence River. The land on the E. side of the river is hilly, attaining, at its greatest height, 204 feet above tide water. The soil is rich and heavy. On the W. side of the river the land is more level, and the soil light and sandy, its greatest height above tide water being only 78 feet. It is bounded N. by the town of North Providence, on the E. it adjoins Massa chusetts, from which it is separated by the See konk River, S. by the town of Cranston and by Narraganset Bay, and W. by the townships of Johnston and North Providence. It originally comprised all the towns in Providence county, except Cumberland. The harbor of Providence is safe and commo dious, but it is not safely approached by large vessels without a pilot. Commerce was the favor ite pursuit of the citizens of Providence at an early period of its history. The East India busi ness, before 1812, was pursued with great success for many years. Since that period, this and all foreign commerce has gradually declined. There is still a large amount of coasting business done in Providence. But of late years the attention of the money-making part of the community has been withdrawn from commerce and fixed on manufactures. Much of the capital and enter prise of Providence men is invested in the man ufacturing establishments in and near its borders. The water power is occupied to its full extent, besides which there are in operation about 50 steam engines, some of them as large as 300 horse power. They are employed in grinding grain, sawing and polishing marble, printing, bleaching, calendering, and dyeing cloths, sawing and planing lumber1, driving bellows in furnaces and founderies, manufacturing machinery, screws, nails, rubber shoes, small wares, furniture, power 538 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, loom pickers, carriages, jewelry, cotton and wool len goods. The communication between Providence and adjoining states and towns is varied, commodious, and rapid, both for passengers and freight. Steam boats of superior construction and accommoda tion run constantly, and as frequently as the wants of the public require, to Warren, Bristol, Ports mouth, Newport, Fall River, and New York. There are three railroads running into Providence — one to Stonington, Ct., which connects there with a line of steamers for New York ; one to Boston, and the third to Worcester, along the valley of the Blackstone River. Two other rail roads have been chartered by the General Assem bly of the state, one leading to Bristol, and the other to Plainfield, Ct., there connecting with the lines of railroads extending to the far west. The last of these will probably be soon commenced and finished. The passenger and merchandise stations of these railroads, in Providence, are in the immediate neighborhood of each other. They are united, and so arranged that passengers and freight pass from one to the other without chan ging cars. The station buildings are very large and commodious, and not excelled by any in the United States. Near the centre of the busi ness portion of Providence, they are readily acces sible, and yet are approached by the locomotives without seeming to interfere with any of the great ordinary avenues to the city. These station buildings, both for passengers and freight, are located on the W., S., and E. sides of a beautiful sheet of water of an elliptic form, arid nearly a mile in circumference, which constitutes the head waters of Narraganset Bay or Providence River. This sheet of water is enclosed by a substantial stone wall, the small rivers, (the Moshassuch and the Moonasquatuchet,) which enter it at the N. E. and the N. W., as well as the bay or river above named, which is its outlet, being crossed by sub stantial bridges. Between 'this basin and the station houses and railroad tracks, the city has laid out a beautiful park or promenade, 80 feet in width, and extending around the basin. This park is planted with shade trees of every desirable kind, and handsomely laid out with plots of grass and hard gravel walks, and the whole water side will soon be enclosed with an iron fence of a style appropriate to the place. When sufficient time has elapsed to give a proper growth to the trees, this will be one of the most delightful- promenades in the country, Telegraphic com munication is opened with Boston and New York, and through them to all other parts of the country. Most of the dwelling houses in Providence aro of wood. In the erection of them, taste has been consulted less than convenience. There are some exceptions to this remark, and others where the spirit of Yankeedom has beon indulged in, at the Sacrifioo of both taste and convenience. Owing to the material of which the buildings are most ly composed, Providence is greatly exposed to danger from fire, and is put to great expense in maintaining an efficient fire department. The number of firemen allowed by law is about 1000. A less number is generally attached to the engines and apparatus. These consist of 12 engines, 15 forcing stationary engines, jt hook and ladder companies, 22 rotary engines, worked by water and steam, having about 8000 feot of hose. The annual expense is about $20,000. It required many and extensiye conflagrations and great loss of property to induce tbe formation of the fire department in its present strength. It is now a matter of pride with the citizens generally, that their fire department is as strong and as effective as that of any other city in the Union. The churches and public buildings of Provi dence are in good taste. The religious commu nity is divided into Baptists, Friends, Congrega tionalists, both Orthodox and Unitarian. Episcopa lians, Methodists, Universalists, Catholics, Chris- ' tians, New Jerusalem, and Wesleyan Methodists. Upwards of 30 congregations engage in public worship every Sunday. Some of the meeting houses are beautiful specimens of architecture. That belonging to the First'Baptist Society, the oldest worshipping assembly there, is a very chaste and beautiful wooden building. The First Congre gational, built of granite in courses, St. John's Church, a natural face stone building, Grace Church, a fine Gothic structure, Westminster Congregational Church, the Beneficent Congre- tional Church, St Peter's Church, and St. Pat rick's Church, are among the most splendid and costly. Others less showy and less expensive accommodate many persons who are as humble, and zealous Christians, and as true-hearted hearers, as those who frequent the edifices just named. The colored people own and occupy five churches. The Providence Arcade is one of the most beautiful buildings in the country. It is situate on the W. side of the river, and extends from Westminster to Broad Street, fronting on both, being 122 feet in length and 72 in breadth. Its fronts are ornamented with massive granite col umns, 25 feet high, the shafts of which are single blocks, 22 foet long. The lower floor is occupied by dry goods stores, and the upper stories by milliners, dress makers, offices, school rooms, &c. It was completed in 1828, and cost about $130,000. On the range of high land, on the E. side of the river, stands the Dexter Asylum, erected for the accommodation of the,poor, on land given to the city for that purpose, by the late Ebenezer K Dexter. The lands about the asylum, and be longing to it, comprise about 40 acres, surrounded by a wall 10 feet high, and 3 feet thick at the base, which cost about $22,000. The asjuum is of brick, 170 feet long, in three sections, a centre and two wings. The centre is 3 stories high, with a pediment ; the wings are only 2 stories, with an attic. It is a plain, substantial building. A little N. of the asylum, on the same range, is the New England Yearly Meeting Boarding School. It occupies a lot of 43 acres, given for that purpose by the late venerable Moses Brown. The buildings consist of a centre building, 54 feet square, 3 stories high, 2 wings, each 84 feet by 42, and another, more recently erected, 50 by 40 feet, 2 stories. The accommodations are ample for 75 scholars of each sex. The board and tu ition is $60 per year. This institution received a legacy of $100,000 from the lato Obadiah Brown, Esq. "The obj6ct is to give to the children of Friends a " guarded " education. A short distance N. E. from this, on the banks of the Seekonk River, is the Butler Hospital for the Insane. This institution originated with the late Nicholas Brown, of Providence. In a codi cil to his will, boaring date the 3d of March, 1841, ho gave the sum of $30,000 towards the IN THE UNITED STATES. 539 erection or endowment of an Insane or Lunatic Hospital, to be located in Providence or its vicinity. This sum being insufficient for the erection of a hospital, Cyrus Butler, Esq. contributed for this purpose $40,000, wisely coupled with the con ditions that $40,000 more should be raised from other sources, and that of the aggregate amount, $50J000 should be kept as a reserved fund, the interest of which only should be used in defray ing the expenses of the institution. An appeal was then made to the public, and nobly responded to by a subscription of over $57,000, which, to gether with interest that subsequently accrued, swelled the amount of funds to nearly $138,000. In 1850, the sum of $20,000 was contributed to the funds of the hospital, by Alexander Duncan, Esq., of Providence. In preparing their plans of building, the trus tees were desirous of availing themselves of all the modern improvements, and not only visited most of the hospitals in New England, but they engaged the services of Dr. Bell, the superin tendent of the McLean Asylum, who was pecu liarly fitted ,by his great practical knowledge of insanity and the insane, and his correct architect ural views, to obtain the information they wished; and in the early part of the year 1845, he visited the principal establishments in Europe, and ob tained the plans of all the more recently con structed buildings. Accompanying his report, he submitted a plan of building, calculated, in his opinion, to meet all the requirements of the case, in the best possible manner, and embracing, as far as practicable, all the recent improvements. This plan, which provides for a greater amount of space per patient than any other hospital in the country, was adopted, with some unessential modifications, and the building was opened for the admission of patients on the 1st of Decem ber, 1847. The grounds belonging to the hospital consist of about 60 acres of tillage, and 55 of native wood land, and embrace a great variety of soil and sur face. The building stands in a clearing, on the western bank of the Seekonk River, which here widens into an expanse of a mile in breadth, and permits>an extensive view of the country beyond. In every other direction, the eye rests on dense groves. The soil, to some distance around the building, is sandy, and affords clean, dry walks at every season of the year. Brown University is to the southward and westward of the Dexter Asylum, on the high land E. of the river. See Colleges. The Athenajum was incorporated in 1836. The late Hon. Nicholas Brown, and the heirs of the late Thomas P. Ives, Esq., offered the institution a suitable lot of land, at the corner of Benefit and College Streets, and $6000 towards the erec tion of a building, and $4000 towards increasing the library, on condition that other individuals would give $10,000 towards the building, and $4000 towards the library. The condition was complied with, and a spacious and elegant stone structure was erected on the lot in 1837. The library consists of about 12,000 volumes, most of which are books. A reading room is connected with this establishment. A share hr-the institu tion is limited at $15, and the annual tax to $5 per share. " What Cheer " building, at the junction of North and South Main Streets, presents as hand some a freestone front as any building in New England. It is to be occupied by offices, banks, &c. The Museum bnilding, and Howard Hall, on Westminster, are fine buildings. The old Market House stands in Market Square. It is a brick building, of fair proportions. The basement and lower stories are occupied for a market. The second floor contains the offices of the city government, such as mayor, city clerk, city treasurer, &c. The third story is owned by the Freemasons, and used by^ them for a hall. Prejudices are fast accumulating against the old market. It is an old-fashioned, useful building, with no pretensions to beauty, and is supposed to be in the way. The men are now living who will probably decree its demolition. Providence has its full share of banking insti tutions. See Banks. The cause of public education in Providence is well sustained. There are 46 schools maintained at public expense, employing 105 teachers, and giving instruction to about 6000 children. 22 of these are primary schools, 16 intermediate, 7 grammar, and 1 high. The amount annually expended on them is about $40,000, of which about $10,000 is received from the state. In addition to these there are upwards of 30 Sunday schools, taught by nearly 500 teachers, and containing about 5000 scholars. The Providence Reform School, an institution for the confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and youth of idle, vicious, or vagrant habits, of from 8 to 18 years, was es- tablishedtin 1850. Its location is the spacious building known as the Tockwotton House, built originally for a hotel, and very pleasantly situated on a rise of ground in the south-easterly part of the city, overlooking the Narraganset Bay, and sufficiently large to accommodate from 150 to 200 inmates. The government of the institution is vested in a board of trustees, consisting of 6 gentlemen elected annually by the city council, who, with the mayor,, a member ex officio, constitute the board ; and its immediate management is com mitted to a superintendent, who receives his ap pointment from this board. Roger Williams was the founder of Providence. He came from England to Massachusetts, and in 1635 was ordained pastor of the church at Sa lem. Here he promulgated opinions which the gov ernment of the colony of Massachusetts deemed to be schismatical and heterodox ; such as, that civil government, as such, had no right to punish its citizens for any violation of duty towards God, and that the King of England could not confer on the settlers a valid title to the lands of the plantation, as against the natives. Being brought before the Court of Assistants, he justified his opinions and his conduct, and was sentenced to banishment; but the execution of the sentence was postponed until the following spring, (1636.) In January, (1636,) upon complaint that he had violated the conditions upon which this post ponement was had, the court sent for him, in order to send him forthwith to England by a ship then ready to sail. The messenger found that he had left a sick bed to elude him, and was gone to seek a. home and shelter among the Indians. His first stopping-place was at Manten's Creek, in Seekonk, within the colony of New Plymouth. Here he was joined by his wife and family, and a 540 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., few others. They remained through the winter, until the latter part of spring, or early part of summer, when, being informed by Governor Winslow that he was within the jurisdiction of New Plymouth, they crossed the Seekonk, and commenced the settlement of Providence, on land which the Narraganset chief sachems conveyed to Mr. Williams for a settlement. William Harris, John Smith, Joshua Verin, Thomas Angell, and Francis Wickes were with Mr. Williams when he first crossed the river. Their place of landing is known as the " Slate Rock," on the tract of land called " What Cheer " by the early settlers, because they were saluted by the Indians with "What cheer?" when they ap proached. In relation to the name given to tbe settlement, Mr. Williams says, in a deed executed by him to his companions" that, " having a sense of God's merciful providence unto me in my distress, I called the place Providence." The first houses in Providence were built on what is now called North Main Street, near St. John's Church. A spring in that vicinity bears the name of Williams's Spring, and his remains are sup posed to rest near there, though " not a stone tells where they lie." The distinguishing features of this settlement were, the acknowledgment of the Indian title preeminent over all others, and the refusal to legislate in relation to matters of re ligious belief, leaving each individual to worship God according to the dictates of his own con science. A formal town government was erected in 1640, by the voluntary subscription of all the inhabit ants, which continued until 1 649, when the town was incorporated by the General Assembly of the colony. It retained this form of government until 1 832, when a new charter was obtained from the General Assembly for the city of Providence. The government of the city is vested in a mayor, aboard of 6 aldermen, and common council, which consists of 4 members from each of the 6 wards into which the city is divided. These officers are chosen annually by the electors of the city. The other officers are chosen by joint vote of the board of aldermen and common council, acting together as the city council, the mayor presiding. The city clerk is registrar of deeds. The municipal court has probate jurisdiction. During Philip's war, Providence suffered greatly. 30 houses were burned by the Indians at one time. The greater part of the inhabitants removed to tho Island of Rhode Island. The list of those "that staid and went not away," now in the files of the city clerk's office, contains the names of only 28 men. Many of the inhabitants, allured by the greater safety from Indian foes which the insular situation of the towns of Portsmouth and Newport afforded them, never returned to their former homes. In the revolutionary war, Providence furnished its full proportion of troops, and partook largely of the sufferings as well as glory of that struggle. Though never the seat of actual hostilities, yet, being approachable by the British fleet, it was subject to frequent alarms, and at several times levies, en masse, of all its citizens wero required by the officer of the continental arrny in com mand in this part of the United States. The population of Providence was, in 1730, 3916 ; 1748,4128; 1774,4321; 1782,4306; 1790,6380; 1820,11,745; 1830,15,941; 1840, 23,170; 1845, 31,753; 1850,41,512; 1852, about 46,000. Provincetown, Ms., Barnstable co. This noted harbor, and the first port the Mayflower made, on her passage with the Pilgrim Fathers, in 1620, is situated on the end of the peninsula' of Cape Cod, and lies in the form of a hook. The town ship consists of beaches and hills of sand, 8 shal low ponds, and a great number of swamps. Cape Harbor, in Cape Cod Bay, is formed by the bending of the land nearly round every point of the compass, and is completely land locked and safe. It is of sufficient depth for ships of any size, and it will contain more than three thousand vessels at once. The village stands on the north-western side of the harbor, on the mar gin of a beach of loose sand. The houses are mostly situated on a single street, about 2 miles in length, passing round near the water's edge. A chain of sand hills rises immediately back from the houses, and in some places are partially covered with tufts of grass or shrubs. These hills, with the numerous wind or salt mills, by which the salt water is raised for evaporation, thickly stud ding the shore throughout the whole extent of the village, give this place a most singular and novel appearance. 110 miles E. S. E. from Boston by land, and 55 by water, and 45 N. frorii Barnstable by land. Proutytown, Va., c. h. Taylor co. Pulaski County, As., c. h. at Little Rock. Bounded N. by White co., E. by St Francis, Monroe, and Arkansas counties. S. by Jefferson, and W. by Saline, Perry, and Conway counties. Watered by Arkansas and White Rivers, and branches. Pulaski County, Ga., c. h. at Hawkinsville. Bounded N. by Twiggs co., E. and S. E. by , Laurens and Telfair counties, S. by Irwin, and W. by Dooly and Houston counties. Watered by Ockmulgee River and branches, and by branches of Oconee River. Pulaski County, la., c. h. at Winamac. Bound ed N. by Stark, E. by Fulton, S. by Cass and White, and W. by Jasper co. Drained by Tip pecanoe River and branches. Pulaski County, Is., c. h. at Caledonia. In the Southern extremity of the state, between the Ohio and Mississippi. Pulaski County, Ky., c. h. at Somerset. Bound ed N. by Lincoln co., E. by Rock Castle, Laurel, and Whitley, S. by Wayne, and W. by Wayne, Russell, and Casey counties. Drained by Cum berland River and branches. Pulaski, Mn., Jackson co. Watered by the S ' branch of the Kalamazoo River, and contains a mineral spring and several ponds. 89 miles W. by S. from Detroit. Pulaski County, Mo., c. h. at Waynesville. Bounded N. by Osage, E. by Crawford, S. by Texas and Wright, and W. by Camden and Miller counties. Watered by the head branches of Gasconade River, and by branches of Osage River. Surface hilly ; soil productive. Pulaski, Te., c. h. Giles co. On the E. side of Richland Creek. 74 miles S. by W. from Nash ville. Pulaski County, Va., c. h. at Newbern. Bound ed N. E. by Montgomery co., S. E. by Floyd and Carroll, S. W. by Wythe, and N. W. by Giles co. Watered by New River. Surface partly moun tainous ; soil fertile. Pultney, N. Y, Steuben co. Watered by some small streams flowing into Crooked Lake, which bounds it on the E. Surface chiefly level ; soil IN THE UNITED STATES. 541 clay and calcareous loam. 15 miles N. E. from Bath, and 208 W. from Albany. Purdy, Te., c. h. McNairy co. On a head branch of Hatchy River. 148 miles S. W. from Nashville. Putnam County, Fa. On the Upper St. John. Putnam County, Ga., c. h. at Edenton. Bound ed N. by Morgan co., E. by the Oconee River, separating it from Greene and Hancock counties, S. by Baldwin and Jones, and W. by Jasper co. Surface level, and drained by branches of the Oconee ; soil fertile. Putnam County, Is., c. h. at Hennepin. Bound ed N. by Bureau and La Salle counties, E. by La Salle, S. by Marshall, and W. by Bureau. The Illinois River and its branches water this county. Surface undulating ; soil rich. Putnam County, la., c. h. at Greencastle. Bounded N. by Montgomery, E. by Hendricks and Morgan, S. by Owen, and W. by Clay and Parke counties. Drained by the Walnut Fork of Eel River, and by Big Raccoon and Doer Creeks, which afford good mill sites. Putnam County, Mo. On the northern border, Drained by the head waters of the Chariton. Putnam County, N. Y., c. h. at Carmel. Formed from Dutchess co. in 1812. It is bounded N. by Dutchess co., E. by the state of Connecticut, S. by Westchester co., and W. by the Hudson River, and is, with the exception of Essex, the most mountainous county in the state. Soil fer tile in the valleys. Its principal wealth is its mineral productions, which consist of superior iron ore, carbonate of lime, serpentine, and plumbago. Putnam, N. Y., Washington co. Situated be tween Lakes George and Champlain, and mostly covered bv the Palmertown range of mountains, 36 miles N. from Sandy Hill, and 90 N. N. W. from Albany. Putnam County, 0., c. h. at Kalida. Henry co. is on the N., Hancock on the E., Allen on the S., and Van Wert and Paulding counties on the W. Auglaise River and its two eastern branches fur nish this county with a good supply of water. Putnam County, Va. W. part of the state. The Great Kenhawa flows through it from S. E. to N. W. Broken, but fertile. Putnam Valley, N. Y., Putnam co. This town contains several small lakes, and is watered by the Peekskill, the outlet of Redfire Lake. The surface is covered by the Highlands on theE. and W., with a broad, fertile valley between, giving name to the town. Iron ore and other minerals are found here in large quantities. 9 miles W. from Carmel, and 100 S. from Albany. Putney, Vt, Windham co. This town is finely located oil the W. side of Connecticut River, and embosoms a large tract of excellent intervale land, called the Great Meadows. There is also a good ' tract of intervale on Sackett's Brook, a fine mill stream, with beautiful falls. Sackett's Brook is a considerable stream, which falls 150 feet in the course of 100 rods. There are various mineral substances in the town. The village is pleasant, and bears the marks of taste and prosperity. On the 19th of August, 1788, a violent tempest pros trated a great part of the forest trees here. In 1770, the town was overrun by immense swarms pf worms, which ate up every green thing ; also, to a limited extent, in 1823 and 1824. A settle ment was commenced and a fort built on the Great Meadows a little previous to the breaking out of the French war, in 1744. 9 miles E. from Newfane, and 9 N. .from Brattleboro'. A rail road passes through the town. Quemahoning, Pa., Somerset co. Bounded E. by Stony Creek, and drained by McConaughey Run, and Quemahoning, Higgins's, and Will's Creeks. Surface hilly; soil, gravelly. 11 miles N. E. from Somerset. Queen Anne County, Md., c. h. at Centrevillo. Bounded N. W. and N. by Chester River, separat ing it from Kent co., E. by Delaware and Caro line co., S. by Talbot co., and W. by Chesapeake Bay. Watered on its S. E. boundary by Tuck- ahoe Creek. Kent Island, lying in Chesapeake Bay, belongs to this county. Queens County, N. Y., c. h. at North Hempstead, was incorporated in 1683. It is bounded N. by Long Island Sound and East River, E. by Suf folk co., S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by Kings co., and is watered by several small streams. Surface hilly on the N. and level on tho S. ; soil warm, productive sand and loam. The Long Island Railroad crosses this county. Queensbury, N. Y., Warren co. Bounded on the S. by the Hudson River, and watered N. E. by Wood Creek. Surface hilly and undulating, being covered by the Palmertown Mountains on the W. ; soil productive. 7 miles S.- E. from Caldwell, and 53 N. N. E. from Albany. Quincy, Fa., c. h. Gadsden co. 23 miles N. W. from Tallahassee. Quincy, Is., shire town of Adams co. On the E. bank of the Mississippi River. 55 miles W. from Springfield. 172 N. W. from St. Louis, and 625 S. from the Falls of St. Anthony. This flour ishing town has been in existence less than 30 years, and promises to become one of the principa 1 towns of Illinois. It is situated on a beautiful bluff, 125 feet above the Mississippi, commanding a fine view of the river for 5 or 6 miles in each direction. It has one of the best steamboat land ings on the Mississippi. Quincy was settled chiefly by emigrants from New England, and contains a highly-intelligent and enterprising community, distinguished for good morals, and for its liberal ity in sustaining the institutions of education and religion. The town is handsomely laid out, and well built, containing several churches, which have neat and tasteful edifices, a large num ber of stores and mechanics' shops, with steam saw mills, flouring mills, and other manufactur ing establishments. There is a large and beauti ful public square, on the E. side of which stands the court house, built of brick, at a cost of about $20,000. The prairie in the vicinity of the town is beautifully rolling and rich, and the whole country forms one of the best agricultural dis tricts in the state. This is a place already of ex tensive trade, and, as the resources of Illinois become more and more developed, is destined rapidly to grow in wealth and population. Quincy, Ms., Norfolk co. On Braintree or Quincy Bay, which makes up from Boston Har bor. 8 miles S. by E. from Boston, by the Old Colony Railroad, and 10 E. by S. from Dedham. This territory, in common with that of Brain tree and Randolph, belonged to Boston until the incorporation of Braintree as a town, in 1640. It was the first part of Braintree that was settled, and had been generally called Mount Wallaston, for Captain Wallaston, one of the first settlers, in 1625. 542 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, In 1792, this part of Braintree was made a separate town, and called Quincy, to perpetuate the family name of one of its first proprietors, a name that will ever be dear to the lovers of American liberty. The surface of the town is diversified by hills, valleys, and plains. The soil is generally of an excellent quality and under good cultivation. There are large tracts of salt meadow in the town, and many large and beautiful farms, which, in respect to soil and skilful management, may vie with any in the state. The Mount Wallas ton farm is noted as the site of an early settle ment, (1625,) and as the Merry Mount of Thomas Morton and his associates. This farm belongs to the Adams estate. The ancestral estate of the Quincy family comprises one of the most beauti ful and well-cultivated farms in New England. It is the property of Josiah Quincy, LL. D., an eminent agriculturist, and president of Harvard University from 1829 to 1845. The village, in the centre of the town, is situ ated on an elevated plain, and is remarkable for its neatness and beauty. In this village is a stone church, built in 1828, which cost $40,000. Within its walls is a beautiful marble monument to the memory of the first President Adams and his wife. Tho town house in Quincy is a noble building of granite, 85 feet by 55, and is a better specimen of the stone than the walls of the church. About two miles E. from tbe village is Quinoy Point, at the junction of Town and Weymouth Fore Rivers. This is a delightful spot, and con tains some handsome, buildings. This point of land, with a peninsula near it, called Germantown, are admirably located for ship building, and for all the purposes of navigation and the fishery. Here is a fine harbor, a bold shore, and a beauti ful country, within 10 miles of the capital of New England. In this town, between Quincy and Dorchester Bays, is a point of land called Sqvantum, cele brated as having been the residence of the. famous Indian sachem Chichataubut. This place is the Mos-wetuset, " a few miles south of Boston," sup posed, by some, to have originated the name of the state. Squantum is a rocky, romantic place, 6 miles S. of Boston, and a pleasant resort for fishing and bathing. The manufactures of the town consist of boots, shoes, leather, vessels, salt, carriages, harnesses, hats, books, coach lace, granite, slatestone, &c, the annual value of which, with the fisheries, amount ed, several years ago, to more than half a million of dollars. But tho quarrying and working of the granite or sienitc, so universally known and justly celebrated as tho " Quincy Granite," is the most important and lucrative branch of business. About two miles back from Quincy Bay is a range of elevated land, in some parts more than 600 feet above the sea, containing an inexhausti ble supply of that invaluable building material, so much used and approved in all our At lantic cities for its durability and beauty. This range of granite extends through Milton, Quincy, and Braintree, but more of it is quar ried in Quincy than in cither of the other towns. About 100,000 tons of this valuable article is an nually quarried and wrought, by the most skilful workmen, into all forms and dimensions, both plain and ornamontal. There are in the town about 20 companies engaged in the business, employing near 1000 hands. Masses of granite have been obtained in these quarries weighing^OO tons each, from which were made the columns of the new Custom House and of the Merchants' Exchange, in Boston. By means of a railroad to the tide waters of Neponset River, and of a canal to the centre of the town, this stone is transported with great expedition and little cost. Several of these companies have contracted to furnish the stone for the new Custom House at New Orleans. It is to be dressed in the smooth est and best manner, and delivered at New Or leans, at a cost of about $300,000. Further to show the high repute of this stone, we may men tion that a contract has been made for the foun dations and ornamental parts of a large Custom House at San Francisco. These quarries of granite to the town of Quin cy are of more value than a mine of gold ; and it is fortunate for the public that the supply is abundant, as the demand for it from various parts of the United States is constant and in creasing. Quincy has been the birthplace and residence of some of the most distinguished sons of Ameri ca. Among them were tliose early and devoted patriots, John Hancock, born here in 1737, and Josiah Quincy, Jr., born February 23, 1744; the two presidents of the United States, John Adams and John Quincy Adams, father and son, the first born October 19, 1735, the second July 11, 1767. The elder President Adams died in Quincy, on the 4th of July, 1826, with the same words on his lips which, on that day 50 years before, he had uttered on the floor of Con gress — " Independence forever ! " John Quin cy Adams died in the Capitol at Washington, February 23, 1 848, and was interred in the family tomb at Quincy. Quogue, N. Y, Suffolk co. On the S. side of Long Island. 235 miles S. S. E. from Albany. It is a resort for sea bathing and sporting. Rabun County, Ga., c. h. at Clayton. Bounded N. by North Carolina, E. and S. E. by South Car olina, and S. W. and W. by Habersham and Union counties. Watered by Turoree and Chatuga Rivers, which unite at the S. extremity of this county to form the Tugaloo. Surface elevated table land, having the Blue Ridge on its E. border. Racine County, Wn., c. h. at Racine. Bounded N. by Waukesha and Milwaukie counties, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Illinois, and W. by Wal worth co. Des Plaines, Fox, Pike, and Root Rivers water this county, the surface of which is undulating, and the soil of excellent quality. Racine, Wn., c. h. Racine co. On Lake Mich igan, at the month of Root River. 112 miles E. by S. from Madison. A growing and flourishing place. Rahway, N. J., Essex co. Rahway River and1 its branches water this town. Surface level ; soil red shale. Situated 9 miles S. W. from Newark, and 39 N. E. from Trenton. Raleigh, Is., c. h. Saline co. Raleigh, city, and capital of the state of North Carolina, and seat of justice for Wake co., is sit uated 6 miles W. of the River Neuse, and 27 miles above Smithfield, the nearest ordinary limit of navigation on that river. In some stages of the water, boats ascend to a point within about 8 fniles of Raleigh. The city is laid out with great regularity. From a square in the centre, called IN THE UNITED STATES. 543 Union Square, enclosing an area of 10 acres, 4 broad streets, 99 feet wide, extend, dividing the city into 4 quarters. In the centre of each of these quarters is another square of 4 acres, with streets running therefrom and intersecting the quarters in a similar manner. These streets are 66 feet wide. The State House at Raleigh is considered as surpassing that of any other state in the Union in the completeness and beauty of its architectu ral design. It is finely located in the centre of Union Square, and is constructed after the model of the Parthenon at Athens, 166 feet long by 90 feet in width, and is surrounded by massive gran ite columns, 54 feet in diameter and 30 feet high. The building is crowned with a beautiful dome. The legislative chambers are spacious and con venient. The cost of erecting this splendid edifice was about $500,000. The former State House at Raleigh was consumed by fire in 1831. and with it was destroyed , a beautiful marble statue ~of Washington by Canova. The other public build ings are the court house and jail, the governor's house, tho office of the secretary of state, a thea tre, a market, 2 or 3 banks, and several churches. A railroad extends from Raleigh to Hicksford, about 90 miles N. E., where it connects with the railroad route from Wilmington to Petersburg, Va. Raleigh, Te., c. h. Shelby co. 220 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. Raleigh County, Va. New. Taken from Fay ette. W. central. Mountainous. Watered by tributaries of the New River, or Upper Kenhawa. Ralls County, Mo., c. h. at New London. Drained by Salt River and its branches. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. Washed on the E. by the Mississippi River. Ramapo, N. Y., Rockland co. Ramapo and Saddle Rivers water this town, the surface of which is hilly and mountainous, and the soil fer tile in the valleys. The New York and Erie Rail road passes through this town. 132 miles S. from Albany. Ramsay County, Ma., c. h. at St Paul's. In the angle between the St. Croix and the Mississippi. Randolph County, Aa., c. h. at McDonald. In the E. part of the State. Drained by the Tallaposa. Randolph County, As., c. h. at Pocahontas. Bounded N. by Missouri, E. by Greene co., and S. and W- by Lawrence co. The head branches of Big Black River water this county. Randolph County, Ga., c. h. at Cuthbert Incor porated in 1828. Bounded N. by Stewart, E. by Lee, S. by Baker and Early counties, and W. by the Chattahoochee River, separating it from Al abama. Drained by Petawlah Creek and branches of Flint River. Randolph County, Is., c. h. at Kaskaskia. This is the oldest county in the state, with the excep tion of St. Clair, "it is bounded N. by St. Clair and Washington counties, E. by Berry and Jack son, S. and S. W. by the Mississippi River, sepa rating it from Missouri, and W. by Monroe co. Drained by Kaskaskia River and tributaries, and by St Mary, Horse, and other small creeks. The surface and soil are diversified. Randolph County, la., c. h. at Winchester. Bounded N. by Jay co., E. by Ohio, S. by Wayne co., and W. by Henry and Delaware counties. It is drained by the Missisinewa and the W. fork of White River, has an undulating surface, and a fine soil. Randolph, Ms., Norfolk CO., was the S. parish of Braintree until its incorporation, in 1793. It was named in honor of Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, the first president of the American Con gress. Part of Punkapog Pond lies in the town, and the Manatiquot River rises here, but the town is quite destitute of water power. It is largely en gaged in the shoe manufacture. The land is ele vated between the waters of Massachusetts Bay . and Taunton River. The surface is undulating, and the soil strong and productive. There are 2 pleasant and flourishing villages in the town, E. and W., a short distance apart, between which passes the Boston and Fall River Railroad. 14 miles S. from Boston. Randolph County, Mo., c. h. at Huntsville. Bounded N. by Macon, E. by Monroe and Au drain, S. by Boone and Howard, and W. by Char iton co. Drained by the E. fork of Chariton River and Silver Creek, both branches of the Missouri. Surface level ; soil fertile. Randolph, N. II, Coos co. Until 1824 this town was called Durand. It is situated directly under the N. end of the White Mountains. Branches of Israel's and Moose Rivers pass through it. The soil is in some parts good. Fisrt settlers : this town was granted in 1772 to John Durand and others, of London. 120 miles N. from Concord, and about 20 S. E. from Lancaster. Randolph, N. J., Morris co. A branch of Rockaway River and the head branches of Black River water this town. Surface mountain ous, having Schooley's Mountain in the N,, and Trowbridge Mountain in the S. part. Magnetic iron ore of excellent quality is found here. 7 miles N. W. from Morristown. Randolph, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by the Alleghany River and some of its branches. Surface hilly ; soil suitable for grazing. 20 miles S. W. from Ellicottville), and 312 S. of W. from Albany. Randolph County, N. O, c. h. at Ashboro'. Bounded N. by Guilford co., E. by Chatham, S. by Moore and Montgomery, and W. by Davidson co. Deep River and branches, and some branch es of the Yadkin, water this county. Surface varied ; soil fertile. Randolph, Vt, Orange co. Randolph is one of the best farming towns in the state, and is watered by the second and third branch of White River. These streams and their tributaries afford a number of advantageous situations for mills. There is a variety of timber. The surface is considerably elevated, and the soil productive. There are here 3 pleasant villages, one in the centre of the town, another in the eastern, and the other in the western part. The centre vil lage is very handsomely situated on elevated ground. The West Randolph Academy was in corporated in 1847. This town was chartered in 1781, and was settled 3 or 4 years before. 23 miles S. from Montpelier, and 9 S. W. from Chelsea. The Central Railroad passes through the town. Randolph County, Va., o. h. at Beverly. Bound ed N. by Preston, E. by Hardy and Pendleton, S. by Pocahontas, and W. by" Braxton, Lewis, and Barbour counties. Drained by Cheat River and East Fork, head branches of the Mononga hela River. Laurel and Cheat Mountains trav erse this county from N. to S. Rangdy, Me., Franklin co. This town lies on the Androscoggin River, and at the outlet of Oquossack Lake. It is about 40 miles N. W. from Farmington. 544 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Rankin County, Mi., c. h. at Brandon. Bounded E. by Scott and Smith counties, S. by Simpson co., and W. and N. by Pearl River, separating it from Hinds and Madison counties. Drained by branches of Pearl River. , Raphoe, Pa., Lancaster co. Great Chiques Creek runs on the E. and S„ and Little Chiques onthe W. border of this town. Surface undu lating ; soil calcareous loam, sand, and gravel. 12 miles N. W. from Lancaster. Rapides Parish, La., c. h. at Alexandria. Bounded N. W. and N. E. by Natchitoches and Catahoula parishes, E. by Avoyelles, S. by St. Landry and Calcasieu, and W. by Sabine parish. Drained by Red River and its tributaries, Bceuf and Crocodile Bayous. Soil fertile on the streams, but elsewhere sterile, and in some portions liable to inundation. Rappaha-rimock County, Va., e. h. at Washing ton. Bounded N. E. by Fauquier co., S. E. by Culpepper, S. W. by Madison, and N. W. by Page and Warren counties. Watered by the head branches of Rappahannock River. Raritan, N. J., Hunterdon co. Drained by branches of the Raritan River. 20 miles N. from Trenton. Ravenna, 0., c. h. Portage co. Near a branch of the Cuyahoga, which affords water power, and on the Pennyslvania and Ohio Canal. 140 miles N. E. from Columbus. Rawlingsville, Aa., c. h. De Kalb co. 153 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Ray County, Mo., e. h. at Richmond. Bounded N. by Caldwell co., E. by Carroll co., S. by the Missouri River, separating it from Lafayette and Jackson counties, and W. by Clay and Clinton counties. Drained by Crooked River and Fish ing Creeks, tributaries of the Missouri. Raynham, Ms., Bristol co. This town was a part of Taunton until 1731. It was first settled in 1680. Its Indian name was Hockamock. The surface is generally level ; the soil light, and not very productive. On its southern and eastern borders Raynham is finely watered by Taunton River, which affords power for manufacturing operations, and it contains a number of large and beautiful ponds. 33 miles S. from Boston. Raymond, Me., Cumberland co. Raymond is watered by Crooked River, and several ponds. This is a good farming town, with 2 villages, and some trade. The inhabitants are principally de voted to agricultural pursuits. It lies 22 miles N. N. W. from Portland. It is bounded on the W. by Naples, and contains some of the sources of Sebago Lake on its S. Raymond, N. H.. Rockingham co. Two branches ' of the Lamprey River unite in Raymond, and the waters of 2 ponds also fall into it. The Pa- tuckaway crosses the N. E. corner. The soil is various ; that bordering on the river is produc tive. \In the N. part of the town, near the sum mit of a hill about 100 feet high, is a natural excavation in n ledge, called the Oven, from the appearance of its mouth. It is a regular arch about 5 feet high, and of the same width, extend ing into the hill about 15 feet, and terminating in a number of fissures. 25 miles W. by S. from Portsmouth, and 28 S. E. from Concord. Readfield, Mc., Kennebec co. A good township of land. 11 miles W. from Augusta. Reading, Ct, Fairfield co. This town was in corporated in 1767, and derived its name from Colonel John Read, one of its first settlers. The soil of the town is good, but the surface is rough and hilly. The business of the people is chiefly agricultural, who live scattered about on their farms. Considerable attention is paid in Read ing to the growing of wool. It is watered by Saugatuck and Norwalk Rivers. 60 miles S. W. from Hartford. Reading, Ms., Middlesex co., was called Lynn Village, and was a part of Lynn until its incor poration in 1644. The surface is pleasantly di versified by hills and valleys. The soil is gen erally good, in some parts excellent and the town is watered by Ipswich River. There are two vil lages in the town — Wood End Village, at the S. part of the town, through which the Boston and Maine Railroad passes, and West Village, about 3 miles N. of the other. 13 miles N. from Boston, and 10 W.from Salem. The shoe manufacture is large. Reading, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by a few small streams flowing into Seneca Lake, which bounds it on the E. Surface elevated and rolling ; soil well adapted to wheat. 21 miles E. from Bath, and 186 W. from Albany. Reading, Pa., Adams co. Conewago Creek and Muddy Run water this town, the surface of which is level, and the soil red shale and slate. Reading, Pa., shire town of Berks co. Situated on the E. bank of the Schuylkill River. 58 miles N. W. of Philadelphia, and 52 E. of Harrisburg. It is built on ground gently rising from the river towards the base of a ridge of hills which passes behind it. The streets are wide and straight, crossing each other generally at right angles, and are dressed with a covering of white gravel, or disintegrated sandstone, which consol idates into a smooth and solid carriage way, su perior to that of the McAdamized road. Besides the court house and jail, there are an academy, a female seminary, 3 public libraries, — one of which is German, — 3 banks, and from 12 to 15 churches of the different denominations. The principal churches are the Lutheran, German Reformed, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Friends, Universalist, and Roman Cath olic. The Lutheran Church is a large and hand some structure, with a steeple 201 feot high. The German Reformed Church is of brick, and has ' likewise a lofty steeple. In these two churches divine service is performed in the German lan guage. Of several weekly newspapers published here, 3 aro in the language of the Germans. The court house is a fine building, on elevated ground, commanding an extensive prospect. It has a portico with six columns of red sandstone in front, and presents an imposing appearance. A large business is done here in the manufac ture of hats for the southern and western mar kets. A cotton factory is in operation here for making fine muslins, which turns out about 8000 yards a day. There is a rolling mill and nail fac tory, and large flouring mills in the place. White wines of an excellent quality are manufactured here to a considerable amount, from the grapes grown in the vicinity. Reading is supplied with water by an aqueduct from a spring on Penn's Mount, conducted into a reservoir, and distrib uted through the streets in iron pipes. The Schuylkill Canal, which commences at Port Carbon, near Pottsville, in the coal region, passes through Reading, and terminates at Phil adelphia. The Philadelphia, Reading, and Potts ville Railroad also connects these three places. IN THE UNITED STATES. 545 The distance of Reading from Pottsville and Port Carbon is about 36 miles. The Union Canal commences at Middletown, on the great Penn sylvania Canal, and unites that canal with ' the Schuylkill Canal at Reading, thus opening a line of transportation, through this place, between Philadelphia and Pittsburg. These facilities for business confer upon this place eminent advan tages for the encouragement of the spirit of en terprise by which the people are distinguished. This town was laid out in 1 748, by direction of Thomas and Richard Penn, proprietors of the province. It was incorporated as a borough September 12, 1783, and reorganized March 29, 1813. It is said to be the largest borough in the United States. The original inhabitants of the place were principally German emigrants from Wirtemburg and the Palatinate, who, by their early preponderance in numbers, gave a decided character to the habits of society. The German language was commonly used in the ordinary transactions of life, in which it still maintains itself to a great extent During the period of the revolution, Reading was si favorite place of resort for such persons and families from Phila delphia as wished to be somewhat retired from the stormy agitations and dangerous exposures of the city ; and thus at that early day the place acquired a character for refinement and fashion able life for which it is still distinguished. Reading, Vt, Windsor co. The surface of this town is uneven. Towards the W. part is an elevated tract of land, extending through the town from N. to S., from which issue its princi pal streams. It is worthy of remark that no water runs into this town. In the S. W. part is a natural pond, about 200 rods in length and 80 in breadth. The streams in Reading, though generally small, afford a tolerable supply of water for common mills. The soil is of a mid dling quality, and affords excellent pasturage. There are 3 villages in the town, Reading Centre Village, South Reading, and Felchville. The settlement was commenced about the year 1772, by Andrew Spear, who removed his family here from Walpole, N. H. 53 miles S. from Mont pelier, and 10 W. from Windsor. Readington, N. J., Hunterdon co. Drained by Rockaway Creek and branches, and by the S. branch of Raritan River. Surface level in the S. E. part, but elsewhere hilly ; soil red shale, clav and loam. 8 miles N. E. from Flemington. Readsboro', Vt., Bennington co. This is a mountainous township, watered by Deerfield River. Much of the land is too elevated to ad mit of cultivation. When it was first settled is unknown. 12 miles S. E. from Bennington, and 18 W. by S. from Brattleboro'. Red Bank, N. J., Monmouth co. On the S. bank of Neversink River, 46 miles E. from Trenton. A summer resort for sea bathing and fishing. Red Bank, Pa., Clarion co. Red Bank, Ma honing, and Beaver Creeks water this town. Surface undulating ; soil loam. Alum is found here. 190 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Redfield, N. Y., Oswego co. It is watered by Salmon River and some of its branches. Surface undulating; soil well adapted to grass. 15 miles E. from Pulaski, and 131 N. W. from Albany. Redford, Mn., Wayne co. The N. branch of Rouge River and Powers Creek water this town, which lies 13 miles N. W. from Detroit 69 Redford, N. Y., Clinton co. On 'the N. side of Saranac River. 185 miles N. from Albany. Iron ore is found in the vicinity. Redhook, N. Y., Dutchess co. On the E. side of the Hudson, and watered by a few small streams flowing into it. Surface rolling; soil clay and loam. 22 miles N. from Poughkeepsie, and 51 S. from Albany. Refugio County, Ts., c. h. at Refugio. S. part, between Aransas Bay and Neuces River. Red River County, Ts., c. h. at Clarkesville. In the N. E. angle of the state, on Red River. Red Sulphur Springs, Va., Monroe co. On Indian Creek. 40 miles S. W. from the White Sulphur Springs, and 249 miles W. from Rich mond. See Fashionable Resorts. Rehoboth, Ms., Bristol co. The original limits of Rehoboth were extensive, comprehending the present town, Seekonk, Pautucket, Attleboro1, and part of Swansey ; and Cumberland and Bar rington, R. I. The first white settler in the original limits of the town was William Black stone, a nonconformist minister of England, who fled from persecution, anrt sought an asylum in the wilds of America. He was the first white man who lived on the peninsula where the city of Boston now stands. He located himself in what is now Cumberland, R. I., on the river which bears his name. The Indian name of the town yvas Wannamoiset. The surface is varied, with a thin soil, and well watered by Palmer's River, and other fine mill streams." 10 miles S. W. from Taunton, and 3 from the depot at Attle boro,' from which to Boston is 31 miles. Remsen, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Black River and some of its branches. A hilly town, with a soil of tolerably good quality. 18 miles N. from the city of Utica, and 96 N. W. from Al bany. Rensselaer County, N. Y., e. h. at Troy. It is bounded N. by Washington co., E. by the states of Vermont and Massachusetts, S. by Columbia co., and W. by the Hudson River. Watered by the Hoosic River, the Poestenkill and Wynants- kill. Surface hilly and mountainous on the E., but more level as you approach the Hudson ; soil generally good, and in the valleys very fertile. A few beds of marl and some sulphur springs comprise its mineral wealth. The Albany an,d West Stockbridge, Rensselaer and Saratoga, and Schenectady and Troy Railroads cross this county. Renssdaerville, N. Y., Albany co. Watered by Catskill and Foxes Creeks. The surface is broken by spurs of the Catskill Mountains ; soil mostly rich sandy loam. 24 miles S. W. from the city of Albany. Reynolds County, Mo. S. E. central. Watered by the Big Black, which flows S- through it. Rhea County, Te., c. h. at Washington. It is bounded N. E. by Roane co., E. by the Tennessee River, separating it from Meigs co., S. by Ham ilton, and W. and N. W. by Bledsoe and Morgan counties. Drained by small streams flowing into the Tennessee. Rhinebeck, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by Landtman's Creek on the S. W., and by the Hud son River on the W. Has a level or rolling surface, and the central portions a fertile soil. 1 7 miles N. from Poughkeepsie, and 57 S. frdm Albany. Rice, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Incorporated in 1846. Ricebord1, Ga., c. h. Liberty co. On Newport 546 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, & spring, the waters of which soon divide, part runs to the Merrimac and part to Connecticut River. In the central part of the town is a pleasant village, which lies 13 miles N. W. from Worcester, and 50 W. by N. from Boston. Rutland, N. Y., Jefferson co. Black River and Sandy Creek water this town. Surface undulat ing ; soil fertile loam, based upon limestone. In this vicinity are many interesting remains of Indian fortifications. 6 miles E. from Watertown, and 1 54 N. W. from Albany. Rutland, Pa., Tioga co. This is a hilly town, with a gravelly soil. 151 miles N. from Harrisburg. Rutland County, Vt., c. h. at Rutland. This county is bounded N. by Addison co., E. by Windsor co., S. by Bennington co., and W. by the state of New York. The principal streams are Otter Creek, Black, White, Queechy, and Paulet Rivers. There is some fine land in this county, along Otter Creek, but a large portion of it is elevated, and some parts mountainous. The soil is generally warm, and well suited for grazing. Excellent iron ore is found at the base of the mountains, and a range of marble quarries extends the whole length of the county, from N. to S. This marble is of the very best quality. Rutland, Vt, c. h. Rutland co. The prin cipal stream is Otter Creek. Tributary to this are West River and East Creek. In addi tion to those, there are 2 other streams of less magnitude, flowing in above East Creek, on the right bank. Near the N. W. corner of the town another stream, called Castleton River, enters. On all of these streams are convenient sites for mills. The soil of Rutland presents all the vari eties from heavy loam to a light sarid. Some minerals are found here, and in the' W. part several quarries of very beautiful white and clouded marble have been opened. Rutland is divided into two parishes, denominated East and West Parish. Rutland Village, situated in the East Parish, is the most important place. In the West Parish are two small villages, called West Rutland and Gookkin's Falls. The village q.f Rutland was incorporated in 1847. This town was chartered in 1761. Through this town, during the revolutionary war, was the only military road from Charlestown, N. H, to Ticonderoga and Crown Point, on Lake Champlain. 50 miles S. W. from Montpelier. A railroad from Boston to Burlington passes through this town. There is also a railroad to Whitehall and Troy, N. Y. ; to, Burlington, 73 miles ; to Troy, 85. Rutledge, Mo., c. h. McDonald co. Rutledqe, Te., c. h. Granger co. Rye, N. H, Rockingham co., is pleasantly situ ated on the sea-coast, which here is 6 miles in ex tent, being nearly one third of the coast in the state. On the shore are 3 pleasant beaches, Sandy, Jenness, and Wallis. There is here a small harbor, near Goss's Mill, into which vessels of 70 or 80 tons' burden may enter at high water. The boat fishery is carried on to considerable advan tage. Breakfast Hill, between this town and Greenland, is distinguished as the place where a party of Indians were surprised at breakfast, at the time of thoir incursion, in 1696. Rye was taken from Portsmouth, Greenland, Hampton, and New Castle, chiefly the latter. 6 miles S. from Ports mouth, and 50 S. E. from Concord. Ryegate,Yt, Caledonia co. This town is situat ed on the W. bank of Connecticut River, opposite to Bath, N. H. Ryegate is watered by Wells \ River, some smaller streams, and several ponds. There is not much intervale land on the river, but the soil is generally rich. Ryegate was first settled by emigrants from Scotland, in the year 1774. 15 miles S. from Danville, and 40 S. E. from Montpelier. Sabine Parish, La., c. h. at Murray. On the W. border, middle. Watered by the Sabine and confluents. Sabine' County, Ts., c. h. at Milam. On the E. border, middle. Saccarappa, Me., in Westbrook, Cumberland co. On the Presumpscot River, which affords extensive hydraulic power at this place. ' N. from Portland 4 miles, and S. W. from Augusta 56. Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., Jefferson co. On ^ Black River Bay, near the foot of Lake On tario, about 12 miles from the lake, and 185 N. W. from Albany. This place has the best harbor on the lake, which is improved for ship building and as a naval depot. The progress of the settlement was very much accelerated during the war of 1812, during which it became an im portant military position. The United States have erected here three extensive stone barracks, a military hospital, &c, affording accommo dations for 2000 troops. The New Orleans, a 110 gun ship, commenced during the war, re mains upon the stocks, under a large building on Rocky Island. The place has considerable trade by the lake and the River St. Lawrence. A good water power has been created by a canal brought i from the Black River, a distance of about 12 miles, to the village. The fall thus obtained is about 30 feet. This work was executed by the citizens, at a cost of about $25,000, and is only partially improved, as yet, for saw mills, grist mills, and other manufacturing and mechanical operations. After the war, the business of Sack ett's Harbor declined for a time, but it now par takes of the general prosperity of the country. Saco, Me., port of entry, York co. Situated on the E. side of Saco River. 7 1 miles S. S. W. from Augusta, and 15 S. W.from Portland. The Saco River terminates its fantastic course at this place by a fall, within a short distance, of 42 feet, and mingling with tide water. The water power cre ated by these falls is very extensive ; and Saco enjoys the rare advantage of possessing a great hydraulic power, united with facilities for naviga tion close at hand. These fine privileges are ex tensively improved, and are capable of further development to an almost unlimited extent. 9 large cotton mills have been erected here, 1 woollen mill, a large number of saw mills, with a variety of other mechanical establishments. The advantages of this place for profitably carry ing on manufacturing operations are considered as equal to those of any other place in New England. From the mouth of the river a fine beach, called Old Orchard Beach, extends about 5 miles to the E., which is a place of considerable resort for summer recreations. Another beach, of less extent, connects Fletcher's Neck with the main land, and has a house of entertainment at a place called the Pool. Saco contains many handsome buildings, and the scenery around it is pleasant. There are 5 or 6 churches, some of which have handsome houses of worship. 556 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VHXAGES, &c, The villages of Saco and Biddeford are so situated on both sides of the river, connected by bridges, and united by their business relations, that they can hardly be considered otherwise than as one place. Some of the mills and meeting houses above mentioned are on tho Biddeford side, arid the whole appears as one extended cluster of buildings. The Eastern and the Boston and Maine Rail roads having united before reaching this place, pass through Saco, and connect it with all the great routes of railroad communication. Sacramento County, Ca., c. h. at Sacramento City. On the E. side of the Sacramento, between American River and the Moquelumne. Sacramento City, Ca., c. h. Sacramento eo. This town, the second in California, is situated on the E. bank of the Sacramento' River, at the junction of the American Fork, on the S. bank of that stream. The Sacramento, which is a fine river, varying from 200 to 300 yards in breadth, its banks fringed with trees, is navigable to this point at all seasons. The distance from San Francisco is about 120 miles. The plan of Sac ramento is very simple. The town plot embraces a square of about a mile and a half to the side, on a level plain of great extent, and but slightly elevated above the river. It is laid out in regu lar right angles, the streets running E. and W, being designated by the letters of the alphabet, and those running N. and S. by the numerals. In April, 1849, there were 4 houses in the place. Within six months it boasted a population, in tents and frame houses, of near 10,000. The original forest trees, still standing in all parts of the town, give it a very picturesque appearance. Many of the streets are lined with oaks and syca mores, six feet in diameter. Though Sacramento 'has not suffered, like San Francisco, by fires, the low level of the plain on which it stands has exposed it to disastrous floods, which have made it necessary to enclose the entire circuit of the city with a levee or dike. The position of Sacramento makes it the grand depot for the supply of all the northern mines. It is also the point to which the overland emigra tion is directed. The banks of the river in this vicinity furnish one of the best farming regions in California, though the crops on the low lands are exposed to great ravages from the periodical floods. These advantages of situation are such as to make it certain that Sacramento will main tain its position, as being, next after San Francis co, the first city in the state. It has regular daily steamboat communication with San Francisco. The gold diggings commence about 30 miles E. from Sacramento, at the entrance of the hills, which rise rapidly to the eastward, till they ter minate in the high ridge of the Sierra Nevada. The gold was first discovered on the S. fork of the American River, about 50 miles from Sac ramento, and all that neighborhood is still much resorted to hy miners. Saddle River, N. J., Bergen co. Bounded E. by Saddle and S. by Passaic River, and is drained by Singac, Krokaevall, Prcakness, Goffle, and Acker- man's Brooks. Surface level on tho E., but else where mountainous ; soil fertile in tho valleys, being composed of red shale and loam. 8 miles N. W. from Hnckensacktown. Sadsbury, Pa., Chester co. This town lies on tho W. side of Brandywine River, between West Cain and East Fallonfield. Sadsbury, Pa., Crawford co. Sadsbury, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded E. by Octara Creek, which , affords hydraulic power. Surface hilly and undulating ; soil clay and cal careous loam. 16 miles S. W. from Lancaster. Sagadahock, Me. ¦ The ancient name of a sec tion of country, at and E. of the mouth of Ken nebec River. Sag Harbor, N. Y, Suffolk co. This incorpo rated village is situated on a body of water of the same name, an inlet from Gardiner's Bay. It lies partly in the town of East Hampton, and partly in South Hampton, at the eastern extrem ity of Long Island, on the S. shore of Gardiner's Bay. It has a population of about 3000. The whale fishery is carried on to a considerable ex tent, there being engaged in it from this port, in 1851, 4434 tons of shipping. The whole tonnage of the district was 12,808 tons. 110 miles E. from New York, and 34 from Riverhead, the nearest point on the Long Island Railroad. Saginaw County, Mn., c. h. at Saginaw. Bounded N. by Midland co. and Saginaw Bay, E. by Tuscola co., S. by Genesee and Shiawassee, and W. by Gratiot co. Drained by Saginaw Riv er and branches. The surface is level or slightly uneven ; the soil a fertile sandy loam underlaid with clay. Limestone and gypsum are found in the N. W. part. Saginaw, Mn., c. h. Saginaw co. Pleas antly situated on Saginaw River,' about 23 miles from its mouth, and at an elevation of 30 feet above the river. 97 miles N. by W.' from Detroit St. Albans, Me., Somerset co. A good town ship. 46 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. St. Albans, Vt, c. h. Franklin co. This hand some village, 3 miles from Lake Champlain, and 12 from the Canada line, is built on elevated ground, and commands a fine prospect. The soil is fertile, and, besides the lake navigation, the town enjoys railroad communication with Burlington, Montreal, and Ogdensburg. St. Augustine, Fa. City, port of entry, and seat of justice of St. John's co. 200 miles E. by S. from Tallahassee, and on the Atlantic coast, about 30 miles S. of the mouth of the St John's River. The city stands back about 2 miles from the coast on the side of a peninsula, and is shielded from the force of the main ocean by Anastasia Island, which lies before it, but is so low and narrow as not to intercept the sea breezes. The site of St. Augustine is itself low, being not over 12 feet above the level of the ocean ; and the soil is rich in calcareous and vegetable deposits. The climate here is reckoned equally mild and grateful with that of Italy or the south of France. There are only one or two months in the year when frosts are ever experi enced, and the winters are sometimes passed en tirely without them. In the summer, too, the al ternation of sea and land breezes both tempers the heats by day and renders the nights generally cool and pleasant. This is, therefore, a favorite resort for invalids seeking to avoid the more va riable and rugged climate of the north. The city lies in the form of a parallelogram, one mile long and three fourths of a mile wide, fronting E. on Matanzas Sound, which spreads a half a mile before it, forming a harbor, protected by Anastasia Island, of large capacity and of perfect security. Not more than one half the extent of the city is compactly built and much of this has an antiquated and dilapidated appear- IN THE UNITED STATES. 557 ance. St. Augustine, indeed, is the oldest city in the United States, having been settled by the Spaniards 43 years earlier than Jamestown, in Virginia, .by the English. The streets are gen erally very narrow, some not more than 10 feet wide, and the principal ones not more than 15 to 18 feet in width, and sometimes very crooked. The houses are on a line with the street, and are gen erally two stories high, with the second story pro jecting over tho first The first story is usually built of stone, covered with stucco, whilst the second is of wood. In the eastern part is a fine large, square, opening from the< sound, on three sides of which are the Court House, a splendid Roman Catholic Church, an Episcopal Church, a neat Gothic edifice, and several elegant resi dences. In front of the harbor is a fine market place. The city is embosomed in orange, lemon, olive, and palm trees, which grow here in great perfection, and which give to the place a rural rather than a commercial appearance. About one half of the population of St. Au gustine is made up of Spanish, French, and other nations. Since the cession of Florida to the United States, however, the foreign population is fast be coming Americanized. The old Spanish castle of St. Mark, now called Fort Marion, is quite an object of curiosity. It was built for the defence of the harbor, and completed about a hundred years ago. There are in it a number of Spanish guns, mortars, and howitzers, which came into possession of our government with the fort, one of which bears the date of 1735. St. Bernard Parish, La. Bounded N. W. by Lake Borgne, N. and E. by the Gulf of Mexico, S. by Black Bay, and W. by Plaquemine parish. Surface level ; soil, where it is sufficiently elevat ed for cultivation, very fertile. Productions, su gar and coffee. St. Charles Parish, La. Lake Maurepas, Pass of Manchac, and Lake Pontchartrain bound this place on the N., the parish of St. Bernard on the E., and the parish of St. John Baptist on the W. (For general features, soil, and staples, see St. Bernard. ) This parish is situated 50 miles above New Orleans, on the Mississippi River. St. Charles County. Mo., c. h. at St. Charles. This county is bounded N. and N. E. by the Mis sissippi and Cuivre Rivers, S. E. by Missouri River, and W. by Montgomery co. It occupies the peninsula betw'een tbe Mississippi and Mis souri, above their junction. St. Charles, Mo., c. h. St. Charles co. Pleas antly situated on the N. bank of the Missouri, on the first elevated land above the mouth of the River. St. Charles College is located here. (See Colleges.) 20 miles N. W. from St. Louis, and 1 10 E. from Jefferson City. St. Clair County, Aa., c. h. St Clairsvilje. Shelby bounds it on the S., Jefferson S. W., Blunt N. W., Cherokee lands N., and Casa River E. Its surface is hilly and broken, and it is drained by the Coosa and Cahaba Rivers. St. Clair County, Is., c. h. at Cahokia. The Mississippi River bounds it on the N. W., Madison N., Washington E., Randolph S. E, and Monroe S. W. The principal part of the county lies S. E. from St, Louis, commencing opposite that town. The Mississippi and Kaskaskia Rivers supply it with water. St. Clair County, Mn., c. h. at St. Clair. Bound ed N. by Sanillac co., E. by Lake Huron and the River St Clair, S. by Lake St. Clair and Macomb co., and W. by Lapeer co. Drained by Pine, Black, andyBelle Rivers. Surface undulating; soil productive. St. Clair County, Mo., c. h. at Osceola. Bounded N. by Henry co., E. by Benton and Hickory, S. by Polk and Cedar, and W. by Bates co. Drained by Osage River and its tributaries. St. Clair, Pa., Alleghany co. A township opposite Pittsburg, on the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers, and between Chartier and Street's Creeks. St. Clair, Pa., Bedford co. A township situated on Dunning's Creek. 6 miles N. from Bedford. St. Clairsvil/e, 0., c. h. Belmont co. Finely situated 116 miles E. from Columbus. 11 miles W. from Wheeling. St.Croix County,Wn., c.h. at St. Croix. Bounded N. by Lake Superior, N. E. by Montreal River, separating it from Michigan, E. by Crawford CO., and S. and W. by Mississippi, St. Croix, and St. Louis Rivers, separating it from Minnesota terri tory. Drained by Rum, St. Francis, and some other rivers. St. Francis County, As., c. h. at Mount Vernon. Bounded N. by Jackson and Poinsett counties, E. by the St. Francis River, separating it from Crit tenden co., S. by Phillips and Monroe counties, and W. by the White River, separating it from White and Pulaski counties. Drained by Cache and Languille Rivers. St. Francis County, Mo., c. h. at Farmington. Bounded N. by Jefferson co., E. by St. Genevieve and Perry, S. by Madison, and W. by Washing ton co. Drained by St. Francis, Big, and Estab lishment Rivers. Surface hilly, containing iron ore ; soil fertile. St. Francisville, La., c. h. West Feliciana parish, on Bayou Sarah. 1 mile from the E.bank of Mississippi River, and 160 miles above New Orleans. By the bayou it communicates with the Mississippi. Many boats stop here, and great quantities of corn are shipped for market. St. Genevieve County, Mo., c. h. at St Gene vieve. On the Mississippi, nearly opposite the mouth of the Kaskaskia. St. Genevieve, Mo., c. h. St. Genevieve co. On Gabourie Creek, about 1 mile from the W. bank of Mississippi River. 61 miles S. by E. from St Louis, and 190 E. S. E. from Jefferson City. The creek is sometimes boatable. A fertile prairie of 6000 acres lies below the village, which is enclosed and occupied in common. The popu lation is mostly French. St. George's, De., Newcastle co. A town on the N. side of St. George's Creek. 10 miles S. from Newcastle, and 9 N. from Cantwell's Bridge. St. George, Me., Lincoln co. On the S. W. point of Penobscot Bay. 57 miles S. E. from Augusta. St. George, Vt, Chittenden co. The surface is uneven, with considerable elevations. The tim ber is principally maple, beech, and birch. There are no streams of consequence. A part of Shel burne was annexed to St. George in 1 848. The settlement was commenced here in the spring of 1784, hy Joshua Isham, from Colchester, Ct. The next year several others joined the settlement. 28 miles W. by N. from Montpelier, and 8 S. E. from Burlington. St. Helena Parish, La., c. h. at St Helena. Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas and Amito River bound it on the S., Amite River and New Feliciana W., state of Mississippi N., and Tan- gipoo River, or Washington, and St. Tammany 558 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, 4,0., E. This extensive parish is mostly covered with pine, with a sterile soil. It is drained by the Amite, Tickfoha, and Tangipoo Rivers. St. Helena, La., c. h. St. Helena parish. On the Tickfoha River, 35 miles N. E. by E. from Baton Rouge. St. Inigoes, Md., St Mary's co., Res on a small bay of St. Mary's River. 53 miles S. E. from North Carolina. St. James Parish, La. This place lies on both sides of the Mississippi, and is bounded by St. John E., Amite River N., Ascension W., and Assumption1 S. W. For general features and staples, see St. Bernard. St. John's County, Fa., c. h. at St. Augustine. Bounded N. by Duval CO., E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Orange and Marion counties, and W. by Alachua co. Watered by St. John's and North Rivers. Much of the land is fertile, pro ducing cotton, maize, and sugar cane, besido many tropical fruits. St. John Baptiste Parish, La., c. h. at Bonnet Carre. Situated above St. Charles and St. James, on both sides of the Mississippi River. For gen eral features and staples, see St. Bernard. St. Johnsbury, Vt, Caledonia co. The Passump sic River runs through this town, and receives, just below the plain, the Moose River from the N. E., and Sleeper's River from the N. W. The amount of available water power furnished by these streams exceeds that of any other town in this part of the state, and affords facilities for man ufacturing operations to any desirable amount. There are in this town a number of handsome villages. The village called the Plain is of su perior beauty, and contains an excellent academy. The soil is rich and productive ; the surface un even and somewhat hilly, though not broken ; and the farms are in a high state of cultivation. On the Passumpsic Railroad, 61 miles N. from the White River, and 37 N. E. from Montpelier. St. Johnsbury presents a fine specimen of Yan kee industry and perseverance in the enterprize of the Messrs. Fairbanks, in the manufacture of their celebrated platform scales. Although shut up in a cold region, ariiid the craggy mountains of the north, and hitherto a three days' toilsome journey to any Atlantic city, this mountain town has sent forth, throughout our whole country and to foreign lands, articles of manufacture which would vie in workmanship and utility with any of those produced in Europe. Until the present day, the location of our cities and trading towns have boon selected for their proximity to the ocean, or situated on some nav igable stream. Now the great considerations are, in the choice of a location, Does the place pos sess a good hydraulic power ? Is it situated in a fertile and healthy country 1 Does the monarch carrier pass that way ? These three things at tained, St. Johnsbury, like many other places similarly situated, throws into the shade many large towns, whose sites were selected solely for being situated on the banks of some shallow river, or at the head of some navigable creek. The giant power which unites the ^business communities of states and distant countries, as it were, by magic, will take tho burden of a ship's cargo and 500 passengers from Boston to St. Johnsbury, 170 miles, in loss timo than it takes tho swiftest steamer to pass from Albany to New York, a distance of 145 miles, and that in any day of any season in tho year. St. Joseph's County, la., c. h. at South Bend. Bounded N. by Michigan, E. by Elkhart co., S. by Marshall and Stark, and W. by Laporte eo. Watered by St. Joseph's, Kankakee, and some other rivers, affording good hydraulic power. The surface is level, haying some-fine prairies on the S., and the soil fertile. St. Joseph, La., c. h. Tensas parish. St. Joseph's County, Mn.. c. h. at Centreville. This county Was incorporated in 1829, and is bounded N. by Kalamazoo co., E. by Branch co., S. by Indiana, and W. by Cass co. Drained by St. Joseph's, Prairie, Portage, Rocky, and Pigeon Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil of excellent quality. St. Joseph, Mn., Berrien co. This important town is located on the E. border of Lake Michi gan, at the junction of St. Joseph and Pawpaw Rivers, and 195 miles W. by S. from Detroit. St. Landre Parish, La., c. h. at Opelousas, Bounded N. by Rapides and Avoyelles parishes, E. by Point Coupee, Iberville, and St Martin's, S. by Lafayette and Vermilion, and W. by Cal casieu parish. The Atchafalaya Bayou runs on the E., and Bayou Nez Pique on the W. boundary. It is also watered by Teche and Vermilion Riv ers. The surface and soil are diversified. St. Landre, or Opdousas, La., c. h. St. Landre parish. The streets are laid out at right angles. The country is level, pleasant and healthy. Water is generally found only in wells : springs are rare, but the water is excellent, cool, and light. St Landre is situated between two bodies of woods, in a prairie on a small stream, which forms part of the sources of both Teche and Ver milion Rivers, the Bayou Fasillice entering Teche, and the other, Bayou Bourbee, forming the head of Vermilion. This town is distant 3 miles S. W. of its port, Bayou Carron. St. Lawrence County. N. Y., c. h. at Canton. Lying in the N. W. part of the state, on the River St. Lawrence, which separates it from Canada. This county has the largest amount of territory by 1000 square miles than that of any other county in the state. The surface, for a distance of 30 or 40 miles back from the river, is agreea bly diversified with gentle elevations, broad'val- ¦leys, and extensive tracts of champaign. The soil is equally rich and productive with that of any of the uplands in the state. The south-east ern part of the county is mountainous, being in part covered with the Adirondack Mountains. Most of this part of the county is but sparsely settled. These mountains abound with iron ore. The principal streams, all having a northerly course to the St. Lawrence, are the St. Regis, Racket, Grass, Oswegatchie, and Indian Rivers. They afford some inland navigation, and a great amount of water power not yet occupied. A natural canal from 30 to 80 yards wide, and about 6 miles in length, unites the waters of the Oswegatchie and Grass Rivers, in the town of Canton. This canal or creek is navigable for boats. There aro several small lakes in tho county, the largest of which is Black Lake. ( See p. 172.) Lead ore is obtained in large quantities near the village of Rossie. Marble of superior quality is also found in abundance. The Og densburg Railroad passes across the northern section of this county, forming a part of a con tinuous railroad route from Ogdensburg to Bos ton. This, with the commerce of the St. Law rence, will contribute to the rapid development IN THE UNITED STATES. 559 of the rich mineral and agricultural resources of tbe county. St. Leonards, Mi., Cafvert co. On the W. side of Chesapeake Bay, about 10 miles N. W. of Drumpoint, and 55 from Annapolis. St. Louis County, Mo., c. h. at St Louis. This county is bounded by Missouri River N. W., Mis sissippi E., Merrimac S., and Franklin co. W. St. Louis, Mo. City, and seat of justice of St. Louis co. On the W. bank of the Mississippi River, 18 miles below the mouth of the Missouri. 130 miles E. from Jefferson City, the capital of the state, and 1101 miles, by the course of the river, N. from Ndw Orleans. Population in 1810, 1600; in 1820, 4598; in 1830, 6694; ,in 1840, 16,469 ; in 1850, 82,774. St. Louis is the com mercial metropolis of Missouri, and was formerly the scat of government It was first settled in 1764, but during its subjection to the French and Spanish colonial governments, remained a mere village. The site is a most eligible one, being elevated many feet above the floods in the Mis sissippi, and favorable in that, as well as other respects, to the salubrity of the place. It rises from the river by two bottoms, or plains ; the first, which is alluvial, being 20 feet above the highest water, and the second, which is a lime stone bank, ascending 40 feet higher than the first, to the level of the adjacent country, sweep ing away towards the western horizon as far as theteye can reach. The ascent from the .river to the first of these terraces is somewhat abrupt; but the second acclivity is more gradual, carry ing the observer into the finest part of the city, from which is enjoyed a beautiful prospect of the river, the lower sections of the city itself, and the wide surrounding country. The situation of St. Louis, in respect to its ad vantages for becoming a great commercial place, is unsurpassed, perhaps, by that of any other in land city in the whole world. Being located not far from the geographical centre of the Mississippi Valley, and almost at the very focus towards which its, great navigable rivers, the Mississippi, Mis souri, Ohio, and Illinois, converge their courses, it is not to be doubted that, as the resources of this immense region are more and more largely developed, this must become a mart of wealth and commerce scarcely inferior to any in the United States. Its trade already exceeds that of any other place on the Mississippi, except New Orleans. The steamboats, which ply from this placo in every direction, seem almost num berless. A great number of these and of all de scriptions of river craft, bound to every point on the navigable waters of the Mississippi Valley, arc seen at all times in its harbor. This is also a great depot and point of departure for the American fur trade, and for the rich lead mines of the Upper Mississippi; and here hunters, trappers, miners, adventurers, and emigrants, of all characters and languages, meet in the prosecution of their various objects, and hence scatter towards the most distant parts of the great west. The city was originally laid out on the first bank, consisting of three narrow streets parallel with the course of the river ; but after its more rapid growth commenced, under the auspices of an American population, it soon extended itself to the upper plain by the grading of several streets hack of the original plot. These are wide and airy, and arc crossed at right angles by about 20 other streets ascending directly from the river. N. and S. of the more compact por tion of the city, which is built up now about 2 miles on the river, extensive suburbs have been laid out on the same general plan. Front Street, on the river bank, is built up on the side oppo site the landing, with a range of stone ware houses, four stories high, which make an im posing appearance, and are tho seat of a heavy business. The first street back of this is the principal seat of the wholesale dry goods busi ness. The city is generally well built, the more recent portions being chiefly of brick, which are made in abundance in the immediate vicinity. Stone also for building is quarried from the limestone strata on the spot. Many of the resi dences, particularly in the upper parts of the city, are of costly and beautiful architecture, and are surrounded by ornamental yards and gardens. Many of the public buildings are elegant and finely situated. The Court House stands in a public square, near the centre of the city. The City Hall is on a square reserved for the purpose at the foot of Market Street, the basement being occupied as a" market. The edifice is a splendid structure of brick. The First Presby terian Church, a large and handsome building, occupies a beautiful site upon the high ground of the city, where it is surrounded with ornamental trees. The Unitarian Church is a large and taste ful building. The Roman Catholic Cathedral is a spacious edifice, 136 feet long by 58 feet wide, with a massive Doric portico in front. The walls are 20 feet in height, above which rises'- a square tower, to the height of 40 feet, sustaining an octagonal spire, surmounted with a gilt cross. In the steeple of this church is a chime of bells, the largest of which weighs 2600 pounds. The several religious denominations in St. Louis have as many as 15 or 16 churches. There are a number of literary and benevolent institu tions, whose labors and influence are important Among these are the Orphan Asylum, under the direction of Protestant ladies, and the Roman Catholic Asylum for Orphans, conducted by the Sisters of Charity. The Western Academy of Sciences is established here, and has an exten sive museum of natural history, mineralogy, &c. Besides this, there is a museum of Indian an tiquities, fossil remains, and other curious relics. The medical department of the University of St. Louis has a building for its laboratory and lectures in the city. The university building itself is 4 miles N. of the city. (See Colleges.) Within the southern limits of St. Louis is the arsenal estab lished here by the United States; also a few miles below are the Jefferson United States Bar racks, capable of accommodating about 700 men. St. Louis is supplied with water by the opera tion of a steam engine, raising it from the Mis sissippi into a reservoir, upon the summit of one of those ancient mounds for which this part of the country is remarkable. Thonce it is distributed in iron pipes over the city. The streets, churches, stores, and dwellings, to some extent, are lighted with gas. St Louis was first settled by a company of merchants, to whom the French director general of Louisiana had granted the exclusive privilege of trading with the Indians on the Missouri. They built a large house and four stores here, which in 1770 had increased to 40 houses, and a small French garrison for their defence. In 1780 560 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, an expedition, consisting of British and Indians, was fitted out at Michilimackinac for the capture of St Louis and other places on the W. side of the Mississippi, which was successfully repelled by the aid of an American force under General George Rogers Clark, which was providentially encamped on the opposite side of the river. St. Lucie County, Fa. On the southern Atlan tic coast of the peninsula. Indian River is the only settlement Population, 139. St. Marks, Fa., Wakulla co. Port of entry. 20 miles'S. from Tallahassee. On St. Marks River, near its confluence with the Wakulla, which rivers unite to form the Appalachee, which is navigable to this place for vessels drawing 8 feet of water. It constitutes the port of Tallahassee, with which it is connected by a railroad. Sev eral years ago, an appropriation was made by Congress for improving the navigation below St. Marks, which is very crooked, and is impeded by oyster bars. It is a place of considerable busi ness. St. Martin's Parish, La., c. h. at St. Martins ville. This parish, in Attacapas, is bounded by Opelousas N. W. and W., Gulf of Mexico S. W., St. Mary's Parish, in Attacapas, S. E., and the Atchafalaya River N. E. and E. From the Gulf of Mexico, the shore rises imperceptibly into dry, arable, prairie land, along the Teche and Vermilion Rivers, and some intervening strips. The whole is one almost undeviating plain. Where the land is arable, it is highly fertile. The south-western, middle, and southern sections present an expanse of prairie, with the exception of strips of woods along the margin of the streams. Near the Atchafalaya, it is liable to annual over flow. St. Martinsville, La., c. h. St Martin's parish, Attacapas. On the right bank of the Teche. St. Mary's, Ga., Camden co. The position of this town renders it a place of considerable con sequence as a commercial port, it being situated 9 miles above the mouth of St. Mary's River, on the left bank. A fine channel, of inland commu nication, exists between this place and Darien, from which it is 80 miles S. by land. It has lost some of its consequence as a naval and military station, since the accession of Florida to the United States. S. S. E. from Milledgeville 293 miles. Its harbor is good, and vessels drawing 21 feet of water come to its wharves. St. Mary's Parish, La., c. h. at Franklin. Bound ed N. and N. E. by St. Martin's parish, E. by Terre Bonne parish, S. by Atchafalaya, Cote Blanche, and Vermilion Bays, and W. by Lafay ette parish. Watered by Atchafalaya Bayou, Teche River, and Chetimaches Lake. Surface flat, and liable to inundation in the S. E. part ; soil arable and very fertile on the borders of some of the streams. St. Mary's County, Md., c. h. at Leonard. Ches apeake Bay bounds this county on the S. E., Poto mac RiverS. W., Charles co. N. W., and Patux ent Rivor N. E. It is situated on the peninsula between the Potomac and Patuxent Rivers. St. Mary's, 0., c. h. Anglaize co. On the Miami Canal. St. Paul, Ma. Capital of the territory. Situ ated on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 12 miles below the Falls of St. Anthony^ and 5 miles E. from Fort Snelling, at the mouth of the St. Peter's. This place, like every other in this young but growing territory, is recent in its origin, but is making very rapid progress. 200 or 300 houses are to be erected the present year (1852) within its. corporate limits ; many of thdm of brick or stone, of large dimensions. New wharves are building, landings are being improved, and streets graded. Population is pouring into this whole region with great rapidity, and it is certain that St. Paul, with such advantages of location as it possesses, must immediately become a place of great importance. Besides its public buildings, which make a good appearance, and its churches, which are beginning to be multiplied, it has several large hotels, which are demanded by the 'increasing travel through this place. Some of the highest class were built more especially with a view to the entertainment of parties visiting the Falls of St. Anthony. Reg- -ular steamboats run between Galena, Stillwater, St Paul, St. Peter's, and the falls. A boat leaves St. Louis daily for this place. Distance 695 miles. St. Stephen's, Aa,, Washington co. On the W. bank of Tombigbee River, at the head of schooner navigation. 120 miles above Mobile, and 149 S. by W. from Tuscaloosa. St. Tammany Parish. La., c. h. at Madisonville. Pearl River bounds this parish on the E., Lake Borgne. the Rigolets, and Lake Pontchartrain S., River Tangipao or St. Helena W., and the parish of Washington N. Pearl, Borgne, Chito, Chi- functe, and Tangipao Rivers are the principal streams. Towards the S. the surface is level, in the northern parts undulating ; soil generally sterile, and timbered with pine. St. Thomas, Pa., Franklin co. A village on Black Creek, branch of Coneeocheague. 9 miles W.from Chambersburg. Salem, Ct. New London co. This town was taken from the towns of Colchester, Lyme, and Montville ; but the principal part from Colches ter, and incorporated in 1819. It comprises an area of 6 by 5 miles of fertile and productive land. The inhabitants are generally good farmers, who live scattered about on their farms. Salem is well watered by small streams, and is bounded on the N. E. by a large and beautiful pond. 13 miles N. W. from New London. Salem, Is., c. h. Marion co. On the margin of Grand Prairie. 108 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. Salem, la., c. h. Washington co. At the head of Blue River, 93 miles from Indianapolis. Here are cotton and woollen factories, oil mills, and grist mills, moved by steam, and various other manufactories. 35 miles N. W. from Louisville, Ky. Salem, Ky., c. h. Livingston co. 249 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. Salem. Me., Somerset co. This town is watered by a branch of Seven Mile Brook, .and lies 52 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 28 N. W. from Norridgewock. Incorporated 1823. This is a good farming town. ' Salem, Ms. City, seaport, and one of tho seats of justice of Essex co. 14 miles N. N. E. from Boston. Population in 1790, 7921 ; 1800,9457; 1810,12,613; 1820,12,731; 1830,13,886; 1840, 15,082; 1850, 18,836. Salem is nearly surrounded by water, being situated between 2 inlets of the sea, called the North and South Rivers. To the main and now inhabited part of the town is attached a pen insular portion of land, called the Neck. This was the first inhabited, and was formerly used for fishing and other purposes. It ultimately IN THE UNITED STATES. 561 became the property of the town, and in 1816, when the present almshouse was built, a large portion of it was enclosed, and has since been cultivated as the almshouse farm. The situation of Salem is low, but pleasant and healthy. Its streets are quite irregular. Essex is the only street which runs through the town, aud is very angular and crooked. Federal and Bridge Streets are broad, straight, and regular. Chestnut is esteemed the handsomest, though it is not the most public street. It has rows of fine elms on either side. Winter and Broad Streets are the widest The first pavement was made in Essex Street, between Court and North Streets, in 1773. The compact part of the city is over a mile and a half in length, and three fourths of a mile in width, extending across the peninsula. A bridge over the North River, 1481 feet long, connects the city with Beverly, and with some of its own suburbs. North of this is the railroad bridge, which also connects with Beverly. The history of Salem is identified with that of Massachusetts. Its Indian name was Naumkeag. It was first settled in 1626, by Roger Conant, Peter Palfrey, and others, who had failed in an attempt to plant themselves at Cape Ann. In 1628, a cession of Massachusetts was made to Sir Henry Roswell and others, with a view to estab lish a colony there. Of this company, Matthew Crudock was president, and in 1628, John Endicott was sent over to reside at Salom, as the company's agent. The next year the first church was formed, with Rev. Francis Higginson as its pastor, which was the first completely organized Protestant church formed in North America. Salem has always been a commercial place. It has a convenient harbor and good anchorage. In point of wealth and commerce, it has always ranked as the second town in New England. Its rank, the character and number of its population, its facilities for commerce, and the advantage of being the chosen residence of many of the first and most distinguished settlers, made it early and seriously thought of as the capital, instead of Boston. The commerce of Salem has been very much extended. There is hardly any part of the world which her ships have not visited. The number of vessels engaged in foreign commerce is over 100, besides a number in the whaling business. This seaport has been more known for its East India trade than any other in the United States. The first ship from Salem engaged in this trade was the Grand Turk, owned by E. H. Derby. She was at the Cape of Good Hope in 1784, com manded by Captain Jonathan Ingersoll, and at Canton in 1 786, commanded by Ebenezer West. A model of this ship, completely rigged, is pre served in tho Museum. In 1818, there were 53 vessels employed in this trade belonging to Salem, the tonnage of which was 14,272 tons. But the East India trade is not carried on so extensively now as formerly from the port of Salem. Many of the vessels which are owned here bring their cargoes into Boston and New York. Yet, in pro portion to its size, Salem is now one of the wealthiest places in the United States. The city is well built largely of wood, but partly also of brick and stone. Many of the houses arc elegant, particularly on Chestnut Street ; and likewise in the vicinity of the Com mon, which is a beautiful public ground in the E. port of the city, containing about 84 acres. It 71 is enclosed, laid out in gravel walks, and bordered with noble elms. The principal public buildings-, besides the churches, are the City Hall, the Court House, the Custom House, a Market House, an Almshouse, and a Hospital. Tho City Hall was built in 1837. It Has a beautiful granite front, and is handsomely finished and furnished within. The Court House is likewise a new and beauti ful building, handsomely situated. There are about 20 churches in Salem of the various denominations. Several of the church edifices have much architectural beauty. The North Church is built of stone, with a beautiful front of the Gothic order. The Salem Athenaeum was incorporated in 1810. Its library contains about 1 1,000 volumes, and occupies a spacious hall in Lawrence Place. This is not only an excellent library for popular use, but it contains an unusually largo proportion of works of standard value. Early theological and scientific works, and the transactions of learned societies, are more fully represented than in most libraries of this kind. The Essex Insti tute, uniting the objects of natural and civil. history, has a library of over 2500 volumes, be sides a good collection of maps, portraits, speci mens, and relics. Among the public institutions of Salem is the East India .Marine Society, formed, in 1799, of those who, as captains or supercargoes, have doubled the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn. In 1823, there were 160 of these enterprising men resident in Salem. The Museum of this society, consisting of the curiosities of nature and art collected from almost every part of the world, is one of the most interesting and valuable in the country. There are about 5000 different articles, the history and use of which are described in the catalogue. This Museum is kept in a spacious hall, built for the purpose by the society, which is open daily for the reception of visitors. Although Salem is without any important water power, and has ever been mainly devoted to maritime pursuits, yet its manufacturing en terprise has been by no means inconsiderable. The value of its manufactures at this time is probably between three and four millions of dol lars. A very extensive steam cotton mill has been set in operation within a few years past. Salem became a city in 1836. An aqueduct furnishes the city with a constant supply of soft spring water. The railroad between Salem and Boston was opened in 1838, which brings it within 50 minutes of that metropolis. There is another road opened to Boston, through Dan vers, going from Reading over the Boston and Maine Railroad. On leaving the Salem station for the E„ the trains pass through a tunnel built under Essex and Washington Streets, and thence over the North River. Other railroads respec tively connect Salem with Marblehead on the S., with Cape Ann on the E., with Lawrence and with Lowell on the N. W. The celebrated witchcraft delusion prevailed in Salem in 1692, during the continuance of which 19 persons were condemned and hanged as witches. The house in, which the accused were tried is still standing, at the corner of Essex and North Streets, and the placo of their execu tion is now known, as " Gallows Hill." From this now smiling eminence the most beautiful view of the city is to be obtained. Though common- 562 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, ly denominated " the Salem witchcraft," this un- , happy delusion prevailed in other places long before it existed here. In England laws had . been enacted against it, as a capital offence, which received the sanction of that learned and upright jurist Sir Matthew Hale. It was an error belonging to those times, and one not a whit more strange in its character, though liable to be visited with a direr punishment, than some of the delusions of the present day. Salem was distinguished for its patriotism, and especially for its naval achievements in the cause of American independence. During the revolu tion, there were about 60 armed vessels fitted out from Salem, manned by 4000 men ; and many were the daring and chivalrous exploits per formed on the sea by her citizens during that eventful period. Among the distinguished men, in almost every learned profession, which Salem claims as among its sons, the name of Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. D., F. R. S., author of the Practical Navigator, is identified with its fame and nautical achieve ments. The Practical Navigator has been trans lated into every European language, and its use is coextensive with maritime adventures. Salem, N. H, Rockingham co. Policy Pond, partly in this town, and partly in Windham, is the largest collection of water. World's End, Captain, and other small ponds are also here. The Spiggot River passes through the town, and receives in its course numerous branches ; it fur nishes excellent mill privileges. The soil is generally fertile, and the surface uneven. 40 miles S. from Concord, and about 20 S. E. from Exeter. Salem County, N. J., c. h. at Salem. Delaware Bay bounds it on the S. W. and N. W., Gloucester co. N. E., and Cumberland co. S. E. The sur face is generally level, and the soil sandy, but productive. Salem, N. J., c. h. Salem co. This town is sit uated 34 miles above the mouth of Salem Creek. It has 4 churches and an academy. 34 miles S. ,S. E. from Philadelphia. Salem, N. Y., Washington co. A half shire town. Watered by Black and White Creeks, branches of the Battenkill, which bounds it on the S., and, together with other streams, affords good water power. Surface undulating and hilly; soil sandy and clay loam. 46 miles N. W. from Albany. Salem, N. C, Stokes co. This town was plant ed and inhabited principally by Moravians, who have an academy for young ladies. It is situated 5 miles E. by S. from Bethania, and about 100 W. by N. from Raleigh. -. Salem, Pa., Luzerne co. A township on the right bank of Susquehanna River. . Salem, Pa., Mercer co. One of the northern townships on Little Chenango Creek. . Salem, Pa,, Wayne co. A town on Waullen- panpank Creek. 10 miles W. from Mount Maria. Salem West, Pa., Mercer co. The northern township of the county. Salem, Pa,, Westmoreland co. A township W. from Loyalhanna River, commencing 5 miles N. froiri Greenbury. Salem, Vt, Orleans co. Clyde River runs through this town, and falls into Salem Pond, which is partly in Salem and partly in Derby. There is no other stream of consequence. There aro - two other ponds, and thoy are each about one mile in length and three fourths of a mile in breadth. South Bay of Lake Memphremagog lies between Salem and Newport. The surface of this town is uneven, but not mountainous. The settlement was commenced by Ephraim Black, in March, 1798. The town was organized April 30, 1822. 10 miles N. E. from Irasburg, and 53 N. E. from Montpelier. Salford, Lower, Pa., Montgomery co. A town ship between Skippack Creek and the N. E. branch of Perkiomen. 10 miles N. N. W. from Norristown. Salford, Upper, Pa., Montgomery co. A town ship adjacent to Lower Salford, and W. from the N. E. branch of Perkiomen. Salina, N. Y., Onondaga co. 144 miles W. from Albany. The township of this name em braces the region around Onondaga Lake, and the celebrated salt springs of the state of New York. Portions of the territory upon the margin of the lake, where the springs exist, are reserved as the property of the state. The villages of Salina, Syracuse, Liverpool, and Geddes are all within this township, and are all places at which salt is extensively manufactured. The village of Salina is situated on the E. border of the lake, about lj mile N. from Syracuse. It was for merly the principal village, but is now over shadowed by the growth of Syracuse, and has virtually become almost blended with it. The salt manufacture commenced at this place; the earliest record of its being made, to any extent, being in 1787, when 10 bushels were made in a day. The great salt spring is here, which mainly supplies the works at Liverpool and Syracuse, as well as at Salina. The brine is six times and a half stronger than sea water. The water is forced into an elevated reservoir, at the rate of about 300 gallons a minute, whence it is distributed. The manufacture at this place and Liverpool is carried on wholly by boiling, by which process the fine salt is produced. At Syracuse and Geddes the coarse salt is produced by solar evapora tion. For other important statistics of this man ufacture, see Syracuse. The manufacture of flour is also carried on extensively at Salina village, by » water power from the Oswego Canal. There are likewise an extensive furnace and machine shop, and other manufactures where the power employed is that of steam. Saline County, As., c. h. at Benton. Bounded N. by Perry and Pulaski counties, E. by Jeffer son, S. by Dallas, and W. by Hot Springs co. Drained by Hurricane Creek, and watered on its S. W. border by Saline River. Saline County, Is., u. h. at Raleigh. Saline County, Mo., c. h. at Marshall. Bounded N. by the Missouri River, separating it from Carroll and Chariton counties, E. by Howard and Cooper, S. by Pettis, and W. by Lafayette co. Drained by La Mine River. Surface undulating; soil of excellent quality. Salines, Mo., St. Genevieve co. A village, 4 miles below St. Genevieve. Extensive salt works are in its vicinity. Salisbury, Ct., Litchfield co. The Housatonic and Salmon Rivers give this town a great and constant water power. The surface of Salisbury is formed of lofty elevations and deep valleys ; but the soil is excellent for all sorts of grain and pasturage. The valleys are generally limestone. and the hills granite. IN THE UNITED STATES. 563 ¦ Salisbury Centre is a pleasant village. The Indian name of the town was Weatog. 50 miles W. N. W. from Hartford, and 22 N. W. from Litchfield. Salisbury has long been celebrated for its ex cellent iron ore and iron manufactures. The guns for some of the oldest ships of our present navy were made at the old furnace in Salisbury. The Old Ore Hill, 2 miles W. of Wansco- pommuc Lake, has been worked since the year 1732. The large and inexhaustible quantities of iron ore found in Salisbury, and the abundant supply of wood for charcoal, and other materials necessary for smelting the ore, together with the superior quality of iron, introduced other manu factures, and iron has continued from that time the staple commodity of the town. Salisbury, Md., Somerset co. A village lying on the N. side of Wiccomico River, near the confines of Delaware. 20 miles N. W. of Snow Hill, and 33 S. by W. of Lewistown, near Cape Henlopen. Salisbury, Ms., Essex co. In 1638 this town was granted, by the name of Merrimac, to be a plantation, unto Simon Bradstreet, Daniel Den- nison, and others. The year following it was in corporated by the name of Colchester, and in 1640 assumed, by direction of the then General Court, the name of Salisbury. It is bounded southerly by the River Merrimac, westerly by Powow River, northerly by the New Hampshire line, and easterly by the sea. There are two con siderable villages in Salisbury ; the largest is at the westerly part of the town, upon Powow River, at the head of tide water. The village is divided by said river into two pretty equal parts, one in Salisbury, the other in Amesbury. 36 miles from Boston by the Eastern Railroad, and 2 from Newburyport. The other village is pleasantly situated on the bank of the Merrimac, on a point of land formed by the junction of that river with the Powow, and is called Webster's Point. Salisbury and Amesbury are finely, located for business ; the villages are neat, and the scenery around them very pleasant. Salisbury Beach is noted for its beauty, and is much frequented. It is about 5 miles from the town. Salisbury, N. H., Merrimac co. Blackwater River passes through the W. part of Salisbury. There are 5 bridges across it in this town. On the river is some very fertile intervale. The Pem igewasset and Concord Rivers are on the E. boun dary. The soil of the upland is strong, deep, and loamy. A considerable portion of Kearsarge Mountain is within Salisbury. There are 2 very pleasant villages here, situated on the Fourth New Hampshire Turnpike, about a mile and a half apart First settlers, Philip Call, Nathaniel Me- loon, Benjamin Pettengill, and John and Eben- ezer Webster, in 1750. From Concord 16 miles N. The Concord and Montreal Railroad passes through the town. Salisbury, N. Y, Herkimer co. Watered by East Canada and some branches of West Canada Creek. Surface diversified with hills, mountains, and broad valleys ; soil well suited to grass. 15 miles N. E. from Herkimer, and 71 N. W. from Albany. Salisbury, N. C, c. h. Rowan co. On a branch of the Yadkin River, 118 miles W. from Raleigh. An ancient stone wall has been discovered here, the top of which is about a foot beneath the sur face of tho ground, 12 to 14 feet high, 22 inches . thick, and plastered on both sides. Its length, as far as it has been traced, is about 300 yards. A few miles from this place a similar wall has been discovered, though of less height and thickness. The origin of these curious antiquities is unknown. , Salisbury, Pa., Lancaster co. This town is lo cated on the head waters of Peqnea Creek, 12 miles E. from the city of Lancaster. Salisbury, Pa., Lehigh co. Atownship situated between Sancon Creek, Little Lehigh Creek, and Lehigh River. , Salisbury, Pa., Somerset co. A village. 20 miles S. from Somerset Salisbury, Vt, Addison co. Otter Creek forms the western boundary of this town. The other streams are Middlebury and Leicester Rivers. Lake Dunmore is about 4 miles long, and from half to three fourths of a mile wide, and lies part ly in Salisbury and partly in Leicester. On the outlet of this pond, called Leicester River, are several falls, which afford fine mill pwvileges, around which is a thriving village. The surface is uneven, but the soil generally good. The east ern part extends on to the Green Mountains. In the western part are some fine tracts of meadow. In the mountain E. of Lake Dunmore is a cavern, thought to have been inhabited by the Indians, as some of their instruments have been found here. The first person who came into Salisbury with a view of settling was Amos Storey. Thomas Skeels and Abel Waterhouse were the next set tlers. The 22d day of February, 1775, the widow-. of Mr. Storey, and eight or ten small children, moved into town. 34 miles S. W. from Mont pelier, and about 6 miles S. from the Rutland Railroad depot in Middlebury. Salt Lake City, Uh. See Appendix, No. 3. Salt Sulphur Springs, Va., Monroe co. 232 miles W. from Richmond. See Fashionable Re sorts. Saltsburg, Pa., Indiana co. On the E. bank of Conemaugh River. 179 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. There are many salt works in the neighborhood. The Pennsylvania Canal passes through it Sampson County, N. C., is bounded S. E. by New Hanover, S. W. by Bladen, W. by Cumber land, N. by Johnson, N. E. by Wayne, and E. by Duplin. It is drained by Black River branch of Cape Fear River. The" court house is about 55 miles N. N. W. from Wilmington. San Antonio, Ts., c. h. San Antonio co. San Augustine County, Ts., c. h. at San Augus tine. On the E. border of the state. San Augustine, Ts., c. h. San Augustine co. Sanbornton, N. H., Belknap co. The bay be tween Sanbornton and Meredith is 3 miles in width. There are no rivers or ponds of magni tude in the town. Salmon Brook Pond, and a brook of the same name, its outlet, arc the only ones worth mentioning. »Sanbornton presents an uneven surface, but contains no mountains. The soil is almost universally good. There is a gulf here extending nearly a mile, through very hard, rocky ground, 38 feet in depth, the walls from 80 to 100 feet asunder. There is also a cavern on the declivity of a hill which may be entered, in a horizontal direction, to the distance of 20 feet On the Winnipiseogee, at the head of Little Bay, are found the remains of an ancient forti fication. First settlers, John Sanborn, David Duston, Andrew Rowan, and others, in 1765 and 1766. By the Concord and Montreal Railroad, this town lies 91 miles" from Concord, and 8 from Gilford. 564 C0UNTH5S, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Sanders, Ky., Grant co. A village 50 miles N. N. E. from Frankfort Sandersville, Ga., Washington co. This village is the seat of justice, and lies 30 miles S. E. frqm Milledgeville. Sanford, N. Y., Broome co. Oquaga Creek, a branch of the Delaware River, waters this town. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil favorable for grazing. 20 miles E. from Binghampton, and 135 S. W. from Albany. Sandgate, Vt, Bennington co. The people of this town are favored with mountain air, and with crystal streams. Shetterack and Bald Mountains are in the N. W. part of the town ; Spruce and Equinox aro in the N. E., Red Mountain in the S. E., and Swearing Hill in the S. W. Between these elevations is some good land, which pro duces grass and grain. The settlement of this town was commenced in 1771, by a Mr. Bristol. 20 miles N. from Bennington, and 31 S. by W. from Rutland. San Diego, Ca., c. h. San Diego co. This town, near the southern boundary of California, has, with the exception of Acapulco, the finest harbor on the Pacific. It is on a wide and spacious bay, the sputhern shore of which is low and sandy. From the bluff heights on the opposite side a nar row strip of shingly beach makes out into the sea, like a natural breakwater, leaving an entrance of not more than 300 yards broad. The town, which is inconsiderable, is situated on a plain, 3 miles from the anchorage, which is at the foot of the hills, just inside the bay, and from which the town is barely visible. It was the first place in Upper California occupied by the Spaniards. About 425 miles S. E. from San Francisco. Sanford, Me., York co. On Mousum River. It has a good water power, and an establishment for the manufacture and printing of cotton goods. It is 35 miles W. S. W. from Portland. Sandisfield, Ms., Berkshire co.. was incorpo rated in 1762, and first permanently settled in 1750. The surface is hilly in general. The hills are of considerable height, but not abrupt, rising into large swells. In the S. E. section of the town, a considerable mountain rises on the west ern bank of Farmington River, known by the name of Hanging Mountain. Its highest point of elevation is 450 feet above the bank, and pre sents to the S. E. a mural perpendicular front, more than 300 feet high. Farmington River runs near the E. line of the town, through the whole extent, and affords many mill seats and water privileges. There are other small streams inter secting the town. In the N. part of the town, at the outlet of Spectacle Pond, the water privileges are excellent. The soil is various, but generally of a good quality ; it consists of a moist loam, stony in many places, and principally adapted to graz ing. 115 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 27 S. S. E. from Pittsfield. Sandiston, N. J., Sussex co. A township. Sand Lake, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Watered by tho Poestenkill and Wynantskill Creeks, and contains several small lakes. Surface hilly : soil fertile in the valleys, and generally good for grass. 1 1 miles S. E, from Troy, and 10 W. from Albany. Sandover, S. C, Abbeville district. A village, by post road 90 miles W. from Columbia. Sandnwn, N. H., Rockingham co. The sur- faco is uneven, but the soil is well adapted to grain and grass. Phillips's Pond, in the S. part of the town, is the largest, being about 340 rods long and 200 wide. Angle Pond, in the S. E. part, is 200 rods long and 90 or 100 wide. There are several other smaller ponds. Squamscot Rivor flows from Phillips's Pond, and pursues a nearly level course for 14 miles, where another stream unites with it ; from this junction, whenever the waters are high, the current passes back with con siderable force towards the pond. This town was originally a part of King>ton. First settlers, Moses Tucker, Israel and James Huse, and others, in 1796. 32 miles S. E. from Concord, and 26 S. W. from Portsmouth. Sandusky, O. Port of entry, and seat of justice of Erie co. Situated on the S. side of Sandusky Bay, opposite to the opening of the bay into Lake Erie, from which it is about 3 miles distant. It is 105 miles N. from Columbus, and 60 W. from Cleveland. The town is based upon a quarry of the finest building stone, which furnishes the du rable and ornamental material of which a large number of the handsomest blocks and edifices in the place are constructed. It is also an article of export to other places upon the lake.' The ground on which the town is built rises gradually from the water's edge for about half a mile, thereby furnishing one of the pleasantest views of lake scenery any where to be enjoyed in the country. During the season of navigation upon the lake, which is interrupted for only about three months in the winter, the bay before the town presents a lively scene, with steamboats and other vessels arriving and departing, and the distant horizon upon the lake is whitened with the floating can vas. The building of vessels and steamboats is carried on here to considerable extent As it is one of the great points of landing and embarka tion for travellers between the North-eastern States and the valley of the Mississippi, as well as for the trade of the interior, it has had a very rapid growth, and must continue greatly to in crease for years to come. A great impulse has been given to the prosperity of the place, by the construction of the railroads meeting here; by one of which it has been connected with Cincin nati, 218 miles distant, and by another with New ark, near the centre of the state, from which the connection will soon be made complete to Colum bus and to Zanesville. Other lines of railroad are projected, which will, ere long, be built. A very heavy transportation business is done upon the roads above mentioned, and the whole com merce of the place is large and rapidly increasing. Sandusky was laid out upon a regular and beautiful plan, in 1817, by two gentlemen from Connecticut, who were the proprietors of the soil, Hon. Zalmon Wildman and Hon. Isaac Mills. The first framed dwelling was erected in the fall of that year. The first church erected here was a small Methodist church, in 1830. Sandusky now contains four handsome churches, an acad emy, built of stone, three stories high, a large number of stores, several forwarding and com mission houses, extensive machine shops for the manufacture of the iron for railroad cars, banks, printing offices, hotels, and other establishments required for the commerce and business of the place. A few hundred yards back from the bay is a large and handsome public square, upon which, looking towards the lake, are the principal churches and public buildings. On the farm of Isaac A. Mills, W. of the town, are to be seen the remains of some ancient works and mounds, of unknown origin. Population in 1850, IN THE UNITED STATES. 565 Sandusky County, O., c. b. at Lower Sandusky. Lake Erie arid St. Lucas co. are on the N., Huron on the E., Seneca on the S., and Wood co. on the W. In January, 1820, it was organized. The land is low and level, and is watered by Sandusky Bay and River, also by Portage River, Green, Mud, and Muskalunge Creeks. Sandwich, Ms., Barnstable co. This town was granted to Edmund Freeman and others in 1637. Its Indian name was Shawme. Sand wich is situated on the shoulder of Cape Cod, and although much of the soil is thin and sandy, yet there is not a little of an excellent quality. It is watered by a number of streams, which afford a good water power, and by numerous ponds, some of which are large, affording a variety of ex cellent fish. The forests afford an abundance of deer. Sandwich has a good harbor within the cape, and navigable accommodations in Buzzard's Bay. There are a number of flourishing villages in the town. There are in this town several branches of manufacture, but the most important is that of the New England Glass Company, who manufacture annually about $300,000 in value, of glass, equal in quality, if not superior, to any manufactured in this country. 63 miles S. E. from Boston by the Cape Cod Branch Railroad, and 12 N. W. from Barnstable. Sandwich, N. H., Carroll co. This town was originally granted by Governor Benning Went worth, in 1763. Sandwich Mountains are a lofty range, extending N. E., and terminating in Clio- coma Peak, in Albany. Squam Mountain is of considerable height. There are other mountains. The Bearcamp River passes E. into Tamworth ; the W. branch passes through Bearcamp Pond. There is another pond, not far distant from this, from which issues Red Hill River, passing S. into Winnipiseogee Lake. A small stream passes W. into the Pemigewasset River. About one fourth of Squam Lake lies in the S. W. corner of Sand wich. This is a flourishing town, and its produc tions are numerous and valuable. 52 miles N. from Concord, and about 22 N. W. from Ossipee. Sandy Creek, Pa , Mercer co. A township sit- uatod between French Creek and Salem town ships. 10 miles N. from Mercer. Sandy Creek, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by Little Sandy Creek and other streams, flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the W. Surface undulating; soil sandy loam. 7 miles N. from Pulaski, and 159 N. W. from Albany. Sandy Hill, N. Y., c.h. Washington co. 53 miles ft. from Albany. On the E. bank of Hudson River. The river has a fall of 12 feet in the up per part of the village, and at Baker's Falls, 100 rods below, a perpendicular descent of 50 feet. Tbe place is connected with the Champlain Canal by a navigable feeder. There are consid erable manufactories here, and much more power to be improved. Sandy Lake, Pa., Mercer co. This township is on the E. border of the county. S. from French Creek township. ' San Felipe, Ts., c. h. Austin co. Sandfurd, Me., York co. Sandford is watered by Mousum River. It has a good water power, and an establishment for the manufacture and printing of cotton goods. 35 miles W. S. W. from Portland, and is bounded S. W. by Alfred. San Francisco County, Ca., c. h. at San Fran cisco, includes the peninsula between San Fran cisco Bay and the Pacific. San Francisco, Ca., c. h. San Francisco co. The entrance to the Bay of San Francisco, known as the Golden Gate," is about 3 miles wide, and is formed by a gap or opening, extending 5 or 6 miles through the range of mountains that runs along the coast of California. Table Hill, not far from the northern shore of this strait, is 2500 feet high. Opposite the entrance, just as it opens into the bay, are the Islands of Alcatraz and Yerba Buena. 30 miles in the distance, nearly due W., rises the peak of Monte Diablo, the highest point of the second or interior coast range, and overlooking every thing between tho ocean and the Sierra Nevada. It is between these two coast ranges that the Bay of San Francisco spreads out, extending in a direction E. of S., up wards of 50 miles, with a breadth varying from 6 or 7 miles, where it turns S., to near 20 in the middle, and diminishing to 2 or 3 at the southern extremity, into which flows the Guadaloupe Riv er, on which, and on the shores of the bay, is some excellent land. At the N., the Bay of San Fran cisco communicates by a strait not unlike that of the Golden Gate, with San Pablo Bay, a basin of near 15 miles diameter, into which are dis charged, through a deep navigable channel com ing from the W. and extending in its coarse into Susan Bay, the united waters of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, the two principal rivers of Cal ifornia. The peninsula between San Francisco Bay and the ocean consists chiefly of barren sand hills. The city of San Francisco lies just within the northern point of the entrance into the bay, upon a deep curve of the shore, and on the sides of three hills of sand, which rise steeply from the water, the middle one receding so as to form a bold amphitheatre. The Bay of San Francisco was entered by Sir Francis Drake during his famous expedition to the Pacific, in 1578, before any settlements, ex cept those at St. Augustine, had been formed on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It was known to the Spaniards 30 years earlier, but was neglected till their occupation of Upper Califor nia, which commenced in 1769, not long after which San Francisco was taken possession of, and was subsequently held by a small garrison, maintained in a little fort just at the entrance into the bay, a hamlet of a few houses growing up on the site of the present city. At the time of the transfer of California to the United States, in 1848, and even as late as April, 1849, San Francisco did not contain more than 30 or 40 houses. But the discovery of gold gave it a sud den impulse, and by the 1st of September, 1849, there were 500 houses, tents, and sheds, with a population, fixed and floating, of 5000 or 6000. Streets had been regularly laid out, and already there were 3 piers at which small vessels could discharge. New buildings, though of the most flimsy description, the oldest and most substan tial of adobes or dried mud, tne rest of boards and canvas, were held, as well as the city lots, at the most extravagant prices. The Parker House, an ordinary frame building, of 60 feet front, used as a hotel, rented for $110,000 yearly, and other buildings in like proportion or at rates still more extravagant. These enormous rents led to a rapid and immense increase of buildings, and, notwithstanding the very high prices of building materials and labor, by the beginning of 1850, San Francisco had become a real city, 566 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, with some 20,000 inhabitants, spacious and con venient buildings, though mostly of wood, in cluding extensive hotels and warehouses, many of the frames of which had been shipped round Cape Horn, and others from China. Speculation and prosperity went on increasing till the city re ceived a severe check by three successive fires, by which a vast extent of frame and canvas build ings were swept away, and immense amounts of property destroyed. These fires led, however, to the erection of fire-proof buildings of brick. The city has also received a great extension by the filling up of shallow water lots by sand from the neighboring hills, upon which many solid and substantial buildings have been built ; and though real estate has greatly declined from its former extravagant prices, to the ruin of many who thought themselves worth millions, the city con tinues to be improved by the erection of solid and substantial buildings. Great expenses have also been incurred by the city corporation in the im provement of the streets. From its local situation in reference to the gold region, San Francisco must always re main the great seat of the ocean trade of Califor nia. Already it has extensive mercantile com munications with all parts of the world. It is connected with New York by two lines of steam packets, one by the way of Panama, making the distance in about four weeks, a packet leaving either city every fortnight, and carrying the mail ; the other, also a semi-monthly line, by the Lake Nicaragua, which accomplishes the distance in about four days' less time. The shortest passage from San Francisco to New York has been 2 1 days. Not only is the trade with the Atlantic ports of the United States very great, but San Francisco has an extensive commerce with Chili, from which large supplies of flour are derived, and also with China, whence a great influx of emigrants is flow ing to California. The arrivals at San Francisco for the first six months of 1852, ending June 30, were 68 steam ers, 108 ships, 101 barks, 130 brigs, 75 schoon ers, 40 sloops. Total, 522. Total tonnage, 201,473. The clearances were 77 steamers, 94 ships, 141 barks, 130 brigs, 229 schooners, 76 sloops. Total, 747. Total tonnage, 222,805. The amount of duties paid is greater than at any port of the United States, except New York and Boston. The arrival of passengers at San Francisco from July 1 to 29, 1852, was 9923 ; departures, 1140; for the first six months of the year 1852, the arrivals were 40,000. The present population of California is estimated at 240,000. Official Report of Deposits of Gold from California. At the various U. S. mints in 1848, $44,177 " " " " 1849, 6,147,509 " " " " 1850, 36,074,062 " " " 1851, 55,938,232 Manifested shipments to U. S. ports i in December, 1851, which did not reach the mints in 1851, .... 2,910,214 Importations into Chili in 1851, by official returns -from that country, . . $2,372,000 Shipments per steamers in 1851, on freight to Eu rope and various coun tries, not including Chili, via Panama, so far as destination was declared on manifests, .... $3,600,000 Add estimate of shipments by the same course and to same quarters in 1 851, for which the destination beyond Panama was not declared — 50 per cent of above, 1,800,000 Known shipments by sail ing vessels in 1851, to various foreign ports, . 1,000,000 Add for amount not man ifested, believed to be as large as 1,000,000 Total estimate of exporta tion to foreign countries in 1851, 9,772,000 The early foreign trade was very large, par ticularly in 1849, from Pacific ports. Remit tances in this early trade were made chiefly in gold dust. The aggre gate shipment to foreign countries for 1848, 1849, and 1850, is therefore as sumed for the 3 years to be as large as that of 1851, 9,772,000 Total estimate of exports to foreign countries to December 31, 1851, which would not reach U. States mint 19,544,000 120,658,194 Estimated amount taken overland to Mexico, and by passengers to Eu rope, East Indies, Australia, South America, (exclusive of Chili,) man ufactured in California and United States, and otherwise retained by individuals leaving the country, and therefore not represented in the mint deposits, say 5 per cent, on above, 6,032,909 In hands of bankers, merchants, and traders in San Francisco, per tabu lar statement prepared December 31, 1851, 5,000,000 In hands of bankers and traders in other parts of California and Ore gon, December 31, 1851, . . . . 2,500,000 Estimated half month's yield at mines not brought forward December, 1851, say, 2,500,000 In circulation — gold dust and Cali fornia private coin, estimated at $20 per individual, and population esti mated at 212,000, 4,240,000 Estimated product to December 31, 1851, 140,931,103 Estimated product from January 1 to June 30, 1852 33,849,774 Total estimated product to June 30, 1852, $174,780,877 Sangamon County, Is., c. h. at Springfield. On a river of the same name, and is hounded IN THE UNITED STATES. 567, S by Montgomery and Morgan, and W. by Fulton. , Sangerfield, N. Y., Oneida co. The Chenango River and Oriskany Creek water this town, tbe surface of which is hilly ; soil fertile loam, under laid by lime. 15 miles S. from Utica, and 89 N. of W. from Albany. Sangerville, Me., Piscataquis co. This beauti ful and thriving town is not mountainous, but it is so elevated between Penobscot and Kennebec Rivers that the waters of its ponds meet the ocean by both of those streams. Sangerville is 70 miles N. W. from Augusta, and is bounded by Dover on the W. Incorporated 1814. Sanilac County, Mn., c. h. at Sanilac Mills. E. part. On the S. W. shore of Lake Huron. San Joaquim County, Ca., c. h. at Stockton. On both sides of the lower course of the San Joa- . quim River. Son Jose, Ca., c. h. Santa Clara co.. 50 miles from San Francisco, is situated in one of the most pleasant and healthy valleys in California. It is well watered, and for 20 miles N. and S. there is a perfect carriage road, with barely a mould of earth to lift a wheel. Its advantages for gardens, fruits, and grains are of the highest order. The quicksilver mines are about 20 miles S. of this city. San Luis Obispo County, Ca., c. h. at San Luis Obispo. On the coast, opposite the head waters of the San Joaquim. San Luis Obispo, Ca., c. h. San Luis Obispo co. On the coast, half way from Santa Barbara to Monterey. 200 miles S. by E. from San Fran cisco. An unsafe port in winter. It has an ex tensive seaboard district about it, but is not well watered. San Patricio County, Ts., c. h. at San Patricio, In the S. E. angle, between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. San Pedro, Ca., Los Angelos co. The port of Pueblo Los Angelos, from which it is 27 miles S. on the Bay of San Pedro, about 80 miles N. W. from San Diego Los Angelos, is a good farm ing district, celebrated for its grapes, and was the former Spanish capital of California. Santa Barbara County, Ca., c. h. at Santa Bar bara. On the coast S. of Cape Conception, to wards the southern extremity of the state. Santa 'Barbara, Ca., c. h. Santa Barbara co. A small sea-coast town, pleasantly situated, sur rounded by mountains. Santa Clara County, Ca., c. h. at San Jose. Around the southernmost waters of San Francisco Bay. Watered by the Guadalupe, near the head of which are the quicksilver mines. It contains one of the best farming tracts in California. Santa Fe, N. M., c. h. Santa Fe co., and capital of the territory. The oldest town in the United States, next to St. Augustine, having been found ed in 1580. It is situated on a small tributary of the Rio Grande called the Chichito, or River of Santa Fe, a short distance E. of the Rio del Norte, and is approached from the E. through a canon or narrow pass of the eastern chain of the Rocky Mountains, commencing about 25 miles from the town, and extending 10 or 12 miles in length, the mountains rising on either side to a height of 1000 or 2000 feet, in all cases within cannon shot of each other, and in many places within point blank musket shot This continues to within 12 or 15 miles of Santa Fe. The elevation of Santa Fe above the level of the sea is upwards of 6800 feet, higher than the highest summits of the White Mountains, and the neighboring peaks to the N. are many thousand feet higher. On leaving the narrow valley in^ which the town stands, varying in width from 1000 feet to a mile or two. and which is cultivated entirely by irrigation, the country presents noth ing but barren hills, utterly incapable, both from soil and climate, of producing any thing useful. The river, 5 miles below the town, disappears in the granitic sands. The houses are of adobes or sun- dried bricks, in the Spanish style, generally of one story, and built on a square. The interior of the . square is an open court, and the principal rooms open into it. These houses are forbidding in ap pearance, on the outside presenting the aspect of a collection of brick kilns, but are comfortable and convenient within. The thick walls make them cool in summer and warm in winter. The better class have good beds, but the inferior peo ple sleep on untanned skins. The women appear to be the most refined and intelligent part of the population. Those of the upper class dress like the American women, except that, instead of a bonnet or cap, they wear, both in doors and out, a scarf over the head called a rebozo. The dress of the lower class of women is a sim ple petticoat, with the arms and shoulders bare, except what may chance to be covered by the re bozo. The men who have means to do so dress after the American fashion ; but by far the greater part, when they dress at all, wear leather breech es tight round the hips and open from the knee down, shirt and blanket taking the place of our coat and waistcoat The town is dependent on the distant hills for wood, which is brought in bundles on diminutive jackasses ; the only animal that can be subsisted in this barren neighborhood without great ex pense. The inhabitants manufacture sugar from the cornstalk, which sells at 30 or 40 cents per pound. Grain is always from $2 to $3 the bush el. The fruits of the place, including melons, the apple, plums, grapes, and apricots, are, all but the grapes and apricots, very indifferent. The Rio del Norte itself in this neighborhood affords, in its narrow, sandy valley, little or no space for agriculture. On the W. side the banks are steep walls crowned by layers of basalt, form ing the table lands. The E. side is composed of rolling sand hills rising gradually to the base of the mountains. The whole valley of the Upper Del Norte, so far as it contains any ground cultivated, or capa ble of cultivation, may be considered as included between Taos, in about 36° 30' N. latitude, and Rio Cristobel, in 33° 30', a distance of about 200 miles in length, but every where very narrow. Beginning at La Goga, about 30 miles S. from Taos, the banks of the Del Norte exhibit a nar row, sandy bottom, so situated as to admit of ir rigation ; this lasts for about 160 miles. The river itself is scarcely more than 25 yards wide, and every where fordable. 30 or 40 miles S. of Santa Fe, amid the moun tains, on the E. of the Del Norte, are gold wash ings, but not very productive or profitable. The wealth of the country, which is very poor at best, consists of flocks of sheep and cattle, for which pasturage is found on the banks of the riv ers, but which are exposed to constant depredac tions from the Indians. Santa Rosa County, Fa., c. h. at Milton. It 568 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, is washed on the W. by the Escambia, and drained by tributaries of Pensacola Bay. Saquoit, N. Y., Oneida co. On both sides of Sadaquada or Saquoit Creek, 90 miles W. N. W. •from Albany. It contains an inflammable sul phur spring, yielding gas sufficient to light build ings. Sarahsville, 0., Noble township, Morgan co. It lies near the Buffalo Fork of Wills Creek. 89 miles from Columbus, and 28 from McConnels- ville. Saranac. N. Y., Clinton co. The Saranac Riv er waters this town, flowing through a valley of considerable size and fertility. Surface chiefly hilly and mountainous, abounding in iron ore. 15 miles W. from Plattsburg, and 180 N. from Al bany. Saratoga County. N. Y., c. h. at Milton. Formed from Albany co., in 1791. It is bounded N. by Warren CO., E. by the Hudson River, S. by Al bany and Schenectady, and W. by Fulton and Herkimer counties. Watered by Mohawk and Sacandaga Rivers, Kayaderosseras and Fish Creeks, and Saratoga, Ballston, and Round Lakes. The Palmertown and Kayaderosseras Mountains cdver the N. W. part of this county ; the rest of the surface is undulating and hilly, interspersed with sandy plains. Soil of various qualities, being chiefly composed of sandy or gravelly loam and clay. The mineral waters of this county are unrivalled, and the description of them will be found under the appropriate head. Agate and chalcedony are found in the vicinity of Saratoga Springs, and there are several localities of marl and bog iron ore. The Saratoga and Schenectady and the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroads cross this county, along the E. and S. borders of which extends the Champlain Canal. Saratoga, N. Y., Saratoga co. Bounded on the E. by the Hudson River, W. by Saratoga Lake, and watered by Fish Creek, connecting the two ; the Champlain Canal also passes parallel to the river through this town. Surface uneven, and soil gravelly loam, with the exception of some rich alluvial flats bordering the Hudson. It was in this town that General Burgoyne surrendered to the American army, October 17, 1777. 10 miles N. E. from Ballston Spa, and 34 N. from Al bany. Saratoga Springs. N. Y, Saratoga co. This town is watered by Ellis's Creek and some other small tributaries of Kayaderosseras Creek, which bounds it on the S. Surface hilly on the N. E., and chiefly level elsewhere ; soil light sandy loam. For an account of the celebrated mineral springs in this town, see Fashionable Resorts. Sardinia, N. Y., Erie co. Bounded on the S. by Cattaraugus Creek. A hilly town, with a soil well suited to grass. 28 miles "S. E. from Buffalo, and 274 W. from Albany. Sarecto, N. C, c. h. Duplin co. About 50 miles N. from Wilmington. Saugerties, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by Platterkill and Esopus Creeks, flowing into the Hudson, which bounds it on the E. The W. part is covered by the Catskill Mountains, but the E. is more level, and the soil good. 10 miles N. from Kingston, and 46 S. from Albany. Saugus, Ms., Essex co. This town formed the W. parish of Lynn until 1815, when it was in corporated, and received the name of Saugus, the old Indian name of Lynn, and of the river that passes through the town. Most of the land on the river is excellent and well cultivated. There are large tracts of salt meadow towards the sea, so large as to form one seventh part of the area of the town. The land back from the river is rough , and much of it covered with wood. Saugus River winds delightfully through the meadows, and makes a very picturesque appearance. 6 miles S. W. from Salem, and about the same distance N. from Boston. Sauk County, Wn., c. h. at Prairie du Sac. Bounded N. and E. by Portage co., S. by Wiscon sin River, separating it from Dane and Iowa counties, and W. by Richland co. Drained by Baraboa and other tributaries of Wisconsin River. Sault de Sainte Marie. This village is situated upon the borders of Saint Mary's River, at the falls of Ste. Marie, and is an old Jesuit missionary station of the early French settlers of this country, and was occupied by them from 1626 until the cession of the French possessions in North Amer ica to Great Britain. It is a famous fishing sta tion, immense quantities of white fish being caught and salted there for the markets of the West The American Fur Company have long had their factory there, and it is now one of the most important forwarding places for transportation of supplies to the miners on the shores of Lake Superior, and for transmission of cargoes of cop per from the mines to the cities upon our sea- coast The Falls of St Mary are merely rapids, there being only a fall of 20 feet in a mile. Boats easily and safely pass down these rapids, and there has been a single instance of a sail boat passing up the falls under a heavy press of sail. Brook trout of the finest flavor and of large size are caught in great abundance in these rapids. White fish are taken by the Indians, by means of spears and scoop nets, directly under the falls. It is proposed to cut a ship canal, at the ex pense of the United States government, so that the navigation of the lower lakes may pass readily by these falls into Lake Superior, and an appro priation has been made by Congress for this im portant work. The proposed canal will be only one mile long, and must be carried out into the lake above nearly half a mile in order to enable ships to enter it, and a secure sea wall will have to be built to prevent the surf and the ice from damaging the locks of the canal. The rocks are soft red and gray sandstone, and a canal may be cut in it with nearly as much ease as in earth or hard soil. Owing to the vast increase of busi ness on Lake Superior, and the importance of the mines of that region, it seems highly desirable that the government should hasten to construct the ship canal at this place, and thus open tho vast regions of Lake Superior and of the country between that lake and the River Mississippi for settlement. The climate of the Sault Ste. Marie is mild and cool in summer, but very cold in winter, the ther mometer sinking to the freezing point of mercury in the coldest weather. There is an old fort at this place, where the United States government occasionally quarters a few companies of troops ; but the day has long since past when their aid would have been re quired for the protection of the inhabitants from. Indian depredations, the aborigines being far from hostile to the white people living among them. It is difficult to say what is the present popula- IN THE UNITED STATES. 569 tion of the Sault Ste. Marie, for it is continually fluctuating with the trade of that region ; but it is now certainly on the rapid increase. One of the annual payments to the Indians is made here by the government, and in the autumn when this takes place, thousands of the native Americans throng the Sault to receive each his ten silver dollars, or its equivalent in blankets or arms, in payment for lands ceded to the United States. About $40,000 are annually paid to the Indians at this place. There are now two or three good hotels at the Sault, and travellers are hospitably entertained, and find abundant amusement in fishing for trout. Savannah, Ga. The largest city in the state, a port of entry, and the seat of justice of Chatham co. It is 90 miles W. S. W. from Charleston, South Carolina, and 158 E. S. E. from Milledge ville. Population, in 1810, 5195; 1820, 7523; 1830, 7776 ; 1840,11,214; 1850, aboutl7,000. The population of Savannah is subject to considerable fluctuations, with the change of the seasons from summer to winter. The place having been former ly very unhealthy in the summer months, many of the inhabitants were in the habit of visiting the north at that season. These not only were at home in the winter, but many visitors from' the north, in turn, sought the benefits of a milder climate than their own, in this as well as in other cities of the south. According to a census of the city taken in the summer of 1838, the permanent inhabitants amounted to 12,758, to which, accord ing to the computation of the officer employed to take the census, 3000 should be added for the transient winter population ; .making a total, during that season, of 15,758. Much improve ment in the salubrity of the place during the hot season has been realized within the last 30 years, in consequence of the substitution of the dry for the wet cultivation of the rice crop in the low swamps of the vicinity, and of better building and other municipal regimen in the city. In the opin ion of eminent physicians, the summer in Savannah is now even more healthy than the winter. The city is built on the S. side of the Savannah River, 17 miles from the ocean, on a sandy plain 40 feet above the level of the river. This plain, which is nearly a perfect level, extends about a mile E. and W. upon the river, and for several miles S., increasing in width as it extends back from the river. The city is laid out with regularity and beauty, by streets crossing each other at right angles, and having between every other street a public square, generally enclosed and ornamented with trees. These open parks, 18 or 20 in num ber, with their verdant carpeting and shaded avenues, together with the rows of trees with which the streets generally are lined on both sides throughout, give to the city, during the spring and summer months, an airy, cool, and rural appearance. The space at present covered by the city is about a mile in length, by three quar ters of a mile in breadth. The buildings are of wood, brick, and stone, and many of them are of fine architecture, and elegant appearance. For merly the great proportion of wooden buildings exposed this city to frequent ravages from fire. The year 1820 was rendered memorable by a most destructive conflagration, by which 463 buildings were consumed, occasioning a loss of property to the amount of $4,000,000. It has since been rebuilt, chiefly of brick, with many iin- «• 72 provements in the means of securing cleanliness, comfort, and health. Among the public build ings are the court house, jail, exchange, arsenal, United States barracks, a market hotise, several fine banking houses, an academy, a theatre, a female asylum, a widows' asylum, a hospital, and a poorhouse. One of the most splendid structures in the city is that of the Independent Presbyterian Church, which is constructed of a light-colored granite, and cost $100,000. The city contains 12 or 14 churches, among which are a Presbyterian, an Independent Presbyterian, a Baptist, 3 African, (Baptist,) 2 Episcopal, a Methodist, a Lutheran, a Unitarian, a Mariners' Church, a church for the Rqman Catholics, and a Jews' Synagogue. The warehouses are ranged along the bank of the river, 3 or. 4 stories high on the river side, accessible to the lower story from the wharves, and to the upper from the city. The position and the harbor of Savannah offer fine advantages for navigation and commerce. The harbor is one of the finest on the southern coast of the United States. The entrance from the sea, over the bar, is full a mile wide, affording, without change, a passage of from 18 to 21 feet of water at low tide. Vessels requiring 13 feet of water come up to the wharves of the city, and those requiring 15 or 16, to a good anchorage, called the Five Fathom Hole, 3 miles below. The navigator is guided to the entrance of the harbor by the light-house on Tybee Island, wbich having made, there is no difficulty, even for a stranger, with the assistance of the Coast Pilot, in effecting an entrarice without risk, even during a heavy gale of wind. Some impediments to the navigation, which were placed in the river during the revolutionary war, to obstruct the approach of the British armed vessels, are not yet entirely removed, though their removal was undertaken by the United States, and is nearly effected. The tide flows up the river 55 miles. Steamboats go up to Augusta, 250 miles by the course of the river, and pole boats go up 150 miles farther. There are 2 companies employed upon the river, with 6 steamboats, 4 of which are of iron, and 30 tow boats, of 1 50 tons' burden each, running to Au gusta. There are also 2 companies, with 1 1 steam boats and 42 tow boats, running through an inland coast navigation to Darien, and up the Alatamaha and Ockmulgee Rivers, 650 miles, to Macon. There are also running, through an inland coast naviga tion, 2 steamboats to and from Florida; and 4 to Charleston, 2 by the inland and 2 by the outside passage. These boats run steadily tlirough the winter season, and during the summer whenever the state of the rivers permits. There are 3 lines of brigs, with 6 vessels in each line, sailing be tween Savannah and New York, making a de parture from each place every 2 days, and oc cupying 7 days, on an average, in the passage. Savannah is already the centre of commerce for a large area of country, which must hereafter be very much extended. The commerce of the neighboring state of Florida is much better ac commodated at the fine port of Savannah than in her own shallow harbors. The dangerous navigation round the Florida Cape, and the facility of making a railroad communication over land to Savannah, must give to this city an advantageous position in the south. There are railroads, already completed or in process of construction, to Macon, in the centre of the state, and 100 miles farther W., to connect with the Atlantic and Western 570 COUNTD3S, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Railroad, which is completed, and runs 136 miles farther N. W., to Tennessee River, opening, by a direct route to Savannah, the commerce of the west ; also a branch of the Monroe Railroad to the Chattahoochee River, at a point leading to a union with the Montgomery Railroad, in Alabama, and a railroad from the Flint to the Ockmulgee Rivers, which easily admits of an extension to the Chattahoochee, to drain the produce of Western Georgia, and a part of Alabama, to Savannah. A canal extends from Savannah to the Ogeechee River. Such are the advantages of inland trade which are already enjoyed by this city, or are fairly open to it in the future. Savannah is noted for its exports of tobacco and rice, but particularly for that of vast quantities of upland cotton. This city was founded by General James Ogle thorpe, in 1733, and incorporated as acity in 1761. Its charter was amended and enlarged in 1787. In December, 1778, the city was taken by the British, under Colonel Campbell, and held in their possession until 1782. Savannah, Mo., c. h. Andrew co. 5 miles dis tant from Missouri River. Savannah, N. Y., Wayne co. This town con tains a small sheet of water called Crusoe Lake, the outlet of which flows E. into Seneca River. The surface is level, and partly covered by the Montezuma Marshes ; soil on the N. and W. quite productive. 11 miles E. from Lyons, and 170 N. of W. from Albany. • Savannah, Te., c. h. Hardin co. Savoy, Ms., Berkshire co. A wild mountain township, whose soil and surface are better adapt ed to grazing than tillage. The people are gen erally farmers. The most compact settlement is in' the S. part, at the confluence of the two streams which constitute the head waters of Westfield River. This is sometimes called Sa voy Village, but more commonly Savoy Hol low. 15 miles N. E. from Pittsfield, and 114 W. by N. from Boston. Saxonville, Ms., in Framingham, Middlesex co. 22 miles N. W: from Boston. Saybrook, Ct., Middlesex co. This is one of the most ancient towns in the state. Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook, and other gentlemen in England, dissatisfied with the government of Charles I, contemplating a removal to this coun try, procured, in 1632, of Robert, Earl of War wick, a patent of all the country " which lies W. from Narraganset River, 120 miles on the sea- coast ; and from thence, in latitude and breadth aforesaid, to the South Sea." In 1635, they ap pointed Mr. John Winthrop, a son of the govern or of Massachusetts, to build a fort on Connec ticut River, and appointed him governor for one year. In the summer of 1639, Colonel George Fen- wick, one of the patentees, arrived from England, and in honor of Lord Say and Seal, and Lord Brook, gave the tract about the mouth of Con necticut River the name of Saybrook. Colonel Fenwick superintended the affairs of the colony until 1*644, when, his associates having relin quished the design of removal to America, he sold the jurisdiction of Saybrook to the Connec ticut colony. The original limits of the town extended upon the E. side of the river for several miles, and in cluded a part of the town of Lyme. The town ship now comprises three parishes, viz., Saybrook, Westbrook, and Essex. Saybrook parish is the S. E. section of the town. The Indian name for this placo was Pattaquasset. W. of this is West- brook parish, which was called by its Indian name, Pochaug, until October, 1810. N. of these two parishes is Pautapoug, or Essex. The greater part of the township is uneven and stony. There are, however, some extensive levels, and tracts of rich soil, particularly in the vicinity of Saybrook village, in the southern part of the town. Some of the hills, near Con necticut River, have good granite quarries. There- are several small harbors on the Sound, and on Connecticut River, at Saybrook Point and Pau tapoug. The bar at the mouth of the Connecti cut is an impediment to navigation. Saybrook Harbor is at the mouth of a handsome cove, making up from Connecticut River, and extend ing W. almost to Saybrook village. It is often resorted to by coasters in bad weather. Large quantities of fish are taken in this town. The shad fisheries are numerous, and a source of con siderable wealth. Connecticut River shad are considered superior to any other in this country. White fish are taken upon the shores of the Sound, and are very valuable for the purposes of manure. The borough of Essex is about 7 miles from the mouth of. Connecticut River, on the W side. It is a place of considerable commerce, navigation, and ship building. Saybrook Point is a peninsula, circular in its form, and connected with the main land by a narrow neck, over which the tide sometimes flows. The land on the point was laid out with care, as it was expected to become the residence of great men, and the centre of great business and wealth. About half way between the palisado was erected the first building designed for the colle giate school, since named Yale College. This institution was founded in 1700, and remained at Saybrook 1 7 years. It was desired by the found ers and others, that the churches should have a public standard or confession of faith, agreeable to which the instruction of the college should be conducted. This led to the adoption of the " Saybrook Platform," after the commencement in 1708. David Gardiner, born at Saybrook, was the first white child born in Connecticut. Saybrook is a very pleasant town, and full of interesting associations. Saybrook village is 40 miles S. S. E. from Hartford, 34 E. from New Haven, and 19 W. from New London. The New Haven and New London Railroad passes through this town. Scarboro', Me., Cumberland co., lies between Saco and Portland. A part of this large town, called Black Point, lying upon the sea was granted by the council of Plymouth to Thomas Cammock, in 1631 ; this was soon after settled, and became of considerable importance on tho coast in the fisheries and trade. The land is held under that ancient grant at the pres ent day. Another settlement was early made by a family of Algers, from Englnnd, near tho cen tre of the town, and called Dnastan Corner, which name it still bears. This was wholly de stroyed in the Indian war of 1675. It was, however, revived by a descendant in tho fe male line, through whom that race is still perpet uated. Scarboro' is principally an agricultural town, IN THE UNITED STATES. 571 for which purpose it furnishes some rich soil, and has a large quantity of salt marsh. Ship build ing, however, continues to be pursued here, al though not to the extent it formerly was. Nou- suck River passes through the whole length of the town. Its present name was given to it in 1658, when it submitted to the government of Massachusetts ; previously the eastern side of the river and marsh was called Black Point, and the western Blue Point — names which are still in familiar use. This town has the honor of being the birth place of the distinguished statesman Rufus King, and his half brother, William King, the first fovernor of Maine. About 8 miles S. from 'ortland. Schaghticoke, N. Y, Rensselaer co. Watered by the Hoosic River and Tomhanic Creek, tributaries of the Hudson River, which, bounds it on the W. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. 10 miles N. from Troy, and 15 N. from Albany. Schdlsburg, Pa., Bedford co., is a small village on the main road from Bedford to Pittsburg. 9 miles N. N. W. from the former. Schenectady County, N. Y., c. h. at Schenectady. Formed from Albany co. in 1809. It is bounded N. by Montgomery and Saratoga, E. by Saratoga and Albany, S. by Albany, and W. by Schoharie and Montgomery counties. Watered by the Mohawk and Schoharie Rivers, and a few small streams. The surface and soil are various, the Mohawk valley containing broad and fertile alluvial flats. Bog iron ore is the only important mineral. This county is traversed by the Erie Canal, -and Mohawk and Hudson, the Schenec tady and Troy, the Utica and Schenectady, and the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroads. Schenectady, N. Y. City and seat of justice of Schenectady co. On the S. bank of the Mohawk River. 16 miles N. W. from Albany. The Erie Canal, and likewise the railroad routes from Al bany and Troy to Buffalo, pass through this city. Here also comes in the railroad from Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, via Saratoga Springs and Ballston Spa. This is the point of embarkation for passengers travelling W. by the canal. The city is built, with a good degree of regularity, on about 20 streets, several of which are intersected diagonally by the canal. It contains churches of the Dutch Reformed, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, Cameronian, Universalis!, and Roman Catholic denominations. This is the seat of Union College, the buildings of which are located on an open and elevated site, a little E. of the compact portion of the city. See Colleges. The settlement of Schenectady dates back to the earliest period of our colonial history. When in possession of the aborigines, this was the site of an Indian village, the name of which, Cou- nuqh-harie-giigh-harie, signified a great multitude collected together ; and it is supposed to have been the principal seat of the Mohawks, even before the confederacy of the Five Nations. The name Schenectady, from the Indian Schagh-nac-taa-da, signifying beyond the pine plains, denoted its local position in relation to Albany and the North River ; between which and this place such plains intervene for several miles on the E. of it. A few Hollanders are said to have settled here as early as 1 620, for the purpose of trading in furs with the Indians. The first grant of lands, as appears from the Dutch records, was made here in 1661, to Arent Van Corlaer and others, on condition that they purchased the soil from the Indians. This was effected, and a deed signed by four Mohawk chiefs, in 1772. On the 8th of February, 1690, the town, then consisting of 63 houses and a church, was the scene of a general conflagration and most bar barous massacre, by a party of French and In dians from Canada. A " ballad " of the times " They marched for two and twenty daies, All through the deepest 8now ; And on a dismal winter night They struck the cruel blow. " They then were murther'd in their beddes, Without shame or remorse ; And soon the floors and streets were strew'd With many a bleeding corse. " The village soon began to blaze, Which showed the horrid sight : But, O, I scarce can bear to tell The miseries of that night. " They threw the infants in the fire ; The men they did not spare ; But killed all which they could find, Though aged, or though fair." There is much more of this simple but touch ing ballad, of which the author, who had himself led a party from Albany in pursuit of the enemy, says, in closing, — " I wish that it may stay on earth Long after I am dead." The cruelties which it details are but too faith ful a representation of the atrocities committed by the French upon the English settlements dur ing the wars of that period ; in which they en gaged the savages as their allies, and themselves resorted not unfrequently to their inhuman modes of warfare. In the subsequent French war, in 1748, Schenectady was again carried by the ene my, and 70 of the citizens slain. Schenectady was incorporated as a city March 26, 1798. Previous to the opening of the Erie Canal, and the Albany and Mohawk Railroad, this was a great depository of the commerce of the west on its passage to the Hudson. In con sequence of the rapids on the Mohawk, goods had to be transported in wagons over the turn pike to Albany, which had even at that early date become the greatest thoroughfare for per sons and property between the Hudson River and the western country. To show the immense value of the internal improvements made by the state of New York, we may state that the freight of a barrel of flour by wagons from Schenectady to Albany was eight or ten times more than at the present time It was natural to expect that much trade, which had centred at Schenectady before the opening of the canal, would afterwards be transferred to Albany and Troy. But the decline in the prosperity of the city, which began to be realized in consequence of this change, has been in a good measure pre vented by the concentration of so many railroads here, and by its continuing still to be a depot for the packet boats on the canal, in which the travel, by emigrants and others, since that time, has been greatly increased. 16 miles W. from Albany, and 80 E. from Utica. Schodack, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Bounded on the W. by the Hudson River, and watered by a few small tributaries. Surface hilly and umitf 572 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, lating ; soil clay, loam, and gravel. 14 miles S. from Troy, and 7 S. by E. from Albany. Schoharie County, N. Y., c. h. at Schoharie. Formed from Albany and Otsego counties in 1795. It is bounded on the N. by Montgomery, E. by Schenectady and Albany, S. by Ulster and Delaware, and W. by Otsego co. Watered prin cipally by Schoharie Creek and its branches. Surface hilly and mountainous, the E. part being covered by the Catskill Mountains, and Helder- berg Hills. Along the borders of the Schoharie Creek are broad, fertile, alluvial flats, and the soil of the uplands is mostly well adapted to grass. In this county are a number of caverns, containing beautiful specimens of stalactites and stalagmites ; water, limestone, and bog iron ore also exist in small quantities, and there are sev eral sulphur springs. Schoharie, N. Y., e. h. Schoharie co. It is wa tered by Schoharie and Fox Creeks, which flow through broad, fertile valleys. Surface undulat ing and hilly. 32 miles W. from Albany. Schroeppel) N. Y., Oswego co. Bounded on the S. and W. by Oneida and Oswego Rivers, and watered by tributaries of the former. Surface rolling ; soil sandy loam. 16 miles S. E. from Oswego village, and 150 N. W. from Albany. Schroon, N. Y., Essex co. This town contains many lakes and ponds, which are the sources of the Schroon branch of the Hudson River. The E. and W. parts are mountainous, being separated by a valley of considerable width. Soil chiefly sand and sandy loam. 22 miles S. from Elizabeth, and 95 N. from Albany. Schuyler County, Is., c. h. at Rushville. Bound ed N. by McDonough co., E. by Fulton, S. by Brown, and W. by Marquette and Hancock coun ties. Watered on the S. E, boundary by Illinois River, and drained by Crooked, Crane, McKee's, and Sugar Creeks. Surface undulating ; soil of fine quality. Schuyler County, Mo., c. h. at Lancaster. On the northern border. Drained by head streams of the Chariton and Fabius. Schuyler, N. Y., Herkimer co. Bounded on the S. by the Mohawk River. Surface hilly ; soil very rich in the valley of the river. 7 miles W. from Herkimer, and 87 N. W. from Albany. Schuylerville, N. Y., Saratoga co. On the W. bank of Hudson River. 34 miles N. from Al bany. Schuylkill County, Pa., c. h. at Orwicksburg. Berks bounds this county on the S. E., Dauphin S. W., Northumberland and Columbia N. W, Luzerne N., and Northampton and Lehigh N. E. The surface is generally hilly, and some parts mountainous. Except near the streams the soil is rough, rocky, and sterile. It is drained by the streams of Mahony, Mahantango, and Swa tara, flowing into the Susquehanna, and by the head branches of Schuylkill. Schuylkill Haven, Pa., Schuylkill co. Situated just below the entrance of West Branch into Schuylkill River, and on the Schuylkill Canal. 58 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. West Branch Railroad extends from this place to the coal mines at the foot of Broad Mountain. Schuylkill, Pa., Chester co. Located on Schuyl kill River, and drained by French and Stony Creeks. Surface level ; soil sandy loam. 78 miles S. S. E. from Harrisburg. Scio, N. Y., Alleghany co. The Genesee River and some of its branches water this -town. Sur face hilly and broken ; soil moist clay loam. 15 miles S. from Angelica, and 261 S. of W. from Albany. Scipio, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded E. by Owasco Lake, and is watered by streams flowing into this and Cayuga Lake. Surface somewhat undulating ; soil rich loam, clay, and alluvion. 8 miles S. from Auburn, and 164 W. from Albany. Scioto County, 0., c. h. at Portsmouth. Pike- co. bounds it on the N., Jackson and Lawrence counties on the E., the Ohio River on the S., and Adams co. on the W. The land is uneven, but very good. The most important streams are the Ohio River, which runs along the southern boundary 40 miles, the Big Scioto, Scioto Brush Creek, Pine Creek, and Pond, Turkey, and Twin Creeks. Stone coal and iron ore are" the mineral productions. Scituate, Ms., Plymouth co. This town, sup posed to be named from its Indian name, Satuit, lies at the mouth of North River, in Massa chusetts Bay, and has a convenient harbor, 2 miles N. from the mouth of the river, defended by rocky cliffs, and Cedar Point, on which is a light-house. The North River rises near the sources of the Taunton. It passes Pembroke, Hanover, and Marshfield, and meets the tide wa ter here. This river is very deep, narrow, and crooked, and is noted for the fine ships built on its banks. The town extends back from the bay a considerable distance ; it contains large tracts of salt meadow, and some valuable upland. In this large town are a number of handsome vil lages, and some pleasant ponds. The principal villages are those at the harbor, Liberty Plain, and Snappet, on the border of Hanover. Scituate Harbor lies 26 miles S. E. by E. from Boston, 5 miles from the railroad depot in Cohasset, and 17 N. N. W. from Plymouth. Scituate, R. I., Providence co. This town was a part of Providence until 1731. The surface of the town is diversified by hills and valleys. In the N. part of the town the soil is a gravelly loam, better adapted to grazing than to tillage. Pawtuxet River, with several of its branches, gives Scituate a good water power, and large manufactories, particularly of cotton and wool, are found on their banks. There is a valuable quarry of freestone in the western part of the town. 12 miles W. by S. from Providence. Scotland County, Mo., c. h. at Memphis. Bound ed N. by Iowa, E. by Clark, S. by Knox, and W. by Schuyler co. Surface level, and drained by Wyaconda and North Fabius Rivers, and the N. fork of Salt River. Scotland Neck, N. C, Halifax co. A bend of the Roanoke, which forms the eastern angle of the county, gives the village its name. It is sit uated 40 miles below Halifax by water, and by post road 100 N. E. from Raleigli. Scott County, As., o. h. at Boonville. Bounded N. by Crawford and Franklin counties, E. by Yell, S. by Montgomery and Polk, and W. by Indian territory. Drained by the Petite Jean, a branch of the Arkansas River. The Washita hills lie on the S. border of this county. Scot* County, Is., c. h. at Winchester. Bounded N. and E. by Morgan co., S. by Greene co., and W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Pike co. Drained by small branches of the Illinois River. Scott County, la., c. h. at Lexington. Jennings is on the N. E., Jackson N. W., Jefferson E, IN THE UNITED STATES. 573 Washington W., Floyd S., and Clarke S. E. Several branches of White River cross the county. Scott County, Io., c. h. at Davenport. Bounded N. by Clinton co., E. and S. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Illinois, and W. by Muscatine and Cedar counties. Wabesipinica River runs on its N. E. border, and Allen's, Dnck, and Crow Creeks drain the interior. Scott County, Ky., c. h. at Georgetown. The soil is very productive. The county has Owen on the N., Harrison NT. E., Franklin W., Woodford S. W., and Fayette S. E. Scott County, Mi., c. h. at Hillsboro'. Bounded N. by Leake, E. by Newton, S. by Smith, and W. by Jackson co. Watered by branches of Pearl, and by the head branches of Leaf River. Scott County, M6., c. h. at Benton. Bounded N. W. by Cape Girardeau co., N. E. by the Missis sippi River, separating it from Rlinois, S. E. and S. by- Mississippi and New Madrid counties, and W. by Stoddard co. Surface diversified ; soil mostly of excellent quality. Whitewater and James's Rivers drain this county. Scott County, Mo., c. h. at Benton. S. E. part Has the Mississippi on the E., and Whitewater on the W. Generally very fertile. Sco«, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by the inlet of Skaneateles Lake and the head branches of the Tioughnioga River. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil good argillaceous and calcareous loam. 10 miles N. from Cortland, and 146 W. from Albany. Scott, Pa., Wayne co. Bounded W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Starucea, Shrawder's, and Shoohokin Creeks. Surface hilly; soil gravel and loam. 199 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Scott County, Te., c. h. at Huntsville. New. Scott County, Va., c. h. at Estillville. Tennes see bounds it on the S., Lee co., Va., W., Cum berland Mountains, or Virginia. N., Russell co., Va., N. E., and Washington S. E. Powell's, Clinch, and Holston Rivers, with their numerous confluents, drain this county. Surface generally hilly, or mountainous. Scottsville, Ky., c. h. Allen co. On a small branch of Big Barren River. 45 miles E. from Russellville, and by post road 160 S. W. by S. froiri Frankfort. Scottville, Ky., c. h. Allen co. On a branch of Green River. 148 miles S. W. from Frankfort Scriba, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by several small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N., while Oswego River forms the W. boundary. Surface rather hilly ; soil tolerably good sandy loam. 162 miles N. W. from Albany. Scriven County, Ga., c. b. at Jacksonboro'. Effingham co. is on the S. E., Ogeechee River S. W., Burke N. W., and Savannah River N. E. The county is situated between Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers. Seabrook. N. H., Rockingham CO., was formerly a part of Hampton Falls. The rivers are Black, Brown's, and Walton's. Many of the rivulets abound with bog ore of iron. This town derives its name from the number of rivers and rivulets meandering through it. First settlers, Christopher Hossy, Joseph Dow, and Thomas Philbrick, in 1638. 17 miles S. W. from Portsmouth by rail road, and 50 S. E. from Concord. Searcy County, As., c.h. at Lebanon. Bounded N. by Marion and Fulton, E. by Izard, S. by Van Buren, and W. by Newton and Carroll counties. Drained by branches of White River. Searcy, As., c. h. White co. On the S. W. side of Little Red, a branch of White River. 50 miles N. N. E. from Little Rock. Searsburg, Vt, Bennington co. Searsburg is too elevated on the Green Mountains either for cultivation, population, or wool growing. It pre sents, from almost every point, wild and beauti ful landscapes. 11 miles E. from Bennington, and 20 W. from Brattleboro'. Searsdale, N. Y., Westchester co. Bounded on the W. by Bronx River. Surface rolling; soil sandy and clay loam. 4 miles S. from White Plains, and 135 from Albany. Searsmont, Me., Waldo co. Searsmont has a good soil, and some beautiful ponds. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, 30 miles E. from Augusta, and 12 S. W. from Belfast. Searsport, Me., Waldo co. On Penobscot Bay. Incorporated in 1845, from Prospect and a part of Belfast, which it adjoins on the N. It has a good harbor. Seaville, Me., Hancock co. This town was in corporated in 1838, and was formerly a part of the town of Mount Desert It includes Bart- lett's, Robinson's, Hardwood, and other smaller islands on the coast. Sebago, Me., Cumberland co. This town lies between Sebago Lake and Hancock Pond, and was taken from Baldwin in 1826. It lies 87 miles S. W. by W. from Augusta, and 30 N. W. from Portland. It has a good soil, and is watered by small streams. Sebec, Me., Piscataquis co. A good township. 87 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Sedgwick, Me., Hancock co. On the W. side of Blue Hill Bay. 87 miles E. of Augusta. Sequin, Ts., c. h. Guadaloupe co. Seekonk, Ms., Bristol co. In 1812, the W. part of Rehoboth was incorporated into a distinct township, by its Indian name of Seekonk, which is the Indian name for wild or black goose, great numbers of which used to alight in Seekonk River and Cove. The Seekonk and Providence Rivers bound this town on the W. There is con siderable water power here. The Boston and Providence Railroad passes through the town. The distance to Boston is 38j miles. Sdma, Aa., Dallas co. On the N. bank of Alabama River. 83 miles S: S. E. from Tus caloosa. Sempronius, N. Y, Cayuga co. Watered by Skaneateles Lake and several small streams. It has a rolling surface and productive soil. 16 miles S. E. from Auburn, and 156 W. from Albany. Seneca County, N. Y., c. h. at Ovid and Water loo. Formed from Cayuga co. in 1804. Bounded N. by Wayne, E. by Cayuga, S. by Tompkins, and W. by Ontario and Yates counties. Cayuga Lake forms a part of the E., and Seneca of the W. boundary, and across the N. part flows the Seneca River. Surface pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys ; soil mostly fertile calcareous loam and mould. There are some important mineral springs in this county, and several ex tensive beds of gypsum. The Cayuga and Seneca Canal, and Auburn and Rochester Railroad run parallel with the Seneca River. Seneca, N. Y., Ontario co. Bounded S. E. by Seneca Lake, and is watered by Flint Creek. Surface undulating and hilly; soil fertile cloy 574 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, ' and sandy loam. 15 miles E. from Canandaigua, and 179 W. from Albany. Seneca Falls, N. Y., Seneca co. Watered by Seneca River, and partly bounded on the E. by Cayuga Lake. It is also crossed by the Cayuga and Seneca Canal. Surface undulating; soil chiefly rich loam. 4 miles E. from Waterloo, and 167 N. of W. from Albany. Seneca County, 0., c. h. at Tiffin. Sandusky is on the N., Huron on the E., Crawford on the S., and Hancock and Wood counties on the W. It is a well-watered, fertile county, with a soil of rich loam, which produces excellent crops of grass and grain. The land is well timbered, and is watered by Mad River. In 1820, the county was constituted, but not organized until Aprui 1824- Seneca, 0., Margaretta township, Huron co. Seneca, 0., Monroe co. Guernsey co. on the N. of this township, Centre township on the E., Enoch township on the S., and Morgan co. on the W. Sennett, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by several small branches of the Seneca River. Surface rolling ; soil gravelly loam and clay. N. from Auburn village 4 miles, and N. of W. from Al bany 154. Sevier County, As., c. h. at Paraclifta. Bounded. N. by Polk, and E. by Pike and Hempstead coun ties, S. by Red River, separating it from Lafay ette co. and Texas, and W. by Indian territory. Drained by North Little River and its tributaries, Saline, Casselose, and Rolling Fork Creeks. Sevier County, Te., c. h. at Sevierville. In the E. part of the state. Drained by French Broad and Little Pigeon, its tributary. Great Smoky Mountain runs on its S. E. border. Sevierville, Te., c. h. Sevier co. A village in the fork of French Broad River, on the road from Maryville to Dandridge. 25 miles S. E. from Knoxville. Seward, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by the Cobleskill. Has a high and undulating surface, and a generally good soil. 15 miles W. from Schoharie, and 47 from Albany. Sewichly, Pa., New Beaver co. A township extending from Beaver River, up the right side of Ohio River, to the limits of Alleghany co. Seymour, Ct., New Haven co. A new town, lately the village of Humphreysville, in the town of Derby, on the Naugatuck River. 20 miles N. E. from Bridgeport, by the Naugatuck Railroad, and 12 N. W. from New Haven. A flourishing manufacturing town, the seat of one of the earliest manufactures of woollens in the country. Shaftsbury, Vt., Bennington co. Shaftsbury lies between the Battenkill and Walloomsack Rivers ; it has no large streams. Some tributa ries of each of these rivers rise here, which afford several mill privileges. West Mountain lies partly in this town and partly in Arlington ; it has a variety of timber. The soil is of a good quality. The minerals are iron ore, of excellent quality, and a beautiful white marble. The set tlement was commenced about the year 1763. From Montpelier 97 miles S. W., and 8 N. from Bennington. Shandaken, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by the Neversink River and Esopus Crook. The Cats- kill Mountains cover a largo part of the surface. 24 miles W. from Kingston, and 83 S. W. from Albany. Shannon County, Mo., c.h. at Eminence. Bound ed N. by Crawford co., E. by Reynolds, S. by Ripley and Oregon, and W. by Texas co. Drained by Current River and branches. Shapleigh, Me., York co. A level farming town. 103 miles S. W. from Augusta. Sharon, Ct., Litchfield co. Sharon lies on the W. side of Housatonic River, opposite to Corn wall. The eastern part of the town is elevated, mountainous, and stony, but is suited for grazing ; the western part, which borders on the state of New York, is a fertile tract of undulating land, and very productive of all sorts of grain. Agri culture is the chief business of the inhabitants. The village is situated principally on one street, on the eastern side of a beautiful valley. There is a beautiful village, called Hitchcock's Cor ner, partly in Sharon and partly in the state of New York ; this also is situated in a beautiful valley, and rich in agricultural resources. 47 miles W. by N. from Hartford. Sharon, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was ori-, finally the second parish of the old town of toug"hton, and was incorporated in 1 765, by the name of Stoughtonham, but the name, becoming unpopular, was changed to the scriptural one of Sharon. The natural scenery of this town is ex ceedingly beautiful and picturesque. It is the height of land between Boston and Providence ; and several streams of water here take their rise, which, running in opposite directions, fall into Massachusetts and Narraganset Bays. Mashapog Pond is a beautiful lake, more than a mile in length, containing 500 or 600 acres, and rests upon a bed of iron ore. Moose Hill is the most elevated of a range of hills in the westerly part of this town. It is easily accessible, and from its summit there is one of the richest, most com manding, and beautiful views in New England. The Boston and Providence Railroad passes near the centre of the town. 17 miles S. W. from Boston by railroad, and 9 S. from Dedham. Sharon, N. H, Hillsboro' co. The streams in Sharon are small branches of Contoocook River, and rise near the S. E. corner of the town. Boundary Mountain lies on the line between this town and Temple, and has an elevation of 200 feet above the surrounding country. Sharon is better for grazing than for grain. 18 miles W. by S. from Amherst, and 48 S. S. W. from Con cord. Sharon, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by Bow man's Creek, has a high and undulating surface, based upon limestone, which is seen breaking through in the form of caverns, and displaying interesting stratifications. This town also con tains a celebrated mineral spring. 14 miles W. from Schoharie, and 40 W. from Albany. Sharon, Vt, Windsor co. White River passes through Sharon, and affords it an abundant water power. Sharon contains a handsome and flourishing village. The surface is broken, but tho soil warm and productive. The settlement was commenced about the year 1765, by emi grants from Connecticut. 22 miles N. from Wind sor, and 34 S. E. from Montpelier. The Vermont Central Railroad passes through Sharon. Shaste County, Ca. In the extreme N., on Kla math River. Shawangunk, N. Y., Ulster co. The Wallkill and Shawangunk Creek water this town. The N. W. part is covered by the Shawangunk Moun tain, the E. level and rolling. Soil diversified. 24 miles S. W. from Kingston, and 87 S. by W. from Albany. IN THE UNITED STATES. 575 Shawneetown, Is., Gallatin co. On the- N. W. bank of Ohio River, 10 nfiles below the entrance of the Wabash, and 195 S. S. E. from Springfield. As a place of trade this is among the largest in Southern Illinois. Sheboygan County, Wn., c. h. at Sheboygan. Bounded N. by Calumet and Manitoowoc coun ties, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Washington co., and W. by Fond du Lac co. Drained by She boygan River and branches, and by branches of the Milwaukee. Soil of excellent quality. Sheboygan, Wn., c. h. Sheboygan co. On the S. bank of Sheboygan River, at its entrance into Lake Michigan. Sheffield, Ms., Berkshire co. The Indian name of this town was Houssatonnock. It was first settled in 1725, and at its incorporation in 1733, it was named after Sheffield in England. Mr. Obadiah Noble, frorii Westfield, was the first white man who resided in the town. He spent the first winter here with no other human being than the Indians. This town includes an exten sive vale, and, except on the E., is generally level. In that part there is an extensive chain of consid erable hills. On the W. it is mountainous. Sa- conic, or Mount Washington, is about 2500 feet in height, and presents a magnificent spectacle. A part of this mountain is in Sheffield. This town affords an abundance of white marble, and much of an excellent quality. The soil is pro ductive, and in the vale easily tilled. The Housa tonic, which passes through the length of the town, is here a silent, sluggish stream, from 6 to 8 rods in breadth. Sheffield is one of those de lightful towns, so richly decorated with lovely valley and majestic mountain scenery. The vil lage is on the W. side of the river. 180 miles from Boston by the Housatonic and Western Railroads, and 56 from Albany. Sheffield, Vt., Caledonia co. This town lies on the height of iand between Connecticut River and Memphremagog Lake. Branches of Pas sumpsic and Barton Rivers both rise here. It is watered by several ponds. The lands are broken, and not productive. The settlement was com menced about the year 1792. From Danville, 16 miles N., and 46 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Shelburne, Ms., Franklin co. This town, until 1768, was a part of Deerfield, and called "Deer field North- West." At its incorporation, it was named for Lord Shelburne. Deerfield River passes through the town, and in its course falls nearly 50 feet, in the distance of 40 rods, thereby producing a great hydraulic power. On the banks of this river, Shelburne Falls village has sprung up. It is neat, handsome, and surround ed by charming scenery. Among other buildings it contains a well-endowed academy. From Shelburne Falls village at the W. part of the town, to Greenfield, is 7 miles. Shdburne, N. H., Coos co. Androscoggin River passes through the centre of this town, into which fall the waters of Rattle and some smaller streams. The soil on each bank of the river is very good, producing in abundance grain and grass ; but as we rise from the river, the tracts are mountainous, and unfit for cultivation. Mount Moriah, an elevated peak of the White Mountains, lies in the S. part of Shelburne. Moses' Rock, so called from the first man known to have ascended it, (Moses Ingalls,) is on the S. side of the river, near the centre of the town. It is about 60 feet high and 90 feet long, very smooth, and rising in an angle of nearly 50°. Shelburne presents much wild and beautiful scenery. In this town is an extensive and valuable mine of lead ; also excel lent zinc ore. First settlers, Davifl and Benj. Ingalls, in 1775. From Concord 123 miles N. E., and about 30 S. E. from Lancaster. Shelburne, Vt, Chittenden co. Shelburne is finely watered by La Piatt River, a pond cover ing 600 acres, and by the waters of Lake Cham plain. Shelburne Bay sets into the town, and affords a.good harbor, and a depot for the interior trade on the beautiful Champlain. The soil is strong, fertile, and generally well improved. A part of this town was annexed to St George in 1848. A small settlement was made in this town previous to the revolutionary war. The earliest settlers were two Germans by the name of Logan and Pottier, who commenced upon two points of land extending into Lake Champlain, which still bear the names " Pottier's Point," and " Logan's Point." 33 miles W. by N. from Mont pelier, and 7 S. from Burlington. Shdby County, Aa., c. h. at Shelbyville. This county is bounded by Coosa River E., Bibb co. S., Tuscaloosa S. W., Jefferson N. W., and St. Clair N. It is drained by the sources of Cahaba River. Shdby County, Is., c. h. at Shelbyville. Bound ed N.and N. E. by Macon and Moultrie counties, E. by Coles and Cumberland, S. by Effingham and Fayette, and W. by Montgomery and Chris tian counties. Drained by Kaskaskia River and branches, and by the head branches of the S. fork of Sangamon River. Surface level ; soil very fertile. Shelby County, la., c. h. at Shelbyville. Madi son bounds it on the N., Rush E., Decatur S. E., Johnson W., Marion N. W., and Bartholomew S. Branches of the E. fork of White River drain this county. Shelby County, Ky., c. h. at Shelbyville. Hen ry co. is on the N., Franklin E. and S. E., Jeffer son W., and Spencer S. The soil is highly pro ductive, and is drained by the N. E. fork of Salt River. Shelby County, Mo., c. h. at Shelbyville. Bound ed N. by Knox and Lewis counties, E. by Marion, S. by Monroe, and W. by Macon co. Drained by Salt River, on the banks of which coal is found, and by North Two Rivers, which affords hydraulic power. The surface is • level, and the soil fertile. Shelby, N. Y., Orleans co. Watered by Oak Orchard Creek. Mostly a level town, with a soil of calcareous loam. 10 miles S. W. from Albion, and 260 W. from Albany. Shelby, N. C, c. h. Cleveland co. On the E. side of First Broad River. There is a fine sul phur spring in the vicinity. Shdby County, O., c. h. at Sidney. Allen and Mercer counties are on the N., Logan and Cham paign on the E., Miami on the S., and Dark and Mercer counties on the W. The soil is good, and is watered by Turtle, Loramie's, and Musketoe Creeks, and Miami River. The Mi ami Canal passes through the S. W. part of the county. In 1819 the county was constituted. In 1804 or 1805 it was settled by James Thatch er, on Loramie's Creek. Shelby County, Te., c. h. at Raleigh. This coun ty has a hilly surface, and is drained by Wolf River and its branches. Madison co., Te., bounds it on the N. and E., Mississippi River W-, and 576 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, state of Mississippi S-. It includes old Fort Pick ering, now Memphis. Shelby County, Ts., c. h. at Shelbyville. On the E. border, between the eastern heads of the Neches and the Sabine. Shelbyville, Aa., c. h. Shelby co. Shelbyville, Is., c. h. Shelby co. On the W. bank of the Kaskaskia River. 60 miles S. E. .from Springfield. There is a copious sulphur spring in this place. Shelbyville, la., c. h. Shelby co. On Blue Riv er, branch of White River. 25 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. Shelbyville, Ky., c. h. Shelby co. On Brashears Creek, 12 miles above its junction with Salt River, and 23 miles W. by N. from Frankfort. Shelbyville, Mo., c. h. Shelby co. Shelbyville, Te., c. h. Bedford co. A town lo cated on the right bank of Duck River. It con tains a bank, printing office, and the county build ings. 30 miles S. from Murfreesboro'. Shelbyville, Ts., c. h. Shelby co. Sheldon, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Tonawanda and Seneca Creeks. Surface hilly ; soil moist clay loam. 13 miles W. from War saw, and 262 from Albany. Shddon, Vt, Franklin co. This is a good township of land. The River Missisco passes through it, and Black Creek, a branch of that river, gives Sheldon an ample water power. The village is a thriving place. The settlement was commenced about the year 1790, by Colonel Elisha Sheldon and Samuel B. Sheldon, emi grants from Salisbury, Ct. 46 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 32 N. by E. from Burlington. Shdter Island, N. Y., Suffolk co. This town, lying between Gardiner's and Great Peconic Bays, is 6 miles long and 4 wide. Surface mostly uneven ; soil light and sandy, but fertile in some parts. 20 miles E. from Riverhead, and 245 S. E. from Albany. Shenandoah County, Va., c. h. at Woodstock. Blue Ridge, or Culpepper and Madison counties are on the S. E., Rockingham S. W., Hardy and Hampshire N. W., and Frederick N. E. The two main branches of Shenandoah River traverse this county, and it is drained by many minor tributaries. All parts of the county are hilly, except the space between the two great branches of the Shenandoah, which is very mountainous. The soil is productive in grain, pasturage, and fruits. Shepherdsville, Ky., c.h. Bullitt co. On the N. side of Salt River. 1 mile from Paroquette Springs and 72 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. At the springs are fine accommodations for visitors. Sherborn, Ms., Middlesex co. Sherborn is watered by Charles River on its eastern boundary, and by several brooks and pleasant ponds. Its Indian name was Boggeston. The soil is good and productive. It contains many skilful farmers, and some delightful farms. The village is on ele vated land ; it is pleasant, and commands good prospects. 18 miles S. W. from Boston, and 16 S. from Concord. Sherburne, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered hy the Chenango River, parallel to which runs the Chenango Canal. Surface hilly; soil sandy and argillaceous loam. 12 miles N.from Norwich, and 92 W. from Albany. Sherburne, S. C, Beaufort district. A village 214 miles from Columbia by post road. Slierburne, Vt, Rutland eo. Killington Peak, 3924 feet in height, several ponds, and Thun dering Brook, with a handsome" fall, lie in this town. Queechy River rises here, and along its banks is some good land, but the lands are gen erally too elevated even for pasturage. The set tlement was commenced here, in 1785, by Isaiah Washburn. The town was organized in 1794. From Rutland 10 miles N. E. Sheridan, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by Scott's, Walnut, and some other creeks flowing into Lake Erie, which bounds it on the N. W. Surface hilly ; soil clay loam and sand. 20 miles N. E. from Maysville, and 307 W. from Albany. Sherman, Ct, Fairfield co. Sherman was for merly the N. part of New Fairfield, and incorpora ted in 1802. 13 miles N. from Danbury. There is a variety of soils in the town, but they are gen erally strong, warm, and productive of grass' and grain. A branch of the Housatonic waters the town. Iron ore is found here. Sherman, N. Y., Chautauque co. French Creek waters this town, the surface of which is uneven, and the soil clay and gravelly loam. 10 miles S. W. from Maysville, and 340 S. of W. from Al bany. Shiawassee County, Mn., c. h. at Cornnna. This county was incorporated in 1837, and is bounded N. by Saginaw, E. by Genesee, S. by Livingston and Ingham, and W. by Clinton co. Drained by Shiawassee, Looking Glass, and Meshtagayock Rivers, which afford hydraulic power. Surface level or undulating, and containing anthracite coal; soil fertile. Shieldsboro' ', Mi., c. h. Hancock co. On the W. side Of St. Louis Bay, which connects with Lake Borgne. S. by E. from Jackson 212 miles. Shippen, Pa., McKean co. Drained by Drift wood Creek, on the margin of which are salt springs, and by another branch of Sunenmahoning Creek. The surface is rough and mountainous, but in the valleys is some good land. 1 7 1 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Shippinsburg, Pa., Cumberland co. A town and borough, situated in the midst of a fertile coun try. It is 11 miles N. E. from Chambersburg, and 136 W. from Philadelphia. Shippingport, Ky.. Jefferson co., is a large vil lage, 2 miles below Louisville, at the bottom of the Rapids of the Ohio. It is in reality the lower part of Louisville, and at low water is the head of steamboat navigation in the Ohio. Shirley, Me., Piscataquis co. This town was incorporated in 1834. It was formerly No. 3 in the 4th range of the Bingham Purchase. It is watered by the higher branches of Piscataquis River, and lies about 76 miles N. by E.from Au gusta. Shirley, Ms., Middlesex co. Before its incor poration, in 1753, the territory of this town was 'the S. W. part of Groton. The lands are rather level and low ; the soil of some part of them is cold and unproductive, but generally they make good farms ; some parts of the town, par ticularly along the streams, are under a high state of cultivation, and very productive. Shirley is separated from Groton by Nashua River, and from Pepperell by the Squanicook, u branch of the Nashua. These streams afford a fine water power. In the S. part of the town is a pleasant village, through which the Fitchburg Railroad passes. This village lies 18i miles N. W. from Concord, and 384 N. W. from Boston. About a mile S. of this village is a family of more than a IN THE UNITED STATES. 577 a hundred Shakers, or United Society of Be lievers. Shirley, Pa., Huntingdon co. A township op posite Hamiltonville, on the right side of Juniata River. Shirleysburg,Fa., Shirley township, Huntingdon co. A village about 20 miles S. S. E. from Hunt ingdon. Shoccoe Springs, N. C, Warren co. A village, academy, and watering-place, about 60 miles N. E. from Raleigh. Shoreham, Vt, Addison co. Shoreham lies on the E. side of Lake Champlain, and is watered by Lemonfair River, a good mill stream. The stir- face is level, and the soil remarkably good. There is a pleasant village on the banks of the lake. This is one of the best farming towns in the state. Most of the waters here are impregnat ed with Epsom salts. This is the site of New ton Academy. The settlement was commenced about the year 1 766, by Colonel Ephraim Doblit- tle, Paul Moore, Marshal Newton, and others. The settlement was broken up during the revolu tionary war, but was recommenced on the return of peace. 12 miles S. W. from Middlebury, and about 42 S. W. from Montpelier. Shreveport, La., c. h. Caddo parish. On the W. bank of Red River, 380 miles N. W. from New Orleans. Shrewsbury, Ms., Worcester co. This town pre sents to the eye an uneven surface, variegated with hills and valleys. A range of highland, ex tending from N. to S., passes through the middle of the town. The town is well watered by springs and rivulets, though there are no large rivers in the town. Long Pond, called by the natives Quinsigamond, lying in this town by the line of Worcester, is a beautiful piece of water. It lies in the form of a crescent, nearly 4 miles long as it runs, and from 100 rods to near a mile in width. The water in some places is 90 feet deep. There are 12 islands in this pond of various sizes. Strat- ton's Island, which contains 150. acres under cul tivation, has several families living upon it. Some of the other islands are more or less cultivated. This pond is the principal feeder of Blackstone Canal. In the S. W. part of the town is a large meadow, which contains excellent peat. 36 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 6 E. by N. from Worcester. Shrewsbury, N. J., Monmouth co. This town is located near the sea-shore, and is resorted to in summer by the people of New York and Phila delphia as a bathing-place. It has a high and dry soil. 47 miles N. E. from Trenton, and 77 N. E. from Philadelphia. Shrewsbury, Vt, Rutland co. Shrewsbury lies mostly on the Green Mountains, and the eastern part is much elevated. In the N. part is Shrews bury Peak, which is one of the highest summits of the Green Mountains, and is more than 4100 feet above the tide water. Mill and Cold Rivers pass through the town, and both are sufficiently large for mills. Peal's and Ashley's Ponds are in the southerly part. Shrewsbury is well adapted to the production of grass, and the timber is Buch as is common to the mountain towns. Th% town was chartered in 1763. From Windsor 22 miles W., and 9 S.'E. from Rutland. Shrewsbury, Ms., Franklin co., was called Road- town, from the time of its grant, in 1734, to its in corporation, in 1761. It was first settled by people from Sudbury, about the year 1738. The town is 73 well watered by branches of Mill River, which rise here, and by Swift River, which passes through the town, and several of its tributaries, which also rise here. The surface is elevated, and many parts of it are hilly and rocky ; in some parts the soil is thin, and not very productive, but in other parts the soil is fertile, particularly along its numerous brooks and rivers. At the N. W. corner of the town, about 4 miles from the centre village, is Lock's Pond, covering about 700 acres, well stocked with fish of various kinds. Near this beautiful little lake is a neat village. There is a mineral spring of some note near the centre of the town. It is said to have been opened by an earthquake, in 1815, and it abounds in muri ate of lime. 16 miles S. E. from Greenfield, and 74 W. by N. from Boston. Sidney, Io., c. h. Fremont co. Sidney, Me., Kennebec co. This is a very pleas antly situated town, on the W. side of Kennebec River, and watered by a large and beautiful pond lying in this town and Belgrade. 12 miles N. from Augusta. Sidney, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by Olc- out Creek and some other branches of the Sus quehanna River, which bounds it on the W Surface rather hilly; soil well suited to grazing. 18 miles W. from Delhi, and 100 S, W. from Albany Sidney, 0„ c. h. Shelby co. 79 miles W.by N. from Columbus. Sigourney, la., c. h. Keokuck co. Silver Spring, Pa., Cumberland co. Conedog- winit Creek and branches water this town. Sur face hilly ; soil calcareous loam and slate, very fertile in the valleys. 7 miles N. E. from Car lisle. Simpson County, Ky., c. h. at Franklin. War ren is on the N., Allen E., Logan co. W. and N. W., and Tennessee S. Two rivers rise in this county — Red, a branch of Cumberland, and Big Warren, a branch of Green River. Simpson County, Mi., c. h. at Westville. Bound ed N. by Rankin, E. by Smith, S. by Covington and Lawrence counties, and W. by Pearl River, separating it from Copiah co. Drained by branches of Pearl River. Simsbury, Ct, Hartford co. The territory of this town was formerly a part of Windsor. Its Indian name was Massacoe, and it was incorporat ed in 1670. The surface of the town is greatly diversified by hills and valleys. A range of mountains passes through the town, and there is some level and good land within its limits, on Farmington River. Tariffville, a flourishing village, is situated at the nbrth-eastern extremity of this town, on the W. bank of the Farmington River. 45 miles from New Haven by the Canal Railroad. Sing Sing, N. Y., in Mount Pleasant township, Westchester co. On the E. bank of the Hudson River. 1 1 2 miles S. from Albany, and 33 miles N. from the city of New York! It is pleasantly sit uated, on uneven ground, rising in one part into an eminence 180 feet above tide water, overlook ing Tappan and Haverstraw Bays, the Hudson and Croton Rivers, and the surrounding country, including views of the Palisades and the High lands in the distance. \ It was incorporated as a village in 1813. Near the river is located the Mount Pleasant Academy, an incorporated insti tution for boys, which has an edifice, constructed of marble, three stories high ; also the Mount Pleasant Female Seminary, an incorporated in- 578 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, stitution, beautifully located, and possessing every advantage for a female boarding school. About half a mile S. of the village is located the Mount Pleasant State Prison, better known, perhaps, as the Sing Sing State Prison, which occupies 130 acres of ground. The buildings are in the form of a hollow square, enclosing a yard 500 feet by 250. The main prison is 484 feet in length and 44 in width, fronting westerly on the Hudson, being five stories high, and con taining 1000 cells for prisoners. In the front and rear are the workshops, together with the keeper's house ; and on the S., attached to the building, are a chapel, hospital, kitchen, and storehouses. These buildings, as well as the principal edifice, are all of rough dressed marble, quarried on the state farm. The prison for female convicts, a more recent structure, stands separate from that of the men, on an elevated site, and is a handsome marble building, of the Ionic order. These premises can be distinctly traced from the boats, in passing up and down the river. The average number of convicts at Sing Sing, in the year 1850, was 721, of whom 80 were females. Sing Sing is celebrated for its marble quarries, which are worked, to a great extent, by the state prison convicts. The marble obtained here is of an excellent quality. The village derives its name, we are told, from the Indian words Ossin- sing, signifying a place of stone. The Croton Aqueduct Bridge at this place, over the Sing Sing Creek, constructed of stone ma sonry, in a single arch of 88 feet span, and rising about 100 feet from the creek, is an object of much curiosity, for its massive strength and ex cellent workmanship. Skaneateles, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by Skaneateles Lake, the larger part of which lies in this town, and by its outlet. Surface undulating ; soil very fertile. 16 miles S. W. from Syracuse, and 146 W. from Albany. Skowhegan, Me., Somerset co. On the N. side of Kennebec River, at Skowhegan Falls, which afford a great water power. 5 miles below Nor ridgewock, and 33 N. from Augusta. Slatersville, R. I, town of Smithfield, Provi dence co. A factory village, on a branch of Paw tucket River. 19 miles N. W. from Providence. See Smithfield. Smith County, Mi., c. h. at Raleigh. Bounded N. by Scott, E. by Jasper, S. by Jones and Co vington, and W. by Simpson and Rankin coun ties. Drained by the head branches of Leaf River. » Smith County, Te., c. h. at Carthage. Ken tucky is on the N., Jackson co. E., White and Warren S. E., Wilson S. W., and Summer W. At Carthage, Caney Fork River joins the Cum berland. Surface rather rolling than hilly ; soil generally productive. Smithfield, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by Canaseraga and Cowasalon Creeks. A hilly town, with a very fertile soil. 5 miles N. from Morrisville, and 106 N. W. from Albany. Smithfield, N. C, c h. Johnson co. On the E. side of Neuse River. 27 miles S. E. from Raleigh. Smitlifield, R. I., Providence co. This is a large town, containing a great variety of surface and soil. Smithfield has generally an undulating surface, presenting an agreeable diversity of moderate eminences and gentle declivities; but in some sections it is considerably rough and broken. The manufacture of lime is an important and extensive business, and affords employment to a great number of persons. There is also a quarry of white stone at what is called Woonsocket Hill, that sustains heat remarkably well, which renders it very valuable for furhace hearths. About two miles distant from this, there is a quarry, contain ing excellent whetstones, for edge tools. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, with some sections of a calcareous loam. It is generally rich and fertile, although in some places it has been reduced by an exhausting system of culti vation. There are, however, some low and marshy tracts, which are generally appropriated to mowing, and afford good crops of grass. The agricultural productions consist of.the various ar ticles common to the climate. The waters of the town consist of the Black stone, which washes its north-eastern border, and a branch of this river, nearly of equal size, which intersects the town, discharging its waters into the former, in the northern section of the town. After the union of these streams, the Blackstone is from 100 to 200 feet in width. At some seasons of the year, it overflows its banks, and has been known to rise from 1 5 to 20 feet above its usual height. Besides these, there are numer ous small streams, some of which afford valuable sites for mills. In the S. part of the town, within about 4 miles from Providence, there is a consid erable body of water, called Scots Pond. It is nearly a mile in length, about half a mile in width, and of great depth. What is remarkable in this pond is the steep descent of its shores. Cases have occurred of persons being drowned in attempting to water their horses at this pond. There is a remarkable fall of water upon the Blackstone River, called Woonsocket Falls, which is considered as quite a curiosity. The fall is about 20 feet, not perpendicular, but over a precipice of rocks for some distance. The fall of the water upon these rocks, through a succession of ages, has occasioned numerous excavations, all of which are smooth and circular, and some of them very large, being sufficient to contain sev eral hogsheads. The beautiful village of Woonsocket is situated at these falls, on the line of Cumberland ; the river dividing the towns and the village into nearly equal parts. This village is a beautiful place. 1 1 miles from Providence by the railroad from Worcester to Providence. Slatersville is another beautiful village in this town, on Branch River, about 2 miles W. from Woonsocket Smithfield is a large manufacturing town, con taining many other pleasant villages, almost ex clusively devoted to manufacturing objects. Smithfidd, Va., c. h. Isle of Wight co. On a branch of James River. 15 miles above Hamp ton, and 65 S. E. from Richmond. Smithport, Pa., c. h. McKean co. 196 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Smithtown, N. Y., Suffolk co. Washed on the S. by Long Island Sound, and drained by Nes- aquake River. Surface chiefly level ; soil "sandy loam. %8 miles W. from Riverhead, and 197 S. E. from Albany. Smithville, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by Geneganslette and some other small branches of Chenango River. Surface undulating; soil sandy loam. 15 miles S. W. from Norwich, and 131 S. of W. from Albany. IN THE UNITED STATES. 579 Smithville, N. C, Brunswick co. A village on the right bank of Cape Fear River, near the mouth, and opposite Smith's Island. It has a good harbor, and is the seat of an academy. Smithville, N. C, c. h. Brunswick co. On the W. bank of Cape Fear River. 2 miles from its mouth, and 173 from Raleigh. It has a good harbor. Smithville, Te., c. h. De Kalb co. Near the Caney Fork of Cumberland River, and 61 miles E. from Nashville. Smyrna, Do., Kent co., was formerly the Duck Creek, Cross Roads village. The inhab itants carry on a considerable trade in grain. It is on Duck Creek. 12 miles a little E. of S. from Dover, and 35 S. from Wilmington. Smyrna, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by several branches of Chenango River. Surface hilly ; soil mostly good, and rich in the valleys. 12 miles N. from Norwich, and 96 W. from Albany. Smyrna. 0., Freeport township, Harrison co. A town 16 miles S. W. from Cadiz, and 100 E. from Columbus. Smythe County, Va., c. h. Marion. Bounded N. E. by Wythe co., S. E. by Grayson, S. W. by Washington, and N. W. by Tazewell co. Wa tered by the head branches of Holston aud New Rivers. Surface uneven ; soil fertile on the streams. Smythfield, Pa., Somerset co.. is a pleasant vil lage, located on the right bank of Youghiogany River, and on the United States road, almost ex actly midway between Brownsville, on Mononga hela, and Cumberland, on Potomac. According to Shriver's map, Smythfield is 1405 feet above the Atlantic tides. Snoivhill, Md., c. h. Worcester co. On the S. E. side of Pocomoke River. A port of entry, and a place of considerable commerce. 60 miles S. E. from Easton, and 20 miles a little S. of E. from Princess Ann. Snow Hill, Md., c. h. Worcester co. A port of entry, on Pocomoke River. 1 1 5 miles S. E. from Annapolis. Snow Hill, N. C, c h. Green co. By post road 96 miles S. E. from Raleigh. Sodus, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by Salmon Creek and several small streams flowing into Sodus Bay and Lake Ontario, which bound it on the N. Surface chiefly level; soil well suited to grass and grain. 12 miles N. from Lyons, and 176 N. of W. from Albany. Solano County, Ca., c. h. at Benecia. North of the lower course of the Sacramento, and between that river and the Nappa. Solesbury, Pa., Bucks co. A township between Upper Makefield and Plumstead, on the S. W.side of the River Delaware. This township contains New Hope. Sdon, Me.. Somerset co. A good farming town, on the E. side of the Kennebec. 44 miles N. by W. from Augusta. Solon, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by Ostelic River and some of its branches. Surface undu lating ; soil fertile, and well adapted for grazing. 12 miles E. from Cortland, and 140 W. from Albany. Solon. 0., Cuyahoga co. Two streams unite in this township and form the Chagrin River. 40 rods below this junction commences a fall, which descends 20 feet in 80 rods, affording a valuable water power. 14 miles from this place, up the Worster Branch, is another fall of 100 feet in a mile. On the Aurora Branch, half a mile above the forks, is another fall of 70 feet in 80 rods. 1 50 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. Somers, Ct, Tolland co. First settled 1713. It was incorporated by Massachusetts in 1734, and named in honor of Lord Somers, at the request of Governor Belcher. Part of the town is level and productive of grass and grain, and part is quite elevated, producing good pasturage for sheep, and presenting delightful visws of the valley of Connecticut River. It is watered by Scantic River. Somers has a verv neat vil lage. 22 miles N. E. from Hartford. Somers. N. Y., Westchester co. The Croton River and some of its tributaries water this town, which contains some extensive plains and some uneven surface. Soil diversified, but generally adapted to grass or grain. 20 miles N. from White Plains, and 120 S. from Albany. Somerset, Ky.. c. h. Pulaski co. 5 miles N. from Cumberland River, and 84 S. S. E. from Frank fort. Somerset County. Me., c h. at Norridgewock. Extending from near the centre to the N. W. boundary of the state. The Kennebec flows through the southern and settled part. Much the larger portion is still unsettled. Surface varied with occasional mountains; soil good. The Portland and Montreal Railroad passes through it. Somerset County, Md., c. h. at Princess Ann. This county is bounded by Worcester co., in Md., E., Dorchester co. N. W., Sussex co., in De., N. E., Pocomoke Bay S.. and Chesapeake Bay S. W. The surface, though sandy, is generally level, and the soil very good. Nanticoke River is on the N. W. of this county, and Pocomoke S. E., and it is drained by Manokin and Wicomico Rivers. Somerset, Ms., Bristol co. This was formerly the Indian Shewamet, and called the Shewamet Purchase, a part of Swansey, at its incorporation as a town in 1790. This town enjoys almost unlimited navigable facilities. It extends its whole length and breadth on the deep navigable waters of Taunton River and Mount Hope Bay ; besides, a part of its western boundary is Lee's River, jutting up from Mount Hope Bay to Swan sey village. This town comprises Long Point and Shawmut Neck, at the mouth of Taunton River. From Slade's Ferry, across Taunton River, to Fall River village, is about li miles S. For distances, see Fall River. Somerset County, N. J., c h. at Somersville. This county has Morris on the N., Hunterdon S. W. and W., Middlesex S. E., and Essex E. The different branches of Raritan River drain the entire county. The soil is productive in grain, pasturage, and fruit ; the surface pleasantly diver sified by hill and dale. Somerset. N. Y., Niagara co. Drained by some small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. - Surface level ; soil sandy and elav loam. 14 miles N. E. from Lockport, and 280 N. of W. from Albany. Somerset, 0., c. h. Perry co. 47 miles E. S. E. from Columbus. Somerset County. Pa., c. h. at Somerset. Cam bria is on the N., Bedford E„ Westmoreland N. W., Fayette co. W., and A lleghany co., Md, S. This county is not very hilly, though en closed on two sides by mountains. The soil is 580 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, good, and is well adapted for the production of grain and meadow grasses. Youghiogany and Conemaugh Rivers drain it Somerset, Pa., c. h. Somerset co. On Cox's Creek. 40 miles W. from Harrisburg, Somerset, Pa., Somerset co. Drained by Lau rel Hill, Middle, and Cox's Creeks. Surface un dulating ; soil clay. Somerset, Pa., Washington co. This township is situated between the eastern branch of Char- tier's Creek and Pigeon Creek. Somerset, Vt, Windham co. Mouut Pisgah and other elevations give to the surface of this township so rough and dreary an aspect, that but few are bold enough to attempt the cultivation of its soil. It is watered by the upper branches of Deerfield River. 14 miles N. E. from Ben nington, and 16 N. W. from Brattleboro'. Isomers Point, N. J., Atlantic co. On Great Egg Harbor Bay, and port of entry for that dis trict. S. from Trenton 91 miles. A place of summer resort. Somersworth, N. H., Strafford co. The soil is Well adapted to Indian corn, and most kinds of grain and grass. The tide flows on the E. side of this town, 4 miles, to Quamphegan Falls. The S. part of the town bounds on Cocheco River. The White Mountains may be seen from the summit of Otis Hill. There are but 2 ponds of note in this town — Humphrey's, on the line of Dover, 200 rods long and 120-wide, and Cole's, 150 rods long and 75 wide. Red and yellow ochre, also iron ore, have been found here. At Great Falls, on Salmon River, is a large and flourishing village. Tho water falls 100 feet, and produces a power of great value. First set tlers, William Wentworth, John Hall, William Stiles, and others. 12 miles N. by W. from Ports mouth, and 45 E. from Concord. The Boston and Maine Railroad passes through this town, with a branch to the village of Great Falls, whence a railroad extends towards Conway. Somerville, Aa., c. h. Morgan co. 5 miles S. from Tennessee River, and 133 miles N. N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Somerville, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was set off from Charlestown, and incorporated in 1842. A considerable part of it is elevated above the surrounding country. The celebrated hills, called Winter and Prospect, are comprised in the town of Somerville. The town is bounded in part by Mystic River, Miller's Creek, and an arm of Charles River. The McLean Asylum for the Insane is in this town. A small stream, called the Shawsheen, runs through the town. The Milk Row Bleaching Company have their extensive works in this place. The most extensive and beautiful views of the city and surrounding coun try are to be had from the tops of Winter and Prospect Hills. From Boston about 3 miles N. W. Three important linos of railroads pass through the town. The Tufts College was chartered A. D. 1852, and is situated on land lying partly in Somer ville and partly in Medford, given by Charles Tufts, of Somerville, after whom it is named. It is 5 miles from Boston, near the Lowell Railroad. Its site is one of the finest in tho country, and commands a view of Boston, its neighboring cities and beautiful towns. Its funds amount at present to $100,000, raised by subscription, through the exertions of Rev. Otis A. Skinner, D. D., of Boston. The Institution was established by the Universalists, though it is not sectarian in its character, each student being left free to choose his own meeting, and to enjoy his own religious opinions. The system of instruction is adapted, not only to those who wish to fit themselves for one of the professions, but also to those who wish to pursue the business of a farmer, mechanic, or manufacturer, particular attention being paid to the natural sciences. The buildings are in progress of erection, and will probably be completed in 1853. Somerville, N. J., c. h. Somerset co., is a neat and well-built village, located in a fertile and high ly-cultivated country, on Raritan River. 16 miles above New Brunswick, and 38 a little E. of N. from Trenton. Somerville, Te., c. h. Fayette co. Half a mile S. from Loosahatchie River, and 185 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. Sonoma County, Ca. N. of San Pablo Bay, the northern expansion of San Francisco Bay, and between the Petaloma Creek and Nappa River. Sonoma, Ca., c. h. Sonoma co. About 20 miles N. W. from Vallejo. This is one of the best farming districts in the state. In the Sonoma, Napa, and Suisan valleys, the land is good, the country healthy, and the temperature is never very cold in winter — snow being seen only on the highest mountains. This part of the country contains the best of grazing land, many places being covered with clover and with wild oats. Sonora, Ca., c. h. Tuolumne co. In the moun tains, on the head waters of Tuolumne River. Southampton, Ms., Hampshire co. This town was the second parish of Northampton until its incorporation -in 1753. It is well supplied with mill sites, by Manham River, a considerable stream. The Canal Railroad to New Haven passes through the eastern part of the town. Lead is found here, and there is a subterraneous pas sage leading to a lead mine. This is an artificial excavation, mostly in solid rock, of 900 feet in length, and large enough to admit a boat. The soil is well adapted to agricultural pursuits. 12 miles N. W. from Springfield, and 118 from Bos ton by the railroads. Southampton, N. Y., Suffolk co. Bounded on the N. by Great and Little Peconic Bays, and S. by the Atlantic Ocean. Surface chiefly level; soil light sand and sandy loam, very productive when well cultivated. 10 miles S. E. from River head, and 247 from Albany. Southampton, Pa., Bedford co. Qne of tho southern townships. 8 miles S. from the borough of Bedford. Southampton, Pa., Bucks co. A township op posite the N. W. angle of Philadelphia co., and the N. E. angle of Montgomery. Southampton County, Va., c. h. at Jerusalem. This county is bounded by North Carolina S., Greensville S. W., Sussex N. W., Surry W., and Blackwater River of Isle of Wight and Nanse mond E. Nottaway River crosses this county, and it is washed by Blackwater River on the E, and the Mehero on the S. W. Southwark, Pa. See Philadelphia. South Beaver, Pa., Beaver co. A township N. from Ohio River, and adjoining the state of Ohio. South Bend, la., c. h. St. Joseph's co. On a high bluff on the S. bank of St. Joseph's River. Possesses great water privileges. Southboro', Ms., Worcester co. Taken from Marlboro' in 1727. This is not a large town, but IN THE UNITED STATES. 581 is one of the prettiest in the county. The surface is gently undulating, with Pine and Breakneck Hills, just high enough to give a fair view of the delightful country surrounding them. The soil is a strong, gravelly loam, rich, well cultivated, and productive of all the fruits common to a New England climate. Sudbury River passes the southern border of this town. Stony and Angle Brooks, and some smaller streams, afford the town an ample water power for domestic use, and some to spare. Southboro' Centre and Fry- ville are neat and pleasant villages. The Centre village is about 5 miles from the Worcester Rail road depot at Westboro', from which to Worces ter is 12 miles W., and to Boston 32 E. N. E. Southbridge, Ms., Worcester co. Incorporated in 1816. It was taken mostly from Sturbridge, but considerable portions from Charlton and Dudley. It was formerly called Honest Town. The land is generally uneven and hilly, but of good . quality for grain, fruit, pasturage, &c. Quinebaug River, an excellent and permanent mill stream, passes through the centre and prin cipal parts of this town, uniting with French Riv er, and other streams, to form a branch of the Thames. The town has a good, productive soil, with pleasant, attractive, and flourishing villages. 54 miles S. W. from Boston. South Bristol, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Mud Creek and some small streams flowing into Canandaigua Lake. Surface hilly ; soil tolerably good clay loam. 12 miles S. from Canandaigua, and 205 W. from Albany. South Brunswick, N. J., Middlesex co. Drained by Lawrence's Brook and tributaries of Mill stone River. Surface somewhat hilly on the W., but elsewhere level ; soil fertile sandy loam and red shale. 12 miles S. W. from New Bruns wick. Southbury, Ct., New Haven co. The principal village in this town is pleasantly situated on the Pamperaug, a fine mill stream, which passes through the town. The village of Sonth Britain is about 4 miles S. W. from the principal or central village ; it is a flourishing place. This village is surrounded by high hills and precipices, and has a romantic and picturesque appearance. The surface of the town is generally uneven ; there is some good meadow land on Housatonic, Pamperaug, and Shepaug Rivers, and the uplands are warm and productive. Some traces of coal have been dis covered. The northern part of the town is called " White Oak," from an oak tree under which the first per sons who explored the town encamped. 20 miles N. W. from New Haven. Southeast, N. Y., Putnam co. Watered by Croton River. A hilly town, with a rich soil, yielding large crops of grass and grain. 5 miles E. from Carmel, and 1 13 S. from Albany. Southfidd, N. Y., Richmond co. Bounded on the S. E. by the Narrows and the Lower New York Bay. Surface hilly on the N. and level on the S-, comprising some large salt marshes. On the E. sue situated Forts Tompkins and Rich mond, and some batteries for the protection of New York Harbor. 2 miles E. from Richmond, and 155 S. from Albany. SoutA Hadley, Ms., Hampshire co. This town was formerly the second parish of Hadley, and was first settled about the year 1721. It lies on the E. side of Connecticut River, and has a good and productive soil. Tho surface is varied, from that of the rich and lovely meadows on the Con necticut, to the lofty summit of Mount Holyoke. The village in the" centre of the town is very pleasant ; it lies about 3 miles N. of the village at the falls. Hockanum is a small village nearly opposite to Northampton, where we cross over to visit Mount Holyoke. There is a canal in this town, 2 miles long, on the E. side of Connecticut River, and a dam across the river of 1100 feet, which is constructed to overcome » fall in the river of 50 feet. This dam produces a water power of great extent. The canal has 5 locks, and a cut through solid rock of 40 feet in depth, and 300 in length. 5 miles S. by E. from North ampton. Soutli Hampton, N. H., Rockingham co. The surface is uneven, and the soil of a good quality. Powow River passes through it, affording valua ble mill sites. 50 miles S. E. from Concord, and 18 S. S. W. from Portsmouth. The Eastern Railroad passes near this town. SoutA Hero, Vt., Grand Isle co. Lake Cham plain bounds this town' on all sides. The town was formerly a part of North Hero, and was sep arated from it in 1788. It is supposed that all the lands of this island county were once covered by the waters of the lake, as dam shells are found incorporated with the rocks in the highest places. The scenery around these islands is beautiful. This yicinity was a favorite resort for the Indians. The Sand Bar Bridge connects this island with the main land at Milton. This town was char tered to Ethan Allen, Samuel Herrick, and others, October 27, 1779. From Burlington 12 miles N. W., and 16 S. S. W. from St. Albans. Southold, N. Y., Suffolk co. This peninsula, constituting the N. E. extremity of Long Island, is bounded on the N. by Long Island Sound, and E. and S. by Gardiner's and Great Peconic Bays. It comprises Fisher's, Gull, Plum, Robbins's, and several smaller islands. Surface chiefly level; soil sandy. 15 miles E.from Riverhead, and 245 S. E. from Albany. Southington, Ct., Hartford co. Southington was taken from Farmington in 1779. There are some elevations in the town, particularly in the eastern part ; but the soil is generally very good for all kinds of grain and the pasturage of cattle. It is watered by the Quinnipiac, and contains a neat village. 21 miles N. from New Haven. The inhabitants are generally engaged in agri culture; yet several kinds of manufacture;, re ceive considerable attention. South Kingston, R. I, c. h. Washington co. This town was formerly a part of North Kings ton. It is the largest town in the state, com prising 98 square miles, and within its limits is the noted Point Judith. It has an uneven sur face, a soil of a gravelly loam, based on a granite foundation. This town possesses great navigable advantages ; its eastern and southern borders be ing washed by the Atlantic Ocean and Narragan set Bay. It contains a great number of fresh water ponds, and a large salt pond ; one of the fresh water ponds covers an area of between 3000 and 4000 acres. The fisheries on the shores and in the ponds of South Kingston are of considerable extent and value. The fish taken are principally bass, alewives, perch, and smelts. Some portion of the inhabitants follow a maritime life for a liveli hood. 582 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, The principal village in South Kingston is im properly called " Little Rest Hill," for it is quite a snug and comfortable place. 28 miles from Providence by railroad. Southport, Ct, town of Fairfield, Fairfield co. 60 miles S. W. from Hartford, at the entrance of Mill River into a small bay of Long Island Sound. It has a good harbor for vessels of 100 tons, to improve which the United States govern ment has erected an extensive breakwater. Southport, N. Y., Chemung co. The Chemung River waters this town, forming a part of the N. boundary. Surface somewhat hilly, with broad fertile flats on the border of the river. 4 miles S. from Elmira, and 203 S. W. from Albany. South Reading, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was formerly the south parish in Reading, and was first settled in 1639. South Reading has a varied, pleasant surface, with a good soil. The town is well watered by Saugus River and two delightful ponds. The village, near the centre of the town, is compact, neat, and flourishing. The Boston and Maine Railroad passes through the town. 10 miles N. from Boston, and 10 W. from Salem. South Scituate, Ms., Plymouth co. A new town taken from Scituate. The Old Colony Railroad passes near it. A flourishing agricul tural place. South Thomaston, Me., Lincoln co., a new town ; taken from Thomaston in 1848, lies on the E. side of George's River, and is largely engaged in ship building and the coasting trade. In the midst of a handsome, fertile, and well-improved country. 38 miles S. E. from Augusta. Southwick, Ms., Hampden co. This town was formerly the south part of Westfield. It is elevated, but not mountainous ; it comprises a va ried surface, with much good land. It is wa tered by Little River and some small streams. There is a pleasant village in this town, which lies 6 miles S. of the Westfield depot, on the Western Railroad, 108 miles from Boston. The village in the S. part of the town is pleasant ; it is about 3 miles from the other. Spaffbrd, N. Y., Onondaga co. Bounded by Otisco Lake and its inlet on the E., and Skaneat eles Lake on the W. Surface hilly and broken ; soil various. 18 miles S. W. from Syracuse, and 152 W. from Albany. Sparta, Aa., c. h. Conecuh co. On Murder Creek, branch of Conecuh River, about 70 miles a little E. of N. from Pensacola, and 90 N. E. from Mobile. Sparta, Ga., c. h. Hancock co. Between the Great Ogeechee and Oconee Rivers, on the dividing ground. 25 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. It contains 2 academies. Sparta, Mo., c. h. Buchanan co. On a head branch of Bee Creek. 8 miles S. W. from Roubed- oux Landing, on Missouri River. Sparta, N. Y, Livingston co. Watered by Caneseraga Creek. A somewhat hilly town. Soil rich clay loam on the hills, and sandy alluvion in the valleys. 12 miles S. from Geneseo, and 231 W. from Albany. Sparta, Te., c. h. White co. On a branch of the Caney Fork of Cumberland River. 83 miles E. by S. from Nashville. Spartanburg District. S. C, c. h. at Spartanburg. This district is bounded N. by North Carolina, York, and Union districts E., Ennoroo River or Laurens S., and Greenville W. The soil is productive, and the surface hilly. Broad River and its numerous branches drain this district. Spartanburg, S. C, c. h. Spartanburg district 98 miles N. W. from Columbia. Spencer County, la., c. h. at Rockport The Ohio River is on the S., Warwick co. W, Dubois N., and Perry E. Most of the soil is excellent. The land is hilly and broken, and drained by small creeks. Spencer, la., c. h. Owen co. Spencer County, Ky., c. h. at Taylorsville. This countvhas Shelby on the N., Anderson E., Nelson S., and Jefferson and Bullitt W. The northern branch of Rolling Fork River crosses this county, from E. to W. Spencer, Ms., Worcester co. Tbe whole of this town was included in the original grant of Leices ter. It was made a parish in the year 1744, by the name of the West Parish of Leicester, and incorporated a town in 1753, by the name of Spencer. This town is elevated, and is said to be 950 feet above tide water. The surface is rough and uneven, but the soil is very fertile. It is watered by many streams, but none of them are of much size. Seven Mile River is the largest 18 miles W. by S. from Worcester, by the West ern Railroad, and 62 W. by S. from Boston. Spencer, N. Y., Tioga co. Cattotong Creek and some of its branches water this town. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. 1 5 miles N. W. from Owego, and 181 S. of W. from Albany. Spencer, Te., c. h. Van Buren co. ' Spottsylvania County, Va., c. h. Fredericksburg. Rapid, Ann, and Rappahannock Rivers are on the N. E. of this county, North Anna River on the S. W., and Caroline co. on the S. E. The surface is pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. The sources of Mattapony River are in this county. Spottsylvania, Va., c. h. Spottsylvania co. On the Po, a branch of Mattapony River. 7 1 miles N. by W. from Richmond. Springboro', O., Clear Creek, Warren co. On the N. side of Clear Creek. 84 miles S. W. from Columbus. It is named from a spring, which affords a water power sufficient for several mills. Springfield, Is. Capital of the state, and seat of justice of Sangamon co. 105 miles N. by E. from St. Louis. Since this place was made the capital of the state, in 1840, it has had a rapid growth. It stands upon the confines of a rich and beautiful prairie, and is about 4 miles S. of the Sangamon River. It was laid out in 1822, upon a regular plan, with a public square in the centre, and wide streets, crossing each other at right angles. The State House, which stands upon the centre of tho public square, is an elegant building, in the Doric stylo of architecture, for the erection of which the state appropriated $50,000. The Court House and the State Bank are also beautiful buildings. Several of the churches have handsome edifices, many of the hotels and stores are spacious and well built, and there is great activity and prosperity in the business of the place. A rail road is in operation between Springfield and Naples, on the Illinois River, a distance of 53 miles. This road passes through Jacksonville. Springfield, Kv., c. h. Washington co. Springfield, Ms. City, and seat of justice of Hampden co. On the E. side of Connecticut River. 98 miles W. by S. from Boston, 102 miles E. by S. from Albany, N. Y, 25 miles IN THE UNITED STATES. 583 N. from' Hartford, Ct, and 20 miles S. from Northampton. This is one of the most beauti ful and important inland towns in New Eng land. It was settled in 1635, then called by its Indian name, Agawam. In 1640 the name of Springfield was given to the town. Its limits, by successive purchases from the natives, and grants from the legislature, became very extensive, embracing a territory nearly 25 miles square, from which several of the surrounding towns, on each side of the river, have been constituted. The natural situation of Springfield is beautiful. Along the river are rich alluvial meadows, highly productive, back of which the grounds rise grad ually to a considerable elevation, and terminate in a plain extending several miles E. The busi ness part of the city is chiefly on Main Street, which is broad, and nearly 3 miles in length, and contains many elegant buildings. This street runs parallel with the Connecticut, at some dis tance from it, and is intersected by a number of streets, at right angles, extending towards the river, and in the opposite direction, to the elevated plain, where the United States armory is located. Other streets, parallel or nearly so to Main Street, ruu between this and the heiglit of land, along the rising ground, on which are situated many elegant private residences, overlooking the city and the valley of the Connecticut far to the S. Springfield is the centre of a large inland and river commerce, its natural and artificial ad vantages rendering it one of the most important commercial depots on Connecticut River. Being nearly equidistant 'from Boston and Albany on the line of the Western Railroad and at the point of intersection between this and the route extend ing from New Haven N. through the Connecticut valley, it is brought into connection by railroad communication with the four cardinal points of the country, and becomes not only a great thor oughfare of travel between all these points, but of necessity, in passing, a place of much traffic and exchange. Several of the most celebrated hotels in New England have been established here, to answer the increasing demands of the travelling public on these great routes. The United States armory, located here, is situated chiefly on the elevated ground about half a mile E. of Main Street The principal build ings are of brick, and are handsomely arranged around a square, presenting a fine appearance. From twelve to fifteen thousand muskets are manufactured here annually, and from one hun dred and fifty to two hundred thousand are stored in the arsenals of the establishment This is the largest and most important arsenal of construction in the United States, and its establishment at Springfield early gave an impulse to the enter prise and prosperity of the place. On Mill River, which flows into the Connec ticut at tho S. E. extremity of the city, there is an extensive water power, which is improved for paper and iron manufactures, mechanical estab lishments, and mills of various kinds. The machine shops of the United States armory, in which a power is required, are also here. These are advantageously located on three different sites along the stream, called the Upper, Middle, and Lower Water shops, the whole comprising 5 shops, in which are 18 water wheels, 10 triphammers, and about 30 forges. These works, extensive as they arc, are far from occupying the whole power which is owned here by the United States. The W. part of the city, whore the railroad station is located, is more rapidly advancing in population and business now than any other. A large manufactory of cars and other apparatus for use upon the railroads has been established at this point. Two or three of the first-rate hotels are located here. Several of the church edifices in Springfield aro handsome structures. That of the First Congre gational Church enjoys the advantage of a beauti- fuMoeation, on a green in the centre of the city, which is tastefully laid out, enclosed, and orna mented with shade trees. During tho insurrection in Massachusetts, in 1786, commonly known as Shays's rebellion, Springfield was in part the theatre" of the move ments of the insurgents. An attempt was made to get possession of the United States arsenal, and Shays, at the head of 1100 men, marched towards it for that purpose. Being warned to desist, by General Shepherd, who. with a con siderable force, had taken his position near«the arsenal for its defence, and paying no regard to this warning, they were fired upon, and three of their number killed, and one wounded, whereupon the whole body precipitately dispersed. Springfield, La., parish of St. Helena. This is the seat of justice, and is located on Notnlbany River, on the road between New Orleans and Natchez. 58 miles from the former, and 98 from tho latter place. Springfield, Mo., c. h. Greene co. On the head waters of James's Fork of White River. 158 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. Springfield, N. H, Sullivan co. A branch of Sugar River, also one of Blackwater, have their sources in this town ; the former empties into the Connecticut, the latter into the Merrimac. There are several ponds, viz., Station, about 250 rods long, 140 wide; Cilley, 240 rods long, and about 80 wide; Star, Stony, and Morgan's Ponds. The land is rough and stony, but good for graz ing. First settlers, Israel Clifford, Israel Clif ford, Jr., Nathaniel Clark, and Samuel Stevens, in 1772. 38 miles N. W. from Concord, and 13 N. E. from Newport. Springfield, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered in the centre by the N. part of Otsego Lake, and W. by Canaderaga Lake. Surface elevated and hilly; soil fertile in the valleys. 8 miles N. from Coo- perstown, and 601 W. from Albany. Springfield, O., c. h. Clarke co." On the E. fork of Mad River, and has great hydraulic priv ileges. The national road, and the road from Cincinnati to Sandusky, passes through this place, which is also connected by railroad with Dayton. 43 miles W. from Columbus. Springfield, Te., c. h. Robertson co. On the S. bank of the Sulphur Fork of Red River. 26 miles N. by W. from Nashville. Springfield, Vt, Windsor co. The land is gen erally rich, with a deep soil. On the rivers are extensive intervales, forming some of the most beautiful farms in the state. Tho principal vil lage is situated on Black River Falls, near the centre of the town. This is a flourishing town, and the scenery around its neat and handsome village is delightful. It was chartered August 20, 1761. Among the first settlers were Mr. Simeon Stevens, and the Hon. Lewis R. Morris. 70 miles S. from Montpelier, and 24 S. from Woodstock. A railroad passes by this town, on the E. side of Connecticut River. 584 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Spring Garden, Va., Pittsylvania co. A vil lage. By post road 130 miles S. W. by W. from Richmond. Spring Place. Ga., c. h. Murray co. Springport, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by small streams flowing into Cayuga Lake, which bounds it on the W. Surface rolling ; soil fer tile calcareous loam. 9 miles S. W. from Au burn, and 165 W. from Albany. Springville, N. Y., Erie co. On Spring Creek. 287 miles W. from Albany. There is a valuable water power here, which is improved for flouring mills and manufactories of various kinds. Springwater, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered by the inlet of Hemlock Lake. Surface hilly and broken ; soil clay loam, yielding large crops of grass. 16 miles S. E. from Geneseo, and 223 W. from Albany. Stafford, Ct., Tolland co. The surface of the town is rough ; in some parts mountainous, abounding with rocks of primitive formation. . Its soii is a coarse, hard, and dry gravelly loam, generally not very productive. There are several minerals in the town, but iron ore is the principal. The town is watered by Furnace River and the Willimantic, which unite in Stafford, and af ford a good water power. Stafford Mineral Springs have acquired con siderable notice, and are celebrated for their vir tues in curing cutaneous diseases. The cele brated Dr. Joseph Warren, who fell at the battle of Bunker Hill, was the first person who ana lyzed these waters, and highly approved their virtues. By the New London and Willimantic Railroad 16 miles from the Palmer depot on the Massa chusetts Western Railroad, 50 N. from New London, 52 by railroad from Hartford, and 24 by stage. See Fashionable Resorts. Stafford, N. J., Monmouth co. This township has some good farms, though the soil is generally sandy. Mannahankin is the principal settlement. Stafford, N. Y., Genesee co. Allen's and Black Creeks water this town, the surface of which is chiefly level, and the soil clay and grav elly loam, based upon limestone. 5 miles E. from Batavia, and 238 W. from Albany. Stafford County, Va., c. h. at Stafford. Bound ed by Prince William N., Fauquier co. N. W., Rappahannock River S. W. and W., and King George co. S. E. It is situated between the Po tomac and Rappahannock Rivers, and has a sandy soil and hilly surface. The principal towns are Stafford, Falmouth, and North Marlboro'. Stafford, Va., c. h. Stafford co. On the N. bank of Rappahannock River, opposite Freder icksburg, and 73 miles N. from Richmond. Stamford, Ct., Fairfield co. Its Indian name was Rippowams. It was purchased of the natives for " twelve coats, twelve hoes, twelve hatchets, twelve knives, two kettles, and four fathom of white wampum." The soil of Stamford is a rich gravelly loam, well cultivated, and very productive. The surface is undulating, presenting a great va riety of delightful prospects. The town is well supplied with mill sites by Mill and Miannas Rivers, and within its bay, between Shippan and Greenwich Points, are good harbors for vessels of 8£ feet draught of water. Stamford Borough is a neat village, beautifully situated near the Sound, and surrounded by a country full of interesting scenery. 40 miles by railroad from New Haven, 36 from New York. Stamford, Ky., c. h. Lincoln co. Near Dick's River. 10 miles S. E. from Danville. Stamford, N. Y., Delaware co. The head branches of the Delaware River water this town. Surface rather hilly and broken : soil well suited to grazing. 16 miles E. from Delhi, and 58 S. W. from Albany. Stamford, Vt., Bennington co. A mountain township, on the line of Massachusetts. Branches of the Hoosic and Walloomsack rise here. There are several fine fish ponds among the mountains, and some good land, but the land is generally too elevated for culture. The township was char tered in 1753. 9 miles S. E. from Bennington, and 21 W. by S. from Brattleboro'. Standish, Me., Cumberland co. Bounded on the N. and N. E. by Sebago Lake, and S. W. by Saco River. It lies 16 miles N. W. from Port land. This is a good farming town, with two pleasant villages. It has Buxton on the S., and Gorham on the N. E. Stanford, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by Wappinger's Creek. A hilly and mountainous town. Soil chiefly sandy loam, suitable for graz ing. 16 miles N. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 72 S. from Albany. Stanhope, N. J., Sussex co. 60 miles N. from Trenton, on the Morris Canal, on Musconetcong River, which affords a good hydraulic power, by a fall of 30 feet, produced at this place by turning it from its natural bed. The canal, by an inclined plane, here overcomes an ascent of 76 feet Stanly County, N. C, c. h. at Albemarle. South central part. Washed on the.W. by the Yadkin, and on the S. by Rocky River, branches of which flow through it from N. to S. Stapleton, N. Y., Richmond co. On the E. side of Staten Island, 2 miles N. of the Nar rows, at the entrance of New York Harbor. The Seamen's Retreat, a hospital for sick and disabled seamen, is located here. It was opened in 1831. The building is 208 feet long, and 3 stories high, with wings 32 feet deep, and 2 stories high. The grounds attached to it include 37 acres. Stark County, la. In the N. W. angle. The Kankakee flows through it from N. to S. W. Steuben County, la., c. h. at Angola. In the N. E. corner of the state. Stark County, Is., c. h. at Towton. N. cen tral part. Spoon River, a western tributary of the Illinois, flows through it. Stark, N. H, Coos co. This town was former ly named Piercy. It was altered to compliment the memory of General Stark: In the N. E. part of the town the N. and S. branches of the Amonoosuck form a junction. Nash's Stream falls into this river, in the N. part of the town. Piercy's Pond lies on the E. side of the town. The soil is extremely broken. Mill Mountain is in Stark, and a part of Pilot Mountain. There is also a singular ledge opposite Mill Mountain, called the Devil's Sliding-Place. On the S. it. breaks abruptly into a precipice of neasiy 300- feet, while on the N. cattle may be driven, to the top. The scenery of this town is well worth visiting. First settlers, Caleb and Benjamin Smith, in 1788. 10 miles N. E. from Lancaster, and 135 N. from Concord. Stark, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by Otsquaga Creek. Surface hilly ; soil fertile cal careous loam. 12 miles S. E. from Hcrkiraer, and 69 N. W. from Albany, IN THE UNITED STATES. 585 Stark County, 0,ch. atOrradeen. Portage and Medina counties are on the N, Columbiana and Carroll on the E, Carroll and Tuscarawas on the 8^ and Wayne on the W. The Ohio and Erie Canal crosses this county ; the other waters are Sugar, Sandy, and some other Creeks. Emi grants from Pennsylvania and Maryland were the first settlers. Wells. Congress, Mead, Sippo, and Turkey Foot Lakes are found here. The land is excellent for raising wheat. Starhboro', Vt. Addison co. This town is watered hy Lewis Creek and Huntington River, wbich are good miU streams. There are three springs in the town, not more than 20 rods apart. which nnite and form a stream of sufficient power for a number of mills. The town is rough and mountainous. Hog Back Mountain skirts its west ern border, and East Mountain passes through its centre, and divides the waters of the rivers. There is some good land in the town, but a large por tion is too elevated for cultivation. Here are two pleasant villages. 22 miles W. by S. from Montpelier, and 18 N. by E. from Middlebury. Starkey. N. Y, Yates co. Drained by some small streams flowing into Seneca Lake, which bounds it on tbe E. Surface hilly; soil clay loam. 10 miles S. E. from Penn- Yan, and 190 W. from Albany. Staris, Me., Somerset co. A good township. 37 miles X. X. E. from Augusta. StarkcUU. ML, e. h. Oktibbeha co. 143 miles X. R from Jackson. Statesboro; Go., c h. Bullock co. Statediurg. S. C. c h. Sumpter co. Statescille, X. C, c h. Iredell co. 145 miles W. from Raleigh. Staunton, Va., Augusta co. An old place, wa tered bv Lewis Creek, ahead branch of Shenan doah River. 166 miles W. X. W. from Rich mond. The ground gradually rises from the creek. The streets are regular and straight, though narrow. A lunatic asylum is located here. Stedsrdle, Mo, c h. Crawford co. On the up per waters of the Moramie. Stephenso* County, Is, c h. at Freeport On the 21. border. The Peetoncha branch of the Rock River flows through it from X. W. to E. StephentoKii, X. Y, Rensselaer co. Kinder hook Creek flows through this town. Surface mostly hilly and mountainous ; soil fertile, and veil suited* to grazing. 22 miles S. E. from Tray, and 21 from Albany. Sterling, Ct, Windham co. This town was taken from Voluntown in 1794. The soil is a light gravelly and sandy loam, and produces gos4 grain. Sterling is watered by two branches •of lloosup River, a good mill stream. " Near The centre of this town, there is a cavern, called the Devil's Den. possessing very singular and curieas features.*" 44 miles E. by S. from Hart ford. Sterling, Ms, Worcester co. This was for many years the second parish of Lancaster, and* was frst settled in 1720. Its Indian name was CSnober. At its incorporation, in 1781, it was named in honor of Lord Sterling, of Xew Jersey, an American general. The surface is hilly and uneven, but there is very little broken or waste land in it The soil is fertile" The land is nat urally moist, and by the help of the rivulets tbe water may be turned orer the sides of most of slhe lulls. There is but one river in the town, . "4 called Still River, from the placid motion of its waters. In the central part of the town there is an uncommonly beautiful little village. 12 miles X. from Worcester by railroad, and 40 W. by X. from Boston. " Sterling, X. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Little Sodus Creek, flowing into a bay of the same name, which, with Lake Ontario, bounds it on the N. Surface level and undulating ; soil chiefly sandy loam. 25 miles X. from Auburn, and 172 X. W. from Albany. Stei-Ung, Vt, Lamoille co. Sterling Peak, in the S. part of this town, ranks among the most elevated summits of the Green Mountain Range. Some streams issue from this mountain town. It was first settled in 1799. 5 miles S. W. from Hydepark, and 32 X. W. from Montpelier. Steuben, Me.. Washington co. A maritime township. 107 miles E. from Augusta. Steuben County, X. Y, c. h. at Bath. Formed from Ontario co. in 1796. It is bounded X. by Livingston, Ontario, and Yates counties, E. by Seneca Lake and Chemung co., S. by Pennsyl vania, and W. by Alleghany co. Watered by the Conhocton and Canisteo Rivers, which unite in the E. part to form the Chemung, and by Seneca and Crooked Lakes. Surface diversified with hills and valleys ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grazing. It contains some beds of iron ore, and several mineral springs. Seneca and Crooked Lakes communicate by canals with the Erie Canal, and the county is crossed by the Corning and Blossburg. and the Xew York and Erie Railroads. Steuben, X. Y., Oneida co. Cincinnati Creek and some branches of the Mohawk River water this town. Surface hilly; soil moist clay loam, well suited to grass. 16 miles X. from the city of Utica, and 103 X. W. from Albany. Steubenville, O., c h. Jefferson co. On the W. bank of Ohio River. 141 miles E. X. E. from Columbus. It is regularly laid out, and con tains, besides the county bnildings, six or seven churches, an elegant town hall and market, sev eral cotton and woollen factories, flouring mills, iron and brass founderies, and other large estab lishments. Stewart County, Ga, c. k. at Lumkin. On the western border. The Chattahoochee separates it from Alabama. Stewart County, Te, c h. at Dover. Kentucky is on the X. E, Montgomery co. E, Dickson S. E- Humphreys S, and Tennessee River, or Henry co, W. This county is crossed by Cumberland River from S. E. to N. W, and is washed on one side by the Tennessee. Stewartstown, X. H, Coos co. The Connecti cut River is about 15 rods in width at this place. The other waters are Bishop's Brook. Dead Water, and Mohawk Rivers, and Hall's Stream. Little and Great Diamond Ponds are here ; they are well stocked with salmon trout There are no large mountains, although there are many elevations. The soil of the intervale is rich, and the uplands productive. The first settlements were made under grants from Colonel David Webster, soon after the close of tbe revolutionary war. 150 miles X. from Concord, and about 40 X. E. from Lancaster. Stillwater, Me, Penobscot eo. A very flour ishing village on the Lower Falls of Penobscot River, in the town of Orono. An immense amount of lumber is sawed at this place, and 586 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. rafted down to the Bangor market See Orono. Stillwater, Ma. Situated on the W. side of St. Croix River, at its entrance into -the head of Lake St. Croix, about 25 miles N. E. from St. Paul, the present capital of the territory, and about 20 miles E. by N. from the Falls of St. Anthohy. Those distances are by the land route direct The trip by water, down the lake and up the Mississippi, to these places, is considerably longer, especially to the falls, but is the one usually chosen, for tho accommodations afforded by the steamboats, which run regularly on this route. Stillwater is a large and flourishing town, ad vantageously situated for trade. It has many fine buildings, cottages, churches, stores, &c. Travellers meet with fine accommodations at the hotels in this place, and find ""themselves in the midst of natural scenery the most beautiful. Stillwater, N. Y, Saratoga co. Watered by Anthony's Kill and other small branches of the Hudson River, which bounds it on the E. Sur face level and undulating ; soil sandy and clay loam. In the N. part of this town is situated the battle ground where General Burgoyne was de feated by General Gates, the American com mander, in 1777. Here also are Freeman's Farm and Bemus's Heights, both famous battle grounds, and the meadow where the British Gen eral Frazer was mortally wounded. 10 miles E. from Ballston Spa, and 20 N. N. E. from Albany. Stockbridge, Ms.. Berkshire co. The surface is exceedingly varied, from tall and majestic moun tains to deep and lovely valleys. The soil in the valleys is rich, and produces great crops of grain and hay, and the higher grounds afford the sweet est pasturage. Its water power is large and very extensive. Stockbridge Mountain lies at the W, and Monument Mountain at the S. part of the town, and in the S. E. corner the Beartown Mountains rise. On the height of the N. W. spur of these mountains is a very narrow and deep ravine, perhaps a quarter of a mile long, where the rocks of every size and form are thrown to gether in the wildest confusion. This is called the " Ice Hole," from the fact that ice remains in this chasm through the year. On the E. side of the town, and wholly within its limits, is Rattle snake Mountain, about 2 miles in length. The Housatonic passes through the town ; its wind ings are many, and extensive meadows lie on its borders. This receives Konkapot Brook from the S, and Barnum's, Great Pond, and Mohawk Brooks from the N. There are a number of large and beautiful ponds in the town, which serve to swell the Housatonic. Near the centre of the town is a delightful village, situated on an elevated plain, between the river and a mountain. 7 miles S. E. from the depot of the Western Rail road at West Stockbridge, from which it is 11 miles to Pittsfield, and 162 to Boston. Stockbridge, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by Oneida Creek. A somewhat hilly town, with a fertile soil. 5 miles N. E. from Morrisville, and 97 N. of W. from Albany. Stockbridge, Vt, Windsor co. White River runs through the northerly part of this town, and in its passage receives the Sweed River from the W. The mill privileges at the Great Narrows in White River aro the best. Tho whole river is here compressed into a channel but a few feet in width. Steatite is found here. The settlement was commenced in 1784 and 1785. From Mont pelier 36 miles S. by W, and 26 N. W. from Windsor. Stockholm, N. Y, St. Lawrence co. The St. Regis River and its branches water this town. Surface hilly and rather stony ; soil fertile mould, based upon limestone. 1 8 miles N. E. from Can ton, and 227 N. N. W. from Albany. Stockport, N. Y, Columbia co. Watered by Kinderhook Creek, a branch of the Hudson Riv er, which bounds it on the W. 5 miles N. from Hudson, and 25 S. from Albany. Stockport, Pa., Wayne co. A village on the right bank of Delaware River. 180 miles N. from Philadelphia, and 40 E. from Montrose. Stockton, Ca., c. h. San Joaquim co. The third city in California, ranking next to San Francisco and Sacramento. It is situated on the E. bank of the San Joaquim River, somewhat more than 100 miles by water from San Francisco, from which it lies due E. There is good navigation to this place, at all times, for steamers and ves sels of 400 tons' burden. Stockton lies a little S. of the Calaveros River, a tributary of the San Joaquim, on an inlet, or, as it is called, a slough, which, at a little distance from the San Joaquim, divides into 3 branches. The city occupies the peninsula between the two northern branches, ex tending also S. to the third branch. It was laid out in 1849, by Mr. Weaver, who had emigrated to California 7 years before, and had obtained from the government a grant of 11 square leagues, about 50,000 acres, on condition of ob taining settlers within a specified time. In April, 1849, the site of the city was occupied by a soli tary rancho in the midst of the marshes. The sale of the lots produced $500,000, and by Sep tember, 1849, Stockton was a canvas city of 1000 inhabitants, with a fleet of merchant vessels lying before it. Since that period the population has greatly increased, and many substantial build ings have been erected. Its position is such as to make it the capital of the southern mining dis trict, as Sacramento is of the northern. The southern mines are situated among the hills and mountains forming the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, commencing some 20 miles E. of Stockton, and extending tbence E. to the banks of the rivers. The following account by Bayard Taylor of a journey, in the autumn of 1849, to the Mokelumne Diggings, N. E. from Stockton, will serve to give1 an idea ot the mines. " The sun was shining hotly, the tent streets of Stockton glowing like a brick kiln. The thermometer stood at 98°, and the parched sandy soil burned through our very boot soles. We therefore resolved to wait tilt evening before starting. We started at four o'clock, when a pleasant breeze had sprung up, and rode over the level plain through beautiful groves of oak. The trail was crossed by deep dry arroyos, or watercourses, which in the rainy season make the country almost impassable;. Now, however, the very beds of the Tide marshes were beginning to dry up. The bed of the Ca- varas River, which in tho spring is 30 feet deep,. was perfectly dry, and the trees above its banks made a roof which shut out the wind! and sand, but let in the sunlight. " We encamped in tho very bee! of the river,. and heaping the loose ground for pillows enjoyed. a delightful sleep. Leaving soon, after sunrise,. IN THE UNITED STATES. 587 we entered the hills. The country was dotted with picturesque clumps of oak, and as the ground became higher and more broken, with pines of splendid growth. Now, however, the ground was parched like a furnace, the vegetation snapped like glass under the hoofs of our mules, and the cracks and seanvs in the arid soil seemed to give out an intense heat. In the glens, where the little air stirring was cut off, the mercury rose to 110°. Crossing several steep spurs, we reached the top of the dividing ridge overlooking the Mokelumne valley, and here one of the most charming mountain landscapes in the world opened to our view. Under our very feet, as it seemed, flowed the river, and a little corner of level bottom wedged between the bases of the hills was clothed with the tents of the gold hunt ers, whom we could see burrowing along the water. Tho mountains, range behind range, spotted with timber, made a grand indistinct background in the murky air. Coming down the almost perpendicular side of the hill, near the bottom, we came upon the Sonorian town, as it was called, from the number of Mexican miners encamped there. Our first move was for the river bottom, where a number of Americans, So- norians, Kanakas, and French were" at work in the hot sun. The bar, as it was called, was noth ing more nor less than a level space at the junc tion of the river with a dry arroyo or gulch, which winds for about eight miles among the hills. It was hard and rocky, with no loose sand, except such as had lodged between the large masses of stone, which must, of course, be thrown aside to get at the gold. The whole space, con taining about four acres, appeared to have been turned over with great labor, and all the holes, slanting down between the broken strata of slate, to have been explored to the bottom. The first party we saw had just succeeded in cutting a new channel for the shrunken waters of the Moke lumne, and were commencing operations on about twenty yards of the river bed, which they had laid bare. They were ten in number, and their only implements were shovels, a rude cradle for the top layer of earth, and flat wooden bowls for washing out the sand. When I first saw the men carrying heavy stones in the sun, standing nearly waist deep in water, and grubbing with tlieir hands in the gravel and clay, there seemed to me little virtue in resisting the temptation to gold digging ; but when the shining particles were poured out lavishly from a tin basin, I confess there was a sudden itching in my fingers to seize the heaviest crowbar and the biggest shovel. " A company of thirty, somewhat farther down the river, had made a much larger dam, after a month's labor, and a hundred yards of the bed were clear. " I slept soundly that night, and went down early to the river, where I found the party of ten bailing out the water which had leaked into the river bed during the night. They were standing in the run, and had two hours of hard work be fore they could begin to wash. Again the pros pect looked uninviting ; but when I went to them again towards noon, one of them was scraping up the sand from the bed with his knife, and throw ing it into a basin, the bottom of which glittered with gold. Every knifeful brought out a quanti ty of grains and scales, some of which were as large as the finger nail. At last, a two-ounce lump fell plump into, the pan, and the diggers, now in tho best possible humor, went on with their work with great alacrity. It is only by such operations as these, through associated labor, that great profits are to be made in those districts which have been visited by the first eager horde of gold hunters. The deposits most eagerly reached are soon exhausted by the crowd, and the labor required to carry on further work successfully deters single individuals from attempting it Those who, retaining their health, return home disappointed, say they have been humbugged about the gold, when, in fact, they have hum bugged themselves about the work. If any one expects to dig treasures out of the earth in Cali fornia without severe labor, he is wofnlly mis taken. Of all classes of men, those who pave streets and quarry limestone are best adapted for gold diggers." Stockton, N. Y., Chautauque co. Bear Creek and some other small streams water this town. Surface undulating ; soil well adapted to grass on the uplands, and in the valleys to the growth of grain. 7 miles E. from Maysville, and 323 S. of W. from Albany. Stoddard County, Mo., c. h. at Bloomfield, in the S. E. corner, between the St. Francis and White Water, contains large lakes, and is largely subject to overflow. Stoddard, N. H., Cheshire co., is situated on the height of land between Merrimac and Connecti cut Rivers. It is mountainous, and very rocky. The soil is better adapted to grazing than tillage. The S. branch of Ashuelot River, and several other streams, water this town. There are 14 ponds here, some of which are of considerable magni tude. The first family was that of John Taggard, whose privations and hardships were very great. Their grain was procured at Peterboro', at the distance of 20 miles, which was conveyed by him on his back through the pathless wilderness. At one time, they had nothing for six days on which to subsist but the flesh of the horse. This town was formerly called Limerick. It was incorporated in 1774, when it received the name of Stoddard, from Colonel Samson Stoddard, of Chelmsford, to whom, with several others, it was granted. First settlers, John Taggard, Reuben Walton, Alex ander Scott, James Mitchell, and others, in 1769. 14 miles N. N. E. from Keene, and 45 W. S. W. from Concord. Stokes County, N. C, Germantown and Salem shire towns. This county is bounded N. by Rock ingham and Guilford counties and Virginia, E- by Car, S. by Rowan, and W. by Surry. The sources, of Dan and Yadkin Rivers drain the county. Stoneham, Me., Oxford co. Stoneham was in corporated in 1834. It lies westerly of Albany, and comprises the grant to Fryeburg Academy. Stoneham, Ms, Middlesex co, comprised the NL part of Charlestown until its incorporation, in 1725. There is some good land in Stoneham, and! the soil is generally of a gravelly loam, but it is too rough and stony for easy cultivation. Spot Pond, a beautiful sheet of water, covering an area of 233 acres, lies in this town. It is 143 feet above sea level. 9 miles N. from Boston, and' 2> E. from the Boston and Lowell Railroad, at Wo burn. Stonington, Ct, New London co. This townis situated at the eastern extremity of Long Island Sound, at the S. E. corner of the state, and on the line of Rhode Island. The la.nd is rocky and ua- 588 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. even, but fertile and productive. A considerable amount of agricultural products is annually sent from this town to Nantucket and other places. It is watered by the Mystic and Paucatuck. The harbor of Stonington sets up from the Sound, opposite Fisher's Island, and is well pro tected by an expensive breakwater. This place is noted for the commercial enter prise of its people. Large capitals are employed in the whale, seal, and cod fisheries. This place is accommodated with a marine railway, and a lighthouse at the entrance of the harbor. Stonington borough is. located on a narrow point of land, extending into the Sound about half a mile. It was incorporated in 1801. It is handsomely laid out, and is well built. 47 miles by railroad from Providence, and 112 from New York by water. Stony Brook. N. Y, Suffolk co. On the N. side of Long Island, 197 miles S. S. E. from Albany. It has a* good harbor, and ship building is car ried on. Stony County, Io. Central. Between the Iowa and Des Moines. Stoughton, Ms, Norfolk co. This town was originally a part of Dorchester, and was named in honor of William Stoughton, lieutenant gov ernor of the province of Massachusetts Bay from 1692 to 1702. Some of the head waters of Ne ponset and Taunton Rivers rise in this town. The highest land in the town is a hill called the Pinnacle. A large village of shoe manufacturers has, within a few years, " sprung up as if by en chantment." From this village is a railroad to the Canton depot of the Boston and Providence Railroad, distance 4 miles. This town lies 18 miles S. from Boston, and 10 S. E. from Dedham. The ancient records of this town are very inter esting. Stow, Ms, Middlesex co. This is an ancient town, and was first settled about the year 1680. The Indians had two names for it, from two hills, Pompascitticutt and S/iabbukin. Tbe surface is va ried, and the soil in many parts light and sandy ; but it contains much good land for cultivation. The Assabet River passes through the town, and affords a good water power. 3 miles from the Fitchburg Railroad at Acton, which is 25 miles from Boston. Stowe, Vt, Lamoille co. Waterbury River and its branches give this town a good water power. Stowe is situated between the Mansfield and Hog's Back Mountains, and contains a large tract of level, fertile land. Stowe is a flourishing town, and contains 4 neat and.pleasant mountain valley villages. - All that tract of land formerly called Mansfield was annexed to this town in 1848. The settlement was commenced about the year 1793. From Hydepark 10 miles S., and 37 N. from Montpelier. Strabane, Pa, Washington co. A township on the head waters of Chartier Creek. 5 miles E. from Washington. Strafford County, N. H, c. h. at Dover. Bounded N. by Belknap co, E. by the state of Maine, S. and S. W. by Rockingham and Merri mac counties. The larger rivers are the Piscata qua, Salmon Falls, and Cocheco. Tho soil is gen erally good. The lands are generally hard of cultivation, but the patient laborer finds an ample reward for his industry. This county possesses 4 large hydraulic power. Although this county ?ias recently lost a, large share of its territory by the formation of the counties of Belknap and Carroll, it still retains, in consequence of its rapid increase in population and wealth, its former im portance and power. Strafford, N. H, Strafford co. Bow Pond is in the S. W. part of the town, and is about 650 rods long and 400 wide ; its waters form one of the principal branches of the' Isinglass River. Front Pond lies W. of the Blue Hills, and Wild Goose Pond between this town and Pittsfield. There is a great variety of scenery here. The range of Blue Hills crosses the N. W. part of the town. The soil is generally of a good quality. Straf ford was formerly a part of Barrington. 1 5 miles N. W. from Dover, and 30 E. N. E. from Concord. Strafford, Vt, Orange co. Strafford contains two pleasant villages. The surface is uneven, but the soil generally good. It is watered by a prin cipal branch of Ompompanoosuc River, which affords several good mill privileges. In the north-easterly part is Podunk Pond, covering about 100 acres. In the S. E. corner of Straf ford is an extensive bed of the sulphuret of iron, from which immense quantities of copperas are made. The settlement of this town was com menced just before the revolutionary war. 30 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, and USE. from Chelsea. > Stratford, Ct, Fairfield co. Its Indian name was Cupheag. The township is mostly level and free from stone, and there is a very rich alluvial tract of meadows on the river and harbor. The principal street in the town is 1 mile in length, running N. and S, parallel to the Housatonic ; it is level, pleasant, and ornamented with shade trees. Tbis place lies at the mouth of Housatonic River, and has considerable inland and coasting trade. Stratford Point, jutting out into the Sound, is very pleasant, and a noted landing- place for passengers. 13 miles S. W. from New Haven by railroad. Stratford, N. H, Coos co. This town lies on the E. bank of Connecticut River. The soil, ex cept along the river, is rocky, gravelly, and cold. The Peaks, two mountains of a conical form, sit uated in the S. E. part of the town, .are seen at a great distance. Bog Brook, Nash's Stream, and several smaller streams, furnish this town with water. There is a pond in the S. E. part of the town. First settlers, Isaac Johnston, James Curtis, James Brown, Josiah Lampkin, and A. Blodgett 18 miles N. from Lancaster, and 137 N. from Concord. Stratford, N. Y, Fulton co. Watered by East Canada Creek and its branches. A hilly and mountainous town, with a rather sterile soil. 15 miles N. W. from Johnstown, and 60 from Albany. Stratham, N. H, Rockingham co, is about 8 miles from the soa. The land is even, and well calculated for agricultural purposes. Farming is so exclusively the employment of the people, that, although a navigable river adjoins it, there is little attention given to any other pursuit. In the E. part of the town, in a swamp, is perhaps the largest deposit of peat in the state. This town was a part of Hilton's Purchase. 43 miles S. E. by E. from Concord, and 3 E. N. E. from Exeter. Stratton, Vt, Windham co. This is a moun tainous town. Branches of Deerfield and Win hall Rivers rise here from two ponds. The soil is cold and generally unprofitable. Stratton was, settled principally by emigrants from Massachu- IN THE UNITED STATES. 589 setts. 18 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 22 N. W. from Brattleboro'. Strdwntoun, Pa, Bucks co. On Tohicon Creek, about 40 miles W. of N. from Philadelphia. Strong, Me, Franklin co. A good township. On both sides of Sandy River. 45 miles N. W. from Augusta. Stroudsburg, Pa, c. h. Monroe co. On the N. bank of Smithfield Creek. 3 miles N. W. from the Delaware Water Gap, and 124 N. E. by E. from Harrisburg. Sturbridge, Ms., Worcester co. This town was formerly called Tantuesque by the Indians, and New Medfield by the English. It is a pleasant town, and well watered by Quinebaug River. The surface is uneven and hilly, and the soil hard to subdue. There are some good fish ponds in the town, which serve to swell the Quinebaug. 18 miles S. W. from Worcester, and 60 W. S. W. ' from Boston. Stuyvesant, N. Y, Columbia co. On the E. bank of the Hudson River. A hilly town with a prod uctive soil. 12 miles N. from Hudson, and 1 8 S. from Albany. Success, N. H., Coos co. There are several con siderable mountains in this town, and 2 or 3 ponds. Narmarcungawack and Live Rivers rise here, and pass westerly into the Androscoggin. This town is exceedingly rough and hard to cul tivate. First granted, in 1773, to Benjamin Mac- kay and others. 143 miles N. by E. from Concord, and about 30 E. from Lancaster. Sudbury, Ms, Middlesex co. This ancient town is situated on the W. side of a river of the same name. It is watered by a branch of Sudbury River, and has some water power. The surface is pleasant, and rather romantic. Along the borders of the river are large tracts of meadow land, some of wbich is very valuable. Sudbury was first settled in 1638. 19 miles W. from Boston, and 6 S. S. W. from Concord. Sudbury, Vt, Rutland co. Otter Creek touches upon the eastern border of this town. The other streams are small. Hubbardton Pond extends into the S. part, and there are in town several smaller ponds, of which Hinkum Pond is the most considerable. The surface is uneven, and a high ridge of land extends through the town. The soil is generally a rich loam ; the timber principally pine, beech, and maple. There is a small village in the easterly part of the town. This town was chartered in 1761 ; the early set tlers were generally from Connecticut. 43 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 17 N. W. . from Rutland. Suffield, Ct, Hartford co. Suffield lies on the W. Bide of Connecticut River, and is bounded N. by Massachusetts, to which state it was attached until 1752. This territory was purchased about the year 1670,of two Indian chiefs, for $100. The surface on the banks of the river is elevated, and although the town is without much alluvial meadow, the soil being of a strong, deep loam, is very fertile and productive. Suffield contains some of the best farms in the state. The principal village is pleasantly located on rising ground. It contains many handsome buildings ; it is the site of the Connecticut Literary Institution, and com mands delightful views of the river and circum jacent country. 16 miles N. from Hartford. Suffolk County, Ms, c. b. at Boston. It includes the city of Boston and the towns of Chelsea, North Chelsea, and Winthrop. Suffolk County, N. Y, c. h. at Riverhead. Incorporated in 1683. It is bounded N. by Long Island Sound, E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by Queens co. Surface somewhat broken and hilly on the N, but elsewhere level; soil easily tilled and productive. Watered by Peconic River and several small streams. There are sev eral islands attached to this "county, the princi pal of which are Gardiner's, Shelter, and Fisher's Islands. Suffolk, N. Y, c. h. Suffolk co. 226 miles S. S.' E. from Albany. Suffolk, Va, c. h. Nansemond co. On the E. side of Nansemond River. 28 miles N. W. by W. from Norfolk, and 85 S. E. from Richmond. Sullivan County, la, c. h. at Sullivan. Various creeks of the Wabash drain this county. It is bounded by Vigo N, Martin E, Davies and Knox S, and the Wabash River W. Sullivan, Me, Hancock co. At the head of Frenchman's Bay. 93 miles E. from Augusta. Sullivan County, Mo, N. part. Watered by trib utaries of the Grand River, which run through it from N. to S. Sullivan County, N. H, c. h. at Newport. This county is bounded N. by Grafton co, E. by Mer rimac and a part of Hillsboro' counties, S, by Cheshire co, and W. by Connecticut River, or the state of Vermont. It was taken from Cheshire co. in 1827. The surface is elevated, but not mountainous. Croydon Mountain is the highest. Along the streams, particularly on Connecticut River, the soil is rich and exceedingly productive. The uplands produce good grain, and afford ex cellent pasturage. There is a great variety of de lightful scenery in this county. Besides the Con necticut, which waters its whole western frontier, the Ashuelot, Cold, Sugar, Little Sugar Rivers, and other streams, furnish the county with an abundant water power, and Sunapee Lake and numerous ponds give beauty to its otherwise varied and picturesque scenery. Sullivan County, N. Y, c. h. at Thompson. Formed from Ulster co. in 1809. It is bounded N. by Delaware and Ulster, E. by Ulster and Orange, S. and S. W.by Orange co. and the Del- awai^ River, which separates it from Pennsylva nia. Watered by several small lakes, and by Delaware, Neversink, and Mongoup Rivers. Sur face hilly and mountainous, the Shawangunk Mountain lying on the E. border; soil fertile in the valleys, and mostly good for grazing on the uplands. Lead ore is the principal mineral. The Delaware and Hudson Canal and the New York and Erie Railroad both cross this county. Sullivan, N. Y, Madison co. Watered by Caneseraga and Chittenango Creeks, flowing into Oneida Lake, which bounds it on the N. Surface level and undulating \ soil of excellent quality, consisting of rich alluvion on the N. 18 miles N. W. from Morrisville, and 129 from Albany. Sullivan County, Pa, c. h. at La Port. N. cen tral part. Hilly. Drained by northern tributa ries of the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Sullivan County, Te, c. h. at Blountville. Scott and Washington counties, Va, are on the N, Ashe co, N. C, E, Carter co, in Te, S. E, Wash ington S, and Hawkins W. Part of tbe surface is mountainous, the rest hilly. From E. to W, through the whole length of the county, flows Holston .River, and in its course receives the Wantauga from the S. E. Summer Hill, N. Y, Cayuga co. Watered by 590 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. the head branches of Fall Creek. A hilly town, with a pretty good soil. 24 miles S. E. from Auburn, and 147 W. from Albany. Summit, N. Y, Schoharie co. Watered by branches of Schoharie Creek, and by Charlotte River. This is an elevated and hilly town, with a soil well suited to grass. 16 miles S. W. from Schoharie, and 52 S. of W. from Albany. Summit 'County, 0, c. h. at Akron. .In the N. E. angle of the state. Drained by head streams of the Tuscarawas, and by the Cuyahoga and Little Cuyahoga, which afford much water power. Crossed from N. to S. by the Ohio Canal, with which the Ohio and Pennsylvania Canal unites in this county. Sumner, Me, Oxford co. On a branch of the Androscoggin. 44 miles W. from Augusta. Sumner County, Te, c. h. at Gallatin. This county is bounded by Kentucky N, Stnith E, Cumberland River or Wilson S, Davison S. W, and Robertson N. W. Cumberland River washes it on the S, and it is drained by. various creeks of that stream. Sumpter County, Aa, c. h. at Livingston. W. part. Between the Tombigbee, by whose affluents it is watered, and the Mississippi line. Sumpter County, Ga, c. h. at Americus. S. W- part. Drained by confluents of the Flint River, which washes it on the E. from the Mississippi to the Pearl. Sumpter District, S. C, c. h. at Sumpterville. This district has Santee River or Charleston dis trict on the S, Santee River or Orangeburg S. W, Wateree River or Richland W.. Kershaw N. W, Lynch's Creek River or Darlington N. E, and Williamsburg N. The surface is level, and the soil generally sandy. A branch of Black River, called Great Pedee, drains the centre of this district. The canal connecting Santee River with Charleston Harbor leaves the Santee nearly opposite to the S. E. angle of Sumpter. Sumpterville, S. C„ c. h. Sumpter district. On the dividing ground between the two main branch es of Black River, about 100 miles a little W. of N. from Charleston. Sunbury, Ga, Liberty co. A town and port of entry on the S. side of Newport River. ^Cath erine Island, which lies off the entrance of the harbor, forms and defends it from the weather. An academy was erected here in 1788. 45 miles S. by W. from Savannah. Sunbury, Pa. Seat of justice of Northumber land co. 58 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. It is beautifully situated on a broad plain on the E. side of the Susquehanna, just below the con fluence of its N. and W. branches at Northum berland.* The navigation of the Pennsylvania Canal is carried across the river by a basin in front of the town, nearly a mile in width, created by the Shamokin dam, 2783 feet long, a short distance below. A railroad is in operation for 19 miles, from Sunbury to the Shamokin coal mines, which was originally projected to extend to Pottsville. An enterprise is on foot for the development of a great water power, by the con struction of a short canal from the Susquehan na basin, in the rear of the town, to empty into the Shamokin Creek, below the level of thegreat dam. With this improvement, and the abundant supplies of coal, iron, and limestone in the imme diate vicinity, Sunbury must become an active manufacturing place. A bridge about a milo Above the town, across the N. branch of the Susquehanna, connects it with Northumber land. Sunderland, Ms, Franklin co. This town lies on the E. side of Connecticut River. It was taken from Hadley in 1718. The central village of Sunderland is pleasantly situated on a fine inter vale of land, on the E. bank of Connecticut River. North village is 3 miles from the centre, and Plum Tree village 3 miles S. At the central village there is a bridge over the Connecticut. Mount Toby lies partly in Sunderland and partly in Leverett. See Mountains and Caves. 9,0 miles W. from Boston, and 9 S. by E. from Greenfield. Sunderland, Vt, Bennington co. The Batten kill River passes through the town, and on it are some fine alluvial flats. Roaring Branch origi nates in several large ponds in the eastern part of the town, and running westerly, unites with the Battenkill in Arlington. The soil consists of alluvion, loam, and marl. Near the foot of the Green Mountains, the sulphuret of iron is found in considerable quantities. On the side of the mountain a vein of lead ore has been discov ered in granular limestone. The settlement was commenced in 1766, by emigrants from Connec ticut. 87 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 15 N. by E. from Bennington. Sunflower County, Mi, c. h. at McNutt. New. Sunkhaze, Me, Penobscot co. Sunkhaze Stream meets the Penobscot, from the E, about 15 miles above Old Town village, in Orono. The planta tion of Sunkhaze lies on this stream, 82 miles N. E. from Augusta. Sm-ry, N. H, Cheshire co, is watered by Ashu elot River, on which there is a tract of valuable meadow land, extending almost the whole length of the town. On the E. side of Ashuelot River is a steep and high mountain, on the summit of which is a pond of about 3 acres in extent, and about 25 feet depth of water. Surry was originally a part of Gilsum and Westmoreland, and derived its name from Surry in England. First settler, Peter Hayward, in 1764. 52 miles S. W. from Concord, and 6 N. W. from Keene. Surry County, N. C, Rockford and HuntsviUj shire towns. Surry co. is bounded N. by Vir ginia, E. by Stokes co, N. C, S. by Row an and Iredell, and W. by Wilkes and Ashe. The surface is hilly, and in part mountainous, and the county is drained by the extreme northern sources of the Yadkin. Surry County, Va, c. h. at Surry. This county has James River on the N. and N. E„ Isle of Wight S. E, Sussex S. W. and W, and Prince George N. W. In Surry rise the N. E. sources of Black River, a branch of Nottaway. Susquehanna County, Pa, c. h. at Montrose. Broome co, N. Y, is on the N, Wayne co. Pa, E, Luzerne S, and Bradford W. The soil generally is of a middling quality, and the surface hilly. The local features of this county are very peculiar. The Susquehanna en ters and again retires from its northern border, and thence, after an immense sweep through Broome and Tioga counties, N. Y, and Brad ford co. Pa, it again reaches, in the N. W. angle of Luzerne, within less than 5 miles from the S. W. angle of Susquehanna. From this singular position, the creeks of the latter county flow from its centre like radii of a circle, and yet nearly all enter Susquehanna River. Sussex County, De, Georgetown and Lewis- town shire towns. Delaware Bay is an, the IN THE UNITED STATES. 591 N. E, Atlantic Ocean E., Worcester co., Md., S, Somerset co, Md, S. W, Dorchester and Caroline counties, Md, and Kent co, De, N. Part of the surface is marshy, but it is generally level. The soil is mostly of a middling qual ity, though some parts are sandy. The wa ters flow from tbe centre of the county in opposite directions. Nanticoke drains its west ern side. Pocomoke has its source near its south ern limits ; Indian River, interlocking sources with both the preceding, flows into the Atlantic Ocean, and Cold Spring, Broadkill, Prunehook, Slaughter, Cedar, and Mispillan Creeks enter the Bay of Delaware. Sussex County, N. J, is bounded N. E. by Orange co, N. Y, N. W. by Delaware River, opposite Pike co. Pa, S. E. by Passaic and Morris, N. J, and S. W. by Warren. Most of the land is hilly, and some mountainous, though in the N. E. section the flat and\ marshy bot toms of the Wallkill cover a considerable space. The climate of Sussex differs from that of the adjacent counties, on account of its superior elevation. The extreme western sources of the Passaic are in this county. From it also flow S. W, towards the Delaware, the Muscone- cung, Pequest, Flatkill, and Pauling's Creeks, and those of tho Wallkill N. W. towards the Hudson. This county has a great variety of soil, from the most fertile alluvion to very barren mountain. The valleys of the creeks, particularly those flowing towards the Delaware, afford very fine meadow, orchard, and grain lands. Sussex County, Va, c. h. at Hunting. This county has Surry on the N. E, Dinwiddie and Prince George N. W, Greenville S. W, and Southampton S. E. The Nottaway River and its confluents drain more than four fifths of the surface. The N. E. section is also watered by Black Water River. Sussex, Va, c. h. Sussex co. Sutter County, Ca. On the E. side of Sacra mento, and on both sides of Feather River. Sutton, Ms, Worcester co, was purchased of the Indians about the year 1704. This is a pleas ant town, watered by the Blackstone River, and the Blackstone Canal passes on the northern bor der. The township is generally hilly, though of good soil. There are a number of neat and handsome villages in the town, that near the cen tre, Wilkinsonville, at the N. part of the town, and Manchaug, at the S, are the principal. There are a number of beautiful ponds in Sutton, and a great curiosity called " Purgatory Cavern." 8 miles S. bv E. from Worcester by railroad, and 43 W. S. W. from Boston. Sutton, N. H, Merrimac co. Three branches of Warner River, and a large branch of Black Water River, supply this town with vrater. On the margin of the last stream is .some rich msadow arid intervale land. There are several ponds here : the most important are Long and Kesar's; the last is 190 rods square. Kearsarge Mountain extends more than half the length of Sutton, on the E. side. King's Hill is situated on the W. part of Sutton. On the most elevated part of this hill there is one of the most extensive landscape views in the country. Sntton was called Perry's-town from Obadiah Perry, one of its principal proprietors. On the W. bank of Kesar's Pond were' found Indian hearths of stone laid with skill and ingenuity, also several Indian implements. This town has almost every variety of soil, and although the surface is uneven, it produces all the grains and grasses common to the country. 23 miles W. N. W. from Con cord Sutton, Vt, Caledonia co. Sutton is watered by two considerable branches, which unite near the S. line of Burke, and join the Passumpsic River in Lyndon. There are several ponds, of which Fish Pond is the largest. It covers about 200 acres. The surface of Sutton is gener ally even, and considerable tracts of it are so low and wet as to be incapable of cultivation. There are several bogs of marl in this town. The set tlement of Sutton was commenced about the year 1791, hy a Mr. Hackett, who was soon after joined by other families from Rhode Island and Con necticut. 21 miles N. from Danville, and 51 N. E.from Montpelier. Swoinsboro', Ga, c. h. Emanuel co. Near Can- nouchce River. 98 miles N. W. from Savannah, and 96 S. E. by E. from Milledgeville. Swampscot, Ms, Essex co. A new town. A fishing village taken from the N.E. part of Lynn. Swan Quarter, N. C, c. h. Hyde co. 203 miles E. by S. from Raleigh. Swansea, Ms, Bristol co. The Indian name of this place was Pockanocket. Between Lee's and Cole's Rivers lies Mattapoiset Neck, at the head of which is Swansea village, a place of consider able trade and navigation. This town is favored with good navigable waters, and an hydraulic power. This town will be memorable on account of its being the place where the first English blood was shed in King Philip's war. 1 mile N. W. from Fall River, and 48 miles S. from Boston. Swanton, Vt, Franklin co. This township is sit uated on the E.side of Lake Champlain. Missis co River passes through Swanton, and fertilizes a considerable portion of its territory. This river is navigable for lake vessels to Swanton Falls, 6 miles from its mouth. These falls descend 20 feet, and. with other smaller streams, give to Swan ton a water power of great value. Bog iron ore, and an abundance of beautiful marble, are found in this town. The surface and soil are favorable to agricultural pursuits, with the exception of a part bordering the lake. The village of Swanton is pleasantly located, and rnay boast of the purity of its air and water. The first permanent settlers here were John Hiliker and family, about the year 1787. 50 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 30 N. from Burlington by railroad. Swanville, Me, Waldo co. This town lies 8 miles N. from Belfast, and 46 E. by N. from Au gusta. It was incorporated in 181 8. It is watered by Paasaggassawakeag Lake and River, and pos sesses a pleasant surface and fertile soil. • Swanzey, N. H, Cheshire co. The principal streams in this town are the Ashuelot and the South Branch Rivers. The surface is diversified with hills, valleys, and swells of upland. There is one pond in the S. W. part, the source of the South Branch. There is a mineral spring, the water of which is impregnated with sulphate of iron. 6 miles S. from Keene, and 60 S. W.from Concord. Sweet Springs, Va, Monroe co. The medicinal virtues of these waters attract yearly a large com pany of valetudinarians. The village is 43 miles S. W. from Bath court house, and 93 in the same course from Staunton. Sweden, Me, Oxford co. The waters from Ke- zer pond in Lovell, pass through this town, and 592 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. give it mill privileges. Sweden lies 9 miles N. E. from Fryeburg, 19 S. W. from Paris, and 62 W. S. W.from Augusta. Incorporated 1813. Sweden, N. Y, Monroe co. Drained by Salmon Creek. Surface undulating ; soil moist argilla ceous loam, yielding large crops of grass, grain, and fruit. 15 miles W. from Rochester, and 241 N. of W. from Albany. Switzerland County, la, c. h. at Vevay. This county has a productive soil and hilly surface. It is bounded by Dearborn N, Ripley N. W, Jef ferson W, and by the Ohio River E, S. E., and S. Sycamore, Is, c. h. De Kalb co. Sylvania, Ga.. c. h. Scriven co. Syracuse, N. Y, shire town of Onondaga co, is situated on the Erie Canal, at the point of its connection with the Oswego Canal, about one mile and a half S. of Onondaga Lake. A railroad from Oswego also here connects with the great chain of railroads between Buffalo and the Hud son River, thus giving to Syracuse the twofold advantage of railroads and canals on these most important thoroughfares of intercourse and trade. This flourishing city is one of the sudden and magnificent creations in our country of those arti ficial channels and facilities of business which have been so greatly multiplied and extended within the last 30 years. It was incorporated as a village in 1 830, when the population was 2566. In 1840 it had a population of 6500 ; and in 1850 of 22,271. It lies 147 miles W. from Albany by railroad, and 178 E. from Buffalo. It is 35 miles S. byE. from Oswego. This place, as well as others in the township of Salina, in which it is included, is celebrated for the manufacture of salt, made from the salt springs which abound in the vicinity. The water is brought in pipes to Syracuse from Salina, a mile and a half distant. The fine salt is made by boiling, and other modes of applying artificial heat, and the coarse by solar evaporation. An experiment has recently been made, by order of the secretary of war. for the' purpose of testing the relative merits of the Onondaga and the Turk's Island salt, in consequence of a prejudice heretofore existing against the salt of home man ufacture, which had made it a requisite in all con tracts of the government for the packing of pork and beef for public stores, expressly to stipulate that Turk's Island salt should be used. As the result of this experiment upon a lot of 800 barrels of pork, it is believed that the virtues of the do mestic article are in all respects equal to those of the foreign, while in some points the advan tage is clearly on the side of the former. The Onondaga salt as it is called, is decidedly the best in appearance, being of much the lightest color, and is 4 pounds heavier in the bushel. There are annually manufactured at Syracuse about 800,000 bushels of this coarse solar salt, and the amount can be increased to any extent. " The springs at Salina, from which these works are supplied, are pierced through the alluvial, and terminate on gravel. A difference of opinion prevails as to the source of the brine. Tho gen eral opinion is, that beds of rock salt exist here, as at other salt springs. Borings have been made at several points, and in one instance to tho depth of 250 feet, without finding fossil salt But tho very important fact was elicited that the strength of the brine increased with the depth of the well." The wells, or springs, ordinarily used, aro exca- Tatedonly to the depth of 18 or 20 feet. Four teen pounds of salt are manufactured from a cubic foot of the water of the strongest spring. The whole amount of revenue to the state from the salt made at the four localities of Salina, Geddes, Liverpool, and Syracuse, in 1850, was $44,364 03 ; which, at the impost of 6 cents per bushel, gives, for the quantity manufactured, 739,400 bushels. To those who remember the appearance of this spot, and the country around it, no longer ago than 1820, in which year the middle, and first constructed, section of the Erie Canal was opened for navigation, having penetrated a wild and dark wilderness at Rome only to emerge from it at this place, and when Syracuse con sisted of only a miserable tavern and a few scat tered and indifferent wooden houses, the change which the brief period of 30 years has made must appear more like enchantment than reality. In every thing but the name Syracuse is now a city. Its extent, the magnitude and durability of its warehouses, its splendid hotels, its lofty spires glittering in the sun. its extended and well- built streets, thronged with people full of life and activity, and its canal basins crowded with boats, lading and unlading at the lofty stone warehouses upon the wharves, all conspire to give to this place the aspect of one of our most busy and flourishing marts of commerce. Tacony. A landing place on the Delaware. 8 miles above Philadelphia. Passengers leave the cars at. this place and take the steamboat. Taghkanic, N. Y, Columbia co. Copake Creek waters this town. Surface hilly and mountain ous ; soil clay loam, very fertile in the valleys. 12 miles S. E. from Hudson, and 40 from Albany Talbot County. Ga, c. h. at Talbotton. Bound ed N. W. by Merriwether co, N. E. and E. by Flint River, separating it from Upson and Craw ford counties, S. by Macon, Marion, and Muscogee counties, and W. by Harris co. Drained by branches of Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers. Talbot County, Md, c. h. at Enston. Choptank and St Michael's Bays penetrate into this county, also Treadhaven River, to a distance of about 10 miles. The county occupies the peninsula be tween Tuckahoe River and Choptank, Ches apeake, and St. Michael's Bays. It is bounded N. by Queen Ann, E. by Tuckahoe River, or Caroline co, and S. E. by Choptank Bay, or Dorchester co. Talbotton, Ga, c. h. Talbot co. Talladega County, Aa, c. h. at Talladega. This county is bounded N. by Benton, E. by Ran dolph, S. by Tallapoosa and Coosa, and W. by Coosa River, separating it from Shelby and St. Clair. The land slopes westward towards the Coosa River. Talladega, Aa, c. h. Talladega co. # Tallahassee, Fa. City, capital of the state, and seat of justice of Leon co. 292 miles W. N. W. from St. Augustine. The situation of this place is on elevated ground, having a fine mill stream on its eastern border, with a fall of 15 or 16 feet, after which it disappears in a cleft of the lime stone strata. The adjacent country is rolling, but not hilly, and the soil good. The city is of recent origin, having been commenced in 1824, on this cpot being selected as the capital of the state. The legislature held its first session there the following winter. It was incorporated as a city in 1 825. It is regularly laid out, containing IN THE UNITED STATES. 593 a number of public squares, and has among its public buildings a state house, court house, jail, an academy, and churches of the Episcopal, Pres byterian, and Methodist denominations. It is connected by a railroad with Port Leon, 26 miles distant, on the Appalachee Bay, which may be regarded us the port of Tallahassee. Tallahatchee County, Mi, c. h. at Charleston. Bounded N. by Ponola co, E. by Yalabusha, S. by Carroll and Sunflower, and W. by Sunflower and Coahoma counties. Drained by Talla hatchee River and tributaries. Tallapoosa County, Aa, c. h. at Dadeville. Bounded N. by Talladega and Randolph coun ties, E. by Chambers, S. by Macon and Mont gomery, and W. by Coosa co. Drained by Tal lapoosa River and its tributaries. Taliaferro County, Ga, c. h. at Crawfordsville. Lying in the N. E. part of tho state, and having Oglethorpe co. ou the N, Wilkes on the E. and N. E, Hancock on the S. and S. E, and Greene on the W. It has a length of 17 miles, and a mean width of 8 miles, with an area of 136 square miles. It has a general declivity towards the S. E, and is drained in that direction by the higher sources of the Ogeechee and Little Rivers. Its staple productions are cotton, corn, and wheat. Tallulap, Mi, c. h. Issaquena co. Tama County, Io. S. E. central part of the state. On the Iowa River. Tamaqua, Pa, Schuylkill co. 79 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. On Tamaqua or Little Schuyl kill River. Connected by railroad with Port Carbon. Abundance of anthracite coal is found in this vicinity, and the coal trade is the principal source of wealth. Taney County, Mo, c. h. at Forsyth. Bounded N. by Green and Wright counties, E. by Ozark co, S. by Arkansas, and W. by Barry and Law rence counties. Drained by White River and its branches. Tappahannock, Va, c. h. Essex co. 50 miles N. E. by E. from Richmond. A port of entry on the Rappahannock. Tarboro', N. C, c. h. -Edgecombe co. On the W. bank of Tar River, at the head of steam boat navigation, and 76 miles E by N. from Ra leigh. Tatiffville, Ct, in the town of Simsbury, Hart ford co. On the W. side of Farmington River. 12 miles N. from Hartford. Here is a large man ufactory of ingrain carpeting. Tarl'ton, 0, Pickaway co. 46 miles S. from Columbus. On Salt Creek, a tributary of the Scioto. Tatnall County, Ga, c. h. at Perry's Mills, is bounded N.E. by Canouchee River or Bullock co, S. E. by Liberty and Wayne, N. W. by Emanuel, W. by Telfair and Montgomery, and S. by Ap pling." On the western boundary of this county the OcotiQfi arid Ockmulgee Rivers unite, and form the Alatamaha. The Alatamaha winds S. E. along the county, and receives Great Ohoopee from the N. Taunton, Ms, one of the shire towns of Bristol co. Situated on Taunton River, at its junction with Mill River. By the railroads, 35 miles S. from Boston, 20 N. by W. from New Bedford, and 3 1 E. by N. from Providence, R. I. Popula tion in 1790, 3804; 1800, 3860; 1810, 3907; 1820, 4520; 1830, 6042; 1840, 7645; 1850, 10,431. This town contains some excellent land, which 75 is under a high state of cultivation. But the at tention of the people has long been turned chiefly to manufacturing pursuits. The Taunton River, so much celebrated for the multitude of alewives taken from its waters, is no less important for.tbe great and widely-distributed water power it pro duces. It is also navigable for small vessels between this place and Fall River, about 17 miles S. W, where it empties into Mount Hope Bay. There is some navigation owned in Taun ton, which is employed in the coastwise trade and domestic fishery. The village contains a large number of hand some public and private buildings, located around and in the vicinity of a beautiful enclosure, called, from time immemorial, " Taunton Green." This public ground is handsomely ornamented with trees, which give a peculiar charm to the place. The court house, on one side of this green, is a tasteful edifice, with a portico of four Ionic columns. There aro nine or ten churches in the place, several of which have beautiful houses of worship. Many of the private mansions are finely situated, and give evidence of the taste and affluence of their occupants. The Mount Pleasant Cemetery, a shortdistance from the green, is laid out on the plan of Mount Auburn, near Boston, and is among the most pleasing of our rural cemeteries. The ladies of Taunton have erected here a chaste and beautiful monument to the memory of Miss Elizabeth Pool, the pious Puritan lady, of family and for tune, who conceived the bold design of planting a church among the Indians in this part of the wilderness, and for that purpose came, with others, from Taunton, in England, in 1639, and formed the settlement here. She died in 1654. There are in Taunton a large number of cotton mills, print works, paper mills, nail factories, forges, furnaces, &c. Here are also manufac tures of leather, boots, shoes, hats, chairs, straw bonnets, books, bricks, and other articles. Iron works were established here as early as 1 652, and nails, to a large amount, continue to be among the products of the manufactures. Britannia ware is made here, which, in the quality of the metal, and in the beauty of its polish, is said to be equal to any which is imported. Taunton is approached from all points, with great facility, by the different lines of railroad communication connected with the railroad from Boston to New Bedford, which passes through the town. This town has long attracted the at tention of skilful mechanics and men of wealth as a place of business, and of persons of taste and elegant "leisure as an agreeable and healthful place of residence. There are a number of beau tiful ponds in the vicinity, and some high grounds from which delightful prospects are obtained, of fering attractions, especially in the summer sea son, to persons wishing for temporary as well as permanent residence at a convenient remove from the heat and bustle of our crowded cities. Taylor County, Io. On the southern border of the state. Taylor County, Ky, c. h. at Campbellsville. Central part of the state. New. Taken from Green. Drained by affluents of Green River. Undulating and fertile. Taylor County, Va, c. h. at Proutytown. N. W. part of the state. Watered by the W. fork of the Monongahela, which passes through it from S. E. toN. W. Hilly. 594 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. Taylorsville, Te, e. h. Johnson co. N. from Roan'S Creek, and 232 miles E. by N. from Nashville. Taylorsville, Is, c. h. Christian co. 26 miles S. E. from Springfield. Taylorsville, Ky, c. h. Spencer co. Near the centre of tbe county. 30 miles S. E. by E. from Louisville, and 30 S. W. by W. from Frankfort. Tazewell,' Ga, c. h. Marion co. On the E. side of South Whitewater Creek, a branch of Flint River, and 110 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. Tazewdl County, Is, c. h. at Tremont Incor porated from Peoria co. in 1827. and is bounded N. and N. E. by Woodford co, E. by McLean. S. by Logan and Mason counties, and W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Peoria' co. Drained by Mackinaw and branches of Sanga mon River. Surface level, or slightly uneven, with some swamps ; soil fertile in some portions. .Tazewell, Te, c. h. Claiborne co. Near the head of Russell's Creek, a branch of Powell's River, and 221 miles E. by N. from Nashville. Tazewdl County, Va, c. h. at Jeffersonville. Kentucky and Cabell co, Va.. are on the N. W, Giles N. E, Washington S, Russel, S. W, and Wythe S. E. Part of the surface is moun tainous, and the rest hilly. In this county are the sources of Chinchard and Great Sandy Rivers, and from its N. E. section flow several branches of Great Kanawha. Tazewell, Va, c. h. Tazewell co. On the S. side of the N. fork of Clinch River. 284 miles W. by S. from Richmond. Telfair County, Ga, c. h. at Jacksonville. This county is bounded by Appling S, Dooley S. W, Pulaski N. W, Little Ockmulgee River or Mont gomery co. N. E, and Tatnall E. The Ockmulgee River enters the N. W. side of this county, and, after an immense curve to the S. E, E, and N. E, joins the Oconee at its N. E. angle. Tecumseh, Mn, c. h. Lenawee co. 56 miles S. W. from Detroit. Temple, Me., Franklin co. This was formerly a part of Kennebec co. It lies 40 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and is bounded N. by Farmington. It was incorporated in 1803. Temple, N. H, Hillsboro' co. The several streams which empty into Souhegan River, at Wilton, rise among the mountainous tracts on the W, and general lyTrom sources within the limits of Temple. This town is of considerable eleva tion. From the highest point, in a clear atmos phere, about 20 meeting houses may he seen by the naked eye. The surface is uneven and pleas ant; soil tolerably good. Temple is the easterly part of what was called Peterboro' Slip. 12 miles W. by S. from Amherst and 45 S. S. W. from Concord. Templeton, Ms, Worcester co. This is a fine farming town, with a pleasant surface and fertile soil. Templeton is somewhat elevated, and sends branches both to Miller's River, on its N„ and to the Chicopee on its S. These streams afford the town a constant and valuahle water power. Along tho streams are fine intervales, and the town is well supplied with all the varieties of woods for timber and fuel. There are n number of pleasant villages in the town ; that in the centre is very handsome. Baldwinsville and Dcdmunsvillc, two neat and flourishing manufacturing villages, are situated at the N. part of the town, on Otter River, a branch of the Miller's. 15 miles W. by S. from Fitchburg, from which to Boston is 50 miles. The railroad from Boston to Vermont passes through the town. Tensas Parish, La, c. h. at St Joseph's. On the E. border, between the Mississippi and the Tensas. Terre Bonne Parish, La, c. h. at Houma. Bounded N. and E. by Assumption and La Fourche Interior parishes, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Atchafalaya Bay and Atcha falaya River, which separates it from St. Mary's parish. Drained by Terre Bonne, Petite, and Grand Bayou, Cailloux, and Bayou de Large Rivers. Surface level, and much of it too low for cultivation, but the soil on the borders of the streams is arable and productive. Terre Haute, la, c. h. Vigo co. On high ground on the E. bank of Wabash River. 73 miles W. from Indianapolis. The national road here crosses the river, on a fine bridge. It is connected with Lake Erie by the Wabash and Erie Canal, and is to be connected by railroad with Columbus and St. Louis. This town, from its situation and the facilities of intercommunication with which it is about to be furnished, promises to become one of the principal towns of Indiana. Tewksbury, Ms, Middlesex co, was formerly an Indian village, a part of Billerica, and called Wamesitt It has the Concord River on its western boundary. The surface is rather level, with a thin soil, better adapted to the growth of hops and rye than other crops. 5 miles S. E. from Lowell, and 20 N. N. W. from Boston. Tewksbury, N. J, Hunterdon co. Watered by Lamington River and Rockaway Creek and branches. Surface hilly ; soil fertile clay and loam. 14 miles N. E. from Flemington. Texas County, Mo., c. h. at Houston. S. central. Watered by Big Piney Fork of Gasconade and the head streams of Currant River. 'Theresa, N. Y, Jefferson co. Watered by Indian River. Surface uneven ; soil rather sterile. In corporated in 1841, from the town of Alexandria. 20 miles N. from Watertown, and 178 N. W. from Albany. Thetford, Vt, Orange co. This town is pleas antly situated on the W. side of Connecticut River, opposite Lyme, New Hampshire. The Ompomponoosuc and its branches give the town an excellent water power. There are several ponds in Thetford, one of which covers about 9 acres, and is situated on an elevation, the base of which is only 4 rods from Connecticut River, and 100 feet in height. It is very deep; it has neither inlet nor outlet, and contains large quantities of perch and other fish. The surface of the town is generally rocky and uneven ; it has but little in tervale, but the soil is strong and productive. There are 3 neat villages in the town, and a rich vein of galena. The settlement was commenced in 1764, bv John Chamberlain, from Hebron, Ct. 34 miles 8". S. E. from Montpelier, and* 18 S. E. from Chelsea. On the Passumpsic Railroad, 14 miles N. from the White River Junction. Thomas County, Ga, c. h. at Thomasville Bounded N. and E. by Baker and Lowndes counties, S. by Florida, and W. by Decatur co. Drained by Ocklockuny and Ocilla Rivers, Thomaston, Ga„ c. h. Upson eo. Thomaston, Me, Lincoln co, is situated at the head of the St. George's River. Here is the state prison, the buildings of which occupy a plot of 10 acres, including a marble quarn-. The convicts are principally employed in working IN THE UNITED STATES. 595 granite into various forms for building, which, when prepared, is transported by water. The granite is of excellent quality, and is found in large quantities on the river. This is a fine town and the neighboring countsyis very pleasant and fertile, and well cultivated. 36 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 37 E. from Wiscasset. Thompson, Ct, Windham co. This town was formerly a part of Killingly, and was first set tled about the year 1715. The surface is hilly, but not mountainous ; it presents a pleasing variety of elevations and valleys. The soil is a gravelly loam, strong, and productive of good crops of corn and hay, and affords excellent pasturage. French River meets the Quinebaug near the centre of the town, and Five Mile River, issuing from several ponds, waters the eastern part. These streams give to the town a valuable water power, and on their banks are the pleasant and thriving villages of Masonsvillc, Fishersville, and New Boston. This town is large, and very pleasant ; it contains a class of enterprising and intelligent agriculturists and mechanics. The Indian name of the place was Quinnetessett. 47 miles E. N. E. from Hartford, 27 W. N. W. from Providence, and 53 S. W- from Boston. Thompson, N. Y, c. h. Sullivan co. It is watered by Mongoup and Neversink Rivers. Surface rather hilly ; soil gravelly and sandy loam. 113 miles S. W. from Albany. Thompsonville, Ct, in Enfield, Hartford co. At the junction of Freshwater with the Con necticut, and on the railroad from Springfield to Hartford. 20 miles N. from Hartford. There is here a large manufactory of carpets of the best quality. See Enfidd, Ct Thornbury, Pa, Chester co. Drained by Brandy wine River and Chester Creek. Surface level ; soil sandy loam. 87 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. . Thornbury, Pa, Delaware co. A township be tween Egmont and Birmingham. 18 miles W. S. W. from Philadelphia. Thorndike, Me, Waldo co. An inland town ship. 59 miles N. E. from Augusta. Thornton, N. H, Grafton co. This town is wa tered by Pemigewasset and Mad Rivers, and sev eral small brooks. On Mill Brook there is a cas cade, at which the water falls 7 feet in 2 rods, and then falls over a rock 42 feet perpendicularly. The intervales on the Pemigewasset are produc tive. There are many elevations, but none dis tinguished for a remarkable height. First set tler, Benjamin Hoit, in 1770. 12 miles N. from Plymouth, and 55 N. by W. from Concord. Three Rivers, Mn, St. Joseph co. 145 miles S. W. from Detroit. It lies on St. Joseph River, between the junction of Portage River and Stony Creek, and has great water privileges. Boats of 30 tons come up the river to this place. Ticonderoga, N. Y, Essex co. Watered by the outlet ot Lake George and by some small streams flowing into Lake Champlain, which bounds it on the E. Surface mostly level on the E, and hilly and mountainous on the W. In the S. E. part is the peninsula, on which arc the ruins of old Fort Ticonderoga. 97 miles N. N. E. from Albany. Tiffin, 0, c. h. Seneca eo. On Sandusky River. 85 miles N. from Columbus. Tdden,Me. Hancock co. Anew town taken from Mariaville in 1850. Tinicum, Pa, Bucks co. Bounded on the N. and E. by Delaware River, and drained by Tini cum Creek. Tohickon Creek also runs on its S. boundary. Surface level or undulating ; soil sandy loam. 12 miles N. E. from Doylestown. Tinicum, Pa.. Delaware co. This township consists mostly of grazing farms. It lies on the Delaware, below the mouth of Darby Creek. about 6 miles from Philadelphia, Tinmouth, Vt.. Rutland co. This town is sep arated from Wallingford by Otter Creek. Fur nace Brook rises from a pond in the south part of the town. This stream has been noted for groat quantities of fish of an extraordinary size, The surface of Tinmouth is hilly, in some parte mountainous. There is good land on the streams, and the high land is good for pasturage. There are several quarries of beautiful marble in this town, and iron ore in abundance. The settlement was commenced here about the year 1770. The town was organized March 11, 1777. From Rut land. 8 miles S. Tioga County, N. Y, c. h. at Owego, was formed from Montgomery co. in 1794. It is bounded N. by Tompkins and Cortland, E. by Broome co, S. by the state of Pennsylvania, and W. by Chemung co, and is watered by the Sus quehanna River and Owego Creek and tributa ries. Surface hilly ; soil well adapted to grazing, and in the valleys very fertile. This county has little mineral wealth. It is traversed by the New York and Erie Railroad, which follows the valley of the Susquehanna River. Tioga, N. Y„ Tioga co. Watered by the Sus quehanna River and some of its branches. Sur face hilly ; soil gravelly loam, very fertile in the valleys. 5 miies W. from Owego, and 172 S. of W. from Albany. Tioga County, Pa, c. h. at Wellsboro'. This county has Steuben co, N. Y, on the N„ Bradford. Pa, E, Lycoming S. E. and E, and Potter W. The soil is of a middling quality, the surface broken. The main southern branch of Tioga River rises in the S. E. angle, and trav erses this county, flowing N. into New York. The sources of Pine Creek drain its S. W. angle. Tionesla, Pa, Venango co. Drained by some streams flowing into the Susquehanna River, which bounds it on the N. W. 206 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Tippah County, Mi, c. h. at Ripley. Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Tishamingo co, S. by Pontotoc and W. by Marshall co. Drained by Hatchie, Muddy, Wolf, and Tippah Creeks, and the head branches of Tallahatchee River. Tippecanoe County, la, c. h. at Lafayette. Bounded N. and N. E. by White and Carroll counties, E. by Clinton, S. by Montgomery, and W. by Fountain and Warren counties. Drained hy Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, Wild Cat Creek and its branches, which afford water power. Surface level or undulating, a large part being prairie. The Wabash and Erie Canal traverses this' county. , Tipton, Io, c. h. Cedar co. On a high prairie, a little W. from Sugar Creek. Tipton County, la, c. h. at Tipton. New. N. central part of the state. Tipton County, Te, c. h. at Covington. The Mississippi River is on the W. of this county, Shelby co. S, Fayette S. E, Haywood E, and Lauderdale N. The general course of tho Mis sissippi River in this county is S. W. It is very winding. Tisbury, Ms, Dukes co, extends from Vineyard Sound on the N. to the sea on the S. The noted 596 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. harbor Of Holmes's Hole, in this town, is on Vine yard Sound. This harbor is large and safe, and of sufficient depth of water for the largest mer chantmen. The village at this harbor is pleasant, large, and quite a place of business. There are some high lands near the harbor, but the town is generally level. There is much good land in the town. Lagoon Pond communicates with Holmes's Hole by an opening which is only 4 rods wide and 7 feet deep at high water. The pond is 3 miles in length, and 1 in width, and in several places 40 feet in depth. Newtown Pond, in the S. part of Tisbtiry, is a mile and a half long, and has a nat ural communication with the sea, through which the tide rises and falls. The largest brooks in the island empty into the head of this pond, not more. than 100 rods apart, one running from the W, and one from the N. W. On the easterly side of this pond are a number of deep coves, around which is much marshy land. The wells are on a level with the sea ; the common depth of them is from 1 5 to 20 feet The water is soft, and of good quality. Holmes's Hole village lies 8 miles N. W. from Edgartown, and 77 S. S. E. from Boston by railroad and steamboat, via New Bedford. Tishamingo County, Mi, c. h. at Jacinto. Bound ed N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by Ita wamba co, and W. by Tippah co. Watered by Tennessee River, which runs on its N. E. boun dary, by Yellow and Tuscumbia Creeks, and by the head streams of the E. fork of Tombigbee River. Titus County, Ts, c. h. at Mount Pleasant. In the N. E. angle. Watered by Sulphur Fork and Cyprus Bayou of Red River. Tiverton, R. I, Newport co. This town is con nected with Portsmouth, on the Island of Rhode Island, by a stone bridge at a place called How- land's Ferry. It adjoins Fall River. The surface of the town is varied by hills and valleys. Its structure is granite, and the land, in some parts', is stony. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, and capable of producing good crops. There are valuable forests of timber in the town. 13 miles N.E. from Newport. The navigable privileges of Tiverton are of a superior kind, and are improved, to some extent, in the fishery and foreign and domestic trade. There are large ponds in the town, well supplied with fish. These ponds produce a water power which is applied to the manufacture of cotton and other materials. The captor of the British General Prescott was a native of Tiverton. His name was Tak, a slave, the property of Thomas Sisson, a wealthy farmer. " During the revolution, Tak was sent by his master into the army, to serve as a substitute for another man who was drafted. When Colonel Barton took General Prescott on Long Island, Tak was one of Colonel Barton's chosen men, v and the one on whom he most depended. Having entered the house where General Prescott was quartered, Colonel Barton, followed by Tak and two or three others, proceeded silently to the door of the chamber where General Prescott was sleep ing. The colonel, finding the door fastened, turned and whispered to Tak, ' I wish that door opened, General Prescott taken, and carried by the guard to the boat, without the least noise or disturbance.' " Tak stepped back two or three paces, then plunging violently against the door, burst it open, and rushed into the middle of the room. At the same instant, General Prescott sprang from his bed, and seized his gold watch, hanging upon the wall. Tak sprang upon him like a tiger, and clasping the general in his brawny arms, said in a low, stern voice, ' One word, and you are a dead man.' Then hastily snatching the general's cloak, and wrapping it round his body, and at the same time telling his companions to take the rest of his clothes, he took the general in his arms, as if a child, and ran with him by the guard towards the boat, followed by Colonel Barton and the rest of his little company." Tak was more than 6 feet in height, well pro portioned, and remarkable for his shrewdness, agility, and strength. He attained great age, and was never known to taste of any kind of meat. Tivoli, N. Y, Dutchess co. On the E. bank of Hudson River, opposite Saugerties. 51 miles S. from Albany. There is a steam ferry here. Toby, Pa, Clarion co. Bounded on the N. by Clarion River, and W. by the Alleghany, and drained by Licking, Catfish, Cherryrun, and Red Bank Creeks. Surface undulating or level ; soil loam. Copperas and salt are fonnd here. 190 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Todd County, Ky, c. h. at Elkton. Muhlenburg is on the N, Logan E, Christian W, and Rob ertson co, Te, S. Red River, a branch of Cum berland, and Muddy Fork, a branch of Green River, drain this county. Toledo, O, Lucas co. City. Situated on the W. side of Maumee River, near its entrance into Mau mee Bay, at the western extremity of Lake Erie, 134 hiiles N. N. W. of Columbus. Population in 1840, 1322 ; in 1850, 3819. It is 66 miles S. from Detroit, between which place and Toledo steam boats ply upon the lake daily. Steamboats run regularly between Buffalo and Toledo, 310 miles, touching at the intermediate ports of Cleveland and Sandusky. A railroad. 33 miles in length, connects Toledo with the Michigan Southern Rait road, at Adrian, and thence, with the southern ex tremity of Lake Michigan. The Miami and Erie Canal, 247 miles long, connects Toledo with Cin cinnati ; and the Wabash and Erie Canal, extend ing from this point through the circuit of the Wa bash valley, will unite the waters of Lake Erie with those of the Ohio at Evansville, la, 324 miles be low Cincinnati. The whole length of this canal will be 460 miles, opening to Toledo the valuable internal resources of Indiana and Eastern Illinois. By these canals, connecting the commerce of the lakes with that of the lower valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, one of the most important chan nels of trade is opened between the eastern cities and the vast interior of the W. The produc tions of the S. and S. W, which, during the sea son of 1846, reached Toledo by these two canals, exceeded 3.000,000 of dollars in value. By its position, and the aid of these great internal im provements, Toledo is evidently destined to be one of the greatest gathering points of the agri. cultural products of the country. Toledo is extended for more than a mile along the river bank ; but the business chiefly concen trates at its upper and lower extremities or land ings, which were originally two distinct settle ments, called Port Lawrence and Vistula. At these points, especially at (jhe upper landing, for merly Port Lawrence, the city is compactly built, with stores, warehouses, dwellings, and public houses, among which are many large and impos ing edifices. Toledo was incorporated as a city in 1836, about 5 years after the settlement at Vis- IN THE UNITED STATES. 597 tula commenced. There are churches here of the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Methodist, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic denominations. About the year 1 833, there arose a serious boun dary dispute between the state of Ohio and the territorial government of Michigan, the chief importance of which turned npon the value, to Ohio, in the opinion of her leading men, of this harbor at the mouth of the Maumee, to enable her to realize the benefit of her canals to the Ohio and the Wabash valleys. The difficulty, which had arisen from a discrepancy between one of the provisions of the ordinance of 1787 and the terms upon which Ohio had been admitted into the Union, was finally adjusted by Congress, by giving to Michigan, instead of this small strip of disputed territory, averaging about 8 miles in width, the whole of the extensive tract lying be tween Lakes Michigan and Superior, now so valuable for its rich deposits of copper and other minerals. Tolland County, Ct, c. h. at Tolland. This county was taken from Hartford and Wind- bam counties in 1786. It is bounded N. by Mas sachusetts, E. by Windham, S. by New London, and W. by Hartford counties. The western part of tbe county lies within the great vaUey of the Connecticut ; it is generally free from stone, undulating, fertile, and produc tive; the eastern section is within the granitic range which extends through the state : much of this portion of the country is covered with for ests ; that part which is cleared affords good grazing. The Scantic, Willimantic, Salmon, Hockanum, and Hop Rivers, with their tributa ries, afford the county a good water power. Tolland, Ct, c. h. Tolland co. Situated on the nearest mail route from Hartford to Boston. 18 miles E. N. E. from Hartford. Its products are English grain, grass, potatoes, &c. The land is rather sterile, mountainous, and uneven. The inhabitants are industrious and intelligent. Tolland, Ms, Hampden co, was taken from Granville and Sandisfield in 1810. It was for merly called Southfield. This township is on elevated land adapted for grazing. It is watered by Farmington River, the western boundary of the town, which is hero a beautiful and lively stream. Tolland has a neat village in the centre of the town, and another on the border of tbe river, called New Boston. 22 miles W. from Springfield, and 120 W. S. W. from Boston. Tompkins County, N. Y, c. h. at Ithaca, was incorporated from Cayuga and Seneca counties in 1817. It is bounded N. by Seneca and Cayu ga, E. by Cortland, S. by Tioga and Chemung, and W. by Chemung co. and Seneca Lake. Wa tered by Cayuga Lake and Inlet, and Six Mile and Fall Creeks. Surface hilly but arable; soil well adapted to grazing, and in the valleys to the growth of grass, grain, and fruit This county has little mineral wealth. The Cayuga Lake and Inlet and the Cayuga and Seneca Canal open a water communication with the Erie Canal, and the Ithaca and Owego Railroad also crosses this county. Tompkins, N. Y, Delaware co. The Mohawk, or W. branch of the Delaware, winds through this town, forming the W. boundary for some distance. Surface billy and mountainous. 22 miles S. W. from Delhi, and 100 S. W. from Albany. TompldnsviUe, Ky, e. h. Monroe co. On a branch of Big Barren River. 153 miles S. S. W. from Frankfort. TompkinsviUe, N. Y, Richmond co. Situat ed on Staten Island, 6 miles S. from New York, with which it is connected by steam ferry boats. It is pleasantly situated, overlooking the quarantine ground, and is the site of a marine hospital, or lazaretto, for the reception of sick seamen arriving from foreign ports. It is open only from the 1st of April to the 1st of Novem ber. This building is 177 feet long and 3 stories high. Here are also other hospitals for patients from the city with contagious diseases, which have spacious buildings and ample grounds, sub stantially enclosed. Tonawanda, N. Y, Erie co. Watered by Ton awanda Creek, and comprises Grand Island, lying in Niagara River. Surface chiefly level, and soil fertile. 10 miles N. from Buffalo, and 288 W. from Albany. Topsfield, Me, Washington co. This town ship was number eight in the second range N. of the Bingham Penobscot Purchase. It was in corporated in the year 1838. This town lies about 60 miles N. E. from Bangor. Topsfield, Ms, Essex co. Before the incor poration of this town, in 1650, it was called by the Indians Sheweenemeady, and by the whites New Meadows. This is a pleasant town, watered by Ipswich River and its branches. The sur face is diversified. There are some fine tracts of intervale in the town,, and the uplands possess a strong soil. Topsfield was first settled about the year 1642. 21 miles N. by E. from Boston, and 9 N. by W. from Salem. Topsham, Me, a shire town of Lincoln co. On the N. side of the Androscoggin, at the head of navigation, opposite to Brunswick, in common with which it enjoys from that river a great hy draulic power. A place of considerable trade, particularly in lumber. Topsham, Vt, Orange co. Topsham is on ele vated ground, with a rocky, strong soil, adapted to grazing. It contains much granite, and is watered by the upper branches of Wait's River, which propel a number of mills. The settlement was commenced abont the year 1781. The first settlers were mostly from New Hampshire. 19 miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 15 N. E. from Chelsea. Torrington, Ct, Litchfield co. This town was first settled in 1737. Its surface is diversified by hills and valleys, and the soil is better adapted to grazing than the cnlture of grain. Two branches of Naugatuck River meet at Wolcott- ville, a beantiful village in the S. part of the town. This village is situated in a valley, and near it a good bed of copper ore has recently been discov ered; and Mr. Israel Coe, the proprietor, has commenced the manufacture of brass kettles, the first establishment of the kind, it is believed, in the United States. 26 miles W. N. W. from Hartford. Wolcottville owes its rise, principally, to Oliver Wolcott, secretary of the United States treas ury during the administrations of Washington and John Adams, and governor of Connecticut 10 successive years. He was born at Litchfield, and died in New York, 1833, aged 74. Toulon, Is, c. h. Stark co. Towamensing, Pa.. Montgomery co. Drained by Shippack and Towamensing Creeks. Surface level ; soil red shale. 9 miles from Norristown. 598 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c,' Towanda, Pa, Bradford co. This village is the seat of justice, and is located on the right bank Of the Susquehanna; River. Excellent bitumi nous coal has been discovered in the mountain Valleys S. W. from Towanda. 137 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. Townsend, Ms, Middlesex co. This town was formerly a part of " Turkey Hills," or Fitchburg, and was called North Town. The surface is gen erally level ; there is a good deal of pine plain in the town. The Squanicook, a good mill stream, rises in this town, and joins the Nashua in Shirley. On this stream, at the eastern part of the town, is a pleasant, flourishing little vil lage, called Townsend Harbor. About 4 miles W. from this is the west village. There is a fe male seminary in this place. At Centreville, a neat village, is an academy for youth of both sexes. Townsend west vitlage lies 8 miles N. N. E. from Fitchburg, and 42 N. W. from Boston. Townshend, Vt, Windham co. West River passes through this town with considerable rapid ity. Along its banks are some tracts of good intervale ; but the surface of the town is general ly hilly, and the soil more calculated for grazing than tillage. The first settlement was com menced here in 1761, by Joseph Tyler, who was soon joined by John Hazelton. 28 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 95 S. from Montpelier. Travis County, Ts, c. h. at Austin. S. central. On both sides of the Colorado. Tredypin, Pa, Chester co. Drained by Valley Creek. Surface gently sloping; soil calcareous loam. Tremont, Me, Hancock co. New. Trenton, Me, Hancock co. , 7 miles S. by E. from Ellsworth, on navigable waters. Trenton, N. J. City, capital of the state, and seat of justice of Mercer co. 29 miles N. E. from Philadelphia, and 57 miles S. W. from New York. Population in 1810. 3003 ; in 1820, 3942 ; 1830,3925; 1840,4035; 1850,6766. Trenton is situated at the head of sloop navi gation, on the E. side of the Delaware River, op posite the lower falls. The Assunpink Creek here enters the Delaware. At tho foot of the falls, or rapids, the Delaware is crossed by a fine bridge, 1 100 feet in length, consisting of 5 arches, resting upon stone piers, which is considered a superior specimen of this species of architect ure. It was built in 1806, at an expense of $180,000. The Philadelphia and Trenton Rail road is carried over the river on this bridge. The ground on which the city is built, as well as tho surface of the town generally, is considerably varied. The districts of Mill Hill, Bloomsburg, and Lamberton, included in the borough of South Trenton, and extending about a mile down the river, may in a general description be regarded as a part of the city. Trenton is regularly laid out, and has many handsome stores, dwellings, and other edifices. Tho public buildings in the city proper are tho state house, the governor's house, a public libra ry, a lyceum, and 7 or 8 houses of public wor ship. The state house is beautifully situated near the Delaware, commanding a fino view of the river and the surrounding country. It is 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, built of stone, and stuccoed to resemble granite. Several of the public offices aro fire-proof buildings. The gov ernor's bouse is a plain but commodious edifice. The public buildings in South Trenton are the court house, the state prison, and 4 or 5 churches. The court house is a handsome edifice of brick, stuccoed, in the Grecian style of architect ure, with a portico of 6 Ionic columns on each end, and surmounted with a balcony. The state prison is well situated, near the Delaware and Raritan Canal, and the railroad from Phila delphia to New York. The walls, 20 feet high and 3 feet thick, enclose an area of 4 acres. The entrance is through the main building, in which reside the family of the warden and his assist ants, to an observatory in the rear, from which diverge, at an angle of 45 degrees, on each side, the two corridors, in which are the cells for the prisoners. If the enlargement of this penitentia ry is ever wanted, it is the design to add other radii, in conformity to the plan of these corri dors. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, which forms an inland navigation from Brunswick to this place, passes through the city. It is 42 miles long, 75 feet wide, and 7 feet deep, and is suf ficient for the passage of small sloops. It crosses the Assunpink Creek; on a fine stone aqueduct. It was finished in 1834, at a cost of $2,500,000. The Delaware is navigable for large boats above the falls at Trenton, as far as Easton, Pa. The New Jersey Railroad, between New York and Philadelphia, via Newark, Elizabethtown, and Princeton, passes through this place. Trenton was first settled in 1720 ; and received a city charter in 1 792. It will ever be memora ble as the place where the favor of Providence began decidedly to smile on the American arms in the war of the revolution ; for here, on the night of December 25, 1776, at a gloomy period of the war, Washington crossed the Delaware, with 2400 of the continental troops, and sud denly attacked and captured 1000 Hessians of the British army, "which greatly revived the spirit of the nation, and had an important influ ence on the final result of the contest." The ground on which the Hessians laid down their arms is a little to the N. E. of the state house. Trenton is an admirable site for manufacturing purposes, possessing, as it does, an extensive wa ter power, created by artificial means, from the falls on the Delaware, and the waters of the As sunpink Creek. Trenton, N. Y, Oneida co. Watered by Nine Mile and West Canada Creeks, on the latter of which are situated the celebrated Trenton Falls. Surface hilly; soil fertile clay loam. 12 miles N. from Utica, and 92 N. W. from Albany. Trenton Falls, N. Y, Oneida eo. On West Canada Creek. 93 miles N. W. by W. from Al bany. See Fashionable Resorts. Trenton, N. C, c. h. Jones co, is on Trent Riv er. 20 miles a little S. of W. from Newbern, and by post road 139 S. E. from Raleigh. Trescott, Me, Washington co. This is an At lantic town, and bounded N. E. by Lubec. It comprises Mooso Cove, Bailoy's Mistake, and Haycock Harbors, and is flourishing in its trade and navigation. It was incorporated in 1827. Triangle, N. Y, Broome co. The Tioughnioga and Ostelic Rivers form a junction in this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil well suited to grass. 16 miles N. from Binghampton, and 132 S. W. from Albany. Trigg County, Ky, c. h. at Cadiz. Bounded N. W. by Livingston co, N. E. by Caldwell and Christian, S. E. by tho state of Tennessee, and IN THE UNITED STATES. 599 S. W. by Tennessee River. Cumberland River winds obliquely through this county to the N. W, The surface is mostly low and flat Trimble County, Ky, c. h. at Bedford. Bounded W. and N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Indiana, E. by Carroll and Henry counties, and S. by Oldham co. Drained by the Little Ken tucky and other branches of the Ohio River. Trinity County, Ca. On the N. coast. * Troupsburg, N. Y, Steuben co. Watered by Cowanesque Creek. Surface undulating ; soil clay and gravelly loam, well suited to grass. 25 miles S. W. from Bath, and 247 from Albany. Troy, Aa., c. h. Pike co. 174 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa. Troy, la, c. h. Perry co. Above the mouth of Anderson's Creek, on the Ohio River. 50 miles above the mouth of Green River and 168 S. S. W. from Indianapolis. Troy, Me, Waldo co. Formerly called Joy. A fertile inland township. 39 miles N. E. from Augusta. Troy, Mo, c. Ii. Lincoln co. On the S. W. side of Cuivre River. 129 miles E. N. E. from Jeffer son City. Troy, N. H, Cheshire co. The inhabitants are principally agriculturists. Tito soil and pro ductions are similar to tliose of Fitzwilliam. It possesses but few water privileges. This town was taken from Marlboro' and Fitzwilliam. 54 miles S. W. from Concord, and 12 S. E. from Keene. Troy, N. Y. City, port of entry, and seat of justice of Rensselaer co. Situated on the E. bank of Hudson River, 6 miles N. from Albany, and 150 N. from New York. Population in 1810, 3895; in 1820, 5264; in 1830, 11,405; in 1840, 19,334; in 1850,28,785. The city is built on a somewhat elevated plain, extending from the river back to a range of hills terminating ab ruptly about 1 mile E, and furnishing from their brows, elevated from 300 to 400 feet, a com manding and beautiful view of the city and sur rounding country. Mount Ida, directly in the rear of the broadest part of the city, and Mount Olympus, towards the northern part, are the emi nences most distinguished for the fine prospects which they afford. Two streams, the Wynants- kill and Poestenkill. affording an extensive water power, empty into the Hudson, within the limits of the city ; the latter rolling, down, through a narrow and picturesque ravine, S. of Mount Ida, with successive short rapids and beautiful cas cades, and forming an object of interest well worthy of a visit from the curious traveller. The Wynantskill has a wider valley, through which a road passes, ascending to the upper level of the country. The compact portion of the city is built N. of the Poestenkill, and extends along the Hudson for a distance of about 3 miles. The river, having a curve here, has given that form, for a consider able distance, to the great business street imme diately on its bank. With this exception, the streets are laid ont straight, intersecting each other, for the most part, at right angles. In con sequence of this curve in River Street, several of the most important streets, which are parallel to the general course of the river, fall into it at their termination towards the central part of the city. This feature of the place, combining with its prevailing regularity, unites the greatest sim plicity and beauty of arrangement with the most entire facilities for business purposes. A rail road track is laid through the centre of Rirer Street, upon which the cars from all the railroads coming into Troy are taken by horses through the city, passing in front of the principal hotels, and leaving their passengers where they may severally desire — a desideratum, in this mode of travelling, which obviates almost the only incon venience to which it is ordinarily subject, that of taking carriages for conveyance to and from the stations. There tire numerous hotels in Troy, several of which are of the first class. Among these are the Mansion House and the Troy House, both equally well situated in respect to the conven ience above mentioned. The great seat of busi ness is River Street, which extends the whole length of the city, and is built up on both sides, with many splendid and spacious stores and ware houses. The streets running back from the river are handsomely built and quiet; and most of them are adorned with beautiful shade trees, giving an air of neatness, elegance, and comfort to the city, which make it one of the most attrac tive places to sojourn or reside in of any in the country. Many of the public squares and private gardens are ornamented with fountains, perma nently supplied from the public reservoir on the neighboring hills, which also sends an abundance of excellent water in pipes to all the streets and dwellings. The elevation of this reservoir is 75 feet above the city, giving a sufficient head to carry the water into the uppermost stories of the buildings, and, in case of fire, to throw it upon and over them, from the numerous hydrants at the corners of the streets, with tbe force of the most powerful engines. Of the public buildings in Troy, the court house is one of the most splendid. It is con structed of the Sing Sing marble, after a Grecian model. One of the Presbyterian churches, too, is a costly and beautiful edifice, in the same style of architecture. St Paul's Episcopal Church is a noble specimen of the Gothic style, erected at an expense of about $50,000. Thereare in Troy from 16 to 20 churches, of the various denominations. The Presbyterians have 4, the Episcopalians 3. and the Methodists and Baptists 2 or more each. Besides these there are churches of the Scotch Presbyterians, Friends, and Roman Cath olics. The Troy Female Seminary, established in this place through the exertions of Mrs. Emma Willard, holds a preeminent rank among insti tutions of this kind in our country. The school was commenced by Mrs. Willard in ,1814, at Middlebury, Vt. In 1819, having received incor poration from the legislature of New York, it was removed to Waterford. In 1821 it was again removed to Troy, the corporation of this city having voted $4000 towards the erection of suitable buildings for its accommodation. These buildings are beautifully situated in the central part of the city, with a finely-ornamented ground in front. This school has educated at least 5000 pupils. Since 1837 it has received from the state a share of the benefit of the literature fund, by which its library, apparatus, &c, are replenished from time to time, and made more and more complete. The Rensselaer Institute, founded by tho late Stephen Van Rensselaer, of Albany, for the thorough practical education of young men for 600 COUNTIES,. CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. the profession of civil engineering, is also located at Troy. While the natural facilities enjoyed by this city for commercial prosperity are good, they are such, at the same time, as must have required that spirit of enterprise and thrift for which its inhab itants have ever been distinguished, to render them fully available. In this they have been eminently successful. Being at the head of sloop and steamboat navigation on the noble Hudson, they have extensively availed themselves of this advantage, in connection with that of several artificial channels of communication to this point. The Champlain and Hudson Canal, which opens an extensive trade with the N, and the Erie Canal, which reaches the opposite side of the Hudson from the W, have each contributed essentially to the prosperity of Troy. Railroads also centre here which connect the city with Boston, via the great Western Railroad, on the E., with New York on the S, with the ports of Lake Erie, via Schenectady, Utica, Rochester, &c, on the W, and with Canada and Vermont, via Lake Champlain, on the N. The latter crosses the Hudson a little above the centre of the city, on a substantial bridge 1650 feet in length. Other very important projects of internal improvement are now in an encouraging course of consumma tion. One of these is the construction of a rail road from Troy to connect with the Boston and Fitchburg Railroad at Greenfield on Connecticut River, thus forming a new and most direct and eligible route to Boston. The chief obstacle to the complete success of this enterprise — the excava tion of a tunnel through the Hoosic Mountain — seems likely now to yield to the energy and per severance of the capitalists engaged in its accom plishment. However flourishing, therefore, this beautiful city has been in the past, its future pros pects are still more flattering. It will be seen that Troy, although a little N. of Boston, is, with that city, almost in the direct line of intercom munication between Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, and other principal depots of the produce of the west, and the greatest marts of our commerce in Europe. When the enterprising spirit of the citizens of Boston and Troy shall have succeeded in the great undertaking of tunnelling the Hoosic Mountain, thereby bringing the two cities within 170 miles of each other, and upon a grade which will defy competition, between the eastern ter minus of the Erie Canal and the waters of Bos ton Harbor, no one can doubt that Troy must become one of the greatest inland cities of our country. There are also immense facilities for manufac turing purposes, which have been or may yet be developed within and around this city. "Consid erable is already done with the power afforded by the Poestenkill and Wynantskill. The state dam, which has been thrown across the Hudson, just above the city, renders the waters of that river extensively available for manufacturing operations. Indeed, if we extend our view to the privileges upon the Mohawk, from the Cohoes Falls to its mouth, it may bo said that the hy draulic power available for manufacturing pur poses within a circuit of 5 miles around the city of Troy, is more than sufficient to turn every spindle now in operation in tho United States. In 1 720 a grant of 490 acres extending along the Hudson between the Poestenkill and Meadow Creek, and including the ground on which Troy was afterwards laid out, was made by the propri etor of Rensselaerwyck to Derick Van Derhey- den, at the rent of 3 bushels and 3 pecks of wheat, and 4 fat fowls annually. Portions of this land were occupied by him and his descendants for a farm, and the village which sprang up here was afterwards known by the name of Van Der- heyden. This village was incorporated by the ¦ name of Troy in 1796. But the principal settlers of Troy were emigrants from New England, who, seeing the advantages of its position, both in an agricultural and commercial point of view, induced the proprietors to lay it out into town lots, and turned their attention, with all their characteristic enterprise, to the means of its en largement and prosperity. Under these good auspices Troy has grown to its present flourish ing condition. Troy, O, c. h. Miami co. On the W. bank of the Great Miami River. 68 miles W. by N. from Columbus, and 21 N. from Dayton. The Miami Canal passes through it. Troy, Te, c. h. Obion co. 147 miles N. W. by W. from Murfreesboro'. Trdy, Vt, Orleans co. This town is well wa tered by Missisco River and several of its trib utaries. The falls on the Missisco, in the N. part, are a considerable curiosity. Here the river precipitates itself down a ledge of rocks about 70 feet. The soil is in general a strong loam, suitable for grass and most kinds of grain ; the surface is generally level, and along the river are tracts of intervale. Iron ore of an excellent quality is found here, and also some minerals. The settlement was commenced about the year 1800, by emigrants from different towns on the Connecticut River. 10 miles N. from Irasbnrg, and 47 N. from Montpelier. Trumbull, Ct, Fairfield co. This territory was formerly called North Stratford, and was taken from Stratford in 1798. It is watered by the Pequannoek, which empties into Bridgeport Har bor. The surface is varied by hills and valleys ; the soil is a gravelly loam, productive of good crops of grain and hay. Tamtashua Hill, in the N. part of the town, is the first land seen in this direction from the ocean. 5 miles N. from Bridgeport. Trumbull County, O, c. h. at Warren. Ashta bula co. is on the N, the state of Pennsylvania on the E, Columbiana on the S, and Portage and Geauga counties on the W. The land is valuable for farming, and is watered by the Ma honing River and Canal, and Musketoe Creek. Truro, Ms, Barnstable co. Truro lies on both sides of Cape Cod, between Wellfleet aud Prov- inoetown. It was the Pamet of the Indians. Pamet River, which sets up from Cape Cod Bay, about the centre of the town, affords a good har bor for fishermen. There is in this town, near the lighthouse, a vast body of clay, called the " Clay Pounds." There are also in the town a number of beautiful ponds, and 200 acres of peat land. Pamet village, at the head of the river of that name, is very pleasant and flourishing, is a fine location, and easy of access for all those who wish to enjoy sea air, bathing, and marine sce nery, in their greatest perfection, on terra Jirma. Another neat settlement, called Pond village, lies nbout 3 miles N. from Pamet 37 miles be low Barnstable, 102 from Boston by land, and about 60 by water. Truxton, N, Y, Cortland co. The Tiougbnio- IN THE UNITED STATES. 601 ga River waters this town. Surface undulating; soil argillaceous mould, and calcareous gravel. 12 miles Nkp. from Cortland, and 131 W. from Albany. ™ Trydriffen, Pa, Chester co. This township adjoins Montgomery co. on the N. E, and lies between Charlestown and Radnor townships. Tuftonboro', N. H, Carroll co. There are sev eral pouds in this town, together with many small streams, running into Winnipiseogee Lake. The soil is various. There are several arms of the lake stretching far into the town, and presenting from the elevated parts a succession, of beautiful views. First settlers, Benjamin Bean, Phinehas Graves, and Joseph Peavey, about 1 780. 50 miles E. by N. from Concord, and about 8 W. from .Ossipee. Tully, N. Y, Onondaga co. Watered by Onon daga Creek and some small lakes which are the sources of the Tioughnioga River. This is mostly a level town, with a soil well suited to grass. 16 miles S. from Syracuse, and 128 W. from Albany. Tuckerton, N. J, Little Egg Harbor, Burlington CO. This village and port of entry is situated on the Atlantic Ocean, at the head of Tuckerton Mill Creek, which empties into the Bay of Little Egg Harbor. It is handsomely laid out, the streets crossing at right angles, and shaded with poplar and willow trees. From Philadelphia it is 52 miles. 6 miles from Little Egg Harbor Bay, and 69 miles S. from Trenton. The manufacture of salt is carried on here, and wood and lumber are exported. The place is resorted to in the summer for sea bathing. Tunica County, Mi, c. h. at Peyton. Bounded ,N. by De Soto co, E. by De Soto and Ponola, S. by Tallahatchee co, and W. by Coahoma co. and the Mississippi River, dividing it from Ar kansas. Drained by Cold Water River and some smaller branches of the Mississippi. There are several small lakes in this county. Tunkliannock, Pa, c. h. Wyoming co. Bounded S. W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Tunkhannock and Meshoppen Creeks. Surface uneven ; soil fertile on the margins of the streams. 154 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 55 miles above Wilkesbarre. Tuolumne County, Ca, c. h. at Sonora, stretches across the valley of the San Joaquim, into the moMBtain ranges on both sides. Turin, N. Y, Lewis co. Watered by some small streams flowing into Black River, which' bounds it on the E. Surface rolling ; soil rich loam. 6 miles S. from Martinsburg, and 121 N. W. from Albany. Turner, Me, Oxford co. A tributary of the Androscoggin meets that river in this town, and finely waters it The soil of Turner is good, and its surface pleasant There is a number of thriv ing villages in the town ; there are considerable trade and some manufactures, but the business of the people is generally agricultural. It has Livermore on its N, Leeds and Greene on its E, Minot and Auburn on its S.. and Buckfield and Hebron on its W. 38 miles W. S. W. from Au gusta, and 14 E. from Paris. Tuscarawas County, 0, c. h. at New Philadel- . phia. Stark bounds it on the N, Harrison and Carrol on the E, Harrison and Guernsey on the S, and Coshocton and Holmes counties on the W. It is watered by Tuscarawas, Sandy, Conoton, Stillwater, and Sugar Creeks. Emigrants from 76 Pennsylvania and Virginia settled here about the year 1803 or 1804; they were mostly of German origin. 7ViscWoosa County, Aa, c. h. at Tuscaloosa. This county is bounded N. by Jefferson, E. by Shelby and Bibb, W. by Pickens, and S. by Perry and Greene. Tuscaloosa, Aa. City and shire town of Tusca loosa co. On the left bank of the Black Warrior River. 123 miles N. W. from Montgomery, and about 250 miles N. from Mobile. It is at the head of steamboat navigation from the Mobile Bay. This was the seat of government of the state until recently, when the capital was removed to Montgomery. The city is handsomely laid out. and contains, besides the county buildings, several churches, a masonic hall, an academy, a lyceum for boys, an athenaeum for young ladies, the Alabama Institute, and the halls of the Uni versity of Alabama, which is located here. The university buildings are situated about a mile E. of the centre of the city. They are 5 in number, besides professors' houses, and make an imposing appearance. See Colleges. Tuscumbia, Mo, c. h. Miller co. On the N. W. side of Osage River. 35 miles S. W. from Jeffer son City. Tuskegee, Aa, c. b. Macon co. On a branch of Tallapoosa River. 152 miles E. S. E. from Tus caloosa. Twiggs County, Ga, c. h. at Marion. Wilkinson is on the N. E, Pulaski S. E, Jones N. W, and Ockmulgee River, or Monroe co, W. Tyboine, Pa, Perry co. A township joining the S. E. side of the Tuscarora Mountain. Tyler County,. Ts, c. h. at Woodvillc. In the S. E. angle, on the W. side of the Neches. Tyler County, Va, c h. at Middlebourne, has a fertile soil, but broken surface. It is bounded N. W. by the Ohio River, N. by Ohio co, S. E. by Harrison, and S. W. by Wood. Tyngsboro', Ms, Middlesex co, was formerly attached to Dunstable. It was incorporated as a district in 1789, to enable it to receive a donation from Mrs. Sarah Winslow, daughter of Ebenezer Tyng, for whom the town was named. This is a pleasant town, on both sides of Merrimac River. There is not much water power in the town, and the soil is light and sandy. The name of the first white inhabitant was Cranwell, "originally from England, but last from Boston. Tyngsboro', by the railroads, lies 8 miles W. by N. from Lowell, and 34 N. W. from Boston. Tyre, N. Y, Seneca co. Watered by Clyde, a branch of Seneca River, which bounds it on the E. Surface level ; soil calcareous and sandy loam. 8 miles N. E. from Waterloo, and 171 N. of W. from Albany. Tyringham, Ms, Berkshire co. This town was first settled in 1739. It is said to have received its name at the suggestion of Lord Viscount Howe, a few days before he fell in battle at Ticonderoga, July 6, 1758, who owned Jands in Tyringham, in England. This town is twice crossed by two heavy ranges of hills. In the hollow between these ranges, the Hop Brook, rising in a small pond in Otis, flows westerly, and discharges itself into the Housatonic, in Lee. It derives its name from the wild hops which formerly grew upon its banks. In this town are a number of ponds and small rivers, whose waters fall into the Housatonic. Although the surface is rough and uneven, yet the soil is strong and productive. 602 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. There is a neat and pretty village near the centre of the town, which lies 20 miles S. by E. from Pittsfield, and 134 W. S. W. from Boston. From this village, about 3 miles N, are Hop Brook and Shaker villages. Tyrone, Pa, Adams co. Bounded E. by Ber mudian and W. by Conewago Creek. Surface level ; soil gravel and red shale. 10 miles N. E. from Gettysburg. Tyrone, Pa, Perry co. Drained by Sherman's Creek and branches. Surface mountainous ; soil fertile calcareous loam in the valleys. Tyrone, Pa, Huntingdon co. A township on Sinking Creek. 14 miles N. W. from Hunt ingdon. Tyrone, Pa, Perry co. A township between Big Buffalo and Sherman's Creek, with Rye Tip in the E, and Tyboine in the W. Tyrone, Pa, Fayette co. A township between Youghiogany River and Jacob's Creek. Tyrone, N. Y, Steuben eo. Watered by Mud Creek. A hilly town. Soil calcareous loam and clay, yielding large crops of grain. 16 miles N. E. from Bath, and 204 W. from Albany. Tyrrd County, N. C, c. h. at Elizabeth. This county is divided into two nearly equal parts, by Alligator River or Bay, which puts up from Al bemarle Sound. It has a poor, sandy soil, but level surface. It is bounded N. by Albemarle Sound. E. by Roanoke Sound, S. E. by Pam lico Sound, S. by Hyde co, and W. by Wash ington. Ulster County, N. Y, c. h. at Kingston. Incor porated in 1683. It is bounded N. by Greene co, E. by the Hudson River, S. by Orange, and W. by Sullivan and Delaware counties. Watered hy Rondout, Shawangunk, and Esopus Creeks, and the Wallkill. The Catskill Mountains cover the N. W, and the Shawangunk the S. portion of this county. The soil on the borders of the streams is very fertile, and on the uplands well suited to grazing. The water power is of great impor tance, and water limestone, marl, and lead ore are abundant. There are also several sulphur springs of some note. The Delaware and Hudson Canal follows the course of the Rondout to within 3 miles of the Hudson, for which distance the stream itself is navigable. Ulster, Pa, Bradford co. On the W. bank of the Susquehanna River. 142 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. Ulster. Pa, Bradford co. A town on the right side of Susquehanna River, above Towanda. Ulysses, N. Y, Tompkins co. Watered by some small streams flowing into Cayuga Lake, which bounds it on the E. Surface undulating, sloping towards the lake; soil good gravelly loam. 8 miles N. W. from Ithaca, and 175 W. from Albany. Unadilla, N. Y, Otsego co. This town is wa tered by the Unadilla and Susquehanna Rivers, which form a junction in the S. W. part. Surface hilly and broken, with some fertile alluvion flats ; the soil of the uplands is rich, and well suited to grass. 30 miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and 100 S. of W. from Albany. Uncasville, Ct, in Montville, New London co. 45 miles S. E. from Hartford. An Indian village on the Mohegan reservation, between Norwich and Now London. There aro a chapel, a school house, and a house for a teacher, towards the erec tion of which the United States appropriated $500, with an annuity of $400 for the teachers support. , » Underhill, Vt, Chittenden co.fc The head branches of Brown's River water' this town. The surface is hilly and broken, and the soil hard. The settlement was commenced about the year 1786. 15 miles N. E. from Burlington, aud 26 N. W. from Montpelier. Union County, As., e. h. at Champagnole, is bounded N. by Washita co, E. by the Washita River, separating it from Bradley co, S. by Louisiana, and W. by Lafayette co. Drained by tributaries of the Washita River. Union, Ct, Tolland co. The surface of Union is hilly, with a hard and unproductive soil. Mashapaug and Breakneck Ponds, lying in this town, are the principal sources of Quinebaug River. A branch of the Natchaug also rises here. 33 miles N. E. from Hartford. Union County, Ga, c. h. at Blairsville. Bound ed N. by North Carolina, E. by South Carolina and Habersham co, S. by Lumpkin, and W. by Gilmi-r co. Surface uneven, and watered by Hiawassee River and branches. Union County, Is, Hamburg and Jonesbnrg shire towns. Jackson and Franklin counties are on the N, Johnson E, and Mississippi River on the W. Union County, la, c. h. at Liberty. Bounded N. by Wayne co, E. by Ohio, S. by Franklin co, and W. by Fayette co. Drained by the E. fork of Whitewater River and its branches, which af ford hydraulic power. Surface undulating; soil fertile. Union County, Ky, c. h. at Morganfield. This county is situated opposite the mouth of Wabash River, and is bounded by Henderson co. N. E, Hopkins S. E, the Ohio River W. and N. W, and Tradewater River, or Livingston co, S. W. Union Parish, La, c. h. at Farmersville, is bounded N. by Arkansas, E. by the Washita River, separating it from Morehouse parish, S. by Washita and Jackson parishes, and W. by Claiborne parish. Drained by De Arbone River and branches, and by other tributaries of the Washita. Union, Me, Lincoln co. This pleasant and flourishing town is watered by Muscongus and St. George Rivers, and by several beautiful ponds. The soil is fertile, and the surface gen erally swelling. Union was incorporated in 1786. It is 28 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 7 N. by W. from Warren. Union City, Mn, Branch co. At the head of navigation, on St. Joseph's River,Jat its junction with Coldwater River. 116 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. It possesses an extensive water power. Union, N. Y, Broome co. Watered by Nanti coke Creek and other streams flowing into the Susquehanna River, which bounds it on the S. Surface undulating ; soil rich gravelly loam. 6 miles W.from Binghampton, and 150 S. W.from Albany. Union Vale, N. Y, Dutchess co. The Fishkill Creek waters this town, the surface of which is hilly and rolling, having the Matteawan Ridge on the E. ; soil gravel, clay, and loam. 12 miles E. from Poughkeepsie, and 85 S. from Albany. Union County, O.. c. h. at Marysville. Bounded N. hy Hardin and Marion, E. by Delaware, S. by Madison and Franklin, and W. by Champaign and Logan counties. Darby, Mill, Bokes, and Rush Creeks rise in this county, and furnish, it IN THE UNITED STATES. 60.1 with a good supply of water. The land is level, fertile, and well adapted to grazing. The county was organized in 1820, and settled in 1799, by George Reed. Samuel Mitchell, and several others, all natives of Pennsylvania. Union County, Pa, c. h. at New Berlin. This county is bounded by Lycoming co. N, Centre W, Mifflin S. and S."W, and Susquehan na River E. It is mountainous and much broken, but the river and creek lands are highly produc tive. Susquehanna River washes the greatest "length of this county, and it is drained by White Deer, Buffalo, Penn's, and Mahoning Creeks. Union, Pa, Berks co. Bounded N. by the Schuyl kill River, and drained by Mill, French, and Six pence Creeks. Surface very hilly ; soil gravelly and sterile. Union, Pa, Luzerne co. A township extend ing from the Susquehanna River to the E. limit of Lycoming co. 13 miles below Wilkesbarre. Union, Pa, Union co. Watered by the Sus quehanna River and its W. branch. Surface mountainous ; soil calcareous loam. Union, Pa, c. h. Fayette co. On both sides of Redstone Creek. About 4 miles from the western foot of Laurel Hill, 186 a little S. of W. from Harrisburg, and 276 W. from Phil adelphia. Union, Pa, Fayette co. A township around the borough of the same name. On both sides of Redstone Creek. 1 2 miles S. E. from Browns ville. Union, Pa, Huntingdon co. A township in Trough Creek valley. 15 miles nearly S. from Huntingdon. Union District, S. C, c. h. at Union. This dis trict is bounded by Broad River, or York, Ches ter, and Fairfield districts E, Ennoree River, or Newberry, and Laurens districts S. W, and Spar tanburg W. and N. W. Besides the two rivers, which form part of its boundary, it is drained by Pacolet and Tyger Rivers. Union, Va, "c. h. Monroe co. 229 miles W. from Richmond. Unionville, S. C, c. h. Union District On a small branch of Tyger River. 70 miles N. W. from Columbia. Unity, N. H, Sullivan co. Little Sugar River has its source in Whortleberry Pond and Beaver Meadow, in the N. part of the town, passes through its centre, and empties into the Connec ticut at Charlestown. Cold Pond is partly in this town. From Gilinan's Pond, in the E. part, proceeds a branch of Sugar River, flowing through Newp^;. Perry's Mountain is in the S. W. part, and partly in Charlestown. Unity is an uneven township, but the soil is favorable for grazing. It is excellent for flax. This town was called Unity from the happy termination of a dispute which had long subsisted between certain of the inhabit ants of Kingston and Hampstcad, claiming the same tracts of land, under two different grants. First settlers, John Ladd and Moses Thurston, in 1769. 50 miles W. by N. from Concord, and 9 S. from Newport Upper AUoway's Creek, N. J, Salem co. Drained by AUoway's and Stow Creeks. The surface is undulating ; the soil clay and loam in the N. E, and sandy, gravelly loam in the S. W. portions. 7 miles S' E. from Salem. Upper Alton, Is., Madison co. Adjoining the town of Alton, on elevated ground, about 2J miles back from the Mississippi. Upper Bern, Pa, Berks co. Drained by a .stream flowing into the. Schuylkill River, which bounds it on the E. Blue Mountain lies on its N. border. Upper, N. J, Cape May co. This town is bounded S. E. by tho Atlantic Ocean, and drained by Tuckahoe and Cedar Swamp Creeks. Surface level ; soil sand and clay. It lies 13 miles N. E. from Cape May Court House. Upper Chichester, Pa, Delaware co. Drained by Hook and Naaman's Creeks. Surface level ; soil loamy. Upper Darby, Pa, Delaware co. Drained by Darby and Cobb's Creeks, which afford hydraulic power. Surface hilly ; soil loamy. Upper Freehold, N.J, Monmouth co. A town ship on the S. side of the River Shrewsbury. 12 miles S. from Amboy. Upper Hanover. Pa, Montgomery co. Watered by Perkiomen Creek and branches. Surface hilly; soil red shale. 82 miles E.from Harris burg. Upper Mahantango, Pa, Schnylkill co. Drained by two branches of Mahantango Creek. Surface hilly; soil sterile, consisting of red shale and gravel. Upper Makefield, Pa, Bucks co. Bounded N. by Pidcock's Creek. Surface undulating ; soil clay and sandy loam. Upper Marlboro', Md, Prince George's co. A little W. from Patuxent River, and 23 miles S. W. from Annapolis. Upper Merion, Pa, Montgomery co. Drained by Valley and Gulf Creeks, which afford hydrau lic power. Surface undulating; soil calcareous loam. Upper Milford, Pa, Lehigh co. Drained by the N. branch of Perkiomen Creek and the head streams of Upper Saucon Creek. Surface most ly hilly; soil gravel and red shale of medium quality. Upper Nazareth, Pa, Northampton co. Drained by two branches of Manoosky Creek. Surface undulating ; soil productive gravel and slate. Upper Paxton, Pa, Dauphin co. Bounded W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Mahantango, and Great and Little Wiconisco Creeks. Surface partly mountainous ; soil red shale. 22 miles N. from Harrisburg. Upper Penn's Neck, N. J, Salem co. Located on the E. bank of the Delaware River. Surface level ; soil light sandy loam. Upper Providence.Pa., Montgomery co. Bound ed S. W. by the Schuylkill River, and drained by Perkiomen and Mingo Creeks. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam and red shale. Upper St. Clair, Pa, Alleghany co. Drained by Chartier's Creek. Surface hilly ; soil loam. Upper Salford, Pa, Montgomery co. Perkio men and Rich Valley Creeks drain this town, the surface of which is level, and the soil red shale and loam. 10 miles N. N. W. from Nor ristown. Upper Sandusky. O, c. h. Wyandot co. 64 miles N. from Columbus. It was laid out in 1843. The neighboring district was occupied till recently by the Wyandots. Upper Saucon, Pa, Lehigh co. Drained by Saucon Creek. Surface diversified ; soil calcare ous loam in the valleys. South Mountain, in which iron ore is found, lies in the N. part of this town. 6 miles N. E. from Northampton. Upper Swatara, Pa, Dauphin co. Drained by 604 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. Swatara Creek. Surface diversified; soil grav elly. Upper Tulpehocken, Pa, Berks co. Watered by Tulpehocken Creek and its tributaries, Northkill and Little Northkill Creeks. Surface diversified ; soil fertile calcareous loam and gravel. Tbe Union Canal runs along the S. border of this town. Upshur County, Ts, c. h. at Gilme. In the N. E. angle of the state, between the Upper Sa bine and Cypress Bayou. Upson County, Ga, c. h. at Thomaston. W. part. Drained by branches of the Flint, which washes it on the S. W. Upton, Ms, Worcester co. Previous to its in corporation, in 1735, this town was attached to Mendon, Sutton, Uxbridge, and Hopkinton. The surface is partly plain land, and partly rough and hilly, with a strong soil. West River, a branch of the Blackstone, rises from a pond in Upton, and furnishes a power for a number of mills. Near Pratt's Pond and two other beautiful little lakes is a pleasant village, near the centre of the town, which lies 13 miles S. E. from Worcester, and about 7 S. from the Worcester Railroad at Westboro', from which it is 32 miles to Boston. Urbana, N. Y, Steuben co. The S. part of Crooked Lake and its inlet water this town. Surface rather hilly ; soil clay and loam. 6 miles N. E. from Bath, and 207 W. from Albany. Urbana, 0., c. h. Champlain co. 46 miles W. by N. from Columbus. Urbana, Va, Middlesex co. A village and sea port on the S. E. side of Rappahannock River. 12 miles S. W. from Lancaster, and 60 N. by W. from Williamsburg. Urbanna, Is, c. h. Champaign co. On the S. side of the Salt Fork of Vermilion River. 92 miles E. N. E. from Springfield. Utica, N. Y. City and seat of justice of Onei da co. Situated on the S. bank of the Mohawk River, on the site of old Fort Schuyler. 93 miles W. by N. from Albany, and 232 E. from Buffalo. Population in 1820, 2972 ; in 1830, 8323 ; in 1840, 12,782; in 1850, 17,642. Utica has a pleasant location, on ground gradually ascending from the river, and commanding a fine prospect from its more elevated parts. It is well built, having many fine stores and large and elegant dwellings. The streets are laid out with a good degree of regularity, generally, but not always crossing each other at right angles. They are neat and spacious, some of them 100 feetiwide, and well paved. It contains a court house, offices for the clerks of the Supreme and United States' Courts, about 20 churches of the various denominations, an Exchange building, an academy, a museum, a Protestant and a Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, and various other charitable institutions. The New York State Lunatic Asylum, at Uti ca, is situated on somewhat elevated ground, about a mile W. of the city. It has fine build ings, with a farm of 160 acres attached. It contained about 500 patients in 1850. The country around Utica is fertile, and the •city is the centre of an active and extensive trade. Railroads, canals, and turnpikes radiate from it in all directions. The great Western Railroad, from Albany and Troy to Buffalo, and the great Erie Canal between the same points, pass through Utica. The Chenango Canal also conies in here from Binghampton, which is on the Erio Rail road, and on the Susquehanna River, 96 miles to theS. E. The Erie Canal has been widened, where it passes through the city, to 70 feet, and made 7 feet deep, and presents a fine appearance from the substantial and beautiful bridges with which it is spanned. A culvert has been constructed in the city from the canal to the river, at an ex pense of about $100,000. It is surrounded by one of the finest and richest agricultural districts in the union, and is a wealthy and flourishing place of business. t The first building erected witliin the limits of Utica was a mud fort, constructed during the old French war, and named Fort Schuyler. It occu pied the portage, or carrying place between the Mohawk and Wood Creek, which discharge through Lake Oneida, into lake Ontario. In 1798 Utica took its present name, being incorporated as a village. It was but an in considerable village until about the year 1800, when the location of the Seneca Turnpike, crossing the Mohawk at this point, operated to make it an important place of deposit and trade. In 1817 it was taken from Whitestown, and received a separate incorporation as a town. It was incorporated as a city in 1832. It is divided into 6 wards, and is governed by a mayor and 12 aldermen. Uxbridge, Ms, Worcester co. This large, wealthy, and flourishing town was, until 1727, the W. part of ancient Mendon. Its Indian name was Wacuntug. The central part of the town has a fair soil ; the surrounding hills are moist and well adapted to grazing and orchards. There are in the town a quarry of stone, and an iron mine. Uxbridge enjoys important advantages in being situated, for nearly its whole length, on the Blackstone River and Canal, as well as from the water power of West and Mumford Rivers, which here join the Blackstone. There are a number of flourishing manufacturing villages in Uxbridge, situated in valleys, and surrounded by picturesque scenery. The principal village is situated at the north part of the town. The railroad from Worcester to Providence passes through it 16 miles S. E. from Worcester, and 40 S. W. from Boston. Vallejo, Ca, Solano co. See Appendix, No 1. Valley Forge, Pa, Schuylkill, Chester co. At the entrance of Valley Creek into Schuylkill River. 20 miles N. W. from Philadelphia, and 81 E. by S. from Harrisburg. The celebrated winter quarters of tho American army in 1777. Van Buren County, As, c. h. at £linton. Bounded N. by Searcy, Izard, and Indeprodencc counties, E. by Independence and White, S. by Conway, and W. by Pope co. Little Red River and branches, and some branches of the Arkan sas, water this county. Van Buren County, Io, c. h. at Keosauque. Bounded N. by Warello and Jefferson counties, E. by Henry and Lee, S. by Missouri,' and W. by Davis co. Drained by Des Moines River and branches. Iron, copper, tin ore, and marble are found in this county. The soil is fertile. Van Buren, Me, Aroostook co. A new town. Ian Buren County, Mn, c. h. at Pawpaw Bounded N. by Allegan co, E. by Kalamazoo, S by Cass, and W. by Berrien co. and Lake Mich igan. Drained by Pawpaw River and its trib utaries, tbe S. branch of Black River, Dowage- ake and Brush Creeks, ail which afford good 'IN THE UNITED STATES. 605 water power. The surface is level, and the soil productive. fan Buren, N. Y, Onondaga co. Watered by Camp Brook, a branch of Seneca River, which bounds it on the N. Surface rolling; soil sandy loam and clay. 12 miles N. W. from Syracuse, and 145 N. W. from Albany. Van Buren Harbor, N. Y, Chautauque co. On the S. shore of Lake Erie. Has a good steam boat landing. 5 miles S. E. from Dunkirk, and .134 W. by S. from Albany. Vaticeburg, Ky, Lewis co. This village is sit uated near the Ohio River. 35 miles N. E. by E. from Washington. Near this place are salt works. Van Wert, 0, c. h. Van Wert co. On a branch of the Little Auglaize. 136 miles N. W. by W. from Columbus. Vandalia, Is, c. h. Fayette co. Situated on the Kaskaskia River. 73 miles S. E. from Springfield, and 82 N. E. from St. Louis. Until 1840 this was the capital of the state. The town is regularly laid out, with streets 80 feot wide, crossing each other at right angles, and a hand some public square in the centre. The public buildings are a court house, jail, a United States land office, and churches of different denomina tions. The national road extends to this place. Vanderburg County, la, c. b. nt Evansville. Bounded N. by Gibson, E. by Warrick co, S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ken tucky, and W. by Posey co. Drained by Big Pigeon, Blue, Grass, Locust, and Little Creeks. Surface mostly hilly ; soil very fertile in the S. part. Van Wert County, 0, c. h. at Van Wert. Bounded on the N. by Paulding, E. by Putnam and Allen, S. by Mercer, and W. by the State of Indiana. This county was constituted in 1820. It was named in honor of Van Wert, one of the men wbo took up Major Andre, a British spy. The soil is various ; the land level, and of a good quality. Some prairies are found here. The St Mary's River is the principal stream. There are several others, and all furnish an excellent sup ply of water. The Miami Canal crosses the eastern purt. Van Zandt County, Ts, c. h. at Jordan's Sa line. In the N. E. angle of the state, on the head waters of the Sabine. Varick, N. Y, Seneca co. Bounded E. by Cayuga, and W. by Seneca Lake. Surface ele vated in the centre ; soil fertile, yielding large crops of grain. 8 miles S. from Waterloo, and 180 W. from Albany. Vassalboro', Me. This is a large and flourish ing town, on the E. side of Kennebec River, op posite to Sidney. There are several large and beautiful ponds in the town, from which issue two excellent mill streams, one a branch of the Se- basticook, the other of the Kennebec. This is a place of considerable interior trade and business on the river. Vessels of considerable burden pass to the ocean from Vassalboro', by means of the Kennebec Dam. The valleys aro very pleas ant, and the surface and soil of the town varied and fertile. 12 miles N. by E. from Augusta. Venango County, Pa, c. h. at Franklin. There is much good soil along the watercourses, but the surface generally is broken. Armstrong is on the S. E. of this county, Butler S. W, Mercer W, Crawford N. W, Warren N. E, and Jeffer son E. Through this county winds the Alle ghany River, and in its course receives French Creek. Venice, N. Y, Cayuga co. Watered by Salmon Creek. Surface undulating; soil clay and grav elly loam, based upon lime and gypsum. 15 miles S. from Auburn, and 162 W. from Al bany. Vergennes, Vt, Addison co. This city is beau tifully located at the falls on Otter Creek, and is 7 miles from Lake Champlain. Otter Creek, at this place, is about 500 feet wide, and, at the falls, is separated by two islands, which form 3 distinct falls of 37 feet. These falls produce a great hy draulic power, rendered more valuable by being situated in the heart of a fertile country, and on the navigable waters of the lake. The railroad between Boston and Burlington passes through this city. Here are united, in great perfection, the two great powers, — water for mills, and steam for transportation, — which cannot fail to render any place that possesses them an important mart for trade and manufacture. The first settlement within the present limits of Vergennes was made in 1766, by Donald Mcintosh, a native of Scot land, who was in the battle of Culloden. 12 miles N. W. from Middlebury, and 21 S. by E. from Burlington. Vermilion County, Is, c. h. at Danville. Bound ed N. by Iroquois co, E. by Indiana, and S. and W. by Champaign. Big and Little Vermilion Rivers drain this county the surface of which is undulating, and the soil fertile. Vermilion County, la, c. h. at Newport. Bounded W. by Vermilion co. Is, and crossed by the river of the same name. Vermilion Parish, La. On the southern border E. On the shore of the gulf, between Vermilion Bay and Mermentau Lake and River. Low and swampy. Vermilion, 0, Richland co. A township 86 miles N. E. from Columbus. Vernon, Ct, Tolland co. Rock village and Tankerooson are pleasant and flourishing manu facturing villages. The Hockanum, and a branch of that river, the Tankerooson, are the principal streams. Vernon was first settled in 1716. It was a part of East Windsor and Bolton until 1808. Tho surface of the town is varied by hills and valleys ; the soil is a gravelly loam, and sandy, but good for grain and grass. 1 2 miles from Hartford. Vernon, la, c. h. Jennings co. Vernon, N. Y, Oneida co. Watered by Oneida and Shenandoah Creeks, has an undulating surface and fertile soil. 16 miles W. from Utica, and 113 N. W. from Albany. Vernon, Te, c. h. Hickman co. On Pine Creek 62 miles S. W. from Nashville. Vernon, Vt, Windham co. Vernon lies on the W. side of Connecticut River, opposite to Win chester, N. H. The surface is generally moun tainous and rocky. There are in the town fine forests of oak and chestnut timber, and quarries of slate. This was one of the first settled towns in the' state, but the precise time of its commence ment is not known. The earliest inhabitants were emigrants from Northampton and Northfield, Ms. 18 miles S. E. from Newfane, and about 50 Sv from Windsor. The Connecticnt River Railroad passes through the town. Verona, N. Y, Oneida co. Bounded on the N. 606 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLASES, &c. by Wood Creek, and W. by Oneida Lake, and watered by some small streams flowing into the former. The Erie arid Oneida Lake Canals also form a junction in this town. Surface level and swampy ; soil fertile. 120 miles W. from Utica. Versailles, Mo, c. h. Morgan co. Versailles, Pa, Alleghany eo. Bounded S. by the Youghiogeny River, and W. by the Monon gahela, and drained by Turtle Creek and Long Run. Surface hilly; soil loam. 12 miles S. E. from Pittsburg. Versailles, Ky, c. h. Woodford co. 12 miles W.from Lexington, and 12 S. E. from Frank fort. Versailles, la, c. h. Rjpley co, is on Laughery Creek. 45 miles W. from Cincinnati, and, by post road, 69 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. Vershire, Vt, Orange co. The surface is un even and stony, but furnishes good pasturage. Branches of Ompomponoosuc River rise here, but give the town no valuable water power. The settlement commenced here in 1780, and the town was organized in 1783. 25 miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 6 E. by S. from Chelsea. Vestal, N. Y, Broome co. Watered by Choco- nut Creek and some other tributaries of the Sus quehanna River, which bounds it on the N. Surface rather ridgy and uneven ; soil of godd quality on the flats. 8 miles S. W. from Bing hampton, and 154 from Albany. Veteran, N. Y, Chemung co. A tributary of Seneca Lake, a fine mill stream, waters this town. The surface is hilly and soil productive. 1 1 miles N. from Elmira, and 190 W. from Albany. Vevay.la., c. h. Switzerland co. On the N.E. bank of Ohio River. It was settled by Swiss emigrants, who cultivate the vine in this vicinity with good success. 94 miles S. E. from In dianapolis. 65 miles by water, and 45 by land, below Cincinnati. Vicksburg, Mi, Warren co. Situated on the E. bank of the Mississippi. 50 miles N. N. E. from Natchez, and about 45 W. from Jackson, the capital of the state, with which it is connected by a railroad. The town is on a high bluff, about 200 feet above the river. The scenery is very fine from the bluffs in this neighborhood. The "Wal nut Hills, a little above Vicksburg, rise boldly, with alternate swells and gullies, to the height of nearly 500 feet, and form one of the most strik ing views met with by the traveller on the Lower Mississippi. This town has 4 or 5 churches, 2 of which, the Methodist and the Roman Catholic, are fine structures, several private schools, and 1 public school supported by special tax, con taining about 500 scholars. An active business is done here in the preparation of lumber and building materials by saw mills, shingle factories, and brick yards. About 90,000 bales of cotton are annually shipped from this place to New- Orleans. Victor, N. Y, Ontario co. Watered by Mud Creek. A somewhat hilly town. Soil sandy and clay loam upon a layer of lime. 12 miles N. W. from Canandaigua, and 203 N. of W. from Albany. Victoria County, Ts, c. h. at Victoria. Near the coast between the Guadaloupe and La Bacca Bay. Victory, Vt, Essex co. This unorganized town was grunted November 6, 1780, and chartered Sep tember 6, 1781, to Ebenezer Fisk and others. It is watered hy Moose River. 20 miles W. from Guildhall, and 54 N. E. from Montpelier. Victory, N. Y, Cayuga co, Sodus Creek waters this town, the surface of which is undulating, and the soil gravelly loam. 20 miles N. from Auburn, and 167 N.W. from Albany. Vidalia, La. Parish of Concordia. Directly opposite Natchez, on the right bank of the Mis sissippi. Vienna, Md, Dorchester co. A port of entry and village on the W. side of Nanticoke River. 13 miles N. W. from Salisbury, on the Wicomoca, and 33 from Snow Hill, in the same direction. Vienna, N. Y, Oneida co. Watered by Fish Creek and other streams, flowing into Oneida Lake, which partly bounds it on the S. Surface undulating; soil mostly-productive. 30 miles N. W. from Utica, and 125 W. from Albany. Vienna, Is, c. h. Johnson co. On a small branch of Cash River. 40 miles N. E. from tbe mouth of Ohio, and 156 S. from Vandalia. Vigo County, la, c. h. at Terre Haute. Wabash River crosses this county from N. to S. The state of Illinois is on the W, Parke N,- Putnam E, and Sullivan S. Viuanova, N. Y, Chautauque co. Conne wango Creek and some of its tributaries water this town, the surface of which is hilly and broken, and the soil well suited to grass. 22 miles N. E. from Maysville, and 318 W. by S. from Albany. Vinal Haven, Me, Waldo co, includes the Fox Islands, at the mouth of Penobscot Bay. About 50 miles below Bangor. Vincent, Pa, Chester co. French Creek runs nearly through the middle of this town. The village is situated between Pikeland and East Nantmill, on the S. W. side of Schuylkill River. 30 miles N. W. from Philadelphia. Vincennes, la, c. h. Knox co. In the midst of a fine prairie, on the E. bank of Wabash River, 100 miles from its mouth. The oldest settlement in the state, having been established by the French as a trading post in 1730. It extends over half a mile along the river, which is naviga ble to this place. The streets are wide, and cross each other at right angles. There are ex cellent schools here, and a valuable library for popular use. The trade is considerable, and a handsome capital is employed in cotton and other manufactures. A railroad communication is in progress with Cincinnati and St. Louis. 118 miles from Indianapolis. Vinton, la, c. h. Benton co. Vinton, O, Gallia co. On the W. side of Big Raccoon Creek, 20 miles from its junction with Ohio River, and 92 S. by E. from Columbus. There is an abundance of mineral coal and iron in the vicinity. Virgil, N. Y, Cortland co. Watered by East Owego Creek and the Tioughnioga River. It is a somewhat hilly town, with a fertile soil. 9 miles S. from Cortland, and 148 S. of W. from Albany. Volney, N. Y, Oswego co. Watered by Black Creek, a tributary of the Oswego River, which bounds it on the W. Surface undulating; soil sandy loam. 1 1 miles S. E. from Oswego, and 159 N. W. from Albany. Voluntown, Ct, Windham co. This town was incorporated in 1719. It derived its name from the circumstance that most of its territory was IN THE UNITED STATES. 607 granted, in 1696, to volunteers in the Narragan set war. The surface is in some parts hilly ; but the prevailing character of the surface and soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. The town is watered by Wood River, a branch of the Pawca- tuck. 14 miles E. from Norwich. Wabash County, Is, c. h. at Mount Carmel. In the S. E. part of the state, on the waters of Wa bash River. Wabash County, la, c. h. at Wabash. In the N. part of the state, on both sides of the Wabash River. Wuculla County, Fa. Central part of the state, on Appalachee Bay. Wadesl/oro'. N. C, c. h. Anson co. On a branch of the Great Pedee River, called Brown Creek. 70 miles W. from Fayetteville, and 143 S. E. from Raleiirh. Wadesboro', Ky, c. h. Callaway co. 255 miles S. W. from Frankfort. - Waitsfield, Vt, Washington co. The soil of this town is diversified, but generally a mellow loam, deep, and of excellent quality, producing grass and grain in the greatest abundance. Mad River passes through the town, and receives here Mill and Shepherd's Brook from the W, and Fay's and Pine Brook from the E, all of which are sufficient for mills. The intervales and high lands are of an excellent quality. A range of high lands runs through the eastern part of the town, the chief summit of which is called Bald Mountain. The first settlers were General Wait and family, who moved into this town in 1789. From Montpelier 20 miles S. W. Wake County, N. O, c. h. at Raleigh. This coun ty is bounded N. by Granville, N. E. by Franklin, S. E. by Johnson, W. by Chatham and Orange, and S. W. by Cumberland and Chatham. From N. to S. through the county winds Neuse River, and it is drained by the various branches of that itream. Wakefield, N. H, Carroll co. Province Pond lies between Wakefield and Effingham, and is 480 rods long and 400 wide. Pine River Pond is the source of the river of that name, flowing N. W. into Ossipee Lake. The principal branch of the Piscataqua has its rise in Piscataqua Lake, for merly called East Pond, between Wakefield and Newfield, Me. Lovewell's Pond, in the S. part of this town, is about 700 rods longand 275 wide. It derived its name from Captain John Lovewi.ll, of Dunstable, who. on the 20th of February, 1725, surprised and destroyed a party of Indians en camped on the side of the pond. Wakefield is a pleasant town ; possesses an excellent water pow er; has a good soil and some excellent farms. 50 miles N. E. from Concord, and about 10 S. E. from Ossipee. A railroad from Great Fulls to Conway is to pass through this town. Wakesha County, Wn. In the S. E. angle of the state. Walden, Vt, Caledonia co. This is an elevated town, between the head waters of Winooski and Lamoille Rivers, Cole's Pond, lying in the town, produces a small stream called Joe's Brook. The surface is generally rough, but the soil in some parts of the town produces good crops. Nathaniel Perkins, Esq, movci nis family into this town ship in January, 1789, and his was for three years the only family in Walden. 10 miles N. W. from Danville, and 25 N. E. from Mont pelier. Waldo County, Me, c. h. at Belfast Southern central. Bounded E. by Penobscot River and Bay. Undulating and fertile, with good facilities for both navigation and agriculture. Waldo, Me, Waldo co. Its surface is pleasant, and its soil fertile : it abounds with mill sites. 44 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and 7 W. N. W. from Belfast Waldoboro', Me, Lincoln co. A port of entry, on both sides of Muscongus River. The tonnage of the district, which includes several neighboring towns, exceeds 100,000 tons. The soil is good, and there is a large water power in the vicinity. 37 miles S. E. from Augusta. Wales, Me, Lincoln co. There is a beautiful pond lying partly in Wales and partly in Lisbon ; its outlet meets the Androscoggin a few miles above Topsham. . Wales is an agricultural town of good soil and even surface. 20 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 26 N. W. from Wiscasset. Incorporated 1816. Wales, Ms, Hampden co, was formerly a part of Brimtield, and called South Brimfield. This is a mountainous township, but there is much good land in the valleys, and most of the high lands afford excellent grazing. Near the village in the centre of the town is a beautiful pond, the outlet of which is the rise of the Wales Branch of Quinebaug River. ' This stream affords the town a good water power. From the top of Hitchcock's Hill, in the N. W. corner of the town, 1190 feet above the sea, is a splendid prospect. Wales was named for James Wales, Esq, one of the principal men in the town, at its incorporation, in 1828. 9 miles S. E. from the depot of the Western Railroad at Palmer, from which to Boston is 83 miles. Wales, N. Y, Erie co. Watered by Seneca Creek. Has an undulating surface, and good soil. 18 miles S. E. from Buffalo, and 268 W. from Albany. Walker County, Aa.. c. h. at Jasper. Has Frank lin, Lawrence, and Morgan on the N, Blount E, Jefferson and Tuscaloosa S, and Marion and Fayette W. The higher branches of Tuscaloosa River drain the county. Walker County, Ga, c. h. at La Fayette. In the N. W. corner of the state. Includes the height of land between the waters of the Ten nessee and those of the Coosa. Rough and hilly, with fertile valleys. Walker, Pa, Huntingdon co. The Raystown branch of the Juniata River bounds this town on the E. and S. Its surface is hilly ; soil good calcareous loam in the valleys. Walker County, Ts, c. h. at Huntsville. East ern central. On the W. side of Trinity. Wallingford, Ct, New Haven co. Its length from E. to W. is nearly 7 miles, and its breadth about 6. The prevailing surface is pleasantly diversified with moderate hills and dales ; the eastern extremity of the township is mountain ous. The soil is generally excellent excepting a tract called Wallingford Plain, consisting of coarse sand, situated on the eastern bank of the Quinnipiac. The town is watered by the Quin nipiac, a valuable mill stream, which passes through the extent of the town. Yaleville is a little manufacturing village in the northern sec tion of the town. The principal village of Wal lingford is beautifully situated on a fine elevation upwards of a mile E. of the river, on two parallel streets extending along the ridge of the hill. Wallingford originally belonged to New Ha- 608 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. ven, and was called New Haven village. 13 miles N. from New Haven. Wallingford, Vt, Rutland co. This town is watered by Otter Creek, Mill River,, and by -3 ponds, one of which, Hiram's Pond, covering an area of 350 acres, lies on very elevated ground, and is one of the principal sources of .Otter Creek. These mountain ponds are very hand some, and contain fish. The soil is generally good ; that on the banks of Otter Creek is very fertile and productive. A range of primitive limestone passes through* the western part of the town, in which have been opened several quarries of excellent marble. Green Hill, situated near the centre, is composed almost entirely of quartz. A part of White Rocks, belonging to Green Mountain range, appears to be. granite, the rest quartz. At the foot of White Rooks are large cavities, formed by the fallen rocks, called the icebeds, in which ice is found in abundance through the summer season. The village of Wallingford is pleasantly located on the banks of Otter Creek, near one of the ponds. The settle ment was commenced in 1773, by Abraham Jack son and family. 10 miles S. by E. from Rutland, and 42 N. N. E. from Bennington. The railroad between Boston and Rutland passes through the town. Wallkill, N. Y, Orange co. The Wallkill and Shawangunk Creek water this town. Surface undulating and hilly ; soil well adapted to graz ing. 22 miles W. from Newburg, and 105 S. S. W. from Albany. Walpole, Ms, Norfolk co. Walpole was a part of Dedham until 1724. The surface presents a pleasing variety of hill and valley, and its soil generally is of a good quality. Three beautiful tributaries to the Neponset meet in this town. These .streams afford the town a good water power. This is a flourishing town with a num ber of pleasant villages within its borders. The S. village lies 3 miles from the E. village. The E. village lies 9 miles S. by W. from Dedham, and 19 S. S. W. from Boston. Walpole, N. H.. Cheshire co. This town is beautifully diversified by hills and vales. The soil is similar to that of other towns on Connecti cut River. The intervales afford excellent till age; the uplands are inferior to none in the state. Cold River passes through the N. part, and forms a junction with the Connecticut. There is a lofty hill, called Fall Mountain, a part of the range of Mount Toby, the highest parts of which are about 780 feet above the level of the river. The village of Walpole is situated at the foot of the hill, on a plain. Drewsville, in this town, is a pleasant village, romantically situated near the falls. Bellows Falls, on Connecticut River, separate this town from Rockingham, Vt. At the bridge, which crosses the river at this place, first built in 1 785, and 365 feet in length, is a most interesting and sublime view. The river here is compressed into a narrow strait, between steep rocks, and, for nearly a quarter of a mile, is hurried on with great rapidity and loud roaring. In no place is tho fall perpendicular, to any con siderable extent ; but in the distance of half a mile, the waters descend 42 feet. A canal, with 9 locks, passes round these falls, on the W. side. First settler, Colonel Benjamin Bellows, in 1749. From Concord 60 miles S. W. by W, and 22 N. W. from Keene by railroad from Boston. Walterboro', S. C.,Colleton district On a branch of Ashepoo River. This village is situated 46 miles a little N. of W. from Charleston, and by post road 178 miles S. S. E. from Columbia. Waltham, Ms, Middlesex co, was the W. par ish of Watertown, until its incorporation, in 1 738. The surface is moderately level, with some eleva tions. Prospect Hill, 482 feet above the level of the sea, presents a delightful view of Boston, its harbor, and the adjacent country. A part of Fresh Pond lies within the limits of this town. The soil is generally not very fertile. Waltham Plain is a beautiful tract of land, under a high state of cultivation. On the road over this plain is a continuous village. Charles River passes through the town. Beaver and Mead's Ponds are handsome sheets of water, well stored with fish. The former produces a mill stream, which passes . to Sudbury River. The Fitchburg Railroad passes through Waltbam. 9 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 1 1 E. S. E. from Concord. Waltham, Vt, Addison co. Buck Mountain lies near the centre of Waltham, and is the high est land in the county west of the Green Moun tains. Waltham lies on the E. side of Otter Creek. At this place the creek is sluggish, and affords no mill privileges. The soil is generally good ; that along the stream is excellent. The settlement of Waltham was commenced just be fore the revolutionary war, by a family of Gris- wolds and others, from Connecticut. 9 miles N. W. from Middlebury, and 40 S. W. from Mont pelier. Walton County, Fa, i: h. at Euchee Anna. Bounded N. by Alabama, E. by the Choctaw- hatchee River, separating it from Jackson add Washington counties, S. by Choctawhatchee Bay, and W. by Santa Rosa co. Drained by Yellow Water and Shoal Rivers and branches, and White and Alequa Creeks. Soil fertile in the N. por tions. Walton County, Ga, c. h. at Monroe. Gwinnett bounds this county on the W, Hall N. W, New ton S. W, Oconee River, or Jackson and Clark. N. E, and Morgan and Jasper S. E. It is drained by the sources of Oconee and Ockmulgee Rivers. Walton, N. Y, Delaware co. The W. branch of the Delaware River and some of its tributaries flow through this town. Surface hilly and moun tainous; soil well suited to grazing. 13 miles S. W. from Delhi, and 94 from Albany. Wal.worth, N. Y, Wayne co. Watered by sev eral small -streams flowing N. into Lake Ontario. Surface rolling; soil fertile gravelly loam. 18 miles N. W. from Lyons, and 199 N. of W. from Albany. Walworth County, Wn, c. h. at Elkhorn. Bound ed N. by Jefferson and Waukesha counties, E. by Racine co, S. by Illinois, and W. by Rock co. Watered by Turtle River and its branches, by branches of Fox River, and by Geneva Lake, which lies in its S. part. The surface is level, and the soil very rich. Wanahta County, Ma. On the uppermost wa ters of the Mississippi. Wantage, N.J, Sussex co. Situated on the N. border of the state, and drained by Deep Clovo River and Papakating Creek, head branch es of the Wallkill River. Surface undulating on the E, but hilly and mountainous on the W. Wapankonetta, O, c. h. Auglaise co. Wapello County, Io, c. h. at Ottumwa. S. E. part. The Des Moines passes tlirough it from N. W. to S. E. IN THE UNITED STATES. 609 Wapello. Io, c. h. Lonisa co, received its name from a chief of the Fox Indians, who resided here until 1836. It is regularly laid out with streets and squares, and is neatly built. Wardsboro', Vt, Windham co. Tho surface is hilly, and in some parts rocky, and the soil is hard. Wardsboro' is watered by West River, and con tains a number of minerals. There are some mills in the town, but the water power is not ex tensive. The settlement was commenced June, 1780, by people from Milford and Sturbridge, Ms. 15 miles N. W. from Brattleboro', and 20 N. E. from Bennington. Ware County, Ga, c. h. at Waresboro'. Bound ed N. by Telfair and Appling, and E. by Wayne arid Camden counties, S. by Florida, a.id W." by Lowndes and Irwin counties. Drained by San- tilla River and branches, and by the head branches of Suwannee and St. Mary's Rivers. This county contains the greater part of Okeflnokee Swamp, a tract of land about 280 miles in circumference, which in wet seasons is entirely submerged, with the exception of a number of islands. The land in the remainder of the county is fertile, but, lying low, is liable to inundation. Ware, Ms, Hampshire co. Ware was former ly connected with Brookfield and Palmer, and was called Ware River Parish. Ware possesses a most extensive and valuable water power, by Ware and Swift Rivers, and Beaver branch, all branches of the Chicopee. Ware contains a beautiful village, surrounded by high lands and picturesque scenery. 5 miles N. W. from the Warren depot on the Western Railroad, which is 73 miles W. by S. from Boston. Wareham, Ms, Plymouth co. This town for merly comprised the E. end of Rochester, and a plantation belonging to Plymouth. The Indians called this place Wanayantat. The town was first settled about the year 1682. It lies at the head of Buzzard's Bay, and is watered by the Weweantic, Wankinco, and Agawam Rivers, which severally fall about 50 feet, thereby pro ducing a great and valuable water power. Ware- ham presents a rare instance of the union of hydraulic and navigable privileges. This town is largely engaged in the iron manufacture. crossed by nine mill dams for the purpose of car rying several Tolling and puddling mills, and ex tensive nail and hoop factories. There are also a number of furnaces for castings, manufactures of salt, and other establishments. The harbor of Wareham is good, and safe for vessels drawing 12 feet of water. The soil is generally light and sandy, hut there is much good salt marsh. There is a good deal of oak and pitch pine timber in the town. There are a number of expensive bridges across tho streams, and 6 villages, called the Narrows, Centre. Agawam, Tihonet, Washington. and Poles. The rivers and ponds of Wareham abound with a great variety of fish, the shores with oysters, lobsters. &c, while the deer and fox gambol in the forests. 52 miles S. S. E. from Boston, and 15 S. from Plymouth. Waresboro; Ga.. e. h. Ware co. A little S. from Santilla River. 75 miles N. W. from St. Mary's, and 212 miles S. S. E. from .Milledge ville. B7araer, N. H, Merrimac co. This town is 15 miles from Concord. It is watered by Warner River, a handsome stream which rises in the Sun apee Mountain in Newbury. The lands, though broken, have in general a good soil. Miuk Hills 77 lie in the W. part, and furnish fine orchards and good pasturage. There are 4 ponds, viz, Tom, Bear, Bagley,' and rieasant Ponds. This town was granted in 1735, by the General Court of Massachusetts, to Deacon Thomas Stevens and others. It was incorporated in 1774. Warren, As, c. h. Bradley co. Warren, Ct, Litchfield co. Warren was taken from Kent in 17S6. The town is watered by Shcpaug River, a branch of the Housatonic, and by a large and handsome pond, called Raumaug. Warren is hilly and rocky, and in some parts mountainous. 38 miles W. from Hartford. Warren County, Ga, c. h. at Warrcnton. Wilkes is on the N, Columbia N. E. and E, Jefferson S. E, and Great Ogeechee River, or Washington, and Hancock S. W. Warren County, Is., c. h. at Monmouth. Formed in 1825, and incorporated in 1830. It is bounded N. by Mercer co, E. by Knox and Fulton, S. by McDonough, and W. by Henderson co. Drained by Henderson River and its branches, and by Ellison, Camp, and Honey Creeks. Surface level, and in the W. part liable to inundation; soil very fertile. Warren County, la, c. h. at Williamsport. In corporated in 1828. Bounded N. hy Benton co, E. by Tippecanoe, S. E. by the Wabash River, separating it from Fountain co, S. by Vermilion co, and W by Illinois. Warren County, Io.. c. h. at Indianola. S. cen tral. Watered by South River and other south ern tributaries of the Des Moines. Warren County, Ky, c. h. at Bowling Green. This county is bounded N. by Grayson and Hart, E. by Barren or Green River, N. W. by Butler, S. W. by Logan, S. by Simpson, and S. E. by Allen. It is divided into two nearly equal sec tions, by Big Barren River. Warren, Me. One of shire towns of Lincoln co. This town is situated on both sides of St. George River, at the head of the tide waters, and is bounded N. by Union, S. by Camden and Thomaston, E. by Cushing, and W. by Waldo- boro'. 34 miles S. E. from Augusta. The location of this town is very favorable for manufactures and navigation. The lumber busi ness is not so large as formerly, yet considerable quantities are now sawed and shipped. Ship building is an important branch of business, and the manufacture of lime from a superior quality of limestone, with which this section of country abounds, is carried on extensively, and is annu ally increasing. The village is well located and pleasant. Warren, Ms, Worcester co. Warren was for merly attached to Brookfield, Brimfield, and Palmer, until its incorporation by the name of Western, in 1742. In 1834, it took its present name, in honor of the memory of the patriot Warren, who fell at Bunker Hill. Tho land, though rather rough, is productive. The River Qunboag passes through the town. Coy's Hill, in the N. part, affords abundance of granite. At the foot of the hill iron ore has been found, and a mineral spring been discovered. Warren has a fine water power. The Quahoag Seminary is in this town. The Western Railroad passes through Warren, and the depot is 73 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 25 E. N. E. from Springfield. Warren County, Mi, c. h. ut Vicksburg. Bound ed N. E. by Yazoo co, E. and S. by the Big Black River, separating it from Hinds and Claiborne 610 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. counties, W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Louisiana, and N. W. by Yazoo River, separating it from Issaquena co. Drained by branches of the Big Black River. Surface rough and hilly on the E, and liable to inundation in the W. portions; soil fertile. The Vicksburg and Brandon Railroad traverses this county. Warren County, Mo, c. h. at Warrenton. E. part, on the N. bank of the Missouri. Warren, N. H, Grafton co. This town is watered by the N. branch of Baker's River, which, near the S.1 line, furnishes valuable mill sites. The S. E. part presents a mountainous aspect, having a large portion of Carr's Mountain on its south-eastern border. Copper ore is found here. Warren was granted by charter, July 14, 1763. From Haverhill, 14 miles S. E, and 65 N. by W. from Concord. Warren County, N. J„ c. h. at Belvidere. In corporated in 1824. Bounded N. by Sussex co, E. by Morris, S. E. and S. by Hunterdon co, and W. by the Delaware River, separating it from Pennsylvania. Drained by Pequest, Paulinskill, and Powhatcong Rivers. The surface is uneven, having Musconetcong or Schooley's Mountain on the S. E. border. Warren County, N. Y, c. h. at Caldwell. Formed from Washington co. in 1813. It is bound ed N. by Essex co, E. by Washington and Lake George, S. by Saratoga, and W. by Hamilton eo. Watered by the Main and Schroon branches of tho Hudson, which here unite, and by Lake George or Horicon, and several smaller lakes. Surface high, hilly, and broken, the Palmertown Moun tains covering the E, the Kayaderosseras the central, and the Adirondack the W. portions. Great quantities of magnetic, oxide, and hematite iron ores are found in this county, besides marl, graphite, and other minerals. Warren, N. Y, Herkimer co. Watered by Nowadaga Creek, and some streams flowing into Canaseraga and Otsego Lakes. The surface is hilly, the uplands being well adapted to grazing, and the valleys to the growth of grain. 12 miles S. from Herkimer, and 68 N. of W. from Albany. Warren County, N. C„ c. h. at Warrenton. Mecklenburg and Brunswick counties, Va, are on the N, Northampton and Fairfax counties, N. C, E, Franklin S, and Granville W. Through the N. E. angle of the county crosses Roanoke River, and it is drained by several creeks, which flow into that stream, and by Fishing Creek, a branch of Tar River. Warren County. 0, c. h. at Lebanon. Green and Montgomery counties are on the N, Clinton on the E, Clermont and Hamilton on the S, and Butler on the W. This county was settled in the early part of the year 1796 ; the land is of a fine quality, and is well watered by the Great and Little Miami Rivers, and several smaller streams. Warren, 0, c. h. Trumbull co. Warren, 0, Belmont co. The heads of Cup- tina and Stillwater Creeks water this township. It is wealthy and agricultural, with rolling land, excellent for grain and tobacco. Within two or three miles of this place is a remarkable ancient fortification. It is a circular enclosure, of 4 or 5 acres, surrounded with a wall, from 3 to 6 feet high, and in somo places 15 feet broad at tho base. Trees of as largo a growth ns any in the neighboring forests grow on and within the walls, Warren County, Pa, c. h. nt Warren. Chautau que and Cattaraugus counties are on the N, McKean E, Jefferson and Venango S, and Crawford and Erie W. This county is well wa tered. The Alleghany River winds obliquely through it, and within it receives the discharge of Chautauque Lake, or Connewango Creek, Bro ken Straw Creek, and several other large creeks. The surface is hilly, much of the soil good, and some highly fertile. Warren, Pa, c. h. Warren co.. occupies an ele vated position on the N. bank of Alleghany River, at the mouth of Connewango Creek. Warren, Pa, Bradford co. Wepasening Creek and its branches water this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly loam. 17 miles N. E. from Towanda. Warren, R. I, Bristol co. This small town, comprising an area of only about 2600 acres, is situated on the E. side of Narraganset Bay. It is 11 miles S. E. from Providence, and 19 N. by E. from Newport. Incorporated 1746. The sur face of Warren is undulating, with a soil of rich mould, very fertile and productive. War ren has a safe and commodious harbor for ves sels of 300 tons' burden. Ship building has been pursued here to a great extent. The village is delightfully situated on a rise of ground front ing the harbor. Warren County. Te, c. h. at McMinville. Franklin bounds this county on the S, Ruther ford W, Wilson and Smith N. W, Canev Fork- River, or White, N. E, and Bledsoe S. E." It is drained mostly by the Creeks of Caney Fork River. Warren, Vt, Washington co. Warren is wa tered by Mad River, and, although between the two Green Mountain ranges, the surface is not much broken. The settlement was commenced about the year 1797. 23 miles S. W. from Mont pelier. Warren County, Va, c. h. at Front Royal. Bounded N. by Frederick and Clarke counties, E- by Fauquier and Rappahannock, S. by Page, and W. by Shenandoah co. Drained by the Shenandoah River. Warrenton, Aa, c. h. Marshall co. On the E. side of a branch of Tennessee River. 135 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Warrensburg, Mo, c. h. Johnson co. On Blackwater River, above Post Oak Fork, and 98 miles W. from Jefferson City. Warrensburg, N. Y, Warren co. Bounded on the E. by the Schroon branch, and W. by the main stream of the Hudson, the two uniting on the S. boundary of tho town. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil fertile in tho valley of the Hudson. 6 miles N. W. from Caldwell, and 68 N. from Albany. Warrenton, Ga, e. h. Warren co. 44 miles E. N. E. from Milledgeville. Warrenton, N. C, e. h. Warren co. At the head of Fishing Creek. 62 miles X. N. E. from Raleigh. Warrenton, Va, c. h. Fauquier Co. 102 miles N. hy W. from Richmond. Warsaw, Is, Hancock co. On the E. side of Mississippi River, at the foot of Des Moines Rapids, and 114 miles W. N. W. from Spring field. Warsaw, la, c. h. Kosciusco co. On the E. side of Tippecanoe River. 126 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. Warsaw, Ky, c. h. Gallatin co. In the north- IN THE UNITED STATES. 611 eastern part of the county. 45 miles from Frankfort Warsaw, Mo, c. h. Benton co. On the N. side of Osage River. 80 miles S. W. by W. from Jefferson City. Warsaw, N. Y, c. h. Wyoming co. Watered by Allen's Creek, which flows tlirough si broad and fertile valley. Surface hilly in some parts, and soil remarkably fertile, yielding large crops of grass and grain. 248 miies W. from Albany. Warsaw, Pa, Jefferson co. Watered by a branch of Bank Creek, a tributary of the Alle ghany. 168 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. » Warwick County, la, c. h. at Booneville. Big and Little Pigeon and some other creeks drain this county. It is bounded N. by Pike and Du bois, E. and S. E. by Spencer, W. by Vanderburg and Posey, and S. by the Ohio River. Warwick, Ms, Frapklin co. The territory of this town was granted, in 1736, to the descend ants of 39 soldiers, who went from Roxbury and Brookline, in an expedition to Canada, in 1690 ; all of whom perished, save one by the name of Newell. The tract was called Roxbury Canada until its incorporation by its present name in 1763. It was first settled about 1744, and its In dian name was Shaomet. This town is elevated, and contains Mount Grace. The soil is strong, warm, and produces excellent pasturage. There are no considerable streams in the town. Morse Pond, a pleasant sheet of water, furnishes an abundance of fine trout, pickerel, and perch. There is a pleasant village in the centre of the town, which lies 16 miles N. E. from Greenfield, and 75 W. N. W. from Boston. Wai-wick, N. Y, Orange co. Watered by the Wallkill and some branches of the Passaic River. Contains on the W. a portion of the " Drowned Lands." Surface uneven and mountainous ; soil diversified, but mostly good. 24 miles S. W. from Newburg, and 116 S. S. W. from Albany. Warwick, R. I, Kent co. This important town. the Indian Shawomet, is situated on the W. side of Narraganset Bay, 5 miles S. from Providence. The surface of the town, along the bay, is gener ally level, but the westerly part is hilly, so much so, that from some of the elevations a iarge part of the state may be seen in a clear day. The prevailing soil is a gravelly loam, strong, and productive of grain, grass, fruits, and vegetables. The town is well supplied with a great variety of fish, and forests of walnut, oak, and chestnut. Pawtuxet River washes the northern part of the town, and meets the waters of the Narragan set at this place, separating Warwick from Crans ton. An arm of the bay extends westward, giving to Warwick and East Greenwich a number of excellent harbors. Vessels of 50 tons' burden pass to the flourishing village of Apponaug, between 4 and 5 miles from the bay. This vil lage is pleasantly located, 10 miles S. from Prov idence, and is the site of considerable enterprise in ship building, the fishery, and the coasting trade. Pawtuxet village is at the mouth of Pawtuxet River, a port of entry, and lies partly in Warwick and partly in Cranston. This beautiful village, 5 miles S. from Providence, is celebrated for its great hydraulic power on navigable waters. War wick is eminently distinguished as a manufactur ing town. " Within a mile from tho village of Apponaug may be seen a huge rock, so completely balanced upon another, and its equilibrium so exact, that a boy 14 years of age may set it in such motion that the contact or collision caused thereby pro duces a sound somewhat like that of a drum, but more sonorous, which, in a still evening, may be heard a distance of 6 or 8 miles. Hence, from time immemorial, it has gone by the name of the Drum Rock. From the ponderous weight of that part which is thus nicely balanced, it is generally believed that no other than the hand of nature ever could have done it. Yet some are inclined to believe that it was thus placed by the herculean labor of some tribe of the natives. There re mains no doubt but that this was a place of their resort or encampment, and that the Drum Rock served them either to give an alarm in case of danger, or to call the tribe together from their daily avocations. This rock is considered as a great curiosity, excites much attention, and con sequently is at tho present day a place of much resort, particularly in the pleasant season of the year." Warwick County. Va, c. h. at Warwick. It is bounded N. W. by James co, N. E. by York, S. E. by Elizabeth co.. and S. W. by James River. Warwick, Va, c. h. Warwick co. 79 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. Washington County. Aa, c. h. at Old Washing ton. Mississippi is on the W. of this county. Choc taw co. N, Tombigbee River E, and Mobile co, S. It has a moderately hilly surface, and soil, except in a few places near the streams, sterile, and covered generally with pine. Drained by branches of the Tombigbee River. Washington, Aa, c. h. Autauga co. At the mouth of Autauga Creek, on the right bank of Alabama River. 23 miles above Cahaba. Washington County, As, c. h. at Fayetteville. Bounded N. by Benton co, E. by Madison. S. by Franklin and Crawford counties, and W. by Indian territory. Drained by a head branch of White River. Surface hilly and broken. Washington, Ct, Litchfield co. Judea, the first society in this town, was a part of Woodbury until 1741. It was first settled in 1734. It was incorporated as a town in 1779. 40 miles S. W. from Hartford, and 10 S. W. from Litchfield. "A large part of this town is elevated and mountainous. Limestone abounds in many of the valleys. Several quarries of marble have been worked, from which considerable quantities have been raised. Iron ore has been found in various places. Ochre, fuller's earth, and white clay have also been found. The town is wa tered by the Shepaug River, a branch of the Housatonic, which passes through the whole length of the town, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. The town is divided into two so cieties, Judea and New Preston. " There is in Judea, orWashington, as it is called, about 2 miles S. W. of the centre of the town, a place called Steep Rock. From the top of this eminence, which is easy of access, the beholder has one of the most interesting and beautiful prospects in the state." Washington County. D. C, c. h at Washing ton, is bounded S. E bv Potomac River, and W, N, and E. bv Maryland. The soil is of middling quality, and" the surface hilly. It includes the whole of the district. Washington, D. C. The seat of government of the United States is situated on the N. bank of the Potomac, in the angle between that river and the eastern branch, near the head of navigation, 612 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. and distant from the Atlantic, via tho river and the Chesapeake Bay, about 290 miles. It was at the suggestion of General Washing ton that this particular site for the federal city was fixed upon. The ground on which it stands was ceded to the United States by the state of Maryland on the 23d December, 1788. The city is laid out on a magnificent plan, including 5000 acres, or over 8 square miles, sufficient to accom modate a million of inhabitants or more. The extent of this plan, which has caused Washington to be called a city of" magnificent distances," gave to the place for a long time a very scattered ap pearance ; hut the rapidity with which of late years the city has been built up seems to give hopes that the expectations of the original founders may be at least partially fulfilled. The ground on which Washington stands has a general elevation of about 40 feet above the level of the river, with some points still higher. The streets run N. and S, E. and W, across which, in a diagonal direction, run a series of broad avenues, designed to facilitate communica tion from one part of the city to another, five of them radiating from the Capitol, and five others from the President's House. The avenues and principal streets are from 130 to 160 feet wide. and the points at which they meet are selected as sites for public, buildings. The avenues are named from the different states ; the streets, be ginning at the Capitol, are designated, those N. and S. of it as A North and A South, B North and B South. &c, and those E. and W. of it as First East, First West, Second East, Second West, &c. Pennsylvania Avenue, extending about a mile from the Capitol to the President's House, is the most compactly built, and forms the prin cipal thoroughfare. The Capitol, standing on Capitol Hill, near the centre of the city plot, is the most striking building in the city, and the first object that fixes attention on approaching it. Elevated 72 feet above tide water, it commands an extensive view of the city and surrounding country. The building, independently of the additions now in progress, is of freestone, and occupies an area of more than an acre and a half. It is 352 feet in length from N. to S, with a depth from E. to W. of 121 feet. On the E. front is a splendid projecting portico, 160 feet wide, of 22 lofty Corinthian columns, greatly admired for the grandeur of its design and the beauty of its execution. It is approached by a noble flight of steps, and is ornamented by two gigantic marble statues representing War and Peace. \ This east ern front faces a wide plain not yet much built upon. On the western front is a" projection 83 feet in width, adorned by a recessed portico of 10 Corinthian columns. From this front there is a rapid descent of some 30 or 40 feet, to the level of Pennsylvania Avenue, and the building is ap proached on this side by winding walks and sev eral flights of steps. In the middle of the build ing, between those two porticoes and the two wings on cither side, is the Rotunda, a grand cir cular hall 95 feet in diameter, and the same in height. To tho top of the dome over the Rotunda, and from which it is lighted, the height of the building is 120 feet Tho walls of the Rotunda are adorned with magnificent paintings, with figures as large as life. Four of them, by Trum bull, representing tho signing of tho Declaration of Independence, the surrender of Burgoyne, the surrender of Cornwallis, and Washington's resig nation of his commission, are particularly valua ble on account of the portraits which they con tain. There are, besides, the Baptism of Poca hontas, by Chapman, the Embarkation of the Pilgrims, by Weir, and the Landing of Columbus, by Vanderlyn. One panel is yet unfilled. The room is also adorned with , sculptures in alto rilicvo, representing the rescue of Smith by the interposition of Pocahontas, the landing of the Pilgrims, Penn's Indian treaty, and Boone in murderous conflict with the Indians. The library room, on the W. of the rotunda, is 92 feet by 34, and 36 feet high. A large part of the library was recently destroyed by an accidental fire, but effectual steps have been taken to replace it. The wings, which are 121 feet in depth, contain, the northern one, the Senate Chamber, and that on the S, the Chamber of the House of Repre sentatives. The Senate Chamber is 78 feet diameter and 45 high, and of a semicircular form. The vice president's chair has a canopy of rich crimson drapery, held by the talons of an eagle : above and behind the chair is a gallery for spectators, supported by Ionic columns of varie gated marble, and another gallery extends round the semicircle. In the basement below is the room occupied by the Supreme Court. The Hall of the House of Representatives, in the S. wing, is semicircular like the Senate Chamber, but larg er, being 96 feet diameter, and 60 feet high. The dome of this hall is supported by 24 Corinthian columns, of the beautiful variegated Potomac mar ble, highly polished. As in the Senate Chamber, the seats are so arranged as to face the speaker, whose chair, placed opposite the circular sweep, is considerably elevated, and is approached by avenues radiating from it as a centre. The gal lery above the speaker's chair is reserved for ladies; another, for gentlemen, extends round the semicircle. Tho Capitol, begun in 1793, planned by Charles Bulfinch of Boston, and continued under the su perintendence of M. Latrobe, was many years in building, and has cost more than $2,000,000 in the whole. It was first occupied in 1800. the northern wing only being then completed, at a cost of S480,000. In 1814, after the completion of the southern wing, which cost $308,000, but before the erection of the Rotunda and porticoes, during the British occupation of Washington, the building was set on fire, and the roofs and inte rior were burned. The wings were repaired and occupied in 1819. The centre building was com pleted in 1827, costing about a million. The sandstone of which the Capitol is built is very perishable, cracking off by the effect of the rain and frosts ; and to save it from rapid disintegra tion it is necessary to keep it covered with a coat of paint. Loud complaints have always been made that the Representatives' Hall, in spite of its splendid appearance, is very badly adapted for either hearing or speaking, and at length measures have been taken for providing new chambers for tho Senate and House by the erec tion of two additional wings, which are now in progress. This extension of the Capitol consists of two wing buildings of marble placed at tho N. and S. ends of the present structure, at the distance of 44 feet from it, with connecting corridors. Each building is 142 feet 8 inches front, from N. to S., by 238 feet 10 inches deep, from E. to W., ex- IN THE UNITED STATES. 613 elusive of the porticoes and steps ; the corridors consist of passages leading from the centre build ing to the wings, of 21 feet 4 inches in width, with outside colonnades, which make the entire width of each corridor 56 feet 8 inches. The wing buildings have porticoes on the E. front, extending the whole width, with a flight of steps to each, correspouding to the steps of the present Capitol. Each of these porticoes has a centre projection of 10 feet 4 inches by 78 feet in width ; thus forming n double portico in the centre of the facade, similar in general design to that of the present eastern portico. There is also a por tico on the W. front of each wing. 105 feet 8 inches in width, projecting 10 feet 6 inches; and on the N. and S. fronts, porticoes of the same pro jection, each of which is 121 feet 4 indies in width. The whole extent of the buildings, from N. to S, when finished, will be 751 feet 4 inches, and the greatest width from E. to W, including porticoes and steps, S24 feet. The ground actually covered by the buildings, including the porticoes and steps, and exclusive of the court yards, is 153,112 square feet, or 652 square feet more than three and a half acres ; of wbich there is covered by the present building 61,201 square feet, and by the new wings and corridors 91,911. The architecture of the exterior is designed to correspond in its principal features to that of the present building, and the disposition of the vari ous parts is intended to present the appearance of one harmonious structure, and to impart dignity to the present building, rather than to interfere with its proportions, or detract from its grandeur and beauty. The principal entrance to each wing is on the eastern front ; the approach to it is by means of a flight of 39 steps, flanked by massy cheek blocks, similar to those of the present building, with a vaulted carriage way below to enter the basement. The front door opens into a vestibule of 27 feet in width, leading into a hall 55 feet square, lighted from the roof, and embellished by 20 marble columns, supporting an entablature and balus trade ; this colonnade will support the galleries for approaching the offices in the second story. These halls will be enriched with marble anta? against the walls in both stories, and lighted by ornamental stained glass skylights, supported by iron rafters. From each hall a vaulted passage, of 26 feet 10 inches in width, leads into a corridor of 23 feet 6 inches, running across each wing from N. to S.. and uniting it with the centre building. The Hall of Representatives occupies the west ern half of the S. wing, and is lighted on 3 sides by 50 windows. Its dimensions are 130 feet from N. to S, .and 97 feet 10 inches from E. to W. The ceiling is 35 feet in height, deeply panelled and ornamented with brackets, pendants, and enriched mouldings ; the panels will be filled in with ornamental glass, through which light will be transmitted from skylights in the roof. The floor of the House is large enough to ac commodate 400 members with separate desks, and allow ample space for lobbies and seats for distinguished visitors, while at the same time it may be conveniently adapted to the number of representatives wbich at present constitute this branch of the legislature. The galleries for spectators extend around 3 sides of the hall, and are designed to accommo date 1200 persons ; they are approached by 2 spacious flights of marble stairs. The southern and western porticoes open into the hall, and will be appropriated exclusively to the use of the members, and such as have the privilege of the floor of the House. The Senate Chamber is located on the western half of the X. wing, and is lighted on the N. and W. by 26 windows. Its dimensions are 70 feet 6 inches by 97 feet 10 inches ; the ceiling is 35 feet in height, with sunken panels and ornaments, similar to those of the House of Representatives already described. There is ample room in this hall for separate seats for 100 senators, allowing at the same time all the space that will ever be required for lobbies and tho accommodation of distinguished visitors. The galleries, like tliose of the Hall of Repre sentatives, occupy 3 sides of the chamber, and contain accommodations for 1200 persons ; they are approached by 2 flights of marble stairs, like those of the S. wing. The galleries of each of the halls have jive spacious doorways, which will afford ingress and egress without crowding, or causing inconvenience to the audience or disturb ance of the members. The Senate Chamber and the Hall of Repre sentatives arc both designed with reference to tbe principles of acoustics. The magnitude of these rooms, especially the latter, and the fact that they are to be constructed for speaking in from every point, render it necessary to avoid all forms that would produce echoes, and at the same time to present reflecting surfaces enough to give power to the voice without resolving the sound with greater intensity on one point than on another. To attain these objects, the rooms are made rec tangular, and the ceilings comparatively low and flat. The whole number of rooms in both wings, ex clusive of the legislative halls, is 101 ; all of which are vaulted with bricks, and rendered completely fire-proof. 95 of these rooms are lighted directly from the outside, by one or more windows, and the remaining 6 depend on second ary light, and are designed for the storing of doc uments, stationery, &c The warming of the buildings will be effected by means of hot-water pipes enclosed in chambers erected in the cellars, and connected with boilers for heating the water ; the external air will be admitted into these chambers, where it will bo wanned and conducted by flues to all the halls and rooms in the buildings An artificial draught will be created by means of fans placed at the bottom of the air shafts, and worked by a small steam engine erected in the cellar of the centre building, and kept continually at work during cold weather. By these means, a constant breeze of warm air will be thrown into everv room, by which a corresponding volume of air previously in the room will be displaced ; thus assisting the process of ventilation, and creating a circulation of the atmosphere which could not be attained by any other process. The time required for the completion of the additions is five vears, and the estimated expense, $2,575,000. The architect is Thomas U. Wal ter. Esq. The grounds about the Capitol, 22 acres in extent, have been enclosed, beautifully laid out, and ornamented with walks, fountains, trees, 614 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. flowers, and shrubbery. In tbe enclosure oppo site the eastern front has been placed Grecnough's colossal statue of Washington, in a sitting posture, twice as large as life. The President's House, one mile W. of the Capitol, is a very beautiful building, also of free stone, 170 feet long and 86 feet deep, ornamented on its N. front, facing Lafayette Square, with a portico of 4 Ionic columns. The garden front on the S. has a circular colonnade of 6 Ionic columns. Not far from the President's House are the offices of the executive departments. These are plain edifices of brick, 130 feet long by 60 wide, except the treasury building, which is of freestone, 336 feet long, with a wing in the rear 1 90 feet deep, and with a colonnade in front of 32 massive pillars. It contains 150 apartments. The General Land Office occupies the third story. The General Post Office, on E. Street West, running from Seventh to Eighth Streets N, is an extensive marble building, with two wings, adorned in front and at the ends with fluted columns. The Patent Office, between Seventh and Ninth Streets W, and F and G Streets N, built of freestone and marble, 270 feet long, and in the centre 170 feet deep, is the handsomest of all the public offices. The portico, copied from the Parthenon at Athens, consists of 16 columns, 50 feet high, in a double row. This edifice is partly occupied as a National Museum, and as a receptacle for models of new inventions. There are two wings of marble now in course of erection. The Smithsonian Institute, on a 19 acre plot of ground, granted by the government, in the southern part of the city, between Seventh and Twelfth Streets, is built of reddish sandstone, in the ancient style of Norman architecture, and is 447 feet in length, with a width where broadest of 132 feet. It has 10 towers, one of which is 145 feet high, and the others 100 feet, and makes an imposing appearance. The central portion of the building contains, on the first floor, a library, 134 feet by 50, di vided into alcoves, and a hall for philosophical apparatus, 65 feot by 50. The second story con tains tho Museum, 200 feet by 50. This is divided into 3 aisles, the centre aisle being 40 feet in height. The E. wing contains a lecture room, capable of accommodating 1000 persons. The eastern range contains laboratories, workshops, rooms for apparatus, offices, &c. The western wing and range contains two large rooms, one of which will be used as a reading room. Beneath are rooms for unpacking books, and other purposes of the library. The Smithsonian Institution derives its name and endowment from James Smithson, Esq, of England. Mr. Smithson was a son of the first Duke of Northumberland. He was educated at Oxford, where ho distinguished himself by his scientific attainments. Ho was an associate of most of the eminent men of science of the last generation in England. He had no fixed residence, and formed no family ties. He died at Genoa, June 27, 1829. From the property which ho received by his mother, and the ample annuity allowed him by his father, his frugality enabled him to accumulate a fortune, which, at the time of his death, amount ed to about £\ 20,000 sterling. By his will, he directed that the income of this property should be paid to a nephew during his life, and that the property itself should descend to his children, if he had any, absolutely and forever. " In case of the death of my said nephew with out leaving a child, or children, or of the death of the child or children he may have had under the age of 21 years, or intestate, I then bequeath the whole of my property to ihe United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." Such are the words of the will, and the only words of Smithson which have come to us re lating to this remarkable bequest. Of the reasons which led him to make this disposal of his fortune, we know nothing except by inference. He was never in America, had no friends or acquaintances here, and is supposed to have had no particular fondness for republican institutions. The event having occurred, in which the claim of the United States attached, the particulars of the bequest were communicated to our govern ment, and both Houses of Congress passed a bill, which was approved the 1st of July, 1836, author izing the president to appoint an agent to pros ecute, in the Court of Chancery of England, the right of the United States to the bequest, and pledging the faith of tbe United States to the application of the fund to the purposes designated by the donor. It was paid into the treasury of the United States, in sovereigns, during the month of Sep tember, 1838. The amount of the fund at this time was $515,169. It was not till 8 years after this period, 10th August, 1846, that the act establishing the Smithsonian Institution was finally passed. This act creates an establishment, to be called the Smithsonian Institution, composed of tho president and vice president of the United States, the secretaries of state, of the treasury, of war, and tho navy, the postmaster general, attorney general, and major of Washington, with such others as they may elect honorary members. It devolves the immediate government of the Insti tution upon a board of regents, of 1 5 members ; namely, the vice president of the United States, the chief justice of the Supreme Court, and the mayor of the city of Washington, ex officio, 3 members of the Senate, to be appointed by tho president thereof, 3 members of the House, to be appointed by the speaker, and 6 persons to be chosen from the citizens at large, by joint resolu tion of the Senate and House, 2 of whom shall be members of the National Institute, and the other 4 inhabitants of states, and no two from tbe same state. Tho act establishes a permanent loan of the original fund ($515,169) to the United States, at 6 per cent, interest ; appropriates the accumulated interest, then amounting to $242,129, or so much as might be needed, together with so much of tho accruing income as might be unexpended in any year, for the erection of a building ; provides for the establishment of a library, museum, chemical laboratory, &c, and left most of the details of the organization to the board of regents. The cost of the building is limited (with furni- IN THE UNITED STATES. 615 ture, grading the grounds, &c.) to $250,000. This will be taken mostly from tbe income of the ori ginal and building funds, so as to save $150,000 1 of tho building fund, which will he added to the ori ginal fund, making a permanent fund of $675,000, yielding nearly $40,000 per annum. This income, with all sums received from other sources, is to be permanently and equally divided between two great methods of increasing and diffusing knowledge — the first by publications, researches, and lectures — the second by col lections of literature, science, and art. The first two volumes of a. series entitled " Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," in 4to, have been issued ; also several works in a series of a more popular character, and in 8vo. form, entitled " Smithsonian Reports." It is proposed, also, to publish, for still wider circula tion, a monthly " Bulletin." Researches in vari ous departments of science- have been instituted, or aided by the Institution, and several courses of free lectures have been delivered. The library has been commenced. Measures have been taken, also, for supplying the cabinet of natural history and the gallery of art The Washington Monument, in the same part of the city, W. of Fifteenth Street, is in progress of erection, from private subscriptions collected throughout the Union. The following is the description of the design, as put forth by the Monument Association. The rotunda remains to be built, but the obelisk has already attained a height of 70 or 80 feet. " The design embraces the idea of a grand circular colonnaded building, 250 feet in diame ter and 100 feet high, from which springs an obelisk shaft, 70 feet at the base and 500 feet high, making a total elevation of 517 feet above the groundi " This vast rotunda, forming the grand base of the monument, is to be surrounded by 30 columns of massive proportions, being 12 feet in diameter, and 45 feet high, elevated upon a lofty base or stylobate of 20 feet elevation and 300 feet square, surmounted by an entablature 20 feet high, and crowned by a. massive balustrade 15 feet in height " The terrace outside of the colonnade is 25 feet wide, and the pronaos, or walk within the colonnade, including the column space, 25 feet. The walks enclosing the cella, or gallery within, are fretted with 30 massive anta;, (pilasters,) 10 feet wide, 45 feet high-, and' 74 feet projection, answering to the columns in front, surmounted by their appropriate architrave. The deep re cesses formed by the projection of the antse pro vide suitable niches for the reception of statues. " This spacious gallery and rotunda, which prop erly may be denominated the " National Parthe non," is lighted in 4 grand divisions from above, and by its circular form, presents each subject decorating its walls in an interesting point of view, and with proper effect, as the curiosity is kept up every moment, from the whole room not being presented to the eye at one glance, as in the case of a straight gallery. "Entering the centre pier through an arched way, you pass into a spacious circular area, and ascend with an easy grade, by a railway, to the grand terrace, 75 feet above the base of the mon ument. This terrace is 700 feet in circumfer ence, 180 feet wide, enclosed by a colonnaded balustrade, 15 feel;high with its base and capping. •' In the centre of the grand terrace rises the lofty obelisk shaft of the monument, 50 feet square at the base, and 400 feet high, diminishing as it rises to its apex, where it is 40 feet square. On each face of the shaft is sculptured the four leading events in General Washington's eventful career, in basso rilievo, and above this the shaft is perfectly plain to within 50 feet of its summit, where a simple star is placed, emblematic of the glory which the name of Washington has at tained. " To ascend to the summit of the column, the same facilities as below are provided within the shaft, by an easy, graded gallery, which may be tra versed by a railway, terminating in a circular observatory 20 feet in diameter, around which, at the top, is a lookout gallery, which opens a pros pect all around the horizon. " In the centre of the monument is placed the tomb of Washington, to receive his remains should they be removed thither, the descent to which is by a broad flight of steps." Many states, cities and corporations have contributed blocks to this monument, highly ornamented, which form part of the inside wall, and the inscriptions on which can be read as one ascends. The Navy Yard, on the E. branch of the Poto mac, about a mile E. of the Capitol, has an area of 27 acres, enclosed by a substantial brick wall. Many extensive manufacturing operations for the supply of the navy are carried on here. Half a mile beyond the Navy Yard, in the east ern section of the city, a mile and a half from the Capitol, is the Congressional Burying Ground, containing 10 acres, near the eastern branch, tastefully laid out and neatly kept. The arsenal is about one mile S. of the Capitol, on Greenleaf Point, between the Potomac and the eastern branch. Not the least important and interesting of the public establishments is the National Observatory, nearly a mile W. of the President's House, near Georgetown, between Twenty-Third and Twenty- Fifth Streets. The building is 50 feet square, and 3 stories high, ornamented with a movable dome, and provided with the best astronomical instruments. The principal city and county buildings are an unfinished and shabby City Hall, in which the courts are held, the County Jail, a large, new build ing, 3 stories high, and the Penitentiary, a large building of freestone, on Greenleaf Point, facing the Potomac and adjoining the Arsenal grounds. Columbian College is beautifully situated on elevated ground, commanding a broad view of the surrounding country. The college edifice is 5 stories high, 117 feet long and 47 wide. Washington is separated from Georgetown by Rock Creek, over which are two bridges. A bridge a mile long, across the Potomac, leads to Alexandria, with which also there is steamboat communication. There are also bridges across the eastern branch, which, though deep enough to float a frigate opposite the navy yard, soon dwindles to a shallow stream. Vessels requiring 14 feet of water can come up to Potomac Bridge. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which commu nicates with a local canal extending through the city S. of Pennsylvania Avenue, opens a com munication with "an extensive back country; but the trade of Washington is almost entirely lim ited to the articles required for the consumption of the citv. 616 COUNTIES, CITLES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. Population in 1800,3210; in 1810, 8208; in 1820,13,247; in 1830, 18.227; in 1 840, 23,364 ; in 1850,40,001, of whom about a quarter part are colored. Congress meets annually at Wash ington on the first Monday of December, and the Supreme Court of the United States annually on the first Monday of January. Washington County. Fa, c. h. at Holmes Valley. Bounded N. and N. E. by Jackson co, E. by the Appalachicola River, separating it from Gadsden co, S. by Calhoun co. and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by the Choctawhatchee River, separating it from Walton co. Drained by Econfina River, and by branches of the Choctawhatchee River. In the S. part of this county is the fine Bay of St. Andrews. There is some good soil in the N. portions, but it is mostly sterile. Washington County. Ga, c. h. at Sandersville. Oconee River, of Wilkinson co, is on the S. W, Hancock NW, Ogeechee River, or Warren, N. E, Jefferson E, and Emanuel and Laurens S. E. Washington, Ga, c. h. Wilkes co. On Kettle Creek, a branch of Little River. 50 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 78 N. E. from Mil ledgeville. Washington County, Is, c. h. at Covington. Randolph is on the S. of this county, St. Clair W, Madison and Bond N, and Jefferson E. Kaskas- kias River passes obliquely through it. Washington County, la, c. h. at Salem. This co. is bounded by Floyd S. E, Harrison S, Or ange and Lawrence W, White River, or Jack son, N, and Scott E. Big Blue River rises in this county, and flows S. into Ohio River. Washington, la, c. h. Davis co. Between the two main branches of White River. 20 miles S. E. by E. from Vincennes, and 103 S. S. W. from Indianapolis. Washington, la, c. h. Daviess co. 4 miles E. from the West Fork of White River, and 106 S. W. from Indianapolis. Washington County, Io, u. b. at Washington. Bounded N. and N. E. by Iowa and Johnson counties, E. by Louisa, S. by Henry and Jeffer son, and W. by Keokuk co. Drained by Iowa River, Long and Crooked Creeks, and by a branch of Skunk River. The soil is fertile. Washington County, Ky, c. h. at Springfield. Green is on the S. of this county, Nelson W. and N. W, Salt River, or Franklin, N, Mercer" E, and Casey S. E. The various sources of Salt River drain the county. Washington, Kv, c. h. Mason co. 77 miles E. S. E. from Frankfort. Washington Parish, La. This parish is" bounded by Mississippi N, Pearl River E, parish of St. Tammany S, and Tangipao River, or St. Helena, W. It has a moderately hilly surface, and gen erally sterile soil, covered with pine timber. Bogue, Chitto, and Chifuncto Rivers are the principal streams. Washington County, Me, c. h. at Machias. In the S. E. corner of the state, between the coast on the S. E, and Passamaquoddy Bay and St. Croix River on the N. E. Has a great extent of coast, and abounds in bays, and harbors. Tho settlements are confined to tide waters. The soil is cold, and not favorable to cultivation. The interior is covered with dense forests. Washington, Me, Lincoln co. Formerly called Putnam. 35 miles E. from Augusta. Washington County, Md. Hagerstown, Han cock, and Williamsport, shire towns. Potomac River, or Virginia, is on the S. of this county, Alleghany co, Md, W, Pennsylvania N, and Frederick co.. Md, E. The county is well watered, and is traversed by Connolaways, Licking, Con- ococheague, Antietam, and other large creeks flowing from Pennsylvania into Potomac River. The surface is much broken by mountains and hills, though much of the river and creek alluvial soil is excellent Washington, Ms, Berkshire co, was first set tled in 1760, and was called Greenwood, and for some time Hartwood. Its Indian name was Tukonick. This town is situated on the Green Mountain range, and its surface is greatly di versified by hills and valleys. It is, however, a fine township for grazing, and within its limits are many large and productive farms. No large river waters the town, but the crystal springs which gush from the mountains, and the sparkling ponds which decorate the valleys, give to the town an ample water power for domestic uses. The principal settlement is beau tifully located in a mountain valley, through which the Western Railroad passes. 138 miles W. from Boston, and 13 S. E. from Pittsfield. Washington, Mn, Macomb co. Stony Creek and the head branches of the Middle Fork of Clinton River water this town, the soil of which is fertile, yielding large crops of grain. Washington County, Ma, c. h. at Stillwater. In the angle between the St. Croix and Mississippi. Washington, Mi. Recently the seat of govern ment of the state. 6 miles N. E. from Natchez, and 84 S. W. from Jackson, on the left bank of St. Catharine Creek, on a high, dry, and healthy site. In 1802 Jefferson College was incorpo rated, and located in this town. Washington County, Mo, c. h. at Potosi. Sit uated S. from Franklin, and S. W. from Jeffer son and St. Genevieve. This county lies on the heads of Big Black, Gasconade, Merrimac, and St. Francis Rivers. It has a hilly, mountainous, and broken surface, though much fertile soil is found in detached places, particularly along the banks of the Merrimac, Big River, and other streams. A great part of the lead mines of Missouri are included within the limits of this county. Washington, N. H, Sullivan co. This town is hilly, but not mountainous. Lovewell's Moun tain, so called, from Captain Lovewell's killing 7 Indians near it, is of a conical shape, about three fourths of a mile in diameter. Washing ton abounds with springs, rivulets, and natural ponds. Of the last there are 16, some of con siderable magnitude. Island Pond, so called from its being full of islands, is 2 miles long and 1 A wide. Ashuelot is 1 4 miles long and 1 wide; Half Moon is l£ miles in length ; Brock- way's, a beautiful sheet of water, lying on a white sand, is ono mile long, and half a mile wide. Long Pond, lying in this town and Stod dard, is 5 miles in length. These ponds abound with a variety of fish. The borders present de lightful scenery. The soil is deep and moist, better for grass than tillage The first settlers had 180 acres of land each for settling. First settler, Reuben Kidder, Esq., in 1768. 35 miles W. from Concord, and about 16 S. E. from Newport Washington, N. J, Burlington co. A township adjoining Little Egg Harbor. The soil is sandy, and covered with pines. Bog ore abounds in IN THE UNITED STATES. 617 the low lands ; that mixed with mountain ore is manufactured into all kinds of iron and cast ings. Washington, N. J, Gloucester co. Watered by Pensauken and -Cooper's Creeks, and some branches of Atsion River. Its surface is level ; its soil light sand and loam. Shell marl is found here. Washington County, N. Y, Kingsbury and Sa lem shire towns. Formed from Albany co. in 1772. It is hounded N. by Warren and Essex counties and Vermont. E. by Lake Champlain and Ver mont, S. by Rensselaer, and W. by Saratoga and Warren counties and Lake George. The Bat- tenkill, Pawlet,* Poultney, and Hoosic Rivers, and Wood Creek, are its principal streams. Sur face hilly and mountainous, being partly covered by the Palmertown range. Soil various, but warm and fertile in many parts. The different kinds of iron ore, marl, lime, marble, and water lime are the principal mineral productions. The Champlain Canal traverses this county. Washington. N. Y, Dutchess co. Watered by tributaries of Wappinger's and Ten Mile Creeks. Surface hilly and uneven, being covered on the E. by the Matteawan Mountains. Soil fertile, yielding fine crops of grass and grain. 12 miles N. E. from Poughkeepsie village, and 88 S. from Albany. Washington County, N. C, c. h. at Plymouth. The county is bounded N. by Roanoke River and Albemarle Sound, Tyrrell co. E, Martin W, and Hyde and Beaufort S. The soil generally is thin and sterile ; the surface level and in part marshy. Washington,-^!. C, c. h. Beaufort co. On the N. side of Tar River, at its junction with Pamlico River, and 127 miles E. by S. from Raleigh. A seaport largely engaged in tho lumber trade. Washington County, 0, c. h. at Marietta. Lying on the Ohio River, at tho mouth of the Muskingum, and having Morgan and Monroe counties on the N, the Ohio River separating it from Virginia on tho S. E, and Athens and a part of Morgan co. on the W. This county, with boundaries originally embracing nearly one half tho territory of the state, was constituted July 27, 1788, by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, being the first county established within the limits of Ohio. With the settlement of this county were laid the foundations of this great and flourishing state, under the auspices of the ¦' New England Ohio Company," organized in New England in 1787. Forty-seven men, after making a toilsome journey across the Alleghanies. in the winter of that year, by the old Indian path, which has since "been followed by the national road from Cumberland to Wheeling, planted themselves at the mouth of the Muskingum, on the spot where Murrietta now stands, which had been previously selected for the commencement of their colony. General Rufus Putnam had the superintendence of the enterprise ; and others of the company, as well as many of tliose who joined tho colony afterwards, had served as officers or soldiers in the war of the revolution. They were a set of men of whose fitness for such a purpose Wash ington was able to say, " No colony in America was ever settled under "such favorable auspices as that which was first commenced at the Musking um. Information, property, and strength will bo its characteristics. I know many of the settlers personally ; and there nover were men better 78 calculated to promote the welfare of such a com munity." The present extent of Washington county is 45 miles in length from E. to W, and from 12 to 22 miles in breadth from N. to S, containing about 713 square miles. The Muskingum, by a circuitous but generally S. E. course, divides "the county nearly in the middle. Other streoms are the Little Muskingum, Little Hockhocking. Big Run, Bear Creek, Wolf Creek, Duck Creek, Cat's Creek, Rainbow Creek, and Pawpaw Creek. The Ohio River washes the whole south-eastern boun dary of the county. The general surface, with the exception of the broad strips of alluvial lands upon the Ohio and the Muskingum Rivers, is hilly or broken. While there are extensive tracts of ara ble and fertile lands in tho middle and western parts of the county, the uplands are better adapted, in general, to pasturage than to tillage. The staple productions are sheep, cattle, and horses, pork, wool, fruit, grains of various kinds, and the products of the dairy. Stone coal is abundant, especially on the Muskingum River. On the waters of the Pawpaw are found great quantities of iron pyrites, bedded in the clay at the bottom of the creek. Near these localities are the remains of numerous furnaces, built of stone, with hearths of clay, containing cinders and pieces of stone coal, partly consumed, which had been used in smelting these ores. These remains are very ancient, some of them having large forest trees growing upon their ruins. In the vicinity of Marietta there are also other an cient works, 'which appear to ha\^ been designed and used as fortifications, and which are a great curiosity to travellers. Washington, 0, c. h. Fayette co. 38 miles S. W. from Columbus, and 30 N. W. from Chillicothe. Washington County, On. In the lower valley of the Willamette. Washing/on County, Pa, c. h. at Washington. Bounded N. by Beaver co, N. E. by Alleghany, S. by Green, E. by Monongahela River, or" West moreland and Fayette, and W. by Virginia. It has a productive soil arid hilly surface. The height of land between Ohio and Monongahela Rivers is occupied by this county, and the creeks flow from its central parts lilre radii from a com mon centre. Washington, Pa, c. h. Washington co. 209 miles W. from Harrisburg. Washington Col lege is located here, (see Colleges;) likewise a female seminary. There are numerous stores in the village, and an active trade centres here. The college edifice stands to the E. of the town, is constructed of stone, three stories high, and sufficiently spacious to accommodate 150 students. Washington, Pa, Lycoming co. A township situated opposite Williamsport, in the great bend of the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Washington County, R. I, c. h. at South Kings ton. .S. W. part. Surface diversified and hilly. Fertile. An excellent grazing district. The coast has but two or three smaller harbors. The Paweatuck, which flows S. through the W. part, is the principal river. The Stonington Railroad traverses this county from N. E. to S. W. Washington County, Te, c. h. at Jonesboro'. This county has a hilly and broken surface. No- lachucky River drains its southern part, and Holston its northern. It is bounded N. by Sulli van, E. by Carter, W. by Greene co, Te, and S. hy North Carolina. 618 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. Washington, Te, c. h. Rhea co. On the right bank of Tennessee River, about 100 miles beiow Knoxville, and 80 miles S. E. by E. from Mur- freesboro'. Washington County, Ts, c. h. at Washington. S. E. central. On the W. side of the Brazos. Washington County, Vt, c. h. at Montpelier. This county is nearly in the centre of the state, and the principal part of it lies between the two ranges of the Green Mountains. It is bounded N. by Lamoille and part of Chittenden and Cale donia counties, E. by Caledonia co, S. by Orange and Addison counties, and W. by Addison and Chittenden counties. It was incorporated iri 1810, by the name of Jefferson, and took its present name in 1814. This county is finely watered by the Wi nooski River and many of its important branches. The surface of the county is uneven, hilly, and in some parts mountainous, but there is much valuable land along the streams. There are large bodies of beautiful granite in the county, and slate of various kinds. Washington, Vt, Orange co. Branches of Wi nooski, Wait's, and White Rivers rise in this town, but afford no considerable water power. There is some excellent land along the streams, and the uplands are generally arable, and afford good pasturage. There is a neat village in the town. The settlement was commenced in 1785, by Daniel Morse, who was soon joined by his brother, John Morse. 15 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. Washington County, Va, c. h. at Abingdon. This county has' Tennessee on the S, Scotc co, Va, W, Russell N. W, Tazewell N, Wythe N. E, and Grayson S. E. It lies in the various val leys of the two great branches of Holston River, and is drained by those streams and their numer ous confluents. The soil is fertile, though gen erally hilly. Washington County, Wn, c. h. at Washington. Bounded N. by Fond du Lac and Sheboygan counties, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Milwaukie and Waukesha counties, and W. by Dodge co. Drained by Milwaukie and Menemonee Rivers. Washita (according to the French, Ouachitta) Parish, La, c. h. ,at Monroe. Lying towards the N. E. part of the state, drained by the Wa shita River and its branches, and the sources of the Little River. Its length from E. to W. is 90 miles, and its mean width 60 miles. It is exten sively covered with pine forest ; and in some parts, on the rivers, the land is liable to be over flowed. Where the soil will admit of cultivation, cotton is the chief article of production. Washtenaw County, Mn, c. h. at Ann Arbor. Incorporated in 1826. Bounded N. by Livings ton and Oakland counties, E. by Wayne, S. by Monroe and Lenawee, and W. by Jackson co. Watered by Huron, Raisin, Macon, and Saline Rivers, Mullet's, Honey, Mill, and Paint Creeks, and several lakes. Surface slightly undulating ; soil rich clay and loam. Most of its streams af ford hydraulic power. Waterbury, Ct, New Haven co. The Indian Mattatuck, a territory comprising this and some of tho neighboring towns, being 18 miles in length, and 10 miles in width, was sold by the red men to tho whites, in the year 1684, "for di vers gbod causes and 39 pounds." This piece of ground was supposed, by the white men, to af ford sufficient room aud accommodations for thirty famUies. There are some good lands on the borders of the streams, within the present limits of Water bury ; but the surface of the town is generally rough, and the soil difficult of cultivation. The site upon which the borough of Water bury stands is situated in a valley, wbich is washed by Mad River on the E, and the Nauga tuck on the W. 32 miles from Bridgeport by the Naugatuck Railroad. Waterboro', Me, York co. This town is wa tered by a large and pleasant pond, which emp ties into Little Ossipee River, a branch of the Saco, and by the head branches of the Mousum, a stream which meets the ocean at Kennebunk. This is a flourishing town, with a pleasant sur face and good soil. It lies 24 miles W. from Portland, and is bounded S. by Alfred. Waterbury, Vt, Washington co. The surface is generally level, with some pleasant swells. The soil is warm and fertile, and the lands on the rivers are not excelled in richness by any in the state. Waterbury is separated from Dux bury by Winooski River, which, with Waterbury River and other streams, affords the town a good water power. In the S. W. corner of the town, the passage of Winooski 'River through a consid erable hill has worn a channel through the rocks. The chasm is at present about 100 feet wide, and nearly as deep. This town was first settled by Mr. James Marsh, who moved here with his wife and 8 children', in June, 1784, and for nearly a year this family scarcely saw a human being but them selves. 12 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 26 E. S. E. from Burlington. The railroad from Boston to Burlington passes through this town. Waterford, Ct, New London co. This town was taken from New London in 1801. It is washed on the E. side by the River Thames, and on the S. by Long Island Sound, from which a bay or inlet, extends, between Millstone and Black Points, quite into the centre of the town, afford ing a harbor for small vessels. This is a resort for fishermen on the Sound, and many species of the finny tribe are taken captive. There are a number of ponds in the town. On the New Ha ven and New London Railroad, 4 miles from New London. Waterford, Me, Oxford co. It has » number of beautiful ponds. The surface is generally level, and the soil good. 57 miles W. by S. from Augusta. Waterford, N. Y, Saratoga co. Situated at the junction of the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers. Surface undulating; soil alluvion and sand. 19 miles S. E. from Ballston Spa, and 10 N. from Albany. The village of Waterford is situated on the W. bank of the Hudson at the head of sloop navigation. The Champlain Canal passes through it, and enters the river here. The Troy and Saratoga Railroad passes through it. It has various manufactures, and considerable business. 5 miles from Troy. Waterford, Vt, Caledonia o. The AY. part of Waterford is watered by the Passumpsic, and the N. border by Moose River. A part of the town borders on Fifteen Mile Falls, in Connecti cut River. The banks of that river are steep at this place, and form but little intervale. The uplands are rough and stony. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1787. 18 miles S. E. from Danville, and 48 N. E. from Montpe lier. The Passumpsic Railroad passes through the town. IN THE UNITED STATES. 619 Waterloo, Mo, c. h. Clark co. A little W. from Mississippi River, W. from the entrance of Des Moines River, and 186 miles N. by E. from Jefferson City. Waterloo, N. Y, c. h. Seneca co. Watered by Seneca River, parallel to which runs the Ca yuga and Seneca Canal. Surface chiefly level ; soil rich calcareous loam. 173 miles N. of W. from Albany. Watertown, Ct, Litchfield co. Watertown was formerly a parish in Waterbury, by the name of Westburv. It was incorporated as a town in 1780. The township is generally uneven, or rather hilly ; but some sections are level. The prevailing soil is a dry gravelly loam, and best adapted to grazing ; but the different grains com mon to this part of the cpuntry are cultivated. Steel's Brook, a sprightly stream, passes through the central part of the town, and for a mile be low and some distance above the centre of the town, a chain of rich meadows, though small in extent, border the sides of this stream. This is the birthplace of John Trumbull, the poet. 26 miles N. by W. from New Haven, and 10 S. E. from Litchfield. Watertown, Ms, Middlesex co. The name of Watertown is' said to have originated from the circumstance of its being a " well-watered place," *r, perhaps, from its being situated on a consid erable fresh-water river, and the communication with Boston being at first by water, in boats. The Indian name of the town was Pogsguesset. Charles River gives this town a good water power ; it passes along its whole southern bor der. This river is navigable to the centre of the town for vessels drawing 6 feet of water. The surface is diversified by hills and valleys. A part of Fresh Pond and a part of Mount Auburn Cemetery lie in this town. On the N. bank of the river, the United States Arsenal occupies a site of 40 acres of ground. Watertown village lies about 7 miles W. from Boston, and 12 S. E. from Concord. The Fitchburg Railroad passes on the N. side of the town, and the Worcester Railroad on the S. Watertown, N. Y, c. h. Jefferson co. Watered by Stony and Sandy Creeks, and on the N. by Black River, which affords immense hydraulic power at this place. Surface rather uneven ; soil fertile. 160 miles N- W. from Albany. Waterville, Me, Kennebec co, is situated on the W. bank of the Kennebec River, opposite to Winslow, and bounded N. by Fairfield, and S. by Sidney. It contains 30 square miles, mostly of the best quality of farming land of the Kennebec region. Seven twelfths of the population is esti mated to be agricultural. The principal village, of about 180 houses, is on the Kennebec, at Ti- conic Falls. These falls are 18 feet in height, ex tending quite across the river. In the town there are many saw, 4 grist mills, carding machines, plaster mills, also extensive tanneries, and a ma chine shop, iron foundery, a branch of the cele brated Fairbanks establishment in Vermont, sup plies a great portion of the interior of the state with ploughs. Waterville College is situated here. See Colleges. The water power at Waterville and vicinity is very great. A circle described from the Ticonic Falls, before named, as a centre, with a radius of 5 miles, includes 2 falls across the whole Kenne bec, at Kendall's Mills, 2 miles above Waterville ; 2 falls, 5 miles distant, on the Sebastieook, a large tributary stream ; and an indefinite series of falls upon the Emerson Stream, from the cas cade to its confluence, besides numerous rapids, which could easily be dammed, on all these streams. It is believed that no similar circle of 10 miles diameter in New England comprehends so large and convenient water power. But a very small part of this power is yet occupied. Tho river is navigable to this place from the dam at Augusta. Connected with Portland, 82 miles S. W. by Railroad. Waterville, N. H, Grafton co. This town com prises the territory called Gillis and Foss Grant, until its incorporation in 1829. It was granted June 29, 1819, to Josiah Gillis, Moses Foss, Jr., and others. The latter commenced the settle ment some years since. It is watered by Mad and Swift Rivers. Waterville, Vt, Lamoille co. Waterville is en vironed by mountains, and is itself mountainous. It is watered by a. branch of Lamoille River There are many good mill privileges in this town, and some fine land on the borders of its streams. The settlement commenced here about the year 1789. 12 miles N. W. from Hydepark, and 39 N. W. from Montpelier. Watervliet, N. Y, Albany co. This township lies on the W. side of Hudson River, opposite the city of Troy, and 6 miles N. from the city of Albany. The Mohawk River waters its north ern part. The surface is level or undulating on the E, with some extensive flats on the Hudson, which are productive -and well cultivated. The western part rises into hills. Several islands, ly ing at the confluence of the Mohawk with the Hudson, belong to this township. The Cham plain Canal, crossing the mouths of the Mohawk in the northern part of this town, and bearing to the right, forms a junction with the Erie Canal, after which their united channel traverses its east ern border to Albany. At the Cohoes Falls, on the Mohawk, an immense water power has been developed, and considerably occupied. (See Fashionable Resorts.) At Port Schuyler a race way is taken from the Erie Canal, supplying sev eral h)'draulic works. A small creek, at the S. E. course of the town, furnishes the power for a facto ry, and for mills. In this town there is a Shaker settlement, sometimes called Niskayuna, estab lished in 1776, by Ann Lee, the first in the United States. They occupy about 2000 acres of land. Watson, N. Y, Lewis co. Watered by Inde pendence Creek and other streams flowing into Black River, which bounds it on the W. Surface hilly and mountainous; soil sandy loam. 10 miles N. E. from Martinsburg, and 135 N. W. from Albany. Wawarsing, N. Y, Ulster co, is watered by Rondout Creek and its tributaries, affording fine hydraulic power at this place. Surface hilly and mountainous, the Shawangunk Mountain cover ing the E. part; soil gravelly loam and clay. Plumbago, lead, and iron ore are found in this vicinity. 22 miles S. W. from Kingston, and 81 from Albany. Wayland, Ms, Middlesex co. The name of this town was East Sudbury from 1780 to 1835. It lies on the E. side of Sudbury River, and was once a part of Sudbury. The surface is pleasant, and the soil generally good. 16 miles W. from Boston, and 7 S. from Concord. Wayne County, Ga., c. h. at Tuckerville. Wayne county has Glynn on tho S. E, Camden 620 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. and Appling S, Appling and Tatnall W, and Alatamaha, or Elbert and Mcintosh counties, N. E. Great and Little St. Ilia Rivers traverse this county, and Turtle River rises in it. Wayne County, Is, has Johnson and Union S, Jackson and Randolph W, Jefferson N, and White and Gallatin E. The W. branch of Little Wabash drains the county. Wayne County, la, c. h. at Centreville. Ohio is on the E, Union co, la, S, Fayette S. W, Henry W, and Randolph N. The sources of Whitewater River drain the county. Wayne County, Io., c. h. at Corydon. On the southern border. Central. Watered by the S. fork of Chariton River. Wayne County, Ky, c. h. at Monticello. This county is drained principally by Big Sinking Creek, a branch of the Cumberland. It is bound ed N. by Cumberland River, or Adair and Pu laski counties, E. by Whitcly, S. by Tennessee, and W. by Cumberland co, in Kentucky. Wayne, Mc, Kennebec co. Wayne lies N. of Leeds, and is situated a little below the centre of a chain of beautiful lakes or ponds, whose outlet, which passes through the town, falls into the An droscoggin. The centre of the town is about 4 miles E. of the Androscoggin, and 16 W.from Augusta. The surface of the town is undulating, and the soil fertile. It was incorporated in 1798. Wayne County, Mn, e. h. at Detroit. Detroit River and St. Clair Lake are on the S. E, McComb co. N. E, Oakland N. W, and Monroe S. W. and S. It has generally a level surface, rising by a very gentle acclivity from Lake St. Clair and Detroit River, and gradually becoming flat, receding from these waters. This county has a very productive soil, and is drained by the Ri viere Rouge. Wayne County, Mi, c. h. at Winchester. This county is bounded by Alabama E„ Greene co, in Michigan, S, Covington W, and the Choctaw country N. Chitkasawhay and other branches of Pascagoula River drain it. Wayne County, N. Y, c. h. at Lyons, was formed from Ontario co. in 1823. It is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Cayuga, S. by Seneca and Ontario, and W. by Monroe co." Watered by Clyde River and several small streams flowing into Lake Ontario. Surface undulating and some what ridgy ; soil fertile, yielding abundant har vests of fruit and grain. Different kinds of iron ore, gypsum, marl, and water limestone are abun dant; there are also numerous sulphur and a few salt springs. The Eric Canal follows the course of the Clyde River through this town. Wayne, N. Y, Steuben co. Watered by Little and Mud Lakes on tho E, and Crooked Lake on the W. Surface chiefly level ; soil well adapted to grain. 14 miles N. E. from Bath, and 198 W. from Albany. Wayne County, N. C, c. h. at Waynesboro'. Wayne co. is bounded N. by Nash and Edge comb, E. hy Greene and Lenoir, N. W. by John son, S. W. by Sampson, and S. by Duplin. Neuse River crosses the county. Wayne County, 0, c. h. at VVoostcr. Medina co. is on the N, Stark on the E, Coshocton on the S, and Richland on the W. It was laid out in 1808, by General Wuyno, from whom it de rived its name ; hut it was not organized until January, 1812. People from Pennsylvania set tled here in 1805. The land is excellent, and is high and olevated, with extensive prairies scat tered here and there. The most important streams are Killbuck River, Chippewa, Sugar, and the Lake Fork of Mohican Creek/ Wayne County, Pa, c. h. at Bethany. New York is on the N. of this county, Delaware Riv er, or Delaware co, N. Y, E, Pike co. S. E, and Luzerne and Susquehanna counties W. It is drained by the Lackawaxen and other creeks of the Delaware. It has a hilly and broken sur face, and generally thin and poor soil. Wayne, Pa, Erie co. French Creek and a branch of Broken Straw Creek water this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly loam. 250 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Wayne, Pa, Greene co. Watered by Dunk- ark's Creek and branches. Surface hilly ; soil loam. 15 miles S. W. from Waynesburg. Wayne, Pa, Mifflin co. This town is hounded on the E. by the Bluo Ridge, and drained by the Juniata River. Wayne County, Te, c. h. at Waynesboro'. Lau derdale co, in Alabama, is on the S, Hardin co, Te.. W, Perry N, and Lawren.ce E. The great bend of the Tennessee River encircles this county, where that stream turns N. on entering the state ; and though in no place actually reaching Tennes see River, the creeks of this county are discharged from it like radii from a centre. Wayne County, Va, c. h. at Trout's Hill. W. part. Separated from Kentucky by the Big Sandy, and from Ohio by the Ohio River. Hilly. Wayne, Va, c. h. Wayne co. Waynesboro', Ga, c. h. Burke co. On a branch of Brier Creek. 82 miles E. from Milledgeville. Waynesboro', N. C, c. h. Wayne co. On the N. side of Neuse River, just below the entrance of Little River, and 51 miles S. E. from Raleigh. Waynesburg, Pa., c. h. Greene co. On the N. side of Ten Mile Creek, 12 miles from its mouth, and 222 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. Waynesboro', Te, c. h. Wayne co. On the W. side of Green River. 99 miles S- W. from Nash ville. Waynesboro', Va, Augusta co. On South Riv er, at tho W. foot of Blue Ridge. 30 miles W. by N. from Charlottesville, and 105 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. Has a fine water power, and contains extensive manufacturing establish ments. Weare, N. H, Hillsboro' qo. The only river in Weare is the N. W. branch of Piscataquog; it affords some good mill sites. Here are 3 ponds. Rattlesnake Hill, nearly in the centre of the N. line of the town, abounds with shelving rocks, abrupt precipices, forming dens and caves. Dur ing the summer season, the reptile from which it takes its name, is frequently found. The town, though rather broken, is not mountainous. It bus small swamps and some good meadows. It received its name in honor of Meshech Weare, chief justice of the province of Now Hampshire. First settlers, emigrants from Massachusetts, about the year 1749. From Concord 14 miles S. W, and 17 N. N. W.from Amhurst. Wealhnsfild, Vt, Windsor eo. This town lies on tho W. side of Connecticut River, at the "Bow," so called from a bend in the river. It contains largo tracts of rich meadow land, and the uplands are of a good quality. This town is large, and contains a number of pleasant villages. It is watered by several ponds and by Black River. From Mt. Ascutney, at the N. part of the town, is a delightful prospect. Perkinsville, situ- IN THE UNITED STATES. 621 ated in the south-western part of the town; de rives its name from a Mr. Perkins, a capitalist from Boston, who, in 1830, purchased a small woollen factory, which he greatly enlarged, thus giving an impulse to the business of the village, and attracting the attention of other capitalists to improve the favorable advantages afforded by the rapids in Black River to engage in the same enterprise. The early settlers emigrated princi pally from Connecticut. 70 miles S. by E. from Montpelier, and about 10 below Windsor. The Sullivan Railroad passes on the opposite side of the river. Webb County, Ts, c. h. at Larido. Webster, Ms, Worcester co. This town was incorporated in 1832, and named in compliment to Hon. Daniel Webster. It included a part of Dudley and Oxford, and a tract of land previ ously unincorporated. French River and a pond give this place a large and unfailing water power. The original name of this pond was Chabana- konglcomom, the same name by which Dudley was known. The fall at the outlet of this pond is 24 feet, which is increased, after it empties into French River, to about 90 feet, before it joins the Quinebaug. The features of this town are rather rough. There are a number of pleasant and flourishing villages in Webster, but Merino vil lage, party in this town and partly in Dudley, is the largest This village, through which the Worcester and Norwich Railroad passes, lies 16 miles S. from Worcester, and 60 S. W. from Boston. Webster. N. Y, Monroe co. Watered by a few small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Surface level or slightly uneven; soil gravelly loam and sand. 10 miles N. W. from Rochester, and 21,6 N. of W. from Albany. Wellborn, Aa, c. h. Coffee co. Weldon, N. C, Halifax co. Situated at the Great Falls of Roanoke River, on the S. W. side, 12 miles above Halifax, and 95 N. E. from Ra leigh. Connected by railroad with Raleigh and Wilmington on the S, and Peterburg and Ports mouth on the N. Wellfleet, Ms, Barnstahlo co: Extends across Cape Cod. It was taken from Eastham in 1 763. Its Indian name was Punnonakanit. The village is on tho W. side of the cape ; it is neatly built, and although its soil is light and sandy, it pre sents a handsome appearance. Wellfleet Bay sets into the town from the S, and is separated from Cape Cod Bay by several islands, which form a good harbor, at a place called "Deep Hole." The eastern section of the town is wood ed to the edge of the ocean, which lashes a smooth, sandy beach. This is one of the most thriving towns in the state. 30 miles below Barn stable, and 95 E. S. E. from Boston by land, and 65 by water. Wells County, la, c. h. at Bluffton. Incorpo rated in 1S37. Bounded N. hy Allen, E. by Adams, S. by Jay and Blackford, and W. by Grant and Huntington counties. Drained by Wabash River, which affords fine water power. Wdls, Me, York co. An ancient town, con taining 35,000 acres, ahout one fifth of which is waste. There are extensive salt meadows, and a harbor for the small vessels. 30 miles S. W. by 8. from Portland. Wdls, N. Y, Hamilton co. Sacondaga River waters this town. Surface diversified ; soil chiefly productive. 8 miles E. from Lake Pleasant, and 72 N. W. from Albany. Wells, Pa, Bradford co. Watered by South Creek and branches, and by a branch of Seely Creek. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. Wells. Vt, Rutland co. A part of this town ship is level, and a part mountainous. The soil is generally good, and productive of grain and pasturage. The principal stream issues from Wells Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, partly in Poultney, 5 miles in length, and covering 2000 acres. At the outlet of this pond is a snug vil lage. The settlement was commenced by Ogden Mallary, about the year 1768. 65 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 13 S. W. from Rutland. Wellsburg, Va, c. h. Brooke co. On the E. side of Ohio River, at the mouth of Buffalo Creek. 16 miles N. by E.from Wheeling, and 344 N. W. from Richmond. It has mills and manufactories of various kinds, and is surrounded by inexhaustible beds of bituminous coal. Wellsville, O, Columbiana co. On the N. bank, of Ohio River, at the mouth of Little Yellow Creek. 51 miles E.N. E. from Columbus. This place has an extensive trade with the interior, and exports largo quantities of flour. Wendell, Ms, Franklin co, was formerly part of Shutesbury and Erving, and was incorporated in 1781, and named in honor of Oliver Wendell, Esq. This town is on elevated ground, and is the source of streams which flow to the Chico- pee on tho S, and Miller's River on the N. Its soil is strong and fertile, and well adapted for grain and grass. Miller's River affords a valua ble water power, and on its banks are some fine intervale and delightful scenery. At the N. part of the town, Bear Mountain rears its head, 1281 feet in height. There is a handsome village in the town, about 4 miles S. of the river, and 80 W. by N. from Boston. Wenddl, N. H, Sullivan co. A considerable part of Lake Sunapee lies in this town. The surface of this lake is said to contain 4095 acres, of which 2720 acres' are in Wendell. Here is the principal source of Sugar River, which flows from the hike near its centre from N. to S. There are 3 small ponds, containing an area of about 300 acres. The town received its name from John Wendell, one of the principal proprietors. First settlers : in 1772 emigrants from R.I. settled here. 40 miles N. W. from Concord, and 7 E. from Newport. Wenham, Ms, Essex co. This town was for merly a part of Salem. It was first settled about 1638, and was called Enon. The surface is pleas ant, and the soil generally of a good quality. Wenham or Enon Pond is a beautiful sheet of water, of irregular form, comprising an area of about a milo square, and affords an abundance of excellent fish. 6 miles N. from Salem, and 20 N. from Boston. Tho Eastern Railroad passes through the centre of the town, near the pond. Wenlock, Vt, Essex co. This mountain town gives rise to a principal branch of Nulhegan River. The lands here are too elevated for cul tivation. In 1791 the town was chartered. 30 miles N. W. from Guildhall, and 73 N. E. from Montpelier. Wentworth, N. H, Grafton co. This town is watered hy Baker's River, on which is a fall of 18 or 20 feet, affording a valuable hydraulic power. Here are but few ponds. Baker's, situ ated on Orford line, is the most considerable; 622 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, -VILLAGES, &c. the outlet of which is called Pond Brook, and affords water sufficient for several valuable mill sites. In the E. part of the town lies part of Carr's Mountain. A part of the elevation called Mount Cuba lies in the W. part of Wentworth. This mountain contains inexhaustible quantities of the best limestone. Iron ore is found here. The soil is generally good. The town received its name from Governor Benning Wentworth. The first settlement commenced a few years be fore the revolutionary war. 15 miles N. W. from Plymouth, and about 50 N. N. W. from Concord. Wentworth, N. C, e. h. Rockingham co. On a branch of Dan River. 116 miles N. W. from Raleigh. West Almond, N. Y, Alleghany co. Watered by Angelica Creek. _A hilly town, with a good soil. 6 miles E. from Angelica, and 248 W. from Albany. West Bath, Me, Lincoln co. Adjoining the city of Bath. West Bloomfield, N. Y, Ontario co. Watered By Honeoye Creek. Surface rather hilly; soil chiefly clay, based upon slate and limo. 14 miles W. from Canandaigua, and 208 N. of W. from Albany. Westboro', Ms, Worcester co, was a part of Marlboro', and called Chauncy village until its incorporation in 1717. The waters of this town consist of some of the sources of Concord and Blackstone Rivers, which furnish a good water power. There are several handsome ponds in the town, well stocked with fish. This is a beau tiful town : the surface is diversified, and the soil good. There are a number of neat and handsome villages in Westboro'. 12 miles E. from Worces ter, and 32 W. from Boston. West Boylston, Ms, Worcester co. This town once comprised a part of Boylston, Holden, and Sterling. It was first settled about the year 1720. The surface is very pleasant, the soil good and well cultivated. The Quinepexet and Stillwater Rivers meet the Nashua in this town, and afford a water power of much value. There are in the town a number of pleasant manufacturing villages. There is a romantic spot, called Pleasant Valley, in this town ; it was once the bed of a small pond, and lies about a mile S. from the principal vil lage. 8 miles N. from Worcester, and 42 W. from Boston. West Bradford, Pa, Chester co. Bounded S. W. by Brandywine Creek, and drained by its branches, which afford good water power. Sur face hilly; soil calcareous loam. 11 miles S. W. from Chester. West Bridgewater, Ms, Plymouth co, was taken from Bridgewater in 1822. The surface is generally level, and its soil is capable of pro ducing large crops. A large branch of Taunton River gives this town a good water power. Cen tre and Madagascar villages, about two miles apart, are neat, and busy in the labors of domestic industry. 21 miles S. from Boston by railroad, and 20' N. W. from Plymouth. Weslbrook, Mc, Cumberland co. A trading and manufacturing town, adjoining Portland on the N. 52 miles S. S. E. from Augusta. The principal village is called Saccarappn. West Cambridge. Ms, Middlesex co. This was the W. parish of Cambridge, called Menotomy, until its incorporation in 1807. A part of the lands is low and swampy, hut tho general fea tures of the town are pleasant. Spy, Little, and n. part of Fresh Pond lie in this town ; they abound with fish, and add much to the beauty of the place. These ponds cover an area of about 200 acres, and furnish large quantities of ice for transportation. In this town are some pleasant villages. Sucker Brook, though a small stream, furnishes a good water power. The descent of this stream is so great; that dams are erected in the town, for appropriating its waters 9 different times. From Boston by railroad. 6 miles. West Carlisle, O, Pike township, Coshocton co. A village 60 miles from Columbus, and 22 N. E. from Nesvark. West Charleston, 0, Bethel township, Miami co. This town is located on an elevated, healthy spot. 12 miles N. from Dayton. Westchester County, N. Y, Bedford and White Plains shire towns, was incorporated in 1683. It is bounded N. by Putnam co.. E. by the state of Connecticut, S. by Long Island Sound and the Haerlem River, and W. by the Hudson. Surface hilly and uneven ; soil fertile in many parts. Watered by Croton, Bronx, and Sawmill Rivprs. It is rich in mineral productions, the principal of which are iron and lead ores and marble. Westchester, N. Y, Westchester co. Watered by Bronx, Haerlem, and East Rivers. Surface hilly and rolling; soil clay loam, mostly fertile. Marble is quarried here in large quantities. 16 miles S. from White Plains, and 150 S. from Albany. Westchester, Pa, c. h. Chester co, may vie with any other place in tho U. S. of equal population, in neatness of its buildings, beauty of site, and healthful position. It has daily intercourse with Philadelphia by a railroad, and is 22 miles W. from it. 2 miles W. from Brandywine River, and 73 E. S. E. from Harrisburg. Westerly, R. I, Washington co. In the S. W. angle of the state, between the Atlantic and the Pacantuck, at the mouth of which it has a har bor. The village is finely located at the head of navigation, 6 miles from the sea, on the Provi dence and Stonington Railroad, 40 miles S. S. W. from Providence. At Westerly is presented the very singular feature of two Sabbaths every week. Almost ono half of the inhabitants are Seventh Day Baptists, who keep Saturday with great sacredness, and on no account will do any work. The remainder observe Sunday as a holy day, and as studiously avoid all labor. Tho result is, that on Saturday, a portion may be seen going to church, a part of the stores are closed, and some of the factories aro short-handed or closed entirely. On Sunday the same thing is to be observed. A part, are engaged in worship and acts of devotion, while their neighbors are busily at work, and public worship is disturbed by the din of business and tho noisy bustle of tho crowd. Both parties ap pear strictly conscientious, and live peaceably together, although the partial observance of two . days is very annoying and inconvenient I lest /'Wilis, N. Y, Westchester co. On Bronx River. 11 miles N. E. from New York, and 146 S. from Albany. Connected with New York city by railroad. Westfield. Ms, Hampden co. A beautiful place on Westfield River. The town is famous for its manufacture of whips. Several other manufac tures are also carried on. It has an academy of good repute. 10 miles W. from Springfield, on tho Western Railroad. IN THE UNITED STATES. 623 West Findlay, Pa, Washington co. Watered by branches of Wheeling Creek. Surface hilly ; soil loam. 231 miles W from Harrisburg. Westford, Ms, Middlesex co. This is a good farming town, on elevated ground. The surface and soil are well adapted to the growth of grain, grass, and fruit Quantities of fine granite. called " Chelmsford granite," are found here, quarried, and transported. Westford is watered by several beautiful ponds, and by Stony Brook, which rises in the town. The village in the centre of the town is handsomely situated on a swell of fine land. 28 miles N. W. from Boston, and ION. W. from Concord. Westford, N. Y, Otsego co. Elk and Cherry Valley Creeks water this town. Surface hilly; soil productive sandy loam. 8 miles S. E. from Cooperstown, and 68 W. from Albany. Westford, Vt, Chittenden co. Westford was settled soon after the revolutionary war, by Hezekiah Parmelee and others. The town is well watered by Brown's River, a branch of the Lamoille. The surface is rough, and the soil good for grazing. 13 miles N. N. E. from Bur lington, and 35 N. W. from Montpelier. West Goshen, Pa, Chester co. Drained by branches of Chester Creek, and of Brandywine River. Surface gently sloping ; soil sandy loam. Westhampton, Ms, Hampshire co, was first settled about the year 1767, and formed the W. parish of Northampton, until its incorporation in 1778. The features of the town are generally rough, but pleasing ; the soil is good. A number of streams rise in the high lands, among which is the Manhan. affording a water power sufficient for domestic uses. There is a neat village near the centre of Westhampton, which lies 8 miles W. S. W. from Northampton, and 98 W. by S. from Boston. West Haven, Vt, Rutland co. West Haven was set off from Fair Haven in 1792. It is well watered by Hubbavdston and Poultney Rivers, and Cogman's Creek, on the former of which are handsome falls and mill sites. 19 miles W. from Rutland. Wist Hempfield, Pa, Lancaster co. Bounded W. by the Susquehanna River, N. by Chiques Creek, and drained by Strickler's Creek. Sur face hilly ; soil calcareous loam. 8 miles W. from Lancaster. West Liberty, Ky, c. h. Morgan co. On the N. E. side of Licking River. 107 miles E. by S. from Frankfort. Westminster, Md, Frederick co. This village is situated on the road from Baltimore to Cham- bersburg. 30 miles N. W. from Baltimore, and a similar distance N. E. from Frederick. Westminster, Ms,, Worcester co. This town lies on the range of high lands which separate the waters of the Connecticut and Merrimac. Several streams, rising from large ponds in this town and its neighborhood, produce a considera ble water power. The town was first settled in 1737. There is a handsome village in the centre. 50 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 20 N. by W. from Worcester. Westminster, Vt, Windham co. The surface and soil of Westminster are favorable for agricul ture. The principal and oldest village is delight fully situated in the E. parish, on the bank of Connecticut River. It is enclosed by a semi circle of hills, which touch the river about 2 miles above and below the town. It is this barrier which, while it contributes to the natural beauty of the place, has, by turning tbe watercourses in another direction, deprived it of all those facil ities of access and of water power which have so much contributed to the rapid growth of some of the neighboring villages. The earliest perma nent settlers came from Northfield, Ms, and from Ashford and Middleton, Ct, about 1741, and were soon followed by others from the same states. 82 miles S. from Montpelier, and 13 N. E. from Newfane. This town lies a little below Bellows Falls, and is in the vicinity of two rail roads. West Monroe, N. Y, Oswego co. Watered by Bay Creek, flowing into Oneida Lake, which hounds it on the S. Surface level ; soil sandy loam. 25 miles S. E. from Oswego, and 147 N. ' W. from Albany. Westmore, Vt, Orleans co. Westmore con tains Willoughby's Lake, a handsome sheet of water, surrounded by Mounts Hor, Pico, and other elevations. Branches of Barton, Clyde, and Passumpsic Rivers rise in this and other ponds in the town. Westmore appears to be too high for the habitation of many people, or cattle. The settlement commenced here about the year 1800 : it was abandoned during the war of 1812, but resumed on the return of peace. 12 miles E. from Irasburg, and 52 N. E. from Montpelier. Westmoreland, N. H, Cheshire eo. This town lies on the E. side of Connecticut River, and is watered by several small streams, which empty into it. The one issuing from Spafford's Lake. in Chesterfield, is the largest, and affords some of the best water privileges in the town. The sur face is less varied than the neighboring towns. First settlers: four families settled in 1741, 65 miles S. W. from Concord, and about 10 W. from Keene. A railroad passes through the town. Westmordand, N. Y„ Oneida co. Oriskany Creek and one of its branches water this town. Surface level; soil chieflv fertile loam. 12 miles W. from Utica, and 105 N. of W. from Albany. Westmoreland County, Pa, c. h. at Greensburg. Somerset is on the S, Washington W, Alle ghany N. W, Armstrong and Indiana N, and Bedford E. This county is well watered. The Monongahela forms its extreme western border, near which it is traversed by the Youghiogany. Its entire northern limit is formed by the Kis kiminitas, and its north-western by the Alle ghany, whilst its surface is drained hy the numer ous confluents of these rivers. The country is hilly, and in part mountainous ; soil productive in grain, pasturage, and fruit. Westmoreland County, Va, c. h. at Leeds. Po tomac River is on the N. E. of this county, King George co. N. W, Rappahannock River and Richmond S, and Northumberland S. E. West Newbury, Ms, Essex co. This delightful agricultural town was taken from ancient New bury in 1819. It occupies an elevated situation on the S. bank of the Merrimac. The soil is excellent. The town is connected with Rocks Village, Haverhill, by an excellent bridge over - the Merrimac. West Newbury lies 4 miles W. from Newburyport, and, by the railroad from Newburyport, 38 N. from Boston. Weston, Ct. Fairfield co. Weston was taken from Fairfield in 1787. It was settled in 1738. The town is watered by Saugatuck and Mill I Rivers and a pleasant brook, which furnish a 624 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. good water power. There are some valuable mills for manufactures in the town, but the chief business of the inhabitants is agricultural. The soil is a gravelly loam, with an uneven surface. 60 miles S. W.from Hartford. Weston, Me, Washington co. This town was incorporated in 1835. It is the half township granted to Hampden Academy. It lies a few miles W. from Grand Lake. It is watered by Baskahegan River, and is about 90 miles N. E. from Bangor. Weston, Ms, Middlesex co. Previous to its incorporation, in .1713, the territory of this town was a part of Watertown. The town was settled about 1673. It is on high ground, and its surface is varied by hills and valleys. The soil is good and well" improved. There are some small streams in the town. Stony Brook and others, and Charles River, wash its eastern border. The Worcester Railroad passes its south-eastern corner, and the Fitchburg Railroad goes through the N. part of the town. 14 miles W by S. from Boston, and 9 S. S. E. from Concord. Weston, Vt, Windsor co. West River passes through this town, and on its banks are some good lands and two pleasant villages. It was set off from Andover in 1790, and organized as a town in 1800. 66 miles S. by W. from Montpe lier, and 22 from Windsor. West Penn. Pa , Schuylkill co. Watered by Little Schuylkill River and Mahoning and Lizard Creeks. Surface hilly, abounding with anthra cite coal ; soil gravelly and unproductive. 79 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. West Pennsboro', Pa„ Cumberland co. Bound ed N. by Conedogwinit Creek. Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. 8 miles W. from Carlisle. West Pikdand, Pa, Chester co. Watered by some branches of Schuylkill River, which afford hydraulic power. Surface gently sloping ; soil sandy loam. / West Point, N. Y, Orange co, Cornwall town ship. Situated on the W. bank of the Hudson. 93 miles from Albany, and 52 N. from New York. This is the site of one of the most important fortresses during the revolutionary war, and is now the seat of the United States Military School, organized in 1802. During the war, this post was emphatically the key of the country, as it commanded the river, and prevented the Brit ish from holding communication with their prov inces in Canada. At this point, the hill, com posed of huge crags and blocks of stone, protrudes to the middle of the river, impelling the current towards the opposite bank, and reducing the chan nel to less than half a mile in breadth. This natural formation was eminently favorable to the object of the fortifications erected here. The cliff selected for the fortress rises from ihe river in 3 retreating terraces ; upon the third of which, 188 feet above the water, and spreading out into a plain of more than a mile in circumference, old Fort Clinton was erected. Upon some of the eminences rising still higher in tho j-ear, redoubts were erected covering this fort ; one of which was Fort Putnam, at the height of 598 foot above the river, the ruins of which arc still seen. On Constitution Island, which is a mass of rock, to wards the opposite side of the river, works of strong defence wero also constructed ; and a heavy chain, supported by buoys, was strotohod across the angle mado by the river, forming an effectual bar to the passage of the enemy's ships. These works were constructed under the direc tion of the celebrated Koseiusco, as engineer ; to whose memory a monument has been erected about 30 rods E. of the hotel in the vicinity of '¦ Kosciusco's Garden," a spot to which the •' Polish chieftain was accustomed to retire for study and reflection." These fortifications were defended hy 4000 men. They were built in a single year, almost without cost to the country. The French engi neers, superintending the execution of their own plans to the minutest details, received no emolu ment, and the soldiers who labored at them had no pay. The British had a strong desire to pos sess themselves of this important post; and its surrender, as is well known, was to have been the first fruit of Arnold's treason, which was provi dentially prevented by the detection of Major Andre, and the discovery of the correspondence in his possession. These grounds, now occupied by tbe national Military Academy, were ceded to the United States government, by the state of New York, in 1826. Here are erected, for the purposes of this institution, two stone barracks, one 3 and the other 4 stories high, with accommodations for 250 cadets, the number authorized to be re ceived by law ; also a large 3 story building, 275 feet long by 75 feet wide, for the recitation and drawing rooms, for military exercises in winter, and for a depository of apparatus, models, &c. Besides these, there is a beautiful stone building, 2 stories high, 150 feet in length by 60 in width, in the Gothic style of the period of Elizabeth, designed for the library and philosophical appa ratus, with an astronomical observatory upon one of the 3 towers with which the N. front is orna mented ; a chapel ; a hospital ; a mess hall ; and 17 separate dwellings for the officers of the in stitution, with many other necessary buildings. There is a spacious hotel, finely situated at the brow of the hill, built of stone, surrounded with a beautiful piazza for promenade, and command ing in front a full view of the plain and build ings of the academy, and in the rear a most en chanting prospect of the river and Highlands. During the months of July and August, tho ca dets leave their barracks, and encamp upon the plain ; and their time is devoted to a series of drills and evolutions upon parade, which are highly interesting to visitors. West Point, Ky, Hardin co. On the S. side of the Ohio, just below the mouth of Salt River, and 75 miles W. by S. from Frankfort. Weslport, Ct, Fairfield co. This pleasant town was culled Saugatuck, the name of a river that passes through it, until 1835. It was taken from the towns of Fairfield, Norwalk, and Weston. Weslport, Me, Lincoln co. This town is sur rounded by the waters of Sheepscot River and Bay, and is bounded N. by Wiscasset, E. by Edgecomb and Boothbay, and S. and W. by Sheepscot's Bay and Georgetown. It is 29 miles S. bv E. from Augusta. Incorporated in 1828. West port. Ky, c. h. Oldham co. West/mi, Ms, Bristol co, lies near tho en trance into Buzzard's Bay, on the N. side. It has an excellent harbor near the sea. formed by Horse Neck Beach, extending in front of a large and handsome maritime village, called Westport Point, situated between tho E. and W. branches of Acoakset River, which meet tlte tide waters here. This town was attached to Dartmouth IN THE UNITED STATES. 625 until its incorporation in 1787. Acoakset River, extending the whole length of the town, affords a good water power. There is another flourish ing village in the town, called the. Head of West- fiort, on the Acoakset. There is much good and here, but the surface is somewhat varied. The village at the harbor lies about 12 miles S. W. from New Bedford, and 67 S. from Boston. Weslport, N. Y, Essex co. Watered by Black Creek and several small streams flowing into Lake Champlain, which bounds it on the E. Surface level on the E. and hilly on the W. ; soil clay and loam, chiefly fertile. 5 miles E. from Elizabeth, and 123 N.N. W. from Albany. West Rockhill, Pa, Bucks co. Watered by Perkiomen Creek and a branch of Tohickon Creek. Surface hilly ; soil grayel. 92 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. West Roxbury, Ms, Norfolk co. A new town, taken in 1852 from the city of Roxbury, includ ing the parish of West Roxbury, and the village of Jamaica Plain. West Springfield, Ms, Hampden co. This is a large, pleasant, and flourishing agricultural town, situated on the W. bank of Connecticut River, and watered by the beautiful Westfield River from W. to E. The surface of the town is delightfully varied by hills and valleys. Proven's Mountain is the principal elevation. The soil is greatly varied, but for the most part the lands are excellent. There are a number of pleasant and flourishing villages in this large town ; those called West Springfield, Agawam, and Feed ing Hills, are the principal. This town was formerly a part of Springfield, and called Springfield Mountains. It was first settled about 1654. The town is connected with Springfield by a bridge, four ferries, and by the Western Rail road, which crosses tho river by a viaduct, and passes through the town. 100 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 100 E. S. E. from Albany. West Stockbridge, Ms, Berkshire co, was for merly a part of Stockbridge. It was purchased of the Stockbridge Indians, by the whites, and called Quecnsboro", until its incorporation in 1774. A collection of rugged hills occupy the centre of the town. Tom Ball Mountain is near the S. W. corner, and Stockbridge Mountain is on the eastern side. The S. and south-eastern parts consist of rough, broken land. Lime quarries abound, and much valuable marble is found here. West Stockbridge village, watered by Williams River, is a pleasant, busy place ; it is the termi nus of the Housatonic Railroad from Bridgeport, on Long Island Sound, but is united to the West ern Railroad by a branch railroad to the state line, w.iere a depot on the Western Railroad in this town is located. From this depot the dis tances by railroads are, to Boston 162 miles, to Albany 38 miles. West Troy, N. Y, upon the W. side of the Hud son, opposite Troy, is properly a suburb of that city, and is connected with it by a bridge at the N. part, and by three ferries farther S.. which ply con tinually between the two places. It lies within the limits of the township of Watervliet. It was incor porated as avillage in 1836, comprising what was before called the village of Watervliet, with Gib- bonsville and Port Schuyler. Outlet locks here connect the Erie and Champlain Canals with the Hudson River. It has a valuable water power, derived from the canal. There is a United States arsenal, established here in 1813, which has sev- 79 eral extensive buildings of stone and brick, with a large store of arms, arranged and kept in fine order. Attached to this establishment are about 100 acres of land, enclosed by an iron fence in front, arid by a wall on the sides and rear, con taining in all nearly 40 buildings. A fine Mac adamized road connects West Troy with Albany, 6 miles distant. Enjoying similar advantages for trade and business with Troy herself, this flourishing suburb is destined, with the parent city, to a rapid growth. West Turin, N. Y, Lewis co. Watered by Fish Creek and Salmon River, and partly bounded on the E. by Black River, in which are the High Falls. The Black River Canal also enters the river on the W. side, just below the falls. Sur face mostly undulating ; soil rich sandy loam and clay. 11 miles S. from Martinsburg, and 126 N. W. from Albany. West Union, Io, c. h. Fayette co. West Union, N. Y.. Steuben co. Incorporated in 1843. West Union, O, Tiffin township, c. h. Adams co. Lies 100 miles S. from Columbus, and 55 S. W. from Chillicothe. West Union, O, c. h. Adams co, 106 miles S. from Columbus. West Union, Va.. c. h. Doddridge co. Westville, Mi, e. h. Simpson co. A little S. from Strong, a branch of Pearl River, and 55 miles from Jackson. Westville, N. Y, Franklin co. Watered by Salmon River. Is mostly a level town; soil sandv loam. 8 miles N. W. from Malone, and 220 N. from Albany. West Windsor, Vt, Windsor co. The western part of the beautiful town of Windsor was set off in the year 1848, and called by the above name. Wethersfield, Ct, Hartford co. A very fertile town on Connecticut River, adjoining Hartford, and famous for the cultivation of onions, which are raised in large quantities for exportation. The state prison is here. It is situated on a cove which sets back from the Connecticut at the N. end of the village. The apartments of the warden are at the E. end of the prison building. The hall, or central part, is 154 feet long, 43 feet wide, and 30 feet high, including 200 cells, in which the male prisoners are locked up at night. The W. end is used as the female department, containing cells, rooms for labor, kitchen and apartments for the matron. To the N. of the prison is a quadran- gularyard, containing the workshops in which the convicts perform their daily labor. Withersfidd, N. Y, Wyoming co. Watered by Tonawanda and Wiskoy Creeks. Surface rolling; soil well suited to grass. 10 miles S. W. from Warsaw, and 258 W. from Albany. Wetumpka, Aa, Montgomery co. This town and village are situated on the Coosa River, a few miles above its junction with Tallapoosa, to form the Alabama, and by post road 110 miles E. by S. E. from Tuscaloosa. It is in a healthy . and fertile section of country, at the head of steamboat navigation, and is a flourishing village. Wetzel County, Va, c. h. at New Martinsville. N. W. part of the state. On the Ohio River. Watered by Fishing Creek. Hilly. Weybridge, Vt, Addison co. Weybridge is watered by Otter Creek, which affords it good mill sites. Lemonfair River, a sluggish stream, also waters it Some parts of the town are mountainous, but the soil is generally good ; the. 626 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. basis being limestone, it yields good crops. The settlement was commenced about the beginning of the revolutionary war, by Daniel Stow and John Sanford, but the settlers were soon after dispersed or made prisoners by the enemy. The settlement was recommenced on the return of peace. The first settlers were mostly from Mas sachusetts. 30 miles S. by E. from Burlington. Weymouth, Ms, Norfolk co. This place was called Wessaguset by the Indians, and Weymouth by the English, after a town in Englaira, from which emigrants came in 1624. This was the second settlement made by white men in New England. The surface is pleasantly diversified by hills and valleys ; the soil is a strong, gravelly loam, with a granite superstructure. Weymouth is finely watered by large and beautiful ponds, and by two important arms of Boston Harbor, called Fore and Back Rivers. Between these rivers is a large tract of gently swelling land, of good soil, extending to Quincy, and is united to Quincy Point by a bridge across Fore River. There are several pleasant villages in Wey mouth, but the principal place of business is at Weymouth Landing, so called, or Washington Square, at the head of Fore River, on the line of, and connected with, a large village in Braintree. The South Shore Railroad from Boston to Cohas set passes through this pleasant and flourishing village. The village at the S. part of the town is pleasantly situated on elevated ground, 3 miles S. from Washington Square. The Old Colony Railroad passes through this part of the town. 14 miles from Boston. From Weymouth Land ing it is 11 miles S. by E from Boston, and 24 N N. W. from Plymouth. Among other manufac tures, that of boots and shoes is extensively car ried on. Wharton, Pa, Potter co. Watered by a branch of Stony Creek. 179 miles W. S. W. from Har risburg. Wharton County, Ts, c. h. at Wharton. On both sides of the Colorado, towards its mouth. Whartonville, Va, Fauquier co. A village about 40 miles from North Carolina. Whatdy, Ms, Franklin co. Previous to its in corporation, in 1771, this town comprised the N. part of Hatfield. The Connecticut River bounds it on the E.. and the town is well watered by Mill River and West Brook. In this town is a con siderable quaniity of intervale land on Connecti cut River, hut it is not of the first quality. The principal street runs parallel with the river, about 2 miles westward. Between this street and the river is an extensive tract of swampy land, called Whately Swamp. Westward of the street the township is hilly, and the soil in many places rich and fertile. The village of West Whyatel is pleasantly located amid the high grounds at tbo W. part of the town. About 2 miles northward from this village is Mount Esther. 11 miles S. from Greenfield, and 90 W. by N. from Boston. The railroad between Springfield and Greenfield passes through this town. Wheatfidd, N. Y, Niagara co. Bounded S. by Tonawanda Creek, and S. W. by the Niagara River. Surface undulating; soil" chiefly fertile loam. 12 miles W. from Lockport, and" 289 N. of W. from Albany. Wheatland, N. Y, Monroe co. Watered by Allen's Creek, a tributary of tho Genesee River, which bounds it on the E. Surface undulating ; soil productive calcareous loam. 17 miles S. W from Rochester, and 232 W. from Albany. Wheeler, N. Y, Steuben co. Watered by sev eral streams flowing into Conhocton River, which partly bounds it on the S. W. Surface hilly ; soil sandy loam and clay. 7 miles N. from Bath, and 210 W. from Albany. Wheeling. Va. City, and seat of justice of Ohio co. Situated on the E. side of the Ohio River. About 35 miles N. W. from Richmond, 308 W. by N. from Baltimore, and 383 N. by W. from Cincinnati. The hills back of the city come so near the river as to leave rather a small area for building, so that the place is forced to extend along the high alluvial bank, principally on one street, for a distance of about 2 miles. It lies on both sides of the Wheeling Creek, which here empties into the Ohio. This was the site of old Fort Henry, and the seat of important operations in the early wars with the Indians. A fine stone bridge over the mouth of this creek connects the upper "and lower portions of the city. It is the most important place in commerce and manufac tures in Western Virginia. It contains several handsome churches, and other public and pri vate buildings. It has cotton mills, rolling mills, glass works, a silk factory, a steam engine fac tory, &c. A large business is done in the build ing of steamboats. The .Virginia Iron Works, located here, turn out from 1000 to 1200 kegs of very superior nails per week. The national road, from Cumberland across the Alleghany Mountains to St Louis, passes through Wheeling, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad terminates here, making this place a great thoroughfare of travel between the east and west. The Ohio River is here crossed by a magnificent wire suspension bridge, erected at a cost of over $200,000. The span'fsaid to be the longest in the world) is 1010 feet, from centre to centre of the stone supporting towers, and its height above low-water mark is 97 feet. The height of the towers on the Wheeling side is 1534 feet above low-water mark, and 60 feet above the abutment on which they stand. The entire bridge is supported by 12 wire cables, 1380 feet in length, and 4 inches in diameter, each com posed of 550 strands. These cables are laid in pairs, 3 pairs on each side of the flooring. The bridge has a carriage way, 17 feet wide, and two foot-walks, 34 feet wide" The wire for this stu pendous and beautiful structure was manufac tured by D. Richards & Co, an enterprising firm in Wheeling. Whedock, Vt, Caledonia co. There is some good land in this town, but a great part of it is moun tainous or hilly, and fit only for pasturage. The streams flow N. W. into the Lamoille, and S. E. into the Passumpsic. This town was granted, in 1785, to Moore's (Indian) Charity School, at Dartmouth College, and named in honor of John Wheelock, who was at that time president of that institution. Tho first settlers were Joseph Page, Abraham Morrill, and Dudley Swasev, in 1790. 44 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 10 N. from Danville. Whitfield County, Ga. New. In the N. W. angle of tho state. White County, As, c. h. at Searcy. Bounded N. by Independence co, E. by White River, sep arating it from Jackson and St, Francis counties, S. by Pulaski co, and W. by Conway and Van IN THE UNITED STATES. 627 Buren counties. Drained by Little Red and other branches of White River. White County, Is, c. h. at Carmi. Wabash River is on the E, Gallatin co. S, Franklin and Jefferson W, and Wayne and Edwards N. Lit tle Wabash River drains most of the county. White County, la, c. h. at Monticello. Bounded N. by Pulaski co, E. by Cass and Carroll, S. by Tippecanoe, and W. by Benton and Jasper coun ties. Drained by Tippecanoe River and branches. The surface is level, much of it being prairie, and the soil fertile. White County, Te, c. h. at Sparta. White co. is bounded by Bledsoe S. E, Warren W, Caney Fork River S. W, Smith N. W, Jackson N, and Overton N. E. The eastern branches of Caney Fork River drain the county. White Creek, N. Y, Washington co. Watered by Owl and Little White Creeks, flowing into the Hoosic River, which partly bounds it on the S. Surface hilly ; soil rich sandy loam. 12 miles S. from Salem, and 42 N. E. from Albany. Whitefidd, Me., Lincoln co. Sheepscot River passes through this town, giving it fertility, beauty, and a good water power. It has Windsor on the N, Jefferson on the E, AIna on the S, and Pittston on the W. 16 miles S. E. from Au gusta. Whitefidd, N. H, Coos co. The soil is gen erally thin and light, of easy cultivation, and tolerably good. In the N. part low spruce swamps abound. Here lie part of Blake's, Long, Round, and Little River Ponds, besides two other small ponds. The second of these is a beautiful sheet of water, of considerable size, abounding with fish. John's River passes through this town. First settlers, Major Burns and others, who settled soon after 1774. 120 miles N. from Concord, and about 12 S. E. from Lancaster. Whitehall, N. Y, Washington co. At the S. end of Lake Champlain. 73 miles N. from Al bany, and 82 miles S. from Burlington, Vt. This place derives its importance from its peculiarly favorable situation for business, at the junction of the Champlain Canal, from Albany and Troy, with the lake, and from its being a thoroughfare of travel on the great route between New York and Canada. The place is located in a romantic situation, at the mouth of a river called Wood Creek, which descends through a rocky ravine, and over a fall of about 20 feet, into tho lake. The village is compactly built between the bold and lofty cliffs which overlook the town, and consists of about 150 houses ; a number of mills, for which the river furnishes a fine water power ; numerous warehouses for the forwarding and commission business ; several churches, and other public buildings. This place was occupied by Burgoyne as his head-quarters, for a considerable time, and on the heights overlooking the harbor are the remains of a battery and blockhouse erected by him. Some of the finest steamboats on any of our waters ply between this place and St. John's, in Canada, 150 miles distant, whence there is steam communication direct to Mon treal. There is also a continuous line of railroad communication N, via Rutland, Middlebury, and Burlington, to Montreal, E. to Boston, and S. to Saratoga Springs, Troy, Albany, and Schenec tady, and the great routes of travel centring at these places. Whitehead, Me, Lincoln county. An island off the town of St. George, with a light and tower 30 feet in height. The light bears about S. W. by S.. 9 miles from Owl's Head. Whitely County, Ky, c. h. at Whitely. Ten nessee is on the S. of this county, Wayne co, Ky, W, Rockcastle River, or Pulaski co. N. W, Knox N. E, and Harlan E. From S. E. to N. W. the county is crossed by the Cumberland River. Whitemarsh, Pa, Montgomery co. White- marsh has long been noted for its elegant and variegated marble. The village lies 12 miles N. from Philadelphia. White Plains, N. Y, c. h. Westchester co. It is watered by the Bronx River and Mamaroneck Creek. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil chiefly loam, well suited to grass. 131 miles S. from Albany. White Sulphur Springs, Va, Greenbrier co. See Fashionable Resorts. Whitesides County, Is, c. h. at Lyndon. Formed from Jo Daviess county in 1836. It is bounded N. by Carroll co, E. by Ogle and Lee, S. by Bu reau and Henry counties, and W. by Rock Island co. and the Mississippi River, separating it from Iowa. Drained by Rock River and its branches. Surface level, or slightly uneven ; soil fertile. Whitestown, N. Y, Oneida co. Half shire town with Rome. It is watered by Oriskany and Sad- aquada Creeks, flowing into the Mohawk River, which bounds it on the N. E. Surface undulating, with broad fertile valleys ; soil rich calcareous loam. 97 miles N. W. from Albany. Whiting, Me, Washington co. This town lies at the head of Machias Bay, and is watered by several ponds and a good mill stream. It lies 152 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and 6 N. E. from Machias. Incorporated 1825. Whiting, Vt, Addison co. Otter Creek waters the eastern border of the town, but affords no mill privileges. Along the eastern part of the town, near Otter Creek, is a swamp which covers 2000 or 3000 acres. It affords an abundance of excellent cedar, pine, ash, &c. The soil is gen erally of the marly kind, and produces good grass and grain. John Wilson erected the first house in Whiting in 1772, and in June, 1773, a family by the name of Bolster moved into it. During the revolution the settlement was aban doned, but was recommenced at the close of the war. 40 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 10 S. from Middlebury. Whitingham, Vt, Windham co. Deerfield River runs through the whole length of this town, along the western part. There are many other smaller streams in different parts. There are two natural ponds. Sawdawda Pond is so called from an Indian of that name, who formerly lived near it, and was afterwards supposed to have been drowned in going down Deerfield River. The surface of Whitingham is uneven, but the soil is generally good, and has a variety of timber. A mineral spring was discovered here in 1822. The western part of the town abounds with limestone. The settlement was commenced in 1770, by Mr. Bratlin and Silas Hamlinton. 17 miles W. by S. from Brattle boro', and 1 8 E. S. E. from Bennington. Whitley County, la, c. h. at Whitley. Bounded N. by Noble co, E. by Allen, S. by Huntington and Wabash, and W. by Kosciusco co. Eel River and its tributaries water this county, affording hydraulic power. The soil is fertile. Whitley, la, c. h. Whitley co. On the N. W. 628 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. side of Eel River. 120 miles N. N. E. from In dianapolis. Whitley County, Ky. Wayne co. bounds this county on the W, Pulaski and Laurel N, Knox E, and Claiborne and Campbell counties, of Tennessee, S. Whitley, Ky, c. h. Whitley co. On the S. side of Cumberland River. 125 miles S. S. E. from Frankfort. Whitpaine, Pa, Montgomery co. On the W. side of Wissahicon Creek. This township is situated 15 miles N. N. W. from Philadelphia. Whitesburg, Ky, c. h. Letcher co. Whiteville, N. C, c. h. Columbus co. On the E. side of Beaver Dam Creek. 125 miles S. by W. from Raleigh. Whitesville, N. C, Columbus co. This village is. located on Beaver Dam, a branch of Wac camaw River. It is the seat of justice, and lies 118 miles S. from Raleigh. Whitneyville, Me, Washington co. Wickford, R. I, Washington co. Situated on a W. branch of Narraganset Bay, and has a good harbor. S. from Providence 22 miles. It has considerable shipping in the West India and coasting trade. Wiconisco, Pa, Dauphin co. Watered by Wi- conisco Creek, which enters the Susquehanna River at this place. Distant 53 miles N. from Harrisburg. Wiggins Ferry, Is, St. Clair co. On the Mis sissippi, opposite St. Louis, Mo, and 95 miles S. by W. from Springfield. It has constant com munication with St. Louis by steam ferry boats. Wilbraham, Ms, Hampden co, was first settled in 1731. Before its incorporation, in 1763, it was the fourth parish of Springfield, and called Springfield Mountains. This town is watered by the Chicopee, and several of its small tributaries. The surface is diversified hy hills and valleys, and the soil is well adapted to agricultural pursuits.' The Wesleyan Academy, in Wilbraham, is an institution of great value, and in high reputation. It is situated at the N. part of the town, in a pleasant village, about 3 miles from the Western Railroad. From this village, by the railroad, it is 9 miles to Springfield, and 89 from Boston. South Wilbraham village lies 4 miles S. from the academy, and 2 N. from Rattlesnake Hill. Wilcox County, Aa, c. h. at Canton. Butler is on the S. E. of this county, Monroe S, Clarke and Marengo W, Dallas N, and Montgomery N. E. Through the county, from N. to S. passes the Alabama River. Wilkes County, Ga, c. h. at Washington. Co lumbia and Warren are on the S. E, Greene S. W, Oglethorpe N. W, and Broad River, or Jefferson co, and Lincoln E. Wilkes County, N. C. This county is situated in a valley between mountains, and is drained by the sources of Yadkin River. A small village at the court house is the principal place. Wilkesburre, Pa. Shire town of Luzerne co, in the Wyoming valley. 1 14 miles N. E. of Harris burg, and about 120 N. N. W. from Philadelphia. This town was laid out in 1773, by Colonel Durkee, who gave it the compound name it bears in honor of two eminent and zealous advocates of the American cause in the British Parliament — Wilkes and Barre. It is situated on a high bank of the Susquehanna River, which is here spanned by a fine bridge, and occupies one of the most splendid sites in the state. The town is regularly laid out, but upon a plan, perhaps, entirely unique. There are four streets forming a parallelogram of equal sides, enclosed by which are four others running diagonally to these, and forming a dia mond within the outer square, containing about 4 acres. This diagonal square is the public green, in which are the churches, the court house, and other buildings. At the angles it is cut by the sides of the parallelogram which surrounds it. The western angle is opposite the bridge, with the width of Main Street intervening. The bridge connects Wilkesbarre with the village of Kingston. This is now a place of considerable business. There is here one of the most extensive rolling- mills in the country. The iron for these works is brought by canal from Danville. The Pennsyl vania North Branch Canal passes E. of the town; and a railroad runs over the mountains 20 miles to the Lehigh at White Haven. The rich coal mine of the Baltimore Company is about 2 miles N. E. of the village. The first settlers of this town, and of the beauti ful valley in which it is situated, were principally from Connecticut. The inhabitants are still a highly-intelligent and moral people, retaining, in a good degree, the manners, habits, and enterprise of their New England fathers. The valley of Wyoming, it is well known, is one of the most enchanting spots in its natural features, and one of the richest in historical asso ciations, among the localities of our country. We cannot indulge in any extended description here, or enter into the minute incidents of its thrilling history. The site of Fort Wyoming was where the court house now stands. There was another fort a little below the bridge. Fort Durgee was half a mile below, and on the hill, N. of the vil lage, the remains of the old redoubts arc still visible. " The severe and long-continued struggle for the possession of this country." says Professor Silliman, who visited this valley in 1829, "which was sustained by the original Connecticut settlers from 50 to 80 years since, and the repeated at tempts which were made to disposscs them by arms, sufficiently evince the high estimation in which it was held by all parties. . . No one who now surveys this charming valley can wonder that they would not quietly relinquish their claims. . . Few landscapes that I have seen," he adds, " can vie with the valley of Wyoming. The first glance of a stranger, entering at either end, or crossing the mountain ridges which divide it (like the Happy Valley of Abyssinia) from the rest of the world, fills him with the peculiar pleasure produced by a fine landscape, combining richness, beauty, variety, and grandeur." Tho visitor to this beautiful valley will not fail to inquire for the battle ground, which was tho scene of such a desperate conflict, and bloody massacre during the war of the revolution. Tho site of Forty Fort, the place where the little force of Wyoming was chiefly concentrated, to defend their settlement against an invading army of about three times their number, composed of British- American loyalists and Indians, is two or three miles N. of Wilkesbarre, on the Kingston side of the river, and about as much farther still to the N. is the plain, on and near which most of the men of Wyoming were slain, in and after the battle, — chiefly in their flight, and after sur- IN THE UNITED STATES. 629 rendering themselves prisoners of war. Only 60 of the men who went into this battle survived. The slain were buried about a month afterwards in one common grave. A beautiful monument has recently been erected on the spot where their ashes moulder, to commemorate their heroic martyrdom in defence of tlieir homes, their liber ties, and their country's cause. Wilkesboro', N. C, c. h. Wilkes co. On the S. side of Yadkin River. 172 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. Wilkinson County, Ga, c. h. at Irwinton. This county is bounded N. E. by Oconee River, or Washington co, S. E. by Laurens, S. W. by Twiggs, and N. W. by Jones. Wilkinson County. Mi, c. h. at Woodville. Mississippi River is on the W, New Feliciana, La.. S, Homochitto River, or Adams co. Mi, N. W„ Homochitto River, or Franklin co, N. E, and Amite E. Will County. Is, c. h. at Juliet Bounded N. by Du Page and Cook counties, E. by Indiana, S. by Iroquois and Vermilion, and W. by Grun dy and Kendall counties Watered by Des- plaines River and Kankakee River and their branches. Williams County. O, c. h. at Defiance. This county has an excellent soil, very valuable for grain and grass. It is well supplied with water by many streams, the principal of which are the Mauwee, Auglaise, Little St. Joseph's, and Tif fin. On Maumee R'n er are the Sulphur Springs ; they are clear and cold, and have a strong odor, perceptible for a quarter of a mile. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes through the county, and will increase its business. Williamsburg, Ms, Hampshire co. This town ship was granted, in 1736, to volunteers, for ser vices against the Indians in 1 704. It was attached to Hatfield, and called Hatfield Addition, until its incorporation in 1771. The surface is quite elevated, but pleasantly variegated by hills and valleys ; the soil is warm and fertile. It is wa tered by Mill River, a fine stream, which passes through the centre of the town. Haydensville, a flourishing village, is located in Williamsburg. 8 miles N. W. from Northampton, and 95 W. from Boston. Williamsburg, Mi, c. h. Covington co. Situ ated between the head branches of Leaf River. 82 miles S. E. from Jackson. Williamsburg, N, Y, in the township of Bush- wick, Kings co, on Long Island, about 3 miles N. E. of Brooklyn, and opposite to the N. part of the city of New York. It lies extended about a mile and a half on the bank of the East River, which has a bold elevation from the water at this place. Here are several large and substantial docks, with ample depth of water, for safe and convenient moorings for vessels of the largest class. It is but a few years since Williamsburg was but on inconsiderable village. An act of incorporation was obtained for it as a village in 1827, a steam ferry having previously been estab lished to the foot of Grand Street, New York, by which an impulse was given to its prosperity. A steam ferry boat also now plies between this place and Peck Slip, at the lower part of New York, which accommodates a rapidly-increasing number of merchants and other men of business, who come here to find a pleasant residence out of the city. So great has been the progress of improvement, that the ancient village of Bush- wick, which was formerly quite distinct from that of Williamsburg, can scarcely be identified. Williamsburg has now about 30 streets graded and regulated, some of which are paved, and one Macadamized ; and the number of streets per manently laid out amounts to over 70. It has several churches of different denominations, many large and handsome blocks of stores and warehouses, and numerous dwellings enjoying the best advantages of situation. The population in 1840 was 5094; in 1845, 11,338; and in 1850, 30,786. Williamsburg District, S. C, Williamsburg and Kingstree shire towns. This district has Santee River on the S. W, Sumpter district N. W, Lynch's Creek, or Marion district, N. E, and Georgetown S. E. A branch of Great Pedee, called Black River, drains the district. Williamsburg, Va, c. h. James City co. This village was formerly the metropolis of Virginia. It is situated on the E side of a small creek that runs into James River, 32 miles E. by S. from Richmond, and 175 S. by E. from North Caro lina. The streets are laid out with great regular ity, and the public edifices exhibit the ruins of comparative grandeur, particularly the Capitol and college. The college, called the College of William and Mary, was endowed by the royal government with a clear and certain revenue of £3000 per annum. Though built to accommo date 100 pupils, it has seldom more than 40. Attempts have recently been made to revive the former prosperous state of this institution. See Colleges. Williamson County, Is, c. h. at Bainbridge. Bounded N. by Franklin co, E. by Gallatin, S. by Johnson and Union, and W. by Jackson co. Drained by Muddy Creek, a branch of the Mis sissippi, and Saline, a branch of the Ohio River. Williamson, N. Y, Wayne co. Watered by several small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. 17 miles N. W. from Lyons, and 200 N. of W. from Albany. Williamson County, Te, c. h. at Franklin. Bedford bounds it on the S. E, Duck River or Murray S, Dickson W, Davidson N, and Ruth erford N. E. Harpeth River, a branch of Cum berland, rises in this county, and drains its north ern side. Duck River and its branches water the southern parts. Williamson County, Ts, c. h. at Georgetown. E. of the Colorado. Williamsport, la, c. h. Warren co. On the W. bank of Wabash River. 78 miles W. N. W. from Indianapolis. Williamsport, Md, Washington co. On the E side of Potomac River, at the entrance of Coneeo cheague Creek, 107 miles N. W. from Annapolis The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes through it Williamsport, Pa, Washington co. This place was formerly called Parkinson's Ferry. It is at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, on Monongahela River. 1 8 miles E. from Washington. Williamsport, Pa, c. h. Lycoming co. On the N. bank of the W. fork of Susquehanna River. 93 miles N. from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal passes through it, and a railroad, 25 miles long, connects it with Ralston. 65 miles S. from Tioga, and 160 N. W. from Philadelphia. Williamston, N. C, c. h. Martin co. On the S side of Roanoke River. 25 miles W. from Plym outh, and 53 N. W. from Washington, on Pam lico River. 630 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &o. Williamstown, Ky, c. h. Grant county. On the E. side of Eagle Creek, a branch of Kentucky River, and 49 miles N. N. E. from Frankfort. Williamstown, Ms, Berkshire co. This town is situated in a largo and fertile valley, surrounded by romantic elevations, and watered by Hoosic and Green Rivers. It was first settled about the year 1751, and was called Hoosic by the Indians. The general character of the soil is clayey ; but in few places is the clay so hard and stiff as to bo injurious to its fertility. Loam predominates in some places, and a few spots of some extent may be called gravelly. Some of the best lands lie along tho Hoosic and Green Rivers. But the hills, also, and generally the mountain sides, al most, and sometimes quite up to their tops, have a good, and, in many places, an excellent soil, suited both to grazing and tillage. The village in this town is delightfully situated on a gentle rise from the river. Williams College, in this town, is handsomely located. (See Colleges.) 125 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 24 N. from Pittsfield. About 5 miles W. from North Adams, and thence byrailroad to Boston, 171. Williamstown, N. Y, Oswego co. Watered by a branch of Fish Creek, and by Salmon Creek. Surface level ; soil moist sandy loam, well suited to grass. 28 miles E. from Oswego, and 137 N. W. from Albany. Williamsville, N. Y, Erie co. On Ellicott's Creek. 278 miles W. from Albany. Large quan tities of water lime, or cement, are produced from the vicinity. Williamstown, Vt, Orange co. Williamstown lies on the height of land between Winooski and White Rivers, and contains no large streams. A brook, which here runs down a steep hill towards the W, divides naturally, and while one part runs to the N, forming Stevens's Branch of Winooski River, the other runs to the S, forming the second branch of White River. The turnpike from Royalton to Montpelier passes along these streams, and is known by the name of the Gulf Road, from the deep ravine through which it passes in this town, near the head of the second branch. In this ravine a medicinal spring has been discovered. Williamstown is timbered prin cipally with hard wood, and the soil is well adapt ed to the production of grass. There is a small but pleasant village near the centre of the town. The settlement was commenced in June, 1784. From Montpelier 10 miles S. E, and about the same distance N. W. from Chelsea. Willimantic, Ct, Windham co. A factory vil lage, on the N. side of Willimantic River. 32 miles E. from Hartford, and 30 N. from New London by railroad. Willinboro', N. J, Burlington co. Bounded N. W. by the Delaware River. Surface mostly level ; soil good sandy loam. 7 miles N. W. from Mount Holly. Williston, Vt, Chittenden co. This is an ex cellent farming town, of a rich soil, with an un even surface, but not mountainous. Williston is watered by Winooski River and' some smaller streams, but its water power is small. Thomas Chittenden was the father of this town. He came here in 1774. When the Vermont constitution was established, in 1778, Mr. Chittenden was se lected as a candidate for governor, to which of fice he was annually elected, with the exception of one year, till his death, in 1797. 27 miles W. N. W. from Montpelier. This town adjoins Bur lington, and is easy of access to lake and railroad transportation. Willoughby, 0. A township in Lake co, lying on the shoro of Lake Erie, and extending 8 miles from N. to S, and 5 from E. to W. The lands are productive and highly cultivated. There is a flourishing village in this township, of the same name, situated on the Chagrin River, two miles and a half from its mouth, 11 miles S. W. from Parisville, the county seat, 19 miles E; from Cleveland, and 158 N. E. from Columbus. This village, and the township to which itbelongs, were both formerly called Chagrin, from the name of the river. This name was changed for Wil loughby in 1834. The first settlement was made here by the eccentric pioneer, David Abhot, and others with him, about the year 1799. The first organized town meeting was held in 1815. This was the site, for some years, of a flourish ing and well-conducted Medical Institution, which was founded in 1834, and provided with a spacious brick edifice, pleasantly located, and with an am ple corps of instructors. This institution has since been removed to Columbus. The village contains a Presbyterian and a Methodist church. Tradition says that a bloody battle was fought here in early days between hostile Indian tribes ; and some human bones, which were thrown up when preparing the foundations for the Medical College, have been supposed to be the bones of the slain. Willow Grove, Pa, Montgomery co. In a beautiful vale. 13 miles N.from Philadelphia, and 1 1 1 E. from Harrisburg. The buildings are chiefly of stone. It is a place of summer residence for the citizens from Philadelphia. Willsboro', N. Y, Essex co. Watered by Bo- quet River and some other tributaries of" Lake Champlain, which bounds it on the E Surface mostly level on the E, and hilly on the W. ; soil rich clay loam. 1 5 miles N. E*. from Elizabeth, add 137 N. N. E. from Albany. Wiltshire, 0, c. h. Van Wert co. Wilmington, De, New Castle co. City, and port of entry. Situated between Brandywine and Christiana Creeks, 1 mile above their junction. 47 miles N. from Dover, and 28 miles S. W. from Philadelphia. Population in 1830, 6628 ; in 1840, 8367; in 1850, 13.931. Both the business and population of the place have rapidly increased within a few years past. It is situated in the midst of one of the finest agricultural districts in the Mid dle States. Its site, like that of Philadelphia, and of Baltimore, is on the outer edge of the primi tive formation, and on the inner edge of the sea sand alluvion. The city is built on ground grad ually rising to the height of 112 feet above the level of tide water. It is laid out with regularity; the streets, which are broad and airy, crossing each other at right angles. It is supplied with water from the Brandywine, bv waterworks, like those of Philadelphia" The place is well built; the houses are generally of brick, and many of them are elegant. It has several churches of dif ferent denominations, and is distinguished for its excellent private schools. The principal pub lic buildings are a city hall, a hospital and almshouse, two market houses, several banks, and an arsenal. Tbe hospital is a large edifice, 126 feet long, and 3 stories high, located -upon a fine, health} eminence. Wilmington is tho largest place in Delaware, and, next to Philadelphia, the greatest mart of IN THE UNITED STATES. 631 trade in the basin of the Delaware River. The Christiana admits vessels drawing 14 feet of water to the city ; and those drawing 8 feet can come up the Brandywine. Considerable shipping is owned here, and the whale fishery is carried on to some extent from this port. But Wilmington is more distinguished for its various kinds of manufactures than for its mari time commerce. The falls of the Brandywine, in the immediate neighborhood, afford a valuable water power, which is rendered available to a great extent for the operations of machinery ; ap plied to flouring mills, paper mills, saw mills, cot ton, woollen, and various other manufactories. The flouring mills at Wilmington are among the largest in the United States. The making of gunpowder has been carried on here extensively for many years. Within 10 miles of this place, there is a large number of important manufac tories, rendering it one of the largest manufac turing districts in the United States south of Philadalphia. Wilmington, Ms, Middlesex co. At the time of its incorporation, in 1 730, this town was a part of Woburn and Reading. The surface is gener ally level, with a light and sandy soil, well adapt ed for the growth of hops. The wood is chiefly pine, and much charcoal is made. The town is watered by a branch of Ipswich River, and the Middlesex Canal passes through it. The Boston and Lowell and Boston and Maine Railroads pass through this town. 15 miles- N. W. from Boston, and 11 S. E. from Lowell. Wilmington, N. Y, Essex co. Watered by the Saranac and the W. branch of the An Sable River. Surface mountainous ; soil fertile in some of the valleys. In this vicinity are immense beds of excellent iron ore. 28 miles N. W. from Eliz abeth, and 148 N. from Albany. Wilmington, N. C, port of entry and seat of justice of New Hanover co. 90 miles S. E. from Fayetteville, and 1 48 S. S. E. from Raleigh. It is on the E. side of Cape Fear River, about 35 miles from the sea. The harbor has a dangerous shoal at its entrance, but will admit vessels of 200 tons. There are two islands enclosed by dif ferent channels of the river, opposite the town, which afford some of the finest rice fields in the state. Wilmington is well situated for trade, though not accounted healthy in its location. It is at the terminus of the great series of southern railroads extending from New York, and branch ing in various directions from the main route. Wilmington, Va, Fluvanna eo. A village. 60 miles N. W. by W. from Richmond. Wilmington, O, c. h. Clinton co. On Todd's Fork, a branch of Little Miami River. 72 miles S. W. from Columbus. Wilmington, Vt, Windham co. The E. and W. branches of Deerfield River unite in this town, which, with the waters of Beaver and Cold Brooks, and of Ray's Pond, a large and beauti ful sheet of water, a valuable mill power is pro duced. There are some fine tracts of land in the town, and a considerable portion that is rough and hard to till. The village is pleasant and thriving. Wilmington was settled before the revolutionary war, but increased but slowly until the peace. 17 miles E. from Bennington, and 14 S. W. from Newfane. Wilmot. N. II, Merrimac co. The streams forming Blackwater River have their origin in the vicinity of Wilmot. They afford a good number of mill sites. The town is composed of hills and valleys. There are no large collections of water, nor any mountains, excepting Kear- sarge, whose summit forms the southern boundary. It received its name from De Wilmot, an Eng lishman. In 1775 this town was granted to Joseph Minot, Matthew Thornton, and others. 30 miles N. W. from Concord. Wilmurt, N. Y, Herkimer co. This large town contains numerous lakes and ponds, send ing forth streams in every direction. The land is mostly productive in summer crops, and well suited to grazing. 35 miles N. from Herkimer, and 100 N. W. from Albany. Wilna, N. Y, Jefferson co. Watered by In dian and Black Rivers. Surface chiefly level; soil sandy and clay loam. 15 miles E. from Wa tertown, and 151 N. W. from Albany. Wilson, Me. This town was incorporated in 1836, as " township number 9 in the 9th range, N. of the Waldo Patent in the county of Som erset." Wilson, N. Y, Niagara co. Watered by How ell's and Tuscarora Creeks, flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Surface chiefly level ; soil gravelly and sandy loam and clay. 10 miles N. W. from Lockport, and 294 N. of W. from Albany. Wilson County, Te, c. h. at Lebanon. Sumner co, or Cumberland River, bounds the N. W. part. Smith is on the E, Warren S. E, Rutherford S. W, and Davidson W. Wilton, Ct, Fairfield co. Wilton was taken from the N. part of Norwalk, in 1 802. The sur face of the town is broken by two ridges of hills, but the soil is a gravelly loam, and productive of grain and a great variety of fruit. Agriculture is the principal business of the inhabitants. The town is watered by Norwalk River. A classical school, of high reputation, was es tablished here in 1818, by Hawley Olmstead, Esq. This school is worth a million of the sil ver mines that were discovered and worked in this town during the revolution. Wilton, Me, Franklin co. This is one of the most flourishing agricultural townships in tho state. It has a fertile soil, a beautiful surface, and two pleasant villages. It lies a little dis tance from Sandy River. Wilton has an adequate water power for com mon purposes, produced by streams issuing from beautiful ponds in the town. The people are principally agriculturists. 38 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. Wilton, N. H, Hillsboro' co. Souhegan is the principal river, which, with its branches, produces a valuable water power. This town has neither mountains, ponds, nor swamps. It is, in general, of strong and excellent soil. Good clay is found in plenty near the streams. There are several quarries of excellent stone for splitting and hew ing. The town derived its name from Wilton, an ancient borough in Wiltshire, England. First settlers, three families from Danvers, Ms. ; two by the name of Putnam, and one by the name of Dale. Settled in 1738. 9 miles W. by S. from Am herst, and 40 S. by W. from Concord. A rail road passes through here. Wilton, N. Y, Saratoga co. Watered by a branch of the Hudson River. Surface slightly uneven on the E, and hilly on the W. 12 miles N. from Ballston Spa village, and 42 miles from Albany. 632 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. Winchendon, "Ms, Worcester co. Before its in- eorporation, in 1764, this town was called " Ips wich Canada," it having been granted to the neirs of soldiers from Ipswich, who served in an expedition to Canada in 1690. It was first set tled about the year 1752. The surface is some what uneven, but not mountainous ; there are many rocks, but the soil is deep, strong, and fer tile. This town is watered by several streams, which afford a good water power, but particular ly by Miller's River, a noble mill stream, which takes its rise from Monomonack Pond, partly in this town and partly in Rindge. There are fine quarries of granite in the town, and a spring tinctured with iron and sulphur. There are a number of neat and flourishing villages, called Robinsonville, Bullardsville, Waterville, Spring, North, and New Boston ; near the latter is a beautiful pond. The excellent water power in the town, and the Boston and Vermont Rail road passing through it, will place Winchendon high on the list of manufacturing towns. 38 miles N. N. W. from Worcester, and about 20 W. N. W. from Fitchburg, from which to Boston is 50 miles. Winchester, Ct, Litchfield co. The geological character of the town is primitive ; the rocks consisting of granite, mica, slate, &c. The soil is gravelly, hard, and coarse : it affords good grazing. The borough of Clifton was incorporated in 1832. It is a flourishing village, principally built in a narrow valley, on the banks of a mill stream, called Mad River, which is a tributary of Farmington River. The valley at this place is but barely of sufficient width to admit of a street, with buildings on each side, the ground rising immediately in every direction. West ward of the main street in the village, a road passes up a steep bill for nearly a quarter of a mile, where, upon an elevated plain, is an inter esting lake, or pond, which is one of the largest bodies of water in the state, being three and a half miles in length, and three fourths of a mile in breadth. The outlet of this lake presents a novel scene ; it consists of a small stream, com pressed within a narrow channel, and literally tossed from rock to rock till it unites with Mad River. Winsted, or the East village, is very pleasant. Winchester lies within the " evergreen district," so named from the forests of hemlock and other evergreen trees, with which it abounds. These " Green Woods " present one of the most impres sive scenes which can be found in an American forest. 26 miles N. W. from Hartford. Winchester, la, c. h. Randolph co. 81 miles E. N. E. from Indianapolis. Winchester, Ky, c. h. Clarke co. 44 miles E. S. E. from Frankfort. Winchester, Ms, Middlesex co. Formed in 1852, from parts of Woburn, Medford, and West Cambridge. Winchester, Mi, c. h. Wnyne co. Winchester, N. H, Cheshire co. The face of this town is diversified with hills and valleys. The soil is of an excellent quality. Ashuelot River passes through the centre of this town, affording a great hydraulic power. It is bor dered on each bank by extensive intervales, of a fertility rarely excelled. There are other small streams running through tho town. The centre village is on the S. E. bank of the Ashuelot; it is very handsome : at the lower end of it, the street is adorned with a beautiful row of native evergreen trees, which extend nearly half a mile. Two miles W. is another manufacturing village, and in the S. E. part is another. First settlers, Josiah Wil lard and others, settled about the year 1732. 13 miles S. W. from Keene, and 65 S. W. from Concord. Winchester, Te, c. h. Franklin co. Winchester, Va, c. h. Frederick co. This town is located on a branch of Opeguan Creek, in a very productive part of Virginia, and possesses, for its relative population, much solid wealth. It lies 74 miles a little N. of W. from Washington city, and 146 a little W. of N. from Richmond. Wind Gap, Pa, Northampton co. 110 miles N. from Harrisburg. Situated at the Wind Gap, so called, one of the celebrated gorges among the Alleghany Mountains, througb wbich the road passes from Easton to Wilkesbarre. The scenery here is very romantic. It is 15 miles S. of the Water Gap, through which the Delaware finds its way through the mountains. Windham County, Ct, c. h. at Brooklyn. This county is uniformly hilly, yet no part of it is mountainous or very elevated. The pro- vailing soil is a primitive gravelly loam. The greatest portion of the county is stony and con siderably rough, and the lands generally best adapted for grazing, and many sections afford some of the richest dairy farms in the state. The Quinebaug and Shetucket, with tlieir branches. intersect this county, and afford many valuable water privileges for mills and manufacturing purposes. The valley of the Quinebaug River comprises the best land in the county. Windham county originally belonged to the counties of Hartford and New London. It was incorporated as a county in May, 1726. This county is bounded N. "by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S.'by the county of New London, and W. by Tolland county. Windham, Ct, Windham co. The territory of this town, Mansfield, and Canterbury was given by Joshua, a son of Uncos, the celebrated Mohe gan sachem, to John Mason, James Fitch, and others, in the year 1675. -' Lieutenant John Cates, a pious Puritan, who served in the wars in England, holding his com mission under Cromwell, when Charles II. came to the throne, fled to this country for safety. He landed first in Virginia, where he procured a ne<*ro servant to attend him. But when advertisements and pursuers were spread through this country, to apprehend the adherents of the protector, lie left Virginia, came to New York, and from thence to Norwich. Still feeling that he should be se curer in a more retired place, he came to this new plantation, dug the first collar, and with his ser vant, raised in Windham the first English habita tion, in the spring of 1689. The settlers, rapidly increasing, petitioned the General Court, and obtained a grant of town privileges in May, 1692. It has an uneven surface, with a tolerable soil. It is pleasantly located, compactly and neatly built, and contains the charm of antiquity in as great perfection as can probably bo found in New England. The borough of Willimantic is 3 miles W. from Windham village. It is well situated on Willi mantic River. It is built principally on one street, and contains some very handsome buildings. IN THE UNITED STATES. 633 Willimantic River rises in the county of Tol land, and, with the Natchaug, forms the "Shetucket in Windham. Windham, Me, Cumberland co. Windham lies on tbe N. E. side of Presumpscut River, whi"h separates it from Gorham. It is 14 miles N. N. W. from Portland. This is a valuable farming town, and the inhabitants are principally employed in agriculture. Branches of tho Presumpscut give the town good mill privileges. There arc two pleasant villages in the town, and several beauti ful fish ponds. Windham. N. H, Rockingham co. Policy Pond lies in this town and in Salem. Cabot's Pond lies E. of the centre of the town. Golden Pond is in the S, and Mitchel's in the N. E. part. Beaver River forms tho western boundary, upon which are some meadow lands. The town is well supplied with small streams, which afford fine fish. Wind ham was originally a part of Londonderry. 33 miles S. by E. from Concord, and 20 S. E. from Exeter. Windham, N. Y, Greene co. The Bataviakill flows E. and W. through this town. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil good in some of the valleys, and well suited to grazing on the hills. 18 miles W. from Catskill, and 44 S. W. from Albany. Windliam, Pa, Luzerne co. Drained by Big and Little Mahoopeny Creeks. Surface moun tainous ; soil mostly fertile. 25 miles N. W. from Wilkesbarre. Windham, Pa, Bradford co. Drained by We- passening Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna River. Surface hilly; soil gravelly. 162 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. Windham County, Vt, c. h. at Fayetteville. This county is bounded N. by Windsor co, E. by Connecticut River, S. by the state of Massachu setts, and W. by the county of Bennington. The surface is much broken by hills and valleys ; the western part is very elevated, and con tains a part of the Green Mountain range. The geological character of the county is primitive. Immense quantities of granite are found in all parts of the county, most of which is of fine grain and very handsome. A variety of min erals are found here. The soil of the county is various, from the rich and alluvial meadows on the Connecticut, to the cold and rugged lands on the sides of the mountains. Windham county is finely watered by William's, Saxton's, and West Rivers, with their branches, and by numerous other streams. These waters give the county a great hydraulic power. Windham, Vt, Windham co. Branches of West, William's, and Saxton's Rivers give this town a good water power. The surface is ele vated ; the soil, though strong, is better adapted for grazing than tillage. Windham was formerly a part of Londonderry. A variety of minerals are found here. There is in this town a beautiful pond. Edward Aiken, James McCormick, and John Woodburn wore the first settlers. 30 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 25 S. W. from Windsor. Windsor, Ct, Hartford co. This most ancient town is situated on tho W. side of Connecticut River. The surface is generally level, having some extensive plains. The soil is various, and free from stone : some of it is light, but a large proportion of it is fertile, containing extensive tracts of rich meadow. Farmington River passes 80 through the town, and meeting the Connecticut, gives the town a good hydraulic power. At a placo called Pine Meadow, at the com mencement of the locks on the Enfield Canal, a variety of ship and other timber is prepared for market. Pine Meadow is opposite to Warehouse Point, in East Windsor. The centre village in Windsor is pleasantly extended on the hanks of the Connecticut Poquonnuck village is a few miles N. from the centre. It is a manufacturing village, delightfully situated at the head of navigation on Farmington River. Windsor Locks. A manufacturing village in the N. part of Windsor, on the W. bank of Con necticut River, 12 miles above Hartford. At this place, the Connecticut River Company (whose of fice is at Hartford) have expended over $300,000 in constructing a navigable canal over tho low er rapids in the river, known as Enfield Falls. The canal and locks are navigable for freight boats of 85 tons' burden, and for all the steam boats going above Hartford; and furnish an immense water power for manufacturing pur poses. The fall is 32 feet. The present capacity of this canal is about 200,000 spindles' power, and may be increased considerably by enlarging the dam at the head. The water power is about one fourth occupied. The best of mill sites may be selected on the land between the canal and the river, for 2 miles above the locks, on all of which is to be found a rock foundation of red sandstone, which, being excavated, furnishes a cheap and valuable mate rial for buildings. The New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield Railroad runs for 2 miles on the margin of this extensive water power, having a station in the village, 12 miles below Springfield. Windsor, Me, Kennebec co. 12 miles from Augusta, to which it lies adjacent on the W. Windsor, Ms, Berkshire co. Noah Nash gave the province of Massachusetts 1430 pounds for this township, in 1762. It was first settled about the year 1766. Its Indian name was Ouschan- kamaug. It was incorporated by the name of Gageboro', in 1771, but after the revolutionary war began, in 1777, the name was changed, be cause Gageboro' might seem to perpetuate the memory of the detested General Gage. This town has a lofty elevation, and surface somewhat uneven.. It is watered by the Westfield and Housatonic Rivers, which receive several brooks in their passage through the town. On the Hou satonic, near the line of Dalton, are falls, judged to be about 70 feet. The soil is warm, and finely adapted for grazing. There are some excellent farms in Windsor. The town is remarkable for the longevity of its inhabitants, which is doubt less owing to the purity of its air and water. 12 miles N. E. from Pittsfield, and 120 W. by N from Boston, by the old road. Windsor, N. H, Hillsboro' co. This town contains only 5335 acres. It is diversified with hills ; its soil is strong, good for grazing and grain. Black Pond, near the centre, is said to be 160 rods long and 80 broad, and a pond near the S. E. corner is about 80 rods long and 40 wide, 30 miles S. W. from Concord, and about 27 N. W from Amherst. Windsor, N. Y, Broome co. Watered by the Susquehanna River and some of its branches. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil well adapted 634 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. to grazing. 12 miles S. E. from Binghampton, and 138 S. W. from Albany. Windsor, N. C, c. h. Bertie co. On Cashie River, about 100 miles S. W. from Norfolk, in Virginia, and by post road 194 miles N. E. by E. from Raleigh. Windsor, Pa, Berks co. Bounded E. by Maiden Creek, and W. by Schuylkill River and Canal. Surface hilly. Blue Mountain occupying the N. W. part ; soil gravelly and sterile. Windsor. Pa, York co. A town on the S. W. side of Susquehanna River. 10 miles E. from York. Windsor County. Vt, c. h. at Woodstock. This county is hounded N. hy the county of Orange, E. by Connecticut River, S. by Windham co, and W. by Rutland and a part of Addi-on coun ties. Windsor county is watered by White, Queechy, Black, West, and William's Rivers, and by other excellent mill streams. The surface is uneven, and in some parts mountainous, but gen erally not too elevated to admit of cultivation ; the soil produces fine crops of grain, hay, vege tables, and fruits. The lands are peculiarly adapted for grazing. The beautiful Connecticut, which washes its whole eastern boundary, gives to this county large tracts of alluvial meadow land, and affords it a navigable channel to the seaboard. The hydraulic power of the county is very large, and its local position is such as to induce men of enterprise and capital to embark in manufacturing operations, which are annually increasing, with fair prospects of success. Windsor, Vt, Windsor eo. Situated on tbe W. side of Connecticut River. 55 miles S. by E. from Montpelier, and 139 N. W. from Boston by railroad. First settled in 1764. lis surface is uneven, but there are but few parts of it unfit for cultivation. It contains large tracts of allu vial meadow, and the uplands are generally fer tile. Mill Brook waters the S. part of the town, and furnishes it with excellent mill sites. The manufactures of the town are numerous and val uable. The agricultural interests are also valua ble : 10,000 sheep are annually sheared in the town, and many neat cattle, horses, and produc tions of the dairy are annually transported to its various markets. The village of Windsor is on elevated ground, on the bank of the river; it is compactly and somewhat irregularly built, but very beautiful. There are hut few villages in our country which make a more delightful appearance. It contains a great number of handsome dwelling houses and stores. Some of the private houses, churches, and other public buildings are in a style of supe rior elegance. This is the site of the Vermont State Prison. The streets are wide and beauti fully shaded. The scenery around Windsor is highly picturesque. From the high lands across the river, in Cornish, which is united to Windsor by a bridge, or on the Ascutney, at the S. part of the town, some of the best landscapes in our country are presented to view. This town has become the centre of an impor tant commerce, both from the river and a fertile interior country. The favorable position of Windsor, as a place of trade, was early discov ered, and it bus been fortunate in possessing a succession of men, who, by their enterprise and wealth, have rendered it one of the most flourish ing towns on Connecticut River. A railroad tlirough Windsor connects it with the great routes running N. to Burlington and Montreal, E. to Concord and Boston, and S. to Springfield, Hartford, &c. Winhall, Vt, Bennington co. This town was chartered in 1761. and its settlement commenced during the revolutionary war. The surface is rough, and the soil not very productive. Win hall River rises in this town, and affords it a good water power. 33 miles S. W. from Wind sor, and 25 N. E. from Bennington. Winnamac, la, c. h. Pulaski co. 100 miles N. by W. from Indianapolis. Winnebago County, Is, c. h. at Rockford, Formed in' 1836. Bounded N. by Wisconsin, E. by Boone co.. S. by Ogle, and W. by Stephen son co. Drained hy Rock, Kishwaukie, and Peckatonokee Rivers. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. Winnebago County, Wn, Oshkosh seat of jus tice. Bounded N. hy Brown co, E. hy Lake Winnebago, S. by Fond du Lac co, and W. by Marquette and Brown counties. Drained by Neenah, or Fox, and Pauwaygun Rivers and tributaries. Winneshiek County, Io, c. h. at Decorah. In the N. E. angle, bordering on Minnesota. Watered by the Upper Iowa and Turkey Rivers. Winnsboro', S. C, Fairfield district. Between Wateree and Little Rivers. 29 miles N. N. W. from Columbia. There is a Baptist Literary and Theological Seminary in the vicinity, with sev eral fine brick edifices. Winslow, Me.. Kennebec co. A fine town on the Kennebec River, opposite Waterville, with a fertile soil and large water power. 18 miles N. by E. from Augusta. Winston County. Mi, c. h. at Louisville. Bound ed N. by Choctaw and Oktibbeha counties, E.by Noxubee, S. by Kemper and Neshoba, and W. by Atala co. Drained by tributaries of Pearl and Tombigbee Rivers. Winton, N. C, c. h. Hertford co. This village is located on Chowan River, about two miies below the junction of Meherin and Nottaway Rivers. By post road 153 miles N. E. from Ra leigh, and 60 N. W. from Norfolk, Va. Winterset, Io, c. h. Madison co. Winthrop, Me, Kennebec co. 10 miles W. from Augusta. It comprises 6 large ponds, the outlets to which afford a good water power There are two villages, 4 miles apart, and manu factories of leather, boots, and shoes. Winthrop, Ms, Suffolk co. A new town, taken from Chelsea, including Point Shirley, which forms Boston Harbor on the N. E. Wirt. N. Y, Alleghany co. Watered by Van Campen's and Little Genesee Creeks. Surface high and undulating; soil chiefly sandy loam. 15 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 270 from Albany. Wirt County, Va. New. Taken from Logan. S. W. part. Watered by the Big Sandy, which separates it from Kentucky. Hilly. Wirt, Va, c. h. Wirt co. Wiscasset, Mc, Lincoln co. Wiscasset is a shire town and a port of entry, situated on the W. side of Sheepscot River. 20 miles from the sen, 42 N. E. from Portland, and 10 N. E from Bath. Wiscasset contains a noble harbor for vessels of the largest class ; it is easy of access, and seldom obstructed by ice. For many years pre vious to the commencement of the commercial IN THE UNITED STATES. 635 restrictions in 1807, Wiscasset was one of the most active and flourishing seaports in Maine. During the disastrous period which followed, Wiscasset suffered severely in common with all towns largely engaged in navigation. Since the termination of the war, the town has been slowly but safely progressing in wealth and prosperity. In addition to its commerce in lum ber and ship building, this place is largely and profitably engaged in the fishery, for which pur suit it is admirably located. The village of Wiscasset is delightfully sit uated on rising ground, in view of the harbor. The court house, churches, stores, and dwelling houses are built with taste, and many of them with elegance. A more beautiful village is rarely seen. Woburn, Ms, Middlesex co. This town was granted by the General Court to the town and church of Charlestown, in 1640; settled there from early in 1641,. and called Charlestown vil lage. In 1642 it was incorporated under its present name. The surface is uneven, and very much diversified by hills, dales, and woods. It contains several beautiful sheets of water, par ticularly Horn Pond. Middlesex Canal passes by the side of the pond, and makes a descent of 45 feet, by means of three double locks. The waters of this and several srnaller ponds, after furnishing some valuable and well-improved wa ter power, fall into Mystic River, through Mystic Pond, in Medford. The soil is various, but gen erally strong and rough ; much of it is fertile, and the town contains some beautiful farms. Villages have sprung up in various parts. Tho Boston and Lowell Railroad passes from S. to N, tlirough the easterly part of the town, from which is a branch railroad to Woburn Centre. Warren Academy, incorporated in 1828, is de lightfully situated near the centre, on a beautiful eminence. 10 miles N. W. by N. from Boston, and 16 S. E. from Lowell. Wolcott, Ct., New Haven co. This is a small town, watered by a branch of Naugatuck River. The town was incorporated in 1796. The territory was formerly a parish in the towns of Farmington and Waterbury, and from that circumstance was called " Farmingbury." The lands in Wolcott are elevated, rough, stony, and hard to cultivate. One of the highest hills in this part of the state lies in this town. It com mands a very extended prospect of Long Island Sound and the adjacent country. 22 miles N. from New Haven. Wolcott, Vt, Lamoille co. Wolcott is well watered by Lamoille River, and by Green and Wild Branch, its tributaries. Fish Pond, in Wolcott, is a pretty piece of water, and bears an appropriate name. There is some good grain land in the town, but most of the lands are fit only for pasturage. Wolcott. was chartered to Joshua Stanton and others, in 1781. 10 miles S. E. from Hyde Park, and 37 N. from Mont pelier. Wnlfeboro', N. H, Carroll co. The soil is rocky, but productive, nnd the face of the country level. The wood is principally oak and other hard tim ber. The only river is Smith's; it issues from a large pond of the same name, in the S. E. part of the town. Near the bridge over Smith's Riv er is a pleasant village. Winnipiseogee Lake lies on the S. W. of this town. A steamboat plies daily from Alton, 10 miles S, in connection with the Cocheco Railroad terminating there, to accom modate travellers to the White Mountains, for whose convenience a fine hotel has been erected at Wolfeboro'. The charter of Wolfehoro' was granted in 1770, to Governor John Wentworth, Mark H. Wentworth, and others. At the foot of a hill, near one of the ponds, is a mineral spring. The scenery in this town is splendid. First settlers, B. Blake, J. Lucas, James Lary, J. Ful- lerton, and others. 45 miles N. E. from Con cord, and about 8 S. W. from Ossipee. Wood County, O, c. h. at Perrysburg. Lucas co. is on the N, Sandusky and Seneca on the E, Hancock on the S, and Henry on the W. In February, 1820, the county was organized. This county is level, and has an excellent alluvial soil, based upon limestone. Black Swamp lies mostly in this county, and has been taken for. farming purposes, as it has a rich, productive soil. It has a variety of timber, and iron ore is found in abundance. Wood County, Va, c. h. at Belleville. Ohio River bounds it on the N. W, Tyler co, Va, N. E, Louis co. S. E, and Mason S. W. Little Kanawha River drains it mostly. Woodbridge, Ct, New Haven co. The territory of this town belonged to the towns of New Haven and Milford, and was calied the parish of "Am ity" from 1739 until its incorporation in 1784. West River runs on the W. side of West Rock, a, range of mountains on the eastern border of the town. The surface of the town is hilly, but the soil is excellent for grazing. The regicides Goffe and Whalley had a num ber of places of concealment in the limits of Woodbridge, the most noted of which is Hatchet Harbor, or tbe Lodge, near a beautiful spring, in a valley, about 7 miles from New Haven. Woodbury, Ct, Litchfield co. The settlement of this town commenced in the year 1672. It was incorporated in 1674. This is a good graz ing township; the soil is generally warm and fertile. The village is situated in a pleasant val ley, and watered by a number of small streams, which form the Pomperaug. It is surrounded by high hills on every side, forming a kind of amphi theatre, which renders it strikingly romantic. The village contains some handsome buildings. Bethel Rock, near the village of Woodbury, is about 40 feet in height, and projects over 3 or 4 feet, forming a kind of shelter from the wind and rain. There is a fine grove near it. This spot is frequently visited; it excites solemn and pleasing impressions. Woodbury. N. J, c. h. Gloucester co. At the head of navigation, on Woodbury Creek, a branch of Delaware River. S. S. W. from Trenton 37 miles. Woodbury. Pa, Bedford co. Drained by Yel low Creek and branches, and by the Frankstown branch of Juniata River. Surface mountainous, containing iron ore; soil calcareous loam, gravel, and slate. 1 13 miles W. from Harrisburg. Woodbury. Te, c. h. Cannon co. Woodbury, Vt, Washington co. Woodbury was first settled in 1800. The town is watcied by branches of Winooski and Lamoille Rivers, and probably contains a greater number of ponds than any other town in the slate. The surface is rough, but the soil is good for grazing. 15 miles N. by E. from Montpelier. Woodford County, Is, c. h. at Woodford. Bound cd N. by Marshall co, E. by Livingston and Mc Lean, S. by McLean and Tazewell counties, and 636 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Peo ria co. Drained by Mackinaw River. Woodford County. Ky, c. h. at Versailles. Ken tucky River is on the W, Franklin N. W., Scott N. E„ Fayette E, and Jessamine S. E. Woodford, Vt, Bennington co. Woodford contains several iarge ponds, from which issue branches of Walloomsack and Deerfield Rivers. The greater part of this town is too elevated and broken for cultivation. It is a good location for the sportsman. The town began to be settled immediately after the revolutionary war. 7 miles E. from Bennington, on the road to Brattleboro'. Woodhull, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Tuscarora Creek. Has an uneven surface, and tolerably good soil. 20 miles S. from Bath, and 225 S. W. from Albany. Woodsfield, 0, c. h. Monroe co. On elevated ground, 18 miles from Ohio River, and 117 E. from Columbus. Woods Hole. Ms, Barnstable co. In the town of Falmouth. See Fa/mouth. Woodstock. Ct, Windham co. The surface of the town is characteristically hilly, but not moun tainous or broken, and comprises very little waste land, most or all of the eminences being capable of cultivation. The prevailing soil is a deep gravelly loam, which is strong and fertile. It is best adapted to grazing. It may be considered one of the richest agricultural towns in this part of the state. The town is divided into 3 parts, viz, the old society of Woodstock. West Wood stock or New Roxbury, and Muddy Brook Socie ty or North Woodstock. The villages of Thompson, North Killingly, and Dudley, in Massachusetts, on corresponding elevations, are in fair view from the village in Old Woodstock. The village of Muddy Brook, or North Woodstock, is about 3 miles distant, sit uated in a beautiful valley, through which Muddy Brook, a fine mill stream, passes. Woodstock, Me, Oxford co. In part mountain ous, but with some fertile land. 42 miles W. from Augusta. Woodstock, N. H, Grafton co. The Pemige wasset passes through the eastern section of this town. The three branches of this river unite in the N. part of Woodstock. There are several brooks and rivulets which supply this place with a number of mill privileges. The ponds are nu merous. Cushman's Mountain in the S. W, Black in the N. W, and Blue in the W, are the highest elevations. Among these mountains, branches of the Wild Amonoosuck and Baker's Rivers, and Moosehillock Brook, have their sources. On the last stream is a beautiful cas cade. There are here two springs, which have been termed medicinal. This town has some fine scenery. First settlers, John Riant and others, in 1773. 20 miles N. from Plymouth, and 62 N. from Concord. Woodstock, N. Y, Ulster co. Watered by the Saghkill and other branches of Esopus Creek. The Catskill Mountains cover most of the sur face; soil clay, gravel, and loam of indifferent quality. 12 mites N. W. from Kingston, and 57 S. W. from Albany. Woodstock, Vt, c. h. Windsor co. Well watered by Quechee River and its branches. The soil is generally very fertile, with a pleasant surface of hills and vales. Woodstock Green, so called, is a beautiful village. The court house, planned and built under the supervision of Ammi B. Young, Esq, the architect of the custom house in Boston, is one of the most chaste and classical structures in New England. The S. village is neat and pleasant ; it is about 5 miles from the Green. The settlement of this town was commenced by Mr. James Sanderson, who moved his family here about the year 1768. 46 miles S. from Montpelier, and 11 N. W. from Windsor. Woodstock, Va, c. h. Shenandoah co. About 1 mile from the W. bank of the N. fork of Shenan doah River, and 150 N. N. W. from Richmond. Woodville, Aa, c. h. Jackson co. 163 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Woodville, Mi, c. h. Wilkinson co. 135 miles S. W. from Jackson. Connected with the Mis sissippi River by a railroad to St. Francisville, 29 miles. Woodville, Ts, c. h. Tyler co. Woolwich, Me, Lincoln co. Woolwich lies a little above Bath, on the E. side of Kennebec River. 32 miles S. from Augusta, and 7 W. from Wiscasset. It was incorporated in 1759. Woolwich has several ponds and small streams, and its navigable privileges are valuable. Woolwich, N. J, Gloucester co. Bounded N. W. by the Delaware River, and drained by Pe- paups, Little Timber, Raccoon, and Oldman's Creeks. Surface level ; soil sandy. 11 miles S. W. from Woodbury. Woonsocket Falls, R. I, Providence co. In the towns of Smithfield and Cumberland, at the falls of Blackstone River, which afford a great water power. 15 miles N. N. W. from Providence. See Smithfield, R. I. Wooster, O, c. h. Wayne co. On the forks of Killbuck and Apple Creeks, and was named for General Wooster, who was killed at Danbury, Ct, in the year 1777, during the revolutionary war. 61 miles S. W. from Cleveland, and 89 N. E. from Columbus. Worcester County, Md, c. h. at Snow Hill. Delaware co. is on the N, the Atlantic Ocean E, eastern shore of Virginia S, and Somerset co, Md, W. The Pocomoke River drains the greater part of this county. Worcester County, Ms, c. h. at Worcester. This county crosses the state from New Hamp shire on the N. to the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island on the S. It is bounded W. by the counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hamp den, and E. by Norfolk and Middlesex counties. This is the largest county in the state. Its terri tory is larger than the state of Rhode Island, and its population greater than that of the state of Delaware. Its surface is rather undulating than hilly. Wachuset Mountain is its highest eleva tion. The soil is generally strong, arid produces all kinds of grain, grasses, fruits, &c, common to its climate. Its water power is abundant in almost every town, and perhaps in no section of New England are the interests of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures more completely blended, nor can there be found better resources for their united support Its principal rivers are the Blackstone, Quinebaug, Nashua, Ware, Mil ler's, and Mill. The Blackstone Canal passes from the centre of the county to the city of Providence, and several important railroads pierce the country in various directions, which with tlieir various branches, afford a rapid com munication to the capital of the state, and to distant towns and cities at the N, the W, and the S. IN THE UNITED STATES. 637 Worcester, Ms. City, and seat of justice of Worcester co. 44 miles by railroad W. from Boston, 54 E. from Springfield, 43 N. W. from Providence, R. I, and 59 N. W. from Norwich, Ct. Population in 1790. 2095 ; 1800, 241 1 ; 1810, 2577; 1820, 2966; 1830, 4173; 1840, 7497; 1850, 17,059. An attempt was made to settle this part of the country as early as 1675, but the hostility of the Indians was such as to prevent a permanent set tlement until 1713. The Indians, who weri very numerous, had towns on Tatnuck and Bog- gachoag Hills. They called the neighboring country Quinsigamond, the name of a lake, or Long Pond, which skirts the eastern border of the town. It is stated that " in 1 7 1 8 there were in the town 58 humble dwelling honses ; some were fur nished with windows of diamond glass," while others obtained the light " through the dim transparency of oiled paper." The surface of the town is pleasantly varied by hills and valleys. The greatest elevation is that of Chandler's Hill, 748 feet above the sea. from which a fine view of the beautiful country sur rounding it is presented. The soil is various, and suited to the cultivation of all the grains, grasses, vegetables, fruits, and flowers common to a New England climate, and the uncommon enterprise and skill displayed in the cultivation of the soil have covered the face of this section of the state with beauty and abundance. Worcester was originally very large, including the territory of some of the surrounding towns. Its present boundaries are N. by Holden and West Boylston, E. by Shrewsbury, S. by-Mill- bury and Auburn, and W. by Leicester and Paxton. A number of the streams which form the head waters of the Blackstone meet in this town, and furnish a considerable water power. The central situation of Worcester, both in re gard to the county and the state, the fertility of its soil, and that of the surrounding country, the salubrity of its climate, and the industry, intelli gence, and wealth of its people, have long since entitled it to the honor of being called the chief town in the "heart of the commonwealth." The city of Worcester is delightfully situated, in a valley, surrounded by hills of gentle acclivity. It has long been one of the most flourishing places in the interior of New England, and by the enterprise and wealth of its inhabitants, without the natural advantage of any navigable stream, it early became the mart of a large and prosperous business, giving it very much the appearance of a commercial town. It has taken an enlightened and timely interest in every form of internal im provement which has arisen, for the purpose of overcoming the natural disadvantage of its in terior location, and facilitating its communication with the seaboard, and every part of the country. The greatest of these enterprises, before railroads were introduced, was that of the Blackstone Ca nal, opening the navigation for boats to tho tide waters at Providence, R. I. But all other means of communication and business, even the great navigable rivers themselves, are now in a measure superseded by that which the railroad supplies. Of these Worcester has become a great central point. We have given above the direction and distance to the important seaports of Boston, Providence, and Norwich, with each of which Worcester is connected by railroads ; and also to Springfield, which is on the Western Railroad from Worcester to Albany, at the point of its in tersection with the great chain of railroads run ning through the Connecticut valley from Canada to New York. On the N. from Worcester there are two railroads, one connecting at Fitchburg with the roads E, W, and N. from that place, and the other extending to meet the great Northern Railroad at Nashua, N. H, and connecting at an intermediate point with roads running through Lowell and Lawrence, and thence to Portland, Me. Worcester is thus made one of the greatest thoroughfares of travel in New England, and an eligible seat of manufacturing and other business operations. There are many handsome streets in Worcester, but the most elegant, as well as the most impor tant, is Main Street, which is about a mile and a half in length, straight, broad, and shaded with many beautiful trees. On this street are the prin cipal retail stores, the banks, the largest hotels, the court house, the city hall, and three or four handsome houses of public worship. There are likewise, on hoth sides of this street, some of tho most splendid private mansions in New England. The ground rises rapidly immediately \f. of Main Street, and affords a beautifully-elevated site for all that portion of the city which extends in that direction. E. of Main Street the ground falls away more gradually to the small stream which winds its way through the bottom of the valley ," and rises again on the opposite side, swelling in the northern part into the beautiful hill on which the State Lunatic Asylum is situated. Towards the S. part of the city there is a spacious green, opening E. from Main Street, on which stands the large and venerable meeting house of the first church, which is now known as the Old South in Worcester. Fronting upon the N. side of the green another handsome church edifice, and a third, beautifully situated, opposite the eastern end. Nearly all the leading denominations of Christians are provided with good houses of public worship. The hall of the American Antiquarian Society is a handsome edifice, on Main Street, erected in 1820, at a cost of about $10,000, to contain the unique and interesting library and antiquities of the society. It consists of a central edifice, 50 feet by 40. and two stories high, with wings each 20 by 28 feet, also two stories high This important society, and its valuable library, owe their origin to the sagacious foresight, generosity, and public spirit of Isaiah Thomas, LL. D. Mr. Thomas was the father of New England printers. He pub lished, in 1775, the first newspaper in Worcester, and, a few years later, the first English Bible in America. He was a gentleman of great patriot ism and liberality. His donation to this library consisted of 3000 volumes, of his own careful selection. This institution is open freely to the public, and is visited by great numbers from every part of the country. The State Lunatic Asylum has very extensive buildings, beautifully situated on an eminence eastward of the city, and surrounded by extensive and highly-ornamented grounds. The W. front consists of a spacious centre building, 4 stories high, with wings of 3 stories. The other sides of the square are completely enclosed by the build ings of the establishment. Those on the N. and S. sides correspond in size and structure with the wings in front, and are 134 feet in length. The plan and arrangements of this noble institution 638 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. are excellent throughout, rendering it a model for some of those which have been more recently built in other states. It is in place to remark here, that Worcester is extremely well suited to the sanitary purposes of such an institution, from the great salubrity of its climate. It is almost en tirely exempt from those chilling easterly winds which so much prevail at certain seasons of the year on the Atlantic coast. The Roman Catholic College of the Holy Cross has a fine location upon a rounded hill, about, a mile and a half S. W. of the city. See Colleges. Two other institutions or academies of the higher class, one for males, and the other for fe males, are situated, about the same distance, more directly W. of the city. The public and private schools, and other literary institutions in Worces ter are of a high order. In no part of New Eng land is education more honored and cherished than here. There are several public houses in Worcester, which are among the best in the country, de manded and sustained by the vast amount of travel which comes to tho city. An abundance of pure soft water is brought in by an aqueduct from the neighboring hills, for the supply of these establishments, and of the inhabitants generally. The manufactures of Worcester arc important, and of great variety, including cotton and wool len fabrics to a large amount, carpetings, both of. wool and cotton, paper, wire, castings, machinery, carriages and railroad cars, brass and tin wares, musical instruments, hats, straw bonnets, shoes, harnesses, and numerous other articles. In these departments of industry a large amount of capi tal is employed, and great ingenuity and activity are displayed. This place presents a striking example of what railroads have done, and will continue to do, in favor of the growth and prosperity of hundreds of other places in our country similarly situated. Before the railroad between Boston and Worces ter went into operation, the freight on a ton of merchandise was $10, and the time of transporta tion two days ; now it is $2, and the time three hours. It is obvious that by this means much of our trade and commerce will be transferred from the seahoard to such convenient points in the in terior where real estate and the means of living generally can be obtained at a much lower cost. Our commercial cities on the coast, instead of continuing to be chiefly rivals to each other, have now much more to fear from the springing up of such places as these, in the tendency there is to make them merely deposits of merchandise for the country, rather than, as heretofore, its ex clusive marts of trade. Worcester, N. Y, Otsego co. Charlotte River and some of its branches water this town. Sur face hilly ; soil favorable to the growth of grass and grain. 14 miles S. E. from Cooperstown, and 56 S. of W. from Albany. Worcester, Vt, Washington co. A branch of Winooski River gives this town a good water power, which is used for various purposes. Much of this township is mountainous ; but there is some good land along the stream, and the high lands afford good pasturage for cattle. The set tlement was commenced in 1797, by George Martin and John Ridlan, emigrants from Kenne bec, Me. The town was organized March 3, 1803. 8 miles N. from Montpelier. Worlhington, Ms, Hampshire co. This town ship occupies an elevated situation near the cen tre of the Green Mountain range, upon its east ern declivity. The waters are discharged into the Connecticut by the Westfield River, the prin cipal branch of which washes the S. W. bounda ry of the town, and other branches pass through the middle and N. E. parts. It is one of the best townships of land in this vicinity ; the sur face is handsome and pleasant, and much of the soil rich and productive. 107 miles W. from Boston, and 18 E. from Pittsfield. Worlhington, 0, in Sharon township, Franklin co. 9 miles N. from Columbus. This pleasant and thriving town stands on the left bank of the Whetstone River, which is the E. fork of the Scioto. The township to which it belongs was settled by the Scioto Company, formed in Gran by, Ct, in 1801, and embracing 40 associates, to which number the company was limited by its articles. This number was filled up by persons from the counties of Hartford and Litchfield, Ct, and Hampshire and Berkshire, Ms. Their reg ulations, requiring the immediate establishment of public worship, and of a school for their chil dren, were strictly adhered to. The first year of their enterprise saw 100 settlers in their new home. Their first 4th of July was celebrated in an original and novel manner. 17 gigantic trees, equal to the then existing number of the states in the Federal Union, having previously been cut so that a few blows of the axe would fell them to the ground, were made at sunrise, in lieu of ordnance, to thunder in successive peals through the resounding wilderness tlieir national salute. Worthington is handsomely laid out, with 10 streets extending N. and S, parallel to each other, and to the general course of the river, and 7 E. and W. It is neatly built, the greater part both of the private and public structures being of brick. There are churches here of several de nominations ; also a classical academy, of high repute, and a flourishing female seminary. Colo nel James Kilbourne, who, as pioneer and agent of the Scioto Company, located their purchase, and afterwards laid out this town, it is said con structed the first map of the state of Ohio. Wrentham, Ms, Norfolk co. This town was a part of Dedham until its incorporation, in 1 673. It was first settled about the year 1667, and was named after a town in England. Its Indian name was Wollonopange. The surface is pleas antly diversified by hills and valleys. Joe's Rock Hill and Red Brush Hill are the most elevated grounds. The soil is generally of a good qual ity. From the high lands, and a large and beau tiful pond, called by the Indian name of the town, branches of the Charles and Neponset rise. These streams, though not large, afford the town an excellent hydraulic power. There is a curi ous cavern in the town, called ¦' Wampum's Rock." Eagle Factory village, Shcpardsville, the village near the centre of the town, and the one in the N. part, are all pleasant villages. 27 miles S. S. W. from Boston, and 16 N. from Providence. Wright County, Mo, c. h. nt Hartville. Bound ed N. by Camden and Pulaski counties, E. by Texas co, S. by Ozark and Taney, and W. by Green and Dallas counties. Drained by the head branches of Gasconade River. Wrightsville, Pa, York co: On the W. bank IN THE UNITED STATES. 639 of Susquehanna River. 31 miles from Harris burg. A bridge 5690 feet in length connects this place with Columbia, on the opposite side of the river. It is connected by railroad with York, Gettvsbnrg. Baltimore, and Philadelphia. Wyalusing. Pa.. Bradford co. This town lies adjacent to and includes the mouth of Wyalu sing Creek. 50 miles N. W. from Wilkesbarre, and 30 S. W. by W. from Montrose. Wyoming County, N. Y, c. h. at Warsaw. Formed from Genesee co. in 1841. It is bound ed N. by Genesee, E. by Livingston, S. by Alle ghany and Cattaraugus, and W. by Erie co. Its principal waters are Silver Lake, Allen's, Tona wanda, and Cattaraugus Creeks, and the Gene see River, which courses its S. E. corner. Sur face undulating ; soil well adapted to grass and grain, and in the valleys of the streams remark ably fertile. Wyoming County, Pa, c. h. at Tunkhannock. Formed from Luzerne co. in 1841, and is bounded N. by Susquehanna co, E. and S. by Luzerne, and W. by Lycoming and Bradford counties Drained by Susquehanna River and branches. Wyoming, Pa. See Wilkesbarre. Wyoming County, Va. New. Taken from Lo gan. S. W. part. Includes the upper waters of the Guyandotte and Sandy Rivers. Mountainous. Wythe County. Va, c. h. at Wytheville. This county occupies the country between the head wa ters of Tennessee and Great Kanawha. It is bounded hy Grayson S. E. and S, Washington S. W, Tazewell N. W, and Giles and Mont gomery N. E. Wytheville, Va, c. h. Wythe co. Xenia, 0, Xenia township, c. h. Green co. A pleasant town, situated on Shawnee Creek. 3 miles from the Little Miami River. It is sur rounded by a highly cultivated, fertile country. Yalobusha County, Mi, c. h. at Coffecville. Bounded N. by Ponola and Lafayette counties, E. by Chickasaw, S. by Choctaw and Carroll, and W. by Tallahatchee co. Drained by the Yala- busha River and branches. Yam Bill County, On, c. h. at La Fayette. Between the Willamette and the coast. Yancey County, N. C, c. h. at Burnsville. Bound ed W. and N. by the Stone Mountains, which separate it from Tennessee, and by Ashe co, E. by Caldwell, Burke, and McDowell counties, and S. bv Buncombe co. Drained by the Nolachucky River and its branches. This county contains the highest land in the United States E. of the Rocky Mountains, Black Mountain being ele vated 6+76 feet above the ocean. Copperas is found here. Yanceyrille, Va, Louisa co, lies 14 miles N. from Caroline Court House, and 60 N. W. from Richmond. Yarmouth, Me., Cumberland co. A pleasant town on Casco Bay. 10 miles N. of Portland, with which it is connected by the Portland and Montreal Railroad, and 42 S" E. from Augusta. There is a fine stream of water, on which is a pa per mill and other manufactories. It was for merly called North Yarmouth. Yarmouth, Ms, Barnstable co, was first settled in the year 1637. It was called Mattacheeset, or Muttacheest, by the Indians. It was incorporated as a town in 1639. The soil in many parts is quite productive. There are large tracts of salt meadow in the town, which is very valuable. German's Hill, 136 feet above the sea, is the highest land in the town. Yarmouth extends across Cape Cod, and has good harbors on each side of it, of ample depth of water for fishing and coasting vessels. In this town are a number of large and beautiful ponds, of pure and soft fresh water. From one of these ponds issues Bass River, affording a small water power ; at its mouth is a good harbor. The government of the United States have recently erected a breakwater for its protection. There are a number of pleas ant villages in this town : those called Yarmouth, Yarmouth Port, South Yarmouth, and West Yarmouth are the most important. The second temperance society ever established was organized in Yarmouth, in 1817, a short time after the es tablishment of that in Boston, which was the first in the world. In and about the numerous ponds and large salt meadows, in this town and Barn stable, are found an abundance of fowl and fish in their season. Yarmouth Port lies 4 miles E. from Barnstable, and 69 S. E. from Boston. Yates County, N. Y, c. h. at Milo. Formed from Ontario in 1823. It is bounded N. by On tario co, E. by Seneca Lake, S. by Steuben, and W. by Steuben and Ontario counties. Surface pleasantly diversified ; soil various, but mostly very fertile. This county contains an inflamma ble gas, a sulphur, and a salt spring. Seneca and Crooked Lakes lie partly within its limits, and are united by the outlet and Crooked Lake Canal. It is also watered on the N. W. by Can andaigua Lake. Yates, N. Y, Orleans co. Watered by John son's Creek and other small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Sur face level ; soil sandy and clav loam. 12 miles N. from Albion, and"267 N. of W. from Albany. Yell County, As, c. h. at Danville. Bounded N. by Johnson and Pope counties, E. by Perry, S. by Montgomery, and W. by Scott co. Drained by the Petite Jean, La Feve, and other branches of the Arkansas River, which runs on its N. E. boundary. Yonkers, N. Y, Westchester co. Watered on the E. hy Bronx and Saw Mill Rivers, and bounded on the W. by the Hudson. Surface somewhat rough and uneven ; soil clay and sandy loam. 10 miles S. W. from White Plains, and 130 S. from Albany. York County, Me, c. h. at Alfred. In the S. W. comer of the state. Watered by the Salmon Falls on its W. border, and the Saco on the E. The soil is hard and rocky, yet with some good land ; surface rough and uneven, with occasional mountains. The seacoast is without harbors, except two or three inferior ones. The railroad from Boston to Portland passes through it, par allel with the coast York, Me, c. h. York co. This is an ancient maritime town, on the coast between Kittery and Wells. It is bounded W. by South Berwick This was for many years the shire town, and the place of holding the courts and keeping the records for the whole province, until the counties of Cumberland and Lincoln were set off in 1760. York has a court house and jail, but all the county courts have been, within a few years past, removed to Alfred. Tho principal harbor is York River, about 6 miles from Portsmouth, N. H, with water sufficient for vessels from 200 to 300 tons' burden. The entrance, however, is dif 640 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. ficult, being narrow and crooked. The other harbor is Cape Neddock, about 4 miles N. E. of the former, navigable about a mile from the sea at full tides only ; it having a sand bar at its mouth sufficient to prevent vessels of any consid erable burden passing at low water. The settlement of this place began about the year 1630. It was then called Agamenticus, (see Agamenticus,) from a mountain of that name in the N. part of the town. This town was nearly destroyed by the Indians and French in 1692, who, coming on snowshoes, surprised the unwary in habitants at early morning. 45 miles S. W. from Portland, and 9 N. by E. from Portsmouth, N. H. York, Mn, Washtenaw co. 46 miles W. from Detroit. York, N. Y, Livingston co. On the W. side of the Genesee River, and drained by two or three of its tributaries. Surface pretty level, sloping to wards the river ; soil very fertile, producing fine crops of grain. 7 miles N. W. from Genesee, and 237 N. of W. from Albany. York County, Pa, c. h. at York. Maryland is on the S. of this county, Adams co. Pa, W, Cum berland co. N. W, and Susquehanna River N. E. It is principally drained by Conewago and Co dorus Creeks. It has a varied soil and hilly surface. York, Pa, c. h. York eo. Situated on both sides of Codorus Creek. The village is laid out on a plain, with streets at right angles to each other, and contains the count)- buildings, jail, academy, and almshouse. 21 miles S. W. by W. from Lancaster, and 11 nearly W. from Columbia, on the Susquehanna. It is connected by rail road with Baltimore and Philadelphia. York Haven, Pa, York co. Situated opposite Portsmouth, on the W. side of Susquehanna River, below Conewago Falls, and 14 miles S. from Harrisburg. York Sulphur Springs, Pa.. Adams co. S. from Carlisle 15, and from Harrisburg 21 miles. The springs at this place have valuable properties, and are provided with good accommodations for visitors. York District, S. C, Yorkville chief town. This district is bounded by Lincoln and Rutherford counties, N. C, N, Catawba River, or Lancaster district, E, Chester S, and Broad River, or Union and Spartanburg districts, S. W. York County, Va, c. h. at York. York River bounds this county on the N. and N. E, Eliza beth City and Warwick counties S, and James city co. S. W. and N. W. Yorkshire, N. Y, Cattaraugus co. Watered by Cattaraugus Creek and some of its branches. This is mostly a level town, with a fertile soil. 15 miles N.E. from Ellicottville, and 274 W. from Albany. Yorktown, N. Y, Westchester co. Watered by Croton River and several small ponds. Surface hilly and mountainous in the N. part; soil mostly of good quality. 16 miles N. from White Plains, and 117 S. from Albany. Yorktown, Va, c. h York co. Port of entry. 70 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. It is on the S. side of York River, opposite Gloucester. This place is memorable as the scene of the surren der of Lord Cornwallis, October 19, 1781. The place of surrender was on the S. side of tho road to Hampton, about half a mile E. of the town. The Moore House, on Temple Farm, yet stand ing on the banks of the river, about a mile below Yorktown, is memorable as the house in which Lord Cornwallis signed the articles of capitula tion. Various other localities of special interest are pointed out as being connected with this im portant event, by which the war of the American revolution was brought to a successful close. Yorktown was incorporated in 1 705, and was once a flourishing village, with considerable com merce. The Swan Tavern here, is said to be the oldest in Virginia. There are now not more than 40 or 50 dwellings, many of which are going rapidly to decay. On the banks of its beautiful river stands the ruins of an old church, built 150 years ago, and burned by the great fire in 1814 There are also, on what is called the Temple Farm, many old ruins indicating the site of an ancient settlement. Yorkville, N. Y, New York co. On the Haerlem Railroad, 5 miles N. from the City Hall. See New York City. Yorkville, S. C, c. h. York district On a branch of Broad River. 79 miles N. by W. from Columbia. York County, Ca, c. h. at Fremont Between the W. bank of the Sacramento and the coast range of mountains. Youngsville, Pa, Warren co. A village by post road 328 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Ypsilanti, Mn, Washtenaw co. On both sides of Huron River, and also drained by Stony Creek. 30 miles W. by S. from Detroit. Yuba County, Ca, c. h. at Marysville. E. of Feather River, on the slope of the mountains. Zanesfield, O, Logan co. The 1 1th of October, 1819, this town was laid out. It took its name from the original proprietor, Isaac Zane. It lies near the source of Mad River, 47 miles N. W. from Columbus, and 5 S. E. from Bellefontaine. Zanesville, O. Shire town of Muskingum co. On the E. side of Muskingum River, opposite the entrance of the Licking River. 54 miles E. of Columbus, and about 80 miles from Marietta, by the course of the Muskingum, or 65 miles by land. It is on the national road, which hero crosses the Muskingum. 74 miles W. from Wheeling. At the point where Zanesville is located, the river sweeps round a kind of horseshoe curve, embosoming the town, and separating it from the villages of West Zanesville, which lies opposite, above the mouth of the Licking, South Zanes ville, immediately below, and Putnam, still farther down. A fine bridge connects Zanesville with Putnam ; and another, about half a mile above, is thrown over from Zanesville main street to a point in the river where the bridge forks ; one of the branches connecting with South Zanesville, on the route of the national road, and the other connecting with West Zanesville. In its course round this curve, through a distance of about a mile and three quarters, the Muskingum falls 8 or 10 feet, which, by the aid of a dam, gives a fall of over 16 feet; thus furnishing a very exten sive water power for hydraulic purposes. There is also a considerable water power on the Licking River. Besides these extensive facilities for busi ness, there is an abundant supply of bituminous coal in the hills which surround Zanesville, ren dering the employment of steam power cheaply and easily available. The principal manufacturing establishments at Zanesville, including tliose located at South and IN THE UNITED STATES. 641 West Zanesville and Putnam, are iron founderies, flouring mills, glass works, woollen factories, oil mills, paper mills, saw mills, machine shops, &c. ; besides which there are numerous other establish ments of less magnitude. There are several printing offices in Zanesville, from wbich are issued 4 or 5 weekly newspapers. This place has as many as 12 or 15 churches, of different denomination*, some of which have large and beautiful houses of worship. Much attention is given to the subject of education. The founder of the settlement. John Mclntire, left a large estate to found and sustain a school for the benefit of the poor. This school has a fine brick building. Besides this there are two large buildings for schools of the highest class, one for males and one for females, provided by the town. There is also an excellent female seminary in Putnam, the advantages of which are scarcely less available for the inhabitants of Zanesville than for the beautiful village where it is located. Indeed, these two places, being only separated by the river, are, in many respects, virtually one community ; although the settlement on the Put nam side, having been chiefly commenced by New Engknders, has more the character and ap pearance of a New England village. Zanesville is abundantly supplied with pure water, for use in the dwellings, and for extinguish ing fires, by an aqueduct, constructed at a cost to the town of about $42,000. The water is raised by a powerful foreing pump from the river into a reservoir on a hill 160 feet high, and is thence dis tributed by about 7 miles of iron pipe through out the place. The reservoir has a capacity of 81 750,000 gallons, creating ahead sufficient to throw the water, through hose applied to the hydrants, above the highest buildings. For a place not yet enjoying the advantages of railroads, Zanesville is well situated in respect to communication with other parts of the country. The national road.1 a fine Macadamized turnpike built by the United States government, to con nect the Atlantic States with the Mississippi val ley, commences at Cumberland, at the eastern foot of the Alleghany Mountains, crosses over the mountains westward, to Wheeling, Va, and crossing the Ohio River by the celebrated wire suspension bridge, passes tlirough Zanesville, and thence onward through the centre of the state. On ^lis great road there is always an immense travel. The Muskingum, by dams, locks, and short canals, is rendered navigable for steamboats from its month to Dresden, 15 miles above Zanes ville ; where is a navigable side cut, of about 24 miles, to the Ohio Canal ; through which com munication is had S. through the interior of the state, W. by a connecting canal to Pittsburg, and N. to Cleveland, on Lake Erie. One or more steamboats run regularly from Zanesville to Dres den, and others of larger size ply on the Mus kingum and Ohio Rivers, between this place and Pittsbnrg, Cincinnati, and New Orleans. Zebulon, As., c. h. Pike co. Zebulon, Ga., c. h. Pike co. Zoar, O, Tuscarawas co. A German settlement on the E. side of Tuscarawas River. 120 miles N. E. from Columbus. A peculiarly neat and pleasant village, and much visited by strangers for its fine garden of exotics TABLE Of the latitude and longitude of some of the most important places in the United States j also of the most considerable places in the British Provinces, Mexico, and the West India Islands, and of some of the principal marts for American com merce in Europe and South America. All the places are in N. latitude, except those marked S. ; and all in W. longi tude, except those marked E. The Observatory, in England, from which longitude is taken, is at Greenwich, 5 miles E. from London. For the latitude and longitude of the capitals of the states and territories, see p. 262. Amherst, Ms Amsterdam, Holland Annapolis, N. S Auburn, N. Y Augusta, Ga Baltimore, Md Bangor, Me Batavia, N. Y Bath, Me Beaufort, S. C ».,... Bennington, Vt Bermuda Island, N. part.... Brattleboro', Vt Brunswick, Me Buenos Ayres, S. A Buffalo.N. Y Burlington, Vt Burlington, N. J Cadiz, Spain Cambridge, Ms Camden, S. C Canandaigua, N. Y Cape Ann, Ms Cape Cod, Ms Castine, Me Chagres, S. A Charlottetown, P. E. Island Chicago, Is Cincinnati, 0 ' Cleveland, 0 . . .' Constantinople, Turk, in Eu. Copenhagen, Denmark. ..... Copper Harbor, L. Sup, Mn. Dayton, O ^ Detroit, Mn Dover, N. H Dunkirk, N. Y Easton, Md . Eastport, Me Edenton, N. C Frederick, Md Fredericksburg, Va Fredericton, N. B Georgetown, S. C Gibraltar, Spain Greenfield, Ms..., Hagerstown, Md Halifax, N. S Havanna, Cuba Havre de Grace, France Holmes Hole, Ms Horn, Cape Hudson, N. Y Hudson, O Huntsville, Aa Key west, Fa Kingston, Canada Kingston, Jamaica Knoxville, Te Lancaster, Pa Lexington, Ky Lima, S. A Lisbon, Portugal Liverpool, England Lockport, N. Y London, England Louisville, Ky Lowell, Ms Lynchburg, Va Lynn, Ms Machias Bay, Mc Marblehead, Ms Memphis, Te Mexico, capital Middletown, Ct Milwaukie, Wn Latitude. Longitude. o / 72 31 42 22 62 23 4 53E. 44 47 65 50 42 55 76 28 33 28 81 54 39 17 76 38 44 48 68 47 42 59 78 13 43 65 69 49 32 26 80 41 42 42 73 % 64 28 32 22 42 62 72 27 43 53 69 55 34 35 S. 58 31 42 53 78 55 44 27 73 10 40 5 74 53 36 32 6 17 42 23 71 8 34 17 80 33 42 54 ¦ 77 17 42 38 70 35 42 .2 70 4 42 23 68 45 9 20 80 46 15 63 7 42 0 87 35 39 6 84 27 41 31 81 46 41 1 28 55 E. 55 41 12 35 E. 47 28 87 49 39 44 84 11 42 24 82 68 43 13 70 54 42 25 79 15 38 46 76 8 44 54 66 56 39 0 77 7 39 24 77 18 38 34 77 38 46 3 66 45 33 21 79 17 * 36 7 6 19 42 35 72 37 39 37 77 35 44 39 63 37 23 9 82 14 49 29 0 7E. 41 27 70 37 65 68 S. 67 21 42 14 73 46 41 15 81 25 34 36 86 57 24 32 81 48 44 8 76 40 18 1 76 33 35 59 83 54 40 3 76 21 38 6 84 18 12 3 8. 77 7 38 42 9 8 63 23 2 69 43 11 78 46 51 31 0 5 37 38 3 85 30 42 39 71 19 37 36- 79 22 42 28 70 57 44 33 . 67 22 42 30 70 51 35 15 90 19 26 99 5 41 33 72 39 43 4 87 57 Mobile, Aa .... Montevideo, S. A Montreal, Canada ,. Mount Washington, N. H... Nantucket, Ms Naples, Italy Natchez, Mi Newark, N. J New Bedford, Ms Newbern, N. C Newburyport, Ms Newcastle, De New London, Ct Newport, R. I New York city Niagara, Fort Nobsque Point, Ms Norfolk, Va Northampton, Ms Norwich, Ct Ogdensburg, N. Y Oswego, N. Y Panama, S. A Paris, France Pensacola, Fa Pernambuco, S. A ' Petersburg, Va -Philadelphia, Pa Pietou, N. S Pittsburg, Pa Pittsfield, Ms Plattsburg, N. Y Plymouth, Ms Port au Prince, Hayti Portland, Me Portsmouth, N. H Poughkeepsie, N. Y Princeton, N.J Quebec, Canada Rochester, N. Y Rutland, Vt Sable, Cape, N. S Sable, Cape, Fa. Sackett's Harbor, N. Y Saco, Me Salem, Ms San Francisco, Ca Savannah, Ga Springfield, Ms St. Anthony's Falls, on the Mississippi ; St. Augustine, Fa St. John, N. B St. Johns, Newfoundland... St. Louis, Mo St. Petersburg, Russia Stockholm, Sweden Toronto, or York, Canada.... Troy, N. Y University of Virginia Utica, N.Y „ Vandalia, Is Vera Cruz, Mexico Vevay, la Vincennes, la... Washington, D. C AVashington, Mi West Point, N. Y ''UTieeling, Va Williamstown, Ms Wilmington, De Wilmington, N. C Worcester, Ms York, Me York, Pa Yorktown, Va Latitude. Longitude. 30 42 o t 87 59 34 55 S. 56 14 45 31 73 35 41 17 70 6 40.50 14 16 E. 31 34 91 25 40 45 74 10 41 38 70 56 35 20 77 5 42 49 70 53 39 40 75 33 41 22 72 9 41 25 71 14 40 43 74 1 43 14 79 41 31 70 40 36-51 76 19 42 19 72 38 41 33 72 7 44 41 75 30 43 28 76 35 8 59 79 19 48 51 2 20 B. 30 24 87 10 8 13 S. 35 5 37 14 77 20 39-57 75 10 45 51 62 27 40 32 80 2 42 27 73 16 44 42 73 26 41 57 70 40 18 40 72 10 43 40 70 14 43 5 70 46 41 41 73 55 40 21 74 40 46 49 71 16 43 8 77 51 43 37 72 50 43 26 65 32 24 50 81 15 43 55 75 57 43 31 70 26 42 31 70 54 37 30 122 40 32 5 81 8 42 6 , 72 36 44 15 93 40 29 49 81 35 45 20 66 47 32 52 29 38 37 90 15 59 56 30 19 E. 59 21 18 4E. 43 40 79 22 42'44 73 40 38 2 78 31 43 7 75 13 38 50 89 2 19 12 96 9 38 46 84 59 38 43 87 25 38 64 77 130 31 36 91 20 41 24 73 58 40 7 80 42 42 43 73 IS 39 41 75 28 34 11 78 10 42 16 71 48 43 10 70 40- 39 58 76 40 87 13 76 3i DESCRIPTIONS MINERAL SPRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS. *„* We have thought proper to place in a separate chapter the most important places of public resort, curiosity, and entertainment, which persons travelling, and seeking health or pleasure^ are desirous of bringing readily under their notice. This we have done for greater convenience of reference, as they must otherwise have been sought promiscuously throughout the entire work ; and likewise for the purpose of giving more particular details of description, in many cases, than would be suitable to the general brevity with which the great majority of towns, villages, &c, must be noticed. There are, of course, very many places of the same class with those included in this chapter, but of less consequence, which are briefly described in connection with the towns where they are situated. These, being known in their own immediate neighborhood, will naturally be referred to under the localities where they belong. Such is the progress of the country, however, that it will not be thought strange if some of these, and others yet unknown, should soon become as important as any which have been here described ASCUTNEY MOUNTAIN, VT. From the summit of this lofty mountain, on the right bank of the Connecticut, near the beau tiful town of Windsor, is presented one of the richest and most variegated landscapes in New England. See Mountains, &c.. p. 168. AVON SPRINGS, N. 1"., Are situated in the Genesee valley, about 20 miles S. from Rochester, and 25 from Canandai gua. The village is delightfully situated about half a mile E. of the Genesee River, on a terrace elevated about 100 feet above its banks, command ing an extensive prospect of its fertile valley and the adjacent country, This place is becoming more and more a place of resort for persons de siring the benefit of its medicinal waters, which are found peculiarly efficacious in disorders of the digestive organs, rheumatism, and gout, all sorts of cutaneous affections, and in every kind of ob- stru'etion of the alimentary system. The springs are on the S. W. of the village. The two most valuable are distinguished as the Upper and Lower Springs. Their properties are similar, differing only in the relative proportions of the same mineral ingredients. There are several large and well-kept hotels, two of which are at the springs, and others are in the village. There are extensive accommodations for bathing con veniently arranged in connection with these houses, and likewise separate from them. The plage is thus rendered delightfully attractive, in the summer season, for persons seeking recrea tion and pleasure, as well as for the invalid. The Genesee Valley Canal, between Rochester and Mount Morris, passes within about 2 miles of the springs, on which a line of boats runs up and down daily. There are also, during the season, lines of stages running every day between this place and Rochester. BALLSTON SPA, N. Y. Is situated in the town of Milton, Saratoga co, in a valley near the Kayaderoseras Creek, 32 miles N. of Albany, and 25 from Troy, with which it is connected by the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad. Its mineral waters were formerly much celebrated, but have since lost some of their prop erties, and are relatively of less value since the discovery of springs in such variety at Saratoga, T 644 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, miles N. The oldest and most esteemed fountain is denominated the '-Public Well," which is in the W. part of the village, and issues from a bed of blue clay and gravel. It is said to have been first discovered in 1769. There are other springs possessing the same medicinal properties, but of less note. The Sans Souci Hotel, erected in 1 803 for the accommodation of visitors, is a popular establish ment, delightfully situated near the centre of the village. The maiu building is 160 feet long, with wings extending back 1 53 feet, and is surrounded by beautiful pleasure grounds. It can accommo date about 150 visitors, and is often thronged, during the summer months, with temporary resi dents from every part of the United States, and from other countries. Long Lake, 5 miles S., is a favorite resort for those who are fond of fishing. The village was incorporated in 1807, and has about 2000 inhab itants. It contains a number of hotels besides the Sans Souci, and several private boarding- houses for visitors during the summer months. There are churches of the Presbyterian, Episco pal, Baptist, and Methodist denominations. BELLOWS FALLS," VT. See Walpole, N. H., or Rockingham, Vt. BLACK MOUNTAIN, N. C. This mountain, which is about 30 miles N. from Morgantown, rises to the height of 6476 feet, which is 250 feet higher than Mt. Washing ton, N. H., and is one of the highest elevations in the United States. In its near vicinity also are the summits called Grandfather Mountain and Grandmother Mountain ; the former 5560 feet, and the latter 2500 feet in height. BLENNERHASSET'S ISLAND, In the Ohio River, about 14 miles below Ma rietta, is celebrated as having formerly been the residence of Mr. Blennerh asset, an Irish gentle man of distinction, who came to this country and built for himself a splendid seat upon this island. He expended here large sums of money in the decoration of his mansion, and in the elegant and tasteful arrangement of his gardens and pleasure grounds. His wife was a very accomplished lady, and his house became the resort of the most pol ished and literary society. Unfortunately, how ever, this gentleman became involved in the trea sonable projects of Aaron Burr : having been in duced by him to embark with all his wealth in his famous scheme for bringing about the dismem berment of the United States, and the establish ment of a separate government in the south-west. The consequence was, that Blennerhassct was ruined in fortune and reputation ; his splendid mansion was deserted and went to decay ; and this once beautiful place now presents only a mass of ruins. For what it once was, and because of the melancholy historical interest which belongs to it, we have given the notice of this island a place in this section of our work. BLUE HILLS, MS. This range of hills lies about 10 miles S. from Boston, in the county of Norfolk, and from its proximity to several of the most populous cities and' towns, the most cultivated and luxuriant landscapes, and the chief commercial marts and harbors of the commonwealth, its summits, tho ugh not absolutely of great elevation, command some of the most interesting and lovely prospects to be found in this or in any country. The range has several summits in different parts, which, though varying in height, have each their respecti-«e fea tures of interest to the spectator. The most elevated height is at the western ex tremity, in the S. W. part of Milton, where the hill is 710 feet above the ocean. From this po sition a prospect of almost unexampled beauty and extent is spread out before the eye. The eight cities of Boston, Charlestown, Cambridge, Roxbury, Salem, Lynn, Lowell, and Lawrence ; the beautiful suburbs of Boston, embracing the towns of Chelsea. Brookline, Brighton, Water- town, Newton, Dedham, Dorchester, Milton, Quincy, Braintree, Randolph, Weymouth, Hing ham, and many others, with the broad expanse of Massachusetts Bay arid Boston harbor, stud ded with islands and whitened with sails from every sea, seem all to be lying at the feet of the spectator. Of some of the objects of this gor geous scene, President Hitchcock thus speaks, in his work on the " Scenographical Geology " of Massachusetts : " One circumstance of peculiar interest is the proximity of these hills to Boston, whose numerous edifices, masts, spires, and tow ers, and, nobly peering above the rest, the dome of the State House, present before the observer a most forcible example of human skill and indus try, vieing with and almost eclipsing nature. And the high state of cultivation exhibited in the vicinity of Boston, with the numerous elegant mansions of private gentlemen crowning almost every hill, and imparting an air of freshness and animation to the valley and the plain, testify how- much taste and wealth can do in giving new charms to the face of nature. From these hills the observer has also a fine view of Boston harbor. . . . To look out upon the ocean is always an imposing sight ; but when that ocean is studded with islands most picturesque in shape and posi tion, and the frequent sail is seen gliding among them, he must be insensible indeed whose soul does not kindle at the scene, and linger upon it with delight." Besides the State House, and other imposing edifices in Boston, there are also the venerable college buildings at Cambridge, the Monument on Bunker Hill, the granite for which was quar ried from a part of this range, the Asylums and Hospitals at South Boston, the Navy Yard at Charlestown, Dorchester Heights, and the mas sive fortifications upon some of the islands in the harbor, which will not fail to arrest the attention of the observer. The prospect from these hills is remarkable for its extent as well as for its luxuriance and beauty. Although their elevation is not great, yet there is nothing to intercept the view on the N. between them and the Grand Monadnoc ; the E. is open to Massachusetts Bay and the ocean ; the S. to the counties of Plymouth and Bristol ; and on the W. the horizon is only limited by the Wachu sett Mountain, which lies in Princeton, about 60 miles distant. This height is plainly discernible. in a clear atmosphere, by the naked eye. The Blue Hills constitute a convenient land mark for vessels bound into Massachusetts Bay, being tho first land which is seen on their ap proach from the sea; and whenever seen, they have always a blue appearance, which circum stance has given them the name they bear. The LN THE UNITED STATES. 645 most elevated summit of this range lies about half a mile from the roads which pass at its base in various directions, and may be ascended by several paths from the different sides. BLUE SULPHUR SPRING, YA. This spring is situated in the region of the other Virginia springs, in a beautifully pic turesque valley, on Muddy Creek, a small tribu tary of the Greenbrier River. It is about 20 miles W. of the celebrated White Sulphur Springs. The medicinal properties of the Blue Sulphur are considered as valuable, and draw a large num ber of visitors. Accommodations are afforded at the public houses for about 300 guests. This place is about 200 miles W. of Richmond, and is reached by the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Louisa Railroads, as far as Gordonsville, thence by stage, via Staunton and the Natural Bridge, to the springs. For particulars of this and other wites, see White Sulphur Springs. BOOTHBAY, ME. This place, frequently known as Townsend Har bor, which is celebrated as one of the largest and most commodious harbors on the Atlantic coast. has become quite a fashionable resort for seekers of health and pleasure from the towns on the Kennebec River and other parts of Maine. Fish ing and fowling here are exceeding good, and the convenient pleasure trips in boats among the islands in the bay afford no small enjoyment to the visitors. Among the thousands of coasting vessels which swarm upon this coast, many hundreds are fre quently seen within this harbor at the same time, enjoying a safe retreat from the raging storm without Boothbay lies about 12 miles E. of the mouth of the Kennebec, and 24 miles from the city of Bath. BRANDYWINE SPRINGS, DE. These celebrated springs are situated near the Brandywine Creek, and are reached by carriages from Wilmington. They are much resorted to, both for health and pleasure, by the citizens of Wilmington, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other places. Distant from Wilmington but a few miles. BURNING SPRINGS, N. Y. There is one of these curious springs, or rather eruptions of inflammable gas from the earth, sit uated in a ravine on the W. side of Bristol, 8 miles S. E. from Canandaigua. The gas rises through fissures of the slate rock, at the margin and in the bed of a brook. Where it issues from the rock it burns with a steady and beautiful flame. In winter, it forms openings in the su perincumbent snow j and, being set on tire, it presents the curious spectacle of a flame rising out of the snow. In very cold weather, tubes of ice are formed around those currents to the height of two or three feet- When burning in a still evening, these natural lights may be seen pre senting a novel and beautiful appearance. There is another of these burning springs near the village of Barcelona, 51 miles W. of Buffalo, which has been applied to the useful purpose of maintaining a Light on the southern shore of Lake Erie. The gas escapes from the bed of a creek about 1 mile distant from the lake, and is carried in pipes to the light-house. There are other-similar springs in the U. S. CAPE ANN, MS. See towns of Gloucester and Rockport. CAPE MAY, N. J. This place, situated at the mouth of Delaware Bay, on the N. E. side, has, for a number of years- past, become an attractive watering-place, much frequented by the citizens of Philadelphia and others. During the summer season, a steamboat runs from the city to the cape, and affords a pleasant trip. -The beach is unsurpassed as a bathing-place,, and the accommodations for the entertainment of visitors are of the first order. Distance from Philadelphia, 102 miles. CARROLLTON GARDENS, LA. This pleasant resort for the citizens of New Orleans is at Carrollton, a rapidly improving place, about 6 miles above the city, on the Mis sissippi. A railroad extends from the centre of New Orleans to this place, and it is occupied as a place of residence by many who do business in the city. Excellent cars run over the road every few minutes during the day and evening. CATAWBA FALLS, N. C. Situated on the left of the Swannanoa road, so called, leading from Morgantown to Nashville, through the Swannanoa Gap, and about 5 miles distant from the road. These falls are much vis ited by tourists, and are well worthy the attention and admiration they receive. The Catawba River is a branch of the Santee. See Wateree River, p. 256. COHASSET ROCKS, MS. These storm-beaten rocks, which have been the means of sending so many shipwrecked mariners to a watery grave, lie at tbe entrance of Co hasset harbor, a few miles S. E. of the light house at the entrance of Boston harbor, extend ing about 3 miles from the town, and quite out into Massachusetts Bay. The outline of the shore at this point is such as necessarily to expose this place to the most powerful action of the sea, which has consequently here laid bare, to the skeleton, this brawny limb of " New England's rock-bound coast" The area covered with these ledges embraces many hundred square acres. It is a place of imminent hazard to vessels coming on the coast, and many have been the wrecks here experienced, with great destruction of life. The attempt was made, in 1849, to establish a light-house upon the outer extremity of these rocks, where, of course, the sea breaks over them with all its force. On the ledge known by mari ners as Minot's Ledge, a structure was erected, consisting of iron piles, inserted from 5 to 6 feet in the rock, eight inches in diameter at the base, and four and a half inches at the top, nine in number, one being in the centre, and firmly braced by iron rods connecting them one with another. The breadth of this structure at the base was 25 feet, and its height 75 feet. It was first lighted January 1, 1S50. In the great gale of April 16, 1851, this light-house was entirely beaten down, and now lies buried in the sea. Two persons, who bad the care of the light, were lost in its destruction. A light-ship has since been placed at this station. Cohasset is a pleasant place of summer resort for the citizens of Bostou, from which it is dis tant, by railroad, 22 miles. Amid the rocks on the 646 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, opposite side of the harbor from the town, at a place called " The Glades," a very good house of entertainment has been established, affording fine advantages for enjoying sea air, sea bathing, and fishing. " The Glades " is also a favorite resort, . in the proper season, for shooting the various kinds of sea fowl, which frequent this coast in countless numbers? This place maybe approached either by crossing from the village in boats, or by a road about three miles round the harbor. Many of the rocks of this remarkable locality are. of singular composition, and well worthy the attention of the geologist. See Cbliasset. COHOES FALLS, N. Y. These falls are described in our account of the Mohawk River. See p. 220. CONEY ISLAND, N. Y See p. 184. CROWN POINT, N. Y., Is the name of an ancient fort, built by the French, in 1731, in the town of the same name, upon the N. E. extremity of a point of land jut ting out into Lake Champlain. After the de struction of the old French fort, a new fortress was constructed here by Lord Amherst, which was built of wood and earth, enclosing an area of 1500 square yards, and surrounded by a deep and broad ditch, cut with immense labor in the solid granite. There was a gateway on the north, a drawbridge and a covered way to the lake. These works are said to have cost the British government 2.000,000 sterling. Near this point, on tho 13th of October, 1776, the American fleet, under Arnold, was destroyed, and his ex pedition against Canada terminated. Crown point lies about 35 miles north from Whitehall. DIGHTON ROCK, MS. See town of Dighton. DRENNON SPRINGS, KY., Situated in Henry county, about 20 miles from the mouth of the Kentucky River, and about a mile and a half back from the river. They are easily reached from Frankfort, 40 miles, Louis ville, 78 miles, and Cincinnati, 95 miles, by steamboats, which run back and forth daily dur ing the season of company at the springs. Every variety of sulphur and chalybeate waters are to be found among the fountains of this fashionable resort. FLUSHING, N. Y. This pleasant resort for the citizens of New York is in the town ef the same name, on Long Island, to which the reader is referred. FORT TICONDEROGA, N. Y. This old fort, in the town of the same name, erected by the French in 1756, and by them called " Carrillon," is on the western shore of Lake Champlain, 24 .miles from Whitehall, and 58 miles from Burlington. It is at this point that the delightful and much frequented route to Sar atoga Springs, by the way of Lake George, di verges from the more direct route, by way of Whitehall. Passengers here leave the Champlain boats for stage coaches, by which they are con- yeyed over a hilly but romantic road about 3 miles, to the village of Ticonderoga, at the head fares of contact against its sides. It appears to the traveller looking at it from below as if ready to fall upon him." This Notch, in a remarkable manner, resembles the Great Notch, in its leading natural character istics. Like that, it forms an extraordinary nat ural avenue for a road, wnich connects the region of the upper Connecticut River with the seaboard. In the same manner, also, it has its river, taking its rise from a pond, called Ferrin's Pond, near the head of the Notch, and rapidly increasing as it flows onward, receiving perennial supplies from the mountain sides, and often swollen to a mad dening torrent, by the rains which fall upon their broad and steep declivities. This river is the most N. branch of the Pemigewasset; and uniting with two other branches, from the E. and W., in the N. part of the town of Woodstock, forms one of the principal sources of the Merrimack, which, after performing such wonders of pro ductive industry at Manchester, Lowell, Andover, and Lawrence, falls 'into the ocean at Newbury port. Travellers visiting the White Mountains by this route proceed by railroad from Boston to Concord, N. H., 76 miles ; thence by railroad to Plymouth, 51 miles; thence up the valley of the Pemigewasset, by railroad and stage to the Flume House, 24 miles; thence tlirough the Notch, by the Old Man of the Mountain, to the Lafayette House, 5 miles farther; in all, 153 miles from Boston. From this the distance to Fabyan's White Mountain House, via Bethlem, is 16 miles. From the Lafayette House N. to Littleton is 12 miles. GINGERCAKE ROCKS, N. C. This remarkable pile of rocks gives its name to the mountain summit, upon the top of which it is seen. They are situated in the mountainous part of Burke co., ' amidst wild and romantic scenery. The pile consists of two rocks, of dif ferent form and character, so poised as to stand firmly upon an exceedingly small base. The first or lower section, composed of a brittle slate stone, is in the form of the half of an inverted pyramid. Its truncated top, which, by its invert ed position, becomes the base, upon which the whole is supported, is only 4 feet in diameter. The centre of gravity to this part of thfe pile, would fall much without the base upon yvhich it rests, were it not most accurately balanced in iu position by the second or superincumbent rock, which is a table of mountain granite, 32 feet in length, 18 in breadth, and 2 foet thick, resting horizontally upon the other with a. sufficient ex cess of its projection and weight, opposite to the preponderance of the inverted pyramid beneath, to produce a perfect counterpoise. The form and outline of this upper rock is as remarkable as that of the other, being as true in the proportions above given as if it had come from the hand of an artist The lower section is about 29 feet high, which, being increased by the thickness of the upper sec tion, makes the entire altitude 31 feet. A visitor to this curious freak of nature re marks that " within the presence of this strange pile, the predominant feeling, after that of admi ration, is fear. An attempt to reason one's self into a feeling of conscious security is utterly fu tile. The argument that it has stood there per haps for thousands of years, amid the raging winds and rocking earth, is met and opposed by the ocular fact of its standing before you almost upon nothing; and, approach it at what point you will, it appears leaning towards you." As these rocks stand upon the summit of the mountain, they can be seen, in a clear atmosphere, from a distance of many miles, looming up above the horizon, against the clear blue sky, in which they seem- to float like a little fantastic cloud. , The' prospect from this mountain summit to wards other distant points is also sublimely grand. Looking north, the eye runs down a ravine be tween precipices from 800 to 1200 feet high, at the bottom of which the Linville River, oiie of the sources of the Catawba, dashes its pure waters along its rocky bed. From the top of one of the cliffs which overhangs this chasm is seen a shaft of rock shooting out over the gulf below, at the height of 1500 feet. This is knpwn in the neigh borhood by the name of the Hawk's Bill, from its resemblance to the beak of that bird. On the left of this, from the point of observa tion, and about 5 miles distant, is the famous- Table Rock, of Burke CO., which rises, upon the verge of the Catawba valley, to the height of 2500 feet. It appears, as seen from this point, to have the shape of a perfect cone. There are few mountain districts in which is presented such a various display of the strange, the wild, the beautiful, and the grand, as here. GUILFORD POINT, CT., Situated in the old town of Guilford, on the shore of Long Island Sound, 15 miles E. of New Haven. The point runs out a short distance into the water, about one mile from the centre of the town. This has long been a place of resort, in the summer season, for the citizens of New Haven, Hartford, and other places, in pursuit of health and recreation. Good accommodations are found at'the Point itself, and also at the ho tels and boarding-houses in the village. HAMPTON BEACH, N. H. This beach is on the Atlantic coast, in Rock ingham CO., about 12 miles S. of Portsmouth, and about 7 miles S. W. from Exeter. It is little in ferior to the celebrated Nahant Beach, near Bos- 648 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, ton, and has long been the resort of invalids and parties of pleasure. There is a good hotel for the accommodation of visitors. There is, near this place, an abrupt and singularly-shaped prom ontory, extending into the sea, and dividing the beaches, which had otherwise been continuous, on either side, called Great Boar's Head. The fishing is very good here a little distance from the shore. HARPER'S FERRY, VA. This spot, so celebrated for its wild and majes tic scenery, is in Jefferson Co., at the confluence of Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers, where, after the union of their waters, they find a passage through the rocky barrier of the Blue Ridge, 1200 feet in height. Mr. Jefferson, in his " Notes on Virginia," has given a full and graphic ac count of the scene which is here presented, which he characterizes as "one of the most stupendous in nature." " Jefferson's Rock," the spot where it is said Mr. Jefferson wrote his description, is a pile of huge, detached rocks, leaning over the precipitous cliffs of the Shenandoah, and looking into the mountain gorge of the Potomac. Its top is 12 feet square, and almost level ; whilst its base does not exceed 5 feet in width, resting upon a larger mass of rock, jutting out from the hill. Mr. Jefferson pronounces the scenery at this place as " worth a trip across the ocean to behold." There is also a most enchanting prospect ob tained from the summit of a mountain opposite, about a mile and a half farther up, on the Mary land side of the river. The eye here reaches a very wide extent of country, fields, woodlands, and plantations ; while the Shenandoah, as it is traceable upon the magic picture, appears like a series of beautiful lakes. A bridge, 750 feet long, crosses Ihe Potomac at Harper's Ferry. The U. S. have located an armory and an arsenal at this place, which are well worthy the attention of the tourist. Nearly 9000 stand of arms are annually manufactured here, employing about 240 hands. The hotels at this place afford excellent accommodations for visitors. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad here finds a passage through the Blue Ridge, in its route be tween Baltimore and Cumberland. The distance from Baltimore is 82 miles, and from Cumber land 96 miles. The Winchester Railroad also connects this point with Winchester, Va., 32 miles distant. HARRODSBURG. SPRINGS, KY. This celebrated watering-place is situated in a town of the same name, near the geographical centre of the state, a few miles S. W. of the Ken tucky River. Tho springs are 6 or 8 in number, bursting out near the summit of the limestone ridge on which the village of Harrodsburg is built. The Epsom Spring issues in the most copious stream, has a feebler sulphurous smell, and a lower temperature than the others, and therefore is the one chiefly used. This spring contains the following ingredients : Carbonate of magnesia, sulphate of soda, sulphate of lime, carbonato of lime, and sulphuretted hydrogen. Temperature 60 degrees. There is, as this analysis shows, a striking analogy between the constitution of the Epsom Spring and that of the Seidlitz Spring of Bohemia ; which was examined, and its powers warmly extolled by the celebrated Hoffman, in 1721, and has maintained its reputation nnabated for more than a century. The Chalybeate Spring is the same in constitu tion with the above, with the addition of iron, and a stronger impregnation of sulphuretted hy drogen. Temperature 65°. From their composition, the sanative effects of these waters will be easily inferred. They are gently purgative, diaphoretic, and diuretic. They diminish arterial action, promote various secre tions, and exert an alterative influence upon the system. Hence they are clearly beneficial in all diseases attended by inflammation : in obstruc tions of the viscera ; dysentery; chronic rheuma tism, and gout in its earlier stages ; in cutaneous diseases ; and in complaints of the chest following colds, measles, or scarlatina, or dependent upon inflammation of the bronchia. For those from the S. and W. in search of health or recreation, this watering-place affords a delightful retreat in the summer months ; and tbe number who resort to it is every year increas ing. There have been some $300,000 expended upon the premises ; and there is, perhaps, ho es tablishment of the kind in the United States, owned by an individual proprietor, which sur passes this in the means afforded for making a residence there desirable. In the neighborhood of the springs are the Gray Mural Cliffs of the Kentucky River, which are visited as a great natural curiosity. Here the river flows, in a narrow and winding ravine, nearly 400 feet deep ; and offers, in its high and precipitous banks, embellished with evergreens, much to interest those who have a taste for the sublime and beautiful in natural scenery. The distance of these springs from Louisville, on the Ohio River, via Shelbyville, Frankfort, and Lawrenceburg, is about 120 miles. HOBOKEN, N. J. This delightful place of recreation for the citi zens of New York lies on the opposite bank of the Hudson, immediately N. of Jersey City. During the warm summer months, the steam ferry boats running back and forth between Ho boken and New York are continually crowded with persons seeking refreshment in this charm ing retreat from the heated and thronged streets of the city. HOPKINTON SPRINGS, MS. These mineral springs have become somewhat celebrated. They contain carbonic acid, carbon ate of lime, and iron. They are three in number, each differing in its properties from tho others. They are situated near White Hall Pond, which abounds in fish of various kinds. At this place, a large and commodious hotel has been kept for many years, and has becomo a favorite resort for persons in pursuit of health or pleasure, where ample provisionals made for all their want3. The Boston and Worcester Railroad passes within three and a half miles of the springs, at West- borough, 32 miles W. from Boston. HOT SPRINGS, AS. This place, situated a few miles N. of the Washita River, and about 50 miles from Little IN THE UNITED STATES. 649 Rock, the capital of the state, is becoming every season more and more popular. Its waters have been found efficacious in chronic diseases, such as scrofula, rheumatism, &c. Visitors to these springs find every accommodation suited to their wishes, at the fine hotel established for their reception. HOT SPRINGS, VA., Situated in the western section of the state, in the vicinity of the other Virginia Springs, about 200 miles W. of Richmond. They are five miles distant from the Warm Springs. They are ro mantically situated in a valley surrounded by mountain peaks. There are 6 separate springs, which range in temperature from 98° to 106° of Fahrenheit. Each of the springs supplies a distinct bath ; and the spout baths are natural spouts. The bathing establishment has recently undergone considerable improvement. The hotels, or build ings at the springs, are sufficient for the comfort able accommodation of 150 persons. i These waters, as critically analyzed by Profess or William B. Rodgers, of the University of Vir ginia, contain the following saline ingredients in each 100 cubic inches, viz.: Carbonate of lime, 7013; carbonateof magnesia, 1.324; sulphate of lime, 1.302; sulphate of magnesia, 1.530; sul phate of soda, 1.363 ; chloride of sodium and mag nesium, with a trace of chloride of calcium, 0.105 ; proto-carbonate of iron, 0.096 ; silica, 0.045. The free gases consist of nitrogen, oxygen, and car bonic acid gas. These waters, when taken internally, are anti- acid, mildly aperient, and freely diuretic and diaphoretic. When used as a general bath, their effects are great, frequently excelling all expecta tion. They relax contracted tendons, excite the action of the absorbent vessels, promote glandular secretions, exert a marked and salutary influence over the biliary and uterine systems, and often, in a short time, relieve excruciating pain, caused by long-standing disease in some vital organ. For the routes to this place, see White Sulphur Springs. HOUSE OF NATURE, IS. This name is applied to a curious natural cav ern in the rock, on the shore of the Ohio River, 24 miles below Shawneetown. Passengers on the boats will not fail to have it pointed out to them as they pass ; and sometimes, at their re quest, the captains are so obliging as to stop their boats for a short time, to allow an opportunity of visiting the cave. The names of many visitors arc graven on its front. The entrance is just above high water mark, and is about 20 feet higlj, leading into a spacious chamber with an arched roof 30 feet hi^h, and extending back 125 feet. Families of emigrants, descending the river, have occasionally found a winter asylum in this cave. Mason, the noted pirate and outlaw, who, about the year 1800, subsisted with his banditti, for some time, by waylaying, robbing, and murdering the boatmen upon the river, made this cavern his rendezvous. He was finally shot by one of his own comrades, in order to obtain the reward of 1S500, offered by the governor of Mississippi for his head. INDIAN SPRINGS, GA. This fashionable watering-place is situated in Butts co., 52 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. The springs are in the forks of two creeks which 82 empty into the Ockmulgee, and about 10 miles W of that river. They contain sulphur and other ingredients, and are considered efficacious as a remedy for gravel, rheumatism, cutaneous and other diseases. Visitors here find good accommo dations. ' ISLES OF SHOALS, ME. AND N. H., Off Portsmouth, N. H. These shoals are 7 in number, lying about 9 miles out at sea. The largest of the islands, familiarly known as Hog Island, contains 350 acres, and has an elevation in its highest parts of 50 feet above the sea. Upon this island a hotel has recently been erected, afford ing pleasant accommodations for water parties from Portsmouth, from Hampton and Rye Beaches, and the neighboring towns, and also for persons wishing to remain a few days or weeks in summer, as it were, at sea, without any of the dis comforts of a sea voyage. The place is much more frequented than formerly by parties of pleasure. See Isles of Shoals, p. 204. LATONIAN SPRINGS, KY. This is a pleasant and fashionable place of resort during the summer months, situated 4 miles back from Covington, on the opposite side of the Ohio River from Cincinnati. Linden Grove Cemetery, in the immediate vicinity of the springs, is an attractive place of the kind. LONG BRANCH, N. J. This popular place of resort for those fond of sea-shore recreations is on the E. coast of N. J., 32 miles from New York. The Ocean House, a short distance from Long Branch, is also a hotel of the first order. The constant sea breeze and the convenient sea bathing here to be enjoyed have a fine effect in restoring the exhausted en ergies of the human system. There is admirable sport for the angler in the vicinity. The Shrews bury River on the one side, and the ocean on the other, swarm with many delicate varieties of the finny tribe. In the neighborhood of Long Branch are also Shrewsbury, Red Bank, and Tinton Falls, which are all places of great resort. The above locali ties are reached by a steamboat, running at con venient periods from New York. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, GA. The range on which this lofty summit is situ ated commences in the N. W. part of the state, and rises to' the height of 2000 feet. The view from Lookout Mountain is very grand, over looking a vast extent of country, and comprising every variety of landscape. . Encircling the brow of the mountain is a natural palisade of naked rocks, from 70 to 100 feet in height. The rail roads from Savannah and Charleston approach near to this mountain. MADISON'S CAVE, VA. This cave is situated in the vicinity of Weir's Cave, and somewhat resembles that remarkable curiosity. It is, however, much less extensive, not exceeding 300 feet. MADISON SPRINGS, GA., Are in Madison co., about 100 miles N. from Milledgeville, 23 miles N.E. from Athens, and 7 miles from Danielsville, tbe shire town of the county. The waters are impregnated with 650 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, iron, and are useful in cutaneous diseases. This is a place of fashionable resort, where visitors meet with every attention. MAMMOTH CAVE, KY. This stupendous wonder of nature is situated in Edmonson co., about 90 miles S. from Louisville, and about equally distant, in a N. E. direction, from Nashville, Te. A large and commodious hotel has been erected, two or three hundred paces from the mouth of the cave, for the accommoda tion of visitors. The tourist leaves the stage road about 6 miles from the entrance to the cave, and passes through some of the most romantic and beautiful scenery in reaching this public house, where he finds every thing provided to render his visit agreeable and instructive. It is only within a few years that this cave has been very extensively explored"; and it is still sup posed that but a small part of it, in comparison with the whole, has ever been trodden by the foot of man. It has been estimated that the length of all the different avenues and branches, when added together, would make more than 600 miles. As far as known, there are in the cave 246. ave nues, 47 domes, 8 cataracts, and 23 pits. The darkness, deeper than that of the blackest raid- night, which pervades these subterranean re cesses, and which is little more than rendered visible by the torches which the visitors carry with them, renders it difficult for the spectator to form any thing like an adequate idea of its vast dimensions, its great heights and depths in the different apartments, and of the singularity and beauty of the natural decorations they con tain. The recent attempt of an adventurous artist, however, to obtain drawings of a number of the different avenues, halls, and chambers, for the purpose of illustrating the hidden wonders of this natural phenomenon to the eye by the aid of the beautiful illusion of the moving panorama, has been, in a great degree, successful. Tbe different parts of the cave selected for this pur pose were illuminated by hundreds of lights, placed at different points, so as to give the most powerful and just effect to the ever-varying per spective within. Immediately upon entering the month of the cave, the visitor perceives a sensible change in the temperature of the atmosphere, which is that of 59° Fahr., and remains so uniformly, winter and summer. No impure air exists in any part of it; decomposition and putrefaction are un known ; and combustion is perfect. . Visitors going in and out are not liable to contract colds ; but, on the contrary, colds are commonly re lieved by a visit to the cave. No reptiles of any description are found here. It is a curious fact that fish without eyes have been caught in the rivers of this cave. They have been dissected by skilful anatomists, it is said, who declare that they are without the slightest indication of an organ similar to the eye, and also that they pos sess other anomalies in their organization interest ing to the naturalist. These fishes are from 3 to 6 inches in length. Specimens of them are found in most of our collections of natural history. The cave is also inhabited by two species of rats and a species of crickets, neither of which partake of the peculiarity of the fishes, — of the wont of eyes, — for in both of these animals that organ is very largely developed. These rats are white and very large. Professor Agassiz has some specimens of them in the collection at Cambridge. In the winter, millions of'bats find here a resting-place well suited to their wants. During the last war with England, a saltpetre manufactory was established in this cave ; and, , , , although it was discontinued in 1815, wheel tracks are still to be seen as clear and distinct as if made yesterday. The guides also point out corn cobs which were brought into the cave at that time, and which are perfectly fresh and sound. The waters of the cave are of the purest kind ; and, besides the springs and streams of fresh water, there are one or two sulphur springs. There are streams, lakes, and waterfalls of suffi cient width and depth to compare well with those of the world above ground. Some of these riv ers, as they are called, are navigated by boats of sufficient size to carry 12 persons ; and one of them, called the Echo, is said to be broad and deep enough, at all times, to float the largest steamers. The rivers of the Mammoth Cave were never crossed till 1840. Some of them flow in deep channels, the sides of which rise high above their ordinary level. After heavy rains, they are sometimes swollen so as to riso more than 50 feet. At such times the streams, and especially the cataracts, of the cave, exhibit a most terrific appearance. Great exertions have been made to discover the sources of these streams, and where they find their outlets : yet they still remain, in this respect, as much a mys tery as ever. " Darkly thou glidest onward, Thou deep and hidden wave ! The laughing sunshine hath not looked Into thy hidden cave." The different apartments and passages of this wonderful subterranean labyrinth have many of them received names, from their resemblance, more or less real, to the most celebrated interiors and decorations of architectural design. A few only can be here described. At the Cave House, erected near the entrance by Dr. Croghan, the late proprietor of this won der of the world, those visiting the cave are sup plied with lights, guides, and whatever else may be required for their expedition. The air of the cave, as you enter, gives a pleasant sensation of ' ' ' refreshing coolness. As you continue descending some irregular stone steps, the daylight fades and the gloom deepens. Nothing is heard save your own footsteps, and the sound of the waters leaping from a precipice over your head and fall ing on the rocks below. A beautiful stream of water falls over the mouth of the cave, as one writer has remarked, as if it were the remnant of a graceful curtain, which had formerly con cealed this wonder from the gaze of man. Look ing back towards the orifice, the light of the external day appears dim, as if it were tho twi light of evening. Looking before you, if looking it may be called, — what a world of darkness! With nil your torches how little can be seen ! A strange sensation comes over you, as with hesitating step you proceed. The first great expansion of the cavern which you enter is the Great Vestibule, an immense hall, covering an area of an acre and a half, with a dome, lost in the darkness, 100 feot high, unsupported by a single pillar. By kindling a fire at this spot, the vast dimensions of the cham ber may be faintly discovered. " Far up above your head," says one, " is seen the gray ceiling IN THE UNITED STATES. 65] rolling dimly away like a cloud, and many but tresses bending under their weight begin to pro ject their enormous masses from their shadowy wall." Two avenues lead out of this hall, at opposite extremities, which are about 100 feet wide and 500 feet long, with roofs as flat and smooth almost as if finished by the mason's trowel. About half a mile farther on, you pass the Kentucky Cliffs, so called from their resem blance to the famous cliffs on the Kentucky River. About half a mile beyond these is the Church, which is 300 feet in circumference, and its ceiling 63 feet high. A huge protuberance of the rock on one side serves the fancy for a pulpit, and a recess in the wall, in a correspond ing position, serves for a gallery. From this, hint of nature, religious worship has more than once been celebrated here. Concerts of music have been held here, which have been said to produce singularly fine effects. After leaving the Church, a passage leads off at an acute angle from the main cave to the Gothic Avenue, which is nearly 50 feet wide, 15 feet high, and about 2 miles in length. The ceiling of this avenue is so smooth and white that it is difficult to believe that the trowel of the mason has not been nsed upon it. A good road extends through its entire length, and so pleasant is the temperature, pu rity, and salubrity of its atmosphere, that it has been selected as a most desirable promenade for invalids, who have sometimes resorted to this cave for their health. In one of the recesses of this avenue were to be seen, as late as 1813, two mummies in a good state of preservation, one of which was u female, in a sitting posture, with arms folded, and having before her various arti cles of her wardrobe. When, or by whom, these remains were placed in this dark and silent sepulchre, is of course unknown. A little far ther on in this direction are the Registry Rooms, the ceiling of which, being perfectly white and smooth, serves as the register of the cave. Thou sands of names have been traced upon it with the smoke of the torches. Next is the Gothic Chapel, » hall of almost overwhelming grandeur, elliptical in form, and 80 feet long by 50 in width. Immense stalagmites have been formed at each end, which almost close the entrance. There ariralso two rows of smaller pillars, ex tending from the ceiling on each side of the wall through its entire length. These impart to it, when strongly lighted up, the grand and solemn effect of a Gothic cathedral. Near this place is Brewer's Studio, a small room to which this name has recently been given by Mr. Brewer, author of the celebrated Panorama of the Mam moth Cave, from whose descriptions many of these notices have been compiled. He finished many of his sketches in this room. One or two other points of curious interest, such as the Dev il's Arm-chair and the Lover's Leap, bring you to the termination of this Gothic Avenue. Returning back to the main cave by another route, of more than a mile, through uninteresting scenery, and proceeding onward with this grand gallery, you soon reach the Star Chamber, one of the most brilliant apartments in the whole cave, mid culled by this name from the myriads of glittering points reflecting the light of the torches from the darkness overhead. The resem blance here to the splendid canopy of night is very perfect. Further on, the Chief City, or Temple, is formed by an immense dome, wbich rises 1 20 feet high, and covers an area of 2 acres. It exceeds in size the Cave of Staffa, and rivals the celebrated vault in the Grotto of Antiparos. In passing through it from side to side, the dome appears to follow the spectator, like the sky in passing from place to place on the earth. In comparison with this dome of nature's rearing, the most celebrated of human structure sink into insignificance. There are, however, other domes in this wonderful cave, which, for height and extent, are even more extraordinary than this. Such is that, especially, which is called the Mammoth Dome. This dome of domes is nearly 400 feet above the floor of the room which it covers. Its elevation has been carefully de termined by a competent civil engineer. It would be impossible, within the limits of this article, to describe in detail the many objects of curiosity and scenes of grandeur which are to be found in the apparently interminable recesses of the Mammoth Cave. The names of the prin cipal apartments, not already mentioned, will serve, by the aid of the foregoing descriptions, to suggest to the imagination of the reader some idea of their most impressive characteristics. Such are the Giant's Coffin, the Labyrinth, the Cascade, Gorin's Dome, the Bottomless Pit, the Winding Way, the Bandit's Hall, Great Relief Hall, River Hall and Dead Sea, Natural Bridge over the River Styx, (80 feet high,) Pass of El- Ghor, Crogan's Hall, City of the Tombs, Saint Cecilia's Grotto, Silliman's Avenue, Great West ern Vestibule, Martha's Vineyard, Snowball Room, the Holy Sepulchre, Cleveland's Cabinet, Serena's Harbor, Fairy Grotto, Paradise, and others of a hardly less remarkable character. To select one only from this list of wonders for the conclusion of our descriptions, we would offer the remarks of an intelligent clergyman, who lately paid a visit to the cave, upon that splendid hall known by the name of Cleveland's Cabinet "The most imaginative poet," says this gentleman, "never conceived or painted a palace of such exquisite beauty and loveliness as Cleveland's Cabinet. Were the wealth of princes bestowed on the most skilful lapidaries, with a view of rivalling the splendors of this single" chamber, the attempt would be vain. The Cabinet was discovered by Mr. Patten of Louis ville and Mr. Craig of Philadelphia, accompa nied by Stephen, the guide, and extends. in nearly a direct line about 14 miles, (the guides say 2 miles.) It is a perfect arch, of 50 feet span, and of an average height of 10 feet in the centre — just high enough to be viewed with ease in all its parts. The base of the whole is carbonate (sulphate) of lime, in part of a dazzling white ness and perfectly smooth, and in part crystal lized, so as to glitter like diamonds in the light Growing from this, in endlessly diversified forms, is a substance resembling selenite, translucent and imperfectly laminated. Some of the crys tals bear a striking resemblance to branches of celery ; others, a foot or more in length, have the color and appearance of vanilla cream candy ; others are set in sulphate of lime in the form of a rose ; and others roll out from the ba~e in forms resembling the ornaments on the capital of a Corinthian column. Some of the incrusta tions are massive and splendid, others are as delicate as the lily, or as faucy work of shell or wax. Think of traversing an arched way like this for a mile and :i half; and all the wonders 652 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, of the tales of youth — Arabian Nights, and all ' — seem tame, compared with the living, growing reality. Here and there, through the whole ox- tent, you will find openings in the sides, into which you may. thrust the person, and often stand erect, in little grottoes, perfectly inerustcd with a delicate, white substance, reflecting the light from a thousand different points. All the way you might have heard us exclaiming, Won derful ! wonderful 1 0 Lord, how manifold are thy works I " The route by which this cave is commonly reached is by the daily line of U. S. mail stages from Louisville to Nashville, over a very good turnpike road. The stock has been subscribed for a railroad between these places, and in a few 'years the cave will be rendered much easier of access. MITCHELL'S PEAK, N. C. This lofty peak, which now enjoys the reputa tion of being the highest summit on the E. side of the Rocky Mountains, is seen on the road leading from Morgantown to Asheville, through the Swannanoa Gap, a few miles from where the Gap is entered. This name was given it in honor of Professor Mitchell, of Cincinnati, who has recently determined its altitude to be more than 250 feet higher than Mt Washington in N. H., which had always before been supposed to bo the highest land in the U. S., E. of the great chain of the Rocky Mts. MONADNOCK MOUNTAIN, N. H. This lofty mountain, whose summit is 3718 feet above the level of the sea, is situated in the towns of Jaffrey and Dublin, about 22 miles E. of Connecticut River, and 10 miles N. of the southern boundary of the state. It has long been visited as one of tho most celebrated mountain heights in New England. The prospect from its top is most extensive and delightful. The ascent has been much improved within a few years past, and, for so great a height, is by no means diffi cult. Visitors have not unfrcquently found a serene and beautiful atmosphere upon the summit of this mountain, while thunder, lightning, and tempest have been raging below. For a more minute description, see the towns above named. MONTAUK POINT, N. Y. See Mountains, &c, p. 221. MONTMORENCI FALLS, CANADA. This beautiful cataract is the greatest natural curiosity in the vicinity of Quebec. It is about 9 miles N. E. of the city, by the usual land route, on the river of the same name, which, coming from the N. W., in a stream about 60 yards wide, here falls directly into the St. Lawrence, over a perpendicular precipice 250 feet in height. Viewed from a distance, this magnificent waterfall appears like a motionless streak of snow upon the precipitous bank of the river. It is seen to great advantage from the St. Lawrence, immedi ately abreast of the cataract, where it appears a mighty torrent, projected with incredible velocity over the lofty cliff into the river, acquiring a fleecy whiteness as it falls ; while the sun, in fine contrast with the snowy effulgence of the falling water, paints a deeply-tinted rainbow on the vapor at its base. The breadth of tho fall is 100 feet, and its height, as will be perceived from a com parison, is about 100 feet greater than that of Niagara Falls. The volume of water is so much less than that of Niagara, that the effect of the fall, in sublimity and grandeur of impression, bears no comparison, of course, to the effect of that stupendous cataract. Yet, from its great perpendicular descent, the ample woods with which it is fringed, and the broken rocks which surround and intersect its channel, sending it over the brink in foam resembling snow, spar kling in the light with its myriad crystal points, it has long been regarded as one of the most ro mantic and beautiful curiosities of the kind on the American continent. These falls may be seen in all their beauty and grandeur from the summit of the hill, near the shore of the St. Lawrence, and also on the S. side, from a position which may be gained with no great difficulty, part of the way down the bank. On the hill near the falls is the house, which was once the residence of the late Duke of Kent. It is now the residence of the proprietor of the extensive saw mills in the vicinity. These mills are carried by water taken out of the Montmo- renci, about half a mile above the falls. They have upwards of a hundred saws in motion, and are said to be capable of turning out an entire cargo of planks in a day. It was on the high grounds N. of these falls that General Wolfe first encountered the French, in 1759, and was repulsed, with the loss of 700 men — a disaster which he so fully retrieved for the British arms, though at the cost of his own life, a few days afterwards,upon the Plains of Abraham. The ride from the city to the falls, on the S. side, is through the suburb of St. Roch, over the St. Charles River, near its mouth, and onward amidst beautiful farms and orchards to the pretty village of Beauport, which is well worth seeing, as furnishing a specimen of the better sort of Canadian country settlements. The view of Quebec, of Point Levi, of the St. Lawrence, and other interesting points, which is enjoyed in re turning over this beautiful drive, is sufficiently splendid of itself to compensate all the trouble of obtaining it. MONTREAL, City, river port, seat of government, and chief mart of the commerce of Canada. , The com munication with this city from the U. S. has be come so free and frequent, both for purposes of business and of pleasure, that we deem it de sirable to give in this work a brief notice of the place. Its position at the head of ship naviga tion on the St. Lawrence, and near the conflu ence of that river with the Ottawa, in connection with its situation in relation to the U. S., renders it necessarily one of the most important com mercial emporiums of America. It is the centre of the trade between Canada and the States, which is carried on by Lake Champlain and the Hudson to New York ; with the west by the La chine and Welland Canals and the lakes ; and with New England by the. railroads connecting with its ports. It is situated on the S. side of the large island from which it takes its name, and extends, with its suburbs, nearly two miles along the bank of the St. Lawrence, having, for some distance, nearly an equal breadth inland, It is divided into the Upper and the Lower towns, although the difference of elevation between the two parts is but slight. The Upper town, being the more modern, is the more handsomely built Tho situation and appearance of the city from IN THE UNITED STATES. 653 the water somewhat resembles that of Albany ; . increased, however, in picturesque beauty by the hill in the rear, originally called Mount Royal, which rises, about a mile from the city, to the height of 550 feet, forming a prominent object in the picture from every point of view. Tbe bat- tlemented wall, with which the old city was once surrounded, has fallen into decay ; 60 that it is somewhat less like a European city in appearance than it formerly was, being now entirely open, and the wooded heights around covered with villas and pleasure grounds. The principal streets run parallel to the river, being crossed by others at right angles. Along the bank of the river, fronting upon the quays, is an extensive line of stone warehouses. Commissioners Street and Water Street are nearest, to the river, and the next is St. Paul's Street, which is the great commercial thoroughfare, running the whole length of the city. Notre Dame Street, which is the Broadway of Montreal, extends in the same direction along the summit of the' elevation of the Lower town, as it is seen from the river. In the Upper town and suburbs, which are mostly inhabited by the principal merchants, the houses are handsomely built in the modern style ; but in the Lower town they are very generally of a gloomy-looking gray stone, with dark iron win dow shutters and tinned roofs, giving to the place rather an antiquated and heavy aspect. There is, however, a great appearance of strength and durability in these stone structures, which makes a favorable impression concerning the character and wealth of the place. To the tour ist approaching Montreal upon the St. Lawrence, it presents the aspect of a " City of Granite." A massive stone quay extends along the whole river front, curving inward, and forming, with its wharves, a convenient harbor for the shipping. A broad space upon its brow, and in the rear, affords a delightful promenade in summer ; and whenever any grand arrival or departure upon the river calls out the population of the city, this position, which offers unequalled advantages to the convenience of a multitude of spectators, presents an animated and imposing spectacle. Immediately fronting the St. Lawrence is the Bonsecours Market, which, by its architectural embellishments, at once attracts the eye. But the most remarkable public edifice in Montreal, towering above every thing else, is the French Catholic Church of Notre Dame, commonly, but erroneously, called the French Cathedral. The Cathedral, or Bishop's Church, in Montreal, is in the W. part of the city. This Church of Notre Dame, situated on the street of the same name, and fronting on a public square, is the largest religious edifice in America. The length, from E. to W., is 225 feet, and the breadth 134 feet. There are towers at each of the corners, on its Gothic front, 220 feet in height ; in one of which is hung the largest bell in the W. hemi sphere. The interior contains 9 spacious aisles, with 1244 pews, and will accommodate 10,000 people. The service here is conducted in the French language. St. Patrick's is another large church, for the accommodation of the Irish Cath olics, capable of containing about *7000 persons. There are other church edifices, of various de nominations,, and numerous public buildings, which are imposing in their architecture. Among these are the Government House ; the Seminary of St Sulpice; the Hotel Dieu, and the Soeurs Noires. two large nunneries ; the Court House and Prison ; some fine banks ; and an extensive range of barracks, for 2000 men. The hotels are numerous, some of them affording elegant accommodations for the travelling public. In one of the public squares is a colossal statue of Lord Nelson, placed upon a Doric column, the pedestal of which is covered with bass-reliefs representing his principal naval actions. " Mon treal," says the British Whig, "is unquestionably the cleanest city in her majesty's dominions ; al though at one time it had the very contrary repu tation." The labors of the corporation, "in this respect, are worthy of all praise, not merely for the extreme cleanliness of the city, but for . the good order and perfect quiet maintained both day and night. The cheapness of cab and caleche hire in Montreal is a fact which will not fail to interest the stranger visiting the place. For an English shilling you can traverse the entire length of the city and return again to your hotel. In the year 1640, an association was formed in France, of persons actuated by religious zeal, for the purpose of colonizing the Island of Mount Royal. To this association the king ceded the whole island, which is about 70 miles in circumference. The spot selected for the city was, consecrated by the superior of the Jesuits ; the " Queen of Angels " was supplicated to take it under her protection, and it was called, at first, after her name, " La Ville Marie." In 1644 the whole of this beautiful domain, which, on ac count of its fertility, has been called the '¦ Garden of Canada," became the property of tho St. Sul- picians of Paris, and was by them afterwards conveyed to the seminary established by that order at Montreal. At the conquest of Canada by Great Britain, in 1760, the property and reve nues of the seignories, and all estates belonging to existing religious institutions, were guarantied to the possessors. Within the last half century many capitalists from England and Scotland have become residents of Montreal, and have in fused a vigor and energy which are manifest in its greatly-extended commerce, and in the im provements which are continually taking place. At the same time it is true, that every thing about the city still speaks of its French origin; and so tenacious have been the French of their nationality, that a century of English rule has failed materially to alter their habits and manners. The distance from Montreal to Boston is 339 miles, and to New York 406 miles. MOUNT EVERETT, MS. This is the most lofty of the summits of the Taconic range, situated in the E. part of the town of Mount Washington, which lies in the S. W. corner of the state. From the fact that, in connection with much of the surrounding ele vated region of the Taconic Mountains, it consti tutes the township of Mount Washington, the name of this mountain has often been confound ed with that of the town. By the people of the vicinity it has sometimes been called Bald Moun tain, and Bald Peak. We prefer, however, the name of Mount Everett, which President Hitchcock has given to it in his Geology of Mas sachusetts, in honor of Edward Everett, LL. D. The height of this mountain is 2624 feet. The scenery in its immediate neighborhood is of the boldest and most romantic description. The whole township, as before intimated, consists of G54 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, one vast pile of mountains belonging to the Ta conic range, which skirts Massachusetts on its western border. There are valleys here, but the valleys themselves aro not less than from 1000 to 2000 feet above the Housatonic, which flows about 5 .miles E,. of the centre valley, or business part of the town. On the sides of this mountain valley are mountains rising, some 500 and some 1000 feet, from which descend some of the most beautiful cascades in nature. The mountain on the E., and nearest the'Housatonic, is the mountain of which we are now speaking. We copy President Hitchcock's description of the view from this lofty summit. " Its central part is a somewhat conical, almost naked eminence, except that numerous yellow pines, two or three feet high, and whortleberry bushes, have fixed themselves wherever the crev ices of the rock afford sufficient soil. Thence the view from the summit is entirely unobstruct ed. And what a view ! ' In depth, in height, in circuit, how serene The spectacle, how pure ! — Of nature's works In earth and air, A revelation infinite it seems.' " You feel yourself to be standing above every thing around you, and possess the proud con sciousness of literally looking down upon all ter restrial scenes. Before you, on the E., the val ley through which the Housatonic meanders stretches far northward in Ms., and southward into Ct., sprinkled over with copse and glebe, with small sheets of water and beautiful villages. To the S. E., especially, a large sheet of water ap pears, I believe in Canaan, of surpassing beauty. In the S. W., the gigantic Alender, Riga, and other mountains, more remote, seem to bear the blue heavens on their heads, in calm majesty ; while, stretching across the far distant west, the Catskills hang like the curtains of the sky. 0, what a glorious display of mountains all around you 1 0, how does one, on such a spot, turn round and round, and drink in new glories, and feel his heart swelling more and more with emotions of sublimity, until the tired optic nerve shrinks from its office 1 " This is certainly the grandest prospect in Massachusetts, though others are more beautiful. And the first bour that one spends in such a spot is among the richest treasures that memory lays up in her storehouse." The best way of getting to Mount Everett, from any part of Ms., is through Egrcmont, which lies 25 miles S. by W. from Pittsfield. From Egremont, you pass along a vast uncul tivated slope, to the height of nearly 2000 feet, until you reach the broad valley where the inhabitants reside. The distance from Boston is 183 miles W. From Hudson, N. Y., the dis tance E. is about 20 miles. You pass the beau tiful lake in Copake, and up through the ro mantic gorge on the W. side of the mountain. In the near neighborhood of Mount Everett, there is a waterfall upon the side of a deep gulf, which is well worth visiting, for the lovers of im pressive scenery. It has received tho name of Bashapish, or Bash-Pish Fall and Gorge. The stream descends rapidly towards the W., be tween perpendicular walls of rock, nearly 100 feet ; striking then against a perpendicular mass of rock, it is made to turn, almost at right angles, to tho left, and then to rush down a declivity, eloping at an angle of' about 80°, in a trough between tbe strata. This part of the fall cannot be less than 50 or 60 feet. And here the torrent, having for centuries been dashing against the edges of the strata, while at the same time its bed has been sinking, has worn out a dome-shaped cavity to the depth of 194 feet; that is, measur ing from the top of the overhanging cliff to the foot of the fall. By creeping along the S. side of the stream, where the wall is nearly perpendicular, one can descend quite to the foot of the fall, where ho finds himself enclosed on the E., S., and W. by a vast wall of rock, which, as it rises, curves out ward, so that, when he looks upward, he sees its surface, at the height of nearly 200 feet, project ing beyond the base as much as 25 feet. A man in such a spot cannot but feel his own impotence. There is a position upon the verge of this over hanging precipice from which a look down into this yawning chasm may be obtained. Those who visit these falls should not fail to ascend to this position, otherwise they will lose half the in terest of the scene. The day is not far distant when Mount Ever ett, and the scenery around it, will be visited by thousands, yearly, with an admiration equal to that excited by" the most celebrated mountain heights in our country. MOUNT HOLYOKE, MS., Situated in the S. part of the town of Hadley, on the E. side of Connecticut River, opposite to the Groat Meadows of Northampton, and about 3 miles E. of the centre of that beautiful town. This mountain is 830 feet above the river, and presents from its summit one of the most charm ing prospects any where to be found in this coun try. The lovely valley of the Connecticut, with all its natural luxuriance, and all its adornments of cultivation and wealth, lies in view, more or less distinctly, according to the distance of its several parts, for an extent of 50 or 60 miles, from N. to S. The summits of the mountains in Meri- den, Ct, about ] 5 miles from Long Island Sound, may be distinctly seen from the top of Mt. Hol yoke. In a clear atmosphere, Hartford is visible about 45 miles to the S. The beautiful meadows of Northampton and Hadley, spreading out di rectly under the eye of the spectator, with their vast and variegated carpet of ploughed field, grass and grain, through the midst of which, in a gracefully winding course, the silver stream of the Connecticut is threading its shining way, having the handsome towns of Northampton, Hadley, and Amherst set in different points, as gems upon the bosom of the landscape, consti tute an entire vision of loveliness, such as almost makes the beholder feel that he has been trans- "ported into some Elysian land. The collego buildings, in Amherst ; the Mount Holyoke Fe male Seminary, in South Hadley; Hopkins Acad emy, in Old Hadley ; the beautiful range of build ings upon Round Hill, Northampton, now occu pied as a celebrated water cure establishment; the Williston Seminary, in East Hampton; a large number of church spires, and other public edifices ; and last, though not least, the new city of Holyoke, growing up on the W. bank of the river at South Hadley Falls, are points of inter est which arrest and fix the eye, i\s it wanders over this charming scene. On the opposite side of the Connecticut, a little to the S. W., Mt. Tom, the hoary compeer of IN THE UNITED STATES. 655 Mt. Holyoke, lifts up its rugged form more than 1200 feet above the vale, and constitutes almost the only feature of native wildness which has de fied the subduing touch of man. Even here, if the not improbable theory of some geologists be correct, the modifying hand of nature has accom plished one of its most remarkable achievements in the excavation of a rocky channel for the Con necticut, between these two mountain heights, which arc supposed originally to have formed a connected chain, at a' considerable elevation above their present bases. The appearance of the bold cliffs at the Rock Ferry crossing, as well as the form of the vast alluvial basin which would be embraced witliin the sweep of this mountain range, if only a connection here were formed, to gether with other geological characteristics, ren der this theory, extraordinary as it may seem, almost a matter of obvious demonstration. A winding road has been constructed within a few years, by which carnages ascend about two thirds of the distance towards the summit of Mt. Holyoke ; and the remainder of the ascent, though steep, is accomplished without difficulty. A build ing has been erected on the summit, where com fortable rest and refreshments may be enjoyed. There are few, if any, mountain prospects in our country, which lie so near to a great thor oughfare of travel, and are so easily accessible, as this ; few where so much delightful gratifica tion can be obtained at so little expense of time and trouble. In short, there are few, if . any, which, for extent and variety of interest adapted to give pleasure to a refined and cultivated taste, can be compared with advantage to this grand enchanting panorama, in which nature and art seem rivalling each other, for the meed of admi ration. MOUNT HOPE, R. I. This interesting locality, once the scat of the celebrated King Philip, is situated in Bristol, the shire town of Bristol CO., which is the Pokan- ocket of the Indians, lying between the Narra ganset and Mount Hope Bays. The summit of the hill is about 2 miles N. E. of the court house, and though not elevated more than 300 feet above tide water, affords a most extensive and delightful prospect. Here is still shown, at a little distance from the apex of the mount, as it falls off towards Mount Hope Bay, a sheltered niche or alcove in the rock, where., as tradition says, King Philip had his royal seat, and where he presided in the council of warriors and sachems, who either acknowledged fealty to his realm, or yielded themselves to the lead of his superior prowess. By means of an extensive alli ance of the Indian tribcB, Philip finally made a desperate assault upon the English settlements in 1675, with the design of exterminating them from the American shores. The flame of war was lighted up in different parts of the countiy, and continued for more than a year to desolate New England. The first attack was made on Sunday, June 20, 1675. Philip was killed when attempt ing to escape from the pursuit of Captain Church, on Saturday, August 12, 1676. MOUNT VERNON, VA. This venerated spot, where once resided the father of his country, and where his ashes now repose, is universally regarded with a sucred in terest. It is on the W. bank of the Potomac, 1 5 miles S. from the city of Washington, and 8 from Alexandria. General Washington's man sion is still in a good state of preservation. The new tomb into which his remains were removed in 1830, and subsequently placed in a marble sarcophagus, is in a retired situation a short dis tance from the house. It is a plain but substan tial structure of brick, with an iron gate at the entrance, through the bars of which arc seen two sarcophagi of white marble, in which slumber, side by side, the mortal remains of that great and good man and of his amiable consort. The old tomb, in which the remains of Wash-; ington were first deposited, and which is now going to decay, is upon an elevation in full view from the river. • A glimpse of this interesting spot may be had from the Potomac steamer, on its way from Wash ington to the railroad terminus at Acquia Creek. But to visit the place, it is necessary to stop at Alexandria, and take " private conveyance to Mount Vernon. NAHANT, MS. This celebrated watering-place is a part of the beautiful town of Lynn. It is a peninsula, jutting out about 5 miles into Massachusetts Bay, and forms Lynn Bay on the S. From Boston to Nahant Hotel, on the E. point of the peninsula, by land, is 1 4 miles ; from the centre of Lynn, 5 ; and from Salem, 9 miles. On the N. E. side of this peninsula is a beach of great length and smoothness. It is so hard that a horse's foot- stops are scarcely visible ; and, from half tide to low water, it affords a ride of superior excellence. Much may be said in praise of Nahant without exaggeration. Its formation, situation, and rug ged shore excite tho curiosity of all, and many thousands annually visit it for health or pleasure. It is only 10 miles N. E. from Boston, by the steamboats continually plying in summer months. At this place are good fishing and fowling, and excellent accommodations ; the ocean scenery is exceedingly beautiful in fair weather, and truly sublime in >a storm. This is one of the oldest and most celebrated watering-places in New England, and a place to which many of the wealthy citizens of Boston, having provided themselves with pleasant cot tages, resort in the summer months with their families. The Nahant Hotel is a large and .well-kept house near the termination of the pen insula. NANTASKET BEACH, MS. This delightful retreat in the summer months, for those who wish to enjoy the luxuries of sea air, bathing, fishing, fowling, &c, is approached by the South Shore Railroatt, passing through the pleasant towns of Dorchester, Quincy, Brain tree, Weymouth, and Hingham, to the Nantasket station, about 3 miles from the latter place, and 2 miles from Cohasset. The ride from the station to the head of the peninsula of Nantasket is about 2 miles, where are several large and well-kept houses of entertainment. Thence you proceed over a beautiful, level, and hard beach, about 4 miles in length. After passing the beach, yon turn to the left nearly at a right angle, and cross a narrow neck of land, which brings you upon a fine highland, which constitutes the ancient town of Hull, the termination of which is Point xVlder- ton, directly opposite the Boston light-house. On the N. and E. sides of this peninsula is Mas- 656 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, sachusetts Bay; on the S. and W. is included a large portion of Boston outward harbor, contain ing many beautiful islands, and the entrances to Hingham, Weymouth Fore and Back Rivers, ant Quincy Bay. Among many islands here, of great beauty, is George's Island, on which is nearly completed one of the strongest forts on the Amer ican coast, for the protection of the city and port of Boston; also Long Island, which has recently become celebrated as a watering-place. The peninsular promontory on which Hull is situated, from its position in the midst of the waters, and from the pleasant situations which have been erected here by our wealthy citizens for summer residence, has become to the people of Boston a second Nahant. The view of the har bor from this point, with its many lovely islands, the light-house opposite, and the animated spec tacle of going and returning ships, steamers, and pleasure boats upon its waters, is beyond descrip tion beautiful. Here also, as well as at the beach, are good houses of entertainment. This little town, in addition to these natural attractions, has an interesting, and venerable an tiquity. It was a mart of commerce, and the residence of eminent men, 6 years before Boston bore its present name, and 4 years before Salem became a town. The ease with which it was ca pable of being defended from the incursions of the Indians led to its early occupation as a place of residence. On the highest ground are the remains of an ancient fort, within which was a well, said to be 100 feet deep. The first settlers of Dorchester received the hospitalities of the citizens of this place in June, 1660 ; and, in grateful remembrance, every suc ceeding generation pays frequent visits to this hallowed spot. The distance from Boston to Hull, by land, is 22 miles ; and by water 9 miles. A splendid steamboat, which plies between Boston and Hing ham, passing near Forts Independence and War ren, Thompson's Island, on which is the Boston Farm School, Spectacle Island, Hospital Island, the islands above named, and several others, touches at this place, and affords one of the most delightful trips any where to be enjoyed. NATURAL BRIDGE, VA., A stupendous natural arch of limestone rock, npon which a road passes over n small stream, called Cedar' Creek, in the south part of Rock bridge co., a short distance from its entrance into James River. It is on the ascent of a hill, which seems to have been cloven through its length by some great convulsion of nature. This is re garded by many as one of the greatest natural curiosities in the United States. The height of the bridge above the stream, to the top, is 215 feet ; the chasm which it spans is 50 feet wide at the bottom, and 90 feet at the top ; the average width of the arch is 80 feet, being narrowest in the middle ; and its thickness, from the under to the upper surface, is 55 feet. The bridge is cov ered with a stratum of clayey earth, from 4 to 6 feet deep, having a natural parapet of rocks on either side, rendered firm by trees and shrubberj. The view from the top, for those who dure ap proach and look over the parapet into the abyss below, is awfully grand. From below it is equally sublime, and being divested of painful apprehen sions, is more interesting. In looking up to this stupendous arch, at once so massive and so light, and springing, as it were, up to heaven, the emo tions of sublimity which are experienced are beyond the power of language to express. The names of many adventurous visitants are seen upon a portion of its walls, where they have been ambitious to excel those who have gone before them, in the height which they could ascend. The name of. Washington still remains, where he climbed up, and engraved it in the rock with his own hands, 25 feet from the base. Through the chasm , which continues narrow, deep, and straight, for a considerable distance above and below the bridge, a limited but very pleasing view is ob tained of North Mountain on the one side, and of the Blue Ridge on the other, each about 5 miles distant. The Natural Bridge is made to answer a very useful purpose ; as the turnpike road, which is car ried over it, could not otherwise find a passage across this gulf for several miles. It lies 156 miles W. from Richmond. NEW LEBANON SPRINGS, N. Y. These celebrated warm springs are situated in the lovely valley of New Lebanon, a short dis tance W. of the Ms. line. The spot is sur rounded by cultivated hills, which present a panorama of scenery greatly variegated and pe culiarly pleasing to tbe eye. This place has long been known as a great resort for visitors from all directions, who come to enjoy the romantic sce nery of the region and the beneficial influence of its tepid waters. The warm spring, which is on the side of a hill, is 10 feet in diameter, and 4 feet deep, and discharges water enough to sup ply a small mill power, to which the stream, at a little distance from the source, has been applied. The temperature of these waters is 72° Fahren heit at all seasons of the year. They are clear as crystal, tasteless, inodorous, and soft, which renders them delightful for the warm bath, for which they are so much used ; being found bene ficial in cutaneous affections, rheumatism, internal obstructions, liver complaint, nervous debility, and other diseases. Besides this abundant supply of warm water, there are numerous rills gushing out of the sides of the mountains here, which are almost as cold as ice. These, also, are peculiarly clear and pure. This place has very judiciously been selected for the erection of an establishment for the water cure, which has of late years-been introduced into our country from Germany. A railroad will soon be completed, passing ' through this place, and connecting it with the Western Railroad, about 7 miles distant From this point to Albany, about 33 miles ; to Boston, about 167 miles ; to New York, via Bridgeport and Long Island Sound, 160 miles. NEWPORT, R. I. This place, so '• beautiful for situation," and so interesting for its antiquities, has become one of the most celebrated summer resorts in tho United States. It is located on the S. W. side of the rich and fertile island of Rhode Island, lying within the mouth of Narraganset Bay, 5 miles from the ocean. Its harbor, one of the finest in the world, spreads W. before the town, which is built on a gentle declivity to the shore, and appears beautifully as it is approached upon the water. Its insular situation gives to Newport the advantage of a cool, refreshing sea IN THE UNITED STATES. 657 breeze from almost every point of the compass ; so that in all the hot months it is one of the most comfortable places of residence any where to be found. On this account, it has long been a favorite place of fashionable resort, especially for visitors from the south. Within a few years past, a number of large and splendid hotels have been erected, affording the best accommodations that could be desired for all who come ; so that, in this respect, Newport is now the rival of Sar atoga itself. The largest of these establishments are the Ocean House, situated at the S. end of Bellevue Street ; the Atlantic House, at the head of Pelham Street ; and the Bellevue House, having its most extensive front on Catharine Street. The Ocean House was first built in 1843, by a company, which has since been incorporated by the legis lature of Rhode Island. In August, 1845, this edifice was entirely burnt to the ground ; and in the following autumn and winter, it was re built with great additions to its extent and splendor. These are the most extensive estab lishments, for the entertainment of company, in town ; but there are a number of others, where boarders are handsomely accommodated, and for a few weeks in summer they are all generally filled. Newport is rendered attractive not only by its cool and salubrious climate, but also by several objects of curious interest to the lovers of anti quarian research ; its splendid beaches, adapted in the highest degree to the luxury of surf bath ing ; its abundant means of enjoyment for those who are fond of the pleasures of sailing or fishing in its secure and capacious bay and har bor; and the many beautiful rides over the area of the island in the rear of the town, upon roads of the finest description, and amidst the beautiful shrubbery and verdure, Wiich its rich soil and moistened atmosphere sustain in fresh luxuriance. Among the antiquities of Newport is what is cemmonly called the Old Stone Mill; which is one of the very few works of human structure in our country, the origin and design of which are involved in impenetrable mystery. That it may have been once fitted up and used for a mill, is perhaps probable, from the fact that it is men tioned in. the will of Governor Benedict Arnold, who, in 1657, succeeded to Roger Williams in the government of Rhode Island, as " my old stone-built wind mill ; " but that the structure was originally intended for such a purpose, is what few, considering its peculiar configuration and unknown antiquity, will be able to believe. There is no record, nor any traditionary legend, worthy of credit, to satisfy inquiryi concerning the date, design, or artificers of this curious edi fice. These points have occasioned much specu lation ; but all has been vain as to any satisfac tory result. This building, which, besides the above name, is frequently called the Old Tower, and the Newport Ruin, is a circular tower, 23j feet in diameter, and 28J feet high, composed of irregu lar, rough stones, said to bear no affinity to the rocks of the island. The body of this building is elevated upon 8 round pillars of the same material, arches being turned between the pillars. The height of these pillars is about 10 feet. The walls of the tower above are 18 inches thick, having one narrow loophole on the N., one on 83 the W., and one on the S. sides. On the E. side is a fireplace, with its flue in the wall. The roof and floors, if any it had, were of perishable materials, and are gone, leaving the interior open to tho sky. It stands on a vacant lot upon the hill, a little E. of Spring Street, and between Pelham and Mill Streets. It has been supposed, by some, to have been built by the Northmen for a religious use ; others have maintained that it was reared by the early inhabitants, as a place of refuge ¦ and defence against the Indians. Tho former of these hypotheses is of course conjec tural, and the latter seems intrinsically improb able. The company which annually visits Newport is of a peculiarly select and elevated character. The place differs in this respect from most of our fashionable resorts. It is not health or amuse ment which is here sought, so much as comfort, and fine society, and freedom from the cares of business and professional engagements. It is true many are here from the gay and pleasure-loving circles in the community; but the greater part of those who come are persons who aim to find in these elegant establishments, or in the beauti ful cottages and summer houses which they have provided for themselves, a residence for the time being, partaking somewhat of the character of the homes of high life in the cities. i This beautiful island is approached by a daily line of steamboats from New York, from which it is distant 157 miles N. E. ; and from Boston, also daily, by railroad and steamboat, about 70 miles. NIAGARA FALLS. These falls, in the Niagara River, which is the outlet of the great lakes of North America, containing one half of all the fresh water on the globe, are justly regarded as one of the most sublime and imposing spectacles in nature. The river, which flows from Lake Erie in a channel three fourths of a mile wide,' and from 20 to 40 feet deep, , and. which is, at this place, about the same width, while pressing with great force down the declivity of the rapids for almost 3 miles above, is here precipitated over a perpendicular descent of 160 feet, with a tremendous roar, which is ordinarily heard from 15 to 30 miles, and has sometimes been heard at Toronto, a dis tance of 45 miles. It has been estimated that the volume of water carried over Niagara is not less than six hundred and seventy thousand tons in a minute. It is the vastness of elements like these, entering into the conception of this stu pendous natural phenomenon, which carries the emotions of wonder and sublimity with which it strikes the outward senses to their highest bounds. About three miles above the falls commence the rapids. These are caused by a descent in the bed of the river of about 52 to 57 feet, in the course of which are numerous ledges of rocks from 2 to 4 feet high, extending wholly across the channel, over which this mighty volume of waters, in a dashing and foaming torrent, is hur ried on, towards the tremendous cataract The declivity of the river's bed is a little greater on the British than on the American side, as denoted by the numbers expressed above. This circum stance, together with a bend in tho course of the stream, causes the principal weight of the water, computed to be about seven eighths of the whole, to be thrown towards the Canadian side of the 658 » MINERAL SPRLNGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, river, and consequently to be carried over the great Horseshoe Fall, which is that part of the cataract between Goat Island and the Canadian shore. The view of these rapids to be obtained from Goat Island, or from the opposite shore", were the wonder to end here, would be enough to reward the pains of the longest journey. Nearly in the middle, in respect to distance, tiie falls are separated by Goat Island, which has also received the name of Iris Island. This island, which contains about 75 acres, and is cov ered in part with a wild forest, extends to the brow and to the bottom of the precipice ; and, from its own romantic situation, and the advan tage it affords for viewing the surrounding pano rama from many interesting points, which other wise could never have been approached, constitutes one of the most pleasing features of the scene. A few rods from Goat Island, towards the Amer ican shore, the fall is again divided by the pro jecting of a small island, called Prospect or Luna Island. The section which is included between these islands is denominated the Central Fall, or the Cascade. The distance across the fall, from the American shore to Goat Island, is 65 rods; across the front of Goat Island, 78 rods ; around the Horseshoe Fall, from Goat Island to the Canada shore, 144 rods; and directly across, from the island to Table Rock, 74 rods. The curve of this fall is somewhat less like that of a horseshje than it formerly was, having ap proached a more angular form in the middle. The greatest height of the falls is near the shore on the American side, where the descent is 163 feet ; near Goat Island, on the same side, it is 158 feet; near Goat Island, on the Canada side, it is 154 feet ; and at its termination, near Table Rock, on the Canada shore, it is 150 feet. Vis itors are often somewhat disappointed, at first, in their impressions of the height of the falls, which is owing to the unanticipated effect of their other immense proportions, — in length and in volume of water. When time and varying points of view have enabled the mind to stretch itself, in some measure, to take in these vast dimensions of the scene before it, then the awful grandeur of the height from which these mighty floods are descending, will not fail to be realized with al most overwhelming emotions. The different views which are to be obtained from below the falls are specially subservient to this effect. The situation of a small island in the rapids above the American Fall, about midway between the shore and Goat Island, which is called Bath Island, encouraged the attempt to construct a bridge, over which the former might be safely reached. The work, though one of extreme difficulty and hazard, was successfully accom plished in 1818. This bridge, from the Ameri can shore to Bath Island, is 28 rods in length, and then 16 rods between Bath and Goat Islands. It crosses the rapids only 64 rods above the cat aract. On Bath Island a toll-house is estab lished, where a register of the names of visitors is kept, and the payment of a fee of 25 cents entitles each' person to pass and repass as often as he may desire during the period of his stay. On this island an extensive paper mill has been established. The immense water power which might bo obtained at these falls, for manufac turing purposes, is not improved to any great extent, on account of their exposed frontier sit uation in the event of war. At the lowest extremity of Goat Island, towards the American side, a fine view is presented of the Central and the American Falls, of the river below, of the iron suspension bridge, spanning the gulf in the distance, at the height of 200 feet, and of the Whirlpool, caused by a violent angle in the rushing torrent two miles below, which is just distinguishable by the cloud of foam which it sends into the air. Those of firm nerves may here approach to the very verge of the' precipice, and look directly down at the descent of the Cascade, or Central Fall, which rolls over the precipice at their feet, in a clear, unbroken col umn, 158 feet high. Beneath and behind this fall is the celebrated Cave of the Winds. From Luna Island, which is here connected with Goat Island by a foot bridge, a similar view of the American Fall is obtained, and the finest which is to be had from any position above- the banks. The broad and massive stream pours over the brink 163 feet, into the depth below. At the opposite extremity of this great cataract, upon the American shore, is also a fine position, at Prospect Place, for a view of the entire falls. considered on the whole as the best panoramic- view which is to be had from the American side. From the S. W. angle of Goat Island, towards the British side, a most grand view is presented of the Horseshoe Fall, the basin beneath, and the rapids above. A bridge, called the Terrapin Bridge, has been carried over the rapids at this point, about 250 feet, obliquely, towards the brink of the fall, to a position upon the rocks, where a stone tower has been erected, called Prospect Tower, which, from its open gallery at the top, 45 feet high, furnishes a magnificent view of tbe whole of this stupendous scene. For a view of the rapids, perhaps no other point of observation is equal to this. From this point the Horseshoe Fall is seen wfi the finest advantage, under the light of the morning sun, striking almost directly upon its front, and spanning the clouds of vapor with its brilliant bow. This also is the place to enjoy the scene by the evening moonlight The bridge was formerly extended about 50 or 60 feet beyond the tower, so as to project a few feet over the edge of the precipice, enabling the spectator to look directly down 1 50 feet to the boiling basin into which the cataract of the Horseshoe Fall descends. This, however, has been considered as too daring an exposure of life to be prudently encountered, and therefore this extension of the Terrapin Bridge has been broken up. There is a descent to the bottom of the falls from the front of Goat Island, which is accom plished hy a covered winding staircase, erected in the year 1829 by the late Nicholas Biddle, Esq., of Philadelphia, and known as the Biddle Stair case. The descent from the island to the margin of the river here is 185 feet From the foot of the stairs, to the left, a path leads to the Horse shoe Fall, by which, when the wind is favorable, a passage may be effected with safety for some way -behind the sheet of falling water. To the right, from the staircase, a path leads to the cel ebrated Cave of the Winds, situated directly be hind the Ceutral Fall, towards the American side. This cave, formed by a recess in the wall of the precipice, is about 120 feet across, 50 feet in width, and 100 feet high. The sheet of water on the one side, and the projecting rock on the other, form an overhanging arch of awful grandeur; and from the back of the cave, the sight and LN THE UNITED STATES. 659 sound of tbe rushing waters, and of the rever berating winds pent up in their rocky confines. thrill tbe soul with emotions never to be forgotten. The passage of the river from one side to the other is effected with ease and safety by a ferry, a Xew rods below the American Fall. This is maintained, during the season ef the greatest concourse of visitors, by running a small steam boat across, and at other seasons by small boats with oars. The descent to the ferry on the Amer ican side is by a stairway, and alsobv a rail car, upon an inclined plane at an angle of 35°, and 325 feet in length, carried down and up by the action of a wheel turned by water. On the British side, a winding carriage road has been constructed. One of the best views of the falls, particularly of those on the American side, is that which is enjoyed from the boat while crossing this ferry. The depth of the water here is 250 feet A pleasing view of the Mis is obtained from the wire suspension bridge, about 2 miles below, which is itself a wonder of art, now constituting an additional object of admiration for visitors at the falls. It spans the narrow gorge of the Niagara River by a reach, from pier to pier, of 8C0 feet in length and 230 feet above the water. The width of the bridge is 40 feet." It is sup ported by 16 wire cables. 1100 feet long and upwards of 12 inches in circumference, having a strength equal to 6500 tons tension strain. But the best single and comprehensive view of the falls is obtained from the banks on the Cana dian shore, where a full view of the great Cres cent or Horseshoe Fall is presented on the right, while those on the American side, though more distant, are seen in their whole breadth pouring down almost directly in front. Table Rock, situated neanthe angle made by the shore on the Canada side with the precipice over which the Horseshoe Fall descends, is a broad projecting crag, 150 feet above the bed of the river, from which ibis fearful cataract with the agitated waters both above and belows and the American Fall, in comparative distance, are seen with the finest advantage. Portions of this rock have fallen off, at different times within the mem ory of man, somewhat curtailing its original dimensions. This fact, together with the changes in the shape of the British Fall, from a compara tively gradual curve, according to authentic data, in 1 67 S, to its present more angular outline, might seem to favor the belief of some geologists, that the falls have been, and are still, continually re ceding, and leaving behind them the high banks of a channel which they have been excavating perhaps ever since the creation. It is certain, however, that the lapse of 250 years has wit nessed no perceptible alteration in the geograph ical position of this wonder of nature. Near Table Rock there is another staircase by which visitors may descend to the foot of the Horseshoe Fall, and place themselves in a situ ation to feel the fall impression of that tremen dous power which is making the rocky founda tions underneath to tremble. Here, too, those who are able to do' it may pass, with a guide to direct them, a distance of 230 feet behind this great sheet of water, to a narrow ledge, upon which there is scarcely space to stand, called Ter mination Rock, and there gaze at the arch above, which appears threatening to fall and crush them, or look down into the abyss as far as tbe flashing waters and the rising mists will permit the eye to penetrate. There are many features of sub limity and of beauty belonging to a full descrip tion of the Falls of Niagara, which must pass unnoticed here. It is the opinion of those yho have been long resident near the falls, that not even the different kinds of fish that chance to be carried down ever escape with life ; wild fowl too, it is said, never escape destruction if once brought by any means near to the verge of the main cataract Three large British vessels, stationed on Lake Erie during the war of 1S12, were, at the close of the war. declared unfit for service, and condemned. Permission was obtained to send them over the falls. The first was torn to pieces by the rapids, and went over in fragments ; the second foun dered before she reached the falls ; bnt the third, which was stronger, took the leap in gallant style, and retained her figure till she was hidden in the mist below. A reward of 10 dollars, which had been offered for the largest fragment of wood from either wreck, was finally paid for the only splinter which was found, which was not above a foot in length, ragged, and crushed as by a vice. There are other falls in this country which have a greater perpendicular descent than those of Niagara ; but there are none, either in this or any other part of the known world, where such a mass of water, with such tremendous power, is precipitated from so great a height If any thing can add to the emotions of sublimity awakened by these amazing demonstrations of the Creator's might, it is the thought of their untiring en durance — of the centuries through which the " voice of God as the sound of many waters " here has thundered its eternal peal. " These groaning rocks the Almighty's finger piled ; For ages here his painted bow has smiled, Marking the changes and the chance of time — Eternal — beautiful — serene — sublime ! " XICOJACK CAVE, GA. This vast cave is situated in the N. W. ex tremity of the state, having its entrance about 20 miles S. W. of the Lookout Mountain, and half a mile from the S. bank of the Tennessee. The width of the entrance is 25 feet and the roof va ries from 5 to 60 feet in height The Students' Cave, first explored by the students of Mercer University in 1S4S. which has its entrance about 4 miles distant, in Tennessee, is supposed to be connected with this. The interior passages and apartments of these caves afford much both to astonish and delight the visitor. Spacious rooms and lofty domes, tall columns and glittering pendants from the ceil ings, arches and resemblances to architectural facades, entablatures, and other decorations, con stitute a succession of interesting objects, the ex tent of which is not definitely known. The rail roads from Charleston and Savannah to the Tennessee River afford a ready communication with the region in which these caves are sitnated. OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAIN, N. H. See Franconia Notch, p. 266. OLD ORCHARD BEACH, ME. This fine beach is in the town of Saco, which lies on the Eastern Railroad, about 15 miles S. W. of Portland. From the mouth of the Saco River, which here enteis the ocean, the beach 660 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, stretches 5 miles and more to the N. E., and is uncommonly smooth and hard over its whole extent. The situation is retired and agreeable for visitors, being separated from the town by a narrow tract of pine wood, through which there are cool and pleasant rides.' Accommodations are provided here for a considerable number of visitors. ONONDAGA SALT SPRINGS, N. Y., Are upon the shores and in the neighborhood of the lake of this name, which lies wholly in Onondaga co. They are principally owned by the state, and bring to it a handsome revenue. They are the largest and best in the U. S. The making of salt, both by solar evaporation and by artificial heat, is carried on very extensively at Salina, Syracuse, Liverpool, and Geddes, places adjoining each other, which are all included within the limits of the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation. The original Reservation, indeed, embraced a much larger extent ; but the whole, not included within these several places, has been sold to private landholders. Salt was first made on this tract at Salt Point, near the margin of the lake, and within the pres ent limits of Salina. Tho earliest systematic arrangements for carrying on the business, as far as records show, date back as far as 1787. The principal spring is at Salina, which affords an inexhaustible supply of water, yielding, to every 40 gallons about one bushel of pure salt. The water is forced up by hydraulic engines into a large reservoir, from which it is conducted in pipes to the various works at Syracuse, and other places in the vicinity. The amount of the duty on salt, accruing to the state from these works, in 1850, was $44,364. PASSAIC FALLS, N. J. These beautiful falls are on the Passaic River, at Paterson, 13 miles N. of Newark, and 17 miles from New York. They are easily reached by railroad from New York, and constitute one of the favorite resorts for citizens and strangers from the city. The river here, after pouring over a dam several feet high, erected immedi ately on the brow of the falls, and rushing thence down a steep declivity, on its natural rocky bed, some 20 or 30 feet, finally makes a plunge over a perpendicular precipice, about 60 feet high, into a chasm between two walls of the rock, from which tho waters emerge through a fissure at right angles to the direction of the cataract. The rocks, being of a basaltic character, are, of rectilinear form, and perpendicular in their posi tion, which gives a remarkably bold and impos ing aspect to the scenery. This also accounts for the comparatively smooth surfaces of this deep excavation. By the dam above the falls, a portion of the river is diverted for the purpose of obtaining the valuable water power by which the extensive factories at Paterson are carried on. This has much diminished the beauty of the falls, except at seasons of high water, when they appear in their original grandeur. PHILLIPS'S POINT, MS., Juts out into Massachusetts Bay, about 3 miles N. of the centre of Lyrin, on the N, side of the entrance to the peninsula on which Nahant is situated. Here is a beach of great beauty, of about half a mile in length. The access to this delightful spot is so easy, and the natural charms of the place so great, that, with public accommo dations which are all that guests can desire, it has become a favorite place of fashionable resort The distance from Boston is 12 miles. PICTURED ROCKS, LAKE SUPERIOR. See p. 251. PINE ORCHARD, N. Y., Is the name given to an elevated terrace of table land, or ledge, upon the Catskill Moun tains, about 2300 feet above the level' of the Hudson River. Formerly it was covered with a scattered growth of pines, which, in its wild state, give to it the name of Pine Orchard. Upon the E. verge of this table of rock, of about 6 acres in extent, stands the Catskill Mountain House, about 140 feet in length, and 4 stories high, which has been erected for the accommodation of visitors, who resort here in great numbers in the summer season, to enjoy the extensive pros-, pect, the cool, exhilarating atmosphere, and the wild surrounding scenery. Few places of fash ionable resort present stronger attractions than this. A line of stages runs between Catskill on the Hudson River and the Mountain House, a distance of 12 miles. The ride to the foot of the mountain is not specially interesting ; but the ascent, by a very circuitous route, from every successive opening and turn of which some new and more extensive vista is presented to the eye continually, is in a high degree inspiring and de lightful. And when at length the lofty eminence is reached, there opens, from the front of the noble edifice, a prospect of vast extent and beauty; embracing an apparently endless succession of woods and waters, farms and villages, towns and cities, spread out as in a boundless panorama, over which all inequalities of surface are over looked. The beautiful Hudson appears nar rowed in the distance, with numerous vessels scattered along its silvery line, discerned, as far as the eye can reach, by their canvas gleaming in the sun, and with the trailing cloud of some smoking steamboat almost constantly in sight. The view embraces an area of about 70 miles N. and S. Far in the E. outline rise the Tagh- kanie mountains, and the highlands of Ct. and Ms. To the left are seen the Green Mountains of Vt, stretching away into the N. till their blue summits are blended with the sky. At other times all the prospect below is enveloped in a rolling sea of mist and cloud, surging with the wind, and presenting ever new and fanciful forms to the sight. Thunder storms are not un- frequently seen passing below the spectator, while the atmosphere is delightfully clear and cool around hiin. There arc two small lakes a short distance behind the Mountain House, which, uniting their outlets in one stream, and pouring them over a precipice 175 feet at one leap, and 80 feet at another, into an immense ravine be tween two mountain ridges, present a waterfall which is one of the most wild and at the same time pleasing curiosities of nature. This is the source of the Kaaterskill River, which winds its way into the Hudson at Catskill village. A view of these falls is easily obtained by a walk or ride of a milo or two from Pine Orchard. PLUM ISLAND, See Newburyport. MS. IN THE UNITED STATES. 661 PLEASANT MOUNTAIN, ME. This mountain, which is now much resorted to for its cool, invigorating air and lovely prospect, by the people of our eastern cities, is situated in the town of Bridgeton, by the travelled route about 50 miles W. from Portland. The excursion to the foot of the mountain is itself a delightful one, having the pleasant variety of a ride in the cars 10 miles out, to Gorham, and thence 8 miles by stage coach to the Sebago Lake, over which, and the other lakes connected with it by romantic streams, the trip to Bridgeton, 30 miles, in the little steamer which plies upon these waters, is quite enchanting. The mountain is more than 2000 feet above the level of the sea. The view from its summit is extensive, reaching to the ocean on one hand and the White Mountains on the other, and embracing 30 or 40 beautiful sheets of water, with the steamer, like a thing of life, winding her way among them; together with many neat and pretty villages, which dot the landscape in various directions. Sometimes the morning mists are seen lying along the valleys, giving the spectator to realize something like the privilege of a celestial elevation above the clouds. The ascent is accomplished with perfect ease, by a good mountain path, for about one mile, on horseback or on foot, as may suit the visitor. An excellent house has been erected on the summit, where boarders can enjoy every comfort and luxury they may desire, from a well-spread table, neat and well-furnished apartments, piano-forte, and other accompaniments of our fashionable hotels. No elevation, perhaps, in New England, is so easily reached, where at once so fine a pros pect may be enjoyed, and the accommodations of so comfortable a home obtained. PLYMOUTH ROCK, MS. This interesting locality takes the precedence, in some important respects, of all other places of public resort in our country. A natural and laudable desire to stand upon the spot where the forefathers of New England landed from the Mayflower, in 1G20; to survey the natural fea tures of the harbor, and the shore on which, in its wild and wintry desolation, their eyes first rested as their home in the new world ; and to feel the inspiration of the scenes where our glo rious institutions of civil and religious freedom were first conceived and nurtured ; cannot fail to operate, with increasing numbers of our citi zens, to induce them, at least once in their lives, to make a pilgrimage to the Rock of Plymouth. " No New Englander," says Dr. Dwight, " who is willing to indulge his native feelings, can stand upon the rock where our ancestors set the first foot after their arrival on the American shore, without experiencing emotions very different from those which are excited by any common object of tbe same nature. No New Englander could be willing to have that rock buried and forgotten. Let him reason as much, as coldly, and as in geniously as he pleases, he will still regard that spot with emotions wholly different from those which are excited by other places of equal or even superior importance. . . . Plymouth was the first town built in New England by civilized man ; and those by whom it was built were infe rior in worth to no body of men whose names are recorded in history during the last seventeen hundred years. A kind of venerableness arising from these facts attaches to this town, which may be termed a prejudice. Still it has its foundation in the nature of man, and will never be eradicat ed, either by philosophy or ridicule. . . . When we call to mind the history of their sufferings on both sides of the Atlantic, when we remember their preeminent patience, their unspotted piety, their immovable fortitude, their undaunted reso lution, their love to each other, their justice and humanity to the savages, and their freedom from all those stains which elsewhere spotted the char acter even of their companions in affliction, we cannot but view them as illustrious brothers, claiming the veneration and applause of all their posterity. " The institutions, civil, literary, and religious, by which New England is distinguished on this side the Atlantic, began here. Here the manner of holding lands in free socage, now universal in this country, commenced. Here the right of suffrage was imparted to every citizen, to every inhabitant not disqualified by poverty or vice. Here was formed the first establishment of towns, of the local legislature which is called a town meeting, and of the peculiar town executive styled the selectmen. Here the first parochial school was set up, and the system originated for communicating to every child in the community the knowledge of reading, writing, and arithme tic. Here, also, the first building was erected for the worship of God, the first religious assembly gathered, and the first minister called and settled, by the voice of the church and congregation. On these simple foundations has since been erect ed a structure of good order, peace, liberty, knowledge, morals, and r'eligion, with which nothing on this side the Atlantic can bear a re mote comparison." Since the opening of the Old Colony Railroad, in 1 845, connecting Plymouth with Boston, from which it is distant 374 miles S.E., the access to this interesting spot is rendered easy, and the number of -visitors, especially in the summer season, has very much increased. The Samoset House, a spacious and well-kept hotel, in a de lightful situation, looking out upon the harbor, . offering the most tempting inducements to per sons from the city to find a residence here dur ing the heat of summer, and always filled with boarders during that season, furnishes another means of augmenting the number of strangers in Plymouth, who are interested to find out what ever is to be seen or known of the antiquities of the place. The first object, of course, for which the visitor inquires, is, The Rock, — " Forefathers' Rock." , This remains, except a portion of it which has been placed in front of Pilgrim Hall, in its original position, where the Pilgrims stepped upon it from their " shallop ; " although the whole appearance of the spot has been changed by the erection of a wharf and warehouses over and around it. The rock lies buried to its sur face in the earth at the head of " Hedge's Wharf," and between two stores wbich stand on either side of the passage to the wharf from Water Street, a few feet S. of North Street. The top of the rock is bare, and upon a level with the pres ent surface of the ground. It is about 64 feet broad in its horizontal diameter, and, since the removal of the portion which lies in front of Pilgrim Hall, about 4 feet in vertical thickness. In its geological character it is a Bowlder, like the Pilgrims themselves, a stranger upon these 662 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, shores ; and is described as " an extremely hard variety of scienitic granite, of a dark gray color. The mica is in very small quantity, in fine black particles ; and the rock, by its rounded edges, bears evidence of its solid character, as well as of the attempts to break specimens from it; which, fortunately, its extreme hardness renders seldom successful." De Tocqueville, in his work on America, makes the following beautiful comment upon Plymouth Rock : " This rock," he says, " has become an object of veneration in the United States. I have seen bits of it carefully preserved in several towns of the Union. Does not this sufficiently show that all human power and greatness is in the soul of man 1 Here is a stone, which the feet of a few outcasts pressed for an instant; and the stone becomes famous; it is treasured by a great nation ; its very dust is shared as a relic. And what has become of the gateways of a thousand palaces 1 Who cares for them ? " Should the stranger inquire how it is known with certainty that this is the very rock which first received the" feet of the Pilgrims, it may be well to state, that, besides the general and undis puted tradition to that effect, among a people from the first intelligent and well informed, and in addition to the natural probability of the fact, from the size and situation of this solitary bowl der lying at the water's edge, the following cir cumstances, in themselves full of interest, have placed this matter beyond a doubt. Elder Thomas Faunce, the last ruling elder in the first church of Plymouth, who was born at Plymouth in 1646, was of course well acquainted with a considerable number of those who arrived in the Mayflower, some of whom were still alive un til he was of the age of 20 or 25 years. He lived to the year 1745, and died in his 99th year. In the year 1741, Elder Faunce, learning that preparations were making for the erection of a wharf near or over the rock, and feeling an anxiety in regard to its exposure, in the march of improvement, to be injured or displaced, though at the advanced age of 95 years, and in declining health, left his residence, about 3 miles distant, and, in the presence of many citizens, pointed out the rock as that on which the Pil grims landed, and then himself took a final leave of this cherished memorial of the fathers. These circumstances have been related hy several aged persons, who were present on the occasion, to those of the present generation ; particularly by the late honorable Ephraim Spooner, deacon of the first church of Plymouth 41 years, and 52 years town clerk, who died in 181 8, and who, as was happily said by President Holley, in his ad dress at the commemoration of the landing in 1817, " knew and conversed with Elder Faunce, who personally knew the first settlers; — so Poly- carp conversed with St. John, the beloved disci ple of our Savior." Allusion has been made to the fact that a por tion of Forefathers' Rock has been removed and placed in front of Pilgrim Hall. This camo about in the following mannor : In the year 1774, when the spirit of national independence was coming to its crisis in tho controversy with the parent country, some zealous whigs, seeking to avail themselves in this great cause of the pa triotic associations connected with Plymouth Rock, undertook to procure its removal to the town square, where a liberty pole was to be erected over it, and it was to be made the talis man of resistance to civil oppression. In the attempt to raise it from its bed, however, the rock was split asunder; which by some was in terpreted as a favorable omen, indicating a final separation between the colonies and the mother country. After some hesitation, the. conclusion was, to leave the lower part of the rock in its place, and to remove the other, which was accord ingly carried to the town square, and honored as before mentioned. Here it remained until 1834; when, on the anniversary of American Independ ence, it was again removed to the area in front of Pilgrim Hall, and enclosed in an elliptical iron railing prepared for its reception ; into the festoons of which are cast the 41 immortal names who subscribed the first civil compact, on board the Mayflower, November 11, 1620. Pleasing and appropriate, however, as is this honored enshrinement of the fragment of the rock which has been removed, it is matter of much greater felicitation to the sons of the Pilgrims, that the great body of it remains, to mark the spot where they first descended upon the shores of the new world, and took possession of its wide domain, as an asylum for liberty and truth. To one standing upon this sacred spot, how full of force and beauty is the graphic language of Daniel Webster, in his centennial address of 1820! " Beneath us is the rock on which New Eng land received the feet of the Pilgrims. We seem even to behold them, as they struggle with the elements, and with toilsome efforts gain the shore. We listen to the chiefs in council ; we see the unexampled exhibition of female fortitude and resignation ; we hear the whisperings of youthful impatience; and we see, what a painter of our own has also represented by his pencil, chilled and shivering childhood, houseless but for a mother's arms, couchless but for a mother's breast, till our own biood almost freezes. The mild dignity of Carver and of Bradford ; the decisive and soldier-like air of Staxdish; the devout Brewster ; the enterprising Al lerton ; the general firmness and thoughtful- ness of the whole band ; their conscious joy for dangers escaped ; tlieir deep solicitude about dangers to come; their trust in. Heaven; their high religious faith, full of confidence and antici pation, — all these seem to belong to this place, and to be present upon this occasion, to fill us with reverence and admiration." From the Rock the visitor will naturally turn to Pilgrim Hall. This handsome edifice, erected by the Pilgrim Society, which was formed in 1820, to commemorate the landing, arid to honor the memory, of the Pilgrims, is situated on the E. side of Court Street, a short distance N. of Court Square. The corner stone of this monu mental edifice was laid, with'religious solemnities, September 1, 1824. It is constructed of granite, in a plain and substantial style of architecture, 70 feet in length by 40 feet in width, having a pedi ment in front, supported by six Doric coluntns. , In the body of the building is a spacious hall, appropriated to the reception of interesting relics and memorials of the Pilgrims, and to the meet ings of the Pilgrim Society. In the basement is a dining-room, intended for their accommodation whenever a great commemoration of the landing is held at Plymouth. The objects of interest in Pilgrim Hall are too many to be hero" particularly described. The IN THE UNITED STATES. 663 fine historical painting, representing the landing of the Pilgrims, designed and executed by the late Henry Sargent, Esq., of Boston, and by him presented to the Pilgrim Society, occupies a con spicuous position on the east end of the room. It is on a canvas 13 feet by 16, and embraces, in its interesting group of figures, all the most im portant personages of that memorable day, to gether with Samoset, the Indian sagamore, who, by artistic license, is made to be an astonished, though not unfriendly observer of the scene. The room contains a portrait of the first Governor Winslow, and also of the second governor, his son, copied from the originals, painted in London. There are, besides these, many others of great value, but none of those who came in the May flower, except that of Winslow. Among a great variety of antiquarian relics are, a chair of Governor Carver, the sword of Miles Standisb. the original letter of King Philip to Governor Prince, and many utensils and articles of furniture brought over in the Mayflower. There is also here a library, composed of ancient and appropriate books, to which, as well as to the cabinet itself, additions are continually making. The early records of the colony, with the original signatures of the first men in authority, are kept in the office of the Register of Probate, at the court house, and are very politely exhibited by him to all who are interested to call and exam ine them. Burying Hill is the next interesting locality which will attract the steps of the stranger in Plymouth. This was originally called Fort Hill, because it was here that in 1622 the Pilgrims erect ed a building for defence against apprehended in vasions from the Indians, upon which their soli tary piece of ordnance was mounted. This build ing '¦ served them also for a meeting-house, and was fitted accordingly for that use." A second and more substantial fort was erected here on the approach of Philip's war, in 1675. The site of this ancient fort is distinctly marked, on the S. E. part of the hill, overlooking the bay and the surrounding country in every direction. Governor Carver, and those of the Pilgrims who died during the first year, were not buried in this ground, but upon Cole's Hill, a lower elevation, near the water's edge, just above where the high terrace wall from Water Street now is, which was in the close vicinity of the first enclosure made for their habitations. These early graves were carefully smoothed over, in order that the In dians might not perceive how greatly death had reduced their numerical strength. Burying Hill,1iowever, soon after 1622, began to be used as their place of sepulture ; and here the generations of the dead in Plymouth have been gathered to their fathers for more than two cen turies and u quarter. Guides have been placed along the paths, which have been tastefully laid out through the ground, to direct the notice of the visitor to some of the earliest and most hal lowed g«ives. No dates, however, are legible upon these stones earlier than 1681. But a new white maible monument has been placed over the grave of Governor Bradford ; who was chosen governor after the death of Carver, in 1621, and was elected to the same office every year until his death, in 1657, excepting for five years, when, as Winthrop says, he " by importunity got off." A position on Burying Hill is the one of all others to be chosen for the purpose of bringing under the eye at one view all the interesting localities of Plymouth. Imagining, therefore, that our readers stand with us " On the hill of hallowed brow, Where the Pilgrim sleepeth now," we shall, as rapidly as possible, complete our survey of whatever is most intimately associated here with the memory of the Pilgrim Fathers. Lying before us on the E. are the harbor and the bay, above which our point of observation is elevated 165 feet. From this point the eye is enabled, in a clear atmosphere, sometimes to discern the white sand cliffs of Cape Cod, across the bay, at a distance of 25 miles ; within which, on the 11th of November, 1620, the Mayflower, after a, passage of 98 days, joyfully cast her anchor, and where she remained until the coast had been explored to find a place of settlement There, on that day, before taking the first step in this urgent undertaking, the Pilgrims drew up and signed their ever-memorable compact for a free government ; of which John Quincy Adams has said, " This is perhaps the only instance in human history of that positive original social compact which speculative philosophers have imagined as the only legitimate source of gov ernment. Here," he adds, "was a unanimous and personal assent, by all the individuals of the community, to the association by which they became a nation." Contracting now the scope of vision to the entrance of the harbor, about 8 miles E. of the town, Manomet Point is seen on the right or S. side, which is the termination of Manomet Hill, about 400 feet high ; and' on the left or N. side, the Gurnet, a promontory connected with Marsh field by a low beach, and forming a fine situation for the beautiful double light which has been placed upon it. A tongue of land springing from the shore on tbe S. side of the harbor, and extending N. 3 miles, directly in front of the town, from half a mile to a mile distant from it, divides this lesser bay into the outer and the inner harbors. On the outward side of this natural barrier there is the fine beach so well known as Plymouth Beach, which is commensurate with its whole extent. From the Gurnet, along the N. side of the outer harbor, and round the point of the beach, lies the Channd, through which, after careful soundings had been made, the Mayflower, with her precious freight, was finally brought up as far as to an anchorage a little N. E. of the Beach's Point, where she lay from the 16th of December to the 5th of April following, a period of 110 days. Nearly in the same range beyond, and appar ently in conjunction with the" Duxbury shore, on the N. side of the harbor, is seen Clark's Island, memorable as the spot where the first New England Sabbath was kept, by a portion of the Pilgrims, while the Mayflower was yet lying at Cape Cod. Being out in their shallop on an exploring tour, they were driven by a storm, on the night of December 8, to take shelter under the lee of this island, which is protected, in some measure, from the violence of the ocean by a projecting head land, a little to the S. E., called Saquish. This was their first introduction into Plymouth harbor, and is the true original of Mrs. Hemans's graphic picture : — 664 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, " The breaking waves dashed high On a stern and rock-bound coast j And the woods against a stormy sky Their giant branches tossed ; — " And the heavy night hung dark Tho hills and waters o'er, When a band of e\iles moored their bark On wild New England's shore." The 9th being extremely cold, they spent the day in drying their arms, repairing their shallop, and exploring the island. The next day being the Sabbath, " they rested according to tiie com mandment;" and here, their company being eighteen in number, they prayed and sang praises for the first time on those heathen shores to Him for whose pure faith and worship they had suf fered and sacrificed so much in coming to this new world. " Amidst the 6torm they sang; — And the stars heard, and the sea ! And the sounding aisles of the dini woods rang To the anthem of the free ! " A short distance to the left of Clark's Island, on the Duxbury shore, there rises, directly from the water's edge, a low and regularly-formed hill, entirely under cultivation, which is known as Captain's Hill; this being a portion of the land assigned at an early period to Captain Standish, the intrepid military leader of the Pilgrims. Upon this farm he settled, and built a house near where the little cluster of buildings now stands, at a little distance from the shore, on the S. W. side of the hill. Some ruins of this ancient house, which was finally consumed by lire, still remain to attract the curiosity of the antiquarian. Contracting now our view within the precincts of the town itself, which lies spread out around us, it will be easy to trace the plan of the settle ment, as it was first laid out and occupied by the Pilgrims. We look directly down before us through Leyden Street, running from the Town Square, in front of the Gothic meeting-house, to the water side ; lying as near as may be upon the steep margin of the stream which here flows into the harbor from the W. It was along this street, formerly called First Street, that on the afternoon of the 28th of December, they proceeded to meas ure out their grounds, intending to build a roiv of houses upon each side of the street, commencing from what is now Town Square. " And first," they say, "we took notice how many families there were : willing all single men that had no wives to join with some family, as they thought (it. that so we might build fewer houses ; which was done, and we reduced them to nineteen fam ilies. To greater families we allotted larger plots : to every person half a pole in breadth and three in length ; and so lots were cast where every man should lie ; which was done and staked out. We thought this proportion was largo enough at the first, for houses and gardens, to empale them round; considering the weakness of our people, many of them growing ill with colds," &c •• We ogrced that every man should build his own house ; thinking, by tluxt course, men would make more haste than working in common." They had previously completed one frame building, about 20 feet square, which was to serve them as a common shelter, until separate dwellings could bo erected. This, which was the first building in the colony, was situated on the S. side of the street, near the S. E. declivity of the hill towards the water side. The first meeting-house stood in the Town Square, very nearly upon what is now the site of the meeting-house built in 1840, by the Trinita rian, or Third Church, which, in honor of *the Pilgrims, has taken the name of the Church of the Pilgrimage. The most elevated ground which is seen on the S. from Burying Hill, and immediately in the rear of that part of the town which lies on the opposite side of the stream, is known as Wat son's Hill. By the Fathers it was called Straw- berry Hill. It was on the summit of this hill that Massasoit' appeared with his train of sixty men ; and from this place hostages were exchanged be tween him and the Pilgrims in the town, and ne gotiations carried on, in consequence of which the first treaty of peace and friendship was established with the Indians. The general aspect of the landscape south of the town is quite unique, moulded by the drift formation, which overlies this section of the coast, and presenting a congeries of little rounded hillocks, which reminds one of the rolling sea itself. This singular contour of the surface ac counts for a great number of beautiful ponds, said to be about 200, within the precincts of the town. But our limits, already much exceeded, forbid us to point out other interesting locali ties. The view presented from this eminence, embracing the harbor and the shores of the bay for miles around, especially when clothed with the associations of history peculiar to the spot, is not inferior in interest and beauty to any in the country. Before we take leave of it, let us be reminded again that we stand among the graves of the Pil grims, and of the venerated forefathers who early joined them in their sacred enterprise. We tread upon the ashes of those to whom we are indebted, under Providence, for all which we hold most valuable in our religious, civil, and social inherit ance as a people. Verily they have received, in glorious measure, the recompense of the " blessed dead," who rest from their labors, and their works do follow them. We canuot better conclude than with an ex tract from tho beautiful hymn of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, at the celebration of the Land ing, in 1846 : — " The weary Pilgrim slumbers, His resting-placo unknown , His hands were crossed, his lids were closed, The dust was o'er him thrown ; The drifting soil, the mouldering leaf Along Uie sod woro blown ; His mound has melted into earth ; His memory lives alone. " So let it live unfading, The memory of the dead, Long as the pale anemone Springs where tlieir tears were shed, Or raining in the summer's wind, In (lakes of burning red, The wild rose sprinkles with its leaves The turf where once they bled 1 "Yea, when the frowning bulwarks, That guard this holy strand. Have sunk boneath the trampling surge, In bods of sparkling sand, While in the waste of ocean. One hoary rock shall stand, Be this its latest legend — Here was the Pilgrim's land." LN THE UNITED STATES. 665 QUEBEC. City and river port of Canada, on the W. bank of the St. Lawrence, about 340 miles from its mouth, and about 180 miles below Montreal. As many of our readers will be interested to know some of the more important particulars of a place so remarkable in its features, and so much frequented by persons from the United States on their excursions of pleasure in the summer mouths, we shall give a brief notice of it here. Quebec is situated upon the extremity of an elevated ridge, or bluff, between the St. Lawrence and the St. Charles Rivers, at their point of junc tion. Its ground plan in this respect very nearly resembles that of the city of New York. The extreme angle of this promontory of rock, upon and around which the city is built, and which is called Cape Diamond, rises, on the side next to the St. Lawrence, almost perpendicularly to the height of about 340 feet, giving to the place, and especially to tbe citadel which crowns its summit, a most commanding appearance, from whatever direction it is first approached. On the 17th of May.*1841, a large portion, about 250 feet, of this cliff fell away, causing the ruin of several buildings and the death of about 30 persons. .Quebec is naturally divided into the Upper and the Lower town. The Lower town, which is the oldest, and lies wholly without the walls, partly at the foot of Cape Diamond and partly extending round to the St. Charles, has narrow and dirty streets, which are in some parts steep and winding. " the most crowded parts of the old town of Edinburgh not being more irregular or confined than the Lower town of Quebec." The streets in the Upper town, though rather narrow, are generally clean, and paved or mac adamized. Both sections are almost wholly bnilt of stone, and the public buildings and most of the houses in the Upper town are roofed with tin, the glitter of which in the sun has a very brilliant effect, though not altogether in keeping with the venerable aspect and associations of the place in other respects. The public buildings are substantial rather than elegant. The Roman Catholic Cathedral of Notre Dame ; the Cathe dral of the English Church ; the old Episcopal palace, afterwards, for a time, the seat of the Canadian legislature ; the quadrangular build ing, formerly the College of Jesuits, but now a barrack ; with the Quebec Bank ; — all these in the Upper town, and the government warehouses in the Lower town, constitute the principal public edifices. There are three nunneries in Quebec, one of which, the Hold Dim, answers a valuable purpose as a hospital. It was founded by the Duchess Aiguillon in 1637. Its chapel contains some fine paintings. The Ursuline Nunnery, near the centre of the Upper town, founded in 1639, is a neat building surrounded by a garden. The chapel is ornamented with appropriate decora tions and with handsome paintings. The nuns of this institution are very rigid in their seclusion. Only persons of distinction are admitted within the walls, though admittance to the chapel can be more freely enjoyed upon application to the chaplain. The body of the French General Montcalm was deposited within this convent Near the cathedral is the Place d Amies, or parade ground, where, on the E. of the Penta gon, once stood the Castle of St Louis, the 84 foundation of which was laid by Champlain in 1624. The position is a most commanding one, upon the very brink of an almost perpendicular precipice of rock, 200 feet above the river, flow ing almost at its base. This castle was the resi dence of the French and English governors, until it was destroyed by fire in 1 834. Lord Durham, during his administration, had the site cleared and levelled, floored with wood, and con verted into a spacious platform, with a railing carried quite over the edge of the precipice, mak ing it one of the most beautiful promenades imaginable. From this platform, which is called Lord Durham's Terrace, is had' an extensive view of the St. Lawrence, as far down as the Isle of Orleans ; of the harbor filled with shipping, and the opposite bank of the river; with Point Levi; the village of D'Aubigny ; and the road, leading up through one continuous line of cottages, to the Falls of the Chaudiere ; with the mountains in* the distance gradually fading from the view. From this point of observation, much of the Lower town and of the shipping at the wharves lies far below the eye, and almost directly under the feet of the spectator. Crossing the Place d'Armes from the Terrace to Des Carrieres Street, the visitor will see the beautiful monument, erected by Lord'Dalhousie, ¦" To the Immortal Memory of Wolfe and Mont calm." This monument, at the period of its erec tion, stood in the gardens of the chateau. But to the American visitor, Quebec is most extraordinary for the costliness, perfection, and strength of its means of defence against an invad ing enemy. It is. in the first place, by its natural situation, a "munition of rocks" — -the "Gib raltar of America." The whole Upper town is surrounded by a lofty wall, with fortifications, about 3 miles in extent. All communication from without is through massive gates, protected by heavy cannon, and attended by a military guard constantly on duty. The W. part of the city, being comparatively deficient in natural strength, has been covered by a combination of regular works, upon the most approved system, comprising ramparts, bastion, ditch, and glacis. In advance of these, also, to strengthen the de fences of the city on the W., this being the only quarter from wbich an invader can approach by land, 4 martello towers have been erected on the Plains of Abraham. They extend from the St. Lawrence to the Coteau St. Genevieve, at the dis tance of 500 or 600 yards from each other. They are constructed with almost impregnable strength on their outer side, and the platform on the top is furnished with cannon of a heavy calibre ; but on the side next to the city, they are so built as to be easily battered down by the guns from the walls or from the citadel, in the event of an ene my's gaining possession of them. The citadel itself occupies the highest point of Cape Diamond, from which it frowns with terror upon the foe in every direction in which access can be had to the city by water or by land. This fortress is con structed upon the most gigantic scale, and upon the most approved principles of the art. It in cludes an area of about 40 acres, accommodates the garrison, and contains a beautiful parade ground, with a prison, and with magazines and warlike implements, which are immense. The officers' barrack is a fine building, looking di rectly down upon the St. Lawrence. The sol diers' quarters are under the ramparts. If not 666 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, accompanied to. the citadel by a citizen, the vis itor must obtain a ticket of admission from the office of the adjutant general in the city, upon which he will be courteously received, and will have the honor of a guard to accompany him to all parts of the work which the regulations permit the stranger to inspect. It is approached by a zigzag pathway, with 32-pounders staring vou in the face at every turn. When inside, it looks like a world in itself; though not that in which it might seem the lion would ever lie down with the lamb. The walk around the ramparts is the most delightful that can be imagined, commanding a prospect in every direction of 50 miles in extent, replete with all the elements which enter into the formation of a perfect landscape. The author of Hochelaga thus glowingly describes this pano ramic view from the citadel : " Take mountain, and plain, sinuous river and broad tranquil water, stately ship and tiny boat, gentle hill and shady valley, bold headland and rich fruitful field, frowning battlement and cheerful villa, flowery garden and sombre forest ; — group them all into the choicest picture of ideal beauty your fancy can create ; arch it over with a cloudless sky ; light it up with a radiant sun ; and, lest the scene should be too dazzling, hang a veil of light haze over all, to soften tho light and perfect the re pose ; — you will then have seen Quebec on this September morning." Besides what has been above described, there is the extensive suburb of St. Roc.h. lying beyond the ramparts on the N. W., between the Upper town and the S. shore of the. St. Charles River, which is the only portion of Quebec built on ground approaching to a smooth and level surface. Al most the whole pf this section, comprising near a third part of the city, was desolated by fire a number of years ago, and has been but very im perfectly rebuilt. The Plains of Abraham, covered with pastures and cultivated fields, lie spread out on the W. of the city, so remarkable in history as the scene of the sanguinary conflict, as the result of which, in 1759, Quebec was taken from the French, by the British army under the command of the brave General Wolfe, who received here his mortal wound, and died upon the field, at the moment when victory declared in his favor. The spot is marked by a small stone monument, on which he breathed his last in the arms of his friends, ex claiming, as he heard the shouts, " They fly ! they fly ! " " Then I die happy." The French Gen eral Montcalm also was killed in the action. The spot is also marked upon the bottom of the cliff, in the Lower town, near which General Mont gomery, together with most of his personal staff, was killed during the American revolution, while making an attempt, in the night, to force an entrance into tho city. The remains of tho gen eral were interred by a soldier, and wore removed in 1818 to New York, where they now rest, in ' front of St. Paul's Church, on Broadway. There aro several places of resort, which are well worthy of a visit, in the vicinity of Quebec. The most celebrated are the Falls of Montmo- renci, 9 miles N. E. ; the Falls of tho Chaudiere, 12 miles S. W.; Lake St. Charles, 16 miles N. W. ; the Indian village of Lorctte, 8 miles on the road to the lake; and the delightful excursion, along the bunk of the St. Lawrence, about 8 miles out, to Cape Rouge, passing over the Plains of Abraham, and by Wolfe's Cove, where Wolfe disembarked his army. The roads 09 all these routes are mostly good, and the obliging French drivers are not unreasonable in their charges. Steamboats run constantly, during the travel ling season, between Quebec and Montreal ; and also from Quebec to the River Saguenay, 140 miles down the St. Lawrence, and then up the Saguenay from 50 to 90 miles, which has become a fashionable excursion. The principal hotels in Quebec are the Albion, in Palace Street, and Payne's Hotel, in St. Ann Street, in the Upper town ; and in the Lower town, the Ottawa House and the St. Lawrence Hotel. EED SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA. These springs are situated in the S. part of Monroe co., 42 miles from the White Sulphur, 17 miles from the Salt Sulphur, and 32 miles from the Sweet Springs. They are among the most celebrated of the Virginia springs for their medicinal effects, and are visited by a larger pro portion of invalids, perhaps, than any other. Their decidedly beneficial influence upon con- sumptive patients, in the earlier stages of that disease, has given them an extensive reputation. Neuralgic cases, also, of the most obstinate char acter, have yielded to their influence. Scrofula, diseased liver, chronic diarrhoea, chronic rheuma tism, gravel, dropsy, and diseases of the skin are among the disorders for which these waters have been found an efficacious remedy. "The Red Sulphur water," says a physician who has given an account of them from personal observation, "is decidedly sedative in its effects. It subdues chronic inflammation, tranquillizes irritation, and reduces the frequency of the pulse in the most astonishing manner. It has been considered peculiarly adapted to the cure of pul monary diseases ; but its good effects equally extend to all cases of sub-acute inflammation, whether seated in the stomach, liver, spleen, in testines, kidneys, or bladder, and most particu larly in the mucous membrane." The following is the result of an analysis of these waters by Professor Rogers, the geologist of Virginia : — To 1 gallon, sulphuretted hydrogen, cubic ' inches, 4.54 ; carbonic acid, 8.75 ; nitrogen, 4.25 ; making the gaseous contents 17.54. Solid contents of 32 cubic inches of water, 1.25; consisting of sulphate of soda, lime, and magnesia, carbonate of lime, and muriate of soda. Temperature, 54° Fahrenheit. A visitor to the Rod Sulphur Springs thus describes the natural situation and the accommo dations of the place : — " The approach to the village is beautifully romantic and picturesque. Wending his way around a high mountain, the weary traveller is ( for a moment charmed out of his fatigue by the sudden view of his resting-place, some hundreds of feet immediately beneath him. Continuing the circuitous descent, he at length reaches a ravine, which conducts him, after a few rugged steps,, to tho entrance of a verdant glen, sur rounded on all sides by lofty mountains. The S. end of this enchanting vale, which is the widest portion of it, is about 200 feet in width. Its course is nearly N. for about 1 50 yards, when it begins gradually to contract, and change its direction to tho N. W. and W., until it terminates in a narrow point. This beautifully secluded IN THE UNITED STATES. 667 Tempe is the chosen site of the village. The S. ¦portion, just at the base of the E. and W. moun tains, is that upon which stand the various edi fices for the accommodation of visitors. These buildings are spacious and conveniently ar ranged; the servants 'are prompt and obedient; and the table d'hdte is abundantly supplied with every thing that can tempt the appetite. The promenades are beautifully embellished, and shaded from the midday sun by large sugar maples, the natives of the forest." The springs are situated in the S. W. part of the valley, and the water is collected into two white marble fountains, over which is thrown a beautiful octagon-shaped pavilion. Regular stages, or post coaches, arrive here dai ly, both from the N. and S. For further particu lars of the general route, see White Sulphur Springs. RICHFIELD SPRINGS, N. Y., Situated in Otsego co., on the N. side of Schuyler's Lake, about 1 mile from the lake shore. They are reached by the railroad, from the E. or W., to Herkimer, whence stage coaches and other conveyances convey passengers to the springs, 12 miles distant. The accommodations for visitors are very convenient and agreeable, having been greatly enlarged and improved within a recent period. The hotels are of the first class, supplying every luxury and comfort usually found at these resorts. At the lake, pleasure boats and fishing apparatus are kept in readiness for vis itors. The ride to Otsego Lake is over a fine road, a distance of 6 miles. The following is an analysis of the Sulphur Spring : Bicarbonate of soda, 20 grains ; bicar bonate of lime, 10 grains; chloride of sodium and magnesia, 1.5; sulphate of magnesia, 90; hydro-sulphate of magnesia and lime, 2 ; sulphate of lime, 90 ; solid matter, 153.5 ; sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 20.8 inches per gallon. — These are sometimes known as Canaderaga Springs. ROAN MOUNTAIN, N. C. The location of this mountain is 35 miles N. W. of Morgantown, and about 15 miles from Black Mountain, which we have mentioned in its place. The height of this mountain is 6038 feet. It is ascended with less difficulty than Black Mountain, and, though less elevated by more than 500 feet, is considered more beautiful as a height to be visited. Near its S. W. extremity there is a body of rocks resembling in appear ance the ruins of an ancient castle. ROCKAWAY BEACH, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. Tins' fashionable watering-place is on the At lantic shore of Long Island, about 20 miles from New York. The principal hotel is the Marine Pavilion, which is a splendid establishment, erect ed in 1834, upon the beach, only a short distance from the ocean. There is also another hotel, which is well kept, and several boarding-houses, where the visitor or the invalid may enjoy the invigorating ocean breezes with less of cost and display than at the hotels. The most convenient route to Rockaway is by the Long Island Rail road to Jamaica, .12 miles from New York, and thence 8 miles by stage to the beach. RYE BEACH, N. H. The sea-coast in this town extends about 6 miles, making nearly one fifth of the whole- sea board of N. H. There are within this distance two or three beautiful beaches, or rather portions of the beach, to which resort is had for sea bath ing and summer recreations. At the principal place of resort, known as Rye Beach, there are pleasant accommodations provided for the enter tainment of visitors. It lies E. of. Portsmouth about 6 miles. SACHEM'S HEAD, CT This is an attractive watering-place on the Connecticut shore of Long Island Sound, 16 miles E. of New Haven, and 3 miles E. of Guil ford Point. It has a spacious and elegant hotel, with ample accommodations for visitors. The place is wild and picturesque, and the sea breeze, bathing, rides, &c, are peculiarly grateful and refreshing during the sultry summer months. SAGUENAY RIVER, CANADA. Within a few years, the trip by steamboat from Quebec to this remarkable river, occupying from three to four days, has become a very fashionable excursion. We shall include in this article, therefore, some notices of the most interesting places which may deserve the attention of the tourist upon such a trip. Starting from Quebec, and descending the St. Lawrence, the Falls of Montmorenci are seen to great advantage, about 7 miles below, precipi tating their snow-white cataract over the lofty bank into the river. For a particular description of these falls, the reader is referred to the article upon that interesting natural curiosity, on page 272. The Island of Orleans is next passed, on the left ; the principal ship channel of the riyer being that upon the N. W. side of the island. This is a fertile tract embraced within two encir cling arms of the St. Lawrence, 21 miles long by 6 or 7 miles wide, and in part covered with forest. It rises from 50 to 100 feet above the water. St. Patrick's Hole, 11 miles below Quebec, on the Orleans shore, is a fine anchorage for vessels of the largest size. Here, about 25 years ago, an immense ship was built, of 3700 'tons register, with a view of taking her to England, and saving the duty on the timber of which she was com posed. She crossed the Atlantic ; but as the object was defeated, she returned again to this country. In the attempt to make a second voyage, she was wrecked. Fourteen miles below Quebec, on the other side of this island, is tho Parish of St. Laurent. The S. E. shore of the St. Lawrence, for many miles below Point Levi, presents a succession of villages and hamlets, con sisting each of a cluster of houses after the French Canadian style, one story high, with both roof and sides painted white, and with a church standing in the midst. After passing Madam Island, 26 miles from Quebec, the river widens to 10 miles, and continues generally to increase in width to its mouth. Cape Tourment, 30 miles below Quebec, is a bold promontory rising to the height of 2000 feet, and seen at a great distance. Grasse Island, opposite this promontory, is the Quarantine Sta tion for vessels inward bound, and has a hospital, a Roman Catholic chapel, and other buildings suited to the design of the establishment. Goose Island, 45 miles from Quebec, is owned by the nuns, and is cultivated as a farm by tenants. About 70 miles below Quebec is the Isle aux Coudres, (Isle of Filberts,) said to have been so named by Jacques Cartier, on his first voyage of 66S MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, discovery up the St. Lawrence. On the S. E. shqre of this island is St. Anne, where is a Catho lic college, and a settlement of considerable size. Kamouraska, on the S. E. shore, about 90 miles below Quebec, containing about 1600 inhabitants, has become a favorite place of resort, during the summer months, for the inhabitants of Montreal and Quebec, for purposes of fishing and bath ing, and is doubtless destined to become a fash ionable watering-place, where, as the waters are perfectly salt, invalids and the seekers of pleas ure may enjoy sea-bathing and other recreations. There is a settlement at the mouth of the River Du Loup, which comes into the St Lawrence from the S. E. 120 miles below Quebec, containing some 1 500 or 1800 inhabitants. Here commences the great road from the St. Lawrence River to the St. John's, by the way of the Madawaska River and settlement. As you come to the mouth of the Saguenay, which is 140 miles from Quebec, the waters of the St. Lawrence take a blackish appearance, which is perceivable for many miles below, extending far out into the river. This discoloration is occasioned by the entrance of the waters of this great tributary, which are of a very dark hue. Off the mouth of this river is Red Island, and nearly opposite is Green Island, which are among the first of the islands met with in ascending the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence River, below this point, assumes an imposing ap pearance ; being clear of islands, and gradually widening until its breadth exceeds 100 miles. We are now at the mouth of the Saguenay, to visit which is the principal object of the excur sion. From the strange, wild, and romantic char acter of the scenery along its banks, as well as •from the great depth and almost inky blackness of its waters, this may be considered as unques tionably the most remarkable river on the Amer ican continent. It is about a. mile wide at its confluence with the St. Lawrence ; and, in differ ent parts of its course above, is often from 2 to 3 miles in width. It is one of the most important tributaries of this great river ; its volume of wa ter is indeed immense ; and the depth and force of its current is so sensibly felt at its junction with the St. Lawrence, that vessels going up or down are obliged to yield to its influence for sev eral miles. With the exception of the St. Law rence itself, it is decidedly the largest river E. of the Appalachian chain of mountains. It is the only outlet of the beautiful Lake of St. John, which lies about 140 miles nearly W. from the River St. Lawrence, in an immense valley forming part of the territory belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company. This lake is nearly circular in its form, being between 30 and 40 miles in diam eter ; and it constitutes the great natural reser voir into which no less than twelve rivers, and many smaller streams, discharge their waters. The Saguenay is tho channel by which this vast collection of water finds its way to the St. Law rence, draining an area of country which is more extensive than all the rest of Lower Canada, although but little known, and till lately almost entirely uninhabited, except by one or two hun dred Indian families. The first half of the course of the river lies through a wilderness of hills, covered with an unbroken forest of pine, fir, and spruce ; and numerous and formidable rapids in this part render the navigation difficult, and even hazard ous, except to experienced canoe-men. Below Chicoutimi, however, which is 68 miles from its mouth, it is navigable for the largest vessels. From the Ha-HaBay, which is 12 or 15 miles below Chicoutimi, the passage of the waters of the Saguenay, for the whole distance of 50 miles to the St. Lawrence, is one of the wonders of na ture. They penetrate through solid mountains of sienitic granite, which seem to have been split asunder by the upheavings of an earth quake, thus forming an immense canal, with.banks of perpendicular rocks, towering up to 1500 or 2000 feet above the water, which is about 150 fathoms deep nearly the whole distance. In many places the largest vessel may run close to the perpendicular cliffs, with 100 fathoms water. Its depth, at several different points indeed, has never been ascertained. It has been plumbed, in some of these places, with a line of 330 fathoms, or 1 980 feet, and that, too, immediately at the base of the cliff, and yet no bottom found. Mr. Lanman, a talented artist and an accom plished writer, who recently made a tour through Lower Canada, thus speaks of the Saguenay: " Imagine, for a moment, an extensive country of rocky and thinly-clad mountains, suddenly separated by some convulsion of nature, so as to form an almost bottomless chasm, varying from 1 to 2 miles in width ; and then imagine this chasm suddenly half filled with water, and that the moss of centuries has softened the rugged walls on either side, and you will have a pretty accurate idea of the Saguenay." " Generally speaking," he continues, " these towering bul warks are not content to loom perpendicularly into the air, but they must needs bend over as if to look at their own savage features reflected in the deep. . . . Awful beyond expression is the sen sation which one experiences in sailing along the Saguenay, raising his eye heavenward, to behold, hanging directly over his head, a mass of granite apparently ready to totter and fall, and weighing perhaps a million of tons. Terrible and sub lime, beyond the imagery of the most daring poet, are these cliffs ; which, while they proclaim the omnipotent power of God, at the same time whisper into the ear of man that he is but as the moth that flutters in the noontide air." Another writer has remarked that " the power and pride of man is as much humbled, in some parts of this tremendous chasm, as in the immediate presence of Niagara Falls." Not the least remarkable feature of this river is the ridge of rocks lying across its mouth. This ridge is below the surface, and through it is a channel 120 feet deep, on the upper side of which the depth immediately increases to 840 feet ; so that, even at its mouth, the bed of tho Saguenay is absolutely 600 feet, or thereabout, below that of the St." Lawrence, into which it empties. After entering the river, the hills soon rise abruptly from the water's edge, presenting an appearance, at first somewhat similar to tho en trance into the Highlands, from the N., on the Hudson River. Tadousac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, on the St. Lawrence, is a small place, occupied as a trading post with the Indians, by the Hudson's Bay Company. Tete du Boiile is a round mountain peak about a mile from Tadousac. The Two Profiles, a few miles farther up, ele vated several hundred feet above the water, bear a striking resemblance to the outline of the human face. At St. John's Bay, 28 miles above IN THE UNITED STATES. 669 Tadousac, are extensive lumber establishments. Eternity Point, and Trinity Point, on the S. side of the river, 34 miles from the mouth, are two enormous masses of rock, rising abruptly from the water's edge to the height of 1500 feet. Fifty- seven miles from Tadousac opens the Ha-Ha Bay, or Great Bay, as it is sometimes called. At the head of 'this bay there is a large lumbering establishment, with several extertsive saw-mills, ' which is said to give employment to 2000 persons living in the regions of the Saguenay and the St. Lawrence. At Chicoutimi, 68 miles from Ta dousac, where our steamboat excursion must necessarily terminate, is another trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company. Two or three dwell ings, and a small but venerable looking Roman Catholic chapel, constitute the settlement. It is one of those stations where, in- former days, the Jesuit missionaries established a home for them selves. The church edifice, which yet remains to attest their religious zeal, is believed to be one of the first erected in Canada. Standing here, in so romantic and remote a spot, it is a peculiarly agreeable object. It is about 100 yards from the margin of the stream, in the centre of a plat of greensward, set out with shrubbery, with forest- trees crowning the rising ground in the rear. The old bell, still remaining in the tower, is cov ered with characters, or hieroglyphics, which the most learned visitors have not been able to in terpret. Here assemble, in the months of June and July, every year, the children of tho forest, v some of them from the far north, to meet the Catholic priests, who visit the place at that sea son, to minister to the spiritual wants of such as still adhere to the religion which their ¦ fathers were taught in earlier ages, and reverence the spot hallowed by traditional associations. The Indians in the immediate neighborhood have, in a great measure, abandoned the use of strong drink, and have become orderly and decent in comparison with the other scattered remnants of their race. Beyond this point all traces of civilization end. But "the region of the Saguenay cannot long remain waste and unoccupied. It is doubtless destined to become the abode of an active and en terprising population. The aspect of the country around Chicoutimi is divested of the rugged character which distinguishes the banks of the Saguenay for the first 50 miles ; and as the traveller penetrates into the interior, the appear ance of the country indicates a superior soil. The climate, which, in the vicinity of Lake St. John, approaches very nearly to that of the dis trict of Montreal, is well adapted to the purposes of agriculture ; and the virgin soil cannot fail to repay the labor which shall be bestowed upon it. ST. ANTHONY'S FALLS. These falls are on the Upper Mississippi River, about 7 miles above Fort Snelling. They are a succession of boisterous rapids, with one cataract about midway, of 16 feet perpendicular descent. The Mississippi is here forced through a narrow, descending channel, which is blocked up with huge rocks piled one upon another, sometimes to an enormous height, and assuming many and singularly unnatural appearances. It is through and around these jagged rocks that the river urges its fretted course, foaming and tumbling with a deafening roar. The river seems to stop for a moment ere it encounters the fall ; then,'breaking through every obstacle, it plunges on, its huge billows breaking on the rocks, and throwing a shower of spray over each little rocky island in the channel. There is great grandeur and beauty in the scenery at these falls. The whole descent of the river here is about 40 feet. Steamboats freighted with merchandise for the country above St. Anthony's Falls here find an important carry ing-place, and it is remarkable that this is the only carrying-place in the whole length of this magnificent river. From these falls to St. Louis, 792 miles. SALISBURY BEACH, MS. This pleasant beach, from 4 to 5 miles distant from Newburyport, is celebrated for its beauty and salubrity, and is much frequented during the warm season. SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA. This pleasant watering place is situated in Monroe co., 24 miles distant from the White Sulphur Springs. They are encircled by moun tains on every side. They are much visited by invalids and others, and enjoy a high reputation for the virtues of tlieir waters, as well as for the excellent accommodations with which they are furnished. The temperature of their waters va ries from 49° to 56° Fahrenheit. SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y. This is the most celebrated watering-place in the U. S. There are here, within the distance of about half a mile, as many as 10 or 12 mineral springs, with properties considerably various, and all highly efficacious in their remedial use. This place has become the annual resort of thousands, especially during the months of July and August, who come in pursuit of health or pleasure, from every section of this country and of Europe. Large and splendid accommodations are provided in the various hotels and boarding-houses, which, in the season of company, are often thronged with visitors, presenting an animated scene of gayety, luxury, and display. The village, which is in the N. part of the township of Saratoga, is pleasantly situated on a sandy plain, in part surrounded hy a beautiful grove of pines, having its principal street upon the W. margin of a narrow vale in which the springs are found. On this broad street the largest hotels are situated, with several of the churches and other public edifices, which give to it an imposing appearance. The United States Hotel, which is perhaps the most extensive and magnificent of these establishments, is a large, four story brick edifice, furnishing accommoda tions for about 400 guests, located in a central po sition, and within a short distance of all the most important mineral springs. Congress Hall and Unior. Hall are both large and elegant establish ment';, situated also at the S. part of the village, near the Congress Spring. All these houses have beautiful grounds connected with them in the rear, with spacious piazzas and colonnades, and are fitted up with special reference to the demands of the more wealthy and pleasure-loving portion of the visitors at the springs. They are only kept open during the season of fashionable resort. The Pavilion Hotel, which was of this class, was de stroyed by fire in 1843. Other houses, as tho American Hotel, Columbian Hotel, Montgom ery Hall, Adelphi Hotel, and Washington Hall 670 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, remain open during the whole year. Besides these, there are several respectable hotels of less note, affording good accommodations both sum mer and winter. .Near the springs there are sev eral public bathing-houses, where cold and warm water, and shower baths, can at all times be ob tained. The celebrated mineral waters, which aro the great cause of attraction to this place, require a more particular notice. They issue from the limestone formation, wtiich underlies the whole surface of sandy soil upon which the village is built ; most of them coming out near the margin of a small stream which runs through the village, in the narrow valley on the E. of tho principal street. It is not known at what precise period these springs were first discovered. It is said thaf the whites. discovered them by remarking the track of the deer, who frequented them in such numbers as to wear a path to the spot. In 1773, a settlement was established here for the double purpose of trading with the Indians, and of accom modating invalids who might seek the benefit of two of these fountains of health, which were then all that were known. These were those since dis tinguished as the Flat Rock and the High Rock Springs, which had made themselves more ob vious tban the rest by a remarkable limestone deposit around tlieir orifices. There are now ten or twelve different springs coming to the surface, within the extent of about half a mile, in whose waters the mineral elements of soda, magnesia, lime, and iron, with others in less volume, are combined, in different propor tions, with carbonic aeid gas. Their prevailing character is that of saline and chalybeate waters. Congress Spring, Washington Spring, Putnam's Spring, Pavilion Spring, Iodine Spring, Hamilton Spring. Empire Spring, and the Flat Rock and High Rock Springs, may be mentioned as the most celebrated for their medicinal virtues. A cluster, known as the " Ten Springs," is situated about a mile E. of the village, the most valued of which is known as the Union Spring. The Mansion House, a well-kept summer establish ment, is near to this locality. The Congress Spring is the most copious, the most frequented, and the most salubrious of all the springs in Saratoga. It was discovered in 1792, by a member of Congress, named Gillman, issuing from an aperture in the side of a rock, which formed the margin of a little brook. Af ter several years, the supply from this small ori fice in the rock being wholly insufficient to meet the increasing demands of visitors, an attempt was made to remove the obstructions to its more abundant flow ; in consequence of which the spring for a time disappeared, and was supposed to be forever lost. But at length signs of gas were observed rising through the water, from the bottom of the brook, which led to the ultimate recovery of this most invaluable fountain. By turning aside the stream, and digging about 8 feet through marl and gravel to the rock, its per manent source was found, and over it a tube 10 inches square was placed, through which an abundant supply of the finest mineral water con tinually rises to the surface. The Pavilion Spring also is brought from an orifice in the rock 40 feet under ground, and tubed up at great expense. This spring contains more of the carbonic acid gas than any other, and next to the Congress is most resorted to. These waters are highly efficacious in many inveterale cases of disease. But even this is not their most important benefit They have an al most magic effect upon the healthy system, to renovate and invigorate its energies, when relaxed from long confinement to business, or from sed entary habits, and to remove the latent causes of languor and disease. Their chief medicinal properties are of the cathartic and tonic kinds. Large quantities of these waters are bottled, transported, and sold in the various cities, which is one of the methods in which the springs, which are mostly the property of individuals, are made a source of profit to their several own ers. For the use of the water at the springs no expense is incurred, except what is volun tarily given to those in waiting. It is a sufficient proof of the estimation in which they are held, to state that upwards of 35,000 persons generally visit Saratoga during the summer season, and that there are sometimes not less than 3000 vis itors at the same time in the various hotels and boarding-houses. We copy the following analysis of several of the above-named springs from the little work of Dr. R. L. Allen, a physician resident at Sara toga:— Congress Spring. To one cubic gallon : chloride of sodium, grs. 390.246 ; hydriodate of soda, and bromide of potassium, 6.000 ; carbonate of soda, 9.213; carbonate of magnesia, 100.981 ; carbon ate of lime, 103.416; carbonate of iron, 1.000; silex and alumina, 1.036. Solid contents, 611.892 Carbonic acid gas, 386.188; atmospheric air, 3.261. Gaseous contents, 389.449. High Rock Spring. To one gallon : chloride of sodium, grs. 190.233 ; carbonate of magne sia, 62.100 ; carbonate of lime, 71.533 ; carbonate of soda, 18.421 ; carbonate of iron, 4.233 ; hydri odate of soda. 2.177 ; silex and alumina, 2.500; hydriobromate of potash, a small quantity. Solid contents, 351.197. Carbonic acid gas, 331.666 ; atmospheric air, 2.000. Gaseous contents, 333.666. Hamilton Spring. To one gallon : chloride of sodium, grs. 290.500 ; carbonate of soda, 33.500 ; carbonate of lime, 95.321 ; carbonate of magne sia, 38.000 ; carbonate of iron, 4.500 ; hydriodate of soda, 3.500 ; bromide of potash, a trace ; silex and alumina, 1.000. Solid contents, 466.321. Carbonic acid gas, 340.777 ; atmospheric air. 2.461. Gaseous contents, 343.238. Tempera ture of the water, 48-. Putnam's Spring. To one gallon : chloride of sodium, grs. 220.000; carbonate of soda, 15.321 ; carbonate of magnesia, 45.500 ; carbonate of lime, 70.433 ; carbonate of iron, 5.333 ; hydriodate of soda, 2.500 ; bromide of potash, a trace ; silex and alumina, 1.500. Solid contents, 370.587. Carbonic acid gas, 317.753 ; atmospheric air, 3.080. Gaseous contents, 320.833. Tempera ture, 48°. Iodine Spring. To one gallon : chloride of sodium, grs. 147.665; carbonate of magnesia, 73.348 ; carbonate of lime, 28.955 ; carbonate of soda, 3.000 ; carbonate of iron, .900 ; hydriodate of soda, 3.566. Solid contents, 257.434. Carbonic acid gas, 344.000 ; atmospheric air, 2.500. Gaseous contents, 346.5. Pavilion Spring. To one gallon : chloride of sodium, grs. 183.814; carbonate of soda, 6.000 carbonate of lime, 59.593 ; carbonate of magnesia, 58.266 ; carbonate of iron, 4.133 ; iodide, sodium, IN THE UNITED STATES. 671 and bromide of potassa, 2.566 ; sulphate of soda, 1.000; alumina, a trace; silex, 1.000. Solid con tents, 316.372. Carbonic acid, 369.166 ; atmospheric air, 3.333. Gaseous contents, 372.499. Empire Spring. To one gallon : chloride of sodium, grs. 215^756 ; bi-curbonate of lime, 24.678; bi-carbonate of magnesia, 1 13.459 ; bi-carbonate of soda, 33.584 ; hydriodate of potassa, 9.600 ; iron, 0.500 ; silex and alumina, 1.300. Solid con tents, 399.877. Carbonic acid gas, 260.132 ; atmospheric air, 3.314. Gaseous contents, 263.446. These springs are situated 23 miles from Schenectady, and 37 from Albany. To New York, by Schenectady and Albany, 182 miles ; to Utica by Schenectady, 95 miles ; to Montreal, by Lakes George and Champlain, 226 miles ; hy Whitehall and Lake Champlain, 219 miles; to Boston, by way of Troy, 238 miles. A very pleasant way of getting to the springs from the northward and eastward is by the way of Lake Champlain and Lake George. See Fort Ticon deroga, p. 266. SAYBROOK POINT, CT. The situation of this ancient town on the W. shore and at the mouth of Connecticut River, having Long Island Sound on the S., gives it a fine exposure to the cool, invigorating breezes from the saltwater ; and offers at the same time peculiar facilities for pleasure excursions upon the river, which here spreads out into a broad and beautiful sheet of water. The Point is a penin sula about one mile in length, crescent-shaped in form, and connected with the main land by a narrow neck, over which the tide sometimes flows. The harbor, making up from the river, lies in the bosom of this peninsula, on the side opposite the sea. Towards its extremity the land is elevated, and spread out to about three quarters of a mile in breadth, affording space for a considerable set tlement, which has existed hero from- the earliest colonial history of the country. Indeed, the ven erable antiquities and important historical asso ciations of this spot, constitute one of its peculiar attractions as a place of temporary resort. The monument of the Lady Fenwick is still extant, a handsome estate on the opposite side of the river being held, it is said, from an original grant, on the condition of keeping it in a good state of preservation. A square was laid out on this peninsula, on which it was intended to erect houses for Cromwell, Pym, Hasselrig, and Hamp den, who, it is understood, had actually embarked in the Thames to occupy this ground. Here, too, arc to be seen some relics of the ancient founda tions of Yale College, which had its location on this point for 15 years. The old burial-ground, also, is a place of great interest to be visited. Lyme, on the opposite bank of the river, is like wise a pleasant town, affording delightful accom modations to persons from the cities and the interior seeking tho refreshment of a sojourn in the summer on the sea-coast. There aro two hotels on Saybrook Point, which are delightfully situated and well kept ; also many other places where board can bo obtained. Steamboats run down the river to New York and to New London, Ct., stopping at Saybrook. It will soon be reached also by the New Haven and New London Railroad, which is in process of con struction. SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN, N. J. This is a placo of much fashionable resort, during the summer months, for its pure air and romantic scenery. Belmont Hall, an excellent public house, is located on its top, at an elevation of 2000 feet, from which the prospect is almost unrivalled. There is also, near the summit, a mineral spring of considerable celebrity. It con tains muriate of soda, muriate of lime, muriate of ma'gnesia, sulphato of lime, carbonate of mag nesia, silex, and carbonated oxide of iron. It has a temperature of 56° Fahrenheit, and dis charges 30 gallons an hour. Seven miles from the spring, on the mountain, is Budd's Pond, 2 miles long and 1 mile wide, of great depth, and clear as crystal, which abounds with fish, and is furnished with a pleasure boat for the use of fishing parties and parties of pleas-* uro. This placo is approached from New York by railroad to Morristown, 32 miles, from which the mountain is about 20 miles. Philadelphia pas sengers leave the cars at New Brunswick, and take the stage via Somerville. It is 86 miles from Philadelphia, via Trenton. SHARON SPRINGS, N. Y., In the town of Sharon, in Schoharie co., about 45 miles W. of Albany by the Cherry Valley Turnpike. They are also reached by stages from Canajoharie, on the Utica and Schenectady Rail road, from which place they are distant about 12 miles, in a S. W. direction. There aro two springs, called the Sulphur and the Magnesia Springs, situated at the foot of a hill, near the village, about half a mile N. of the turnpike road. These waters are highly impregnated with sulphur; strongly resembling the White Sulphur Springs of Virginia. They are pure and clear, and have been found to be highly efficacious in cutaneous, dyspeptic, and rheumatic complaints. They have an exhilarating effect upon the spirits, invigorat ing the system, and purifying the complexion, and in some respects possess medicinal and heal ing properties unsurpassed by any in the country. The Pavilion House, at this place, is a large establishment, well constructed, and admirably arranged to accommodate a great number of visitors. It stands upon a commanding emi nence, having a piazza with lofty columns in front, which give to it an elegant and inviting appearance. The prospect towards the N. is al most unlimited, and by many considered hardly inferior to that from tho Catskill Mountain House. Its elevated situation, always securing a pure and bracing atmosphere, conspires with the use of the waters to render the residence of vis itors here in hot weather delightfully salubrious and refreshing. . SIASCONSET, MS. See Nantucket. SQUANTUM, MS. This is a small, rocky peninsula, jutting out between Dorchester and Quincy Bays, in Boston harbor, 5 miles S. of Boston, and near the mouth of Neponset River. It has ever been celebrated as a favorite resort, first by the red men, and after wards by the whites, for fishing and fowling. In 1621, when our Pilgriin Fathers, 10 in num ber, with Squantum, or Tisquantum, and two other Indians for their guides, made their first G72 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, excursion to Massachusetts Bay, as related by Winslow, they anchored at night under Nantasket Head, and then ran over to tho Dorchester shore at this place, which they called Squantum, from the name of the friendly Indian who accompanied them. This place is admirably adapted to the enjoy ment of sea air and bathing, and to the procuring of shell and other fish. In tho warm season of the year, it is frequently thronged by visitors from Boston and the neighboring towns, who obtain these luxuries in great abundance, and at a mod erate expense. On the approach to Squantum by land, the ride is through some of the finest farms in the vicinity of Boston. Indeed the ap proach to this little peninsula, either by land or water, is delightful. STAFFORD SPRINGS, CT. These mineral waters have had a considerable notoriety ever since the settlement of that por tion of Connecticut in which they are situated. The Indians first made the early inhabitants ac quainted with- their existence, it having been their practice, from timo immemorial, to resort to them in the warm season, and to plant their wigwams around them. They recommended the water as an eye water ; but gave, as tlieir own particular reason for drinking it, that it " enlivened their spirits." It is said that, in 1766, Dr. Joseph War ren, afterwards General Warren, the patriot, who fell on Bunker Hill, made a careful examination of these waters, and had thoughts of purchasing the land on which they rise, with a view of estab lishing himself there. There are two distinct springs, the medicinal properties of which are considerably diverse. One of them, and that which has been longest known, contains a solution of iron, sustained by carbonic acid gas ; a portion of marine salt ; some earthy substances, and an element called natron, or native alkali. This spring has been pro- hounoed by chemists to be one of the most effi cacious of the chalybeate springs in the United States. The other spring, as analyzed by Professor Silliman in 1810, contains hydrogen gas and sul phur in large proportions, and a small propor tion of iron. In the year 1765, an effectual cure occurring of a most obstinate case of cutaneous disease, which had baffled all medical skill, very much raised the reputation of these springs ; in consequence of which they immediately became a place of much resort for persons afflicted with various diseases. Within a few years past, it has been ascertained, as it is confidently believed, that tho use of these waters operates as a thorough and effectual means of eradicating scrofula from the human system. Dr. Willard subsequently carried into execu tion the plan of the lamented Dr. Warren, by building a large hotel for the reception of invalids and others. This establishment has been con tinued, with enlargements and improvements, to the present time. The situation is one which has many attractions for the lovers of bold and ro mantic scenery ; and offords a most grateful retreat in summer from tho heat, din, and dust of our large cities and crowded marts of business. The New London, Willimantic, and Palmer Railroad, connecting with the Western Railroad at the latter place, passes by Stafford Springs, thus making the place easy of access from Bos ton, New York, and all other places on the prin cipal routes through New England. SWEET SPRINGS, VA. These springs are situated in a wide and beau tiful valley among the mountains in the E. ex tremity of Monroe co., the region of the mineral springs of Virginia. Their temperature is 73° Fahrenheit. They are celebrated for the tonic power of their waters, whether used externally or internally. They are only 17 miles distant E. from the celebrated White Sulphur Springs. TINTON FALLS, N. J. See Long Branch. TRENTON FALLS, N. Y , Eighteen miles N. E. from Utica, are on the West Canada Creek, in the town of Trenton. These falls are among the most interesting of the natural curiosities of the U. S. The creek, or stream, here has its bed, for a distance of two or three miles, deep in the stratum of dark-colored limestone, which underlies the soil, and the whole is so densely embosomed in the primitive forest, that no token of the long and deep gorge through which the waters rush is visible till you are on the very brink. In one place, the banks of this gulf are about 140 feet in perpendicular height The average breadth, between the banks, is about 200 feet. Within a distance of two miles, there are no less than six distinct cascades, interchan ging with rapids as picturesque as the falls them selves. From the Upper Falls, where the water pitches over a descent of 20 feet, into a spacious basin, the river dashes along down its rocky bed for about a mile, to the second falls, called the Cascades, consisting of two pitches, with inter vening rapids, having a fall of 18 feet. A little belo^w is the third fail, called the Milldam, from the regularity and smoothness of the sheet of water, which here rolls over a precipice of 20 feet. About 40 rods below this arc the High Falls. At this place, the most remarkable fea tures of the spectacle are presented. The volume of the river is separated by rifts in the ledge into three distinct cataracts, which have a perpendic ular fall of 109 feet, from the brink of the preci pice to the bed From Portland, the route to Gorham, N. H., north of Mount Washington, has the recommen dation of being direct and expeditious, being all (he way by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Rail road ; and when this road shall have been carried through, to connect with the railroad already opened upon the other end of the route, from where it strikes the Connecticut River to Mon treal, this route will accommodate a great number of visitors, especially those who have not the time to spare for a visit to the Notch. But the route from Portland by way of Sebago Lake will be preferred, of course, by those who wish to pass through the Notch, as well as to as cend the mountains. This is truly a delightful route, presenting every variety of scenery which these romantic regions afford. The passage of 30 miles through the lakes and the winding itreams which connect them, in a pleasant day, is almost enchnnting. At Bridgeton, too, the traveller is in the vicinity of Pleasant Mountain, described on p. 280, which, with its fine hotel, and prospect upon the summit, offers a delightful resting-place for any time which the tourist may have to spare. After passing through the Notch, this route continues to Littleton, on Connecticut River, which is only 18 miles beyfad Fahyan's White Mountain House, and is the point to which travellers are brought upon two or three other favorite routes to this alpine region of the north. One of these is that from Boston through the Franconia Notch ; and the distance from Lit tleton to the Lafayette House, near the Old Man of the Mountain, in the passage through this Notch, is onlv 12 miles. See p. 266. 2. From Boston, via Dover, N. H., and Lake Winnipiseogee. — From Boston, by the Boston and Maine Railroad, or upper route to Portland, as it is called, as far as Dover, N. H., 68 miles ; thence by the Cocheco Railroad, through Roch ester, to Alton Bay, at the south-east extremity of Lake Winnipiseogee, 28 miles, where passen gers take the elegant little steamboat which runs upon the lake for Wolf boro', a distance of 10 miles; whence they pass by stage coaches to Conwav, 32 miles ; and thence onward to the White Mountains, by the remainder of the route, as described in No. 1. This is the shortest route between Boston and the White Mountains, the whole distance to the White Mountain House being only 174 miles. It is likewise a very pleasant route, passing through the fine towns of Andover, Lawrence, Haverhill, Exeter, and Dover, on the upper route to Portland, and then, after leaving that route, furnishing the agreeable variety of a sail upon the beautiful waters of the Winnipiseogee. At Wolfboro' a spacious hotel has lately been erect ed, for the accommodation of travellers upon this route. 3. From Boston, via Concord, N. H., and Lake Winnipiseogee. — By railroad to Concord, 76 miles ; thenco by railroad to Weir's Station, on the south-western shore of Lake Winnipiseogee, 33 miles from Concord ; thence on the lake, 10 miles, to Centre Harbor ; and thence hy stage to Fabyan's New House at Conway, 30 miles. From Conway, by stage, the route is the same as de scribed in No. 1. The distance from Boston to the White Mountain House, by this route, is 185 miles. This route is one of great interest to the trav eller in all its parts. The section between Boston and Concord passes through some of the finest cultivated portions of Ms. and N. H., lying chiefly along the valley of the Merrimack, on which are situated the great manufacturing towns of Lowell, Nashua, and Manchester. Concord, which is the capital of N. H., is one of the handsomest places in New England. From Concord, northward, through the Merrimack and the Pemigewasset valleys, the features of the route approach more to wildness, but are, at the same time, picturesque and lovely in a high degree. The trip over the lake is also very agreeable in a different way, affording a most delightful ex cursion upon the clear waters and among the fairy islands of this miniature Archipelago, and bringing up at the pleasantly-situated and well- kept hotel of Mr. Coe, at Centre Harbor. Be tween this place and Conway, the route lies by Red Hill and Chocorua Mountain, tho former of which is easily ascended from Centre Harbor, and affords a delightful view of the Winnipiseo gee and the surrounding country. The travel ling public are much indebted to the enterprise of Captain William Walker, formerly of Con cord, who was the first to make the experiment of placing upon this lovely sheet of water a steamboat, fitted up and furnished in such a style as to be worthy of their patronage. 4. From Boston, via Concord, N. H., and the Franconia Notch. — To Concord by railroad, 76 miles ; thence by railroad, on the same route as in No. 3, to Meredith Bridge, 27 miles from Con cord ; to Weir's Station, on Lake Winnipiseogee, 6 miles ; to Plymouth, 18 miles. From Plymouth the route is north by stage up the Pemigewasset valley, to the Flume House, 24 miles ; thence through the Franconia Notch, by the Old Man of the Mountain, to the Lafayette House, 5 miles. From this place, the stage route is to Littleton, 12 miles, and from Littleton to the White Moun tain House, as described in other routes, 1 8 miles ; making the whole distance from Boston 186 miles. Some time and travel may be saved, when at the Lafayette House, by taking a private convey ance direct to Bethlem and the White Mountain House, ouly 16 miles — reducing the distance from Boston to 172 miles. This route, besides tho part which is common to this and No. 3, is much admired on account of the ride which it affords through the Franco nia Notch. This should certainly be enjoyed, either in going or returning, bj^all visitors to the White Mountains. The whole country has scarce ly any excursion to offer more agreeably exciting than the trip from Plymouth to Littleton, through 67S 'MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, this grand avenue among the highlands of the north. For a particular description of this Notch, see p. 266. 5. From New York, via Connecticut River. — From New York to Hartford, Ct, by railroad, via New Haven, the distance is 118 miles; thence to Springfield, 26 miles ; to Northampton, 17 miles ; to Greenfield, 19 miles ; to Brattleboro, 25 miles ; to Bellows Falls, 24 miles ; to Windsor, 17 miles ; to White River, 14 miles; to Hanover, Dart mouth College, and Norwich University, 6 miles ; to Wells River, 34 miles — making an uninter rupted route by railroad, from New York to this place, of 300 miles. From Wells River to Lit tleton, the distance by stage is .12 miles. From Littleton, the route to the White Mountain House is as before described, and the distance 18 miles. Whole distance from New York, 330 miles. This is one of the most pleasant routes of travel which can be chosen in any direction from New York. The lovely scenery and rich culti vation of the Connecticut valley, with the flour ishing towns lying at brief intervals on both sides of the river, only a small part of which have been named above, present a landscape which for wealth, beauty, and extent, is not surpassed by any in the United States. 6. From New York, via Hudson River, Saratoga, and Whitehall. — Another route from New York to the White Mountains is up the North River, to Albany, 145 miles ; thence by railroad to Schenectady, 16 miles ; to Ballston Spa, 14 miles ; to Saratoga Springs, 7 miles. Or from Albany, via Troy, to Saratoga, 37 miles. From Sara toga by railroad, to Whitehall, at the south ern extremity of Lake Champlain, 40 miles ; thence by railroad, via Castleton, to Rutland, 25 miles ; thence to Bellows Falls, 55 miles, where the route connects with the Connecticut River route, described in No. 5. The whole distance from New York to the White Mountain House, by this route, is 403 miles. Those who may prefer to do so can take the steamboats from Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, to Burlington, Vt, 78 miles ; thence by railroad to Montpelier, the capital of Vermont, 40 miles ; and thence to the junction with the Connecticut River route, at the mouth of White River, 52 miles below Littleton, N. H. Another beautiful variation of this route from New York is that by the way of Lake George, which leaves the railroad at the Moreau Station, 16 miles north of Saratoga Springs, and thence by stage over a plank road to Caldwell, at the southern extremity of the lake, 14 miles. A steamboat daily plies on Lake George, to meet the boats on Lake Champlain, at Ticonderoga. Nothing ill the way of travelling excursions, for the distance over which you pass, combines a greater and more pleasing variety of gratifica tions, from scenery, society, and art, than this route from New York to the White Mountains, by whichever of the variations above mentioned it is pursued. Common to them all is tho de lightful trip up the North River, and the visit to the Springs, in respect to which the reader, if not already acquainted with these celebrated resorts, will find interesting particulars given under tho descriptions of the same, on pp. 201 and 289. For a description of Lako George, see also p. 195. The distance from Now York to tho White Mountains, via Boston, 216 miles, and thence by the shortest route, via Dover and Winnipiseogee Lake, to the White Mountain House, 174 miles, is 390 miles. WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA. These are the most celebrated and the most gen erally visited of all the mineral springs of Vir ginia, and are to the south what Saratoga is to the north. They are situated on a branch of the Greenbrier River, in the county of the same name, on the western declivity of the Alleghany ridge, some 6 or 8 miles from the summit of the moun tains. They are in an elevated and beautifully picturesque valley, hemmed in by mountains on every side. Thousands resort to them annually either to enjoy the benefit of the waters, or in pursuit of (recreation and amusement. According to an analysis of the waters by Professor Rodgers, the solid matter procured by evaporation from 100 cubic inches weighs 63.54 grains, composed of sulphate of lime, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of soda, carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, chloride of magnesium, chloride of sodium, chloride of calcium, peroxide of iron, phosphate of lime, sulphate and hydrato of sodium, organic matter, precipitated sulphur, iodine. The gaseous matter consists of sulphu retted hydrogen, carbonic acid, nitrogen, and oxy gen. It is obvious, from this analysis, that the water must exert a very positive agency upon the system. Its remedial virtues extend chiefly to diseases of the liver, kidneys, alimentary canal, and to scrofula, rheumatism, and neuralgia. This place was known to the aborigines as one of the most important licks of the deer and elk. The fame of an extraordinary cure, in 1772. ex perienced by a woman whose disease had baffled all medical skill, and who was brought here on a litter 40 miles, attracted many sick persons to the spring ; and from that time it has been grow ing in favor with the public A visitor to the springs thus describes the place : — " Nature has done every thing to make this an enchanting spot. The valley opens about half a mile in breadth, winding in length from east to west, with graceful undulations, beyond the eye's reach. The fountain issues from the foot of a gentle slope, terminating in the low interval upon a small and beautiful river. The ground ascends from the spring eastward, rising to a considerable eminence on the left, and spreading east and south into a wide and beautiful lawn. The lawn and walks cover perhaps fifty acres. A few rods from the spring, at the right, are the hotel, the dining hall, the ball-room : all the rest of the ground is occupied mainly with cabins. These are rows of contiguous buildings, one story high, mostly of wood, some of brick, and a few of hewed logs whitewashed. The framed cabins are all painted white. Directly to the right of tho spring, and very near it, is Spring Row ; far ther eastward, with a continuous piazza, shaded with vines, is Virginia Row ; at right angles with this, crossing the lawn in the middle, is South Carolina Row ; heading the eastern extremity of the lawn is Bachelor's Row ; on the north side of the lawn, beginning nearest the spring, are Ala bama, Louisiana, Paradise, and Baltimore Rows — the last of which is the most elegant in tho place. Without the enclosure, southward from the fountain, is Broadway ; and a little west from this, on tho Guyandot road, is Wolf Row. The IN THE UNITED STATES. 679 appearance of these cabins, or cottages, painted, decorated, looking forth from the green foliage, and tastefully arranged, is beautiful and impos ing. The fountain is covered with a stately Doric dome, sustained by twelve large pillars, and surmounted with a colossal statue of Hygeia, looking towards the rising sun." There are numerous routes to the Va. springs, all of which within a few years have been greatly improved. One of the pleasantest and most ex peditious routes from Baltimore is by the rail road thence to Harper's Ferry ; thence by railroad to Winchester; thence by stage to Staunton. From Staunton there are two routes, one directly across the mountains, to the warm and hot springs ; the other, via Lexington, to the Natural Bridge, and thence to the White Sulphur Springs. These springs are 304 miles W. of Baltimore. Another route from Baltimore is by Washing ton city, afid thence by steamer to Acquia Creek, and over the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Louisa Railroads, to Gordonsville. From this place the route is by stage, via Charlottesville, to Staunton, and thence to the springs by either of the two routes described above. Travellers from the states S. of Va. take the railroad at Wilmington, N. C, for Richmond. They have thence a conveyance by the canal, 150' miles, to Lynchburg, and thence by stage, either over the road leading by the Natural Bridge, or by the way of Liberty, Fin'castle, and the Sweet Springs, to the White Sulphur. The usual route to the Va. springs, from the W. and S. W., is by leaving the steamboats on the Ohio River, at Guyandotte, and thence pro ceeding by stage to the springs. From Guyan dotte to the White Sulphur Springs, the distance is about 160 miles. WHEELING SUSPENSION BRIDGE, VA. See Wheding. WINNIPISEOGEE LAEE, N. H. This lake possesses singular charms. How ever romantic and beautiful Lake George, the charmer of all travellers, appears in its elevation, the purity of its waters, its depth, its rapid outlet, its 365 islands which bespangle its bosom, its mountain scenery, its fish, its mineralogy, still, in all but its historic fame, it has a rival at the east, in the Winnipiseogee of New Hampshire. There are more than forty different ways of spelling the name of this lake, as might be shown by quoting the authorities. It was formerly written as though it had six syllables ; but the pronunciation which has generally obtained with those best acquainted with the region of the lake, and the Indian pronunciation of the name, was Win-ne-pe-sock-e. The lake is in the counties of Belknap and Carrol. Its form is very irregular. At the west end it is divided into three large bays ; on the north is a fourth ; and at the east end there are three others. Its general course is from north west to south-east ; its length is about 25 miles, and it varies in width from one to ten miles. This lake is environed by the pleasant towns of Moultonboro', Tuftonboro'. Wolfeboro', Centre Harbor, Meredith, Gilford, and Alton, and over looked by other delightful towns. The waters of the Winnipiseogee are remark ably pure, and its depth in some places is said to be unfathomable. Its sources are principally from springs within its bosom. Its outlet is the rapid river of its own name. Its height above the level of the sea is 472 feet. It is stored with a great variety of excellent fish ; in the summer season, steamboats, sloops, and smaller vessels ply on its waters, and in the winter, season it presents an icy expansion of great usefulness and beauty. Like Casco Bay and Lake George, this lake is said to contain 365 islands. Without supposing the days of the year to have been consulted on the subject, the number is very great, several of which comprise farms of from 200 to 500 acres, the product of some of which, under good culti-* vation, has been, extraordinary as it may seem, as high as 113 bushels of coin to the acre. The waters of this lake not only serve as a lovely ornament to the scenery of this region, and as a means of recreation and amusement to the multitude who pass and repass upon them, but answer an important purpose as a great res ervoir of power for the extensive manufacturing establishments at Manchester, Lowell, and other places which are located on the Merrimac River, its outlet to the sea. The fall of this immense body of water, in its passage to the ocean, is so great that its power for manufacturing purposes can hardly be computed. The route from Portland to this beautiful in land water is by railroad to Dover, N. H., 42 miles, and thence by railroad to Alton Bay, 28 miles; whole distance from Portland, 70 miles. From Alton Bay a fine steamer runs over the lake to Wolfboro"', and to Centre Harbor, at dif ferent points on the opposite shore, and also to Weir's Station, at its south-western extremity, where the Boston, Concord and Montreal Rail road passes. At Wolfboro' and at Centre Har bor there are excellent hotels for the entertain ment of travellers ; and both of these places are points of departure from the lake, on different routes for the White Mountains. For routes from Boston and other places, converging to these points, the reader is referred to Routes to the White Mountains, p. 296. The facility with which this charming lake is now reached, by the various routes from our large cities on the sea-coast, cannot fail to render the region of its fertile shores, at no distant day, an eligible locality for the country seats of persons of taste and wealth ; where they may come and enjoy, if any where on earth, through the ex pression of natural scenery, that which it is said the Indians meant by the name Winnipiseogee — The smile of the Great Spirit. LIGHT-HOUSES THE UNITED STATES %* The following table is taken from the list of light-houses, beacons, and floating lights, with the names of the states in which they are situated, their places of location, their latitude and longitude, and some remarks, as copied from a pamphlet containing an account of the light-houses in the United States, on July 1, 1851, and published by authority. Latitude all N. ; longitude all W. from Green wich, 5 miles E. from London. Within a few years, many of these light-houses have been rebuilt, or repaired, and furnished with plate glass. The light-houses on the American coast are considered by mariners in excellent condition at the present time. MAINE. Portland. Portland Head, off Portland har bor, S. side. Lat. 43° 39'. Lon. 70° 17'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Seguin. On Island1 of Seguin, off mouth of Kennebec River. Lat. 43° 41' 36". Lon. 69° 44'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 166 feet. Whitehead. On Whitehead Island, S. W. of W. entrance to Penobscot Bay. Lat. 43° 57'. Lon. 69° 4'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 58 feet. Franklin Island. On N. end of Franklin Isl and, W. of entrance to St. George's River. Lat. 43° 52'. Lon. 69° 19'. Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 50 feet. Wood Island. On Wood Island, near entrance to Saco harbor. Lat. 43° 27'. Lon. 70° 18' 30". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 63 feet. West Quoddy Head. On West Quoddy Head, near Eastport, S. side of entrance to West Quod dy Bay. Lat. 44° 49' 18". Lon.66°59'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. Petit Manan. On S. end of Petit Manan Isl and. Lat. 44° 22'. Lon. 67° 49'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 53 feet. Pond Island. W. side of entrance to Kennebec River. Lat. 43° 45'. Lon. 69° 46'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea. 52 feet. Burnt Island. On Burnt Island, W. side of Townsend harbor, Lincoln co. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 55 feet 6 inches. Libby Island. On Libby's Island, entrance of MachinsBay. Lat. 44° 34'. Lon. 67° 22'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet. Monhegan Island. On Monhegan Island, Lin coln co. Lat. 43° 44' 30". Lon. 69° 18'. Re volving. Height of lantern above the sea, 170 feet. Red and white light. Owls Head. W. side of W. entrance of Pe nobscot Bay, off Thomaston harbor. Lat. 44° 3' 50". Lon. 69°. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 117 feet. Moose Peak. On Mistake Island, S. W. of W. entrance to the Bay of Fundy. Lat. 44° 28'. Lon. 67° 31' 9". Revolving. Height of lan tern above the sea, 53 feet 8 inches. Matinicus Rock, (2 lights.) On Matinicus Rock, a sea light off Penobscot Bay. Lat. 43° 46 24". Lon. 68° 49'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 82 feet 6 inches. Pemaquid Point. On Pemaquid Point, S. W. of entrance to Bristol Bay, and E. side of entrance to John's Bay. Lat. 43° 48'. Lon. 69° 29' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 64 feet Baker's Island. On Baker's Island, off Mount . Desert, and S. of entrance to Frenchman's Bay. Lat. 44° 13' 20". Lon. 68° 8'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 69 feet 8 inches. Cape Elizabeth, (2 lights.) On Cape Elizabeth, S. S. E. of Portland. Lat. 43° 33' 36". Lon. 70° 11' 36". Fixed and revolving. 300 yards apart. Height of lantern above the sea, 140 feet. Dice's Head. On Dice's Head, near Castine Lat. 44° 23' 12". Lon. 68° 49' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 116 feet. Hendricks Head. On Hendrick's Head, month of Sheepscot River, E. side. Lat. 43° 47' 30". Lon. 69° 39'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 39 feet. Mount Desert Rock. Ocean light on Mount Desert Rock, about 20 miles S. S. E. of Mount Desert Island. Lat. 43° 53'. Lon. 68° 00' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 56 feet 6 inches. LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 681 Brown's Head. On southern of the Fox Isl ands, E. side of W. entrance to Penobscot Bay. Lat. 44° 5'. Lon. 68° 46'. Fixed. Height o"f lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Marshall's Point. On Marshall's Point. Lin coln co. Lat. 43° 53' 20". Lon. 69° 13'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 30 feet. (root Island. Mouth Cape Pcrpoise harbor, N. side. Lat. 43° 21'. Lon. 70° 25'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 33 feet. Negro Island. S. side of entrance to Camden harbor, Penobscot Bay. Lat. 44° 11'. Lon. 68° 59'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 50 feet. Fort Point. On Old Fort Point, above Castine, to show the entrance to Prospect harbor. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. Boon Island. On Boon Island, off York har bor. Lat. 43° 8'. Lon. 70° 29'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Eagle Island Point. On Eagle Island, head of Isle au Haut Bay, to guide N. E. entrance to Penobscot Bay. Lat 44° 24'. Lon. 68° 46'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 100 feet. Nashe's Island. Off the mouth of Pleasant River, E. side. . Lat. 44° 27'. Lon. 67° 43'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 47 feet. Red light. Bear Island. On one of the Cranberry Islands, about 5 miles N. W. of Baker's Island light. Lat. 44° 16'. Lon. 68° 12'. Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 95 foet. Saddleback Ledge. Near S. W. end of Isle au Haut, and E. side of entrance Isle au Haut Bay. Lat. 43° 59'. Lon. 68° 36' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 62 feet. Little River. In Cutler, on an island at the mouth of Little River hurbor. . . . Fixed. Prospect Harbor. On Goat Island, in said har bor. . . . Fixed. Gnndel's Point. At Gilkey's harbor, in Pe nobscot Bay. . . . Fixed. Beauchamp Point. On Indian Island, at mouth of Goose River, entrance to Camden harbor. . . . Fixed. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Portsmouth, (or Newcastle.) S. W. side of in ner entrance to Portsmouth harbor. Lat. 43° 3' 30". Lon. 70° 43'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. White Island. The south-western island of the Isles of Shoals, ocean light. Lat. 42° 58'. Lon. 70° 37' 30". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 87 feet. Red and white light. Whale's Back. N. and E. side of outer entrance to Portsmouth harbor. Lat. 43° 3'. Lon. 70u 41'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 58 feet. Two lights, one 10 feet above the other, but seen as one light at about 6 miles distant. MASSACHUSETTS. Boston. N. side of main outer entrance to Bos ton harbor. Lat. 42° 19' 41". Lon. 70° 53' 43". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 10 feet. Thatcher's Island, (2 lights.) On Thatcher's Island, about 2 miles oft' Cape Ann. Lat. 42° 38' 21". Lon. 70° 34' 48". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. Two light-houses, both fixed lights. Baker's Island, (2 lights.) On Baker's Island, 6. side of principal or N. E. entrance to Salem 86 harbor. Lat. 42° 32' 12". Lon. 70° 47' 28". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 81 feet 6 inches. Two lights, one 70 and the other 8l'j feet above the level of the sea. Plumb Island, (2 lights.) On Plumb Island, S. side of entrance to Newburyport. Lat. 42° 48' 29". Lon. 70° 49' 5". Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 54 feet. Cape Cod, ( Highlands.) Outside of Cape Cod, Truro. Lat. 42° 2' 23". Lon. 70° 3' 55". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 180 feet. Plymouth, (2 lights.) On Gurnet Point, N. side of entrance to Plymouth harbor. Lat. 42° 00' 12". Lon. 70° 36' 21". Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 90 feet. Wigwam Point. ¦ On said point, E. side of en trance to Squam harbor, or bay. Lat. 42° 39' 43". Lon. 70° 41' 12". Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 50 feet. Scituate, (2 lights.) On Cedar Point, N. side of entrance to Scituate harbor, and about 5 miles southward of Cohasset Rocks. Lat. 42° 12 17", Lon. 70° 43' 15". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Two lights ; refitted in 1841, one red, and about 15 feet below the other, and consequently visible at much less distance; discontinued in 1849, on lighting Minot's Rock light, and revived and repaired in 1851. Race Point. North-westerly point of Cape Cod Lat. 42° 3' 44". Lon. 70° 14' 53". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 32 feet. Long Island Head. On N. end of Long Island, Boston Bav, and S. side of inner ship entrance. Lat. 42° 19' 48". Lon. 70° 57' 41". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Ten Pound Island. On Ten Pound Island, in Cape Ann, or Gloucester harbor. Lat. 42° 35' 10". Lon. 70° 40'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 45 feet. Billingsgate Island. On Billingsgate Island, W. side of entrance to Wellfleet. Lat. 41° 51' 38". Lon. 70° 4' 32". Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 40 feet. Sandy Neck. W. side of entrance to Barnsta ble harbor, Cape Cod Bay. Lat. 41° 43' 21". Lon. 70° 1 7' 9". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Long Point. On Long Point Shoal, inside Cape Cod, and W. side of entrance to Provincetown harbor. Lat. 42° 1' 50". Lon. 70° 10' 50". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 35 feet. Gloucester Point. On Gloucester Point, E. side of entrance to Gloucester or Cape Ann harbor. Lat. 42° 34' 49". Lon. 70° 40' 10". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 57 feet. Straitsmouth Harbor. On Straitmouth Island, N. side of Cape Ann. Lat. 42° 39' 41". Lon. 70° 35' 36". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Marblehead. E. entrance to Marblehead har bor, S. E. side. Lat. 42° 32' 3". Lon. 70° 50' 5". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Ipswich, (2 lights.) On Patche's Beach, S. side of entrance to Ipswich harbor. Lat. 42° 41' 8". Lon. 70° 46' 17". Fixed and revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Two towers and lights, each 30 feet high, 500 feet from each other. Gayhead. On Gavhead,' W. point Martha's Vineyard. Lat. 41° 20' 54". Lon. 70° 50' 26". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 172 feet. 682 LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. Clark's Point. On said point, W. side of en trance to New Bedford harbor. Lat. 41° 35.' 84". Lon. 70° 54' 21". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 52 feet. Cutterhunk Island. On S. W. point of Cutter- hunk Island, and S. of W. entrance to Buzzard's Bay. Lat.41°24'52". Lon. 70° 57' 17". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 48 feet 6 inches. Nantucket Light. On Great or Sandy Point, the N. point of Nantucket Island. Lat. 41° 23' 24". Lon. 70° 3' 1". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Nantucket Beacon. Nantucket harbor, Brant Point. Lat. 41° 17' 24". Lon. 70° 5' 51". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Nantucket Harbor Light. Nantucket harbor. S. side. Lat 41° 16'. Lon. 70° 6'. Fixed. Har bor light. Cape Poge. N. E. point, Martha's Vinevard. Lat. 41° 25' 18". Lon. 70° 27' 19". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 55 feet. Chatham, (2 lights.) Chatham harbor, inside. Lat. 41° 40' 16". Lon. 69° 57' 12". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Two lights, 70 feet apart. Point Gammon. On said point, S. side of Cape Cod, inside of entrance to Hvannis harbor. -Lat. 41° 36' 35". Lon. 70° 16' 16". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Holmes's Hole. On W. chop of Holmes's Hole harbor. Lat 41° 28' 57". Lon. 70° 36' 27". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet. Tarpaulin Cove. W. side Tarpaulin Cove, Vineyard Sound. Lat. 41° 28' 7". Lon. 70° 45' 45". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 80' feet. Bird Island. On said island in Buzzard's Bay, E. side of entrance to Sippican harbor. Lat. 41° 40' 9". Lon. 70° 43' 21". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 31 feet Monomoy Point. On Sandy Point, S. extrem ity Cape Cod. Lat. 41° 33' 35". Lon. 69° 59' 56". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 33 feet. Nobsque Point. On said point of Vineyard Sound, E. S. E. of entrance to Wood's Hole. •Lat. 41° 30' 57". Lon. 70° 39' 37". Fixed. • Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Dumpling Rock. Buzzard's Bav, S. S. W. of New Bedford, and of Clark's Point light. Lat. 41° 32' 17". Lon. 70° 55' 36". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 43 feet. Edgartown. At entrance to Edgartown harbor, Martha's Vineyard. Lat. 4f° 23' 27". Lon. 70° 30' 29". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 50 feet. Ned's Point. Near Mattapoisett, E. New Bed ford. Lat. 41° 41' 1". Lon. 71° 2'. Fixed. Nauset Beach, (3 beacon lights.) E. side Cape Cod. Lat. 41° 51' 40". Lon. 69° 57' 21". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. Three lights, 15 feet high, 50 yards apart. Mayo's Beach, (Wellfleet.) Harbor light, in side Cape Cod, head of Wellfleet Bay. Lot. 42° 55'. Lon. 70° 2'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 30 feet. Nantucket Cliff, (2 beacons.) In Nantucket harbor. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern abovo the sea, 150 feet. Two harhor beacon lights. Sankaty Head. On Sankaty Head, at the S. E. extremity of the Island of Nantucket, S. by W. 23 miles from Pollock's Rip light vessel, and S. by E. 9 miles from Nantucket Great Point light. Lat. 41° 16' 58". Lon. 69° 58' 16". Flashes in 1£ and 3 minutes. Lenticular light of 2d order. Hyannis. At Hyannis, Barnstable co., at en trance to Hyannis harbor. Lat. 41° 38'. Lon. 70° 18'. Fixed. Wing's Neck. On Wing's Neck, Sandwich, in Buzzard's Bay. . . . Fixed. Palmer's Island. On N. E. extremity of said island, in New Bedford harbor. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 27 feet. Minot's Rock, (destroyed.) On said rocks, the outermost of Cohasset Rocks, about 9 miles S. E. i E. from Boston light-house. Lat. 42° 16' 8". Lon. 70° 45' 55". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 66 feet. Blown down April 1 6, 1851. Parmet Harbor. On N. side of said harbor, southerly end of Salt Works Tower of Truro. . . . Fixed. Red light. Floating Lights. Brandywine Shoal. Ton nage 129. Light boat sent to replace Minot's Rock light-house, destroyed. Two lamps, 12 cy lindrical wicks each, one on the foremast, 42 feet, the other on the after mast, 45 feet elevation. Stationed here in 1851. Tuckernuck Shoal. Tonnage 125. On Cross Rip, N. W. of Nantucket. One lamp with 8 cylin drical wicks, elevated about 38 feet above the sea. Vineyard Sound. Tonnage 145. Near the rocks called -' Sow and Pigs." Two lamps, 9 wicks each, elevated, one 40, the other 50 feet above the sea. Pollock's Rip. Tonnage 145. Off Chatham, Ms. One lamp with 9 wicks, elevated about 40 feet. KHODE ISLAND. Newport. On S. point of Conanicnt Island, called Beaver Tail. Lat. 41° 26' 30". Lon. 71°. 24' 24". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 98 feet. Watch Hill. On Watch Point, S. E. of Ston ington, about 2 miles. Lat. 41° 18' 9". Lon. 71° 52' 3". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 73 feet. Point Judith. On S. E. point of Narraganset Shore, between, and nearly in a range with, Beaver Tail and Block Island lights. Lat. 41° 21' 35". Lon. 71° 29' 25". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. Goat Island. On N. end of Goat Island, Now- port harbor. Lat. 41° 30'. Lon. 71° 19' 50". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 43 feet Dutch Island. On S. end of Dutch Island. Lat. 41° 29' 30". Lon. 71° 26'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 56 feet. Warwick Neck. On S. end of Warwick Neck. Lat. 41° 34'. Lon. 71° 29'. Fixed. Bay light. Nayat Point. On Nayat Point, Providence River. Lat. 41° 44'. Lon. 71° 22'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 38 feet. Bay light. Block Island, (2 lights.) On N. end of Block Island. Lat. 41° 13' 24". Lon. 71« 35' 4". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 58 feet. Two lights placed one on each end of the keeper's house. Poplar Point. Wickford, North Kingston. Lat 41° 35'. Lon. 71° 26' 40". Fixed. Bay light VERMONT. Juniper Island. On Juniper Island, Lake Champlain, S. side of entrance to Burlington harbor. Lat. 44° 27'. Lon. 73° 13'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 95 feet. LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 683 CONNECTICUT. New London. W. side of entrance to River Thames. Lat. 41° 18' 55". Lon. 72° 5' 56". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea,. Ill feet. Faulkner's Island. On Faulkner's Island, off Guilford harbor. Lat. 41° 12' 38". Lon. 72° 39' 46". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 93 feet. Lynde Point. Mouth of the Connecticut Riv er, W. side. Lat. 41° 16' 13". Lon. 72° 20' 59". Epted. Height of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. Stonington. On narrow point of land, E. side of entrance to Stonington harbor. Lat. 41° 19' 34". Lon. 71° 54' 52". Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 62 feet. Morgan's Point. In Groton, N. side Fisher's Island Sound, near Mystic. Lat. 41° 18' 54". Lon. 71° 59' 54". Fixed. Five Mile Point. Entrance of New Haven harbor, E. side. Lat. 41° 14' 52". Lon. 72° 54' 47". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 85 feet. Stratford Point. On said point, S. of Stratford, at entrance of harbor or river. Lat. 41° 9' 2". Lon. 73° 6' 46". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 44 feet. Fairweather Island. Entrance of Black Rock harbor. Fairfield. Lat. 41° 8' 27". Lon. 73° 13' 31". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 71 feet. Norwalk Island. Entrance of Norwalk River. Lat. 41b 2' 50". Lon. 73° 25' 43". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Part red shades. Great Captain's Island. On said island, near Greenwich Point, Fairfield co. Lat. 40° 58' 52". Lon. 73° 37' 59". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 62 feet. North Dumplin. On North Dumplin Island, in Fisher's Island Sound. . . . Fixed. Red shades. Floating Lights. Bartlett' s Reef. Tonnage 145. Off New London. One lamp with 9 wicks, 45 feet elevation. Ed Grass Shoal. Tonnage 41. On said shoal. One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. NEW YOKK. Eaton's Neck. E. side of entrance to Hunting ton Bay, Long Island. Lat. 40° 57' 9". Lon. 73° 24'" 18". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 134 feet. Execution Rocks. Off Sand's Point, Long Isl and Sound. . . . Height of lantern above the sea, 54 feet. Red shades. Sand's Point. On Sand's Point, Long Island Sound, E. of entrance to Cow Bay. Lat. 40° 51' 52". Lon. 73° 44? 21". Fixed. Old Field Point. On Old Field Point, Long Island, N. side, opposite Stratford light. Lat. 40° 58' 33". Lon. 73° V 41". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 67 feet 6 inches. Fire Island Inlet. E. side Fire Island Inlet, Long Island, S. side. Lat. 40° 37' 46". Lon. 73° 13' 38". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 89 feet 3 inches. Thragcfs Neck. On S. E. point of Throgg's Neck, Westchester, E. of Hell Gate. Lat. 40° 48' 15". Lon. 73° 48' 1". Fixed. Stony Point. On the W. side of the Hudson, below West Point . . . Fixed. Fort Tompkins. On Staten Island, W. side of the Narrows. Lat. 40° 35' 57". Lon. 74° 3' 50". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 89 feet. Coxsackie. On the Hudson River, W. side, near Coxsackie. . . . Fixed. River light. Four Mile Point. At Four Mile Point, 4 miles from Hudson, on the Hudson River, W. side. Fixed. River light. Saugerties. At the mouth of Saugerties Creek, on the Hudson, W. side. . . . Fixed. River light Stuyvesant. Near Stuyvesant, on the Hudson Rivet, E. side. . . . Fixed. River light. Rondout Creek. Opposite mouth of said creek, Ulster co., and entrance of Hudson and Delaware Canal. . . . Fixed. River light. Montauk. E. end of Long Island. Lat. 41° 4' 10". Lon. 71° 51' 58". Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 160 feet. Little Gull Island. On said island, near N. E. end of Long Island Sound, S. side of main en trance. Lat 41° 12' 18". Lon. 72° 6' 57. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 50 feet. Plumb Island. Near N. E. extremity of Long Island, and N. of Gardiner's Bay. Lat. 41° 10' 21". Lon. 72° 13' 14". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 63 feet. Buffalo, (on Pier.) At junction of Buffalo Creek and Lake Erie, on pier, Lat. 42° 50'. Lon. 78° 59'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 47 feet 6 inches. Portland Harbor. At Portland, S. E. shore of Lake Erie. Lat. 42° 32' 41". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Lighted with natural gas. Dunkirk Light. At Dunkirk, Lake Erie, S. E shore. . . . Fixed. Galloo Island. On W. point Galloo Island, E. part of Lake Ontario. Lat. 43° 51'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 59 feet. Oswego. At entrance of Oswego harbor, Lake Ontario, end of W. pier. Lat. 43° 28'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 82 feet. Beacon on a pier. Cattaraugus Beacon. On pier, mouth of Catta raugus Creek, Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. Dunkirk Beacon. Dunkirk harbor, Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 25 feet Genesee, (and temporary beacon lamp.) W. side of entrance to port of Genesee, Lake Onta rio, mouth of Genesee River. Lat. 4.3° 12' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 83 feet. Sodus Bay and Beacon. At entrance to Sodus harbor, Lake Ontario, W. side; beacon on W. pier. Lat. 43° 19'. Revolving. Height of lan tern above the sea, 66 feet. Two lights, main light revolving. ( Tibbett's Point. S. E. side of S. entrance to St Lawrence River, Lake ' Ontario. Lat. 44° 9'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 52 feet. Horse Island. On W. end of said island, and W. of Sackett's Harbor. . . . Fixed. Niagara Fort. At junction of Niagara River and Lake Ontario, E. side. Lat. 43° 18' 20". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 78 feet. Stoney Point. On said point, E. end of Lake Ontario. . . . Revolving. Ogdensburg. On St. Lawrence River, mouth of Oswegatchie River. Lat. 44° 45'. Lon. 75° 30'. Fixed River light. Prince's Bay. On Staten Island, near S. E. end. Lat. 40° 30'' 22". Lon. 74° 13' 24". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 106 feet. 684 LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. Esopus Meadows. Opposite Esopus, on Hudson River, W. side. . . .Fixed.' Robbins's Reef. Off the upper end of Staten Island, S. W. part of New York Bay. Lat. 40° 39' 21". Lon. 74° 4' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 66 feet. Cedar Island. Near E. end of Long Island, in Sag Harbor. Lat. 41° 2' 18". Lon. 72° 16' 6". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 32 feet. Harbor light. Silver Creek. On Lake Erie, S. E. side en trance to harbor. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 27 feet. Salmon River. On Lake Ontario, S. E. end, N. side of entrance to Port Ontario, Oswego co. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 52 feet. Rock Island Beacon, (Thousand Isles.) On said island, in St. Lawrence River. . . . Fixed. Sunken Rock Beacon, (Thousand Isles.) On said rock, or Bush Island, in St. Lawrence River. . . . Fixed. Crossover Island Beacon, (Thousand Mes.) On said island, in St. Lawrence River. . . . Fixed. Cumberland Head. On Lake Champlain, near Plattsburg. Lat. 44° 42'. Lon. 73° 20'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 45 feet. Inland light. • Split Rock. On Lake Champlain, near Essex. Lat. 44° 12'. Lon. 73° 18'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 110 feet. Inland light Floating Lights. New York, (Dist.) Stratford Point. Tonnage 100. Off said point, on Middle Ground, Long Island Sound. Two lamps, 1 on fore and the other on mainmast, each lamp 9 cylindrical wicks. Sandy Hook. Tonnage 230. Seven miles out side of Sandy Hook, in 15 fathoms water. Two lamps, 1 on foremast, 50 feet, the other on main1- mast, 60 feet elevation, each lamp 9 cylindrical wicks. NEW JERSEY. Sandy Hook, (main light, and 2 beacons.) Sandy Hook, N. W. point of New Jersey, and S. of entrance to New York harbor. Lat. 40° 27' 37". Lon. 74° 00' 42". Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 90 feet. Highlands of Neversink, (2 lights.) On High lands of Neversink, S. of Sandy Hook lights. Lat. 40° 23' 40". Lon. 73° 59' 42". Two lights, 1 revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 248 feet. Two lights, 100 yards apart ; 1 fixed ; S. light revolves ; French lenticular apparatus, 1st and 2d orders. Barnegat Shoals. S. side of Barnegat Inlet, and N. end of Long Beach. Lat. 39° 45' 54". Lon. 74° 6' 56". Fixed. Cape May. On S. W1 point of Cape May, N. of entrance to Delaware Bay. Lat. 38° 55' 45". Lon. 74° 58' 33". Revolvipg. Height of lan tern above the sea, 88 feet Egg Island. Delaware Bay, N. side, nearly N. N. W of Cape May. Lat. 39° 10' 28". Lon. 75° 8:56'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 42 feet. Lighted with gas in 1845. Cohanzey Creek. Delaware Bay, N. side, and W. side oi said creek. Lat 39° 20' 15". Lon. 75° 22' 12". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 42 feet. Lighted with gas in 1 845. Tucker's Beach, On said beach, near midway between Old Inlet and New Inlet. Lat. 39° 30' 17". Lon. 74° 17' 31". Fixed. Red shades. Bergen Point. On a block at the extremity of a reef of rocks off Bergen Point, in the Kilns. . . . Fixed. Maurice River. On the bank of Maurice River Cove, E. point of said river, and S. W. side of Haystack Island, in Delaware Bay. . . . Fixed. Passaic River. At the mouth of said river, on a block in 4 feet of low water, near head of New ark Bay, about 5 miles above Bergen Point light, and 4o guide into Passaic and Hackensack Rivers. . . . Fixed. PENNSYLVANIA. Presque Isle. At entrance of Presque Isle Bay, Lake Erie. Lat. 42° 8' 14". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 73 feet Presque Isle Beacon. Entrance of Presque Isle Bay, Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 26 feet. Fort Mifflin. On pier in Delaware River, op posite said fort. . . . Fixed. Brandywine Shoal. Brandywine Shoal, in Del aware Bay. DELAWARE. Cape Henlopen. On Cape Henlopen, S. side of entrance to Delaware Bay. Lat. 38° 46' 35". Lon. 75° 5' 37". Fixed. , Height of lantern above the sea, 180 feet Cape Henlopen Beacon. Cape Henlopen, S.side of entrance to Delaware Bay, about % of a mile from main light. Lat 38° 47' 21". Lon. 75° 5' 44". Fixed. Bombay Hook. N. W. end of B. Bay Hook Island, Delaware Bay. Lat. 39° 21' 43", Lon. 75° 31' 13". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 46 feet Mahon's Ditch. At Mahon's Ditch, Delaware Bay, S. side. Lat. 39° 10' 13". Lon. 75° 24' 38'"'. Fixed. Mispillion Creek. At mouth of said creek, S. side, Delaware Bay. Lat 38u 56' 34". Lon. 75° 19' 24". Fixed. Christiana River. At mouth of said river or creek, N. side. Lat. 39° 43' 12". Lon. 75° 31' 50". Fixed. Lighted with gas. Reedy Idand. On said island, N. W. part of Delaware Bay, at entrance of Delaware River. Lat. 39° 29' 57". Lon. 75° 34' 44". Fixed. Lighted with gas. Breakwater. On Delaware Breakwater. Lat. 38° 47' 50". Lon. 75° 7' 3". Fixed. Red light Floating Lights. Delaware. (Dist.) Five Fathom Bank. Tonnage 195. On said bank, off Cape May. Two lamps, one on foremast, 40 feet, the other on mainmast, 45 feet eleva tion, 12 cylindrical wicks. Upper Middle Shoal, (No. 2.) Tonnage 131. Near the middle of Delaware Bay, N. W. of Brandywine Shoals. One lamp, 12 cylindrical wicks, about 45 feet elevation. ¦ MARYLAND. Bodkin Island. On Bodkin Island, S. side of entrance to Patapsco River and port of Balti more, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 39° 8'. Lon. 76° 25' 50". Fixed. North Point, (2 lights.) On North Point, at N. side of entrance to Patapsco River, Chesapeake Bay. Upper light lat. 39° 1 1' 45". Lon. 76° 27' 17". Lower light lat. 89° 11' 35". Lon. 76° 26' 54". Fixed. Two lights to range with ship channel. LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 685 Thomas's Point. On Thomas's Point, S. of entrance to Annapolis, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 38° 54 25". Lon. 76° 27' 34". Fixed. Pool's Island. On Pool's Island, in Chesapeake Bay, Harford co., N. E. of North Point lights. Lat. 39° 17' 22". Lon. 76° 16' 21". Fixed. Smith's Island. On Smith's Island, in Chesa peake Bay, off Somerset co., and opposite en trance to the Potomac. Lat. 37° 53' 13". Lon. 76° 14' 39". Fixed. Concord Point. (Havre de Grace.) On Point Concord.x at entrance of Susquehanna River, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 39° 32' 30". Lon. 76° 5' 42". Fixed. Cove Point. On Cove Point, N. of entrance to Patuxent River, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 38° 23' 6". Lon. 76° 23' 17". . Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 50 feet. Point Lookout. On Point Lookout, N. side of entrance to Potomac River, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 38° 2' 14". Lon. 76° 19' 43". Fixed. Lazaretto Point. Near Baltimore, on Patapsco River, N. side of entrance to Baltimore harbor. Lat. 39° 15' 39". Lon. 76° 84' 38". Fixed. Clay Island. Mouth of Nanticoke River, N. extremity of Tangier Sound, Dorchester co., Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 38° 13' 52". Lon. 75° 58' 50". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 36 feet. Turkey Point. On said point, at the entrance of Elk River, W. side, N. part of Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 39° 26' 55". Lon. 76° 00' 54". Fixed. Piney Point On the Potomac River, E. side, about 14 miles N. W. from its mouth. . . . Fixed. River light. Sharp's Island. On said island, Chesapeake Bay, off the entrance to Choptank River. Lat. 38° 37' 42". Lon. 76° 22' 36". Fixed. Greenbury Point. On said point, N. side of en trance to Annapolis harbor. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 31 feet. Floating Light. Hooper's Straits. Tonnage 724. In Chesapeake Bay, E. side, and S. of Hooper's Island. One lamp, 11 cylindrical wicks. VIRGINIA. Cape Henry. On said cape, S. side of entrance to Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 36° 56'. Lon. 76° 4'. Fixed. Height of lantern above tho sea, 120 feet. Old Point Comfort. On said point, mouth of James River, and N. side of entrance to Hamp ton Roads, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 37°. Lon. 76° 22' 12". Fixed. Smith's Point. On Smith's Point, near the mouth of the Potomac River, S. side. Lat. 37° 51'. Lon. 76° 22'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 85 feet. . New Point Comfort. About 18 miles N. of Old Point Comfort, Chesapeake Bay, W. side. Lat. 37° 18'. Lon. 76° 21'. Fixed. Smith's Island. N. end of Smith's Island, N. E. of Cape Charles, and of N. entrance to the Chesa peake. Lat. 37° 13'. Lon. 75° 52'. Revolv ing. Back River Point. About 5 miles N. E. of Old Point Comfort, and S. side of entrance to Back River. Lat. 37° 5'. Lon. 76° 21'. Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Assateague Island. On said island, between Cape Henlopen and Cape Charles, on the ocean. Lat. 37° 54' 36". Lon. 75° 21' 45". Fixed. Little Watt's Island. On said island, E. side of Chesapeake Bay, Accomac co., and N. E. of southern entrance to Tangier Sound. Lat. 37° 45'. Lon. 76° 4'. Fixed. Floating Lights. Virginia, (Dist) Smith's Point. Tonnage 120. S. E. of said point, in Chesapeake Bay, and S. E. of mouth of Potomac River. Two lamps, 11 cylindrical wicks each,'l on foremast, 34j feet, the other on mainmast, 39 feet elevaiion. Craney Island. Tonnage 70. Near said island, W. side of entrance to Elizabeth River, and to Norfolk, &c. One lamp at mast head, 33 feet elevation. Willoughby's Spit. Tonnage 400. S. side of entrance to Hampton Roads, S. part of Chesa peake Bay. Two lamps, 3 cylindrical wicks each, forward one 41 feet, after one 32 feet elevation. Wolftrap Shoals. Tonnage 1 80. Between the mouths of York and Rappahannock Rivers. Two lamps, 12 cylindrical wicks each, forward one 30, after one 38 feet elevation. Windmill Point. Tonnage 125. Off Windmill Point, N. side of entrance to the Rappahannock. One lamp with 5 cylindrical wicks in use, 40| feet elevation. Bowler's Rock. Tonnage 54. In the Rappa hannock River, near said rock. One lamp. Upper Cedar Point. Tonnage 72. Off said point, below the Narrows, and about 44 miles below Mount Vernon. One lamp with 6 cylin drical wicks, 34 feet elevation from deck. Lower Cedar Point. Tonnage 72. In the Po tomac River, between said point and Yates's Point, above Kettle Bottom. One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks, 33 feet elevation from deck. NORTH CAROLINA. Bald Head. Near mouth of Cape Fear River, E. side. Lat 33° 51' 30". Lon. 77° 59' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 110 feet. Federal Point. On Federal Point, N. side of inlet to Cape Fear River. Lat. 33° 56' 30". Lon. 77° 55'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 50 feet. Cape Hatteras. On Cape Hatteras, about 1 mile N. of high water mark. Lat. 35° 15'. Lon. 75° 30'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 95 feet. Pamptico Point. On said point, S. side of en trance to Pamptico River. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 30 feet. Body's Island. On said island, l,1 miles S. of anew inlet made in 1847. Lat. 35° 47' 21". Lon. 75° 31' 39". Revolving. Height of lantern above' the sea, 56 feet 6 inches. Ocracoke. On W. end of Ocracoke Island, S. W. of Cape Hatteras, E. side of Ocracoke Inlet. Lat. 35° 6' 80". Lon. 75°58'. Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 75 feet. Cape Lookout. On Cape Lookout, near the end of the cape. Lat. 34°37'. Lon. 76° 33'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 95 feet. Oak Island, (2 beacon lights.) Two lights on said island to range with the channel on entering Cape Fear River. . . . Fixed. Orion's Point. On W. bank of Cape Fear River, known as Orton's Point, Brunswick co. . . . Fixed. Price's Creek, (2 beacons.) On W. bank of Cape Fear River, mouth of Price's Creek. . . . Fixed. Campbells Island. On Campbell's Island, in Cape Fear River, S. W. corner of lower end of 686 LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. said island, generally known as "Big Island." . . . Fixed. Floating Lights. Long Shoal. Tonnage 145. In Pamlico Sound, northerly part, on E. point of said shoal. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at about 40 feet elevation. South-west Point of Royal Shoal. Tonnage 140. On the point of said shoal, Pamlico Sound, W., 9 miles from Ocracoke light One lamp with 11 cylindrical wicks, at about 40 feet elevation. Nine Feet Shoal. Tonnage 70. About 4 miles N. by W. of Ocracoke light, and N. E. side of Royal Shoal. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 40 feet elevation. Mouth of Neuse River. Tonnage 125. Near entrance of said river into Pamlico Sound, off Marsh Point. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 40 feet elevation. Brant. Island Shoal. Tonnage 125. On the point of said shoal, in S. part of Pamlico Sound. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 40 feet elevation. Harbor Island. Tonnage 72. On Harbor Isl and Bar, between Pamlico and Core Sounds. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 40 feet elevation. Wade's Point Shoal. Tonnage 76. On said shoal, W. side of entrance of Pasquotank River into Albemarle Sound, and S. E. of Elizabeth City. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 39 feet elevation. Roanoke Island. Tonnage 72. Between Pam lico and Albemarle Sounds, near said island. One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks, at 38 feet eleva tion. Mouth of Roanbke River. Tonnage 130. Near its entrance into Albemarle Sound. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at about 42| feet elevation. . Ilorsershoe. Tonnage 72. On said Shoe, be tween the New Inlet and Price's Creek, in Cape Fear River. One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. SOUTH CAROLINA. Charleston, and Beacon. On Light-house Isl and, and W. of ship channel to Charleston har bor. Lat. 32° 42'. Lon. 79° 54' 12". Revolv ing. Height of lantern above the sea, 125 feet 6 inches. Liuht and beacon. Raccoon Key. On Cape Romain. about 10 miles S. W. of entrance to Santee River. Lat. 33° 1'. Lon. 79° 24'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 87 feet 6 inches. North Island. On S. end of North Island, E. side of entrance to Pedee River, and to George town. Lat. 33°7'30". Lon. 79° 1' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 89 feet. Morris's Island, (2 beacon lights.) On said isl and, for the Overall Channel to Charleston har bor. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, one 40 and the other 70 feet. Two beacons, 1 lamp each. Sullivan's Island, (2 beacons ; beacon back of Sullivan's Island, and beacon S. of Fort Moul trie.) Two beacons on said island to guide over Charleston Bar. One in lat. 32° 46' 51"; lon. 79° 53'. The other in lat. 32° 45' 29" ; lon. 79° 52' 55". Fixed. Floating Light. St. Hdena Bar. Tonnage 72. On said bar, off the entrance to St. Helena Sound, and to Combahee and Morgan Rivers. One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. GEORGIA. Tybee. N. E. end of Tybee Island and S. side of entrance to Savannah River. Lnt. 32°. Lon. 80° 52'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 100 feet. Tybee Beacon. E. of light-house, about | of a mile distant. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 56 feet. Fig Island Beacon. On E. end of said island in Savannah River. . , . Fixed. Red shades. St. Simon's Island. On S. end of St. Simon's Island, and N. side of entrance to the sound. Lat. 31°8'. Lon.81°36'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. A sound or inland light only. Sapelo Island. On S. end of Sapelo Island, and N. side of entrance, to Doboy Sound. Lat 31° 21' 30". Lon. 81° 24'. Revolving. Height of lantern above tbe sea, 74 feet. Wolf's Island, (2 beacons.) E. side, near N. end of Wolf's Island, and S. S. E. of Sapelo light. Lat. 31° 20'. Lon. 81° 24' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 25 feet. Two beacons, one of brick and the other of wood; the first 25, and the second 15 feet above the level of the sea. Little Cumberland Island. S. side of entrance to St. Andrew's Sound and Santilla River. Lat. 30° 56'. Lon. 81° 34'. Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Oyster Beds' Beacon. . On Oyster Beds in Sa vannah River. . . . Fixed. Cockspur Island Beacon. On a knoll connected with Cockspur Island, in Savannah River. . . . Fixed. Floating Lights. Tybee Channel, or Mar tin's Industry. Tonnage 125. At Martin's In dustry, about 15 miles E. of Tybee light. One lamp with 4 cylindrical wicks, at about 40 feet elevation from deck. Tybee Island Knoll. Tonnage 72. Off the knoll N. of Tybee Island, Savannah River. One lamp with 12 wicks. FLORIDA. Si. Augustine. On N. end of Anastasia Island, and S. side of entrance to St. Augustine. Lat 29° 52' 18". Lon. 81° 25'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. St. John's River. Near mouth of St. John's River, S. side of entrance. Lat. 30° 20' 30". Lon. 81° 33'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 65 feet. Cape Canaveral. On said cape, S. S. E. of St Augustine. . . . Revolving. Cape Florida. Off S. E. point of Florida, or on Key Biscayne. Lat. 25° 41'. Eon. 80° 5'. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Dry Tortugas. On Bush Island, one of the westernmost of the Florida Reef. Lat. 24° 37' 20". Lon. 82° 52' 22". Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 70 feet. Sand Key, (temporary light-boat.) About 8i miles S. W."by S. of Key West. Lat. 24° 28' 30". Lon. 81° 49' 30". Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Refitted anew in 1843; destroyed by a tornado in 1846. Key" West. Key West Island, Florida Reef, S. W. of Cape Sable. Lat. 24° 32' 32". Lon. 81c 48' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 67 feet. Destroyed by a tornado in 1846, and rebuilt on new site in 1847. Cape St. George. On said cape, and about 2i LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 687 miles E. of West ' Pass to St. George's Sound. . . . Fixed. In place of one on St. George's Island. St. Mark's. E. side of entrance to St. Mark's harbor. Lat. 30° 4'. Lon. 84° 11'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 73 feet. Pensacola. S. side of entrance to Pensacola Bav, and N. W. of fort on St. Rosa Island. Lat. '30°" 20' 48". Lon. 87° 17'. Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Amelia Island. S. side of entrance to St. Ma ry's River, and on N. end of said island. Lat. 30° 42'. Lon. 81° 36' 30". Revolving. Cape St. Bias. On Cape St. Bias, about 2 miles from its S. point. . . . Revolving. Dog Island. On said island, E. side of middle entrance to St. George's Sound. Lat 29° 46' 20". Lon. 84° 38' 9". Revolving. Egmont Key. On said key or island, entrance of Tampa Bay. . . . Fixed. Floating Lights. Carys fort Reef. Tonnage 225. About 1° E. of Cape Sable, on said reef. Two lanterns and lamps, with 12 cylindrical wicks each, the forward lantern elevated 40 feet, and the after do. 30 feet ; seen 12 miles. Key West. Tonnage 145. At N. W. passage, near 12 miles from Key West. One light with 9 lamps and 24 wicks. Sand Key, (temporary.) Tonnage 140. At Sand Key. One lamp with 12 wicks. ALABAMA. Mobile Point. On Mobile Point, E. side of entrance to Mobile Bay. Lat. 30° 13' 42". Lon. 87° 58'. Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 55 feet. Choctaw Point. On Choctaw Point, a little S. of Mobile. Lat. 30° 44'. Lon. 88° 12'. Fixed. Sand Island. About 3 miles S. S. W. from Mobile Point. Lat. 30° 13'. Lon. 88° 10' 58". Fixed. MISSISSIPPI. Cat Island. On W. point of said island, and E. of entrance to Lake Borgne. Lat. 30° 13' 40". Lon. 89° 5'. Fixed. Pass Christian. On the main land, about 6j miles N. W. of Cat Island light Lat. 30° 18' 55". Lon. 89° 10' 26". Fixed. Round Island. On said island, off Pascagoula Bay. Lat. 30° 20'. Lon. 88° 40'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea. 44 feet. Biloxi, In Biloxi village, W. of W. entrance to Biloxi Bay. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 53 feet. LOUISIANA. Bayou St. John. Mouth of Bayou St. John, on Lake Ponchartrain, 5 miles N. New Orleans. Lat. 30° 3'. Lon. 90°. Fixed. Height of lan tern ahove the sea, 30 feet. Frank's Island. On Frank's Island, at mouth of Mississippi, N. E. Pass, N. side. Lat. 29° 8' 30". Lon. 89° 1' 24". Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 78 feet. South-west Pass of Mississippi. Entrance of Mississippi River. S. W. Pass, W. side. Lat. 28° 58' 30". Lon. 89° 20". Fixed. Showing two lights, one 25 feet above the other. South Point, (Gordon's Island.) Entrance of Mississippi River, near S. Pass, S. W. side. Lat. 28° 59' 42". Lon. 89° 7' 24". Revolving. Pleasonion's Island. E. Lake Ponchartrain, near mouth Pearl River. . . . Fixed. Formerly revolving. Tchefuncta River. Lake Ponchartrain, near Madisonville. . . . Fixed. Point de Fer. At the entrance of River Teche, or Atchafalaya Bay. Lat. 29° 19' 30". Lon. 91° 33'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet Port Ponchartrain. Near E. end of railroad. . . . Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 30 feet. Pass Manchac. Mouth of Pass Manchac, be tween Lakes Maurepas and Ponchartrain. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 34 feet Red light, on S. side of the Pass. New Canal. Lake Ponchartrain, entrance of- said canal. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 30 feet. Vermilion Bay. Near S. W. entrance to said bay, on Marsh Island. . . . Revolving. Bon Fouca. Near mouth of Bayou Bon Fouca. . . . Fixed. Chandeleur Island. On N. end of said island. . . . Fixed. Proctorsville Beacon. On Lake Borgne. . . . Fixed. Floating Lights. Merrills Shell Bank, (iron boat) Tonnage 400. At Merrill's Shell Bank. One lamp. Ship Shoal Pleasonton. Tonnage 160. On the inside of the western end of Ship Island Shoal. in 5 fathoms of water, near Dernier (or Last Isl and.) Two lamps and lantern with 8 wicks, one elevated 45, the other 30 feet. Atchafalaya Bay. Tonnage 72. In Atchafa laya Bay. One lamp with 12 wicks, 35 feet ele vation. OHIO. Grand River. Mouth of Grand River, Fairport, Lake Erie. Lat. 41° 53'. Lon. 81° 23'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 91 feet. Light house on the main land ; a beacon on a pier. Grand River Beacon. Mouth of Grand River. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 24 feet. Cleveland. Cleveland harbor, Lake Erie. Lat. 41° 31'. Lon. 81° 51'. Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 140 feet. Light-house on the main land ; a beacon on a pier. Clevdand Beacon. Cleveland harbor, Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. Vermilion River Beacon. On pier, Vermilion harbor, Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. Turtle Island. On said island, mouth of Mau mee Bay, Michigan. . . . Fixed. Height of lan tern above the sea, 41 feet. Sandusky. Near entrance Sandusky Bay. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet. Port Clinton. On Lake Erie, N. W. of San dusky Bay. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 45 feet. Conneaut River Beacon. On Lake Erie, N. E. corner of Ohio. . . . Fixed. Beacon on a pier. Mouth Huron River Beacon. On Lake Erie, Huron co Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Beacon on a pier. Mouth Black River. On Lake Erie, Lorain co. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Beacon on a pier. , Ashtabula Beacon. On Lake Erie, Ashtabula co Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Beacon on a pier. 688 LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. Cedar Point Beacon. Entrance of Sandusky Bay. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 37 feet Beacon light on keeper's dwelling. Western Sister Island. On W. Sister Island, W. part of Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. - MICHIGAN. Fort Gratiot. Half a mile above outlet of Lake Huron. Lat 42° 55'. Lon. 82° 22'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. Windmill Point. W. side of Detroit River, near its head. . . . Fixed. » Monroe. W. end of Lake Erie. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 46 feet. Bois Blanc. N. side of Bois Blanc Island, near Mackinaw. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 112 feet. St. Joseph's River, (and 1 beacon lamp.) Mouth of St Joseph's River, E. side Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 65 feet. And 1 beacon lamp on pier. Thunder Bay Island. Lake Huron, N. E. of Saginaw Bay. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 45 feet. Gibraltar. Mouth of Detroit River. . . . Fixed. Grand River. Lake Michigan, E. side. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. South Manitou Island. N. part Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. New Buffalo, and Beacon. Near S. end, E. side Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. Presque Isle. N. W. shore of Lake Huron. . . . Revolving. Kalamazoo River. S. E. shore of Lake Mich igan. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 42 feet. Pottawattamie. Pottawattamie Island, entrance Green Bay. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 120 feet. Saginaw Bay. Mouth Saginaw River, in said Bay. . . . Fixed. Clinton River. Mouth of said river, Lake St. Clair. . . . Fixed. Point aux Barques. On said point, mouth of Saginaw Bay. . . .Fixed. Detour. At Detour, where River Sault Ste. Marie enters Lake Huron. . . . Fixed. White Fish Point. On said point, Lake Supe rior. . . . Fixed. Copper Harbor. At said harbor, Lake Supe rior. . . . Fixed. Eagle Harbor. In said harbor, Lake Superior. . . . Fixed. Manitou Island. On said island, Lake Supe rior. . . . Fixed. Grassy Island Beacon. On Grassy Island, in Detroit River. . . . Fixed. Mamajuda Beacon. On Mamajuda Shoals, in Detroit River. . . . Fixed. Skillagalee Rock. On Skillagalee Rock, Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. Floating Light. Mackinaw Straits. Ton nage 121. At the junction of Lakes Huron and Michigan, N. W. part of state of Michigan. One large lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. INDIANA. Michigan City. S. end Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet ILLINOIS. Chicago, and Beacon. S. bank Chicago River, Lake Michigan, and beacon on pier. . . . Fixed. Little Fort. In Little Fort Village, S. side of the river ; S. W. shore of Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. WISCONSIN. Milwaukie, and Beacon. Mouth Milwaukie River, W. side Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. Root River, (Racine.) Mouth Root River, W. side Lake Michigan. Lat. 42° 49' 33". Lon. 87° 40' 22". Revolving. Sheboygan. Mouth of said river, W. side Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. Manitouwoc. Mouth of Manitouwoc River, W. side of Lake Michigan. . . . Fixed. South Port. In South Port, on Warrington Island. . . . Fixed. Tail Point. On said point, near mouth of Fox River, Green Bay. . . . Fixed. Port Washington. At Port Washington, N. E. part. . . . Fixed. Port de Mart. On Plumb Island. . . . Fixed. ' TEXAS. Floating Light. Galveston Bar. Tonnage 145. On said bar, off Galveston. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, 35 feet elevation. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. *** It is now a little over two hundred years since the first college was founded in this country. At the end of the first century, the number had increased to only three — Harvard College in Massachusetts, the College of William and Mary in Virginia, and Yale College in Connecticut. The second century has witnessed an astonishing increase in the number of our colleges, as in the population, and in every other element of our national growth and prosperity. One college has been added, on an average, every year during the century, until the number in the United States, as contained in the following list, amounts to one hundred and twenty. The number of students connected with the colleges in the United States as undergraduates, at the present time, is over ten thousand. If to these are added those connected with their preparatory and professional departments, the number rises to between twelve and fifteen thousand. There are thirteen colleges in the New England States. Among these are some which may be de nominated national institutions, deriving their students more or less from every state, and, sending out their influence to every part of the Union. They have sent out, from the first, about twenty-one thousand graduates, and are now graduating about five hundred students annually. In the following notices of the colleges in the United States, we have set down such particulars as we are able to ascertain with sufficient certainty respecting each ; although in respect to all of them, the account must necessarily be brief. Much the largest part of them have been founded, supported, and directed, by the clergy and other members of the Congregational and Presbyterian denominations. In regard to those which are under the direction of other denominations, the fact is always expressly mentioned. The number of colleges under the direction of the Baptists is 13 ; Methodists, 13 ; Epis copalians, 8; Roman Catholics, 11. Excepting in the case of the Roman Catholic colleges, and a few others at the south and west, the students enumerated, where only one number is given, are under graduates, as distinguished from those in the preparatory or professional departments, and the instruct ors are those connected with the collegiate course. The number of volumes given as in the libraries generally includes the aggregate of all the books contained in the library of the college and in those established by societies among the students. ALLEGHANY COLLEGE, FA. Incorporated in 1817, and located at Meadville. It had 6 instructors, and 122 students in 1850. The library, of 8200 volumes, was mostly the donation of Rev. Dr. Bentley, of Salem, Ms. The college is under the direction of the Methodists. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in July. Rev. John Barker, D. D., is president. AMHERST COLLEGE, MS. This college is situated in Amherst, Hampshire co., about 8 miles east of Northampton. It was founded in 1821, and incorporated in 1825. It has three large brick buildings, four stories high, for students' rooms ; and a fourth, comprising a spacious chapel, a library room, lecture and recita tion rooms, &c. A beautiful building has recently been erected for the reception of the fine minera- logical and geological cabinets, collected by the labors and influence of Professor Hitchcock, now president of the college. 87 690 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. In mineralogy, nearly all the known species are represented by about 4600 specimens. In geology, there are 9300 specimens of American, and 4900 specimens of foreign rocks and fossils. In zoology, there are about 1800 specimens of 350 species of vertebrated animals, 5000 species of articulated animals ; 200 species of radiated animals, and 6000 species of shells. The libraries contain about 16,000 volumes. The philosophical apparatus was purchased chiefly in London, and is one of the most complete in the country. This college, besides its other endowments, enjoys the benefit of a fund of 50,000 dol lars, five sixths of the income of which is appropriated to assist indigent students preparing for the ministry. The number of students of this class has, consequently, always been large. The faculty consists of the president, 7 professors, and 4 tutors. Alumni in 1850, 870. Commencement is on the second Thursday of August. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1821 Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D 1823. 1823 Rev. Heman Humphrey, D. D. .... 1845. 1845 Rev. Edward Hitchcock, LL. 1). AUGUSTA COLLEGE, KY. Founded at Augusta, in 1825. It is under the direction of the Methodists. It had 4 instructors, and about 50 students in 1850. Volumes in the library, 2500. Commencement is on the Thurs day after the first Wednesday in August. Rev. J. Tomlinson, D. D., is president. AUSTIN COLLEGE, TS. This college was incorporated in 1 850. It is located at Huntville, and is in vigorous operation. An institution has been started, also, at Independence, in this new state, called Baylor University. Whether it has been incorporated or not we do not know. It has a small library of 300 volumes. BACON COLLEGE, KY. This college was founded in 1836, and located at Harrodsburg. It has 9 instructors, and a library of about 1800 volumes. The number of students in 1850 was 217, including those in the primary department. Commencement is in the first week in September. Samuel Hatch, A. M., is president BATON ROUGE COLLEGE LA. Founded at Baton Rouge, in 1838. Instructors, 4; students in 1850, 45 ; library, about 1000 vol umes. Commencement in December. R. H. Ranney, president. BELOIT COLLEGE, WN. This is an infant institution, established three or four years since, at the flourishing town of Beloit, near the southern line of the state, on the route from Chicago to Galena. It has a charter from the legislature, conferring full university powers. One fine college edifice, on a beautiful situation, has been erected. The college has 3 instructors. No class has yet graduated. Library, 2000 volumes. Rev. Aaron L. Chapin is president. BETfcANY COLLEGE, VA. This institution was founded in 1840, and is located in Bethany. It had 6 instructors, and 113 students, in 1850. Its commencement is in the first week in July. The president of the faculty is Alexander Campbell, A. M. The library contains about 3500 volumes. BOWDOIN COLLEGE, ME. This institution, first incorporated by the legislature of Massachusetts in 1794, is situated in Brunswick, Cumberland co., about 25 miles north of Portland, and about 35 miles south of Augusta. The name of Bowdoin was given to the college in honor of one of the earliest and most distin guished governors of Massachusetts ; and tbe institution has since been indebted to members of the Bowdoin family for liberal benefactions ; especially to the Hon. James Bowdoin, of Boston, who gave to it 6000 acres of land in the town of Lisbon, and from whose estates a large legacy has, within a few years, been secured to the college. On the separation of Maine from Massachusetts, the trustees surrendered its original charter, and received a new one from the State of Maine, with a liberal annuity in aid of its funds. Tho legislative government of the college is committed to a board of 13 trustees, and a board of overseers of 45 members, their vacancies being filled by the respective boards, with a negative on the part of the overseers on elections in the otlier board. The faculty consists of the president and 7 professors. , The instruction is given chiefly by permanent officers. The college^ buildings are pleasantly situated upon a plain, with a grove 'of 'pines in the rear. Two are occupied as dormitories by the students ; one, recently erected upon a beautiful model, for a chapel, library room, &c. ; and others are occupied for lecture rooms, the Bowdoin gallery of paintings, and other purposes. The public libraries contain about 25,000 volumes. A flourishing medical school, with 6 professors and lecturers, is attached to the college. Number of alumni in 1850, 997. Commencement on the first Wednesday in September. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 691 Aecessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1802 Rev. Joseph McKeen, D. D . 1807. 1807 Rev. Jesse Appleton, D. D 1819. 1820 Rev. William Allen, D.D. . .... 1838. 1839 Rev. Leonard Woods, Jr., D. D. BROWN UNIVERSITY, R. I. This institution (originally founded at Warren in 1764, and removed to Providence in 1770) takes its name from Nicholas Brown, its most munificent benefactor. It is under the direction of the Baptists. The buildings, furnishing elegant and ample accommodations, are situated upon the high est part of tbe city. The library, which is in Manning Hall, is arranged in a very perfect manner, and contains about 23,000 volumes. The libraries of two societies among the students contain 6000 or 7000 volumes more. Rhode Island Hall contains the cabinet, the chemical and philosophical apparatus, and spacious lecture rooms for the accommodation of the departments of mechanical and physical science. University Hall and Hope College are large edifices for the accommodation of students. There has been established in this university, in connection with the regular collegiate course, an English and scientific course, designed for the benefit of those who do not propose to enter either of the learned professions, but who desire to prepare themselves, by a thorough education, for some of the more active employments of life. The course embraces every department of English study pursued in the university, together with the several branches of mathematical and physical science, giving the student all the advantages of the library and cabinet, and of the courses of lectures on chemistry, natural philosophy, physics, intellectual philosophy, and the evidences of Christianity. This course is arranged for a residence of either one or two years. The faculty consists of the pres ident and 6 professors. Number of students in 1850, 150; alumni,. 1725. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in September. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1765 Rev. James Manning; D. D 1791. 1792 Rev. Jonathan Maxcy, D.D. . . . 1802. 1802 Rev. Asa Messer, D. D., LL.D. ... . 1826. 1827 Rev. Francis Wayland, D. D. BURLINGTON COLLEGE, N. J. Located at Burlington, under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Founded in 1846. Students in 1 850, 118. Library, 1200 volumes. Rt. Rev. George W. Doane, D. D., LL. D., president CENTRE COLLEGE, KY. This institution is located at Danville. It was incorporated in 1818 or 1819. It is managed by a board of 11 trustees, appointed from time to time by the Presbyterian synod of Kentucky. The legislature gave up all control of its concerns, and surrendered it to the synod, in consideration of their engaging to endow the institution without legislative assistance. Connected with the college is a grammar school. There is also under the direction of the same board an institution for the deaf and dumb, which has been endowed by Congress. The college has five instructors. Students in 1850,114; alumni, 307. Libraries, 5500 volumes. Commencement is on the last Thursday in June. Rev. John C. Young, D. D., is president. CENTENARY COLLEGE, LA. This institution was founded in 1841, and located at Jackson. It is under the direction of the Methodists. It has 5 instructors. The number of students in 1850 was 67. It has a library of about 3000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. R. H. Rivers is president. CHARLESTON COLLEGE, S. C. Founded in 1785,.and incorporated anew in 1791 ; located at Charleston. This college was again reorganized Dec. 20, 1837, by an act of the legislature, transferring all the college property to the city council of Charleston, and binding the city to maintain the college. In 1850 the college had 6 instructors, 70 students, and 124 alumni. The library contains about 2000 volumes. The com mencement is on the Tuesday after the fourth Monday in March. William P. Finley, A. M., is president. CINCINNATI COLLEGE, O. This college was founded at Cincinnati in 1819. It had 84 students in 1850. Its commencement is on the last Monday in June. COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, N. J. This institution was founded in 1746, at Elizabethtown. From 1748 to 1757 it was at Newark. It was then removed to Princeton, as its permanent locality. In the old college edifice, which is of stone the British troops took refuge in 1777, and were dislodged therefrom by General Washington. 692 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. A great number of distinguished men have been educated at this college. It was established by the synod of New York, with a special view of raising up mmisters of the gospel. It has over 3000 alumni, nearly 600 of whom have entered the ministry. Students in 1850, 243; instructors, 15 ; libraries, 16,000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in June. Accessus. 1746.1748.1757. 1759. 1761. 1768. 1795. 1812. 1823. Succession of Presidents. Rev. Jonathan Dickinson. Rev. Aaron Burr. . Rev. Jonathan Edwards. Rev. Samuel Davies. Rev. Samuel Finley, D. D. Rev. John Witherspoon, D.D., LL. D, Rev. Samuel Stanhope Smith, D. D., LL.D. Rev. Ashbel Green, D. D., LL. D. Rev. James Carnahan, D. D. Exitus. 1747. 1757.1758.1761.1766. 1794. 1812.1822. COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS, MS. This institution was founded in 1843, by the Roman Catholics. It has not obtained an act of in corporation. It is located in Worcester, on a beautifully elevated site, about two miles from the town. One large brick edifice has been erected for the accommodation of the students. All who are admitted are required to observe the rites of the Catholic church. A large part of the students are quite young. Rev. J. Early, an ecclesiastic of the order of Jesuits, is at the head of the insti tution. Fourteen teachers are employed, and the number of pupils is about 120. Volumes in the library, 4220. Commencement the last week in August COLUMBIA COLLEGE, N. Y. This institution, in the city of New York, was founded by royal charter, in 1754, under the name of King's College, by which title it continued to be known until the revolution. During the period of the war, from 1776 to 1784, the business of instruction was necessarily suspended, and the college edifice was appropriated to the purposes of a military hospital. In 1784, an act was passed by the legislature of New York, confirming the original charter, and changing the name to Columbia Col lege. The college is under the direction of the Episcopalians. It has 8 instructors, 17,000 volumes in the libraries, 130 students in 1850, and 1409 alumni. Accessus. 1754.1763.1775.1787.1801. 1801. 1811. 1829. 1842.1849. Succession of Presidents. [Under the Royal Charter.] Rev. Samuel Johnson, D. D. Rev. Myles Cooper, Rev. Benjamin Moore, president pro tern. [Under the New Charter.] William Samuel Johnson, LL. D. Rev. Charles Wharton, D. D. Rt. Rev. Benjamin Moore, D. D. Rev. William Harris, D. D. William Alexander Duer, LL. D. Nathaniel F. Moore,, LL. D. Charles King, LL. D. Exitus. 1763. 1775.1776. 1800.1801.1811. 1829.1842.1849. COLUMBIAN COLLEGE, D. C. This college is located in the city of Washington. It was incorporated by Congress in 1821, and is under the direction of the Baptists. The buildings are erected upon an elevated situation, north of the city, about one mile from the president's mansion, and two and a half from the Capitol. Congress has formerly given pecuniary grants to this college, amounting to $25,000. A classical and preparatory school is connected with the college. The trustees are elected triennially. The college has 10 instructors, 55 students in 1850, and about 200 alumni. Libraries, 6200 volumes. On occa sions of great interest, tho students are permitted to hear the debates in Congress, aud arguments before the Supreme Court. Connected with Columbian College is a medical department, which was organized in 1825. It has 6 professors, and has graduated about 80 students. One student from each of the states and territories is admitted free of charge, excepting $5 matriculation fee, and a graduating fee of $20. The lectures commence on tho first Monday of November. Joel S. Bacon, D. D., is president of the college. CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY, TE. This institution was founded in 1844. It is located at Lebanon. It has 9 instructors. In 1850 it had about 50 students, and 5000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the last Friday in July. T. C. Anderson, A. M,, is president. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 693 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, N. H. This college was chartered by royal grant in 1 769. It is situated in the town of Hanover, about half a mile east of Connecticut River. The buildings are eight in number, all brick excepting two. The faculty consists of the president and 9 professors. There is likewise a medical department with 5 professors. The library contains about 22,500 volumes. The institution is one of the oldest and most flourishing in the United States. The number of its alumni in 1849 was 2558; undergradu ates in 1850, 196 ; medical graduates, 775. Commencement is on the last Thursday in July. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus 1769. . Rev. Eleazar Wheelock. D. D. 1779. 1779. . Hon. John Wheelock, LL. D. . . . . . 1815. 1815. . Rev. Francis Brown, D.D 1820. 1820. . Rev. Daniel Dana. D. D 1821. 1822. . Rev. Bennet Tyler, D. D. . 1828. 1828. . Rev. Nathan Lord, D. D. DAVIDSON COLLEGE, N. C. Founded in 1838, and located in Mecklenburg co. Three instructors in 1850, 44 students, and 3000 volumes in the library. Commencement is on the last Thursday in June. Rev. Samuel Wil liamson, D. D., is president. DELAWARE COLLEGE, DE. This college, which is the only one in the state, was incorporated in 1 833. It is located at Newark. It has a library of 8700 volumes ; instructors, 6 ; students in 1850, 45 ; alumni, 71. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in July. The president is Rev. W. S. F. Graham, A. M. DICKENSON COLLEGE, PA. This college, which is under the direction of the Methodists, was founded in 1783, and is located at Carlisle. In numerous instances it has received pecuniary assistance from the legislature, and once $14,000 by a lottery. Its libraries contain about 14,500 volumes. It had, in 1850, 10 instruct- ' ors, 142 students, 579 alumni. Commencement is on the second Thursday in July. President, Rev. Jesse T. Peck, D. D. EMORY COLLEGE, GA. Founded in 1837. Under the direction of the Methodists. Located at Oxford. Had 7 instructors and 145 students in 1850. Alumni, 112. Volumes in the library, 2700. Commencement on the Wednesday after the third Monday in July. President, Rev. George F. Pierce, D. D. EMORY AND HENRY COLLEGE, VA. This institution is located at Glade Spring, in Washington co. It was incorporated in 1839, and is under the direction of the Methodists. Instructors in 1850, 4 ; students, 55 ; libraries, about 8000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday of June. Charles Collins, A. M., president. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, GA. This institution was incorporated in 1788, as the University of Georgia. It was established at Athens in 1802. Its original endowment was 30,000 acres of land. It languished for want of funds until 1816, when the lands were sold, and the proceeds, amounting to $100,000, were invested in pro ductive stocks. One of the buildings was burnt in 1830. It was rebuilt by the state, which has also furnished means for procuring a valuable library. The college has two buildings for the accom modation of students, each 120 feet by 40, and three stories high; also a third building for public purposes. In 1850 it had 8 instructors, 125 students, and 593 alumni. The libraries contain 13,600 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Rev. Alonzo Church, D. D., is the president. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, LA. Founded in 1839. Located at Opelousas. Has 4 instructors; 70 students in 1850. Commencement during the first week in November. Othon Boudet, president. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, TE This college is situated in the vicinity of Nashville. It was established in 1845. It has 6 instruct ors, and in 1850 had 75 students ; libraries, 3000 volumes. Commencement on the third Wednes day in October. Tolbert Fanning, A. M., president. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, O. Founded in 1825, and located at New Athens. Instructors, 4; students in 1850, 80; alumni, 90 ; libraries, 2200 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in September. William Bur nett is president. 694 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. GENEVA COLLEGE, N. Y. This college was founded in 1825, at Geneva, one of the plcasantest villages in the western part of New York. It is under the direction of the Episcopalians. Instructors, 5 ; students in 1850, 42 ; alumni, 131; libraries, 5400 volumes. Commencement, first Wednesday in August. The president is Rev. Benjamin Hale, D. D. GEORGETOWN COLLEGE, D. C. This is a Roman Catholic college, under the direction of the incorporated Catholic clergy of Maryland. It is the oldest Papal seminary in the United States. It was first incorporated in 1792, and authorized to confer degrees, by act of Congress, in 1815. Volumes in the libraries, 26,100. In 1850 it had 11 instructors, 180 students, and 100 alumni. Commencement is near the last of July. Rev. James Ryder, D. D., is president. GEORGETOWN COLLEGE, KY. Founded at Georgetown in 1840. This institution is under the direction of the Baptists. The number of students in 1850 was 77, with about the same number of alumni. The libraries have 7280 volumes. Commencement is on the last Thursday in June. Rev. J. L. Reynolds, D. D., is president. GIRARD COLLEGE, PA. See an account of this institution under Philaddphia. GRANVILLE COLLEGE, O. I Founded at Granville in 1832. Under the direction of the Baptists. Had 5 instructors and 40 students in 1850; 3000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the second Wednesday in July. Rev. Silas Bailey, D. D., is president. HAMILTON COLLEGE, N. Y. This institution is located at Clinton, Oneida co. It was established in 1812. The college build ings, three in number, stand in a line on the summit of a hill commanding an extensive prospect of rich and picturesque scenery. The number of instructors is 10 ; students in 1850, 149 ; alumni, 658 ; volumes in the libraries, 10,300. Commencement, fourth Wednesday of July. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1812 Rev. Azel Backus, D. D. 1816. 1817 Rev. Henry Davis, D. D 1833. 1833 Rev. Sereno E. Dwight, D. D 1835. 1835 Rev. Joseph Penney, D. D 1839. 1839 Rev. Simeon North", LL. D. HAMPDEN-SIDNEY COLLEGE, VA. This institution is in Prince Edward co., 80 miles south-west of Richmond. It was incorporated, with a very liberal charter, in 1783. It has 1500 alumni; 6 instructors and 25 students in 1850; libraries, 8000 volumes. A preparatory academy is annexed to the college. Commencement is on the Wednesday before the 4th of July. Rev. Lewis S. Green, D. D., is president. HANOVER COLLEGE, IA. This college was founded at South Hanover, in 1829. This place is in Jefferson co., six miles below Madison, on the Ohio River. There is a college edifice 100 feet by 40, and three stories high. There are also other small buildings erected for dormitories. The Indiana Theological Seminary is connected with this college. The college has six instructors. In 1850, it had 38 students. There were 16 in the theological department. The number of alumni is about 100. The libraries contain 4700 volumes. T. E. Thomas is president. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, MS. This university, situated at Cambridge, Ms., three miles out of Boston, is the oldest college in the United States. It was incorporated in 1638, and' named Harvard College, from the Rev. John Har vard, its principal founder. Its endowments have been greatly increased by donations from the state, and by numerous acts of private bounty, so that with regard to funds, buildings, library, pro fessorships, and literary advantages in general, it is the most amply furnished institution of the kind in America. Its alumni, in 1850, were 6272. It comprises a deportment for undergraduates, and one for students preparing for each of the learned professions, theology, law, and medicine. There is also connected with tho university a scientific school, founded in 1848 by the Hon. Abbott Lawrence, with a fund of $50,000, to which handsome additions have since been made, which affords instruction to young men preparing for various departments of business without a classical course. The principal college buildings are, University Hall, an elegant granite edifice, containing the chapel, lecture rooms, &c. ; Gore Hall, a granite edifice, of great architectural beauty, containing the library of 84,200 volumes,; COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 695 Harvard Hall, a brick edifice, containing the philosophical apparatus, mineralogical cabinet, &c; four other brick edifices, called Massachusetts, Hollis, Stoughton, and Holworthy Halls, each four stories high, containing rooms for the undergraduates ; Divinity Hall, a large brick edifice, for the accom modation of theological students ; and Holden Chapel, containing the anatomical museum, chemical laboratory, and lecture rooms. There is alsp an astronomical observatory, finely suited to its purpose,'in which is mounted one of the largest and most powerful telescopes in the world. The legislative government is intrusted to a corporation, consisting of the president of the univer sity and six fellows, and to a board of overseers, composed of the president, the governor and lieutenant governor of the state, the members of the executive council and of the senate, and the speaker of the House of Representatives, exofficiis, together with 30 others. 15 clergymen and 15 lay men, elected for the purpose. The faculty of instruction, including those in the professional and scientific departments, consists of the presiflent, 28 professors, 5 tutors, and several instructors ; and to such of these as are connected with the classical department the immediate government of the college is intrusted. The course of instruction for undergraduates, as in American colleges generally, occupies four years ; and that of the theological school, three years ; that of the law school, three years for such of the students as are graduates of some college, and five for such as are not. The students of the theological school are divided into three classes — senior, middle, and junior. Graduates of any col lege, of good moral character, may be admitted to share all the benefits of this department, to whom the tuition, as in the theological seminaries of the country generally, is afforded free of expense, and further assistance is given to such as are indigent. The law school was established in 1817. Candidates for admission must be graduates of some college, or qualified according to the rules of court to become students at law. The lectures for the medical students are delivered in Boston, at the Massachusetts Medical College, which is a spacious brick edifice, and contains a medical library of about 4000 volumes. They commence annually on the first Wednesday in November, and continue three months. In order to obtain a degree of M. D., the student is required to attend two courses of lectures, and to spend three years, including the time thus occupied, under the instruc tion of some regular practitioner. In 1850, the whole number of alumni was 6,203. The number of undergraduates was 293; theological students, 23 ; law students, 102; medical students, 117; total, 535. The college com mencement is on the third Wednesday in July. Accessus. 1640, Aug. 27. 1654, Nov. 27. 1672, Sept. 10. 1675, April 7. 1682, April 10. 1685, June 11. 1701, Sept. 6. 1707-8, Jan. 14. 1725, July 7, 1737, Sept 28. 1770, March 21. 1774, Oct 14. 1781, Dec. 19. 1806, March 6. 1810, Nov. 14. 1829. Jan. 15. 1846, Jan. 3. 1849, Feb. 1. Succession of Presidents. Rev. Henry Dunster, M. A. Rev. Charles Chauncey, B. D. . Rev. Leonard Hoar, M. D. ... Rev. Uriah Oaks, M. A Rev. John Rogers, M. A Rev. Increase Mather, D. D. Rev. Samuel Willard, M. A., vice president. Hon. John Leverett, M. A Rev. Benjamin Wadsworth, M. A. Rev. Edward Holyoke, M. A. Rev. Samuel Lock, D. D Rev. Samuel Langdon, D. D. Rev. Joseph Willard, D. D., LL. D. . Rev. Samuel Webber, D. D. . . . Rev. John Thornton Kirkland, D. D., LL. D. Hon. Josiah Quincy. LL. D. ... Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D. . . . Rev. Jared Sparks, LL. D. Exitus. 1654. 1672. 1675. 1681. 1684.1701. 1707.1724.1737. 1769. 1773. 1780. 1804. 1810. 1828. 1845. 1849. HEIDELBURG COLLEGE, O. This is a new institution, founded in 1 850, by the German Reformed Synod of Ohio. It is located at a place called Tiffin City. The institution is to embrace a theological department. A plan has been adopted for a building four stories high, and 104 feet in length, to be erected at a cost not exceeding $10,000. HOWARD COLLEGE, AA. This institution is at Marion. It was founded in 1841, and is under the direction of the Bap tists. Instructors, 6 ; students in 1850, 40. It has a library of about 1500 volumes. Commence ment is on the 4th Thursday in July. S. S. Sherman president. ILLINOIS COLLEGE, IS. This college was founded in 1829. It is located at Jacksonville, which is about 30 miles west of Springfield, the capital of the state. The college buildings have a beautifully-elevated situation, about a mile from the centre of the village, overlooking the surrounding flat country to a great extent. The number of instructors is 7 ; the number of students in 1850 was 34, and of the alumni, 93. It has in its libraries about 4000 volumes. Commencement is on the second Thursday in July. Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, D. D., is the president. 696 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, IA. This institution is located at Bloomington. It was founded in 1816. It is under the direction of the Episcopalians. Valuable reservations of land were provided for the benefit of this college, which, ' when 6old, it was supposed, would produce a fund of $60,000 or more. Two college buildings have been erected, one 40 feet by 30, the other 75 by 55, and three stories high. The college has a pleas-. ant situation. The number of instructors is 4. The number of students in 1850 was 97, and the whole number of alumni 108.. The libraries contain 5000 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday after the second Monday in August. The president is Rev. Andrew Wylie, D. D. INDIANA ASBURY UNIVERSITY, IA. This institution is under the direction of the Methodists. It was founded in 1839, and is located at Greencastle. It has 7 instructors. Students in 1850, 72; alumni, 64 ; libraries, 2700 volumes. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in July. Rev. L. W. Berry, D. D., is president. IOWA COLLEGE, IO. Located at Davenport, Iowa, on the Mississippi River, nearly opposite to the mouth of Rock River. The preparatory department was opened November, 1848, and the first college class, con sisting of six young men, was formed in August, 1850. One edifice of brick, 35 feet by 50, with 18 feet walls, has been erected. This is designed ultimately for the college chapel. Professors, 2, be sides the principal of the preparatory department. JACKSON COLLEGE, TE Founded in 1833, and located at Columbia. Instructors, 5; students in 1850, 26; alumni, 46; volumes in the library, 2500. Commencement is on St John's day, June 24. B. H. Ragsdale president JEFFERSON COLLEGE, PA. This institution was incorporated in 1802. It is located at Canonsburg, Washington co., 18 miles south-west of Pittsburg. It has 8 instructors, 197 students, and about 1000 alumni. Libraries, 10,000 volumes. Agreeably to a special act of the legislature, provision is made for a thorough English and mercantile education, to qualify persons for teaching common schools, in which a preference is given, in respect, to gratuitous instruction, to tbe sons of citizens of Pennsylvania. Commencement is on the second Wednesday in June. This college has a flourishing medical department established at Philadelphia, which has given diplomas to over 1800 graduates. It has seven professors. Stu dents attending the lectures in 1850, 516. Lectures commence first Monday in November. Rev. A. B. Brown, D.D., is president of the college. KENYON COLLEGE, O. This college is located -at Gambler, Knox co. It was founded in 1827, and is under the direction of the Episcopalians. A diocesan theological seminary is connected with it About $13,000 was collected in England for the support of this college. Its libraries contain about 7500 volumes. In structors, 5 ; students in 1850, 50 ; alumni, 160. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in Au gust. Rev. Sherlock A. Bronson, D. D., is president. KNOX COLLEGE, IS. This college is located at Galesburg, about 50 miles west of Peoria. The township was originally purchased with a view to the establishment and endowment of the college. The college was opened in 1837. In 1850 it had 5 instructors and 58 students. It has an academy, or preparatory depart ment, with a considerable number of students. It has about 3000 volumes in its libraries. Com mencement is on the fourth Wednesday in June. Rev. Jonathan Blanchard is president. KNOXVILLE COLLEGE, TE. This institution is at Knoxville, in East Tennessee. It was founded in 1792. It has 5 instruct ors. The number of students in 1850 was 57, and of alumni 122. The libraries contain 4500 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Joseph Estabrook, A. M., is the president. LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA. Incorporated in 1826, at Easton, in Northampton co., on the Delaware River. It had, in 1850, 7 instructors and 82 students. Libraries, 5400 volumes. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in September. Rev. George Junkin, D. D., is president. LA GRANGE COLLEGE, AA. Founded at La Grange, in 1831. This college is under the direction of the Methodists. In 1850 it had 6 instructors, 76 students, and 130 alumni. Library, 8000 volumes. Its commencement is on the first Wednesday in June. Edward Wadsworth president. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 697 MADISON UNIVERSITY, N. Y. This institution is located at Hamilton, Madison co. It was incorporated in 1819, under the name of the Hamilton Literary and Theological Seminary. It is under the direction of the Baptists, and was originally designed as a school for the instruction of young men preparing for the ministry in that denomination, under the patronage of their Education Society. It has since been elevated into a college, having both a preparatory school and a theological department connected with it. It has 7 instructors' in the collegiate, 3 in the theological, and 1 in the preparatory department. Students in 1850 — collegiate 93. theological 22, preparatory 25; alumni, 200; libraries, 7000 volumes. Commencement third Wednesday in August. MARIETTA COLLEGE, O. This college was founded in 1833, at Marietta, on the Ohio River. Like the college on the West ern Reserve, it was established mainly to meet the wants of the country for competent teachers and ministers of the gospel. Efforts have recently been made, with success, to increase the funds. The number of instructors is 6 ; number of students in 1850, 55 ; alumni, 1 13, 44 of whom have already entered the ministry. The libraries contain 6400 volumes. Commencement is on the last We|lnes- day in July. Rev. Henry Smith, D. D., is president. McKENDREE COLLEGE, IS. Founded at Lebanon, in 1835. Under the direction of the Methodists. It had 4 instructors and about 60 students in 1850. Libraries, 1800 volumes. Commencement is on the second Wednesday in July. The president is Rev. A. W. Cummings. MARSHALL COLLEGE, PA. Founded in 1836, and located at Mercersburg. It has 1 1 instructors. The number of students in 1850 was 81; alumni, 94; volumes in the libraries, about 7000. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in August. The president is Rev. John W. Nevin, D.D. MASONIC COLLEGE, MO. This college is located at Palmyra, in Marion co. It was established in 1831. It has 5 instructors and about 50 students. It has about 2500 volumes in its library. Commencement is on the last Thursday in September. J. Worthington Smith president. MERCER UNIVERSITY, GA. This institution is under the direction of the Baptists. It was founded in 1838, and located at Penfield. There are about 3000 volumes in its library. Instructors, 6; students in 1850, 61. Com mencement on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. J. L. Dagg, D. D., is president. MIAMI UNIVERSITY, O. This institution is at Oxford, in Butler co., adjoining the state of Indiana. It was founded in 1809, and went into operation in 1824. The lands of the township of Oxford, a territory six miles square, and containing a population of Several thousand inhabitants, were owned in fee simple by the university. The annual revenue of the institution is therefore large, and continually increasing. The location is represented as delightful. The number of instructors is 6 ; the number of students in 1850, 66; and of alumni, 343. There are about 7000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the second Thursday in August. Rev. E. D. Macmaster, D. D., president. MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE, VT. This college was incorporated in 1800. It is pleasantly situated in Middlebury, 32 miles south of Burlington, in Addison co. The funds of the institution have been derived entirely from individual donations. The college buildings are two in number ; one of wood, three stories high, containing the chapel, recitation rooms, and rooms for students ; the other a spacious edifice of stone, 108 feet by 40, four stories high, containing 48 rooms for students. The libraries contain about 8500 volumes. '1 he cabinet contains 2700 specimens in zoology, 400 in botany, 1500 in mineralogy, 1750 in geology. The faculty consists of the president, four professors, and one tutor. Alumni in 1850, 877. Com mencement, third Wednesday in August Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1800 Rev. Jeremiah Atwater, D. D 1809- 1810 Rev. Henry Davis, D.D 1817. 1818 Rev. Joshua Bates, D. D 184°- 1841 Rev. Benjamin Labaree, D. D. 88 698 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. MISSOURI UNIVERSITY, MO. This institution, founded in 1840, is located at Columbia. It numbers 12 instructors, and about 50 students; 26 had graduated in 1 850. Library about 1200 volumes. Commencement is on the fourth Thursday in August. Its president is John H. Lathrop, A. M. MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE, MI. This college is located at Clinton. Our information respecting it is not full. Commencement is on the last Thursday in July. Rev. C. Parrish president. MOUNT ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, MD. This institution is under the direction of the Roman Catholics. It was established in 1809, by Dr. Dubois, afterwards Roman Catholic bishop of New York. In 1830 it was incorporated as a college. It is situated in a romantic spot at the foot of a branch of the Blue Ridge Mountains, two miles from the village of Emmetsburg, in Frederick co., 50 miles from Baltimore, and 60 from Wash ington. The number of instructors given as connected with the institution is 24, a small part of whom only are professors. In 1850 the number of students was 126 ; and of alumni, 137. The library contains 4000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in June. John McCaf frey, A. M., is the president. NORWICH UNIVERSITY, VT. This institution, located in the town of Norwich, on Connecticut River, opposite to Dartmouth College, was first opened in 1820 as the " American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy." Subsequently its character was changed to that of a college, under the patronage of the denomination of Universalists. The building is of brick, 1 00 feet by 40, four stories high, containing 3 lecture rooms, and 42 rooms for students. , Volumes in the library, about 1400. Students in 1850, 59 ; alumni, 100. The president is Rev. Edward Bowers. Commencement, Thursday next after third Wednesday in August OAKLAND COLLEGE, ML Founded at Oakland, in 1830. Instructors, 6 ; students in 1850, 64 ; alumni, 83 ; 6000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the first Thursday in April. Rev. Robert L. Stanton is president. OBERLIN COLLEGE, O. This institution was founded at Oberlin, in 1834. In 1850 it had 66 students. It has a female department, the pupils of which are not included in the above enumeration. They may, however, pursue the same course, and be admitted to the same college honors with the young men. The number of instructors employed is 12 ; the number of alumni, 199, of whom 130 are reported as having entered the ministry. The libraries contain 4200 volumes. Commencement is on the fourth Wednesday in August. OGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY, GA. This institution was incorporated in 1836. It is located at Milledgeville. It had 5 instructors in 1850, and 45 students. Its library has about 4500 volumes. Commencement is on the Wednesday succeeding the second Monday in November. Samuel K. Talmage is president. OHIO UNIVERSITY, O. This institution was founded in 1804. It is located at Athens, and is supported mainly by the income accruing from two townships of land, given by Congress for that purpose. It has 5 instruct ors and 145 alumni. In 1850 it had only 18 students. The libraries contain 5500 volumes. Com mencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Rev. Alfred Ryors, D. D., is the president. OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, O. This institution is located at Delaware. It was founded in 1842, and is under the direction of the Methodists. It has 6 instructors, and in 1850 had 38 students. Libraries, 2800 volumes. Com mencement is on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. Edward Thompson, D. D., is president. PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE, PA. This institution is located at Gettysburg, in Adams co. It is under the direction of the Evangeli cal Lutheran denomination, who have also a theological seminary at the same place. It was incor porated in 1832. In 1850 it had 6 instructors and 76 students. It had graduated 146. It has, likewise, a department for preparatory instruction, with quito a large number of pupils. Its libraries contain about 6000 volumes. A medical faculty connected with this college was established at Phil adelphia in 1839. It is furnished with 7 professors, and has commodious buildings upon Filbert, above Eleventh Street. The medical lectures commence in the middle of October. The degree of M. D. is conferred by tho medical faculty at Philadelphia, as authorized by a special act of the COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 699 legislature. The college commencement is on the third Thursday in September. Rev. H. L. Baugher, D. D., is president. RANDOLPH MACON COLLEGE, VA. This institution is located in Mecklenburg co., 88 miles south-west of Richmond. It was founded in 1832. It is under the direction of the Methodists. There is a preparatory school connected with it. It is reported as having 11 instructors in 1850, 145 students, and 124 alumni. Libraries, 6000 volumes. Commencement is on the second Wednesday of June. Rev. A. W. Smith is president. RECTOR COLLEGE, VA. Under the direction of the Baptists. Founded in 1839, and located in Taylor co. Instructors in 1850, 3 ; students, 50 ; library, 2500 volumes. Commencement, the last Wednesday in September. Charles Wheeler, A. M., president. RICHMOND COLLEGE, VA. This institution, located at Richmond, was founded in 1832. It is under the direction of the Baptists. In 1850, it had 6 instructors, and 72 students, with a library of 1200 volumes. Commence ment is on the third Wednesday in December. Rev. Robert Ryland is president. RUTGERS COLLEGE, N. J. This institution is established at New Brunswick, 33 miles from New York and 56 from Philadel phia. It was founded in 1770, and named after a distinguished benefactor. It is under the direction of the Reformed Dutch Church. A theological seminary is connected with it, and likewise a flourish ing grammar school. The principal college building is of stone, three stories in height, devoted to public purposes. The students generally lodge with the families of the village. There were 9 in structors, and 76 students, in 1850 ; alumni, 513 ; libraries, 1600 volumes. Commencement is on the fourth Wednesday in July. Theodore Frelinghuysen, LL. D., is the president. ST. CHARLES'S COLLEGE, LA This college is at Grand Coteau, and was established in 1 838, by the Roman Catholics. Its in structors in all departments number 21, and the students in 1850, 103. It has about 4000 volumes in its libraries. Its commencement is about the middle of July. President, Thomas H. Soller, S. J. ST. CHARLES'S COLLEGE, MO. Established at St. Charles, in 1837. This college is under the direction of the Methodists. -The number of students was 20 in 1850, and the number of instructors 3. Library, 900 volumes. The president is John W. Robinson. ST. JAMES'S COLLEGE, MD. Established in 1844, -and located near Hagerstown. It is under the directon of the Episcopa lians. It has 10 instructors ; students in 1 850, 32 ; libraries, 3500 volumes. Commencement on tho last Thursday in July. Rev. John B. Kerfoot, D. D., i3 president. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, MD. This institution, located at Annapolis, was incorporated in 1784, and received from the state $1750 per annum, on condition that the city should convey to the trustees 34 acres of land, the present site of the institution, which had been given to the corporation by Lord Baltimore. It' was opened Novem ber 10, 1789, by Rev. William Smith, D. D., as president pro tempore. The first commencement, was in 1793. In the high party excitements of 1805, the original grant, above referred to, was annulled. The state has since, however, made appropriations for its support. The buildings are on an elevated site, and command an extensive and delightful prospect. The college has 6 instructors ; students in 1850, 30 ; volumes in the library, 3292. Among its alumni are many of the distinguished men of the state. The following is the list of presidents : Rev. John McDowell, LL. D., Rev. Henry L. Davis, D. D., Rev. William Rafferty, D. D, and Rev. Hector Humphreys, D. D., who is now in office ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, N. Y. Established at Fordham; by the Roman Catholics, in 1841. A. J. Thebaud, S. J., president. It has 16 teachers, and 110 students; libraries, 9500 volumes. Commencement, second or third week in July. ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, KY. St. Joseph's is a Roman Catholic college, located at Bardstown. It was founded in 1819. It has 17 teachers, who, in 1850, had charge of 126 pupils in all the departments. The number of its 700 COLLEGES LN THE UNITED STATES. alumni is about 150. The library contains about 3000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Thursday in July. Rev. P. J. Verhaegen is at the head of the institution. ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, MD. , This college was founded in 1799, and incorporated in 1804. It is located in Baltimore, and is a Roman Catholic institution. Library, 12,000 volumes ; instructors, 20; students in 1850, 122 ; alumni, 187. Commencement is on the third Tuesday in July. Rev. O. L. Jenkins is the president. ST. PAUL'S COLLEGE, N. Y. Founded in 1837 ; located at Flushing : has 11 instructors, 29 students in 1850, and 380 alumni ; libraries, about 3000 volumes. Commencement on the last Thursday in June. This college is under the direction of the Episcopalians. ST. PHILIP'S COLLEGE, MN. This is a Roman Catholic college, located in the vicinity of Detroit. It was founded in 1839. It has 4 instructors; in 1850 it had 30 students. Its library contains about 3000 volumes. Com mencement is on the first Monday in October. President, Bowers. ST. VINCENT'S COLLEGE, MO. Founded in 1843. Located at Cape Girardeau. Has 12 instructors, and had 90 students in 1850. Has a library of 5000 volumes. Its commencement is on the last Thursday in July. Rev. R. Hen- esy is president. ST. XAVLER COLLEGE, O. Founded by the Roman Catholics, at Cincinnati, in 1840. It has 18 instructors, 70 students, in cluding all departments, and 220 alumni; library, 5600 volumes. Commencement is on the 15th of July. J. De Blieck president. SHELBY COLLEGE, KY. This college is at Shelbyville. It has 4 instructors ; the number of students in 1850 was 93. It has a library of 4000 volumes. Rev. W. J. Waller, M. D., is president. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, IS- Founded in 1835, at Upper Alton, under the direction of the Baptists. It has 6 instructors ; the number of students is small; about 1600 volumes in the library. Commencement is on the fourth Thursday in July. Rev. N. N. Wood, D. D., is president SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE, S. C. This institution was founded in 1804, at Columbia. It enjoys the patronage of the state. The buildings, library, and cabinets cost originally $154,234. Between 1824 and 1834, the legislative ap propriations amounted to $120,000. The college has 8 instructors. The number of students in 1850 was 209. The libraries contain about 18,500 volumes. Commencement is on the first Monday in December. William C. Preston, LL. D., is president. SPRING HILL COLLEGE, AA. This institution, located at Spring Hill, is under the direction of the Roman Catholics. It was founded in 1830. It had 12 instructors and 70 students in 1850; about 4000 volumes in the library. Its commencement is in the first week in February. John Bazin president. TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY, KY. This institution is located at Lexington, which is nearly in the centre of the valley of the Missis sippi. It was founded in 1798. The buildings stand upon an eminence, a little distance from the city. The libraries contain about 14,000 volumes. Tho institution has 7 instructors. In 1850, the number of students was 50, and the number of alumni 610. The commencement is on the Wednesday before the third Friday in August. Rev. James B. Dodd is president. TRINITY COLLEGE, CT. This college is under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It was incorporated in 1823. It is pleasantly situated in the suburbs of the city of Hartford, about a mile from the State House, and has three handsome stone edifices, — in one of which is the chapel, — named Seabury Hall, Jarvis Hall and Brownell Hall. The college grounds include 14 acres. Libraries, 9000 vol- COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 701 umes. • Students in 1850, 66 ; alumni, 257 ; faculty, the president and 6 professors. Commencement is on the first Thursday in August. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1824 Rt Rev. Thomas C. Browne". D. D 1831. 1831 Rev. Nathaniel S. Wheaton, D. D. . . . 1837. 1837 Rev. Silal Totten, D. D Rev. John Williams, D. D. TUSCULUM COLLEGE, TE. This college was founded in 1794, at Greenville. It has but 2 instructors at present. The number of its alumni in 1850 was 110. and of students 41 ; volumes in the library, 3000. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in September. James McLin president. UNION COLLEGE, N. Y. This college is situated at Schenectady, 15 miles from Albany. It was founded in 1795. The college buildings are each 200 feet long, four stories high, of brick, covered with a white stucco. The institution has a valuable library of 15,000 volumes, apparatus, and funds in profitable investment. It has 12 instructors, 230 students in 1850, and over 3000 alumni. Commencement on the fourth Wednesday in July. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1795 Rev. John Blair Smith 1799. 1799 Rev. Jonathan Edwards, D. D. . ... 1801. 1801 Rev. Jonathan Maxcy, D. D 1804. 1804 Rev. Eliphalet Nott, D. D. UNION COLLEGE, TE. This college, located at Murfreesboro', has recently gone into operation, having been founded in 1848. It is under the direction of the Baptists. It has 5 instructors; in 1850 it had 65 students. It has gathered about 800 volumes as the commencement of a library. Its commencement is fixed for the third Wednesday in July. J. H. Eaton president. UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT, VT. This institution was incorporated and established at Burlington, in 1791, but it did not go into op eration till 1800. It is finely situated in the most elevated part of the town, about a mile east from the shore of Lake Champlain, 245 feet above the surface of the water, and commands an extensive and delightful prospect. A large college edifice of brick, completed in 1801, was consumed by fire in 1824, after which three brick edifices were erected, which have since been united in one, 250 feet in length by 40 in width. The faculty consists of the president, 5 professors, and 1 tutor. The college has well-selected libraries containing about 12,250 volumes. It has a valuable collection of specimens in different departments of natural history. There is a. medical school connected with the college, in which instruction is given by 3 professors. Undergraduates in 1850, 95 ; whole num ber of aiumni, 416. Commencement is on the first Wednesday of August. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1800 Rev. Daniel C. Saunders, D. D. . ... 1814. 1816. Rev. Samuel Austin, D. D. . . . 1821. 1822 Rev. Daniel Haskell, M. A. . ... 1824. 1824. ..... Rev. Willard Preston, M. A 1826. 1826 Rev. James Marsh, D. D. 1833. 1834 Rev. John Wheeler, D. D. 1849. 1849 Rev. Worthington Smith, D. D. UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, N. Y. This university was chartered by the legislature in 1831. It is located in the city of New York, and is projected on the liberal scale of tbe universities of the continent of Europe. According to the plan of the institution, it embraces two general departments. The first comprises professorships and faculties for instruction in the higher branches of literature and science ; the second embraces what is usually deemed a full course of classical, mathematical, and philosophical instruction, and also a complete course of English literature, mathematics, and the sciences, with their application to agricul ture, to the arts, and generally to the ordinary purposes of life. The first chancellor of the uni versity was Rev. James M. Mathews, D. D. To him succeeded Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, LL. D, who resigned in 1850. At present, the office of chancellor is not filled. Instructors, 11; students, in 1850, 151 ; alumni, 320; library, 4000 volumes. An elegant and costly stone edifice has been erected for the use of the university, which fronts towards the west upon Washington Square. Commencement is en the Wednesday preceding the 4th of July. 702 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PA. This institution is located in Philadelphia. It was founded in 1755, and fully established in its present form in 1791. In the collegiate department it had, in 1850, 7 instructors and 88 students. The library now contains about 5000 volumes. The university embraces a faculty of arts, a faculty of medicine, and an academical department. The medical school is one of the most celebrated in the United States. It had 7 professors, and 438 students in attendance upon the lectures, in 1-850. It has given medical degrees to 5130 graduates. The session for the medical lectures begins on the first Monday in November, and ends about the. first of March. The commencement for con ferring medical degrees is held, by special mandamus of the board of trustees, about the first of April, or as soon ascconvenient after the examinations of the candidates are over. The university com mencement is on the 15th, 16th, or 17th of July. The president is Rev. John Ludlow, D. D. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, VA. This institution was founded in 1819, and went into operation in 1825. It is located about two miles from Charlottesville, in Albemarle co., near the centre of population in the state. It owes its origin and peculiar organization to Thomas Jefferson. It was erected by the state, at a cost of about $400,000 ; and subsequently the state gave an annuity of $15,000 for its support. The univer sity is organized in a number of separate departments, or schools, in each of which degrees are conferred for thorough attainments in that department. Students who have received separate degrees in the schools of ancient languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, chemistry, and moral philosophy, are declared graduates of the university, with the title of " Master of Arts of the University of Virginia." Sometimes, when the number of diplomas granted by the separate. schools is 50 or 60, there have not been more than one or two graduates of the university. The library has about 18,000 volumes ; about half of which are very valuable, having been purchased in Europe, from a catalogue previously made out by Mr. Jefferson. There is a medical department, including the school of medicine proper, — physiology, pathology, &c, — the school of chemistry and materia medica, and the school of anatomy and surgery, in which the graduates receive the degree of M. D. The university has 10 instructors. In 1850, it had connected with its various schools 212 students. It has given diplomas to 1236. Commencement is near the end of June. Gesner Harrison is chairman of the faculty. UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, N. C. This institution was founded in 1789, and located at Chapel Hill. It had, in 1850, 6 instructors, 179 students, and over 900 alumni. Libraries, 12,350 volumes. Commencement is on the first Thursday in June. Hon. David L. Swain, LL. D., is the president UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, AA. This institution is located at Tuscaloosa, the seat of government. It went into operation in 1831. The site of the college is on the Huntsville road, half a mile from the State House. There are three three-story buildings for students' dormitories, a building for a laboratory and recitation rooms, and sev eral professors' houses. In the centre is a large circular building three stories high. On the first story is a large room for public occasions, with a circular gallery in the second for spectators. The third story is occupied for the library. The institution has 9 instructors. It had 92 students in 1850, and 181 alumni. Volumes in the library, 7123. Commencement on the Wednesday after the second Monday in July. Rev. Basil Manly, D. D., is president. UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI, Ml. This institution was founded in 1844, and located at Oxford. It has 6 instructors ; students in 1850, 64; alumni, 83. It has a library of about 2500 volumes. Commencement is on the first Thursday in April. Rev. A. B. Longstroet, LL. D., is the president. UNIVERSITY OF NASHVILLE, TE This is one of the most important institutions in the Western States. It was founded in 1806, and is located at Nashville. It has a philosophical apparatus, purchased in London at a cost of $6000. It has an extensive mineralogical cabinet. Theological students of all denominations are admitted at half price for tuition. The number of instructors is 7 ; the number of students in 1850 was 75 ; and of alumni, 398. The libraries contain nearly 10,000 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in October. UNIVERSITY OF ST. LOUIS, MO. This institution, which is under tho direction of the Roman Catholics, was established in 1832. It is located at St. Louis. It has 17 instructors, 160 students, and 25 alumni. Volumes in the libra ries, 13,500. Commencement is near the first of July. J. Van de Velde president. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, MN. Tho college which goes by this name, is located at Ann Arbor. It is more correctly denominated " The College of Arts and Sciences in the University of Michigan," the university itself being an COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. "703 institution of a more comprehensive character, embracing in theory the entire system of schools for the state. There are academies, or high schools, in different localities already in operation, which are branches of this state university. The college at Ann Arbor was opened in 1837. It has 7 instructors, who, according to the requisitions of the statute, are selected from different religious denominations, and preside in rotation, in the college faculty. The site of the college buildings is on an elevated plain, about three quarters of a mile from the centre of the town. Two fine buildings, of the largest class, and four stories high, have been erected for the use of the students. Between these it is intended to place a chapel, and then to extend the line in both directions, as the wants of the institution may require. This range of buildings is to occupy one of the sides of an extensive square area, on the two sides of which, at right angles with this, are to be houses for the professors, four of which have been erected. On the side opposite to the colleges, a fine building has just been completed for the use of the medical department in the university. The institution is fully provided for from the income of the public lands appropriated for this purpose. It has a library containing about 5000 volumes. The number of students in 1850 was 72. The commencement is on the third Wednesday in July. Rev. D. D. Whedon is president. UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER, N. Y. This new institution was founded November 4, 1850, by the New York Baptist Union for Ministerial Education, and its location, established at Rochester. It has since received an act of incorporation from the New York legislature. It has connected with it a theological department, etyled the Rochester Theological Seminary, which is open to students of all denominations. The plan of in struction in the university is peculiar, being so adjusted as to allow any who choose to omit the study of Latin and Greek, substituting modern languages in their stead, and a more extended mathe matical and scientific course. Hence the students in each class are divided into two sections, the classical and the scientific sections. The regular course extends through four years, at the expira tion of which those who have pursued the entire classical course are admitted to the degree of bach elor of arts, and those who have pursued the entire scientific course to that of bachelor of sciences. Young men, not otherwise connected with the university, are permitted, if they desire it, to attend the recitations of particular departments, provided they have the requisite preparation for the studies of those departments. This is denominated the partial course. The libraries of the University, and of the Theological Seminary, together amount to over 3000 volumes. A valuable cabinet of min erals has been secured. The number of students in the University, in 1851, was 109; and in the Theological department, 29. The commencement is on the second Wednesday of July. Hod. Ira Harris, LL..D., is the chancellor. VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE, VA. This institution, founded in 1839, is ranked with the colleges of the state. It is located at Lexing ton. In 1850 it had 6 instructors, 120 students, 107 graduates, and a library of 2500 volumes. Its commencement is on the 4th of July. Colonel F. H. Smith is the superintendent. WABASH COLLEGE, IA. This institution is located at Crawfordsville, in the valley of the Wabash, about 30 miles north westerly from Indianapolis. It was founded in 1833. One large college edifice, four stories high, has been erected. Some 15 or 20 acres are enclosed for the college grounds, upon a part of which the original forest trees are standing. The college has 6 instructors ; the number of students in 1850 was 38 ; the libraries contain 6000 volumes. Commencement is on the Thursday nearest to the 20th of July. Rev. Charles White, D. D., is president WAKE FOREST COLLEGE, N. C. Established at Wake Forest, in 1838, under the direction of the Baptists. In 1850 it had 3 in structors, 24 students, and 4700 volumes in the library. Commencement is on the third Thursday in June. Rev. John B. White president. WASHINGTON COLLEGE, PA. This institution, incorporated in 1806, is located at Washington, in Washington co., 26 miles south-west from Pittsburg. It commenced operations under a new organization in 1830. The legis lature made an annual appropriation of $500, towards the support of a professorship of English literature, to prepare young men for teaching in common schools. By a standing rule, a certain number of poor and pious young men may be educated without charge for tuition. In 1850 the college had 8 instructors, 105 students, and 441 alumni ; libraries, 3300 volumes. Commencement is. on the last Wednesday in September. The president is Rev. James Clark, D. D. WASHINGTON COLLEGE, MD. Founded in 1783, at Chestertown. In 1827 the college was burnt down. A new building was erected, and the operations of the college revived in 1844. In 1850 it had 5 instructors and 70 stu- 704 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. dents ; library, 1200 volumes. Commencement about the 20th of August. E. F. Chambers is president of the trustees. WASHINGTON COLLEGE, YA. This college is at Lexington, Rockbridge co., 129 miles north-west of Richmond. Itwas endowed by General Washington, with 100 shares of the stock tf the James River Company, which has sometimes produced an annual income of about $2500. It was incorporated in 1812. Its _ funds are large, and the course of instruction thorough. It has 6 instructors. In 18o0 it had 81 students and about 600 alumni ; volumes in the library, about 5000. Commencement is on the third lnursday in June. George Jankin is the president. WASHINGTON COLLEGE, TE. This college is in Washington co., founded in 1794. It has 2 instructors; students in 1850,42; alumni, 110 ; library, 1000 volumes. The president is Rev. E. T. Bard, A. M. WATERVILLE COLLEGE, ME This college is situated in Waterville, on the western bank of Kennebec River, 18 miles above Augusta. It was founded in 1820, and is under the direction of the Baptists. The instruction is given by the president and 5 professors. Number of students in 1850, 74; volumes in the library, 8500. The college has two brick edifices for the accommodation of the students. Alumni in 1850, 267. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1822 Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, D. D • 1833. 1 1833 Rev. Rufus Babcock, D. D 1837. 1837 Rev. Robert E. Pattison, D. D 1840. 1841 Eliphaz Fay. A. M ¦ • 1843. 1843 Rev. David N. Sheldon, A. M. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, CT. This institution, situated at Middletown, is under the direction of the Methodist Episcopal church It was founded in 1831. The faculty consists of the president and 4 professors. The libraries con tain over 11,000 volumes; students in 1850, 125; alumni, 327. Commencement on the first Wednesday in August. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1831. . . . Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D. D 1839. 1839 Rev. Stephen Olin, D.D 1851. WESTERN MILITARY INSTITUTE, KY. This institution, having the rank of a college, was established in 1847, at a place called Blue Lick Springs. It has 9 instructors; the number of students in 1850 was 217. Colonel T.F.Johnson is at the head of the institution. WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE, O. This institution, located at Hudson, in Portage co., was founded February 7, 1826. Its founders were mainly from New England, who were animated in their enterprise by a regard to the religions wants of the western country. The charter obtained from the state placed the institution wholly under the control of its founders, and has secured to it a complete exemption from the embarrassments so liable to grow out of mixed corporations. The college is now tolerably well endowed. Its funds have been wholly derived from private benefactions. In connection with the collegiate, there is a theological department in this institution. There is also a medical department, which is established at Cleveland. The number of instructors, exclusive of the medical professors, is 9 ; besides which there are also 3 teachers in the preparatory school. In 1850, the college had 54 students, and the theological department 19; alumni, 164. The libraries have about 8000 volumes. Commencement is on the second Thursday in June. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1830 Rev. Charles Backus Storrs, 1833. 1834 Rev. George Edmond Pierce, D. D. WEST TENNESSEE COLLEGE, TE. This college was incorporated in 1843, and reorganized in 1849. It has 4 teachers, and about 100 students in the preparatory and other departments. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 705 WILLIAMS COLLEGE, MS. This institution, situated at Williamstown, Berkshire CO., was incorporated in 1793. It was found ed by a bequest of Colonel Ephraim Williams, who commanded for some time two small forts on the banks of the Hoosac, in Adams and Williamstown, and who was killed in battle with the French and Indians, September 8, 1755. The buildings consist of four large brick edifices for the accommo dation of students ; a brick chapel 93 by 38 feet, containing also lecture rooms ; a library building, and an astronomical observatory, the first erected in the United States. The college library, together with those of the societies among the students, numbers nearly 14,000 volumes. The faculty con sists of the president, 6 professors, and 1 tutor. The college has about $70,000 of productive funds. The philosophical and chemical apparatus has recently been enlarged by the alumni, at an expense of several thousand dollars. A new and commodious chemical laboratory and lecture room has just been completed, and likewise a magnetic observatory, for ascertaining and exhibiting the laws of terrestrial magnetism. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in August Alumni in 1847, 1581. * Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1793 Rev. Ebenezer Fitch, D. D 1815. 1815 Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D. . . . 1821. 1821. ... . Rev. Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D 1836. 1836 Rev. Mark Hopkins, D. D. WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, VA. This college, next to Harvard, the oldest in the country, was originally projected in 1688, the year in which William and Mary ascended the British throne. It was chartered by their majesties in 1691. It was established at Williamsburg, 60 miles south-east of Richmond. Rev. James Blair, D. D., was the first president. It is under the direction of the Episcopalians. The college has property amounting to $150,000, and a library of 5000 volumes ; instructors, 6. Rev. John Johns is the president. WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY, WN. This is a new institution, founded in 1849. Only the preparatory department has gone into oper ation. Rev. John H. Lathrop is the president. WOODWARD COLLEGE, O. Founded in 1831, and located at Cincinnati. It has 5 instructors, and a library begun of 14,000 volumes. The number of students hitherto has been small. Commencement is on the Friday before the 4th of July. Rev. Thomas J. Biggs, D. D., is the president. YALE COLLEGE, CT. Yale College was founded in 1700, and incorporated by the Colonial Assembly of Ct. in 1701. It was first located at Saybrook, but in 1716 was removed to New Haven. Its first commencement at New Haven was in 1717. About this time Mr. Elihu Yale, of London, gave a donation of books and money to the college ; and in gratitude for his donations the institution was named Yale College. In 1733, Bishop Berkeley, of Ireland, gave a donation of 1000 volumes to the library, and two small founda tions for premiums. Yale College has been for many years the most popular literary institution in America. Its number of undergraduates in 1850 was 386. The number of its alumni, (5932,) has nearly equalled that of Harvard, which is its elder by 65 years. Its buildings are beautifully sit uated on slightly elevated ground, opposite to the western side of the New Haven Green, or Park ; their line in front stretching quite from the northern to the southern limit of this extensive quadrangle. In this range there are 5 large brick edifices, four stories high, occupied by the students ; mat on the north being occupied by the students of the theological department. .In the intermedi ate spaces are three steepled buildings, one of which is the chapel, and the others are occupied with recitation and lecture rooms, and rooms for the professors. An elegant stone building has been erected within a few years for the reception of the college library, and the libraries of the societies among the students. The number of volumes in these libraries together is about 50,500. There are other buildings for the chemical laboratory ; the mineralogical and geological cabinet, and the Trum bull gallery of paintings, &c. The cabinet of minerals is the most valuable in the United States, and inferior to only two or three in Europe. The college has a faculty of theology, of law, and of medicine connected with it. The medical college is furnished with a spacious and convenient stone edifice, containing one of the most valuable anatomical museums in the country. The theo logical department has 3 professors. The law school is under the direction of the Hon. Clark Bis- sell, late a judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut. The faculty, to whom are committed the government and instruction of the undergraduates, consists of the president and 10 professors, with 7 tutors. There has been organized also a department of philosophy and the arts, designed to fur nish to resident graduates and others an opportunity of pursuing special branches of study, as far as they may desire. The president and nil the academical professors aid in the instruction of thia department. Commencement is on the third Thursday of August. 89 706 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. Accessus. 1701. 1719.1726. 1739.1766. 1777. 1795.1817. 1846 Succession of Presidents. Rev. Abraham Pierson, M. A. Rev. Timothy Cutler, D. D. . Rev. Elisha Williams, M. A. Rev. Thomas Clap, M. A. Rev. Naphtali Daggett, D. D. Rev. Ezra Stiles, D. D., LL. D. Rev. Timothy Dwight, D. D., LL.D. Rev. Jeremiah Day, D. D., LL. D. Rev. Theodore Dwight Woolsey, LL. D, Exitus. 1707. 1722.1739. 1766. 1777. 1795.1817. 1846. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES UNITED STATES *^,* The following tables are copied, with additions, from the American Almanac for 1851. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. r o o o IB IB o co si 1! -i Name. Place. Denomination. 31 r « a o ~> ' ? if 15- S3 p- 33 5' Bangor Theological Seminary. Bangor, Me. Congregational. 1816 3 37 202 7,000 Methodist General Biblical Institute. Concord, N. H. Methodist. 1847 3 40 2,000 Gilmanton Theological Seminary.* Gilmanton, N. H. Congregational. 1835 69 4,300 New Hampton Theological Seminary. New Hampton, N. H. Baptist, 1825 2 36 2,000 Andover Theological Seminary. Divinity School, Harvard University* Andover, Ms. Congregational. 1807 6 87 1,006 21,259 Cambridge, Ms. Cong. Unitarian. 1816 2 23 238 3,000 Theological Institution. Newton, Ms. Baptist. 1825 3 33 201 5.500 Theological Department Yale College. New Haven, Ct Congregational. 1822 4 52 596 '900 Theological Institute of Connecticut. East Windsor, Ct. Congregational. 1834 3 17 151 5,000 Theological Institute of Episcopal Church. New York, N. Y. Prot Episcopal. 1817 5 64 336 10,000 Union Theological Seminary. New York, N. Y. Presbyterian. 1836 5 106 211 18,000 Auburn Theological Seminary. Auburn, N. Y. Presbyterian. 1831 4 30 580 6,000 Hamilton Literary and Theological Institute. Hamilton, N. Y. Baptist 1820 4 32 133 4,000 Rochester Theological Seminary. Rochester, N. Y. Baptist 1850 2 20 Hartwick Seminary. Hartwick, N. Y. Lutheran. ; 1816 2 5 *52 1,250 Theological Seminary, Associate Ref. Church. Newburg, N. Y. Associate Ref. Ch. 1836 1 11 143 3,200 Theological Seminary, Dutch Ref. Church. New Brunswick, N. J. Dutch Reformed. 1784 3 36 179 Theological Seminary, Presbyterian Church. Princeton, N. J. Presbyterian. 1812 5 153 1,626 ll',000 Seminary of the Lutheran Church. Gettysburg, Pa. Evan. Lutheran. 1826 2 26 200 9,000 German Reformed Theological Seminary. Mercersburg, Pa. German Ref. Ch. 1825 2 18 121 6,000 Western Theological Seminary. Alleghany Town, Pa. Presbyterian. 1828 2 48 252 6,000 Theological School. Canonsburg, Pa. Associate Church. 1792 2 33 147 2,000 Theological Seminary. Pittsburg, Pa. Associate Ref. Ch. 1828 3 35 85 1,500 Western Theological School. Meadville, Pa. Cong. Unitarian. 1844 4 40 9 8,000 Theological Seminary. Philadelphia, Pa. Reformed Presb. 3 13 Episcopal Theological School of Virginia. Fairfax co., Va. Prot Episcopal. 1822 4 38 229 5,000 Union Theological Seminary. Prince Edward co., Va. Presbyterian. 1824 3 20 175 4,000 Virginia Baptist Seminary. Richmond, Va. Baptist 1832 3 67 1,000 Southern Theological Seminary Columbia, S. C. Presbyterian. 1881 3 24 134 4,500 Theological Seminary. Lexington, S. C. Lutheran. 1835 2 10 20 1,800 Furman Theological Seminary. Fairfield District, S. C. Baptist 1826 2 30 30 1,000 Mercer Theological Seminary. Penfield, Ga. Baptist 1833 3 4 1,000 Howard Theological Institution. Marion, Aa. Baptist 1843 2 10 1,000 Western Baptist Theological Institute. Covington, Ky. Baptist. 1840 4 18 "9 2,000* South-western Theological Seminary. Maryville, Te. Presbyterian. 1821 2 24 90 6,000 Lane Seminary. Cincinnati, 0. Gambier, O. Presbyterian.Prot Episcopal. 1829 3 36 257 10,500 Theological Department Kenyon College. J828 4 4 30 4,500 Theological Dep't Western Reserve College. Hudson, O. Presbyterian. 1830 3 22 43 80 Granville Theological Department. Granville, O. Oberlin, 6. Baptist 1832 2 8 500 Oberlin Theological Department. Congregational. 1834 3 20 i24 250 Theological Seminary, Associate ReC Church. Oxford, 0. Associate Ref. Ch. 1839 1 12 31 1,500 Indiana Theological Seminary. South Hanover, la. Presbyterian. 10 Alton Theological Seminary. Upper Alton, Is. Baptist 1835 * This seminary has suspended operations 708 PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS, &c, IN THE UNITED STATES. MEDICAL SCHOOLS. Name. Place. i Q. 133— > ca v. £»a p 1 Lectures commence. Maine Medical School. Brunswick, Me. 1820 5 74 596 February 15. New Hampshire Medical School. Hanover, N. H. 1797 7 52 758 1st or 2d Thursday in Aug. Castleton Medical College. Castleton, Vt. 1818 7 104 555 4th Thursday in August Vermont Medical College. Woodstock, Vt. 1835 7 90 332 1st Thursday in March. Medical School, Harvard University. Cambridge, Ms. 1782 6 117 575 1st Wednesday in Nov. Berkshire Medical School. Pittsfield, Ms. 1823 5 103 473 1st Thursday in September. Medical Institution, Yale College. New Haven, Ct. New York, N. Y. 1810 6 41 864 7 w's after last Th. in July. College of Physicians and Surgeons, N. York. 1807 6 219 852 1st Monday in November. Medical Institution, Geneva College. Oeneva, N. Y. 1835 6 60 98 1st Tuesday in October. Medical Faculty, University of New York. New York, N. Y. 1837 6 421 597 Last Monday in October. Albany Medical College. Albany, N. Y. 1839 8 114 58 1st Tuesday in October. Medical Department, University of Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. 17P5 7 438 5,130 1st Monday in November. Jefferson Medical College. Philadelphia, Pa. 1824 7 516 1,809 1st Monday in November. Medical Department, Pennsylvania College. Philadelphia, Pa. 1839 7 106 36 October 14. Philadelphia College of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa. 7 69 220 Medical School, University of Maryland. Baltimore, Md. 1807 6 100 90S October 31. Washington Medical College. Medical School, Columbia College. Baltimore, Md. 1827 6 25 1st Monday in November. Washington, D. C. 1825 6 40 '81 1st Monday in November. Medical School, University of Virginia. Charlotteville, Va. 1825 3 45 1st Monday in October. Richmond Medical College. Richmond, Va. 1838 6 75 'i4 1st Monday in November. Winchester Medical College. Winchester, Va. 5 1st Monday in October. Medical College, State of South Carolina. Charleston, S. C. 1833 8 158 2d Monday in November. Medical College of Georgia. Augusta, Ga. 1830 7 115 124 2d Monday in November. Medical College of Louisiana. New Orleans, La. 1835 7 30 3d Monday in November. Memphis Medical Coljege Memphis, Te. 7 -Medical Dep't, Transylvania University. Lexington, Ky. 1818 7 214 1,351 1st Monday in November. Medical Dep't, University of Louisville. Louisville, Ky. 1837 7 376 53 1st Monday in November. Western Reserve Medical College. Cleveland, 0. 1844 6 250 355 1st Wednesday in Nov. Medical College of Ohio. Cincinnati, 0. 1819 8 130 331 1st Monday in November. Indiana Medical College. Laport, la. 7 104 19 1st Monday in November. Indiana Central Medical College Indianapolis, la. 1849 9 49 10 October 28. Rush Medical College. Chicago, Is. 1842 6 70 IC 1st Monday in November. Medical Department, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mi. 1849 5 September 12. Medical Department, St. Louis University. St. Louis, Mo, 1836 9 112 68 October 15. Medical Department, Missouri University. Columbia, Mo. 1840 7 92 1st Monday in November. LAW SCHOOLS. Place. Name. Professors. Students. Cambridge Ms. Harvard University. 3 98 New Haven, Ct Yale College. 2 33 Princeton, N. J. College of New Jerscv. 3 8 Carlisle, Pa. Dickinson College. 9 Williamsburg, Va. William and Mary College. 32 Charlotteville, Va. Chapel Hill, N. C. University of Virginia. 72 North Carolina University. 10 Tuscaloosa, Aa. Alabama University. Lexington, Ky. Transylvania University. 3 75 Louisville, Ky. University of Louisville. 3 50 Lebanon, Te. Cumberland University. 3 56 * Cincinnati, O. Cincinnati College. 3 25 Bloomington, la. Indiana State University. 2 29 PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES, AS COPIED FKOM THE KEFORT OF THE LIBKABIAN OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION IN 1851. States. Maine, New Hampshire, . . . Vermont Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland, District of Columbia Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida Alabama Mississippi, Louisiana , Texas, Arkansas Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio Michigan, Indiana Illinois, Missouri Iowa, "Wisconsin Minesota, Total, . . State libraries. No. Volumes. 10 39 9,0004,700 3,5007,400 3,000 34,099 5,000 10,000 4,000 15,000 100,200 14,000 3,000 4,0005,0007,0001,001 8,000 9,000 12.500 4,400 7,000 4,000 4,637 2,5004,000 3,000 288,937 Social libraries. No. Volumes. 126 6,370 13,878 126,269 25,104 14,234 151,894 4,300 125,385 " 4,000 32,156 7,0003,313 28,500 6,510 1,3371,454 lb'.OOO 1*000 3,500 21,295 3,315 10,700 2,8215,799 *l,66o 200 College libraries. Students' libraries, No. Volumes. 611,334 126 16,800 6,400 13,032 71,693 24,00029,13843,376 18,000 37,875 2,500 25,59229,50045,790 9,401 19,00015,637 13,660 5,189 13,000 300' 20,844 37,15035,51010,30017,300 8,129 18,465 586,912 No. Volumes. 142 13,13416,200 8,667 28,735 7,600 38,66619,319 7,000 29,a50 6,200 1,700 2,800 10,466 8,846 1,900 4,685 2,623 2,411 9,912 7,190 20,205 4,800 625 1,605 254,639 Libraries of acad emies and profes sional schools. No. Volumes. 3 171 1 7 227 10,800 10,700 45,450 6,300 143,465 9,000 38,300 3,150 12,951 3,000 10,264 5,000 3,500 4,000 12,529 2,000 500 320,909 Libraries of scien tific and historical societies. No. Volumes. 34 300 '2,800 44,572 3,0007,000 25,253 825 38,478' i',5009,173 1,200 2,000 1,5001,000 300 138,901 Public school li braries. Totals for States. No. Volumes. No. Volumes. 17 25 13 700 35 1 8,070 6 29 '22 1 11 1 30 102 2 1 3 374 1 16 4 4 33 9,505 452 2,500 9,100 91,539 19,637 3C0 1,338,848 2,1808,131 -'5,467 ' 1,460 "'25O 1,800 200 1,000 3,050 '"330 '5,'l00 1,1001,595 47,220 200 2,a50 6,200 160 2,163 1,552,332 31 5023 762 45 19 8,284 17 80 6 46 20 30 8 14 21 4 37 108 6 4 1 21 2748 381 16 27 19 5 35 2 10,199 56,856 57,178 34,299 415,658 79,341 98,638 1,756,254 46,305 287,519 16,700 84,565 148,673 89,18024,247 59,914 35,632 5,537 18,077 15,65030,000 1,631 1.0C0 47,356 63,440 104,634 65,23540,000 19,91637,506 2,660 7,163 3,200 3,753,964 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY OP T BE UNITED STATES. »»* We have received from a friend an elaborate and valuable paper, furnishing a succinct history of the currency of this country from its first settlement. The article is too long for insertion entire, in a work of this kind. We avail ourselves, however, of some of its most important statistical details, In presenting to our readers such a view of the banking institutions, coin, and currency of the country as may suffice to furnish complete and accurate data for economical and financial investigations. Up to the year 1690, the currency of gold and silver was sufficient for the ordinary trade of the colonies. In consequence of the war against the French in Canada under Sir William Phipps, the want of money became oppressive, not only for the ordinary expenses of government, but for the pay of troops, and the incidental expenses to sustain an army. A proposition was brought before the colonial court to issue bills of public credit, as the only resort, to furnish means to carry on tho war. After some effort, the court granted an issue of .£7000 in bills of credit, printed on square slips of paper, varying in value from five shillings to five pounds. The colonial court voted that the sum expressed in said bills should be equal in value with coin. The court provided no sinking fund for their redemption, only making them receivable for taxes or public dues, and promising, when demanded, to pay the full sum in money or public stock. The form of the first paper bill issued in America is as follows : — " This Indented bill of Twent/ Shillings, due from Massachusetts colony to the possessor, shall be in value, equal to money, and shall be accordingly accepted, by the Treasurer and receiver subordi nate to him, in all public payments, and for any stock at any time in the Treasury. " Boston in New England, December 6th, 1690. \ " By order of the General Court." Thus Massachusetts established the first paper currency in America. The issue of a paper cur rency at once relieved the pressure for money, and raised the value of merchandise. The sudden rise in bread stuff's was a subject of alarm to a portion of the people, in consequence of which the General Court, at its next session, passed an act that the price of corn should be reduced. The colonial court, for a period of fifty years, were continually legislating upon the currency, ex tending the issue of their bills of credit, and contriving all possible expedients to keep up the value, but without any beneficial result. The amount issued and in circulation in 1749, " the issue of fifty- nine years," was £2,200,000, which had depreciated 89 per cent, from the specie value, being worth only 11 cents on the dollar. Hutchinson, who then was speaker of the house, and one of the most influential men in the colo ny, and William Bollan, Esq., saw the necessity of at once abandoning the issue of bills, and redeem ing tho issue if possible. With the sanction of the colonial court, he was empowered to redeem the depreciated currency. £\ 80,000 was obtained from the home government in specie, and the issues were redeemed at 1 1 cents on the dollar. South Carolina issued bills of credit in 1702, and Pennsylvania in 1723; some other colonies at later periods issued bills of credit. The bills of these colonies shared the same fate as in Massachu- BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, &c, OF THE UNITED STATES. 711 setts, though the currency of Pennsylvania never depreciated so low in value as in other colonies. During the period from 1690 to 1760, no other efforts were made to improve the currency, if we ex cept the paper scheme, called the Land Bank, in 1740. Upon the redemption of a failed currency in New England in 1760, the colonial assembly estab lished a silver currency at six shillings and eight pence per ounce. The apprehensions of a shock ifl trade, as consequent upon this, proved groundless ; silver soon took the place of bills, every branch of business prospered, and was carried on with greater facilities than before. The States of Bhode Island and Connecticut were invited by Massachusetts to conform theii* cur rency to a specie standard, but declined to comply with the request. The effect of adopting a specie standard of currency by a-portion of New England, while the other colonies refused to conform their currency to a standard, caused so much suffering and inconvenience, that an act of Parliament\was passed in 1763, to prevent paper bills of credit being issued in any of his majesty's colonies or planta tions in America. This act caused paper bills of credit to be reduced to a very small amount ; and from this time to the commencement of the war, the colonies were generally free from a depreciated paper currency. , From this brief account of the provincial paper money, the reader may estimate properly that provision of the constitution of the United States which forbids any state to emit bills of credit, or make any thing but gold or silver a legal tender for the payment of debts. The next period of paper issues was brought on at the commencement of the war of the revolution. The colonies being without a sufficient currency to meet all their exigencies in raising armies and equipping fleets, the government was compelled to resort to the issue of bills of credit. This was called the Continental currency. The first emission was dated May 10, 1775, though no notes were issued till August following. The bills passed for nearly their declared value till the end of the year 1777, when the issue was about $26,000,000. From that date to the year 1 78 \-, the value was constantly depreciating, until $1000 of the continental paper money would not produce one dollar in coin, During a period of six years, the government issued $357,476,541 of what was called the old emission, and $2,070,485 of what was called the new emission. It is worthy of remark that the depreciation of the continental currency never retarded its circulation as long as it retained any value. The depreciation of the paper currency, during the period of its issue, caused successive acts of Con gress for the purpose of sustaining its value, which in the end proved ineffectual. The distress occasioned by the failure of the currency was universal for a time. It brought specie, however, directly into circulation, large amounts of which had been hoarded during the five years previous. The quantity was sufficient for all the ordinary purposes of trade. The country soon revived from the shock, but with a deep seated prejudice against a paper currency. The country being now without any paper currency, or even a bank of deposit or discount, in any of the colonies, a new principle, based upon the true science of banking, was brought before the pub lic by Robert Morris and others, who applied for a charter for a bank, to rest upon a specie basis, or that of the conversion of bills into coin at the will of the holder. This was the origin of the bank called the Bank of North America, which was established in Philadelphia in 1781, with a capital of $2,000,000. The charter was obtained from Congress, and was advocated upon the ground that it would assist the country by loans, and otherwise render aid to the treasury of the United States. The bank was to have a portion of government deposits, and consequently the United States became a stockholder to the amount of $254,000. The bank commenced its business in January, 1 782, under very flattering circumstances, being supported by some of the most distinguished men of the day ; also having the sanction of Congress and the assistance of the United States to give it public credit. Notwithstanding the strong position . of the bank, however, great difficulty was encountered in giving currency to its notes or bills. The experience of the evils suffered from the failure of the continental money was still fresh in the minds of the people. Having been so often disappointed in the colonial and continental currencies, they could not be made at once to feel the necessary confidence that the same results might not follow the new scheme. The public were slow to believe that the bank had coin in its vaults, or could redeem its bills on demand. Great efforts were made by the bank to remove these unfavorable im pressions from the public mind, and to give the necessary credit and confidence to its circulation ; and these efforts proved at length successful. The second bank in America, established upon the principle of a specie basis, was the Massachu setts Bank, established in Boston in 1784, which institution has retained u good reputation down to the present time. The date of the institution of some of the earlier banks in the several states of 712 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY the Union is as follows: New York, 1784; Maryland, 1790; the first Bank of the United States, February 8, 1791; Rhode Island, 1791; South Carolina, 1792; Virginia and Connecticut, 1792 ; District of Columbia, 1793; Delaware, 1795; Maine, 1799; Kentucky, 1802; Ohio, 1803; North Carolina, 1804; Louisiana, 1811 ; and Georgia, 1812. Twenty-three institutions were established in the several states previous to the year 1800. Since the beginning of the present century, banks have increased in rapid succession. The country was eminently prosperous from 1794 to 1807. with a gradual increase of paper currency, and without any great reaction in trade till 1809 ; then a very general contraction of the currency took place, with a depressed state of trade, causing the failure of several banks, and a great depreciation in real estate and all other descriptions of property. The whole number of Banks in the United States, in 1810, was 89, with an aggregate capital of $52,601,601, and a circulation, at the close of the year, of $30,000,000. The first Bank of the United States had been chartered, February 8, 1791, for a period of twenty years, with a capital of $10,000,000. One fifth of this amount was subscribed by government, and the remainder by individuals. The charter being now about to expire, strenuous efforts were made for its renewal, but without success, In the House of Representatives, on the 24th of January, 1811, a bill for the renewal of its charter was indefinitely postponed by a vote of 65 to 64. Another bill was brought into the Senate the same session, on the 20th of February, which was rejected by the casting vote of the president of the Senate. Congress then appointed trustees to wind up the concerns of the bank, who proceeded rapidly with their work, and by the 1st day of October, 1812, 88 per cent, of its capital was paid over to its stockholders ; 7 per cent, more April 1, 1813, and several smaller dividends afterwards. From 1811 to 1817, the country was without any national public banking institution. After the close of the war, in 1815, the subject of a national bank was again revived, and on the 8th of January, 1816, a bill was reported in Congress, to establish a Bank of the United States. This bill finally passed the House of Representatives on the 14th of March, by a vote of 80 to 71, and the Senate on the 3d of April, by a vote of 22 to 12, and was approved by the president on the 10th of April, 1816. The capital of this bank was fixed at $35,000,000. It commenced operations on the 1st clay of January, 1817, with $14,000,000 of United States stock and $1,400,000 of coin. The circulation of bank notes, in 1815, was estimated at $47,000.000 ; in 1816, at $70,000,000 ; in 1818, at $89,000,000. The contraction of the currency caused by the revulsion in 1819 was rapid, and so severe as to cause very general distress throughout the country. The whole circulation of the coun try, in 1820, was estimated at only $45,000,000. The whole bank capital of the country, in 1830, was $145,192,268, with a circulation of $61,323,898. The whole number of banks which had failed or discontinued business, from 1811 to this date, was 193, possessing an aggregate capital of $30,000,000. The financial management of the United States Bank, during the first term of Jackson's adminis tration, caused the president to recommend an inquiry into its condition. A bill was carried through both houses of Congress for the renewal of its charter, but it was vetoed by the president. The final result was, the refusal, on the part of Congress, to renew the charter. A charter was obtained by Nicholas Biddle and others, from the State of Pennsylvania, under which the assets and liabilities of the Bank of the United State's were transferred, by vote of its stockholders, to this new corporation. Government disposed of all its interest in the institution, having some time previously removed its deposits of coin, and the treasury department having dis solved all connection with the bank. The bank continued its existence till 1841, when the institution failed, the whole capital being a total loss. In May, 1837, this bank, then called the United States Bank of Pennsylvania, suspended specie payments, with all other banks in the United States, with only one exception, which was that of the State Bank of Missouri. This was the first general suspension of specie payments by the banks of this country, a partial suspension having taken place during the war of 1812, when all the banks south and west of New England suspended specie payments, a large portion of which never resumed till after tho revulsion in the years 1818 and 1819, and then by a failure of a considerable' proportion of their number. The banks of New England and New York resumed specie payments in May, 1838. after one year of suspension. The United States Bank of Pennsylvania, and others south, attempted a resumption at the same time, but suspended the second time in October, 1839. These banks resumed the third time in January, 1841, and again suspended in twenty days. After the failure of the United State* OF THE UNITED STATES. 713 Bank of Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia banks resumed, for the fourth and last time, in March, 1842. The banks south gradually resumed, or otherwise went into liquidation ; since which time the banks of the United States have maintained specie payments, and have been generally prosperous. The period from 1830 to 1840 was marked by an extraordinary increase of banking capital, the largest during any period of our history. In 1 830, there were 329 banks and branches in the United States, with a capital of $143,301,898 ; in 1840, 901 banks and branches, with a capital of $358,442,692, being an increase of $215,140,794 in nine years. The loans and discounts upon the capital were, in 1837, $525,115,702; in 1840, $462,896,523. The financial revulsion in 1837 and 1840 caused an extensive failure among the banks, with almost the entire loss of bauk capital in Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and portions of other states. The loss of bank capital, during the transition from 1838 to 1846, by failure or otherwise, amounted to $161,558,383, resulting in a contraction of the circulation of $54,088,755, and a reduction in the num ber of banks, from failure alone, of 194. The increase of banks and banking capital within the last ten years has been slower, but probably on a more sure and firm basis, than at any former period. The whole number of banks and branches in the United States, January 1, 1852, was 871, with a capital of $227,469,074, being a less aggregate capital of $130,973,618 than at the period, of 1840. The reduction of banking capital was con stantly going on from 1840 down to 1846, when the whole bank capital in the United States was $196,894,309 ; since which period there has been a gradual increase in the aggregate. The increase in 1847 and 1848 was $8,000.000 ; in 1849, $12,000,000 ; in 185C, about $10,000,000 ; the whole aggre gate of increase, since 1846 being $30,574,765; the whole number of banks and branches being 871, only 30 less than at the great expansive period of 1840. The circulation at a period near Janu ary, 1852, was $163,649,812 ; loans and discounts, $412,607,653 ; and silver and gold in the vaults of the several banks to the amount of $49,133,122 ; amount of bank capital, $254,640,630. y It will be seen from this statement that the banks of the United States began to expand in 1831, and reached their maximum in 1837, then their lowest point of depression in 1843. Since that period, they have gone on again to extend their issues, but without any Berious fluctuations. 90 714 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY BANKING INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1852. MAINE. Towns. Banks Augusta, . . 3 Bangor, . 7 Bath, 3 Belfast, 1 Biddeford, 1 Brunswick, . . 2 Calais, . 1 Eastport, 1 Gardiner, 1 Hallowell, . . 1 Portland, 6 Saco, . 2 Skowhegan, 1 South Berwick, 1 Rockland, 1 Thomaston, . . 1 Topsham, 1 Waldoboro', . 1 Waterville,Wiscasset, . 2 . 1 Total, 38 NEW HAMPSHIEE. Charlestown, Claremont,Concord, Dover, . East Jaffrey, Exeter, . Keene, Lancaster,Lebanon, Manchester, Meredith, . Nashua,New Ipswich, Pittsfield, Portsmouth,Rochester, Somersworth, Warner, Winchester, Total, Bethel,Birmingham, Bridgeport, . Brooklyn,Danbury,Deep River, East Haddam, Falls Village, Hartford, Jewett City, Meriden, Middletown,Mystic, 25 CONNECTICUT. $213,000 1,000,000 375,000 50,000 150,000 110,000 50,00075,000 100,000 75,000 1,125,000 175,000 75,000 100,000 100,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 125,000 50,000 4,098,000 90,000 100,000 180,000228.000 50,000 100,000 200.000i 50,000 100,000 260,000 65,000 125,000 100,000 50,000 491,000 125,000 125,000 50,000 100,000 2,586,000 100,000101,490846,800 64,40098,50075,000 71,320 106,000 4,697,700 44,000 234,750 845,900 52,800 Towns. New Haven, New London, Norwalk, Norwich, Pawcatuck,Saybrook, Southport,Stamford, . Stonington,Thompson, Tolland, Waterbury, . Windham,Winsted, Total, Bellows Falls, Bennington, Bethel, Brandon, Brattleboro', Burlington, Chelsea, Danville,Danhy,Derby Line, Irasburg, Manchester, Middlebury,Montpelier, Orwell, Poultney,Proctors ville, Rutland, St. Alban's, . St. Alban's Bay, St. Johnsbury, Sheldon,Swanton Falls, Vergennes,Wells River, Windsor, Woodstock, . Total, . Banks. 4 3 1 4 47 VERMONT. 31 MASSACHUSETTS. Boston, Abington, Andover, Attleboro',Beverly,Blnckstone,Brighton,Cambridge,Cnmbridjjjport,Canton, T Charlestown,Chelsea, . Chickopee, . 32 Capital. 1,987,625 414,625175,330 1,987,725 75,00076,010 100,000 60,000 160,000 60,00080,800 500,000 60,000 100,000 13,175,675 100,000 100,000 75,000 50.000 150,000 600,000 50,000 75,000 50,000 50,00050,000 50,000 75,000 200,000 100,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 75,000 50,00060,000 2,685,000 24,210,000 100,000100,000100,000125,000100,000 250,000 200,000 100,000100,000 200,000 150,000 150,000 OF THE UNITED STATES. 715 Towns. Concord, Danvers,Dedham,Dorchester, '. Fairhaven,Fall River, . Fitchburg, Framingham, Falmouth, Georgetown,Gloucester, Greenfield, . Great Barrington Haverhill, . Hingham,Holyoke, Lawrence,Lancaster, . Leicester,Lee,Lowell, . Lynn,Maiden, . Marblehead,Millbury,Milford,Nantucket, Newburyport,New Bedford, Newton,Northampton,North Adams, Oxford, . Pittsfield, . Plymouth, Quincy, Randolph,Rockport,Roxbury, Salem,Springfield, Salisbury, . Southbridge, Stockbridge, Taunton,Uxbridge, . Ware,Waltham, Wareham, Westfield, . Weymouth,Worcester, . Wrentham, Yarmouth, . Total, Banks. 1 3 12 1 2 2 11 1121 4 1 1 1111 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 34 1 2 1 11 2 1 11 1 75 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 21 511 137 RHODE ISLAND. Providence, . Bristol, . Cranston,Coventry, Cumberland, East Greenwich, Exeter,Eoster, . Gloucester, . Newport, Pascong, South Kingston, 26 4 Capital. 100,000 450,000200,000 200,000200,000 450,000400,000200,000 100,000 100,000 200,000350,000 100,000 480,000 105,000 50,000 400,000 150,000 100,000 150,000 1,100,000 3CO,000 60,000 220,000 50,000 150,000 200,000510,000 1,900,000 150,000 400,000 185,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 100,000150,000 100.000 150,000 1,750,0001,150,000 100,000 100,000 100,000500,000 100,000 200,000 100,000 100,000200,000100,000 1,000,000 150,000 300,000 42,545,000 8,798,437 340,000 25,00040,000 275,000 81,960 21,33060,000 38,000 680.000 100,000150,000 Towns. North Kingston, North Providence, Scituate,Smithfield,Tiverton, Warren, . Warwick, Wakefield,Woonsocket, Westerly, Banks. ¦ 2 , 3 . 1 4 . 1 2 2 1 . 1 3 Total, 25 Capital. 125,000 , 269,000 40,000 234,775 200,000260,000 75,000 100,000100,000 325,000 Total, . 69 12,338,502 NEW JERSEY/. Belvidere, . . 1 146,880 Bridgetown, 1 52,050 Burlington, . . 1 50,000 Camden, . 1 260,000 Dover, . 1 100.000 Elizabethtown, . 1 200,000 Medford, . 1 70,000 Mount Holly, . 1 100,000 Middletown Point, . . 1 50,000 Morristown, 1 50,000 Newark, . 4 1,808,650 New Brunswick, 2 190,340 Newton, . 1 134,480 Orange, . 1 102,500 Princeton, . . 1 90,000 Rahway, 1 130,000 Salem, . 1 75,000 Somerville, 1 50,000 Trenton, . 2 310,000 Wantage, 1 50,000 4,019,900 NEW YORK. New York City, . . 40 35,442,000 Adams, . 1 50,000 Albany, 6 2,043,100 Albion, . 2 275,905 Amenia, 1 50,000 Amsterdam, 1 116,000 Arietta, 1 6,500 Auburn, . 2 450,000 Bainbridge, . 1 5,000 Brooklyn, 4 1^300,000 Ballston Spa, 1 125,000 Batavia, . 3 251,456 Bath, 1 150,000 Binghampton, 1 100,000 Brasher Falls, 1 5,000 Buffalo, . 9 987,000 Benton, 1 9,652 Canandaigua, 2 200,000 Camden, 1 120,000 Carmel, . 1 55,600 Catskill, 2 225,000 Chester, . 1 100,400 1 50,000 Clinton, Clyde, . 1 56,687 Cherry Valley, 1 120,000 Cooperstown, 1 100,000 Corning, 1 104,500 Cazenovia, 1 100,000 Danville, 1 150,250 Delhi, . 1 149,500 716 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY Towns. Dunkirk, Durham,Elmyra,Farmer's Mills, Fishkill, Fort plain, Friendship, . French Creek, Fredonia, Genesee,Geneseo,Geneva, . Goshen, Granby, Hadley,Half Moon, Hamilton, . Hartford, Hebron,Herkimer,Hudson,Huntsville, Ithaca, Jamestown,Johnstown, . Keesville,Kinderhook,Kingston, Lansingburg, Leedsville,Leroy,Littlefalls,Lockport,Louville,Madrid,Martinsburg, Meridian,Middletown,Mohawk, Monticello,Naples, Newark, Newburg, North Granville, Norwich,Ogdensburg, Oswego, Owego, Painted Post, Palmyra,Pawling,Penn-Yan,Peekskill, . Pine Plains, Potsdam,Poughkeepsie, . Prattsville, . Putnam Valley, Rochester, . Rome, . Rosendale, . Sackets Harbor, Sag Harbor, Saratoga Springs, Saugerties, . Schenectady,Silver Creek, Somers, . Syracuse, Troy, . Unadilla, Utica, Banks. Capital. 11.500 20.000 271,500300,000 120,000100,000 5,0005,000 50,000 100,000 117,400 400,000 105.660 15,000 5,000 102,775 51,00015,00015.000 100,800 313,800 5,000 300,000 100,000100,000 100,000125,000 300.000 120,000 10,000 100,000 200,000282,620102,450 10,000 100,000 25,000 100,000150,000165.000 14,900 20.000 682,892 10,000 120,000210,000285,000200,000 5,000 25,000 125,000106,800 200,000 100,000 50.000 550,000 80,00091,234 930,000" 287,200 100,000 200,000 20,00060,000 10,000 315,000 92,850 111,150885,000 1,768,000 100,000 1,610,200 Towns. Union Ellery, Union Village, Vernon Village, Waterford, Waterloo,Watertown, Waterville, . Westfield, Whitehall, . Whitestown, Total, . . 218 57,359,351 There are about 26 banks, of small capital, amounting in the aggregate to about $800,000, not here enumerated. 3anks. Capital. 1 10,000 1 150,075 1 1 1 5 11 100,000 100,000 200,000508,828120,000 30.000 2 208,200 1 120,000 Baltimore, . Annapolis, Chestertown,Cumberland, Ellicott's Mills, Easton, . Frederick, . Hagerstown, Port Depont, Westminster,Williamsport, MARYLAND. 12 Total, 7,140,316 298,000 100,000 282,074 125,000 271,575 525,430 250.000 50,000 110,000 135,000 Total, . 25 9,287,395 WISCONSIN. Milwaukie, . . 1 225,000 PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia, . 15 10,518,600 Bristol, . 1 92,220 Brownsville, 1 175,000 Carlisle, . 1 22,500 Chambersburg, . 1 205,470 Chester, . 1 155,640 Columbia, . 1 307,300 Danville, 1 165,770 Doylestown, 1 60,000 Easton, . 2 550,000 Erie, 1 101,890 Germantown, 1 152,500 Gettysburg, . . 1 123,873 Hanover, 1 36,000 Harrisburg, . 2 350,000 Honesdale, 1 100,000 Lancaster, . 4 955,618 Lebanon, 1 80,320 Middletown, 1 100,000 Norristown, 1 384,995 Northumberland, 1 160,000 Pittsburg, 4 2,418.545 Pottsville, . 1 199,920 Reading, 1 300,360 Schuylkill Haven, . 1 100,000 Washington, . • . Waynesburg, 1 120.000 1 100,000 Westchester, 1 225.000 Wilkesbarre, 1 85,330 Williamsport, 1 100,000 York, 2 320,000 54 18,766,351 OF THE UNITED STATES. 717 3EORGIA. Towns. Banks. Capital. [Eleven Banks and ten Winches. Incomplete.] Leesburg,Lynchburg, . 1 . 2 180,000 600,000 Towns. Banks. Capital. Morgantown, 1 75,000 Augusta, . 7 3,624,900 Norfolk, . . 2 991,000 Athens, . 1 100,000 Parkersburg, 1 100,000 Columbus, 1 134,375 Petersburg, . . 3 1,170.000 Eatonton, 1 100,000 Portsmouth, 1 225,000 Macon, . 2 100,000 Richmond, . . 3 2,114,000 Savannah, 5 2,369,940 Romney, 1 200,000 Salem, . 1 100,000 Staunton, 1 100,000 MISSOURI. Wheeling, . . 2 969.100 [One Bank and five Branches.] Wellsburg, Winchester, 1 . 2 118,000 680.000 Bank of Missouri, St. Louis, 1 603,751 Witheville, 1 130.000 Fayette, 121,000 — Jackson, . 121,000 Total, . 38 10,214,600 Lexington, . 121,000 Palmyra, 121,000 Springfield, . 6 121,000 DELAWARE. Delaware City, . 1 Dover, . . 1 Total, 1,208,751 50.000 186.000 i Georgetown, 120,000 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Newcastle, Smyrna, 138.000 100,000 Georgetown, . 1 300,000 Wilmington, 4 700,000 Washington, 3 882,300 Total, 9 1,294,000 Total, . 4 1,182,300 MISSISSIFPL KENTUCKY. Holly Springs, 1 100,000 Bowling Green, . 1 175.000 Covington, 2 850,000 ALABAMA. Danville, . 1 220,000 Frankfort, 2 650,000 Mobile, 2 1,800,580 Flemingsburg, . 1 100,000 Greensburg, 1 125 000 Henderson, 1 250,000 NORTH CAROLINA. Hopkinsville, 1 250,000 Lexington, . . 2 1,530,000 Asheville, . 1 125,000 Louisville, 3 2,917,000 Charlotte, 1 125,000 Maysville, . . 2 850,000 Elizabeth City, 1 100,000 Mount Sterling, 1 200.000 Fayetteville, 3 885,000 Owensboro', . 1 300,000 Greensboro', 1 100.000 Paducah, 1 100,000 Milton, . 1 125,000 Paris, . 1 370,000 Morganton, . 1 100,000 Princeton, 1 300,000 Newbern, 2 375,000 Richmond, . 1 150,000 Raleigh, 2 425.000 Russellville, 1 400,000 Salem, . 1 150,000 Somerset, . 1 100,000 Salisbury, 1 125,000 Smithland, 1 300,000 Tnrboro', 1 150,000 — Wadesboro', 1 200.000 Total, . 26 10,137,000 Washington, 2 300,000 IRGINIA. Wilmington, Total, . 3 22 1,050,000 V 4,305,000 Abington, . 1 100.000 Alexandria, 3 657,000 SOUTH CARC )LINA. Buchanan, . . 1 105,000 Charleston, 1 . 150.000 Camden, 2 377,600 Charlestown, . 1 190.000 Charleston, 7 10,935,431 Charlottesville, . 1 104.000 Cheraw, 1 400,000 Clarkesville, 1 • 200.000 Columbia, 2 800,000 Danville, 2 190.000 Georgetown, 1 200,000 Pairville, . « Fredericksburg, . 1 2 150,000 550.000 Hamburg, 1 500,000 Jeffersonville, 1 66,500 Total, 14 13,213,031 718 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY Towns. Bedford, Evansville,Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Lafayette.LawrenceburgMadison,Michigan City, New Albany, Richmond, Southbend, . Terre Haute, Vincennes, . Total, Athens,Chattanooga, INDIANA. Banks. 14 TENNESSEE. Capital. 91,763 151,866 145,031 219.900 187,750 215.000 212,500 120,000 163,850167,000102,340157,900147,200 2,082,151 249.150 100,000 Towns. Clarkesville,Columbia, Franklin,Jackson, . Knoxville, . Lawrenceburg, Memphis, Nashville, Pulaski,Rogersville, Shelbyville, . Somersville,Sparta,Trenton, Total, Detroit, Banks. Capital 1 2 1 223,931 190,130 200,000 150,000 100,000 1 2 100,000 400,000 3 1 1 1 3,658,500 200,000 254,208 223,931 1 . 1 1 254,208 223,931254,208 23 MICHIGAN. 6,782,197 764,022 SUMMAEY OF THE FOREGOING TABLES. NEW ENGLAND STATES. Total, States. Banks. Branches. Capital. Specie. Circulation. Deposits. Maine, 37 3,586,100 630,296 2,994,905 1,389,137 New Hampshire, 28 2,891.000 158,000 2,109,000 541,000 Vermont, 31 2,685,000 180,000 3,377,000 546,000 Massachusetts, 137 42,820.000 2,478,858 19.694,698 12.969,775 Rhode Island, 69 12,358,552 271,000 3,077,000 1,867,000 Connecticut, 47 349 13,175,675 774,861 4,493,015 6,639,834 38,192,437 3,147,682 Total, 77,516,327 20,460,594 MIDDLE STATES. New York, 244 58,580,181 8,978,918 27,511,787 54,467,682 New Jersey, 26 3,754,900 622,885 3,046,658 2,411,861 Pennsylvania, 49 5 18,675,484 4,327,894 11,798.996 17,689,212 Delaware, 6 3 1.293,185 159,773 833,960 502,755 Maryland, 24 2 9.228.881 2,709,699 3,532,869 5,838,766 District of Columbia 4 1,182,300 300,000 350,000 353 10 92,714,931 17,098,669 47,074,270 80,910,276 SOUTHERN STATES. Virginia,North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Total, 6 9 12 11 3213 2 10 10,214,600 4,305,000 13,213.03113,482,198 2,928,174 4,645,028 2,218,228 2,112,446 11,600,000 4,249.883 11,771,270 9,198,827 18 65 32,498.596 13,164,218 25,607,465 4,717,732 942,098 3,068,6862,580,826 Total, 38 57 41,214,829 8,903,876 36,819,980 11,306,342 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. Alabama, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky,Missouri, Mississippi, 2 5 45 1 1 20 19 21 5 1,800,580 12,370,390 ' 6,881 .568 10,136.927 1,209.131 100.000 1,998,8205,716,001 1,456,778 2,794,351 1,198,268 3,568,285 5,059,229 6,814,376 7,643,075 2,522,500 1,474.263 8.464,S89 1,917,751 2,823,657 1,098,981 15,779,741 OF THE UNITED STATES. 719 WESTERN STATES. States. Ohio,Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Banks. 17 1511 25 782 Branches. 4113 1 55 187 Capital. 7,624,796 2,082,151 764,022 225,000200,000 Specie. 2,749,752 1,197,880 125,722 Circulation. 11,635,781 3,422,445 897,334 Deposits. 5,575,16J 630,328416,147 Total, 10,895,969 4,073,354 49,133,122 15,955,560 163,649,812 6,621,634 Total in the U. S., 254,640,632 135,121,587 LNCEEASE OF' BANKING CAPITAL TO POPULATION FOR TEN YEARS, SINCE 1840. NEW ENGLAND STATES. States. Population. Maine, 583,188 New Hampshire, 317,999 Vermont, 314,120 Massachusetts, 994,499 Rhode Island, 147.543 Connecticut, 370,791 Ratio of In crease per ct. ™4 114 •h 34J35J 19i Total, 2,728,140 Average increase of population, 22 per cent. Bank capital, $77,516,327, or $28-60 per head. MIDDLE STATES. New York, 3,097,394 274 New Jersey, 489,535 31 Pennsylvania, 2,311,786 34 Delaware, 91,535 184 Maryland, 583,035 24 Total, 6,573,285 Average increase of population, 29 per cent. Bank capital, $92,714,931, or $1426 per head. SOUTHERN STATES. District of Columbia, Virginia,North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Total, 51,687 1,421,661 868,903 668,507 905,999 87,401 4,004,158 184, 14J 154 124 3160 Average increase of population, 19 per cent. Bank capital, $41,214,829, or $10-30 per head. SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. States. Population. Ratio of in crease per ct. Kentucky, 982,405 26 Missouri, 682,043 77| Alabama, 771,671 304 Louisiana, 511,974 45} Tennessee, 1,002,625 21 Mississippi, 606,555 61J Arkansas, 209,639 115 Texas. 212,592 New Mexico, 61.505 Total, 5,041,009 Average increase of population, 35 per cent Bank capital, $32,498,596, or $6-49 per head. WESTERN STATES. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa,Wisconsin, Michigan,Mipesota Territory, Total, 1,980,408 988,416851,470 192,214 305,191397,654 6,077 4,721,430 30} 44 78J 345| 8904 874 Average increase of population, 49 per cent Bank capital, $10,695,969, or $227 per head. California, 165,000 Oregon Territory, 13,293 Utah Territory, estimated 1 5,000 Total, No bank capital. 23,246,301 720 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY PRECIOUS METALS IN THE UNITED STATES. The total amount of gold and silver in the Unit ed States, in 1820, was estimated at $40,000,000. Since that time, to June 30, 1851, the whole amount of importations of gold and silver from abroad has been .... $273,838,764 The exportations during the same period, ..... 230,012,415 Amount of silver and gold of do mestic production, other than that received from California, Amount of gold and silver received from California since 1848, to De cember 20, 1851, From which is to be deducted for the amount exported from July 1 to December 20, Add amount of silver and gold in the country, by estimate, in 1 820, 43,826,349 27,354,63692,106,123 163,287,108 26,549,482 136,737,626 40.000,000 176,737,626 From this sum is to be deducted the amount lost by abrasion, and used for manufacturing purposes, for 30 years, — excluding the amount received by immigrants, which may be estimated at $1,500,000 annually, — which will amount, in the aggregate, to $45,000,000 ; which suni, de ducted from the above, will leave $131,737,626 as the total amount of coin in%he United States at the present time. The amount of bullion deposited for coinage at the mint of the United States and its branches, in the year 1850, was — In gold, . . . $38,365,160 " silver, . . . 1,939,041 Total, . . 40,304,201 The coinage of the mints up to October 1, 1851, has been as follows: — In gold, . . . $156,721,849 " silver, . . . 77.677,885 " copper, . . . 1,381,643 Total, . . 235,781,377 Of this sum, $95,847,862 is of domestic produc tion, of which $68,493,226 is of the production of California since 1848. COINAGE OF THE UNITED STATES MINT AND ITS BRANCHES FROM 1792 TO 1851. Years. Whole Coinage. Whole Coinage. Gold. Value. Years. Gold. Value. No. Pieces. Value. No. Pieces. Value. 1793-5 $71,485-00 1,834,420 $453,541-80 1824 $93,20000 4,786,894 §1,858,297 00 1796 102.727-50 1,219,370 192,129-40 1825 156,385 00 5,178,760 ¦1.735.H94 00 1797 103,422-50 1,095,165 125,524-29 1826 92.24500 5,774.434 2.110,679-25 1798 205,610-00 1,368,241 545,698-00 1827 131,56500 9,097,S-i.r> 3,U24,342-32 1799 213,28500 1,365,681 645,906-68 1828 140.145 (Ml 6,196,853 1,741,381-24 1800 317,76000 3,337,972 571,335-40 1829 2115.717-50 7,674,501 2,306,875-50 1801 422,570-00 1,571,390 510,956-37 1830 643.10500 8,357,191 3,155,620-00 1802 423,310-00 3,615,869 516,075-83 1831 714,270-00 11,792.284 3,923,473-60 1803 258,377-50 2,780,830 370,f.9S-53 1 832 798,435-00 9,128,387 3,401,05500 1804 258,642-50 2,046,839 371.827-94 1833 978,55000 10,307,790 3,765,71000 1805 170,367-50 2,260,361 333.239-48 1834 3,954,270-00 11,637.643 7,388,423:00 1806 324,505-00 1,815,409 801,08400 1835 2,186,17500 15.996,342 5,668,667-00 1807 437,495-00 2,731,345 1,044,595-96 1836 4,135,700-00 13,719,333 7,764.900-00 1808 284,665-00 2,935,888 982,055-00 1837 1,148,305-00 13,010,721 3,299.898-00 1809 169,375-00 2,861,834 884,752-53 1838 1,809,59500 15,780,311 4,206,540 00 1810 501 ,435-00 3,056,418 1,155,868.50 1839 1,355,885-00 11,811,594 3,576,467-61 1811 497,905-00 1,649,570 1,108,740-95 1840 1,675,302-50 10,558,240 3,426,632-50 1812 290,43500 2,761,646 1,115,219-50 1841 1,091,597-50 8,811,968 2,240,321-17 1813 477,14000 1,755,331 1,102,275-50 1842 1,834,170-50 11,743,153 4.190,754-40 1814 77,270-00 1,833,859 642,535-80 1843 8,108,797-50 4,640,582 11,967,830-70 1815 3,17500 69,867 20,48300 1844 2.230-00 9,051,834 7,687,767-52 1816 2,888.135 56,785-57 1845 3,756,447.50 1,806,196 5,668,595-54 1817 5,163,967 647,267-50 1846 4,034,17700 10,133,515 6,633,965-00 1818 242,940-00 5,537,084 1,345.064-50 1847 20,221,385,00 15,392,344 22,657,671-69 1819 258,61500 5,074,723 1,425,32500 1848 3,775.512-50 12,649,790 5.879,720-49 1820 1,319,030 00 6,492,509 ¦1,864,78620 1849 9,007,761-50 12,666,659 11,164.695-82 1821 189.32500 3,139,249 1,018,977-45 1850 31,981,733-50 14,588,220 33,892,301-00 1822 88,980-00 72,425-00 3,813,7882,166,485 915,509-89 967,975.00 1823 Total, 117,330,93500 370,536,129 195,074,710.92 STATISTICAL TABLE OF TWENTY PENITENTIARIES IN 1851.* Penitentiaries. 2 n 0 -¦ u >* ® 2 SB — ¦ *> !« - oi OO "o ©©> CUD «!.S a | 3S 5 ©u>a 'C 3 -a-ala' 'a. £l a ¦u to ¦s.§ © a0 10. 133 T3 a. 1a0 ¦a , £S 0 2 B-S,© » sOJ .9 OJ ia 3 a efd 0) O1M a« <•* 0 & c .22la a.S 0'&aIs nl P. 3- « .3 * Oo B« ^ Kg ••iBJjg a ft- 2 p. S 5 . c 3 » fa" . 8 | 5 -« a «1 'C p.be rt 1 3 tvt • 62 349 28 76 440 37 69 391 33 14 91 9 33 221 23 10 108 3 8 1011 1 3 6,107 .45,816 709 6,251 45,261 3,917 555 144 3,207 88 116 21 89 116 118 2,093 17,307 1,300 396 5,297 505 5,746 134 2,438 11,661 1,003 73 1,099 56 743294 421 117 6 3 1 177 609 124 672 78 185 299 147732114 694 71 210299 162 670 119 683 94 188 299 123 '22 '2.5 30 io "1 a 498 304 39 228 29 122 150 472 »133 38 ol53 2882 118 b 3 22 5 15 3 10 31 29 3 p 17 35 1 9,810 68,483 12,119 72,521 3,165 18,927 11,950 10,261 56,16525,344 65,884 10,93013,47417,339 12,317 6,636 <25,452 450 224,723 7,764 i 5,388 60 102101 106 4297 37 6283 m212 96 147 e 6857 28,828 15,943 33,958 3,126 7,388 c 4,2845,317 2,7728,860 984 1,145 661 3,022 755 4,670 r 800 /2,359 4,791 18,249 3,776 27,660 2,9207,094 357 15,440 12,349 16,474 1,200 (73,406 4 3 1 1 0 9 3,181 1,937 1,466 1,2001,601 1,042 259 959700274 Sing Sing, (Malel.... Sing Sing, (Fem.).... 1 1 Philadelphia New Pen. •• A5 46 57 51 11 27 15 1 1,515 10,561 9,045 29 7,452 s 522 372 1,513 130 109 2,738 131 3,008 119 22 317 47 50 1,724 21 1,181 k 2 120 2 2 10,700 16,968 89 142 8,411 1,365 1,085 2,970 2,191 711 94 2,878 49 15 15 5 261,822 282,355 24,960 50,721 888 1,190 125,806 30,942 20,109 84,075 52,645 11,133 3,996 * From Rev. Louis Dwight's Annual Report of the Prison Discipline a Of the whole number received, 359 were males and 139 fe- / Including furniture. males ; of those in Prison, October 31, 1850, 99 were males. jrThis amount is not included among the expenses of the insti- b Discharged by court and magistrates, 19 ; discharged by pay- tution in the Annual Report, but is paid from the state treasury. merit of fines, 32; of those who died in Albany Penitentiary, 2; h The maladies of two others became unequivocally developed, the whole number died of delirium tremens. who were thought, in the latter months of 1849, to exhibit symp- c This amount is supposed to include salary of officers, fuel, toms of incipient insanity 3 but the physician says they owed their and lights. origin to the previous year, although their diseases were not suffi- d This balance in favor of the earnings above expenses does ciently manifest to justify their return- not include the salaries of the officers among the expenses, which i This balance of expense against the institution is over and amounted to $7,338 ; showing a deficit of earnings, if the salaries above the salary of the officers. of officers be included, of $1,935, instead of a balance in favor of j It nowhere appears in the Annual Report of the institution $5,452. what amount was paid for salary of officers, or for particular items e This average is made on a bill of expenses not including the of expenditure. salary of officers. k One by reversal of judgment. Society. 1 This amount was drawn from the state treasury, and was in part expended for repairs and improvements. m This average expense of each prisoner is after deducting re pairs and improvements. n Two were removed to Western House of Refuge, and three discharged by habeas corpus, and for new trial. 0 Three were returned as not insane ; 12 remain in the Prison ; but it is not stated when and where they became insane. » Two others were drowned, and one other was accidentally killed. q Seventeen were transferred to Auburn, and removed by ha beas corpus. r This sum includes furniture as well as clothing. s $8.43 more are charged as having been lost on broom making. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, ACCORDING TO THE SEVEN CENSUSES, FROM 1790 TO 1850. State! and Territories. Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New Vork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Oregon Territory, Minnesota Territory, New Mexico Territory,.... Utah Territory, Naval Service, Total, Free States and Ter. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caroli n ',*. South Carolina,., (Georgia, Alabama Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas Florida, 1 exas, Dist. of Columbia,. Total in Slave States, . " Free States, . . 1790. Free Persons. I White. Col'd. Slaves. 96,002 141,111 373,324 64,689 832,581 85,144 314,142 109,954 424,099 1,901,046 27,109 538 630 5,4633,4692,801 255 4,654 2,762 6,537 46,310 208,649 442,115 288,2:14 140,178 52,886 32,013 61,133 1,371,4881,901,046 Total in United States 3,172,534 59,466 697,897 3,929,897 361 114 32,35727,109 158 "952 2,759 17 21,324 11,423 3,737 40,379 8,887 103,036 293,427 100,572 107,094 29,264 3,417 11,830 657,527 40,370 1,968,525 |2,601,125 1800. Free Persons. Col'd. White. 150,901 182,898 416,393 65,437 224,721 153,908 556,039 195,125 586,' 98 45,028 4,577 818 856 6,4523,304 5,330 557 10,374 4,402 14,561 337 163 47,154 59,096 319,728748,308393,751249,073 82,548 35,79173,077 1,961,372 l,968,r.S5 49,852 216,:t26 514,280 337,764 196,255 101,678 ' 5,179 9l',709 179,871 10,066 1,702,980 2,001,1264,304,105 8,268 19,587 20,124 7,0433,185 1,019 "182"309 741 61,':4147,154 108/195 Slaves. 8 "381 951 20,343 12,422 1,706 Total. 151,719183,762422,845 69,122 251,002 154,465 586,756211,949 602,365 45,365 4,875 35,946 2,684,225 18 10. Free Persons. White. 227,736 213,390465,303 73,314 255,279 216,963 918,699226,861786,804228,861 23,890 11,501 4,618 3,653,219 6,153 105,635 345,796 133,296 146,151 59,404 3,489 13,584 40,343 3,244 857,095 35,946 893,041 64,273 341,548 B80,200 478,103345,591 162,101 8,850 105,602 230,955 14,093 2,621,3162,684,925 5,305,541 55,361 235,117 551,534 376,410 214,196 145,414 23,02434,311 215,875 324,237 17,227 16,079 2,2 8,785 3,653,319 970 6,7373,6096,453 750 25,333 7,843 22,492 1,899 393 613 120 78,181 13,136 33,92730,570 10,266 4,554 1,801 "240 7,585 1,3171,713 607 2,549 108 310 15,617 10,851 795 "S37 168 24 27,510 4,17 111,502392,518 168,824196,365105,218 17,088 34,660 44,535 80,561 3,011 5,395 5,8 2,004 108,265 78,181 186,446 Total. 228,705214,300472 040 77,031 362,042217,713959,049245,555810,091230,760 24,520 12,982 4,762 3,758,910 72,674 380,546974,622555,500415,115252,433 40,35276,556 261,727 406,511 20,845 3,480,904 3,758,910 1,1!)1,364I7,239,814 1820. Free Persons. 516. 79. 267. 234. 1,332. 257. 1,017. 576. 145 53. 5,0:10,499 102,765 Col'd. 995920 6,7403,5987,944 918 29,980 12,609 33,153 4,862 1,230 506305 4897 io',088 7,557 2il "'l90 917 19,108 Total. 298,335 244,161523,287 83,059 275,903235,764 1,372,812 277,575 1,049,458 581,436 147,178 55,211 8,896 5,152,372 55,282 260,222 603,087419,2.10237,440 189,564 85,38942,17673,383 3:19,927 434,644 55,988 12,579 3,831, :95 5,030,499 7,861,994 12,958 4,509 39,7. 0 107,398 37,139 435,153 14,612 205,017 6,826 25.-i,475 1,767 149,656 633 41,879 458 32,814 10,960 69,064 2,779 80,107 2,(141 136,732 376 10,222 77 1,617 4,048 1:55,304 ' 6,377 1,519,020 102,765 19,108 2:18,069 1,538,128 72,749 407,350 1,0C5,379 638,829 . 502,741 340,987 127,901 75,448 153,407 422,813 564,317 66,586 14,273 3:!,039 4,48i,819 5,153,372 t3 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, CONTINUED. States and Territories. Free Pe White. 1830. rsons. Col'd. Slaves. Total. 1840. Free Porsons. White. Col'd. Slaves. Total. 1850. Free Persons. White. Col'd. Slaves. Total. a E- 57,601 291,108 694,300472,843 257,863 296,806 190,405 70,443 89,441 535,746517,787 114,795 25,671 18,385 27,563 15,585 52,93847,348 19,543 7,9312,486 1,572 519 16,710 4,5554,917 569 141 844 6,152 3,292 102,994 469,757245,601 315,401 217,531 117,549 65,659 109,588141,603165,213 25,091 4,576 15,501 ' 6,il9 76,748 447,040 1,211,405 737,1.87581,185516,823309,527 136,621 215,739 681,904687,917 140,455 30,388 34,73039,834 58,561 318,204 740,968 484,870 259,084407,695 335,185 179,074158,457640,627 590,253323,888 77,174 27,94330,657 16,919 62,07849,84292,732 8,2762,7532,039 1,355 25,502 5,5247,317 1,574 465817 8,361 2^305 89,737 448,987245,817 327,038 280,944 253,532 195,911168,452183,059 182,358 58,340 19,935 25,717' 4,694 78,085 470,019 1.239,797 75',419594,398691,392 590,756 375,651352,411829,210779,828 383,702 97,57454,477 43,712 71,169 417,943 895,304 57i3,118274,623521,438426,486295,758 255,416 756,893 761,688592,077 162,068 47,167 154,100 38,027 18,07374,72353,829 27,373 8,9002,880 2,293 899 17,°i37 6,2719,736 2,544 589 925 331 9,973 2,290 90,368 472,598 28^,412 384,984 381,681342,892309,898 244,786939,461 910,981 87,492 46,989 39,309 58,161 3,687 91,532 583,034 1,491,661 8 8,903 668,507905,999771,671606,555517,739 1,002,' 25 989,405 682,043 209,639 87,401 919,592 51,687 North Carolina, Texas, Total in Slave States, 3,660,758 6,876,620 182,070 137,510 2,005,475 3,567 5,^48,3037,017,717 4,632,640 9,563,165 215,565 170,729 2,486,226 1,129 7,334,4319,735,023 6,223,275 13,3"3,996 236,876 192,834 3,203,842 251 9,663,993 13,527,081 Total in United States, 10,537,378 319,600 2,009,012 12,866,020 14,195,805 386,294 2,487,355 17,069,454 19,557,271 429,710 3,904,093 23,191,074 ' Apprentices " by the " Act to abolish Slavery," passed 18th April, 1846. t The returns from California are imperfect ; the number is supposed to be much greater. CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. The following census returns are not official ; no official publication of the population returns, except of the aggregates of the states, having yet been made. The following statements have been obtained from the returns of the marshals, deposited, under the act of Congress, in the state departments of the several states. In several cases, these returns have been abstracted and published by the authority of the state legislatures. Such has been the case in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan, Wis consin, and other states. When such returns have been published, they have been followed here ; in other cases, the returns have been obtained by private enterprise and industry, and though they may probably vary a little from the official returns, when they are finally published, that variation cannot be material. In those cases where the census has been published by towns or townships, we have given the town or township returns ; but in all the Southern, and some of the Western States, the census has been returned only by counties. STATE OF MAINE. AROOSTOOK. Amity, .... Hodgdon,Houlton, . Linneus,Masardis, . Monticello, . New Limerick, . Smyrna, Weston, . Belfast Academy Grant, Benedicta,Bridgewater,Madawaska Plantation, Orient Plantation, Williams College Grant, No. 6, R. 5, . No. 7, R. 5, . No. 9, R. 5, . Framingham Acad'y Grant, Plymouth Grant, . Eaton Grant, . G, R. 2, No. 5, R. 3, . A, R. 2, Fort Fairfield, . Golden Ridge, No. 11, R. 1, . No. 11, R. 5, 354 256 No. 3, R. 2, . 37 862 Bancroft, 157 1,453 Chrystal, . . . . 175 561 Dayton, 49 122 Hancock, . 592 227 Haynesville, . 96 160 Molunkus, 199 172 Salmon Brook, 176 293 Van Buren, 1,050 259 Reed, .... 76 325 Letter B, R. 1, 141 143 No. 8, R. 5, . 33 1,278 No. 6, R. 4, . 37 207 Letter B, R. 2, . 5 224 Portland Academy Grant, 78 39 No. 9, R. 6, . 59 10 E, R. 1, . 46 25 H, R. 2, 203 , 31 12, R. 3, . 66 252 F, R. 2, 288 188 Mars Hill, 29 361 Portage Lake, 168 34 Deerfield Academy Grant 12 4 No. 12, R. 5, 11 401 No. 17, R. 9, . 209 194 106 1 2.533 CUSIBERLAN D. Anbum, . 2,840 Baldwin, . 1,100 Bridgton, 2.710 Brunswick, . . 4,976 Cape Elizabeth, 2,082 Casco, . . 1,045 Cumberland, . 1,656 Danville, . 1,636 Durham, . 1,894 Falmouth, 2,164 Freeport, . 2,629 Gorham, . 3,088 Gray, 1,788 Harpswell, . 1,535 Harrison, . 1,416 Minot, . . 1,734 Naples, 1,025 North Yarmouth, . 1,221 New Gloucester, 1,848 Otisfield, 1,171 Poland, . 2,660 Portland City, . 20,819 Pownal, . 1,074 Raymond, . 1,142 Scarboro', . 1,837 Sebago, 850 Standish, . 2,290 CENSUS OF THE UNITES STATES, 1850. 725 Westbrook, . Windham,Yarmouth, , Raymond Cape, 4,852 2,380 2,144 . 50 79,656 FRANKLIN. Avon, . 778 Carthage, 420 Chesterville, 1,142 Farmington, . 2,725 Freeman, . . 762 Industry, . 1,041 Jay, . 1,733 Kingfield, 662 Madrid, . . 404 New Sharon, . 1,732 New Vineyard, . 635 Phillips, . 1,673 Salem, . 454 Strong, 1,008 Temple, . . 785 Weld, . 995 Wilton, . 1,909 Letter E, 126 No. 3, 2d Range, B. P., 43 No. 4, R. 2, B. P., 8 Dallas, . 458 Jackson Plantation, 321 No. 6, . 74 No. 4, . . . 139 HANCOCK Aurora,Amherst,Bluehill, . Brooklin,Brooksville,Bucksport, . Castine, . Cranberry Isles Deer Isle, Dedham, Eastbrook,Eden, . Ellsworth, Franklin, Gouldsboro',Greenfield,Hancock, . Mariaville,Mount Desert, Orland, . Otis, . Penobscot, Seavillc, . Sedgwick,Sullivan, . Surry, Trenton, . Tremont, Waltham, . Swan Island, Wetmore Isle, Nos. 1 and 2, No. 21, . No. 33, . Long Island, No. 7, . No. 8, 20,027 . 217323 1,939 1,0021,333 3,381 1,260 283 3,037 546 . 212 1,1274,009 736 1,400 305 . 960374 . 777 1,580 . 124 1,556 . 139 1.234 . 810 1,189 1,205 1425 . 304 423 . 405 142 . 2651 , 152109 17 No. 9, . . No. 10, . . Pond Island, Calf Island, . Placentia Island, . Black Island, . Duck Island, Marshall's Island, , Old Harbor Island, Conway's Island, Pickering's Island, Beech Island, . Great Spruce Head Island Bear Island, Butter Island, Eagle Island, . Hacketash Island, Matinicus Light Island, Wooden Ball Rock Island, 22 2010 7 13 25 12 5 111213 9 19 7 6 32 12 11 9 KENNEBEC. Albion, . Augusta, Belgrade, . Benton, China, Clinton, East Livermore. Fayette, Gardiner, . Greene, Hallowell, Leeds, . Litchfield, Monmouth, . Mount Vernon, Pittston,Readfield,Rome, . Sidney, Vassalboro', Vienna,Wales, . Waterville, Wayne,Windsor, Winthrop, Winslow, . Clinton Gore, Albion Gore, LINCOLN. Alna,AiTowsic,Bath City, Boothbay, Bowdoinham,Bowdoin,Bremen, . Bristol, Gushing, . Damariscotta,Dresden, . Edgecomb, . Friendship, Georgetown, Jefferson, . Lewiston, Lisbon, Newcastle, 34,372 1,604 8,2271,722 1.189 2,779 1,743 . 892 1,085 6,486 1,347 4,769 1,9522,100 1,925 1,479 2,823 1,985 830 1,955 3,099 . 851612 3,965 1,3671,793 2,154 1,796 195 . 110 62,524. 916 311 8,020 2,5042,381 1,857 . 891 2,910 . 805 1,3281,419 1,231 . 652 1,121 2,2233,584 1,495 2,012 Nobleboro', 1,408 Perkins, 84 Phipsburg, 1,805 Richmond, . . 2,056 Rockland, 5,052 St. George, . . 2,217 South Thomaston, 1,420 Southport, . 543 Thomaston, 2,723 Topsham, . 2,010 Union, 1,974 Waldoboro', . . 4,199 Warren, . 2,428 Washington, . 1,756 Webster, . 1,110 West Bath, . 560 Westport, . 761 Whitefield, . . 2,160 Wiscasset, 2,343 Woolwich, . . 1,420 Patricktown Plantat ion, . 552 Matinicus Isles, . 220 Monhegan Isle, . 103 Muscle Ridge Plantation, 56 Muscongus Island, . 97 Marsh, . 20 Hay Island, 8 Johns Island, 5 Pond Island, 1 Otter Island, 12 Harbor Island, 8 Cranberry Island, . 32 74,803 OXFORD Albany, . . 747 Andover, 710 Bethel, 2,253 Brownfield, . . 1,320 Buckfield, 1,657 Byron, . . 296 Canton, . 926 Denmark, . 1,203 Dixfield, . 1,180 Fryeburg, . 1,524 Gilead, . . 359 Greenwood, . . 1,118 Hanover, . . 366 Hartford, . 1,293 Hebron, . . 839 Hiram, . . 1,210 Livermore, 1,764 Lovell, . . 1,196 Mason, . 93 Mexico, 481 Newry, . 459 Norway, . 1,962 Oxford, 1,233 Paris, . . 2,883 Peru, 1,109 Porter, . . 1,208 Roxbury, . . 246 Rumford, . 1,375 Stow, . 471 Stoneham, 483 Sumner, . 1,151 Sweden, 696 Turner, . 2,537 Waterford, . . 1,448 Woodstock, 1,012 Andover, N. Surplus 81 Franklin Plantation . 188 726 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Frveburg Academy Grant, 64 Hamlin's Grant, . .108 Letter A, No. 2, . . 108 Letter B, . . . .174 Milton Plantation, . 166 A, No. 1, . . . . 60 No. 4, R. 1, . . . 4 No. 5, R. 1, . . . 50 No. 5, R. 2, . . . 55 PENOBSCOT. Alton, Argyle, Bangor, Bradford,Bradley, . Brewer,Burlington, Carmel,Carroll, Clifton,Corinna, . Corinth, Charleston,Chester, Dexter,Dixmont,Edinburg,Eddington, . Enfield, . Etna, Exeter, Garland,Glenburn,Greenbush, . Hampden, Hermon,Howland,Kirkland,Lagrange,Lee,Levant, Lincoln,Lowell,Mattamiscontis,Maxfield, . Milford,Newburg,Newport, Oldtown, . Orono, . Orrington, Patten, . Passaduvnkeag, Plymouth, Springfield,Stetson,Indian Township, No No. 3, R. 8, . No. 7, R. 4, No. 6, R. 3, . No. 7, R. 3, No. 4, R. 3, . East Indian Township, West Indian Township. No. 5, R. 6, No. 5, R. 7, . No. 3, R. 6, No. 3, R. 7, . Pattagumpus, or Z, Letter A, R. 6, . 39,866 . 252338 14,432 1,296 . 798 2,628 . 481 1,228 . 401 306 1,5501,600 1,283 339 1,9481,605 . 93 696 396 802 1,853 1.247 . 905457 3,195 1,374 . 214 717 . 482 917 1,842 1,358 . 378 54 . 186 687 1,399 1,212 3,087 2,785 1,851 470 . 294 925 . 583885 . 1215 . 39 29 . 161 111 . 193 107 . 102 6 . 40 16 . 50 163 Letter A, R. 7, No. 8, R. 8, . No. 2, R. 8, No. 3, R. 1,N. B.P., No. 4. R. 1, N. B. P.. 27 8 6 23 159 63,094 PISCATAQUIS. Abbot 747 Atkinson, . . . 895 Barnard, . . . .181 Bowerbank, . . . 173 Blanchard, . . .192 Brownville, . . . 787 Dover, . . . 1,927 Elliotsville, ... 102 Foxcroft, . . . 1,045 Guilford, ... 834 Greenville, . . . 326 Kilmarnock, ... 322 Kingsbery, . . .181 Monson, . . . 654 Milo 932 Orneville, . . . 424 Parkman, . . 1,243 Sangerville, . . . 1,267 Sebec, . . 1,223 Shirley, ... 250 Wellington, . 600 Williamsburg, . . 124 Letter B, R. 10, . . 4 No. 3, R. 5, . . . 44 Kineo, Day's Acad. Grant, 5 Deer Isle, Moosehead Lake, 5 No. 2, R. 13, . . . 1 No. 5, R. 13, . . 10 No. 8, R. 8, . . . 68 Katahden Iron Works, 158 No. 7, R. 12, . . . 5 No. 9, R. 12, 4 No. 5, R. 9, . . . 2 SOMERSET. Anson,Athens,Bingham, . Bloomfield. Brighton, .. Canaan,Cambridge,Concord,Cornville, Detroit, Embden, . Fairfield, Harmony, Hartland,Lexington,Madison, Mayfield, . Mercer,Moscow, . New Portland, Norridgewock,North Anson, Palmyra, . Pittsfield,Ripley, Solon, . St. Albans, 14,735 . 848 1466 . 752 1.301 748 1,696 . 487550 1,260 517 . 971 2,452 1,107 960 . 538 1,768 . 133 1,186 . 577 1,4601,8481,1681,6251,166 . 641 1,419 1,792 Starks, .... 1,446 Skowhegan, . . 1,756 Smithfield, ... 873 Sections on Canada Line, 31 " on Kennebec Riv., 900 Holden Plantation, . . 83 Long Pond Plantation, 31 Jackman Township, . 12 Parlin Pond Plantation^ 13 Attean Township, . . 9 WALDO. Appieton, Belfast,Belmont, . Brooks,Burnham, Camden, Frankfort, Freedom,Hope, Islesboro', Jackson, . Knox, Liberty, . Lincolnville, Monroe, . Montville, North Haven, Northport, Palermo, . Prospect, Searsmont, Searsport,Swanville, Thorn dike, Troy,Unity, . Vinalhaven,Waldo, . WASHINGTON. Addison, . Alexander, Baileyville,Baring,Beddington, Calais, . Centreville,Columbia,Cooper, . Charlotte,Cherryfield,Crawford,Cutler, Dennysville, East Machias Eastport,Edmonds,Harrington, Jonesboro', Jonesport, Lubec,Machias,Machiasport,Marion,Marshfield,Medybemps,Milbridge, 35,591 1,727 5,0521,486 1,021 . 784 4,005 4,233 948 1,107 984 . 833 1,102 1,116 2,174 1,606 1,878 . 806 1,260 1,659 2,467 1,696 2,207 . 944 1,029 1,484 1,5571,252 8f2 47,229 1,152 544 . 431380 . 147 4,750 . 178 1,140 . 562718 1,648 324 . 820 458 1,904 4,125 . 446 963 . 466826 2,814 1,590 1,266 207 294 187 1,170 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 727 Northfield, . 246 No. 3, R. 1, . 5 Hollis, . . 2,683 Pembroke, 1,712 No. 18, E.D., 29 Kennebunk, 2,650 Perry, . 1,324 No. 19, E.D., . . 20 Kennebunkport, . 2,706 Princeton, . 280 No. 21, . 53 Kittery, . 2,706 Eobbinston, . 1,028 No. 11, R. 3, . . 42 Lebanon, 2,208 Steuben, . 1,122 No. 1, R. 4, . 14 Limerick, . 1,473 Topsfield, 268 No. 1, R. 3, . . 23 Limington, . 2,116 Trescott, . . 782 No. 7, R. 2, . 61 Lyman, 1,376 Wesley, 329 No. 26, E. D., . 8 Newfield, 1,418 Whiting, . . 470 No. 29, . 18 North Berwick, 1.593 Whitneyville, 519 No. 31, . . 46 Parsonsfield, . 2,322 Andsburg, . 126 Saco, 5,794 Codyville Plantation, 47 38,711 Shapleigh, 1,348 Danforth, . . 168 YORK. Sanford, . 2,330 Tallmadge, . 48 Acton, 1,359 South Berwick, 2,592 Waite Plantation, . . 81 Alfred, . . 1,319 Waterboro', 1,989 No. 14, . 167 Berwick, . 2,121 Wells, 2,945 No. 1, R. 2, 9 Biddeford, . . 6,095 York, 2,980 No. 1, R. 1, . 10 Buxton, . 2,995 Isle of Shoals, 29 No. 9, R. 3, . . 87 Cornish, . 1,144 No. 9, R. 4, . 59 Eliot, 1,803 60,094 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ROCKINGHAM Madbury, 484 Chichester, . 99? Atkinson, . . 600 Middleton, . 476 Concord, . 8,584 Auburn, 810 Milton, . . 1,619 Dunbarton, . 915 Brentwood, . 923 New Durham, . 1,048 Epsom, 1,365 Candia, 1,482 Rochester, . 3,006 Franklin, . 1,251 Chester, . 1,301 Rollinsford, 1,862 Henniker, 1,690 Danville, 614 Somersworth, . 4,943 Hooksett, . 1,503 Deerfield, . 2,022 Strafford, . 1,920 Hopkinton, 2,169 Derry, . 1,850 Loudon, . 1,553 East Kingston, . 532 29,359 Newbury, . . 738 Epping, 1,663 New London, 945 Exeter, 3,329 BELKNAP Northfield, 1,332 Gossport, 103 Alton, 1,795 Pembroke, . 1,732 Greenland, . 739 Barnstead, . 1,848 Pittsfield, . 1,828 Hampstead, . 789 Centre Harbor, . 544 Salisbury, . 1,228 Hampton, 1,197 Gilford, . 2,425 Sutton, 1,387 Hampton Falls, . 640 Gilmanton, 3,282 Warner, . 2,038 Kensington, . 700 Meredith, . 3,521 Wilmot, . 1,272 Kingston, 1,192 New Hampton, 1,612 Londonderry, . 1,731 Sanbornton, . . 2,695 40,346 New Castle, . 891 New Market, . 1,639 17,722 HILLSBOl to\ Newton, 585 Amherst, . 1,613 Newington, . 472 CARROLL Antrim, . 1,143 North Hampton, . 822 Albany, . . 455 Bedford, . 1,906 Northwood, 1,308 Brookfield, . 552 Bennington, . 541 Nottingham, . 1,268 Chatham, . . 516 Brookline, . 718 Plaistow, . . 748 Conway, . 1,769 Deering, 890 Poplin, . 509 Eaton, 1,751 Francestown, . 1,114 Portsmouth, 9,739 Effingham, . . 1,252 Goffstown, . . 2,270 Raymond, . 1,256 Freedom, . . 910 Greenfield, . 716 Rye, . Salem, . 1,296 Moultonboro', . 1,748 Hancock, 1,012 . 1.555 Ossipee, . 2,122 Hillsboro', 1,685 Sandown, . 566 Sandwich, . 2,577 Hollis, . 1,293 Seabrook, . 1,296 Tamworth, 1,766 Hudson, . 1,312 South Hampton, . 472 Tuftonboro', . . 1,305 Litchfield, 447 South Newmarket, 516 Wakefield, 1,405 Lyndeboro', . 968 Stratham, . . 843 Wolfboro', . . 2,038 Manchester, . . 13,923 Windham, 818 Mason, 1,226 20,166 Merrimac,Milford, . . 1,250 49,216 2,159 MERRIMAt Mont Vernon, 722 STRAFFORD. Allenstown, . 526 Nashua, . 5,820 Barrington, Dover, . 1,754 Andover, . 1,220 Nashville, . 3,122 . 8,186 Bradford, . 1,341 New Ipswich, . 1,877 Durham, . 1,499 Bow, 1,055 New Boston, . 1,476 Farmington, . Lee, .... . 1,699 Boscawen, . . 2,063 Pelham, . 1,071 . 863 Canterbury, 1,614 Peterboro', . . 2,222 728 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Sharon, . 226 Langdon, 575 Plymouth, 1,290 Temple, ... 579 Lempster, 906 Rumney, . 1,109 Weare, . . . 2,436 Newport, . 2,020 Thornton, 1,012 Wilton, . . . 1,161 Plainfield, 1,392 Warren, 872 Windsor, ... 172 Springfield, . . 1,270 Waterville, 40 Sunapee, . 787 Wentworth, . . 1,197 57,080 Unity, . Washington, 961 1,054 Woodstock, 418 CHESHIRE. 42,281 Alstead, . . . 1,425 19,376 Chesterfield, . . . 1,680 COOS Dublin, . 1,088 GRAFTON. Bartlett, . 761 Fitzwilliam, 1,482 Alexandria, 1,273 Berlin, . 173 Gilsum, . 666 Bath, . . 1,514 Cambridge, 33 Hinsdale, . 1,903 Benton, . 478 Carroll, 299 Jaffrey, . 1,497 Bethlehem, 950 Clarksville, 187 Keene, . . 3,392 Bridgewater, 664 Colebrook, . 908 Marlboro', 886 Bristol, . . 1,103 Columbia, 762 Marlow, 708 Campton, . 1,439 Dalton, . 750 Nelson, 751 Canaan, . 1,683 Dixville, . 8 Richmond, 1,128 Danbury, . 934 Dummer, 171 Rindge, 1,274 Dorchester, . 711 Errol, 138 Roxbury, 260 Ellsworth, 320 Gorham, 224 Stoddard, 1,105 Enfield, . . 1,742 Hart's Location, Sullivan, 468 Franconia, 584 Jackson, 589 Surry, 556 Grafton, . 1,259 Jefferson, . 629 Swanzey, 2,106 Groton, 776 Kilkenny, Troy, 759 Hanover, . 2,352 Lancaster, 1,559 Walpole, 2,034 Haverhill, 2.405 Milan, . 493 Westmorelan I, 1,677 Hebron, 565 Millsfield, 2 Winchester, 3,296 Hill, . 951 Northumberland, 429 Holderness, . . 1,744 Pittsburg, . 425 30,141 Landaff, . 948 Randolph, 113 Lebanon, . 2,136 Stark, 418 SULLIVAN. Lisbon, 1,882 Stratford, 552 Acworth, . . . 1,251 Lincoln, 57 Shelburne, 480 Charlestown, . . 1,644 Littleton, . 2,008 Stewartstown, 747 Claremont, . . 3,606 Lyman, . . 1,442 Success, . Cornish, . . . 1,606 Lyme, 1,618 Whitefield, . 857 Qroydon, ... 861 Goshen, ... 659 Orange,Orford, . 451 1,406 11,707 Grantham, 784 Pierpoint, 948 STATE OF VERMONT. BENNINGTOH Arlington, . 1,084 Bennington, . . . 3,923 Dorset, . . . 1,700 Glastenbury, . . 52 Landgrave, . . 337 Manchester, . . . 1,782 Peru, . . 567 Pownal, . . . 1,742 Readsboro', . . 857 Rupert, . . . 1,101 Sandgate, . . . 850 Searsburg, . . . 201 Shaftesbury, . . 1,896 Stamford, . . . 833 Sunderland, . . 479 Winhall, ... 762 Woodford, . . 423 18,589 WINDHAM. Athens, . . . 359 Brattleboro', . . 3,816 Brookline, . . 285 Dover, .... 709 Dummerston, . . 1,645 Grafton, 1,241 Danby, . 1,535 Guilford, . 1,329 Fairhaven, 902 Halifax, 1,133 Hubbarton, . 701 Jamaica, . 1,606 Ira, .... 400 Londonderry, 1,274 Mendon, 504 Marlboro', 896 Middletown, 875 Newfane, 1,304 Mount Holly, 1,534 Putney, 1,425 Mount Tabor, . 308 Rockingham, 2,837 Pawlet, . 1,843 Somerset, . 321 Pittsfield, . 512 Stratton, 286 Pittsford, 2,026 Townshend, 1,354 Poultney, . 2,329 Vernon, 821 Rutland, 3,715 Wardsboro', 1,125 Sherburne, 578 Westminster, 1.721 Shrewsbury, . 1,268 Whitingham, . 1,380 Sudbury, . 794 Wilmington, . 1,372 Tinmouth, 717 Windham, 763 Wallingford, 1,688 Wells, . 804 29,062 West Haven, . 718 RUTLAND. 33,059 Benson, . 1,305 Brandon, 2,835 WINDSOR. Castleton, 3,016 Andover, . . 725 Chittenden, . 675 Baltimore, 124 Clarendon, 1,477 Barnard, . 1,647 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 729 Bethel, . Bridgewater, Cavendish, Chester, . Hartford,Hartland, . Ludlow,Norwich, . Plymouth,Pomfret, . Reading, Rochester, Royalton, Sharon,Springfield,Stockbridge, Weathersfield,Weston, . West Windsor, Windsor, . Woodstock, . ADDISON, Addison, . Bridport,Bristol, Cornwall, Ferrisburg, Goshen,Granville, . Hancock,Leicester, . Lincoln,Middlebury,Monkton,New Haven, Orwell, . Panton,Ripton, Salisbury, Shoreham, Starksboro', Vergennes,Waltham, Weybridge,Whiting, . ORANGE Bradford, . Braintree,Brookfield, Chelsea,Corinth, . Fairlee,Newbury, . Orange,Randolph, Strafford,Thetford, . Topsham,Tunbridge, Vershire,Washington, West Fairlee, Williamstown 1,730 1,311 1,576 2,001 2,159 2,0631,619 1,978 1,226 1,546 1,1711,493 1,850 1,240 2,762 1,327 1,851 950 1,002 1,928 3,041 38,320 1,279 1,393 1,344 1,155 2,075 486 603 430 596 1,057 3,517 1,2461,663 1,470 559 567 1,027 1,601 1,400 1,378 270 804 629 26,549 1,7231,228 1,672 1,958 1,906 575 2,984 1,007 2,666 1,546 2,010 1,6681,7861,0711,348 696 1,452 27,296 Burlington, Charlotte, Colchester, Essex, . Hinesburg.Huntington, Jericho, Milton, . Richmond, Shelburne,St. George, Underhill,Westford,Williston, WASHINGTON, Barre, Berlin, . Calais, Duxbury,East Montpelier, Fayston, Marshfield,Middlesex, . Montpelier, Moretown, . Northfield,Plainfield, Roxbury,Waitsficld, . Warren, . Waterbury, . Woodbury, Worcester, . 7,505 1,634 2,575 2,032 1,834 885 1,837 2,451 1,4531,257 147 1,5991,458 1,669 29,036 1,8351,507 1,410 845 1,447 684 1,102 1,365 2,310 1,335 2,922 808 967 1,021 962 2,352 1,070 702 24,654 CALEDONIA. Barnet, . . . 2,521 Bradley Vale. . . 107 Burke, . . 1,103 Cabot, .- . . 1,356 Danville, . . . 2,577 Gos. Gore by Wheelock 183 Goshen Gore by Plainfield, 32 CHITTENDEN. Avery's and Buel's Gore, 18 Bolton,. ... 602 Groton, Hardwick, Harris's Gore, Kirby, . Lyndon,Newark, . Peacham,Ryegate, . Sheffield, St. Johnsbury, Sutton, . Walden, . Waterford, . Wheelock, FRANKLIN. Avery's Gore, Bakersfield, . Berkshire,Enosburg, Fairfax, . Fairfield, Fletcher, . Franklin, Georgia, . 92 895 1,402 8 514 1,752 434 1,377 1,606 797 2,758 1,001 910 1,412 855 23,600 48 1,5231,955 2,0092,111 2,591 1,0841.646 2,686 Highgate, Montgomery, . Richford, Sheldon, . . 2,653 1,001 . 1,074 1.814 St. Albans, . . 3,567 Swanton, . 2,824 28,586 LAMOILLE. Belvidere, 256 Cambridge, . Eden, . 1,849 668 Elmore, Hydepark, Johnson, 504 1,107 . 1,381 Morristown, 1,141 Sterling, Stowe, Waterville, 233 1,771 753 Wolcott, . 909 ORLEANS. Albany, . Barton, . Brownington, Charleston, . Coventry,Crafts burg, . Derby, . Glover, . Greensboro', Holland,Irasburg, . Jay, Lowell, Morgan, Newport, . Salem, Troy, Westfield, . Westmore, ESSEX. Averill,Bloomfield,Brighton, . Brunswick, Canaan, . Concord, East Haven, Granby,Guildhall, Lemington,Lunenburg, Maidstone, Victory, . Wenlock, GRAND ISLE. Alburg, . Grand Isle, . Isle La Mott, . North Hero, South Hero, . 10,872 1,051 987613 1,008 867 1,2231,750 1,137 1,008 669 1,034 371 637 486748 455 1,008 502 152 15,707 7 244 193 119 471 1,152 94 127501187 1,124 237 168 26 4,650 1,568 666476730 705 4,145 730 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. SUFFOLK. Pepperell, 1,754 1 Sturbridge, . . 2,119 Boston, . 136,884 Reading, . 3,108 Sutton, 2,595 Chelsea, 6,701 Sherburne, 1,043 Templeton, . . 2,173 North Chelsea, 935 Shirley, . 1,158 Upton, 2,023 Somerville, . 3,540 Uxbridge, . 2,457 144,520 South Reading, 2,407 Warren, . 1,776 ESSEX. Stoneham, . 2,085 Webster, . 2,371 Amesbury, 3,143 Stow, 1,455 Westboro', 2,376 Andover, 6,945 Sudbury, 1,578 West Boylston, . 1,749 Beverly, . 5,376 Tewksbury, 1,042 West Brookfield, 1,344 Boxford, 982 Townsend, . 1,947 Westminster, . 1,918 Bradford, 1,328 Tyngsboro', 799 Winchendon, . 2,445 Danvers, 8,110 Waltham, 4,464 Worcester, . 17,059 Essex, 1,585 Watertown, 2,837 Georgetown, 2,052 Wayland, 1,115 30,817 Gloucester, 7,805 West Cambridge, 2,202 Groveland, . 1,286 Westford, 1,473 HAMPSHIRE. Hamilton, 889 Weston, . 1,205 Amherst, . 3,052 Haverhill, 5,877 Wilmington, 876 Belchertown, . 2,680 Ipswich, . 3,349 Winchester, 1,353 Chesterfield, 1,014 Lawrence, 8,283 Woburn, 3,954 Cummington, . 1,172 Lynn, 14.257 Easthampton, . 1,342 Lynnfield, 1,723 161,385 Enfield, . 1,936 Manchester, 1,638 Goshen, . 512 Marblehead, . 6,167 WORCESTER. Granby, . 1,095 Methuen, . 2,543 Ashburnham, . 1,875 Greenwich, 838 Middleton, . 832 Athol, 2,033 Hadley, . 1,986 Newbury, 4,426 Auburn, . 879 Hatfield, . 1,073 Newburyport, 9,572 Barre, . . . . 2,976 Middlefield, . 737 Rockport, 3,255 Berlin, 866 Northampton, 5,278 Rowley, 1,075 Blackstone, . 4,391 Norwich, 756 Salem, 20,263 Bolton, 1,263 Pelham, . 983 Salisbury, 3,100 Boylston, 918 Plainfield, . 814 Saugus, . Topsfield, 1,552 Brookfield, 1,673 Prescott, . 737 1,171 Charlton, 2,015 South Hadley, 2,491 Wenham, 977 Clinton, . 3,113 Southampton, . 1,060 West Newbury, 1,746 Dana, . 842 Ware, . 3,785 Douglass, . 1,878 Westhampton, . 602 131,307 Dudley, 1,446 Williamsburg, . 1,537 Fitchburg, 5,120 Worthington, . 1,134 MIDDLESEX. Gardner, 1,533 Acton, 1,605 Grafton, . 3,925 35,714 Ashby, . 1,218 Hardwick, 1,631 Ashland, . 1,304 Harvard, . 1,630 HAMPDE N. Bedford, 975 Holden, 1,933 Blandford, 1,418 Billerica, . 1,646 Hubbardston, . 1,825 Brimfield, . 1,421 Boxboro', 396 Lancaster, . 1,688 Chester, . 1,521 Brighton, 2,356 Leicester, . 2,269 Chicopee, . 8,291 Burlington, . 547 Leominster, . . 3,121 Granville, 1,305 Cambridge, 15,215 Lunenburg, 1,249 Holland, 449 Carlisle, 719 Mendon, . 1,301 Holyoke, . 3,245 Charlestown, . 17,216 Milford, . 4,819 Longmeadow, . 1,252 Chelmsford, . 2,098 Millbury, 3,081 Ludlow, . 1,186 Concord, . 2,249 New Braintree, 852 Monson, . 2,831 Dracut, 3,503 Northboro', . . 1,535 Montgomery, . 383 Dunstable, 590 Northbridge, 2,229 Palmer, . 3,974 Framingham, 4,235 North Brookfield, . . 1,939 Russell, 521 Groton, . 2,515 Oakham, . 1,137 Southwick, . . 1,120 Holliston. 2,428 Oxford, 2,380 Springfield, 11,766 Hopkinton, 2,801 Paxton, 890 Tolland, 594 Lexington, . . 1,894 Petersham, . 1,527 Wales, . 711 Lincoln, . C32 Phillipston, 809 Westfield, . 4,181 Littleton, 991 Princeton, 1,318 West Springfield, 2,979 Lowell, 33,385 Royalston, 1,546 Wilbraham, . . 2,127 Maiden, Marlboro', . 3,520 2,941 Rutland, Shrewsbury, . 1,2231,598 51,285 Medford, . 3,749 Southboro', . . 1,347 Melrose, . 1,260 Southbridge, 2,824 FRANKL IN. Natick, . . 2,744 Spencer, 2,243 Ashfield, . 1,394 Newton, . 5,258 Sterling, . 1,800 Bemardston, 937 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Buckland, Charlemont,Coleraine,Conway, Deerfield,Erving, Gill, Greenfield,Hawley, . Heath, . Leverett, . Leyden, Munroe, . Montague,New Salem, Northfield,Orange, . Rowe, . Shelburne, Shutesbury, Sunderland, Warwick,Wendell, . Whately, BERKSHIRE. Adams, Alford, . Becket, Boston Corner, Cheshire, . Clarksburg, . Dalton, . Egremont, Florida, . Great Barrington, Hancock, . Hinsdale, Lanesboro',Lee, Lenox, Monterey,Mount Washington. New Ashford, New Marlboro', Otis, Peru,Pittsfield, Richmond, Sandisfield, . Savoy, Sheffield, Stockbridge, 1,056 1,173 1,785 1,831 2,421 449 754 2,580 881803948716 254 1,518 1,253 1,772 1,700 659 1,239 912 792 1,021 920 1,101 30,869 6,172 502 1,223 73 1,297 384 1,0291,013 561 3,263 789 1,253 1,226 3,220 1,599 761351186 1,847 1,224 519 5,872 1,649 907955 2,769 1,940 Tyringham, . Washington,West Stockbridge, Williamstown, . Windsor, NORFOLK. Bellingham,Braintree, Brookline, Canton,Cohasset, . Dedham, Dorchester, Dover, . Foxboro', Franklin, Medfield, . Medway,Milton, . Needham, Quincy, Randolph, Roxbury, . Sharon, Stoughton, Walpole, West Roxbury. Weymouth,Wrenthain, 821953 .1,713 2,626 899 (incor. 49,596 1,281 2,969 2,5162,598 1,775 4,4477,968 631 1,8801,818 966- 2,7782,241 1,9445,017 4,741 18,373 1,128 3,594 1,929 1851.) 5,369 3.037 PLYMOUTH. Abington,Bridgewater, , Carver, Duxbury, East Bridgewater, Halifax,Hanover, . Hanson, Hingham, Hull, . Kingston, Marshfield, . Middleboro', North Bridgewater, Pembroke,Plymouth, Plimpton, Rochester, Scituate, . 79,000 5,2692,790 1,186 2,679 2,545 784 1,592 1,217 3,980 253 1,591 1,8375,336 3,940 1,388 6,025 927 3,808 2,149 South Scituate, Wareham, . . West Bridgewater, BRISTOL. Attleboro', Berkley,Dartmouth,Dighton, Easton, Fairhaven, Fall River, Freetown, Mansfield,New Bedford, Norton,Pawtucket, . Raynham,Rehoboth, Seekonk, . Somerset, Swanzey, . Taunton, : Westport, BARNSTABLE. Barnstable, Brewster,Chatham, Dennis,Eastham, Falnrfouth, Harwich, . Orleans, Provincetown, Sandwich,Truro, Wellfleet,Yarmouth,Marshpee District, 731 1,770 3,186 1,447 55,699 4,200 908 3,868 1,641 2.337 4,304 11,522 1,015 1,789 16,464 1,967 3,753 1,541 2,103 2,244 1,166 1,554 10.431 2,795 76,207 4,902 1,526 2,440 3,257 845 2,519 3,258 1,848 3,157 4,368 2,051 2.411 2,595 102 35,279 NANTUCKET. Nantucket, . . 8,452 DUKES. Chilmark, . . 747 Tisbnry, . . . 1,803 Edgartown, . . 1,990 4,540 STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. BRISTOL. South Kingstown, 3,802 Providence, - . . 41,513 ¦Barrington, 795 Westerly, 2,766 Scituate. . 4,582 Bristol, 4,616 Smithfield, . . 11,500 Warren, . 3,103 16,430 87,528 8,514 PROVIDENCE. Burrilville, 3,538 KENT. WASHINGTON. Cranston, 4,312 Coventry, . 3,620 Charlestown, . 994 Cumberland, 6,662 East Greenwich, . . 2,358 Exeter, 1,635 Foster, . . . . 1,932 Warwick, 7,740 Hopkinton, North Kingstown, 2,478 2,971 Gloucester, Johnston, . . 2,872 2,937 West Greenwich, . . 1,350 Richmond, 1,784 North Providence, . 7,680 15,068 732 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. NEWPORT. Middletown, 832 Portsmouth, . . 1,833 Jamestown, 358 Newport, . 9,563 Tiverton, 4,699 Little Compton, . 1,462 New Shoreham, 1,262 20,009 STATE OF CONNECTICUT. HARTFORD. Colchester, . . 2,468 Sharon. . 2,517 Hartford, . . . 17,966 East Lyme, 1,382 Torrington, 1,916 Avon, 1,995 Franklin, 895 Warren, 831 Berlin, . . 1,869 Griswold, 2,065 Washington, 1,802 Bloomfield, 1,413 Groton, . 3,742 Watertown, . . 1,533 Bristol, 2,884 Lebanon, . 1,901 Winchester, 2,179 Burlington, 1,161 Ledyard, . 1,588 Woodbury, . . 2,150 Cnntn-n 1,986 2,497 Lisbon, Lyme, . 937 East Hartford, . 2,668 45,287 East Windsor, 2,633 Montville, 1,848 Enfield, . 4,460 North Stonington, . 1,937 WINDHAM. Farmington, . 2,630 Preston, . 1,805 Brooklyn, 1,515 Glas ten bury, 3.390 Salem, . 760 Ashford, . 1,296 Granby, 2,498 Stonington, 5,434 Canterbury, 1,669 Hartland, 848 Waterford, . . 2,262 Chaplin, 799 Manchester, . 2,546 Eastford, 1,128 Marlboro', 832 51,826 Hampton, 928 New Britain, 3,023 Killingly, . 4,545 Rocky Hill, 1,042 FAIRFIEI D. Plainfield, . . 2,730 Simsbury, 2,737 Fairfield, . 3,618 Pomfret, . 1,849 Southington, 2,135 Danbury, . 5,964 Sterling, . 1,025 South Windsor 1,638 Bridgeport, 7,558 Thompson, 4,638 Suffield, . 2,962 Brookfield, . . 1,360 Voluntown, . . 1,064 Wethersfield, 2,523 Darien, 1,454 Windham, 4,636 Windsor, . 3,254 Easton, . 1,432 Woodstock, . . 3,380 Greenwich, Huntington, . 5 040 65,922 . 1^301 31,202 Monroe, . 1,440 NEW HAYEN. New Canaan, . 2,601 MIDDLESE New Haven, . . . 22,529 New Fairfield, . 927 Middletown, 8.791 Bethany, . 914 Newtown, . 3,358 Haddam, . 2,284 Branford, 1,425 Norwalk, 4,651 Chatham, . 1,531 Cheshire, . 1,627 Redding, . 1,754 Chester, 992 Derby, . 3,824 Ridgefield, 2,237 Clinton, . 1,344 East Haven, 1,673 Sherman, 984 Cromwell, Guilford, 2,650 Stamford, 5,004 Durham, . 1,065 Hamden, . 2,168 Stratford, . 2,040 East Haddam, . 2,610 Madison, 2,063 Trumbull, 1,313 Killingworth, 1,104 Meriden, . 3,525 Weston, . 1.063 Portland, . 2,905 Middlebury, . 763 Westport, 2,649 Saybrook, . 3,848 Milford, . 2,465 Wilton, . 2,066 Westbrook, 1,203 Naugatuck, . 1,720 North Branford, 1,013 59,814 27,677 North Haven, 1,328 Orange, 1,466 LITCHFIE) ,D. TOLLAND. Oxford, 1,562 Litchfield, 3,957 Tolland, . 1,410 Prospect, . 674 Barkhamsted, . 1,525 Andover, 500 Southbury, . 1,484 Bethlem, . 815 Bolton, . 600 Wallingford, 2,639 Canaan, . 2,627 Columbia, 876 Seymour, . 1,677 Colebrook, 1,316 Coventry, 1,984 Waterbury, 5,137 Cornwall, . 2,041 Ellington, . 1,355 Wolcott, 603 Goshen, . 1,457 Hebron, . 1,345 Woodbridge, . . 912 Harwinton, . 1,176 Mansfield, . 2,530 Kent, 1,848 Somers, . 1,510 65,841 New Hartford, . 2,663 Stafford, . 2,941 New Milford, 4,508 Union, 729 NEW LONDON. Norfolk, . 1,641 Vernon, 2,900 New London, . . 9,006 Plymouth, 2,568 Willington, 1,399 Nnrwiph 1f!9fil Roxbury,Salisbury, . 1,114 3,103 1 J.'IUI W1CI1, • Bozrah, . . '867 . 20,079 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 733 STATE OF NEW YORK. ALBAI [Y. Freedom, . 1,652 Sheridan, . 2,172 Albany, . 50,763 Great Valley, . 1,638 Sherman, . 1,292 Bern, 3,441 Hinsdale, . 1,302 Stockton, . 1,642 Bethlehem, . . 4,102 Humphrey, 824 Villenova, 1,536 Coeymans, 3,050 Leon, . 1,340 Westfield, . • 3,100 Guilderland . . 3,2792,021 Little Valley, . Lyndon, 1.383 . 1,092 Knox, 50,507 New Scotland, . 3,459 Machias, . 1,342 Rensselaerville, 3,629 Mansfield, . . 1,057 CHEMUNG. Watervliet, . . 16,675 Napoli, 1,233 Big Flats, 1,709 Westerlo, 2,860 New Albion, . 1,633 Catharines, . . 3,070 Olean, 899 Catlin, 1,474 93,279 Otto, . . 2,267 Cayuta, . 1,035 ALLEGH ANY. Perrysburg,Persia, . 1,862 . 1,954 Chemung,Dix, 2,673 . 2,953 Alfred, . 2,679 Portville, . 747 Elmira, 8,166 Allen, . 955 Randolph, . 1,606 Erin, . . 1,833 Almond, . 1,914 Rice, 906 Southport, 3,184 Amity, . . 1,792 South Valley, 561 Veteran, . 2,698 Andover, . 1,476 Yorkshire, 2,010 Angelica,Belfast, . 1,592 28,795 1,679 38,951 Birdsall, 597 CHENANGO. Bolivar, . 712 CAYUG A. Bainbridge, 3,338 Burns, . 961 Auburn City, . 9,548 Columbus, . 1,381 Caneadea, 1,477 Aurelius, . 2,831 Coventry, 1,677 Centreville, . . 1,445 Brutus, 3,046 German, 903 Clarksville, 668 Cato, . . 2,247 Green, 3,763 Cuba, . 2,243 Conquest, 1,863 Guilford, . 2,600 Friendship, 1,675 Fleming, . 1,193 Lincklaen, 1,196 Genesee, 672 Genoa, 2,503 Macdonough, . 1,522 Granger, . 1,309 Ira, . 2,110 New Berlin, 2,562 Grove, . . 1,154 Ledyard, . 2,043 North Norwich, . . 1,172 Hume, 2,159 Locke, . . 1,478 Norwich, . 3,615 Independence, . 1,701 Mentz, 5,239 Otselic, . . 1,800 New Hudson, . 1,435 Moravia, . 1,876 Oxford, 3,227 Ossian, . 1,283 Niles, . • 2,053 Pharsalia, . 1,185 Rushford, 1,806 Owasco, . 1,254 Pitcher, . 1,403 Scio, 1,924 Scipio, 2,135 Plymouth, . 1,551 West Almond, . 976 Sempronius, . 1,266 Preston, . 1,082 Wirt, . . 1,544 Sennett, . 2,347 Sherburne, . 2,623 Springport, . . 2,041 Smithville, 1,771 37,828 Sterling, . Summer Hill, 2,808 Smyrna, . 1,940 1.251 BROOS IK Venice, 2^028 40,311 Barker, 1,456 Victory, . 2,299 Chenango, . 8,734 CLINTOl r. Colesville, 3,061 55,459 Au Sable, 4,491 Conklin, . 2,232 Beekmantown, . 3,384 Lisle, 1,680 CHATJTA1 JQUE. Black Brook, . 2,525 Maine, . . 1,843 Champlain, . . 5,067 Nanticoke, 576 Arkwright, 1,283 Chazy, 4,324 Sanford, . 2.508 Busti, . . 1,991 Clinton, . 1,437 Triangle, 1,728 Carroll, 1,835 Ellenhurg, 1,504 Union, . . 2,143 Charlotte, . 1,718 Mooers, . 3,365 Vestal, 2,054 Chautauque, 2,622 Peru, 3,640 Windsor, . 2,645 Cherry Creek, . 1,311 Plattsburg, . . 5,618 Clymer, 1,127 Saranac, . 2,582 30,660 Ellery, . Ellicott, . . 2,104 3,523 Schuyler's Falls, . . 2,110 CATTARA CGUS. Ellington, . 2.001 40,047 Ashford, . 1,658 French Creek, . 725 Burton, . 1,037 Gerry, . . 1,332 COLUMBI A. Carrol ton, 515 Hanover, . 5,144 Ancram, . 1,568 Cold Spring, 591 Harmony, . 3,749 Austerlitz, . 1,873 Connewango, . 1,408 Mina, 996 Canaan, . 1,941 Dayton, . 1,448 Poland, . 1,174 Chatham, . 3,839 Ellicottville, 1,726 Pomfret, . 4,493 Claverack, 3,208 Farmersville, . 1,554 Portland, . 1,905 Clermont, . 1,130 Franklinville, . 1,706 Ripley, . 1,732 Copake, . 1,65a 734 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Gallatin, . 1,586 Union Vale, . 1,552 Constable, 1,447 Germantown, . 1,023 Washington, 2,805 Dickinson. . . 1,119 Ghent, . . 2,293 Duane, 222 Green port, 1,300 58,992 Fort Covington . 2,641 Hillsdale, . 2,123 Franklin, 724 Hudson City, . 6.289 ERIE. Harrietstown, 181 Kinderhook, . 3,972 Alden, 2,520 Malone, . 4,549 Livingston, 2,020 Amherst, . 4,153 Moira, . . 1,340 New Lebanon, . 2,300 Aurora, . 3,435 Westville, 1,301 Stockport, 1,655 Black Rock, . 7,508 Stuyvesant, . . 1,766 Boston, 1,872 25,102 Taghkanic, 1,540 Brandt, . 1,028 Buffalo City, 42,261 GENESEE. 43,078 Chick tawaga, . 3.042 Alabama, 2,054 Clarence, 2,727 Alexander, . 1,927 CORTLA] m Colden, . 1,344 Batavia, . 4,461 Cincinnatus, 1,206 Collins, 4,001 Bergen, . 1,897 Cortlandville, . 4,203 Concord, . 3,242 Bethany, . 1,904 Freetown, 1,035 Eden, 2.494 Byron, . . 1,566 Hartford, 949 Evans, . . 2,182 Darien, 2,086 Homer, 3,836 Hamburg, 5,219 Elba, . . 1,772 Lapeer, 822 Holland, . 1.315 Le Roy, . 3,472 Marathon, 1,149 Lancaster, 3,794 Oakfield, . 1,457 Preble, . . 1,312 Newstead, . 2.899 Pavilion, . 1,640 Scott, 1,290 Sardinia, . 1,761 Pembroke, . . 2,279 Solon, . 1,150 Tonawanda, . . 2,072 Stafford, . 1,973 Truxton, . 3,623 Wales, 2,124 Virgil, . . 2,410 . 28 488 Willet, . 923 101,093 Taylor, . 1,232 GKEEKE. ESS EX. A cTilanfl 1,290 . 2.986 25,140 Chesterfield, 4,171 Xloll 1 tl U 'A , m Athens, Crownpoint, . . 2,378 Cairo, 2,831 DELAWA RE. Elizabethtown, 1,635 Catskill, . 5,454 Andes, 2,672 Essex, . 2,351 Coxsackie, 3,741 Bovina, . 1,316 Jay, . 2,688 Durham, . 2,600 Colchester, 2,184 Keene, . 798 Greenville, 2,242 Davenport, . . 2.305 Lewis, 2,058 Hallcot, (new town, erected Delhi, 2,909 Minerva, 586 in 1851, taken from the Franklin, . 3,087 Moriah, . 3,065 town of Lexington.) Hamden, . 1,919 Newcomb, 277 Hunter, . 1,849 Hancock, . 1,798 North Elba, 210 Jewet, 1,452 Harpersfield, . 1,604 North Hudson, 561 Lexington, . . 2,263 Kortright, . 2,181 St. Armand, 210 New Baltimore, 2,381 Masonville, 1 ,550 Schroon, . 2,031 Prattsville, . . 1,989 Meredith, . 1,634 Ticonderoga, 2,669 Windham, 2,048 Middletown, . 3,005 . 2,853 Westport,Willsboro', 2.352 Roxbury, 1^932 33,126 Sidney, 1,807 Wilmington, . 1,176 Stam fo rd . 1 708 HAMILT, Tompkins, 3|o22 31,148 Arietta, 108 Walton, . 2,271 Gilman, 101 FUI TON. Hope, 789 39,825 Bleecker, . 511 Lake Pleasant, 305 Broadalbin, . . 2,474 Long Lake, 111 DUTCH! SS. Caroga, 589 Morehouse, . 242 Amenia, . 2,229 Ephratah, . 2,080 Indian Lake and Wells, 532 Beekman, . 1,386 Johnstown, 6,131 Clinton, . 1,795 Mayfield, . 2,429 2,188 Dover, . . 2,147 Northampton, 1,701 East Fishkill, . 2,610 Oppenheim, . 2,315 HERKIMER. Fishkill, . 9,240 Perth, 1,140 Columbia, 2,001 Hyde Park, 2,425 Stratford, 801 Danube, . 1,730 La Grange, . . 1,941 Fairfield, . 1,646 Milan, 1,764 20,171 Frankfort, . 3,023 Northeast, . 1,555 German Flats, 3,578 Paulings, . 1,720 FRA1 JKLIN. Herkimer, . 2,600 Pine Plains, 1,416 Bangor, . 2,160 Litchfield, 1,676 Pleasant Valley, 2,226 Belmont, 660 Little Falls, . . 4,855 Poughkeepsie, . 13,944 Bombay, . 1,963 Manheim, 1,902 Redhook, . 3,263 Brandon, 590 Newport, . 2,126 Rhircbeck, . . 2,816 Burke, 2,777 Norway, . 1,052 Stanford, . 2,158 Chateaugay, . . 3,728 Ohio, . 1,051 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 735 Russia, 2,349 Livonia, . 2,627 Lewiston, 2,923 Salisbury, 2,035 Mount Morris, . 4,531 Lockport, . 12,323 Schuyler, . 1,696 North Dansville, . . 4,377 Newfane, . 3,255 Stark, . 1,576 Nunda, 3,128 Niagara, . 1,951 Warren, . 1,756 Portage, . 2,478 Pendleton, 2,166 Willmurt, 112 Sparta, 1,372 Porter, . 2,455 Winfield, . 1,481 Springwater, . 2,670 Royalton, 4,024 West Sparta, . 1,619 Somerset, . 2,154 38,245 York, . 2,785 Wheatfield,Wilson, 2,6652 955 JEFFERSON. 40,875 Adams, 3,106 42,265 Alexandria, . 3,178 MADISOl r. Antwerp, . 3,665 Brookfield, 3,585 ONEIDA. Brownville, . 4,282 Cazenovia, . 4,812 Annsville, 2,688 Cape Vincent, . 3,044 De Ruyter, 1,931 Augusta, . 2,271 Champion, . 2,085 Eaton, . . 3,944 Ava, 1,037 Clayton, . 4,191 Fenner, 1,690 Boonville, . 3,306 Ellisburg, 5,524 Georgetown, . 1,411 Bridgewater, 1,315 Henderson, 2,239 Hamilton, 3,599 Camcbn, . 2,820 Hounsfield, . 4,136 Lebanon, . 1,709 Deerfield, 2,287 Le Ray, . 3,654 Lenox, 7,507 Florence, . 2,575 Lorraine, 1,511 Madison, . 2,405 Floyd, 1,495 Lyme, 2,919 Nelson, 1,965 Kirkland, . 3,421 Orleans, 3,265 Smithfield, . . 1,669 Lee, 3,033 Pamelia, . 2,528 Stockbridge, 2.081 Marcy, . . 1,857 Philadelphia, 1,915 Sullivan, . 4,764 Marshall, 2,115 Rnflm 'ATI 1,784 2,265 ' New Hartford . 4,8474,283 iV'. ".'. 1 1 1. ¦ 1. IK • * « Rutland, 43,072 Paris, Theresa, 2,342 - Remsen, 2,407 Watertown, . 7,201 MONROI I Rome, 7,918 Wilna, . 2,993 Brighton, 3,117 Sangerfield, . . 2,371 Worth, . 326 Chili, . . 2,247 Steuben, . 1,744 Clarkson, 4,556 Trenton, . 3,540 68,153 Gates, . . 2.005 Utica City, 17,642 Greece, 4.219 Vernon, . 3,093 KINGS. Henrietta, 2.513 Verona, . 5,568 Brooklyn, 96,838 Irondequoit, 2,397 Vienna, . 3,393 Bush wick. 3,739 Mendon, . 3,353 Western, . 2,516 Flatbush, 3,176 Ogden, 2,598 Westmoreland, 3,291 Flatlands, 1,155 Parma, . 2,946 Whitestown, 6,810 Gravesend, 1,064 Penfield, . 3,185 New Utrecht, 2,129 Perrington, . 2,891 99,566 Williamsburg, . 30,780 Pittsford. . 2,061 Riga, . Rochester City, . 2,159 36,453 ONONDA GA. 138,881 Camillus, 3,106 Rush, . . 2,015 Cicero, . 2,980 LEWIS. Sweden, . 3,623 Clav, 3,402 Croghan, . 1,135 Webster, . 2,446 De Witt, . 3,302 Denmark, 2,284 Wheatland, 2,917 Elbridge, . . 3,924 Diana, 970 Fabius, . 2,410 Greig, . . 1,074 87,651 Geddes, 2,011 Harrisburg, 1,367 La Fayette, . . 2,532 Lejden. . 2,253 MONTGOMl :rt. Lysander, 5,833 Lowville, . 2,377 Amsterdam, 4,128 Manlius, . 6.298 Martinsburg, . 2.677 Canajoharie, . 4,097 Marcellus, 2,759 New Bremen, . 1,510 Charleston, 2,216 Onondaga, . . 5,694 Osceola, 412 Florida, . 3,571 Otisco, 1,804 Pinckney, 1,208 Glen, 3.043 Pompey, . 4,006 Turin. . . 1,826 Mohawk, . 3,091 Salina, 2,142 Watson, . 1,138 Minden, . 4,623 Skaneateles, . 4,080 West Turin, . 3,793 Palatine, . 2,854 Spafibrd, . 1,903 Root, 2,736 Syracuse City, . 22,271 24,564 St. Johnsville, . 1,627 Tully, Van Buren, . 1,559 . 3,873 LIVINGSTON. 31,986 Avon, 2,809 85,889 Caledonia, . . 1,804 NEW YOl IK. Conesus, . 1,418 New York City, . 515,545 ONTAR) to. Geneseo, 2,958 Bristol, 1,733 Groveland, 1,724 NIAGAR, i. Canadice, . 1,071 Leicester, . 2,142 Cambria, . 2,366 Canandaigua, . 6,143 Lima, 2,433 Hartland, . 3,028 East Bloomfield, . 2 262 736 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Farmington, . 1,876 Cherry Valle y, . 4,186 Haverstraw, . . 5,885 Gorham, . 2,645 Decatur, 927 Orangetown, . 4,769 Hopewell, 1,923 Edmestown, 1,885 Ramapo, . 3,197 Manchester, . . 2,940 Exeter, . 1,526 Naples, 2,376 Hartwick, 2,352 16,962 Phelps, . 5,542 Laurens, . 2,168 Richmond, 1,852 Maryland, 2,152 ST. LAWRENCE. Seneca, . 8.507 Middlefield, . 8,131 Brasher, . 2,548 South Bristol, . 1,129 Milford, . 2,227 Canton, . 4,685 Victor, . 2.230 Morris, . 2,155 Colton, 506 West Bloomfield, 1,698 New Lisbon, 1,773 De Kalb, . 2,389 Oneonta, . 1,903 Depeyster, 906 43,927 Otego, 1,792 Edwards, 1,023 Otsego, . 3,901 Fine, 293 ORANG1 3. Pittsfield, 1,591 Fowler, 1,813 Blooming Grove, 2,184 Plainfield, . 1,450 Gouverneur, 2,783 Chester, . 1,641 Richfield, 1,502 Hammond, . 1,819 Cornwall, 4,471 Springfield,Unadilla, . 2,322 Hermon, . 1,690 Crawford, . 1,912 2,463 Hopkinton, . 1,470 Deerpark, 4,032 Westford, . 1,423 Lawrence, 2,209 Goshen, . 3,149 Worcester, 2,047 Lisbon, 5,295 Hamptonburg, . 1,343 Louisville, 2,054 Minisink, . 4,972 48,638 Macomb, 1,197 Monroe, . 4,280 Madrid, . 4,856 Montgomery, . 3,933 Pt JTNAM. Massena, 2,915 Mount Hope, . 1,512 Carmel, . 2,442 Morristown, 2,274 Newburg, . 11,415 Kent, . 1,557 Norfolk, 1,753 New Windsor, . 2,457 Patterson, 1,371 Oswegatchie, 7,756 Wallkill, . 4,942 Philipstown, . 5,063 Parishville, . 2,132 Warwick, 4,902 Putnam Valh y, . 1,626 Pierrepont, 1,459 Southeast, . 2,079 "Pi t cairn 503 5,349 57,145 J- ll\_t, 11 LI, ... Potsdam, . ORLEAN Barre, . • . Carlton, 3. 6,437 . 2,809 1,809 . 2,722 2,289 Ql Flushing, Hempstead, . Jamaica, . North Hemps 1 4,148 JEENS. 5,376 . 8,810 4,247 tead, . 4,291 Rossie, .... Russell, Stockholm, . SARATOGA. 1,4711,808 3,661 Clarendon,Gaines, Kendall, . . Murray,Ridgeway,Shelby, 68,617 . 2,520 Newtown, 7,208 Ballston, . 2,269 4,591 Oysterbay, . . 6,900 Charlton, 1.902 3,082 2,242 Clifton Park, . Corinth, Day, 2,8681,501 Yates, 36,832 1.045 28,501 RENE SELAER. Edinburg, 1,336 OSWEGC ). Berlin, 2.005 Galway, 2,158 Albion, 2,010 Brunswick, . . 3,146 Greenfield, . 2,890 Amboy, . 1,132 Grafton, . 2,033 Hadley, 1,003 Boylestown, 661 Greenbush, . . 4,945 Halfmoon, 2,788 Constantia, . . 2,495 Hoosick, . 3,724 Malta, 1,349 Granby, . 3,368 Lansingburg, . 5,752 Milton, 4,220 Hannibal, . 2,857 Nassau, 3,261 Moreau, . 1,834 Hastings, . 2,920 Petersburg, . . 1,908 Northumberland, 1,775 Mexico, . 4,221 Pittstown, 3,732 Providence, 1,458 New Haven, 2,015 Poestenkill, . . 2,092 Saratoga, 3.492 Orwell, . 1.106 Sandlake, 2,558 Saratoga Springs, . 4,650 Oswego, . 2,445 Schaghticoke, . 3,290 Stillwater, 2,967 Oswego City, . 12,205 Schodack, 3,510 Waterford, 2,683 Palermo, . 2,053 Stephentown, . 2,622 Wilton, 1,458 Parish, . 1,799 Troy City, 28,735 Redfield, . Richland, 752 . 4.079 45,646 73,363 Sandy Creek, . 2,456 Shroeppel and Phoei lix, 3,258 RICI 1MOND. SCHOHARIE. Scriba, 3.738 Castleton, 5,389 Blenheim, 1,314 Fulton and Volney, . 5.310 Northfield, . . 4,020 Broome, 2,268 West Monroe, . 1,197 Southfield, 2,710 Carlisle, . 1,817 Williamstown, . 1,121 Westfield, . . 2,943 Cobleskill, . Conesville, Esperance, . 2,229 1,582 1,428 62,198 15,062 OTSEGO Fulton, . 2,566 Burlington, 1,835 ROC) iLAND. Gilboa, 3,024 Butternuts, . . 1,927 Clarkstown, 3,111 Jefferson, 1,748 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 737 Middleburg, . . 2,967 Huntington, 7,481 WARREN. Riehmondville , 1,666 Islip, .... 2,602 Athol, 1,590 Schoharie, . 2,588 Riverhead, 2,540 Bolton, . 1,147 Seward, . 2,203 Shelter Island, 386 Caldwell, 752 Sharon, . 2,632 Smithtown, 1,972 Chester, . 1,850 Summit, . 1,800 Southampton, 6,501 Hague, 717 Wright, . 1,716 Southold, 4,723 Horicon, Johnsburg, . 1,152 1 503 33,548 36,922 Luzerne, Queensbury, . l',300 5,313 SCHFNECTADY. SULLIVAN. Warrensburg, 1,874 Duanesburg, 3,464 Bethel, 2,0871,671 Glenville, 3,409 Cochecton, . 17,198 Niskayuna, Princetown, . 783 . 1.031 Collikoon, 1,981 WASHINGTON. Rotterdam, . 2,446 Schenectady City, . 8,921 Fallsburg,Forrestburg,Liberty, Lumberland, Mamakating,Neversink,Rockland, . Thompson, 2,626 715 2,6122,6354,107 2,281 1,175 3,198 Argyle, . Cambridge, . Dresden, . Easton, Fort Ann, Fort Edward, Granville,Greenwich, . Hampton, 3,274 . 2,593 674 SE Covert, Fayette, 20,054 NECA. 2,253 . 3,786 1,516 . 3,225 3,383 . 2,328 • 3,434 . 3,803 Junius, 25,088 899 Lodi, . . 2,269 Hartford, 2,051 Ovid, 2,258 Hebron, . 2,548 Romulus, . 2,040 TIOGA. Jackson, . 2,129 Seneca Falls, 4,296 Barton, 3,522 Kingsbury, 3,032 Tyre, . . Varick, . 1,356 Berkshire, 1,049 Putnam, 753 1,872 Candor, 3,433 Salem, 2,904 Waterloo, . 3,795 Newark, 1,983 White Creek, . 2,994 Nichols, . 1,905 Whitehall, 4,726 Owego, Richford, 7,159 25,441 1,208 44,750 STEUBEN. Spencer, 1,782 Addison, . 3,721 Tioga, ... 2,839 WAYNE. Avoca, . . 1,574 Arcadia, . 0,149 Bath, 6,185 24,880 Butler, . . 2,272 Bradford, . 2,010 Galen, 4,609 Cameron, 1,701 TOMPKINS. Huron, . . 1,966 Campbell, . 1,175 Caroline, ¦ 2,537 Lyons, 4,925 Canisteo, . 2,030 Danby, 2,411 Macedon, . 2,384 Caton, . 1,214 Dryden, . 5,122 Marion, . 1,839 Cohocton, 1,993 Enfield, 2,117 Ontario, . 2,246 Dansville, . 2,545 Groton, . 3,343 Palmyra, . 3,893 Erwin, 1,435 Hector, 6,054 Rose, . 2,264 Greenwood, . 1,185 Ithaca, 6,909 Savannah, 1,700 Hartsville, 854 Lansing, 3,318 Sodus, . 4,598 Hornby, 1,314 Newfield, 3,816 Walworth, 1,981 Hornelsville, 2,637 Ulysses, 3,122 Williamson, . . 2,380 Howard, Jasper, . 3,244 1,749 Wolcott, . 2,751 38,749 Lindley, 686 44,953 Orange, . 2,055 ULSTER. Painted Post 4,372 Denning, 447 WESTC HESTER. Prattsburg, 2,786 Esopus, 2,900 Bedford, . 3,207 Pultney, : 1,815 Hurley, 2.003 Cortland, . 7.758 Reading, . 1,434 Kingston, 10,236 Eastchester, 1,679 Thurston, 726 Lloyd, 2,035 Greenburgh, . . 4,291 Troupsburg,Tyrone, 1,754 Marbletown, 3,839 Harrison, . 1,262 . 1,894 Marlboro', 2,405 Lewisboro', . 1,609 Urbana, . 2,079 New Paltz, 2,729 Mamaroneck, 928 Wayland, 2,067 Olive, 2,710 Mount Pleasan t, . 3,323 Wayne, . 1,347 Plattekill, 1,998 Newcastle, 1,800 West Union, 950 Rochester, 3,174 New Rochelle, . 2,458 Wheeler, . 1,471 Rosendale, . . 2,418 North Castle, 2,189 Woodhull, 1,769 Saugerties, 8,041 North Salem, . 1,335 Shandaken, . . 2,307 Ossinsing, 4,939 63,771 Shawangunk, . 4,036 Pelham. 577 Wawarsing, . . 6,459 Poundndge, 1,486 SB FFOLK. Woodstock, 1,650 Rye, . . . 2,584 Brookhaven, 8,595 Scarsdale, 342 Easthampton , . . 2,122 59,387 Somers, . 1,722 93 738 COUNTIES, CITEES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. Westchester,West Farms, White Plains, Yonkers,Yorktown, YATES. Barrington,Benton, Italy, Jerusalem, 2,492 4,436 1,414 4,1602,273 58,264 1,550 3,456 1,627 2,912 Middlesex, Milo, . Potter, Starkey, WYOMING. Attica, Bennington, Castile, China, . Covington, . . 1,385 1,385 Eagle, . . 1,381 4,791 Gainsville, 1,760 2,194 Genesee Falls, . 1,322 2,675 Java, 2,245 Middlebury, . . 1,799 20,590 Orangeville, 1,438 Perry, . . 2,832 Pike, 2,003 2,363 Sheldon, . 2,527 2,406 Warsaw, . 2,624 2.446 1 Qfil Wethersfield, . 1,489 31,981 STATE OF NEW JERSEY. ATLANTIC. Union, | 1,095 Lambertville, 1,417 Galloway, 2,307 Washington, . 2,114 Lebanon, . 2,127 Great Egg Harbor, . 2,688 Waterford, 1,638 Raritan, 3,066 Hamilton, 2,015 Winslow, . 1,540 Readington, 2,836 Mullica, 918 Tewksbury, . 2,300 Weymouth, 1,032 25,422 28,981 8,960 CUMBERLAB i '¦. Bridgeton, 2,446 HUDSON. BERGEN. Cohansey, 1,034 Bergen, . 2,758 Franklin, . 1,741 Deerfield, 927 Harrison, 1,344 Hackensack, . 3,486 Downe, . 2,341 Hoboken, 2,668 Harrington, 1,195 Fairfield, . 2,133 Jersey City, 6,856 Hohokus, . 2,271 Greenwich, . . 1,158 North Bergen, . 3,576 Lodi, 1,113 Hopewell, 1,480 Van Vorst, 4,617 New Barbadoes, . . 2,258 Maurice River, . 2,245 Saddle River, . 816 Millville, . 2,332 21,819 Washington, . 1,804 Stow Creek, . 1,093 MERCER. 14,684 17,189 East Windsor, Ewing, . 2,596 1,480 BURLINGTON. ESSE} C Hamilton, 2,807 Burlington, 863 Belleville, 3,513 Hopewell, 3,696 Burlington City, . . 4,536 Bloomfield, . 3,385 Lawrence, 1,835 Chesterfield, 4,514 Caldwell, . 2,376 Nottingham, 4,489 Chester, . 3,598 Clinton, . 2,508 Princeton, 3,021 Evesham, 3,0.57 Elizabeth, 5,583 Trenton, 6,466 Little Egg Harbor, 2,020 Livingston, . . 1,151 West Windsor, 1,596 TVT nnsfiplH 2,953 Newark City, . 38,893 if 1 ll 1 1 ^LlV.l'.l, . . Medford, . 3,022 New Providence, . 1,216 27,986 New Hanover, 2,245 Orange, . 4,385 Northampton, . 3,035 Plainfield, . 2,446 MIDDLESEX. Pemberton, 2,866 Rahway, . 3,306 Monroe, . 3,001 Southampton, . 3,545 Springfield, . . 1,945 North Brunswick . 10,008 Springfield,Washington, 1,827 Union, 1,662 Perth Amboy, . 1,865 . 2,009 Westfield, . . 1,575 Piscataway, . 2,975 Westhampton, . 1,507 South Amboy, 2,266 Willingboro', . 1,596 43,203 GLOUCES 73,944 TER. South Brunswick, Woodbridge, 3,368 5,141 Deptford, 3,355 . 28,624 CAPE MAY. Franklin, . 2,984 Dennis, . 1,604 Greenwich, 3,067 MONMOUTH. Lower, . . 1,604 Harrison, . 1,984 Atlantic . 1,493 Middle, . 1,884 Woolwich, 3,265 Freehold, 2,633 Upper, . . 1,341 Howell, . 4,058 14,655 Manalopan, . 1,902 6,433 Marlboro', 1,554 HUNTER! 30N. Middletown, 3,245 CAMDEN. Alexandria, 3,811 Millstone, 1,675 Camden City, . -9,479 Amwell, . 2,505 Ocean, . 3,767 Delaware, . 2,577 Bethlehem, 2,746 Raritan, . 4,165 Gloucester, 2,371 Clinton, . 2,368 Shrewsbury, 3,180 Gloucester City, . . 2,188 Delaware, 2,554 Upper Freehold, 2,566 Haddonfield, . 844 Franklin, . 1,452 Newton, . 1,576 Kingwood, 1,799 30,238 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 739 MORRIS. West Milford, . 2,624 Chatham, 2,469 . 1,334 Chester, 22,552 Hanover, . 3,608 Jefferson, . 1,358 SALEM. Mendham, 1,720 Elsinboro', 655 Morris, . 4,992 L. AUoway's Creek, . 1,423 Pequannoek, . 4,116 L. Penn's Neck, 1,429 Randolph, . 2,632 Mannington, . 2,187 Rockaway, 3,139 Pilesgrove, 2,962 Roxbury, . 2,269 Pittsgrove, . . 1,151 Washington, . 2,502 Salem, 3,052 U. AUoway's Creek, . 2,530 30,139 U. Penn's Neck, 2,422 U. Pittsgrove, . 1,656 OCEAN. Brick, 1,558 19,467 Dover, . . 2,385 SOMERSET. Jackson, . 1,333 Bedminster, 1,814 Plumstead, . . 1,613 Bernard's, . 2,263 Stafford, . 1,384 Branchburg, 1,137 Union, . . 1,759 Bridgewater, . 4,070 Franklin, , 3,062 10,032 Hillsboro', . 3,404 Montgomery, . 1,763 PASSAIC. Warren, . 2,148 Acquackanonck,, 2,925 Manchester, . . 2,781 19,661 Paterson, . 11,338 Pompton, . 1,720 SUSSEX. Wayne, 1,164 Byram, 1,340 Frankford, Greene, . Hardiston,Lafayette, Montague, Newton, . Sandiston,Sparta,Stillwater,Vernon, . Walpack, Wantage, WARREN. Belvidere,Blairstown,Franklin, Frelinghuysen, Greenwich,Hardwick, Harmony,Hope, . Independence,Knowlton, Mansfield, Oxford, Pahaquary, Washington, STATE OF OHIO.* ADAMS. Ruggles, . 1,085 Conneaut, . 1,877 Green, 1,520 Sullivan, . 1,101 Conneaut, . 817 Monroe, . 1,191 Troy, . . . 849 Monroe, . 1,587 Sprig, 3,160 Orange, . 1,826 Sheffield, . 845 Liberty, . 1,498 Vermillion, . . 2,459 Kingsville, . . 1,494 Tiffin, 1,523 Montgomery, . 1,928 Plymouth, 753 West Union, . 462 Ashland, . 1.264 Saybrook, . 1,374 Winchester. 1,693 Mohican, . 1,775 Denmark, 241 Wayne, . 1,682 Milton, . 1,432 Pierpoint, 999 Jefferson, 1,543 Clear Creek, . 1,205 Richmond, 706 Scott, . . 1,270 Perry, . . 1,789 Andover, 963 Franklin, . 1,963 Greene, 1,904 Williamsfield, 982 Meigs, . 1,438 Mifflin, 891 Wayne, 899 Lake, 883 Geneva, . 1,358 18,943 Hanover, . 1,902 28,767 ALLE1 23,826 Lima, 757 ATH ENS. Monroe, 924 ASHTABU1 LA. Lee, . 961 Richland, 990 Jefferson, . 625 Waterloo, . 1,016 Spencer, 336 Jefferson, 439 Trimble, . 924 Amanda, . 588 Austinburg, 1,285 York, . . 1,391 Shawnee, 756 Harpersfield, . 1,279 Athens, 1,463 Sugar Creek, . 756 Trumbull, 805 Athens, 898 German, . 1,008 Lenox, . 731 Canaan, . 1,142 Perry, 923 Morgan, . 888 Alexander, . . 1,735 Auglaize, . 1,344 Hartsgrove, . 650 Troy, 1,421 Bath, 1,512 Rome, 744 Carthage, . 1,087 Jackson, . 1,176 Orwell, 825 Rome, 1,309 Marion, . 672 Windsor, . 1,033 Bern, . 819 Section Ten, . 374 Dorset, 236 Ames, 1,482 New Line, 628 Dover, . . 1,233 12,116 Colebrook, . Cherry Valley, 688839 Lodi, 1,336 ASHLAi VD. Ashtabula, . . 1.356 18,217 Jackson, . 1,533 Ashtabula, 821 * The places in italics are incorporated towns. 740 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. AUGLAIZE. Green, . 632 CHAMPAIGN. Goshen, . 336 Benton, 37 Goshen, . 1,260 Wayne, 672 Eagle, . . 1,134 Mechanicsburg, 682 Union, 1,008 Fincastle, . 145 Rush, 893 Clay, . . 840 Washington, 987 Lewisburg, 302 Pusheta, . 1,008 Sardinia, . 198 Woodstock, 205 Duchouquet, 905 Franklin, . 1,107 Union, . . 1,946 Wapakoneta, . ' 504 Arnheim, . 61 Salem, 1,635 Logan, . 336 Sterling, 981 Mad River, . . 1,868 German, . 1,470 Urbana, . / . 1,394 Minster, 428 27,334 Urbana, . 2,020 New Bremen, 344 Jackson, . 1,735 St. Mary's, . 693 BUTLER. Johnson, . 1,573 St. Mary's, Washington, 874 688 Fairfield, . Hamilton 2,771 . 3,207 Adams, Concord, 1,123 . 1,010 Noble, Salem, . Kossuth,Moulton, 309 400 76 450 Union, Liberty, Madison, . Wayne, 2,173 . 1,501 2,242 . 1,502 Harrison, . Wayne, 968 . 1,429 19,743 BELI 11,341 iONT. St. Clair, . Hanover,Reily, Milford, 2,602 . 1,4931,716 2 068 CLERM Batavia, . Williamsburg, ONT. 2,789 . 1,885 Richland, Flushing,Pease, Pultney, 4,366 . 1,811 3,517 . 2,260 Oxford, Oxford, Morgan, . 2^007 . 1,134 1,706 1 648 Tate, Franklin, Ohio,Union, . 2,901 . 3,061 4,474 . 1,800 Smith, 1,797 T.pmnTi 1^722 . 1,092 210 Monroe, 1,897 Washington, Mead,Warren, . 1,5341,634 . 1,914 820 J_iV IIIUll, . ¦ Middletown, . Monroe, Washington, Jackson, . Goshen, Miami, . 2,540 1,2411,937 Barnesville, 30,794 2,690 Somerset, . 2,104 Stone Lick, . 1,840 Somerton, . Goshen, . 192 : . 1 862 CARRO LL. Wayne, . 1,394 Bdmont, . 'l55 Centre, 1,189 30,449 Union, . . 1,873 Union, . 805 Morristown, 455 Monroe, . 1,117 CLTKTI )N. Wheeling, . 1,217 Orange, . 1,577 Richland, 1,975 Shepardstown, 90 Perry, 1,277 Union, . . 2,320 Uniontown, . 194 Loudon, 840 Wilmington, 1,238 Colerain, . 1,321 Lee, 1,220 Wayne, . 1,435 Farmington, . 45 Washington, . 1,020 Adams, 869 York, 1,312 Harrison, . 1.268 Vernon, 1,468 Wayne, . 1,918 Augusta, . 1,297 Marion, 995 Kirkwood, 2,208 East, 987 Jefferson, 810 Fox, . . 1,452 Clark, 1,653 34,599 Brown, 2,099 Washington, . 1,216 Rose, . . 1,537 Chester, 1,600 BRO WN. Liberty, . 1,232 Union, 2,424 17,685 Green, 2,026 Let-ana,Ripley, 174 1,780 CLAR1 £. 18,837 ^rd'„ :„ ¦ . 2,085 Green, 1,275 Russdlville, 386 Mad River, . . 1,493 COLUMB1 ANA. Decatur, 171 Enon, 294 Unity. 2.095 Huntington, 1,877 Bethel, . 1,748 Fairfield, . 2,385 Aberdeen, 807 Donnelsville, 196 Salem, 1,960 Lewis, 1,998 New Carlisle, 634 Perry, . . 2,371 Feesburg, 186 Midway, . 69 Knox, 2,155 Higginsport, 536 Pike, . 1.317 Butler, . . 1,682 Jackson, . 1,150 Northampton, 147 Centre, 2,818 Carlisle, . 112 Madison, 947 Hanover, 2,859 Pleasant, . 1,457 Selma, 47 West, 2,110 Georgetown, 617 South Charleston, 414 Liverpool, 729 Perry, . 2,465 German, . 1,912 Liverpool, 835 Fayetteville, 318 Harmony, . 1,804 Washington, Salinevule, ' 963 Scott, . 930 Springfield, 2,206 237 New Hope, Clark, . 106 . 1,282 Springfield, . Morefield, . 5,108 1,214 Yellow Creek, Wellsville, 853 1,549 Hamersville, 131 Pleasant, . 1,349 Middleton, . . 1,436 Brownsville, . 38 Clarkson, . 91 Pike, 1,022 22,174 Elk Run, . 1,559 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 741 St. Clair, . Calcutta, Fredericktown,Franklin, Wayne,Madison, 1,115 147 99 1,164 974 1,405 COSHOCTON. Perry, Washington, Pike, New Castle, Bedford, . Tiverton, Virginia, . Linton, Jacobsport, Adams, White Eye, Mill Creek, La Fayette, Oxford,Tuscarawas, Coshocton, Bethlehem, Franklin, Keene, Crawford, Monroe, Jefferson,Jackson, . Clark, CRAWFORD Lykens, . Holmes,Auburn, . Vernon, Jackson, . Polk, . Sandusky, Liberty,Bucyrus, . Cranberry,Chatfield, Texas,Todd, Dallas, Whetstone. CUYAHOGA, Cleveland, East Cleveland, Newburgh, Mayfield,Warrensville. Orange, Euclid, Solon, . Chagrin Falls Bedford,Independence,Brecksville,Royalton, Strongsville, Middleburg, Olmstead, 33,601 1,340 996 1,079 1,227 1.221 842 1,227 1,375 219 1,4191,132 872 1,040 1,113 741 •850 822 966 1,079 1,552 760 929 2,037 833 25,671 1,185 1,239 951 1,276 1,7111,318 822 1,782 2,315 1,0421,351 544 578 406 1,657 18,177 17,041 2,343 1,5421,1171,409 1,063 » 1,447 1,033 1,2501,854 1,485 1,1161,253 1,1991,490 1,216 Dover,Rockport,Brooklyn, ) (Ohio City,) J Parma, DARKE. Butler, Twin, . Monroe, . Washington Greenville, Greenville, German, . Harrison, Adams, . Neave,Wayne, . Franklin,Mississenawa,Patterson,Wabash, . Allen, . Jackson, . York, . Richland,Brown,Van Buren, DEFIANCE. Defiance, . Defiance,Highland,Richland,Adams, . Noble,Brunersburg, Tiffin, . Evansport, Delaware,Washington, Farmer, Milford, . Hicks ville, DELAWARE. Radnor, . Thompson, . Marlboro',Berkshire Genoa,Harlem,Trenton, . Delaware,Delaware,Liberty, Orange, . Berlin, Concord, . Scioto, . Troy,Oxford, BrownPorter, Kingston, 1,1121,441 6,375 1,329 48,105 1,446 1,400 918 1.250 2,372 1,044 1,502 1,705 1,416 888 1,162 551378 319 309290 566 499 798 684780 20,277 391 890 365 702 432 389 169 544 165 445 428 894645507 6,966 1,204 732587 1,555 1,3691,1821,238 1,247 2,075 1,051 1,1501,151 1,369 1,126 976 828 1,176 1,037 761 21,814 ERIE. Perkins, . 1,217 Milan, . . 2,697 Portland, ) [Sandusky City,) ) . 5,088 Margaretta, 1,537 Huron, . 1,397 Kelley's Island, 186 Oxford, 984 Groton, . 884 Berlin, . . 1,582 Vermillion, 1,515 Florence, . 1,491 18,578 FAIRFIELD. Auburn, . 626 Madison, . 1,164 Bern, 2,656 Violet, . . 2,060 Pickerington, 180 Canal Winchester, 274 Liberty, . 2,209 Baltimore, 492 Basil, 200 Walnut, . 1,79s Millersport, 126 New Salem, . ho Bloom, 1,904 Lithopolis, 386 Amanda, . 1,536 Royalton, 252 Greenfield, 2,113 Hocking, . 1,846 Richland, 1,777 Pleasant, . 2,011 Lancaster, 3,483 Oakland, 133 Clear Creek, 1,606 Rush Creek, . . 1,218 30,257 FAYETTI :. Madison, 864 Marion, . 842 Paint, . 1,253 Jefferson, . 1,872 Union, . 1,821 Washington, 569 Wayne, . 1,253 Perry, 1,088 Green, . 951 Buena Vista, 107 Concord, 836 Staunton, . 87 Jasper, . . 1,193 12,736 FULTON. Chesterfied, 538 Dover, . 381 Royalton, 570 Amboy, 460 Pike, 485 Fulton, 625 Swan Creek, . 621 York, . 784 Clinton, . 708 Franklin, 720 Gorham, . 906 742 German, FRANKLIN Columbus, Montgomery Truro, Reynoldsburg,Franklin, Sharon, Worlhington, Blendon, Plain,New Albany, Perry, Clinton, Washington, 'Dublin, . Norwich, . Brown,Prairie,Jackson, Pleasant, CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 982 Hamilton, . Madison, Groveport, Mifflin, . Jefferson, GALLIA. Ohio, Guyan, Huntington,Morgan, Raccoon, . Springfield,Cheshire, . Gallipolis, Gallipolis, Addison, Green, Perry, . Greenfield, Walnut, Clay, Harrison, GREENE. Sugar Creek, . Xenia, ) Xenia, ) Beaver Creek, . Bath, . Miami, Clifton, . Ross, Silver Creek, Cossar Creek, . GEAUGA. Chardon, . Hambden, Munson, . Newbury,Burton, . Claridon, 7,780 17,867 1,326 1,589 564 1,852 1,008 501 1,303 1,393 168 1,1691,186 996 274 1,053 681 1,043 1,550 968 103 1,485 1,997 483 1,095 1,236 42,880 504 560 1,308 1,1281,474 1,230 1,410 542 1,686 924 1,276 1,208 952 905949 1,008 17,064 3,082 7,056 2,063 2,079 1,613 252 1,367 2,565 1,870 21,947 1,622 919 1,1941,2531,064 1,006 Middlefield,Thompson,Troy, . Auburn, Chester, . Bainbridge, Huntsburg, Russell, Parkman,Montville, GUERNSEY Adams,Madison, Wheeling, Liberty, Jefferson, Monroe, Washington, Londonderry, Knox, . Westland,Beaver, Williamsburg, Millwood, Millwood, Oxford, Fairview, Middletown, Wills, Washington, Elizabethtown.Richland, Senecaville, Seneca, Mt. Ephraim, Buffalo,Point Pleasant, Hartford, Jackson, . Centre,Cambridge, Cambridge, Spencer, Cumberland, Wright, . New Gottengen, HANCOCK. Findlay, . Findlay,Allen, Washington, Cass, Big Lick, Amanda, . Marion, Orange, . Van Buren, Union,Portage, Blanchard, Pleasant, Liberty, . . Delaware, Jackson, . Eagle, . Madison, . 918 1,2111,163 1,182 1,103 1,013 1,0071,083 1,383 702 17,823 865 1,524 1,159 1,004 857 1,086 972 1,551 755 1.1261,785 207 1,409 216 1,496 444 267 1,326 757 136 981 457 1,291 121 834 105113 1,1911,067 1,448 1,041 1,418 431 978 54 30,472 776 1,258 870 1,222 621 1,0081,162 904 724536 1,150 614 1,051 522874 1,035 830 950 667 16,774 HAMILTON Cincinnati, Fulton, Spencer,Columbia, Anderson, Mill Creek, StOlTS,Green, Delhi, Sycamore, Symmes,Colerain, . Miami,Whitewater, Crosby, Harrison, . Springfield, 115,438 3,223 1,656 2,416 3.0506,287 1,675 3,948 1,942 3,731 1,1153,1251,557 1,567 1,548 940 3,632 156,850 HARDIN. Pleasant, . 1,059 Kenton, . . 1,065 Dudley, . 529 Hale, . Taylor Creek, . 428 531 Goshen, 590 Blanchard, 252 Buck, . 462 Jackson, . 530 Washington, 391 Liberty, . 422 McDonald, . 582 Marion, . 368 Huntersville, . 84 Cessna, 303 Roundhead, . 520 Roundhead, 135 8,251 HARRISON. Morefield, . . 1,022 Morefidd, 44 Freeport, . 1,221 Cadiz, . . 1,309 Cadiz, 1,144 Nottingham, 1,236 Franklin, . 911 Deersfield, 289 Franklin, . 150 Washington, 1,255 Short Creek, 1,490 Harrisville, . 300 Georgetown, 160 Archer, 876 German, . 1.361 Rumley, 1,088 North, 1,121 Monroe, 1,152 Stock, 888 Athens, 1,085 New Atliens, 331 Green, . 1,527 HENRY. Napoleon,Flat Rock, . Washington, . Ridgeville, . Freedom, 20,160 566 406531 148' 83 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 743 Pleasant, 338 Norwalk, . 1.718 Liberty, . 1,322 Marion, . 77 Norwalk, . 1.441 Milford, . 1,350 Harrison, 515 Ridgefield, . . 1,944 Hiilier, . . 1,141 Richfield, . 136 Richmond, 609 Wayne, . ... 1,152 Damascus, . 233 Lyme, . . 1,859 Fredericktown, 712 Liberty, . 399 Norwich, . 1,021 Sherman, . 1,134 • 28,870 3,432 Peru, 1,632 Bronson, . 1,219 LAKE. HOCKING. Fairfield, . 1,594 Leroy, 1,128 Benton, . 933 New Haven, . . 1,398 Mentor, . 1,571 Ward, •. 823 Greenfield, 1,332 Concord, . 1,031 Marion, . 1,746 Ripley, . . 1,230 Willoughby, . 2,081 Falls, . . . . Logan, 1.772 798 Kirtland, . Painesville, ) (Painesville,) ) 1,598 . 3,128 26,203 Goodhope, . '635 Laurel, 1,126 JACKSON. Madison, . 2,987 Perry, . 1,217 Bloomfield, 1,403 Perry, . . 1,131 Salt Creek, -1,094 Madison, . 1,515 Washington, 1,640 Jefferson, . 1,036 14,655 Starr, 1,045 Jackson, 480 Green, . 1,290 Lick, 1,021 LAWRENCE. \ Franklin, . 1,295 Union, 1,318 14,119 Milton, 1,477 Fayette, . 1,112 Washington, 756 Perry, 924 HIGHLAND. ,. Hamilton, 664 Upper, 1 (Hanging Rock,) ) . 2,494 Liberty, . 2,683 Scioto, . . 1,347 Hillsboro', 1,392 Jackson, . 713 Rome, 1,134 Fairfield, . 3,174 Liberty, . 1,017 Windsor, . 1,001 Madison, 1,163 Mason, 1,132 Greenfield, 1,011 12,724 .Aid, 884 Paint, . 2,678 ¦ • / ¦ Lawrence, 534 Union, 1,408 JEFFERS ON. Elizabeth, ) (Burlington,) ) 2 529 Newmarket, . 1,528 Mt. Pleasant, . 1,848 Concord, . 1,501 Wells, . . 1.822 Decatur, . 2,052 Jackson, 1,449 Springfield, 1,300 Washington, 646 Dodson, . Hamer, 1,217 942 Brush Creek, Ross, . 1,1201,144 Symmes, 487 Marshall, 1,187 Saline, . . 1,088 15,247 Brushcreek, . 1,515 Knox, 1,902" Salem, 813 Island Creek, . 1,981 LICKING Clay, . 1,108 Steubenville, 1,084 St. Albans, 1,422 White Oak, 1,012 Steubenville, . . 6,140 Alexandria, . 349 Cross Creek, Salem, . 1,912 Monroe, . 1,030 25,781 . 2,191 Johnstown, 357 Wayne, 1,801 Jersey, 1,230 HOLMES. Smithfield, . . 1,882 Hartford, . 1,426 Hardy, ) (Millingburg,) ) 2,424 Warren, . 1,918 Bennington, Appleton, 1,169 42 Kilbuck, 1,245 29,133 McKean, . 1,378 Monroe, . 966 Harrison, . 1,447 Prairie, 1,451 KNOX Lima, 973 Mechanic, 1,647 Clinton, . 802 Etna, . . 5,307 Berlin, . . 1,452 Mount Vernon, . 3,710 Newark, . 1,228 Walnut Creek, 1,077 Pleasant, . 909 Newark, • 3,778 German, . 1,517 College, 522 Lockport, . ? 42 Salt Creek, 1,699 Monroe, . 1.323 Granville, . 1,345 Richland, . 1,349 Howard, . 1,002 Granville, . 771 Knox, . . . 1,215 Pike, 1,720 Madison, . 1,025 Washington, 1,468 Miller, . . 1,063 Licking, . 1,115 Ripley,Paint, . 1,330 Morgan, . 823 Jacktown, 256 . 1,618 Clay, . . 960 Bowling Green, 870 Martinsburg, 280 Linville, 188 20,458 Jackson, . 1,078 Brownsville, 480 Butler, 762 Union, . . 1,631 HURON. Harrison, 751 Luray, 88 New London, . 1,329 Millwood, . 240 Hebron, 649 Clarksfield, . . 1,454 Union, . 952 Newton, 1,364 Wakeman, 704 Brown, 1,535 Burlington, . . 1,389 Townsend, . 1,333 Jefferson, . 1,485 Washington, 941 Hartland, 1,024 Middleburg, 1,091 Utica, ,. Eden, 420 Greenwich, . . 1,050 Berlin, . . 1,158 1,013 Fitchville, 1,178 Morris, 1,027 Mary Ann, . 1,000 744 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Fallsbery, Perry, . Hanover, . Liberty, Franklin, . Hopewell, LOGAN. Lake,Rush Creek, Zane,McArthur, . Richland, . Harrison, Perry, Jefferson, •Monroe, . Bokes Creek, Liberty, . Union, f Bloomfield, Stokes, Pleasant, . Washington,Miami, Quincy, LORAIN. Ridgeville, Columbia, ¦ Eaton, Carlisle, Avon,La Grange, Grafton, . Penfield,Elyria,Elyria, . Wellington,Sheffield, Black River, Amherst,Brownhelm, Henrietta,Huntington,Rochester, Brighton, Camden, Russia, Pittsfield, LUCAS. Waynesfield,Port Lawrence, Toledo, . Manhattan, . Oregon, . Washington, Sylvania,Springfield, . Waterville, Providence, Richfield, Wing, . Spencer, . 1,206 1,254 1,1871,1901,0571,226 38,845 1,774 1,4581.0901,3761,170 984 1,405 2,043 1,438 583 1.263 804671 489 805667775 373 19,168 1,212 1,2361,1111,512 1,7821,402 947672 1,1761,482 1,556 908659 1,4001,0821,0421,173 896 669 1,025 2,061 1,088 26,091 2,371 149 3,819 541 449 1,161 751782958467399 261273 12,381 MADISON. Fairfield, . Pleasant,Mt. Sterling, Range, Stokes, Deer Creek, Lafayette, Jefferson, West Jefferson, Canaan, Amity,Darby, . Pleasant Valley, Monroe, Pike,Rose Dale, Somerford, Somerford, Union, London, MAHONING. Smith, Green, . Canfield, . Jackson, Milton, Berlin, . Ellsworth, Goshen,Coitsville, Boardman,Beaver, Springfield, Poland, Youngstown,Austintown, MARION. Marion, . Marion, Scott,Claridon, Richland, Pleasant, Grand Prairie, . Tully, . Big Island, Montgomery, Grand,Salt Rock, . Waldo, Prospect, Green Camp, . Bowling Green, MEDINA. Wadsworth, Chatham, La Fayette, Homer,Harrisville,Westfield, Medina, . Medina, Sharon, . 623 1,066 115 988590 436 147 634 436 565 120 38.3 168 40.3 381 42 616 139 1,647 513 10,012 1,544 1,774 1,4631,1401,1231,376 953 1,721 982 1,026 2,144 2,385 2,126 3,002 1,174 23,733 980 1,307 717 1,3421,229 1,198 474 736600 643 336347 1,008 848 383406 12,554 1,6221,1651,332 1,102 1,4771,122 1,002 1,008 1,519 Granger, Hinckley, Brunswick,Liverpool, York, . Spencer, . Litchfield, Guilford, . Montville, Salisbury, Pomeroy, Olive, Lebanon,Letart, Sutton,Salem,Scipio, . Bedford, Chester, MEIGS. Orange,Columbia, Rutland, 17,960 MERCER. Marion, . 1,428 Jefferson, . 1,004 Hopewell, 294 Centre, 504 Granville, . 546 Butler, . 210 Franklin, . 378 Union, . 756 Dublin, . 883 Liberty, 208 Black Creek, 504 Washington, 420 Gibson, 504 Recovery, 573 7,712 MIAM I. Spring Creek, . 1,273 Rossville, 113 HuntersvUle, 227 Washington, 982 Piqua, 3,280 Newbury, 1,690 Covington, 451 Clayton, 76 Brown, 1,379 Elizabeth, 1,433 Staunton, 1,453 Lost Creek, . . 1,455 Bethel, 1,656 Concord, . 1,448 Troy, 1,956 Monroe, . 2,014 Union, 2,255 Milton, . 369 Newton, . 1,447 Switzerland, MONROE. 24,957 1,215 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 74S Sunsbury,Stock, Carlisle, Enoch,Elk, . Bethel, . Malaga, Miltonsburg,Malaga,Seneca, . Calais, . Summerfield, Union, . Ohio,Bearsville, Sardis,Perry, . Antioch, Salem, . Clarington, Wayne,Washington, Adams, Centre, Woodsfield, Franklin, Greene, Jackson, . MONTGOMERY, Dayton, . Washington, Miami, Van Buren, Mad River, Wayne, Butler, Harrison,German, Jackson, Randolph, Jefferson, Madison, . Clay, . Perry, MORGAN. Malta, Malta, . Penn,Marion,Windsor,Union, . Deerfield, Morgan, Mc Connelsville. Olive, . Jackson, . Centre, . Meigsville, Bristol, Homer,York, . Bloom,Noble, . Manchester, Brookfield, 94 1,5321,107 116 1,438 956 1,0281,561 145 138 1,841 96 153 1,9301,443 103118 1,460 107 1,311 341 1,177 944 1,1822,551 395 1,590 1,226 1,163 28.367 10,976 1,826 3.456 1,401 1,454 . 1,090 1,974 2,059 2,7892,012 1,883 1,8081,668 1,9051,906 38,217 1,302 530 1,370 1,764 1,593 1,7951,325 650 1,660 2,015 1,2491.439 1,512 1,725 1,590 1,207 1,346 1,7021,3371,482 28,593 MORROW. Washington, Canaan, Cardington, Bloomfield, . Troy, . . Perry, . Chester, . Congress, Franklin, . Gilead, . . . South Bloomfield, Westfield, . Lincoln, . Harmony, Bennington,Peru, MUSKINGUM, Jackson, . Licking,Rich Hill, Meigs, . Springfield, Putnam, Harrison, . Brush Creek, Clay, Blue Rock, Newton, . , Uniontown, Perry, Washington, Salt Creek, Wayne, Duncan's Falls, Highland, Union, Norwich, New Concord, Adams,Falls, Hopewell, Jefferson,Dresden, Madison, . Monroe,Muskingum, Salem, . Zanesville, OTTAWA Clay, Benton, Harris,Salem, . Erie, Carroll, Portage, . Port Clinton, Bay, Danbury, Van Rensselear, 1,1371,223 1,358 1,443 640 1,1501,6201,6511,456 1,680 1,395 1,414 891 1,0411,265 876 PAULDING. Jackson, Benton, 20,240 1,2321,434 1,4951,680 1,3021,6741,5341,392 653 1,476 2,356 340 1,038 1,380 1,2151,244 196 956902 324 334998 2,124 2,378 1,377 1,445 1,047 978 1,509 1,1117,791 45,053 293 54 407 187 292 403377 249 359 503 186 3,310 5861 Harrison, 62 Washington, 155 Brown, 368 Auglaize, 304 Crane, 287 Carryall, 47J 1,766 PERRY. Monroe, . 1,429 Saltlick, . 1,747 Bearfield, . 1,710 Monday Creek, 1,124 Reading, . 2,744 Somerset, . 1,240 Madison, . 991 Hopewell, . 1,386 Thorn, . 1,890 Clayton, . 1,554 Harrison, 1,073 Jackson, . 1,740 Pike, 2,146 20,774 PICKAWAY. Circleville, 431 Circleville, . 3,411 Salt' Creek, 1,332 Fulton, . 514 Pickaway, 1,425 Walnut, . 1,840 Madison, . 885 Harrison, . 1,176 Scioto, 1,347 Darb)', . 1,166 Monroe, . 1,640 Jackson, . 1,041 Wayne, . 644 Deer Creek, . 1,354 Perry, 1,120 Muhlenburg, 585 Washington, . 1,199 21,111 PIKI :. Marion, 900 Union, . 564 Beaver, . 520 Seal, . . 1,521 Piketon, 690 Jackson, . 1,351 Sharon, 114 Pee Pee, 643 Waverly, . 678 Newton, 386 Jasper, 75 Camp Creek, 390 Sunfish, . 371 Pebble, 914 Benton, 639 Perry, . 519 Cynthiana, Mifflin, . 134 546 10,955 PORTA GE. Brimfield, 1,019 Suffield, . 1,275 Randolph, 1,730 746 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Paris, . . 1,019 RICHLAND. Scipio, . . 2,323 Windham, 813 Sharon, . 1,949 Seneca, . 1,662 "FVflTilf lin 1 750 Springfield, . Jackson, . . 2,100 1,092 J. lulllvllllj B Ravenna, ) Ravenna, ) 2,239 27,105 Sandusky, 617 Streetsboro', . 1,108 Jefferson, 2,564 SHELBY. Aurora, 823 Perry, . 923 Loramie, . 1,049 Shalersville, . . 1,190 Troy, . . 1,542 Orange, 922 Mantua, . 1,139 Washington, . 1,914 McLean, . 775 Hiram, . 1,106 Bloomingrove, 1,430 Dinsmore, 701 Nelson, 1,383 Plymouth, . 1,664 Washington, 1,261 Rootstown, . . 1,308 Butler, 1,139 Turtle Creek, 792 Charlestown, . 809 Weller, . 1,290 Perry, 899 Freedom, 996 Cass, 1,430 Clinton, 762 Atwater, . 1,119 Mifflin, . . 1,104 Sidney, 1,302 Deerfield, . . 1,371 Franklin, . 1,257 Franklin, 788 Palmyra, . 1,093 Worthington, 2,006 Van Buren, 629 Edinburg, . 1,101 Monroe, . 1,720 Green, . . 1,078 Madison, . 1,579 Cynthean, 797 24,387 Mansfidd, 3,557 Salem, . Jackson, . . 1,496 705 FREBL E. 30,877 Washington, . Eaton, . 1,758 . 1,302 SANDUSKY. STARK 13,956 Jasper, Somers, 908 . . 2,085 Sandusky, Fremont,Riley, 1,138 . 1,492 Plain, . Lake, . 2,211 1,732 Lanier, 1,694 682 Greentown, 251 Gratis, . . 2,117 Green Creek, . 1,288 Union, 245 Dixon, 1.192 Ballville, . York, . Townsend,Rice, 1,556 Washington, . 2,066 Israel, . Monroe, . . 1,6411,344 1.811 969 Lexington,Marlboro', 1,996 . 2,133 Harrison, . 2,094 483 Paris, 2,740 Twin, Jackson,Jefferson, 1,950 . 1,405 2,258 21,748 Washington, . . Madison,Woodville,Jackson, Scott, 1,499 557 1,0691,092 793 Osnaburg, Nimishillin, Canton, Canton, Lawrence, . 2,2272,587 . 1,722 2,604 . 2,292 PUTNAB Van Buren, I. 172 14,529 Tuscarawas,Pike, . 2,041 . 1,447 Blanchard, . Riley, . . Pleasant, . 1,395 849 SCIOTO. Wayne, . 219 Sandy, Sugar Creek, 1,273 . 1,743 714 Portsmouth, . . 4,011 Jackson, . 1,512 Ottawa, . Liberty, Greensburg, 1,166 322 Harrison, Bloom, • . 1,102 . 1,648 Perry and ) Massillon, ) . 4,668 634 Porter, 1,674 Bethlehem, 2,398 Union, . 515 Green, . . 2,545 Sugar Creek, . 550 Clay, . . 872 39,883 Jennings,Perry,Monteray, 557 262 Jefferson, Madison, . 840 1,367 SUMMIT 85 Vernon, . 1,105 Richfield, 1,262 Washington, 706 Bath, . 1,400 7,221 Morgan, 280 Copley, . 1,541 Union, 705 Northampton, . 1,147 ROSS. Brush Creek, 652 Boston, 1,180 Scioto, 1,588 Nile, 1,003 Northfield, : . 1,474 Chillicothe, . 7,098 Twinsburg, Portage, 1,281 Union, 2,666 18,729 . 1,160 Deerfield, . 1,315 Akron, 3,226 Concord, . 2,672 SENECA Hudson, . 1,457 Buckskin, . 2,104 Reed, 1,494 Stow. 1,702 Greene, 1,995 Venice, . 1,830 Talmadge, . . 2.456 Colerain, . 1,408 Thompson, 1,668 Coventry, 1,300 Harrison. . 878 Adams, . 1,416 Springfield, . . 1,907 Springfield, . . 1,162 Bloom, 1,743 Norton, 1,346 Liberty, . 1,126 Clinton, . : . 1,668 Franklin, . 1.674 Jefferson, 845 Tiffin, . . 2,728 Green, 1,928 FVft n k 1 i n 642 Jackson 996 1,592 Huntington, . . 1,659 Pleasant, . 27,481 Twin, 2,230 Big Spring, . . 1.932 Paxton, . . 1,556 Eden, 1,584 TRUMBUL L. Paint, 1,123 Hopewell, . . 1,288 Hartford, . 1,258 Loudon, . 1,781 Fowler, . 1,089 32,084 4 Liberty, . 1,400 Vienna, . 1,007 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 747 Bazetta, 1,302 Millfcrd Centre, 211 Warren, . 1,462 Howland, 919 Allen, 979 Wesley, . 1,561 Warren, 2,957 Darby, . 881 Watertown, 1,374 Braceville, 956 Jerome, ., 1,249 Roxbury, . 1,098 Champion, . 1,070 Mill Creek, . 726 Marietta, . 1,069 Southington, . 1,013 Marietta, . 3,133 Farmington, 1,283 959 12 205 Mesopotamia, . 29,512 Bloomfield, . 789 VANWERT. Bristol, . 1,124 Washington, . 355 WAYNE Kinsman, 1,005 Section Ten, . 402 Greene, 2,059 Vernon, . 828 Willshire, 906 East Union, . . 1,940 Gustavus, 1,226 Wiltshire, 147 Wooster, . 1,283 Johnston, 1,099 Pleasant, . 349 Wooster, . 2,797 Mecca, . 872 Vanwert, 270 Wayne, 2,079 Greene, . 959 Hoaglin, . 125 Congress, . 2,341 Newton, 1,678 Union, . 84 Chester, . 2,335 Lprdstown, 1,379 Tully, . . 242 Plain, . 2,375 Weathersfield, 1,717 Harrison, 513 Canaan, . 1,923 Liberty, . 1,328 Liberty, . 424 Clinton, . 1,121 Hubbard, 1,272 York, . 375 Franklin, . 1,450 Brookfield, 1,451 Ridge, 400 Paint, . . 1,627 Jennings, 201 Sugar Creek, . 2,321 30 540 Salt Creek, . Chippewa, . 1,6702,637 4,793 TUSCARAWAS Milton, . . 1,360 Goshen, . 1,482 VINTOl L Baughman, 1,727 N. Philaddphia, . 1,415 Elk, . 1,221 Lockport, . 178 McArthurstown, 424 33,045 Fairfield, . . 874 Brown, 648 Oxford, . . 959 Clinton, 886 WILLIAMS. New Comerstown, . 476 Vinton, 460 Centre, 882 Salem, 1,584 Richland, . 1,193 St. Joseph, . 589 Port Washington, . 269 Harrison, 580 Pulaski, . 760 Mill, 934 Wilksville, . . 1,037 Springfield, . 782 Uricksville, . 577 Eagle, 476 Brady, 1,128 Union, 944 Jackson, 835 Jefferson, . 1,016 Warren, 937 Swan, 1,154 Mill Creek, 408 New Cumberland, 203 North Brown, 439 Madison, 225 Sandy, . 1,005 Superior, . 723 Sandyville, 223 9,353 .Bridgewater, 493 Lawrence, 917 Northwest, 343 Bolivar, 302 WARRE N. Florence, 669 Zoar, 249 Union, 1,712 Sugar Creek, . 1,018 Turtle Creek, . 3,342 8,018 Shanesville, . 382 Lebanon, . 2,088 Wayne, 2,233 Deerfield, . 1,863 WOOD Strausburg, . 109 Hamilton, 2,068 Webster, . 237 York, 1,304 Salem, . . 3,525 Weston, 546 Auburn, 1,246 Washington, 1,566 Middleton, 331 Bucks, . . » . 1,326 Clear Creek, . 2.770 Washington, 504 Jefferson, 1,058 Franklin, . 2,544 Plain, 492 Warwick, 1,195 Wayne, . 4,081 Centre, . 357 Dover, . . 3,252 Portage, . 405 Rush, 1,332 25,560 Bloom, 659 Clay, . . 1,261 Milton, 244 Perry, 1,396 WASHING ION. Henry, . 321 Washington, 1,092 Lawrence, 814 Jackson, . 74 Newport, . 1,427 Liberty, 237 31,732 Grandview, 1,154 Perrysburg, 581 Independence, 728 Perrysburg, . . 1,199 UNION. Adams, . 1,293 Freedom, 454 Jackson, . 436 Union, . . 1,165 Troy, . . . 559 Claibourn, 919 Jolly, . . 1,014 Lake, 152 Leesburg, 701 Ludlow, . 1,051 Montgomery, 924 York, . 831 Waterford, 1,693 Perry, 889 Paris, 982 Aurelius, . 1,251 Marysville, 605 Barlow, . 1,062 9,165 Dover, . . 700 Salem, . . 1,246 Liberty, . 1,258 Liberty, . 1,224 WYANDC T. Taylor, . 400 Belpre, . . 1,623 Marsailles, 539 Washington, 333 Fearing, . 1,254 Crane, . 761 Union, 994 Decatur, 807 Upper Sandusky, 783 748 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Mifflin, . Salem, Eden, . Antrim, 570738643 756 Pitt,Richland,Ridge, . Sycamore, 886 Tymochtee, . . 1,817 599 Crawford, 1,301 501 Jackson, 395 880 11,169 STATE OF MICHIGAN. ALLEGAN. Battle Creek, . 1,897 Benton, 344 Allegan, . 752 Bedford, 747 Brookfield, 255 Dorr, . 124 Burlington, 811 Carmel, 567 Fillmore, . 527 Clarence, 485 Chester, . 380 Ganges, 246 Clarendon, 669 Delta, . 242 Gunplain, 587 Convis, 621 Eaton, 539 Leighton, 112 Eckford, . 715 Eaton Rapids, . 1,525 Manlius, . 82 Emmett, . 1,582 Kalamo, . 429 Martin, 329 Fredonia, . 623 Oneida, 492 Monterey, 238 Homer, 929 Roxand, . 353 Newark, 246 Lee, . 381 Sunfield, 122 Otsego, 818 Le Roy, 878 Vermontville, . 324 Pine Plains, . 34 Marengo, 1,013 Walton, 464 Trowbridge, 313 Marshall, . 2,823 Windsor, . 253 Watson . 313 Newton, . 569 Wayland, 406 Pennfieid, Sheridan, 598979 7.058 5,127 Tekonsha, 651 GENESEE. Argentine, 436 BARRY 19,169 Atlas, . . 1,207 Assyria, . 336 Clayton, . 418 Barry, . 478 CASS Davison, 367 Baltimore, 90 Calvin, 624 East Genesee, . 844 Castleton, 324 Howard, 766 Fenton, .' . 873 Carlton, . 272 Jefferson, . 887 Forest, 179 Hope, . 99 La Grange, . . 1,327 Flint, . . 3,304 Hastings, 554 Mason, 570 Flushing, . . . 708 Irving, . . . 214 Marcellus, 222 Gaines, 286 Johnstown, 451 Milton, 610 Grand Blanc, . 1,165 Maple Grove, 153 Newburg, 388 Montrose, 52 Orangeville, 364 Ontwa, 781 Mundy, . 786 Prairieville, . , . 555 Penn, . 698 Richfield, 482 Rutland, . 177 Porter, 1,259 Thetford, 303 Thornapple, . 336 Pokagon, 994 Vienna, 389 Woodland, 377 Silver Creek, . 491 West Genesee, 232 Yankee Springs, . 292 Volinia, 607 5,072 Wayne, . 682 12,031 10,906 HOUGH roN. BERRIE N. Eagle Harbor, 126 Total of county, 11,417 CLINTO N. Houghton, 546 Bath, 222 L'Ance, . 126 BRANC S. Bengal, 143 Algansee, 609 Bingham, 185 798 Batavia, 724 Dallas, . 185 Bethel, 679 De Witt, . 706 HURC )N Branson, 713 Duplain, 419 Total of county, . 207 Butler, 611 Eagle, 521 California, . 473 Essex, . 410 HILLSD ALE. Coldwater, 2,166 Greenbush, 318 Adams, . 1,129 Girard, . 934 Lebanon, 192 Allen, . . 1,033 Gilead, 503 Olive, 228 Amboy, . 252 Kinderhook, . 356 Ovid, . 172 Camden, 594 Mattison, . 475 Riley, . . 191 Cambria, . 716 Noble, . 451 Victor, . 277 Fayette, 895 Ovid, 710 Watertown, 315 Hillsdale, 1,067 Quincy, . 1,111 Westphalia, . 618 Jefferson, 763 Sherwood, Union, . 686 . 1,271 Jonesville 565 1,362 5,102 Litchfield, Moscow, . 942 12,472 CHIPPE1 YA. Pittsford, . 1,223 St. de Ste. Marie, 898 Ransom, . 549 CALHOl IN. Reading, 956 Albion, 1,666 EATOI r. Scipio, 864 Athens, 532 Bellevue, . . 769 Somerset, 913 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 749 Wheatland, 1,358 Charleston, . 846 Tecumseh, . 2,678 949 Woodbridge, 404 Kalamazoo, (village,) 2,507 Woodstock,' Wright, . 574 Kalamazoo, (town,) . 777 16,159 Oshtemo, . Pavilion, 587 495 26,380 Portage, . 726 LIVINGSTON INGHj iM. Prairie Rondej 690 Brighton, Conway, Deerfield, 1,015 Alaiedon,Aurelius, 377 501 Richland,Ross, 795 680 460 882 Bunfcsr Hill. . Delhi, . *. 374 Schoolcraft, 1,101 Genoa, . 754 402 Texas, . 410 Green Oak, 941 Ingham, . 754 Wakeshena, 128 Hartland, 996 Lansing, . 1,229 254 673 321 Howell, . Hamburg, Handy, Iosco, Le Roy, . Leslie, . Locke, 13,179 KENT. 1,155 895484 €45 Meredian, 367 Ada, 593 Marion, . 873 Onondaga, 819 Algoma, 233 Osceola, 960 Phelpstown, . 393 Alpine, 618 Putnam, . 977 Stockbridge, 657 Bowne, 220 • Tuscola, 544 Vevay, . 783 Byron, 309 Tyrone, . 867 Wheatfield, 231 Cannon, 696 Unadilla, 1,027 White Oak, . 508 Cascade, . Courtland, . 358406 13,475 8,643 Caledonia, 99 Gaines, 319 MACOMB. IONIi l. G. Rapids, (city,) 2,646 Armada, . 1,146 Berlin, 391 G. Rapids, (town, 503 Bruce, . . 1,555 Boston, 424 Grattan, . 648 Chesterfield, 1,002 Campbell, 40 Lowell, 234 Clinton, . 2,130 Danby, 262 Oakfield, . 404 Erin, 974 Easton, 397 Paris, . . . 521 Harrison, . 483 Ionia, . 774 Plainfield, 659 Lenox, 654 Keene, 737 Sparta, . 309 Macomb, 757 Lyons, . 850 Vergennes, 876 Richmond, 1,000 i, North Plains, . 292 Walker, 823 Ray, . 1,232 Odessa, 81 Wyoming, 543 Shelby, . 1,482 Orange, . 378 Sterling, 876 Orleans, 491 12,017 Washington, 1,541 Otisco, 1,018 Warren, 700 Portland, 763 452 LAPE1 Almont, . LR. 1,452 Ronald, . 15,532 Sebewa, 247 Attica, . 462 Dryden, . 1,131 MACKI NAC. 7,597 Elba, . 255 Holmes, ) JACKS< )N Hadley, . Imlay, . 846 183 Moran, > St. I°-nace j 3,597 Columbia, 1,142 Lapeer, 1,467 Concord, 984 Marathon, 205 Grass Lake, 1,281 Metamora, 821 MARQl fETTE. Hanover, 931 Oregon, 204 Marquette, , J36 Henrietta, 830 Jackson, . 4,147 7,026 MONR 5E. Leoni, 1,290 Ash. 1,229 Liberty, 891 LENATV 'EE. Bedford, 889 Napoleon, 1,208 Adrian, . 3,009 Dundee, . 1,239 Parma, . 1,081 Blissfield, 924 Erie, 1,144 Pulaski, . 760 Cambridge, 974 Exeter, 458 Rives, . 518 Dover, . . 1,223 French town, 1,242 Sandstone, 823 Fairfield, . 1,327 Ida, . 345 Spring Arbor, . 1,075 Franklin, . 1,231 Lasalle, . 1,100 Springport, 759 Hudson, . 1,544 London, 626 Tompkins, . 623 Madison, . 2,320 Milan, . 642 Waterloo, 1,090 Medina, . . 1,685 Monroe, (town,) 837 Macon, . 1,030 Monroe, (city,) . 2.809 19,433 Ogden, 579 Raisinville,. 967 Palmyra, . 1,098 Summerfield, 472 KALAMA zoo. Raisin, 1,267 Whiteford, 696 Alamo, 420 Ridgeway, 634 Brady, . 578 Riga, 208 14,695 Cooper, . 733 Rollin, . 1,080 Comstock, . 1,202 Rome, 1,528 MASO] f. Climax, . 504 Seneca, . 1,092 Mason, 93 750 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. MIDLAND. Taymouth, . 58 White Pigeon, 794 TVTifUflTifl 65 Tittabawassee, . 341 .U-A-AUlOfllUq _ , 12,717 MONTCALM. 2,609 Eureka, . 461 TUSCOLA. Fail-plain, 229 SANILAC. Tuscola, . 291 Montcalm, Bushnell, 135 66 Lexington, Sanilac, 1,176 339 TAN BUREN. Worth, 600 Almena, . 420 891 Huron, . 207 Antwerp,Arlington, . -* 614 240 NEWAYGO. 2,322 Bloomingdale, 160 Total of county, 510 Columbia, 265 SCHOOLCRAFT Decatur, 386 OAKLAND. Grand Island, 16 Hamilton, 370 Addison, . 924 Hartford, 296 Avon, . 1,456 Keeler, 486 Bloomfield, 1,603 SHIAWAS 3EE. Lawrence, 510 Brandon, 893 Antrim, . 282 Lafayette, 1,145 Commerce, 1,428 Bennington, 601 Pine Grove, . 62 Farmington. 1,844 Burns, 717 Porter, 444 Groveland, 988 Caledonia, 500 South Haven, 220 Highland, 851 Hazleton, 26 Waverly, . 186 Holley, . 941 Middlebury, . 132 Independence, 2,279 N.. Haven 1 and Rush, J 150 5,804 Lyon, 1,134 Milford, 1,470 Owasso, 392 WASHTEN &.W. Novi, 1,428 Perry, 313 Ann Arbor, 4,870 Oakland, 978 Sciota, . 191 Augusta, 808 Orion, 1,119 Shiawassee, 810 Bridgewater, 1,148 Oxford, 1,019 Venice, 186 Dexter, . 1,435 Pontiac, . 2,819 Vernon, . 674 Freedom, . 1,214 Rose,Royal Oak, 886 1,092 Woodhull, . 259 Lyndon,Lodi, 901 1,234 Southfield, . 1,658 5,233 Lima, . 912 Springfield, 956 Manchester, 1,274 Troy, . . . 1,426 ST. CLAE a. Northfield. . 1,116 Waterford, 1,085 Berlin, 533 Pittsfield, 1,232 White Lake, 905 Brockway, 252 Saline, . 1,631 West Bloomfield, 1,085 Burchville, 472 Salem, 1,343 Casco, . 134 Scio, . 1,195 31,267 China, 1,037 Sharon, 869 , Clay, .. 821 Superior, . 1,127 OTTOWA. Columbus, 377 Sylvan, 924 Allendale, 168 Cottrelville, . 913 Webster, 924 Chester, 216 Clyde, 691 York, 1.360 Crockery, 247 Ira, 597 Ypsilanti, . 3,052 Georgetown, Holland, . 196 Lyn, Pt. Huron, (village, 55 1,829 . 1,584 28,569 Jamestown, . 72 Pt. Huron, (town,) 717 Muskegon, 484 Riley, . 311 WAYNE Ottawa, 430 St. Clair, . 1,728 Brownstown, . 1,047 Polkton, . 268 Wales, . 189 Canton, 1,333 Ravenna, 77 Detroit City, . 21,028 Spring Lake, . 545 10,411 Dearborn, 1,385 Tallmadge. . 534 Ecorse, 653 Wright, . 521 ST. JOSEP E. Greenfield, . . 1,674 Burr Oak, 658 Grosse Point, . 1,392 5,587 Colon, . 847 Huron, . 482 OCEANA. Constantine, 1,494 Hamtramek, 1,628 Oceana, 300 Fawn River, 473 Livonia, . 1,375 Fabius, 504 Monguagon, * . 984 ONTONAGON. Florence, 732 Nankin, . 1,617 Ontonagon, 389 Flowerfield,Leonidas, 563 858 Plymouth,Redford, 2,431 . 1,645 Lockport, 1,143 Springwells, 1,263 SAGINAW. Mendon, 860- Sumpter, \ Bridgeport, 374 Mottville, 610 Taylor, J Buena Vista, 251 Nottawa, . 1,165 Romulus, i 2,828 Hampton, 546 Park, 823 Van Buren, ) Northampton, Saginaw, . 122 Sherman, 354 917 Sturgis, . 839 42,765 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 751 STATE OF WISCONSIN. ADAMS. Total of county, BROWN. Depere, Elington, . Grand Chute, Green Bay, Greenville,Hortona, . Howard, Kaukaulin,Lansing,Lawrence, Marietta, Pittsfield, Sewamico, Washington, DANE. Albion,Blooming Grove, Cottage Grove, Christianna, Dunn,Deerfield, Greenfield, Madison, Oregon, . Pleasant Spring, Rutland, . Stoughton Village, 187 798 64 630 1,932 104 192 588 689 209 252245 198171171 6,222 CALUME* Total of county, 1,745 CHIPPEWA. Total of county, 615 COLUMBIA. Columbus, 960 Dekora, 661 Fountain Prairie, 420 Fort Winnebago, . 462 Hampden, 439 Kossuth, 394 Lodi, 308 Lowville, 297 Marcellon, 505 Otsego, 420 Portage Prairie, 455 Port Hope, . Randolph, 603 618 Scott, . 395 Springville, 471 West Point, . 197 Wyocena, Fall River ViUage, 506 126 Fort Winnebago, 1,180 Pardeeville, . 90 9,565 CRAWFORD. Bad Axe, 630 Black River, 462 Prairie du Chien, 1,407 2,399 821 291 1,022 785288 630598 1,871 638732 759 70 District No. 37, District No. 144, DODGE. Beaver Dam, Burnette, Calumus, Chester,Clyman, Emmet,Elba,Fairfield, Lebanon,Leroy, . Lowell,Lomyra,Portland, Shields,Trenton, . Waushara, Ashipun, Hermon,Hubbard, Hustisford,Rubicon, Theresa, Williamstown, 3,8453,438 Total, per est. of U. FOND DU Alto,Ashford, Auburn, . Byron, . Calumet, . Ceresco, Eden,Eldorada,Forest,Fond du Lac, Friendship, Lamartine,Metomen,Oakfield,Rosendale, Springville,Taychedah, Waupun, GRANT. Total of county, IOWA. Arena, Clyde, . Dodgeville,Highland, Lima,Miflin, . Mineral Point, Ridgeway, Waldritch,Wyoming, 16,654 1,830 816 413 829735 1,207 1,5481,1431,031 397 834 653523 590997856 LAC. 402319 2,1181,185 995 640 2,584 704 423206 9,576 GREEN. Adams, Albany,Brooklyn, Cady, . Clarion, . Decatur, Exeter, . Jefferson, Jordan, Monroe, Mount Pleasant, New Glaris, . Spring Prairie, Sylvester, York, Washington, LA POINTE. La Pointe Village, Bad Axe, Fond du Lac, LA FAYETTE. Argyle,Belmont, Benton, Centre, Elkhorn,Fayette, Gratiot, Kendall, Monticello: 275546531 459 714558 450 692 389 1,146 579 321 703 712 191 317 8,583 JEFFERSON. Aztalan, . 429 Concord, 705 Coldspring, 568 Farmington, 736 Hebron, . 640 Ixonia, . 1,113 Jefferson, . 1,610 Koshkonong, . 1,512 Lake Mills, 884 Milford, 728 Oakland, . 806 Palmyra, 997 Sullivan, . 872 Waterloo, 831 Watertown, 1,327 Watertown Village . 1,561 15,339 KENOSH A. Brighton, 810 Bristol, . 1,225 Kenosha, . 3,460 Paris, . 947 Pike, 680 Pleasant Prairie, . 959 Salem, 1,123 Southport, . 363 Wheatland, 1,193 10,730 487 10 16 595 495 326 2,227 591614753 494 333 168 752 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. New Diggins, 1,742 RICHLAND. Geneva, . 1,533 Shullsburg, 1,672 Total of county, . 963 Hudson, . 1,273 Wayne, 336 La Fayette, . 1,008 White Oak Springs, 482 ROCK La Grange, . 966 Wiota, . 711 Avon, 558 Linn, 805 Willow Springs, 606 Beloit, . . 2,730 Richmond, 756 Bradford, . 703 Spring Prairie, 1,344 11,556 Centre, . 625 Sugar Creek, . 1,229 Clinton, . 1,176 Sharon, . 1,169 MANITOWOC. Fulton, 828 Troy, . . . . 1,072 Cooperstbwn, . 84 Harmony, 840 Walworth, 987 Centreville, . 210 Janesville, . 3,419 Whitewater, . 1,252 Manitowoc, - . Manitowoc Rapids, 766 Johnstown, 1,571 966 La Prairie, . 378 17,866 Meme, 210 Lima, 839 Newton, 522 Magnolia, 673 WASHINGTON. Two Rivers, 924 Milton, . 1,032 Addison, . 1,092 Porter, . 881 Belgium, . 1,154 3,712 Plymouth, 511 Cedersburg, 1,134 Rock, . 553 Erin, 840 MARATHON. Newark, . 798 Farmington, 504 Wansau, . . . 466 Spring Valley, 766 Fredonia, 672 Turtle, . 966 Grafton, . 626 Union, . 1,050 Germantown, . 1,722 MARQUETTE. Hartford, 1.008 Albany, . 494 20,717 Jackson, 1,038 Buffalo, 565 Mequon, . 2.148 Brooklyn, 505 ST. CRO IX. North Bend, . 672 Berlin, . . . . 1,052 St. Croix Falls, 165 Poik, 1,344 1,373 Green Lake, 725 Osceola, 84 Port Washington, Kingston, 336 Buena Vista, . 248 Richfield, 869 Mackford, 549 Mouth of St. Croix , . 169 Saukville, . 1,796 Marquette, . 246 Wayne, . 714 Middleton, 359 666 West Bend, . 672 Pleasant Prairie, . 536 2,865 SAUK Indian Lands, . 19,476 Adams, 504 8,642 Baraboo Village, . 252 WAUKESHA. Baraboo Town, 462 Brookfield, 1,939 MILWAUKEE. Brooklyn, 420 Delafield, 1,134 Franklin, . 1,246 Eagle, 340 Eagle, 816 Granville, 1,739 Flora, . 252 Genesee, . 1,290 Greenfield, 1,8941,474 1,2891,364 20,061 Kingston, 420 Lisbon, 1,050 Lake, . Honey Creek, 336 Menominee, . 1,340 Oak Creek, Milwaukee, . Lyons, Manchester, . 8484 Merton, Muckwonago, 1,763 . 1,094 Milwaukee City, Wauwatosa, . New Buffalo, . 210 Muskego, . . . 1,111 2,056 Prairie du Sac, 168 New Berlin, . 1,293 Prairie du Sac Vill age, 630 Oconomowoc, . 1,218 31,124 Westfield, . 210 Ottowa, Pewaukee,| 793 1.093 PORTAGE. Grand Rapids, . Plover, . . . . 343462 SHEBOYfc Abbott, Green Bush, 4,372 AN. Summit, . ., . Vernon, . Waukesha, . . 1,008 889 . 2,314 Stevens Point, . 462 19,324 Howard, 1,267 Holland, WINNEBA GO. Lima, Algoma, . 702 RACINE. Lynden, . 8,386 Bloomingdale, 909 Burlington, 1,640 Plymouth, Clayton, . 402 Caledonia, . 1,065 Scott, Neenah, 1,520 Dover, 840 Sheboygan, Nekima, . 910 Norway, 870 Sheboygan Falls, Nepesakin, . 361 Racine, 777 Wilson, Rushford, 514 Racine City, 5,103 Utica, . 630 Raymond, 820 WALWOE TH. Vinland, . 756 Rochester, . 1,672 Bloomfield, 879 Winnebago, . . 1,627 Yorkville, 997 Darien, II Alnvnn 1,013 1,260 1,318 Winneconua, . 1,948 14,971 x/rjiti v till- * . East Troy, . 19,179 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 753 STATE OF INDIANA.* Adams, 5,774 Hendricks, . Allen, . 16,921 Henry, Bartholomew, . 12,832 Howard, Benton, 1.144 Huntington, Blackford, 2,864 Jackson, Boone, 11,629 Jasper, Brown, 4,846 Jay, Carrol, 11,025 Jefferson, Cass. 10,922 Jennings, Clark, . . 15,836 Johnson, Claj, . . 8,134N Knox, . Clinton, 11,871 * Kosciusko, Crawford, 6,318 Lagrange, Daviess, 10,354 Lake, Dearborn, 20,165 Laporte, Decatur, 15,100 Lawrence, De Kalb, . 8,257 Madison, Delaware, . 10,976 Marion, . Dubois, 6,230 Marshall, Elkhart, 12,903 Martin, Fayette, . 10,140 Miami, Floyd. . 14,876 Monroe, . Fountain, 13,260 Montgomery Franklin, 17,914 Morgan, . Fulton, . 5,864 Noble, Gibson, 10,782 Ohio, Grant, 11,092 Orange, Greene, 12,247 Owen, Hamilton, 12,686 Parke, . Hancock, 9,714 Perry, Harrison, 15,538 Eike, ¦ . 14,077 17,668 6,667 7,850 11,030 3,424 7,051 23,931 12,54112,228 11,086 10,243 8,424 3,991 12,169 12,210 12,497 24,289 5,348 5,955 11,349 11,283 18,22714,654 7,9485,310 10,818 12,040 15,049 7,251 8,599 Porter, 5,250 Posey, . 12,367 Pulaski, . 2,595 Putnam, . 18,612 Randolph, 14,694 Ripley, . 14,822 Rush, 16,445 Scott, . . 5,889 Shelby, . 15,446 Spencer, . 8,664 Steuben, . 6,107 St. Joseph, . 10,955 Sullivan, . 10,163 Switzerland, . 12,953 Starke, 558 Tippecanoe, . 19,269 Tipton, . 3,534 Union, . 6,881 Vanderburg, 11,415 Vermillion, 8,601 Vigo, 14,693 Wabash, . 12,109 Warren, . 7,423 Warrick, 8,822 Washington, 17,088 Wayne, . 25,900 Wells, 6,152 White, . 4.760 Whitley, . 5,190 990,258 STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. EASTERN DISTRICT. Adams,Berks, . Bucks, Carbon,Chester, . Cumberland, Dauphin, . Delaware,Franklin, . Lancaster, . Lebanon,Lehigh, Monroe, . Montgomery,Northampton, Perry, . Philadelphia, Pike, . Schuylkill, Wavne, York, 25,981 . 77,12956,091 . 15,686 66,438 . 34,327 35,754 . 24,679 39,904 . 98,944 26,071 32,479 13.270 58,29140.235 . 20,088 408,782 5,881 60,713 . 21,890 57,450 1,220,063 WESTERN DISTRICT. Jefferson, 13,518 Alleghany, 138,290 Juniata, 13,029 Armstropg, . 29,560 Lawrence, 21,079 Beaver, 26,689 Lucerne, 56,072 Bedford, 23,052 Lycoming, 26,257 Blair, 21,777 Mercer, 33,172 Bradford, 42,831 Mifflin, . 14,980 Butler, 30,346 Montour, 13,239 Cambria, . 17,773 Mckean, . 5,254 Centre, 23,355 Northumberland, . 23,272 Clarion, . 23,565 Potter, 6,048 Clearfield, 12,586 Somerset, 24,416 Clinton, . 11,207 Sullivan, . 3,694 Columbia," 17,710 Susquehanna, 28,688 Crawford, . 37.849 Tioga, . 23,987 Elk, 3,531 Union, 26,083 Erie, . 38,742 Vanango, 18,310 Fayette, 39,112 Warren, 13,671 Fulton, 7,567 Washington, 44,939 Greene, 22,136 Westmoreland, . 51,726 Huntingdon, 24,786 Wyoming, 10,655 Indiana, 27,170 1,091,723 STATE OF DELAWARE. Kent,New Castle, 22,81642,784 Sussex, 25,935 91,535 * In this and the following states, the population is given by counties. 95 754 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. STATE OF MARYLAND. WESTERN SHORE. Alleghany,Anne Arundel, Baltimore,Calvert, Carroll, . Charles, Frederick,Harford, 22,769 32,393 210,646 . 9,646 20,616 16,162 40,987 19,356 Montgomery, . Prince George's, St. Mary's, Washington, 15,860 21,550 13,698 30,848 454,531 EASTERN SHORE. Caroline, . . 9,692 Cecil, . Dorchester,Kent, . Queen Anne's, Somerset,Talbot, . Worcester, . 18,939 18,877 12,386 14,484 22,456 13,811 18,859 128,504 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington, Georgetown, 40,001 8,366 Country parts, 3,320 51,687 STATE OF VIRGINIA. EASTERN VIRGINIA. Norfolk Co., . 10,084 Hancock, Accomac, 17,890 Northampton, 7,498 Hardy, Albemarle, . . 25,800 Northumberland, 7,346 Harrison, Alexandria, 10,008 Nottoway, . 8,437 Highland, Amelia, 9,770 Orange, . 10,007 Jackson, Amherst, . 12,699 Patrick, 9,609 Jefferson, . Appomattox, . 9,193 Pittsylvania, 28,796 Kanawha, Bedford, . 24,080 Portsmouth, 8,626 Lee, . Brunswick, . . 13,894 Powhattan, 8,178 Lewis, . Buckingham, 13.837 Prince Edward, . 11,857 Logan, Campbell, . . 23,245 Prince George, 7,596 Marion, Caroline, . 18,456 Prince William, . 8,129 Marshall, Charles City, 5,200 Princess Ann, . 7,669 Mason, Charlotte, 13,955 Rappahannock, . 9,782 Mercer, Chesterfield, . 17,486 Richmond City, 27,482 Monongahela, Culpepper, 12,282 Richmond Co., . 6,448 Monroe, . Cumberland, . 9,751 Southampton, . 13,521 Montgomery, Dinwiddie, 25,706 Spottsylvania, 14,911 Morgan, . Elizabeth City, . 4,586 Stafford, . 8,044 Nicholas, Essex, 10,206 Surry, . 5,679 Ohio, Fairfax, . 10,682 Sussex, 9,820 Page, . Fauquier, 20,868 Warwick, 1,282 Pendleton, Fluvanna, * . . 9,487 Westmoreland, 7,080 Pocahontas, Franklin, '. 17,430 York, . 4,460 Preston, Gloucester, . . 10,527 Pulaski, Goochland, 10,352 856,698 Putnam, . Green, . 4,400 Raleigh, Greensville, 5,639 WESTERN VIRGI NIA. Randolph, Halifax, . 25,972 Alleghany, 3,515 Ritchie, Hanover, ., Henrico, 15,153 Augusta, 24,610 Roanoke, . . 15,955 Barbour, . 9,005 Rockbridge, Henry, . 8,872 Bath, . 3,426 Rockingham, James City, . 4,020 Berkeley, . 11,761 Russell, Isle of Wight, 9,353 Boone, 3,237 Scott, King and Queer , . . 10,319 Botetourt, 14,908 Shenandoah, King George, 5,972 Braxton, 4,212 Smythe, . King William, . 8,419 Brooke, . 5,044 Tazewell, Lancaster, 4,708 Cabell, 6,299 Taylor, . Loudon, . 22.076 Carroll, 5,909 Tyler, . Louisa, 16,691 Clarke, 7,352 Warren, . Lunenburg, . 11,692 Doddridge, 2,750 Washington, MadiBon, . 9,331 Fayette, 3,955 Wayne, . Mathews, . 6,714 Floyd, . .-. 6.448 Wetzel, Mechlenburg, 20,597 Frederic, 15,975 Wirt, Middlesex, . . 4,394 Giles, 6,570 Wood, Nansemond, 12,283 Gilmer, 3,475 Wyoming, Nelson, . 13,258 Grayson, . 6,977 Wythe, New Kent, 6,064 Greenbrier, . 10,022 Norfolk City, . 14,320 Hampshire, 14,036 4,050 9,543 11,728 3,227 6,544 15,357 15,35310,26710,031 3,620 10,552 10.138 7,539 4,222 12,387 10,204 8,3593,557 3,963 18,008 7,6005,805 3.598 11,688 5,1185,335 1,765 5,2433,902 8,477 16,045 20,204 11,919 9.829 13,768 8.0629,942 5,267 5,498 6,607 14,612 4,8504,284 3,353 9,450 1,645 12,024 564,963 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 755 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. Alamance, 11,444 Edgecomb, . ,. . 17,189 Onslow, . 8,283 Alexander, . 5,220 Franklin, 11,713 Orange, . 17,255 Anson, 14,489 Forsyth, . 11,168 Pasquotank, 9,950 Ashe, . . 8,777 Gates, 8,436 Perquimans, . 7,331 Beaufort, . 13,816 Granville, . 21,249 Person, 10,781 Bertie, 12,851 Green, 6,619 Pitt, . . 13,397 Bladen, . . . 9,767 Guilford, . 19,739 Randolph, 15,832 Brunswick, . 7,272 Gastan, 8,073 Richmond, . . 9,618 Buncombe, 13,425 Halifax, . 16,589 Rowan, 13,870 Burke, 7,772 Haywood, 6,364 Robeson, . 12,826 Cabarras, 9,847 Hertford, . 8,142 Rockingham, 14,495 Caldwell, . 6,317 Hyde, 7,636 Rutherford, . . 13,550 Camden, . 6,049 Henderson, . . 6,853 Sampson, 14,585 Carteret, 6,803 Iredell, 15,019 Stokes, . 9,106 Caswell, . 15,269 Johnston, . 13,726 Surry, 18,443 Catawba, 8,862 Jones, 5,038 Stanley, . 6,922 Chatham, 18,449 Lenoir, . , . . 7,828 Tyrrell, . 5,028 Chowan, . 6,713 Lincoln, . 7,756 Union, . 9,997 Cleaveland, 10,383 Martin, . 8,307 Wake, . 24,887 Columbus, . 5,909 McDowell, 6,246 Warren, . 13,912 Craven, 14,709 Mecklenburg, . 13.914 Washington, 5,766 Cumberland, 20,610 Montgomery, . 6,872 Watauga, . . 3,400 Currituck, 7,236 Moore, . 9,342 Wayne, 13,486 Cherokee, . 6,838 Macon, 6,489 Wilkes, . 12,109 Davidson, 15,320 Nash, . . 10,657 Yancy, . 8,205 Davie, . 7,866 13,514 New Hanover, . Northampton, 17,668 Duplin, . . 13.345 868,072 STATE OF SOUTH carol: [NA. Abbeville, 32,318 Fairfield, . 21,404 Newbury, . . 20,143 Orangeburg, . . 23,582 Anderson, . . 21,475 Georgetown, . 20,647 Barnwell, 26,608 Greenville, 20,156 Pickens, . . . 16,904 Beaufort, 38,805 Horry, . 7.646 RicAWd, i . , . . 20,243 Charleston, 72,805 Kershaw, . 14,473 Spartanburg, .* . 26,400 Chester, 18,038 Lancaster, . . 10,988 Sumpter, . . . 33,220 Chesterfield, 10,790 Laurens, . 23,407 Union, .. . . 19,852 Colleton, 39,505 Lexington, . . 12,930 Williamsburg, . . 12,447 Darlington, 16,830 Marion, 17,407 York, . . . 19,433 Edgefield, . 39,262 Marlboro', . . 10,789 668,507 STATE OF GEORGIA. Appling, Baker, . Baldwin,Bibb, . Bryan, Bullock, Burke, Botts, . Camden, CampbellCarroll,Cass, . Chatham,Chatooga,Cherokee,Clark, . Cobb, Columbia, Coweta,Crawford, Dade,Decatur,DeKalb, . 2,949 8,1208,148 12,699 3,424 4,300 16,100 6,488 6,319 7,2329,357 13,300 23,901 6,815 12,800 11,119 13,843 11,96113.635 8,9842,680 8,262 14,328 Dooly,Early, Effingham, Elbert, Emanuel, Fayette, . Floyd, . Forsyth, . Franklin,Gilmer,Glynn,Gordon, . Greene,Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Hancock, Harris, Heard,Henry,Houston, Irwin, Jackson, 8,3617,246 3,864 12,959 4,577 8,7098,2058,850 11,513 8,440 4,933 5,984 13,068 11,257 8,895 8,713 11,57814,721 6,923 14,72616,450 3,3349,768 Jasper, 16,486 Jones, . . 10,224 Jefferson, 9,131 Laurens, ¦ . 6,442 Lee, 6,659 Liberty, . 7,926 Lincoln, . 5,998 Lowndes, . 8,351 Lumpkin, 8,954 Macon, . 7,052 Madison, . 5,703 Marion, . 10,180 Mcintosh, 6,028 Meriwether, . 16,486 Monroe, . 16,985 Montgomery, . 2,154 Morgan, . 10,744 Murray, . 14,443 Muscogee, 18,578 Newton, . 13,296 Oglethorpe, 12,259 Paulding, . 7,039 Pike, 14,305 756 6ENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Pulaski, Putnam, . Rabun, Randolph,Richmond, Scrive'n, . Stewart,Sumter, . Talbot, 6,629 10,794 2,448 12,86816,246 6,847 16,02710,322 16,534 Taliaferro, Tatnall,Telfair, . Thomas,Troup, Twiggs, Union,Upson, Walker, . 5,146 3,227 3,026 10,103 16,879 8,1797,2349,424 13,109 Walton, Ware,Warren, . 10,821 3,888 . 12.425 Washington, Wayne, Wilkinson, 11,766 . 1,4998,212 Wilkes, . 12,107 905,999 STATE OF FLORIDA. WESTERN FLORIDA. Hamilton, . . 2,469 Levi, . 465 Calhoun, . 1,377 Jefferson, . 7,718 Marion, . 3,338 Escambia, . . 4,351 Leon, . . 11,442 Nassau, . 2,164 Franklin, . 1,561 Madison, . 5,490 Orange, 466 Holmes, . 1,644 Wakulla, 1,955 Putnam, 687 Jackson, . 6,639 St. John, 2 525 Santa Rosa, . 2.883 37,857 St. Lucie, 'l39 Walton, . 1,379 Washington, 1,950 EASTERN Alachua, . FLORIDA. 2,524 24,958 21,784 Benton, 926 SOUTHERN FLOJ31DA Columbia, 4,808 Dade, 159 MIDDLE FLORIDA. Duval, . 4,539 Monroe, . 2,643 Gadsden, . 8,783 Hillsboro', 2,377 2,802 STATE OF ALABAMA. SOUTHERN ALABAMA. Mobile, . 27,600 Blount, 7,367 Antauga, . 15,023 Monroe, . 12,013 Cherokee, 13,884 Baldwin, . 44,14 Montgomery, 29,795 De Kalb, . 8.245 Barbour, . 23,632 Pike, . . 15,920 Fayette, . 9,681 Bibb, 9,969 . KP36 Pickens, . 21,512 Franklin, 19,610 Butler, Perry, . . 22,285 Hancock, 1,542 Chambers, 23.960 Randolph, 11,581 Jackson, 14,088 Choctaw, 8,389 Russel, . 19,548 Jefferson, 8,989 Clarke, 9,786 Shelby, . 9,536 Lauderdale, 17,172 Coffee, . 5,940 Sumter, . 22,250 Lawrence, 15,258 Conecuh, 9,322 Talladega, 18,624 Limestone, . 16,483 Coosa, . 14,543 Tallapoosa, 15,584 Madison, . . . 26,427 Covington, 3,645 Tuscaloosa, 18,056 Marion, 7,833 Dale, . 6,346 Wilcox, . 17,352 Marshall, - 8,846 Dallas, 29,727 Washington, 2,713 Morgan, 10,125 Greene, . 31,441 St. Clair, . 6,829 Henry, 9,019 557,005 Walker, 5,124 Lowndes 21 915 Macon, 26^898 NORTHERN ALABAMA. 214,666 Marengo, . 27,831 Benton, . 17,163 STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. NORTHERN MIS 3ISSIPPI. Panola, Attala, . 10,999 Pontotoc, Bolivar, . 2,577 Sun Flower, Carroll, 18,491 Tallahatchee, Chickasaw, . . 16,368 Tippah, . Choctaw, 11,402 Tishemingo, Coahoma, . 2,780 Tunica, De Soto, . 19,042 Winston, Itawamba, . . 13,528 Yallabusha, Lafayette, 14,069 Lowndes, 19,544 Marshall, . 29.689 Monroe, . 21,172 SOTJTHERI Noxubee, . 16,208 Adams, Oktibbeha, . . 9,171 Amite, 11,444 Claiborne, 14,941 . 17,112 Clark. . 5,477 1,102 Copiah, 11,794 . 4,643 Covington, . . 3,338 20,741 Franklin, . 5,904 15,490 Green, . . 2,018 1,314 Hancock, 3,672 . 7,956 Harrison, . 4,875 17,258 Hinds, 25,340 Holmes, . 13,928 302,191 Issaquena, 4,478 Jackson, . 3,196 1SIPPI. Jasper, 6,184 18,622 Jefferson, . 13,193 . 9,696 Jones, 2,164 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 757 Kemper, . 12,517 Newton, Lauderdale, 8,717 Perry, . Lawrence, . . 6,478 Pike, Leake, 5,533 Rankin, Madison, . 18,173 Scott, Marion, 4,410 Simpson, Neshoba, . 4,728 Smith, 4,5652,4387,360 7,227 3,961 4,7344,072 Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wilkinson, Yazoo, 18,121 8,389 2,892 16,914 14,418 304,364 STATE OF LOUISIANA. EASTERN DISTRICT. Ascension, Assumption,Baton Rouge, East, ' Baton Rouge, West, Feliciana, East, Feliciana, West , . Iberville, . Jefferson,La Fouche, Livingston, ,. Orleans, . Plaquemines, Point Coupee. St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. Helena, . St. James, 10,75210,538 11.979 6,270 13.598 12,24512,214 25,091 9,5333,385 119,461 7,390 11,339 3.802 5,120 4.561 11,098 St. John Baptist, St. Tammany. . Terre Bonne, Washington, 7,317 6,364 7,724 3,408 304,187 WESTERN DISTRICT. Avoyelles, Bienville, Bossier, . Caddo, Calcasieu, Caldwell, Carrol], . Catahoula,Claiborne,Concordia, 9,3265,539 6,962 8,884 3,9142.815 8,789 6,9827,471 7,758 De Soto, . Franklin, Jackson, . La Fayette, Madison, . Morehouse, . Nachitoches,Rapides, Sabine, St. Landry, , St. Martin, St Mary, Tensas, Union, Vermillion, Wachita, 8,019 3,251 5,566 6,720 8,773 3,913 14,201 16,561 4,515 22,253 11,107 8,808 9,040 8,203 3,4095,008 207,787 STATE OF TEXAS. Anderson, 4,240 Gonzales, Angelina, . 1,334 Grayson, Austin, 3,939 Grimes, . Bastrop, . 3,503 Guadalupe, . Bexar, 7,023 Goliad, Bowie, . 3,439 Harris, Brazoria, . 5,350 Hays, Brazos, 632 Harrison, Burleson, 2,350 Hopkins, . Burnett, Houston, Beel, Hunt, Caldwell, . : . 1,561 Henderson, . Calhoun, . 1,238 Hidalgo, . Cass, . 4,888 Jackson, Cherokee, 8,505 Jasper, Collin, 2,250 Jefferson, Colorado, . 2,477 Kaufman, Comal, . 1,607 Kinney, Cook, 436 Lamar, Dacameron, . 6,000 Lavacca, Dallas, 3,112 Leori, Denton, 655 Liberty, Dewitt, 1,716 Limestone, Ellis, . . . 986 Matagorda, . Fannin, . 3,487 McClellen, Fayette, . 5,880 Medina, Fort Bend, 2,710 Milam, . Falls, . Montgomery, Freestone, Nacogdoches, Galveston, . 5.062 Na'varo, Gilaspie, l|245 Newton, . 2,815 1,562 4,304 1,979 648 5,386 525 11,034 2,755 2,6531,7701,237 1,026 2,103 1,942 1,4094,621 1,5461,537 3,327 2,608 2,364 1,568 549 1,180 2,268 5,673 2657 1,655 Nueces, 698 Orange, . Panola, . 3,876 Polk, 2,209 Presidio, Red River, 3,926 Rifugio, 417 Robertson, 1,788 Rusk, . . 8,148 Sabine, 2,201 San Augustine, . . 3,588 San Patricio, . 199 Starr, . . 1,969 Shelby, . 5,012 Smith, . . 5,546 Tarrant, . 680 Travis, . 5,985 Titus, 3,636 Trinity, Tyler, 1,853 Upshur, . 3,947 Uvalde, . Van Zandt, . 441 Victoria, . 1,851 Walker, . 4,954 Washington, 7,842 Wharton, 1,772 Williamson, 1,918 Wood, . 1,034 Webb, 240,816 STATE OF ARKANSAS. Arkansas, 3,120 Bradley, Ashley, . 2,058 Carroll, Benton, . 3,710 Chicot, 3,829 Clark, 4.011 4,614 Coward, . 3,583 5,115 Crawford, 7,960 758 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1850. Crittenden, . . 2^48 Laurence, 5,271 Prairie, 2,097 Dallas, 6,877 Madison, . 4,823 Pulaski, . 5,658 Desha, . 2,920 Marion, . 2,302 Randolph, 3,275 Drew, 3,278 Mississippi, . . 2,368 Sabine, . 3,901 Franklin, . 3,500 Monroe, . 1,654 St. Francis, 4,479 Fulton, . 1,819 Montgomery, . 1,948 Scott, . . 3,083 Green, . . 2,593 Newton, . 1,758 Searcy, 1,979 Hempstead, 7,672 Ouachita, . 9,591 Servier, . 3,453 Hot Springs, . 3,609 Ferry, 978 Tell, 3,341 Independence, . 7,767 Philips, . 6,925 Union, . 10,298 Izard, . 3,212 Pike, 1,861 Van Buren, 2,864 Jackson, . 3,036 Poinsett, . 2,308 Washington, . 9,970 Jefferson, . 5,834 Polk, 1,263 White? . 2,460 Johnson, . Lafayette, . 5,227 . 5,220 Pope, . . 4,710 209,639 STATE OF TENNESSEE. EASTERN Anderson, Bledsoe,Blount,Bradley, Campbell,Carter,Claiborne,Cocke,Granger,Green, . Hamilton, Hancock,Hawkins,Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, . Marion,Meigs, . Monroe, Morgan,McMinn,Polk, . Rhea,Roane, Scott,Sevier, Sullivan, Washington. TENNESSEE. 6,938 5,959 12,382 12,259 6,068 6,296 9,3698,300 12,370 17,824 10,075 5,660 13,370 13,204 3,705 18,755 6,314 4,879 11,874 3,400 13,906 6,338 4,415 12,185 1,9056,920 11,742 13,861 260,303 MIDDLE Bedford, . Cannon, Coffee, . Davidson,Dickson,De Kalb, . Fentress,Franklin, . Giles, . Grundy, . Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, Lawrence, Lewis,Lincoln, . Macon, Marshall, . Maury,Montgomery,Overton, Robertson,Rutherford, Smith,Stewart,Sumner, . Van Buren, Warren, . Wayne, TENNESSEE. 21,512 8,982 8,351 38,881 8,004 8,016 4,454 13,76825,949 2,773 9,397 6,422 15,673 9,280 4,438 23,492 6,948 15,616 29,520 21,045 11,211 16,145 29,122 18,412 9,719 22,717 2,674 10,209 8,170 White, . Williamson, Wilson, . 11,44427.201 27^444 477,359 WESTERN TENNESSEE. Benton, . 6.315 Carroll, . 15,967 Decatur, . 6,003 Dyer, . . 6,361 Fayette, . 26,719 Gibson, 19,548 Henderson, 13,164 Haywood, . . 17,259 Hardeman, 17,456 Harden, 10,328 Henry, 18,233 Lauderdale, . 5,169 Madison, . . ' 21,470 McNairy, . 12.864 Obion, 7,633 Perry, . ¦ 5,822 Shelby, . 31,157 Tipton, . 8,887 Weakly, . 14,608 264,963 STATE OF KENTUCKY. Adair, 9,898 Carter, 6,241 Graves, Allen, . 8,742 Casey, . 6,556 Grant, . Anderson, 6,260 Christian, 13,580 Greenup, . Ballard,- 5,496 Clark, . 12,683 Grayson, Barren, . 20,240 Clay, . . . 5,421 Green, Bath, . 12,115 Clinton, 4,889 Hancock, Boone, 11,185 Crittenden, 6,351 Hardin, . Bourbon, 14,466 Cumberland, . • 7,005 Harlan, Boyle, 9,116 Daviess, . 12,353 Harrison, Bracken, 8,903 Edmondson, 4,088 Hart, .... Breathitt, 3,785 Estell, 5,985 Henderson, Breckenridge, 10,593 Fayette, 22,735 Henry, Bullitt, ... 6,774 Fleming, . 13,914 Hickman, Butler, 5,755 Floyd, . 5,714 Hopkins, Caldwell, 13,048 Franklin, 12,462 Jefferson, Callaway, . 8,096 Fulton, 4,446 Jessamine, . Campbell, 13,127 Gallatin,* . 5,139 Johnson, . Carroll, . 5,526 Garrard, 10,237 Kenton, 11,397 6,5319,654 6,837 9,060 3,853 14,525 4,268 13,064 9,093 12,171 11,442 4,791 12,441 59,83110,249 3,873 17,038 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 759 Knox, 7,050 Monroe, . Laurel, . 4,145 Montgomery, La Rue, . 5,859 Morgan, . Lawrence, . . 6,281 Muhlenburg, Letcher, . 2,512 Nelson, Lewis, . . 7,202 Nicholas, Lincoln, . 10,093 Ohio, Livingston, . . 6,578 Oldham, Logan, 16,581 Owen, Madison, . 15,727 Owsley, Marion, . 11,765 Pendleton, Mason, . 18,344 Perry, . Marshall, 5,269 Pike, McCracken, . 6,067 Pulaski, Meade, 7,393 Rock Castle, Mercer, . 14,067 Russell, 7,756 9,903 7,620 9,809 14,789 10,361 9,749 7,629 10,444 3,7746,774 3,092 5,365 14.195 4 637 5,349 Scott, 14,946 Shelby, . 17,095 Simpson, . 7,733 Spencer, . 6,842 Taylor, . 7,250 Todd, . 12,268 Trigg, . . 10,129 Trumble, . 5,963 Union, 9,012 Warren, . 15,123 Washington, 12,194 Wayne, . 8,692 Whitley, . 7,447 Woodford, . . 12,423 982,405 STATE OF MISSOURI. Adair, 2,342 Grundy, . 3,006 Ozark, . 2,294 Andrew, . 9,443 Harrison, . 2,447 Perry, 7,215 Atchison, 1,678 Henry, 4,052 Pettes, . 5,150 Audrain, . 3,506 Hickory, 2.329 Pike, 13,609 Barry, 3,467 Holt, 3,957 Platte, . . 16,845 Bates, . . 3,669 Howard, 13,969 Polk, 6,186 Benton, . 5,015 Jackson, . 14,000 Pulaski, . 3,998 Boone, . 14,979 Jasper, 4,223 Putnam, . 1,657 Buchanan, 12,975 Jefferson, 6,928 Ralls, . . 6,151 Butler, . 1,616 Johnson, 7,464 Randolph, 9,439 Caldwell, 2,316 Knox, 2,894 Ray, . . . 10,373 Callaway, . . 13,827 La Clede, 2,498 Reynolds, 1,849 Camden, . 2,338 La Fayette, 13,690 Ripley, . 2,830 Cape Girardeau, . . 13,912 Lawrence, 4,859 Saline, 8,843 Carroll, . 5,441 Lewis, 6,578 Schuyler, . ' 3,287 Cass, . . 6,090 Lincoln, 9,421 Scotland, . 3,782 Cedar, 3,361 Linn, 4,058 Scott, . . 3,182 Chariton, . 7,514 Livingston, 4,247 Shannon, 1,199 Clarke, . 5,527 Macon, 6,565 Shelby, . 4,253 Clay, . . . . 10,332 Madison, 6.003 St. Charles, 11,454 Clinton, . 3,786 Marion, 12,230 St. Clair, . . 3,556 Cole, . . 6,696 McDonald, 2,236 St. Genevieve, . 5,313 Cooper, 12,950 Mercer, 2,691 St. Francois, . 4,964 Crawford, . . 6,397 Miller, 3,834 St. Louis, 104,978 Dade, 4,246 Mississippi, 3,123 Stoddard, . 4,277 Dallas, . 3,648 Moniteau, . 6,004 Sullivan, . 2,983 Daviess, . 5,298 Monroe, . 10,541 Taney, . 4,373 De Kalb, . . 2,075 Montgomery, 5,489 Texas, 2,312 Dodge, 353 Morgan, . 4,650 Warren, . 5,860 Dunklin, . 1,229 New Madrid, 5,541 Washington, 8,811 Franklin, . 11,021 Newton, . 4,268 Wayne, . 4,518 Gasconade, . Gentry, . 4,9964,248 Nodaway, 2,118 1,432 Wright, . 3,387 Oregon, Greene, . 13,785 Osage, 6,704 682,044 STATE OF IOWA. Allamakee,Appanoose,Benton,Black Hawk, Boone, Buchanan,Bremer,Butler, Cedar, Clarke Clayton, Clinton, V. S. Cen State Cen U. S. Cen State Cen U. S. Cen State Cen sus, 183 '. sus, 185-2. sus, 1850. sus, 1852. sus, 1850. sus, 1852. 777 2,000 Dallas, 854 1,216 Jasper, 1,280 1,674 3,131 4,243 Davis, 7,264 7,550 Jefferson, 9,904 10,225 672 1,237 Decatur, 965 1,184 Johnson, 4,472 5,788 135 315 Delaware, 1,759 2,615 Jones, 3,007 4,201 735 1,024 Des Moines, 12,987 12,525 Keokuk, 4,822 5.306 517 1,023 Dubuque, 10,841 12,500 Lee, 18,860 20,000 309 Fayette, 825 2,065 Linn, 5,444 6.870 73 Fremont, 1,244 2,044 Louisa, 4,939 5,476 3,941 4,971 Guthrie, 300 Lucas, 471 1,066 79 549 Henry, 8,707 9,633 Madison, 1,179 1,832 3,873 6,318 Iowa, 822 1,323 Mahaska, 5,989 7,479 2,822 3,822 Jackson, 7,210 8,231 Marion, 5,482 6,289 760 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. U. S. Cen State Cen TJ. S. Cen State Cen U. S. Cen State Cen sus, 1850. sus, 1852. sus, 1850. sus, 1852. sus, 1850. sus, 1852. Marshall, 338 710 Ringgold, 250 Wapello, 8,471 8,888 Monroe, 2,884 3,430 Risley, 122 Warren, 961 1,488 Mills, 1,463 Scott, 5,986 8,628 Washington, 4,957 5,881 Muscatine, 5,731 6,812 Story, 214 Wayne, 340 794 Page, 551 636 Tama, 8 262 Winneshiek, 546 ' 1,523 Polk, 4,515 5,939 Taylor, 204 479 Yell, 250 Pottawattomie,Poweshiek, 7,828 615 7,912 895 Union, . Van Buren, 79 12,753 12,270 192,214 232,723 STATE OF ILLINOIS. Adams, 26,508 Henry, Alexander, . 2,484 Iroquois, Bond, 6,144 Jackson, . Boone, . 7,626 Jasper, Browne, . 7,198 Jefferson, . Bureau, 8,841 Jersey, Calhoun, . 3,231 Jo Daviess, Carroll, . 4,586 Johnson, Cass, 7,253 Kane, Champaign, . 2,649 Kendall, Christian, 3,202 Knox, Clarke, v 9,532 Lake, . Clay, . . 4,289 La Salle, . Clinton, . 5,139 Lawrence, . Coles, 9,335 Lee, . Cook, . . 43,385 Livingston, Crawford, 7,135 Logan, Cumberland, . 3,720 McDonough, De Kalb, . 7,540 McHenry, DeWitt, . 5,002 McLean, Du Page, 9,290 Macon, Edgar, . 10,692 Macoupin, . Edwards, . 3,524 Madison, . Effingham, . 3,799 Marion, Fayette, . 8,075 Marshall, . Franklin, . 5,681 Massaic, Fulton, . 22,508 Mason, Gallatin, 5,448 Menard, Greene, . 12,429 Mercer, Grundy, . 3.023 Monroe, Hamilton, 6,3«2 Montgomery, Hancock, . 14,652 Morgan, Hardin, 2,887 Moultrie, . Henderson, . . 4,612 3,8074,149 5.862 3,220 8,1097,354 18,604 4,113 16,703 7,730 13,279 14,226 17,815 6,121 5,2921,552 5,1287,616 14,97910,163 3,988 12.355 20,436 6,720 5,180 4,092 5,9216,349 5,2467,6796,276 16,064 3,234 Ogle, . . 10,020 Peoria, 17,547 Perry, . 5,278 Pike, 18,819 Pope, . . 3,975 Piatt, 1,606 Pulaski, 2,265 Putnam, . 3,924 Randolph, . 11,079 Richland, 4,012 Rock Island, . 6,937 St. Clair, . 20,181 Saline, . 5,588 Sangamon, 19,228 Schuyler, . 10,573 Scott, 7,914 Shelby, . 7,807 Stark, 3,710 Stephenson, . 11,666 Tazewell, 12,052 Union, 7,615 Vermilion, 11,492 Wabash, . 4,690 Warren, . 8,176 Washington, 6,953 Wayne, 6,825 White, . 8,925 Whiteside, 5,361 Will, . . 16,703 Williamson, 7,216 Winnebago, . 11,773 Woodford, 4,416 851,470 TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. Benton, Dakotah,Itaska, Mahkatah, 418 584 97 158 Pembina,Ramsey, Wabashaw, 1,134 2,227 243 Wahnahta, . Washington, 160 1,056 6,077 TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. Bernalillo, Rio Aribo, . Santa Anna, 7,751 10,668 4,645 Santa Fe, San Miguel, Taos, . 7.7137,074 9,507 Valencia, 14,147 61,505 TERRITORY OF OREGON. Benton, 814 Linn, Clackamas, . . 1,859 Lewis, Clarke, 643 Marion, Clatsop, 462 Polk, 999 558 2,749 1,051 Washington,Yam Hill, . 2,651 1,512 13,293 POST OFFICES ARRANGED BY STATES AND COUNTIES. *»* The preceding chapter of counties, cities, towns, &c, was designed to include all places of im portance enough to merit a particular notice, embracing all the court houses of the several counties. The following list contains the names .of all places not already described, in which post offices existed on the 31st of May, 1851, according to the most recent statement published by the post-office depart ment. They are, for the most part, places of small note, owing their importance chiefly to the fact of having a post office ; though some places, particularly in the newly-settled states, have been included here and in the preceding tables of population, of which, had we possessed the necessary information, a more full account would have been given. STATE OF MAINE. AROOSTOOK. AroostookBridgewater Caribou Conway Fort Fairfield Fort Kent HaynesvilleLimestone River Linneus Maple Grove MasardisMonticelloNumber Three Orient Presque Isle SmyrnaSouth Moluncus. UmcolcusWeston CUMBERLAND. Bolster's Mills Cumberland Centre East Auburn East Baldwin East North Yarmouth East Poland East Raymond East Standish Goff s Corners Mechanic's Falls Minot North Auburn North Bridgeton North Pownal North Raymond North Windham North Yarmouth Centre Oak Hill Scarboro'South Bridgeton South Durham South Windham Steep Falls Stevens's Plains Upper Gloucester Upper Yarmouth West Baldwin West Cumberland West Danville West Durham West Falmouth West Gloucester West Gorham West Harpswell West Minotr* West Poland WindhamYarmouth FRANKLIN. East New Vineyard East Strong 96 East Wilton Farmington Falls Jay Bridge Madrid North Chesterville North Industry North Jay North Wilton SalemSouth Chesterville Temple Mills Weld West Freeman West's Mills Wilton HANCOCK. Bar Harbor Bucksport Centre Cranberry Isles East Sullivan East Trenton Franklin Mariaville North Blue Hill North Bucksport North Castine North Ellsworth North Hancock North Haven North Penobscot North Sedgwick Prospect Harbor Salisbury Cove Seal Cove South Deer Isle South West Harbor SurrySwan's Island West Brookville West Gouldsboro' West Sedgwick West Sullivan West Trenton Winter Harbor KENNEBEC. BelgradeBelgrade Stills Brown's Corner Centre Sidney Dunn's Corner East Monmouth East New Sharon East Pittston East Readfield East Vassalboro' East Winthrop French's Corner Green Corner Greene Depot Hallowell Cross Roads Kent's Hill Leeds's Station 762 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Litchfield Corners Livermore Falls North Belgrade North Fayette North Leeds North Monmouth North Pittston North Vassalboro' North Wayne Pishon's Ferry Readfield Depot Rome SebasticookSouth Albion South China South Leeds South Mount Vernon South Vassalboro' South Windsor Togus Spring Vassalboro'ViennaWatervilleWayneWeek's Mills West Sidney West Waterville WindsorWinslow Winthrop LINCOLN. Bowdoin Centre Cooper's Mills Damariscotta Mills Dresden Mills East Union East Woolwich Hodgdon's Mills Little River Village North Boothbay North Edgecomb North Union North Waldoboro' North Whitefield Parker's Head Patricktown Pemaquid Richmond Comer Round Pond SahatusSheepscotfj Bridge South Dresden SouthportSouth St. George Union Waldoboro'WalesWarrenWashingtonWebsterWest Jefferson Westport WhitfieldWinnegance Woolwich OXFORD. Canton Mills Centre Lovell East Bethel . East Dixfield East Hebron East Rumford East Stoneham East Sumner East Turner Letter A, No. 2 Letter B Livermore Centre Locke's Mills North Albany North Bethel North Fryeburg North Livermore North' Norway North Paris North Turner North Turner Bridge North Waterford North Woodstock Rumford Centre Rumford Point Snow Falls South Andover South Hartford South Newry South Paris South Waterford SpringtownStow TurnerWaterford Welch ville West Bethel West Buckfield West Peru West Sumner Wilson's Mills Woodstock PENOBSCOT. AltonBrewer Centre Brewer Village Clifton Corinna Centre Dixmont Mills East Brewer East Corinth East Dixmont East Eddington East Hampden East Newport East Orrington Etna Centre Exeter Mills Great Works Greenbush Hill's Corners Lincoln Centre MattawamkeagMaxfieldMilford North Bangor North Dixmont North Hampden North Hermon North Lincoln North Newburg North Newport Olamon Patten Six Mile Falls South Levant South Lincoln South Maxfield South Newburg South Orrington SpringfieldStetson Upper Stillwater West Charleston West Enfield West Garland West Glenburn West Great Works West Hampden West Howland West Levant PISCATAQUIS. Bower Bank Centre Guilford East Dover East Sangerville Greenville Katahdin Iron Works North Brownsville OrnevilleShirley Mills South Atkinson South Dover South Sangerville South Sebec WellingtonWest Dover Williamsburg SOMERSET. CambridgeCarritunkConcord Dead River DetroitEast Madison East Newportland East Pittsfield Embden Centre Fairfield Corners Flag Staff Kendall's Mills LaroneLexingtonMadison Centre Moose River North Fairfield North Newportland OosoolaSmithfieldSouth Bloomfield South Solon The Forks West Anson West Embden West Hartland West Ripley WALDO. Burnham Village Carver's Harbor Centre Lincolnville Centre Montville East Burnham East Knox East Montville East Northport Ellingwood's Corner Frankfort Mills, Goose River Knox Centre Light's Corners McLain's Mills Monroe Centre North Appleton North Belmont North Frankfort North Palermo North Prospect North Searsmont North Searsport Prospect Ferry South Freedom South Hope South Montville South Prospect Unity Waldo West Camden West Freedom WASHINGTON DennysvilleHarringtonHolmes's Bay Indian River Jackson Brook Kossuth Lubec Mills Marion Marion Mills MedybempsMillbridgeMilltownNarraguagusNorthfieldPikePrincetonRed Beach South Maxfield Sprague's Falls Waite WesleyWest Lubec WhitingWhitneyville YORK. ActionAction Corners Buxton Centre Cape Neddick Centre Lebanon East Elliott East Limington East Parsonfield Emery's Mills Goodwin's Mills Hollis Centre Kennebunk Depot Kegar Falls Lyman Centre North Action North Hollis North Kennebunk Port North Parsonfiel North Shapleigh OgunquitRoss's Corners ScotlandSouth Berwick POST OFFICES LN THE UNITED STATES. 763 South Parsonfield South Sanford Springvalo Waterboro' Waterboro' Centre Wells Wells's Depot West Buxton West Lebanon West Newfield West Parsonfield STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. BELKNAP. Centre Barnstead East Sanbornton Gilford Village Gilmanton Iron Works Lake Villtige Lower Gilmanton New Hampton North Barnstead North Sanbornton Sanbornton Bridge South Alton Upper Gilmanton Weir's Bridge West Alton CARROLL. Centre Conway Centre Ossipee Centre Sandwich East Moultonboro' East Wakefield Leighton's Corners Melvin Village North Conway North Sandwich North Wolfboro' South Tamworth South Wolfboro' TamworthTamworth Iron Works Tuftonboro'Union WakefieldWater Village West Osepee Wolfboro' CHESHIRE. Drewsville East Jaffrey East Sullivan East Westmoreland HarrisvilleMunsonville New Alstead North Marlow Paper Mill Village Pottersville South Stoddard Sullivan Walpole WestmorelandWestportWest Swanzey West Winchester Winchester COOS. Hart's Location Lower Bartlett Lower Columbia Stark West Ste.wartstown Wentworth's Location Whitefield White Mountain GRAFTON. Campton Village East Canaan East Haverhill East Landaff East Lebanon East Lyman FlumeLa Fayette North Enfield North Groton North Haverhill North Littleton North Lyman OrfordvilleSugar Hill WarrenWentworth West Campton West Canaan West Enfield West Lebanon West Plymouth West Rumney West Thornton Woodstock HILLSBORO'. AmoskeagEast Weare East Wilton Nortn Branch Oil Mill Village Reed's Ferry South Lyndeboro' South Merrimac South Weare Thornton's Ferry Weare Wilton MERRIMAC. East Andover Fishersville Mast Yard North Chichester North Dunbarton Shaker Village South Bradford South Newbury Suncook Warner West Andover West Boscawen West Concord Wilmot Wilmot Flat ROCKINGHAM. East Chester East Northwood Fessenden Mills GreenlandGreenland Depot North Londonderry North Salem Nottingham Turnpike South Deerfield South Kingston South New Market South Raymond West Deerfield West Northwood West Windham Windham STAFFORD. Centre Strafford Chestnut Hill Downing's Mills Gonie North Barrington North Strafford Salmon Falls Strafford Corner Tuttle's Corners SULLIVAN. East Lempster East Plainfield East Unity ' East Washington George's Mills GranthamMeriden North Charlestown South Acworth South Charlestown UnityWashingtonWendell West Claremont West Springfield STATE OF VERMONT. ADDISON. Chimney Point Chipman's Point East Middlebury Hancock Larrabee's Point North Ferrisburg Otter Creek Vergennes West Cornwall West Salisbury Weybridge Lower Falls Whiting BENNINGTON BonvilleEast Rupert Factory Point HartwcllvilleNorth Bennington North Dorset North Pownal South Dorset South Shaftesbury West Arlington West Rupert WinhallWoodford CALEDONIA. East Burke East Hardwick Lower Waterford North Danville Passumpsic St. Johnsbury Centre St. Johnsbury East South Hardwick South Ryegate South Walden Walden Waterford Wheelock CHITTENDEN. Huntington JonesvillePainesvillePleasant Valley UnderhillUnderhill Centre West Bolton WestfordWest Milton WillistonWinooski Falls ESSEX. South Canaan West Concord FRANKLIN. Avery's Gore Buck Hollow East Berkshire East Fairfield East Franklin East Georgia 764 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. East Highgate East Sheldon Enosburg Falls Highgate Spring North Fairfax Saint Alban's Bay Saxe's Mills Swanton Centre West Berkshire West Enosburg GRAND ISLE. Vineyard West Alburg LAMOILLE. JeffersonvilleMorrisvilleNorth Cambridge North Hyde Park WatervilleWolcott ORANGE. Bradford Centre East Brookfield East Corinth East Orange "East Randolph East Thetford North Thetford Post Mill Village South Bradford South Newbury South Strafford Tunbridge Union Village Vershire WashingtonWells River West Braintree West Fairlee West Randolph West Topsham Williamstown ORLEANS. Barton Landing BrowningtonBrownington Centre Derby Line East Charleston East Craftsbury Greensboro' North Troy South Craftsbury West Charleston West Derby Westfield West Newport RUTLAND. Benson Landing Centre Rutland Cuttingsville Danby Four Corners East Clarendon East Poultney Forest Dale Hydeville Mechanicsville North Clarendon North Sherburn Orwell South Wallingford WallingfordWells West Haven West Poultney West Rutland WASHINGTON. East Calais East Roxbury North Montpelier South Barre Waitsfield WarrenWaterburyWoodbury Worcester WINDHAM. Barton sville Cambridgeport Green River Guilford Centre Houghtonville Jacksonville North Wardsboro' Saxton's River South Halifax South Windham Vernon • Wardsboro' West Brattleboro' West Dover West Dummerston West Halifax WestminsterWestminster West West Townshend West Wardsboro' Whitingham WilliamsvilleWilmington Windham WINDSOR. Brownsville Corners East Barnard East Bethel Felchville Gaysville North Chester North Hartland North Springfield PerkinsvillePompanoosucProetorsville Quechee Village SimonsvilleSnow's Store South Pomfret South Reading South Royalton South Woodstock Taftsville Tyson Furnace Upper Falls Weathersfield West Hartford WestonWest Rochester White River Junction WindsorWoodstock STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. BARNSTABLE. CentrevilleCotuitCotuit Port East Brewster East Dennis East Falmouth East Harwich East Orleans East Sandwich HarwichportHyannis Port Marston's Mills MonumentNorth Chatham North Eastham North Falmouth North Sandwich North Truro Pocassett South Dennis South Harwich South Orleans South Sandwich South" Wellfleet South Yarmouth Waquoit Wellfleet West Barnstable West Brewster West Dennis West Falmouth West Harwich West Sandwich West Yarmouth Wood's Hole YarmouthYarmouth Port BERKSHIRE. Ashley Falls Curtisville East Lee East Sheffield Harts ville Housatonic Lenox Furnace Mill River New Boston North Becket North Egremont South Egremont Southfield South Lee South Williamstown Tyringham Van Dcusenville WashingtonWest Becket West Otis West Pittsfield West Stockbridge W. Stockbridge Centre Williamstown Windsor BRISTOL. Long Plain MirickvilleNorth Attleboro' North Dartmouth North Dighton North Easton North Fairhaven North Rehoboth North Swansea South Attleboro' South Dartmouth South Easton South Seekonk South Westport SquawbettyVne de L'eau Westport Westport Point DUKES. West Tisbury ESSEX. Belleville Port East Haverhill East Salisbury Lynnfield Centre New Mills North Andover North Danvers Sutton Mills TapleyvilleWenham West Amesbury West Boxford West Newbury FRANKLIN Adamsville Ashfield East Charlemont East Shelburne East Whately GriswoldvilleGrout's Corners Lock's Village Montague Canal North Bernardston North Leverett North New Salem North Orange South Deerfield South Hawley Warwick WendellWendell Depot West Hawley POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 765 West Northfield Whately HAMPDEN. Agawam AshleyvilleBond's Village Chicopee Falls Collin's Depot East Granville East Long Meadow Feeding Hills IrelandNorth Blanford North Chester Rock Valley South Wilbraham ThorndikeThree Rivers Wales WestfieldWest Granville West Springfield Wilbraham Willimansett HAMPSHIRE. Bancroft Cummingt'n W. Village Greenwich Village Haydenville Leeds North Amherst North Hadley North Prescott South Amherst . South Hadley Falls Ware West Chesterfield West Hampton West Worthington WilliamsburgWorthington MIDDLESEX. Assabet Bragville Cochituate East Lexington East Pepperell East Woburn Feltonsville Forge Village Middlesex Village North Chelmsford North Reading North Sudbury North Tewksbury Rockbottortr Shirley Village South Framingham South Groton South Natick Townsend Harbor Tyngsboro'Waltham WatertownWaylandWest Acton West Cambridge West Chelmsford WestfordWest Groton West Newton Weston West Townsend Wilmington Winchester Woburn Woodville NORFOLK. Bald Hill Charles River Village East Foxboro' East Medway East Randolph East Sharon East Stoughton East Weymouth Franklin City Harrison Square North Bellingham North Cohasset North Weymouth North Wrentham Rockville ¦Sheldonville South Bellingham South Braintree f- South Dedham South Franklin South Walpole South Weymouth South Wrentham Walpole Walpole East West Dedham West Foxboro' West Medway West Needham West Roxbury West Wrentham WeymouthWrentham ' PLYMOUTH. CampelloChiltonvilleCochesett East Abington East Marshfield East Middleboro' East Wareham Mattapoisett North Carver North Marshfield North Middleboro' North Plympton North Rochester North Scituate N. West Bridgewater Rock Scotland SippicanSouth Abington South Carver South Hanson South Hingham South Middleboro' Wareham West Bridgewater West Duxbury West Scituate West Wareham SUFFOLK. North Chelsea. WORCESTER. Ashburnham Depot Athol Depot Boylston Centre Charlton Depot Cordaville East Brookfield East Douglass East Princeton FarnumsvilleFiskedale HoldenManchaug Millville North Blackstone Northbridge Centre North Leominster North Oxford North Spencer OakdaleSaundersville SmithvilleSouth Gardner South Milford South Royalston South Shrewsbury UptonUxbridge Warren Webster Westboro' West Boylston West Brookfield West Fitchburg West Millbury WestminsterWest Rutland West Sterling. West Sutton Whitinsville- WilkinsonvilleWinchendon STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. BRISTOL. Tiverton Four Corners Mount Vernon Carolina Mills Warren Nasonville Dorrville PROVIDENCE. North Scituate Narragansett KENT. Albion Olneyville Peace I )ale, Anthony's Village Centredale Manville Perrysville Centreville Clayville Pascoag Pine Hill Escoheag Cumberland Hill, South Foster Potter's Hill Phenix Diamond Hill South Scituate Quonochontaug Rice City, Fiskeville Valley Falls, ¦ Rockville Warwick Foster Centre Woonsocket Falls Shamrock Mills West Greenwich Greenville Tower Hill "W. Greenwich Centre Knights ville WASHINGTON. Usquepaugh Lime Rock Allen ton Wakefield NEWPORT. Man ton Arcadia Westerly Adams ville Mapleville Brand's Iron Works Wickford 766 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. STATE OF CONNECTICUT. FAIRFIELD. Ball's Point Banksville Cold Spring Darien Depot GlenvilleGreenfield Hill Hawleyville High Ridge Long Ridge MianusMill Plain North Greenwich North Stanford North Wilton Redding Ridge Ridgebury Round Hill South Norwalk StanwichStepneyStepney Depot Trumbull Long Hill Weston WestportWilton HARTFORD. Broad Brook Buckland Canton Centre East Granby East Hartford East Suffield Fores tville HazardvilleHockanum Kensington Manchester Station Marion NewingtonNorth Canton North Granby Plainville Poquonock RainbowRocky Hill SciticoSouth Glastenbury South Manchester " South Windsor Unionville Warehouse Point West Avon West Granby West Hartfcjrd West Hartland West Suffield WethersfieldWindsorWindsor Locks Windsorville LITCHFIELD. Bakersville Bantam Falls BridgewaterBurrville, CampvilleChapinvilleColebrook River Cornwall Bridge Cornwall Hollow East Canaan East Kent EllsworthFalls Village Gaylord's Bridge Hotchkissville Lakeville Lime Rock Marble Dale- Mill Brook Milton New Hartford Centre New Preston North Colebrook Northfield North Goshen Northville, Ore Hill Pine Meadow Pleasant Valley Plymouth Hollow South Canaan South Farms, South Kent SouthvilleTerrysvilleTorringfordWarren Washington WatertownWest Cornwall West Goshen West Norfolk West Winstead WinchesterWinchester Centre WolcottvilleWoodbury Woodville MIDDLESEX. Centre Brook Cobaltville Durham Centre East Hampton East Hampton Lake Higganum , LeesvilleMillington MoodusUpper Middletown Westbrook Winthrop NEW HAVEN. AnsoniaFair Haven HumphreysvilleMiddleburyNorthfordNorth Guilford North Madison South Britain SouthfordStraits ville WallingfordWaterburyWatervilleWest Haven West Meriden WestvilleWolcott Zoar Bridge NEW LONDON. Centre Groton ChesterfieldGales's Ferry Greenville HadlymeHamburgLaysvilleLiberty Hill Noank North Franklin North Lyme Norwich Town Pendleton Hill Poquanoc Bridge Poquetanuck Portersville South Lyme Uncasville WaterfordWest ChesterTOLLAND. AndoverEagleville Gilead Mansfield Centre Mansfield Depot Moose Meadow North Somers Quarryville Rockville Somersville South Coventry Square Pond Stafford Springs StaffordviUe UnionVernonWest Stafford West Willington Willington WINDHAM. Abington Campbell's Mills Central Village Collamer East Killingly FishersvilleHoward's Valley MoosopNew Boston North Ashford North Killingly North Windham North Woodstock Phcenixville PlainfieldPomfret Landing QuinebaugScotlandSouth Killingly South Windham Sterling Hill VoluntownWest Ashford Westford West Killingly WestminsterWest Woodstock WillimanticWindham Woodstock STATE OF NEW YORK. ALLEGHANY. Alfred Centre Allen Centre Allensville Black Creek Centre Almond Centre Independence Centreville CeresChautauque Valley East Hill' Fillmore Hobbieville Little Genesee Mills's Mills North Almond Phillips's Creek Philipsville RichburgRounsville Rockville ShongoShort Tract Spring Mills Transit Bridge West Almond West Clarksville jWest Genesee west Shongo Wellsville WhitesvilleWhitney's Valley WillingWirt Wiscoy ALBANY. Bethlehem Centre Cedar Hill Coeyman's Hollow POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 767 CooksburgDormansvilleDunnsvilleEast Berne Guiraerland Centre Ireland Comers Knowers ville Lisha's Kill Medusa . New Salem Newtonville . Potter's Hollow Preston Hollow Reidsville South Berne South Westerlo Watervliet Centre Westerlo West Troy BROOME. Castle Creek Centre Lisle Centre Village Conklin Centre Corbettsville East Maine Hale's Eddy HarpersvilleHawleytonHyde Settlement Kattelville Kirkwood Maine New Ohio NinevahOsborne Hollow Port Crane Shawsville South' Windsor SusquehannahUnion Union Centre Union Village Unitaria Upper Lisle Vallonia Springs Vestal West Colesville West Windsor Whitney's Point Windsor CATTARAUGUS. AlleghanyAxevilleBuck Tooth Chapelsburg Delavan East Leon East Otto East Randolph Eddyville Elgin > Elton Fairview , Gowanda Kill Buck LimestoneLittle Valley Machias North Perrysburg Onoville Plato Sandusky Seelysburg Sociality Ten Mile Spring VersaillesWest Perrysburg West Yorkshire Yorkshire CAYUGA. Cato Dresserville East Genoa Five Corners Fosterville GenoaKelloggsvilleKings Ferry LevannaLittle Sodas MartvilleMeridianNine Corners North Sterling Owasco Lake Poplar Ridge Port Byron Scipioville Seneca River Sherwoods South Venice The Square Throopsville Union Springs VeniceVictory Weed's Port West Niles CHAUTAUQUE. Alleghany Blockville CassadagaCentre Sherman Charlotte Centre Clear Creek Clymer Centre Dewittville Fluvanna Frewsburg Friends HamletHartfieldIrvingLaona LevantMagnolia MarvinNashville North Clymer OregonPanamaPoland Centre Salem Cross Roads Silver Creek Smith's Mills Van Buren Harbor VermontVillanovaVolusiaWest Ellery Westfield CHEMUNG. BaldwinBeaver Dams Catharine Fairport HavannaMartin's Hill MillportMorelandNorth Chemung Pine Valley Post Creek SalubriaSeely Creek South Erin SullivanvilleTownsendVan Ettenville VeteranWebb's Mills WellsburgWest Cayuta Wynkoop Creek CHENANGO. Beaver Meadow Bennettsville Coven tryville East German East Greene East Guilford East Macdonough East Pharsalia GenegantsletGuilford Centre King's Settlement McDonough Mount Upton New Berlin Centre North Guilford North Linklaen North Norwich Pitcher Springs Rockdale Smithville Flats South Bainbridge South New Berlin South Otselic South Oxford South Plymouth West Bainb'ridge West Linklaen White's Store CLINTON. CadyvilleCoopersville DannemoraEast Peru Farrell Place Frontier Moore's Forks New Sweden PeasleevillePerry's Mills Schuyler's Falls Sciota Union Falls West Chazy West Plattsburg Wrightsville COLUMBIA. Ancram Lead Mines Canaan Centre Canaan Four Corners Chatham Centre Chatham Four Comers Churchtown East Chatham Elizaville Flatbrook GallatinvilleGreene River HarlemvilleHoffman's Gate Maiden Bridge Mellenville Moffett's Store New Britain New Lebanon Centre NivervilleNorth Chatham Smoky Hollow SpencertownStuyvesant Falls VelatieWest Taghkanick CORTLANDT Blodgett Mills • CheningoCuyler East Freetown East Homer East Scott East Virgil Freetown Corners HarfordKceney's Settlement LapeerLittle York McGrawville South Cortlandt TaylorTexas Valley Union Valley VirgilWillet DELAWARE. ArkvilleBarbourvilleBatavia Kill BloomvilleBrushland Cabin Hill CannonsvilleClark's Factory Clovesville . Croton Davenport Centre Elwood's Bridge HarvardHobartMonument Island MoresvilleNew Road North Franklin North Hamden North Harpersfield Nort Kortwright Ouleout Hallcottsville Partridge Island PepactonRock Rift 768 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Shavertown Sidney Centre Sidney Plains South Franklin South Kortwright Stockport's Station Stratton's Falls Trout Creek WaltonWest Davenport West Meredith DUTCHESS. Adriance Amenia Union ArthursburgAttleburyBarrvtownBull's Head Campbell ville Cartilage Landing Chestnut Ridge City Clinton Corners Clinton Hollow Clove(Jrum Elbow Farmer's Hill Federal Store Fishkill Plains Freedom Plains GlenhamHart's Village HiberniaHnghsonvilleHull's Mill ' Jackson Corners La Fayetteville LeedsvilleLithgow Little Rest MabbettsvilleManchester Bridge MontereyNew Hackensack New Hamburg Northeast Centre Oswego Village PecksvillePerry's Corners Pleasant Plains PoughquagPulver's Corners Quaker Hill Rock City Salt Point SchultzsvilleShenandoahSouth Amenia South Dover Sprout Creek Staatsburg • StanfordvilleStormville Upper Red Hook Verbank Wappinger's Falls WashingtonWashington Hollow ERIE. Akron Angola Big Tree Comers Buffalo Plains Cheektowaga Chief Warrior Clarence Centre ClarksburgCollins's Centre Crittenden East Aurora East Eden East Evans East Hamburg Eden Valley Ellicott Creek Glenwood Grand Island Griffin's Mills Hamburg on the Lake Harris's Hill MarshfieldMill Grove North Boston North Clarence North Collins North Evans PatchinPontiacRed Jacket South Alden South Wales Spring Brook Town Line Wales Wales Centre Water Valley West Aurora West Concord West Falls West Newstead White's Corners Williamsville Zoar ' ESSEX. Adirondac Moriah New Russia North Elba' North Hudson Port Kendall Saint Armand Schroon Lake Schroon River Upper Jay Wadham's Mills West Moriah Westport Whallonsburg Willsboro' Wilmington Woodwards ville FRANKLIN. Brush's Mills Burke East Constable Franklin Falls HogansburgMeerrills ville North Bangor South Dickinson West Constable FULTON. Brockett's Bridge Cranberry Creek Eastmansville GarogaGloversville Kingsboro' LassellsvilleMills's Corners Newkirk's Mills North Bt-oadalbin North ville Osborn's Bridge Sammonsville Union Mills Vail's Mills West Galway West Perth GENESEE. Brookville Corfu DarienDarien Centre East Bergen East Bethany East Pembroke Linden Morgan ville North Bergen Oakfield Pavilion Centre , Roanake South Alabama South Byron Stone Church Transit West Bergen West Bethany Wheatville GREENE. A era Ashland Bailey's Four Comer* Big Hollow Bushnellsville CairoCornwall ville East Durham East Kill East Windham Freehold Gayhead JewettJewett Centre Kiskatom Leeds Medway New Baltimore Norton Hill Oak Hill Palenville Red Falls South Cairo South Durham TannersvilleUnion Society West Kill West Lexington WindhamWindham Centre HERKIMER. Cedar Lake CedarvilleCold Brook Crain's Corners Dennison's Comers Devereux East Schuyler EatonvilleFrankfort Hill GravesvilleGraysville Ilion Jacksonburg Jordan ville Manheim Centre Middleville New Graefenberg Newville Ohio Page's Comers Paine's Hollow PolandPostville Roekton Salisbury Centre South Columbia Starkville Van Hornesville WarrenWest Schuyler West Winfield' WilmutWinfield HAMILTON. Benson Hope Centre Hope Falls Sageville Wells ' JEFFERSON. Adams's Centre Alexandria Centre Appling BellevilleBentley's Corners Black River Burr's Mills Cape Vincent Champion South Roads DepauvilleDexterEast Houndsfield East Rodman EvansvilleFelt's Mills Great Bend La Fargeville Le Raysville LimerickMannsvilleMilitary Road Millen's Bay NarrowsNatural Bridge North Adams North Wilna OmarOrleans Four Corners Oxbow i Pamelia Fonr Corners POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 769 Perch River Pierrepont Manor Pillar Point PlesisPoint Peninsula Redwood Roberts's Corners Rural Hill Saint Lawrence Sanford's Corners SmithvilleSouth Rutland Sterlingville Stone Mills Stowell's Corners Three Mile Bay West Theresa Whitney's Corners WilnaWoodvilleWorthville KINGS. East New York Green Point Williamsburg LEWIS. Barnes's Corners Brantingham Collinsville Constableville Deer River High Market Houseville Indian River LyonsdaleNew Bremen Osceola Port Leyden South Harrisburg Stow.'s Square Turin Watson West Leyden West Lowville West Martinsburg LIVINGSTON. Brooks's Grove ByersvilleCuylerville Dansville East Groveland East Springwater FowlervilleGibsonville GreigsvilleGroveland Centre Hemlock Lake Hunt's Hollow Kysorville LakevilleNorth Sparta Oakland Piffard RidgeRiver Road Forks Scottsburg South Avon South Livonia Tuscarora Union Comers Wesfj Conesus York MADISON. Bennet's Corners BouckvilleBridgeport CanastotaChittenango Falls Clock ville De Lancey EarlvilleEast Hamilton Erieville Hubbard's Corners Lake Port LeonardsvilleMadison MunsvilleNew Woodstock North Brookfield Oneida Depot Oneida Lake Oneida Valley Perry ville Peterboro'Pine Woods PoolvillePratt's Hollow SiloamSolsvilleSouth Brookfield Wampsville MONROE. Brockport Churchville Clarkson Centre Clifton East Clarkson EgyptHanford's Landing HenriettaMumfordNorth Chili North Clarkson North Greece North Parma Ogden ParmaParma Centre ScottsvilleSpencerport WebsterWest Greece West Henrietta West Rush West Webster Wheatland MONTGOMERY. AmesAuriesville BuelBurtonsville [ners Charleston Four Cor- Cranesville Flat Creek Fort Hunter Freysbush Hagaman's Mills HallsvilleHessville 97 Mina ville Mindenville Palatine Bridge Port Jackson Saint Johnsville Spraker's Basin Sprout Brook Stone Arabia Tribe's Hill NEW YORK. Yorkville NIAGARA. Bergholtz County Line Hess Road Hickory Corners Johnson's Creek La Salle Locust Tree MapletonMartinsville Middleport Mount Cambria OlcottOrange Port PekinPendletonPendleton Centre RansomvilleRapids Reynale's Basin Shawnee South Royalton South Wilson Suspension Bridge West Somerset Wilsons Wright's Corners Youngstown ONEIDA. Alder Creek Ava Babcock Hill Big Brook CassvilleClayville DeansvilleDeltaEast Florence Glen more Hecla Works Higginsville Hillsboro' Hizerville Holland Patent Knox Corners LairdsvilleLee Centre Lowell McConnellsville New London North Bay North Bridgewater North Gage North Western Oneida Castle Oriskany PineProspect Sconondoa South Trenton StanwixState Bridge Stittville Stokes , TabergUtica VernonVernon Centre VeronaVerona Mills Vienna WalesvilleWashington Mills WatervilleWest Branch West Camden Western ville WestmorelandWest Vienna ONONDAGA. AmberApuliaBelle Isle BorodinoBrewerton Canal Cardiff Collamer DelphiEllistonEuclid Fair Mount Fayetteville Hart Lot Hartsville Howlet Hill Jack's Reef JamesvilleJordan Kirkville Lamsons Little Utica MandanaManlius Centre Marcellus Falls Marietta Messina Springs Navarino Onondaga Castle Onondaga Valley Oran PlainvillePlank Road Pompey Centre South Marcellus South Onondaga Spafford Hollow TullyTully Valley Van Buren Van Buren Centre Vesper WatervaleWellington West Onondaga Windfall ONTARIO. AcademyAllen's Hill Bristol Centre 770 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. CentrefieldChapinville CheshireClifton Springs Flint Creek Gypsum Hall's Corners Honeoye Larned's Corners Manchester Centre North Bloomfield Norton's Mills Oak's Corners Port Gibson Reed's Corners Richmond Mills Rushville Seneca Castle Stanley Corners Taylorsville Victor West Bloomfield West Farmington ORANGE. Amity BellvaleBullvilleButtermilk Falls ColdenhamCraigsvilleCuddebackville EdenvilleFirichvilleFlorida Highland Mills Howell's Depot HuguenotLittle Britain Middle Hope Middletown Minisink Mortonville Mount Hope New Hampton New Milford New Vernon Otisville Oxford Depot Port Jervis Ridgebury Saint Andrews Salisbury Mills Scotch town Searsville Slate Hill Sugar Loaf TurnersUnionville Walden WarwickWells's Corner West Point West Town ORLEANS. Barre Centre Carlton Eagle Harbor East Carlton East Gaines East Shelby Farmingham HindsburgHulburton Jeddo Kendall- Mills Knowlesville Lyndonville MedinaMillvilleNorth Ridgeway Oak Orchard Shelby Basin South Barre WaterportWest Carlton West Gaines West Kendall Yates OSWEGO. Amboy Centre Bern hard's Bay Butterfly Carters ville CaughdenoyCentral Square CleavelandColosseConstantia Centre DugwayEast Parish Fulton Gilbert's Mills Greenboro' Hannibal Hannibal Centre Hastings Centre Hinmansville Hull's Corners KasoagKinney's Four Corners MinettoOrwellOswego Falls PhoenixPort Ontario Roosevelt Salmon River Sand Banki South Albion South Granby South Richland South West Oswego TexasUnion Settlement Union Square VermilionVolneyWest Monroe Williamstown OTSEGO. Burlington Flats Centre Valley East Springfield East Worcester Fly Creek Garrattsville Maple Grove May Flower Middlefield Centre Morris Mount Vision Oaksville Otsdawa Pleasant Brook PortlandvilleRichfield Springs Roseboom Salt Springville Schenevus Schuyler's Lake South Edmeston South Hartwick South Milford South Valley South Worcester Springfield Centre ToddsvilleUnadilla Unadilla Centre Unadilla Forks West Burlington West Edmeston West Exeter WestfordWest Laurens West Oneontai WestvilleWorcester PUTNAM. Brewster's Station Doanesburg DykemansFarmer's Mills Garrisons Haviland Hollow MahopacMilltownRed Mills Towners QUEENS. BrushvilleBuckramCedar Swamp East Norwich FarmingdaleHempstead Branch JericoJerusalem South ManhassetMerrick Middle Village Rockville Centre RoslynSouth Oyster Bay RENSSELAER. Alps Brainard's Bridge Centre Berlin DeenikillDefriestvilleEagle Mills East Grafton East Greenbush East Nassau East Sand Lake Hoag's Corner Junction North Hoosic North Stephentown Petersburg Four Cor ners Poestenkill Potter Hill Prospect Hill Raymertown Schodack Centre Schodack Depot Schodack Landing South Schodack South Stephentown TomhannockWest Berlin West Sand Lake West Stephentown Wynantskill RICHMOND. North Shore Port Richmond Richmond Valley Rossville South Side Tottenville ROCKLAND. Blauveltville Monsey NanuetNorth Haverstraw NyackNyack Turnpike Ramapo Works SloatsburgSpring Valley Tappantown Suffern SAINT LAWRENCE. Black Lake Blink Bonny Brier Hill Buck's Bridge Crary's Mills East Pierpont East Pitcairn EdentonEdwardsvilleFlackvilleFuUersville Iron Works Helena LawrencevilleLisbon Centre Louisville Landing MacombMatildaville Morley Nicholville North Lawrence North Potsdam North Russell North Stockholm Oak Point Pope's Mills Racket River Raymoml ville RichvilleRossieRussell Shingle Creek SomervilleSouth Edwards South Hammond SouthvilleStockholm Depot Waddington POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 771 Wegatchie West Fowler West Potsdam West Stockholm SARATOGA. Ballston Centre BarkersvilleBemus Heights Burnt Hills Coveville Dean's Corners East Galway East Line Edinburgh Centre Fortsville GansevoortGrangervilleGroom's Corners JonesvilleKetcham's Corners MaltavilleMechanics ville Middle Grove Moreau Station Mount Pleasant North Galway Pope's Corners Porter's Corners Quaker Springs Rexford Flats Rock City Mills South Corinth South Galway Vischer's Ferry WaterfordWest Charlton West Day West Greenfield West Hadley West Milton Whiteside's Comers Wilton SCHENECTADY Braman's Corners East Glenville Hoffman's Ferry MariavilleNorth Duanesburg Quaker Street Scotia SCHOHARIE Argosville Barnerville Barton Hill Breakiibeen Central Bridge Charlotteville East Cobleskill Eminence Engellville EspcranccFranklinton Fultonham GallupvilleGardnersville GilboaGrovernor's Comers Hunter's Land HyndsvilleLawyersville LeesvilleLivingstonvilleMine Kill Falls Morseville North Blenheim Richmondville . Sharon Centre Sharon Springs Sloans ville Waldensville WarnervilleWest Fulton West Gilboa SENECA. CanogaCruso East Varick FarmerLodi Centre Rose Hill SheldrakeSouth Lodi TownsendvilleTyre Varick West Fayette West Junius STEUBEN. Alta ArkportAvoca Bennett's Creek Cameron Mills Campbeltown Caton Centre Canisteo CohoctonCooper's Plains Corning Doty's Corner East Cameron East Canisteo East Painted Post Erwin Centre GibsonGoff 's Mills Hammond's Mills Haskenville KennedyvilleLindleytownLyon's Hollow Mount Washington North Cameron North Cohocton North Reading North Urbana Patchin's Mills Palton ville Pine Grove Pond Settlement Purdy Creek Rathboneville Reading Centre Rough and Ready Savon a Shannon South Bradford South Dansville South Hill South Pultney South Thurston Sugar Hill Thurston TontineTowlesvilleTwelve Mile Creek Tyrone UrbanaWayne West Addison West Cameron West Greenwood WestonWest Troupsburg West Union WheelerWoodhuU SUFFOLK. Amagansett AmityvilleBaiting Hollow Bell Port Bridgehampton CentreportCommackCorani Cutchogue Deer Park Dix Hills East Cutchogue East Marion East Moriches FireplaceFlanders Good Ground Jamesport BakelandManorville MattituckMiddle Island Miller's Place MorichesMount Sinai New Village NorthportOrient Penataquit Port Jefferson • QuogueSay ville Seatuck Setauket Smithtown Branch SpeonkSpringsSuccess Thompson's Station Upper Aquebogue Wading River West Hills Yaphank SULLIVAN. BarryvilleBeaver Brook Beaver Kill Bloomingburg Bridge ville Burlingham CallieoonCallicoon Depot Claryville Delaware Bridge FosterdaleFreemont Gales Glen Wild Grahamsville Hasbrouck Jeffersonville Liberty Falls Low's Corner MongaupMongaup Valley Narrowsburg Neversink North Branch Parks ville Philipsport Pike Pond Pond Eddy Purvis Robertsonville Sandburgh StevensvilleThompsonvilleWest Brookville White Lake WoodbourneWurtsboro' Youngsville TIOGA. Apalachin CampvilleCanfield's Comer FactoryvilleFlemingsvillcHalsey Valley Newark Valley Smithsboro' South Candor South Owego Waverly West Candor West Newark Willseyville TOMPKINS. Bennettsburg Burdett Caroline Centre Cayutaville East Lansing Enfield Centre Etna Forest City Groton City JacksonvilleLake Ridge Lansingville Logan McLeanMecklenburghMott's Corners North Hector North Lansing PeruvillePugsley's Depot Reynolds ville SearsburghSenecaSlatervilleSouth Danby South Lansing Speedsville 772 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Trumansburg Mill Brook Marengo Williams's Bridge Trumbull Comers Pottersville Newark Yonkers Varna Stony Creek Port Glasgow Yorktown Waterburg The Glen Pultneyville West Danby Wardboro' Red Creek WYOMING. West Dryden Warrensburg Sodus Centre Attica Centre West Groton Sodus Point Castile WASHINGTON. South Butler Cowles ville ULSTER. Adamsville, South Sodus Dale Accord Anaquasscook Walworth Eagle Amesville Battenville West Butler Eagle Village Arnoldton Belcher Westbury East China Beach Hill Centre Cambridge West Macedon East Gainesville Bears ville Centre White Creek West Walworth East Java Bruynswick Coila Williamson East Koy Clintondale Comstock's Landing Walcott East Orangeville Denning East Greenwich East Pike Ellenville East Salem WESTCHESTER. Hermitage Fly Mountain Fort Edward Centre Abbotsford Java Village Frantzdale Galesville Bedford Station Johnsonsburg Glasco Griswold's Mills Chappaqua La Grange Kyserike Lake Cross River North Java Lackawack Low Hampton Croton Falls North Sheldon Libertyville Middle Granville Croton Landing North Wethersfield Loyd North Argyle Dobbs's Ferry Orangeville Milton North Cambridge Golden's Bridge Peoria Modena North Easton Hastings upon Hudson Perry Centre Napanock North Granville Jefferson Valley Pike New Hurley North Greenwich Kensico Portage ville New Paltz Landing North Hebron Moringville South Warsaw Olive Bridge North White Creek Mott Haven Strykersville Pine Bush Patten's Mills Mount Kisco Varysburg Pine Hill Shushan Neperan Vernal Red Bridge Smith's Basin North Tarrytown Wethersfield River Side South Argyle Pine's Bridge Wethersfield Springt Samsonville South Easton Pleasantville Wyoming Shokan South Granville Purdy's Station Stone Ridge South Hartford Rye YATES. The Corner West Fort Ann Salem Centre Benton Centre Tuthill West Hebron Sands's Mills Big Stream Point Ulsterville White Creek Shrub Oak Bluff Point Wawarsing Whitehall South Salem Branch Port Westcamp Tarrytown Dundee West Hurley WAYNE. The Purchase Fergusson's Comers West Shandaken Alloway Tuckahoe Italy Hill Woodstock Alton Verplank Italy Hollow East Palmyra Vista Milo Centre WARREN. Fairville West Chester North Middlesex Chestertown Joy West Farms Rock Stream French Mountain Lock Berlin West Somers Sherman's Hollow Hyde Macedon White Plains West Dresden Johnsburgh Macedon Centre Whitlocksville Yates ville. STATE OF NEW JERSEY. ATLANTIC Absecon Bargaintown Buena Vista Estellville Gloucester Furnace Hammonton Deed's Point Pleasant Mills Port Republic Smith's Landing Weymouth BERGEN. English Neighborhood New Prospect PaskackSchraalenburg Spring Valley BURLINGTON. ArneytownAtsion Bass River Hotel Beverly Bridge boro' Brown's Mills CinnaminsonColumbus Cookstown Crosswicks Fellowship Green Bank Georgetown JacksonvilleJacobstownJobs town Juliustown Lumberton MarltonMedfordMoorestown Mount Laurel New Gretna New Lisbon Rancocas ¦Recklesstown Red Oak Grove Shamong Sooy's Inn TuckertonVincentownWrightstown CAMDEN. Blackwoodtown Chew's Landing Cross Keys Gloucester City Haddonfield Long-a-Coming Waterford Works Williamstown Winslow POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 773 CAPE MAY. Beesley's Point Cold Spring Dennis's Creek Dias Creek East Creek Fishing Creek GoshenGreen Creek Petersburg Seaville Townsend Inlet Tuckahoe CUMBERLAND. Cedarville Deerfield Street Dividing Creek DorchesterEwing's Neck Fairton Mauricetown NewportRoadstown Shiloh ESSEX. Camptown Feltville Franklin Plainfield Scotch Plains South Orange SpringfieldSummit Union West Bloomfield Westfield GLOUCESTER. Barnsboro'Bridgeport Carpenter's Landing Clarksboro' Franklinville Glasboro' HardingvilleHarrisonvilleMalagaMullico Hill Pineville Sweedsboro' Westville HUDSON. Bergen Point New Durham HUNTERDON. BaptistownCentrevilleCherryville Clarksville Clinton Clover Hill CokesburgCroton EverittstownFair Mount Frenchtown KlinesvilleLamberts ville Little York MilfordMount Pleasant New Germantown Hew Hampton Perryviile Pittstown Potters ville Prallsville Quakertown Reaville • Ringoes SergeantsvilleSidneyStantonVansvckels White Hall White House MERCER. Dutch Neck Edinburgh GrovevilleHamilton Square HightstownHopewellLawrencevilleMount Rose Pennington Port Mercer TitusvilleVan Hiseville WindsorWoodsville Yardville MIDDLESEX. Black Horse Cranberry JamesburgMetuchenNew Market Old Bridge Plainsboro' RahwaySouth River Spotswood •Woodbridge MONMOUTH. Allen town Chanceville Chapel Hill ClarksburgColt's Neck EatontownEnglishtownFillmore Forked River Holmdel Howell Works Imlaystown Key Port Kettle Creek LeedsvilleLong Branch Lower Squankum Manalapan ManasquamMarlboro'New Sharon Ocean Port PerrinevilleRiceville Tinton Falls TurkeyWalnford MORRIS. Berkshire Valley Boon ton Denville DrakestownDrakesville Flanders German Valley Hanover Neck LittletonLong Hill MadisonMiltonNewfoundland New Vernon Parkersburg Parsippany Pine Brook Pleasant Grove Pompton Plains Rockaway Springtown SuckasunnyWalnut Grove Washington OCEAN. Barnegat Bergen Iron Works Cedar Creek Downsville Hornerstown Jackson's Mills ManahawkinManchesterMatedeconkNew Egypt Pine Plains Point Pleasant Potter's Creek Shark River Squam Village SquankumShelltownTom's River West Creek Wire town PASSAIC. Aquackanock Bloomingdale Mead's Basin West Milford SALEM. Allowaystown CantonCentreton Elmer , Hancock's Bridge Pedricktown Penn's Grove Pitt's Grove SculltownSharptown Woods town SOMERSET. Beckman's Mills BlawenburgBoundbrookFlaggtown Harlingen Lesser Cross Roads Liberty Corner MartinsvilleMiddlebushMillingtonMillstoneNorth Branch PeapackPlukemin Rocky Hill Six Mile Run WarrenvilleWeston SUSSEX. AndoverAugustaBeemervilleBevansBranchville CloveColesville Deckertown FlatbrookvilleFranklin Furnace Fredon Gratitude GreenvilleHainesvilleHamburg Harmony Vale La Fayette LibertyvilleLockwoodMiddleville Monroe Mount Salem Pleasant Valley SpartaStillwaterStockholm Swartswood Tranquillity Tuttle's- Corner VernonWaterlooWykertown WARREN. Allamuchy AndersonAsburyBeatyestown Blairstown Bridgeville Broadway Brotzmanville CalnoColumbia DanvilleHackettstownHainesburg JohnsonburgMarksboro'MillbrookNew Village Oxford Furnace 774 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Paulina PolkvilleRamsaysburg Rocksburgh Serepta Stewarts ville Still Valley ITownsbury Walnut Valley STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. ADAMS. Abbottstown ArendtsvilleBermudianBendersville Cash town East Berlin FairfieldFountain Dale GrafensfeurgGreen Mount Hampton HeidlersburgHunters town LittlestownMcSherrystown Menallen New Chester New Oxford Two Taverns York Sulphur Springs ALLEGHANY. Arsenal BakerstownBuchanan Clinton Coal Valley DuquesneElizabethGambles Gill Hall Green Tree Harmar ville HerriottsvilleHoustonLibraryLogan's Ferry McKeesport MonroevilleMontoursMoonMoss Side Noblestown , Perrysville Port Ferry RemingtonSewickly Bottom SharpsburgShirlandStreet's Run Surgeon's Hall TarentumTemperancevilleTurtle Creek Upper Saint Clair Walker's Mills West Elizabeth West Manchester WexfordWhite Ash Wilkins Wilkinsburg ARMSTRONG. Apollo Blanket Hill Brady's Bend Cowansville EldertonFreeport Glade Run Lawrenceburg Leechburg OaklandOlivetOrrsville Phoenix Putneyville Red Bank Furnace Rural Valley Scrub Grass Slate Lick South Bend Worthington BEAVER Black Hawk DarlingtonEconomy Fallston Frankfort Springs Freedom Georgetown HookstownIndustryKendallNew Sheffield Ohioville Parkison ServiceSeventy Six Smith's Ferry BEDFORD. Alum Bank Bloody Run Clearville Dublin Mills Juniata Crossings Mann's Choice Monroe PattonvilleRainsburg Ray's Hill RobisonvilleSaint Clairsville Six Mile Run Stonerstown West End Woodbury BERKS. Baumstown BornvilleBirdsboro'Boyerstown Brower Brumfieldville ClaytonCross Kill Mills Dale Douglass ville EarlvilleFetherolffsvilleFurnace Geiger's Mills Grimville Joanna Furnace KlinesvilleKutztown LeesportLobachsvilleLong Swamp Lower Bern Maiden Creek Manatawny MohrsvilleMoll town MontereyMorgantownMoselemMount Airy New Jerusalem Pike Township PricetownRehrersburg Schuylkill Bend SeisholtzvilleShanesvilleShartlesvilleSinking Spring .' StonersvilleStouchburgStraus town Tulpehoccan Virginsville Williams's Store Womelsdorf BLAIR. Altoona Antes town Blair Furnace Clover DuncansvilleEast Freedom East Sharpsburg Fostoria FrankstownMartinsburg Newry Sarah Sinking Valley Mills Springfield Furnace TyroneWilliamsburgYellow Spring BRADFORD. Alba Bently Creek Browntown CamptownColumbia Cross Roads DurellEast Herrick East Smithfield East Springhill East Troy Edsallville Franklin Dale French's Mills HavensvilleHerrickHighlandHorn brook Laddsburg Le Raysville LeRoy Merryall MilanMonroeton Myersburg New Albany North Orwell North Rome North Smithfield Old Hickory Orcutt Creek Orwell Pike RomeRummerfield Creek SheshequinSouth Creek South Hill South Warren SpringfieldStanding Stone StevensvilleSugar Run SylvaniaTerrytownTroy Ulster WarrenhamWest Burlington West FrankSn WindhamWyalusing Wysox BUCKS. AndalusiaAttleboro'Bridge Valley Bridgewater BrownsburgBucksville Bunker Hill Burson ville CarversvilleCentre Bridge Danboro'DavisvilleDolingtonDublinErwinnaFallsingtonFeasterville HagersvilleHartsville Hill town POST OFFICES TN THE UNITED STATES. 775 HulmesvilleLahaska Line Lexington Lumberville MechanicsvilleNew Hope NewportvilleNewtown Ottsville Oxford Valley PinevillePipersville Pleasant Valley PleasantvillePlumsteadvillePoint Pleasant Quakertown Richboro'RichlandtownRiegelsville Seller's Tavern SpinnerstownSpringtownTaylorsvilleTrumbaursvilleTullytownUpper Black Eddy WarringtonWhitehallvilleWrightstownYardleyville BUTTER. AnandaleAnderson's Mills Baldwin Barnhart's Mills BreakneckBrownington Bruin CoultersvilleCoyleville Glade Mills HarrisvilleHibernia Jacksville Maple Furnace Middle Lancaster Mount Chestnut MurrinsvilleNorth Hope Ogle Porters ville Prospect SarversvilleSaxenburg Slippery Rock Whitestown Zelienople CAMBRIA. Ashland Furnace Bemis's Creek CarrolltonChess Springs Fallen Timber Loretto PortageRoseland Summer Hill Summit Three Roads Wilmore CARBON. Albrightsville Beaver Meadows East Penn Hickory Run LausanneLittle Gap NesquehoningNew Mahoning Parrys ville Rock Port StembersvilleSummit Hill Weatherly Weisport CENTRE. Boalsburg Buffalo Run Centre Hill Centre Line FillmoreFleming HublersburgJuliann Furnace Martha Furnace MilesburgMillheim Nittany Old Fort Philipsburg Pine Grove Mills Pleasant Gap Potter's Mills Rebersburg Snow Shoe Spring Mills Stover's Place Walker Woodward Zion CHESTER. Avondale Black Horse Blue Rock Brandywine Manor CainChandlervilleChathamChester Springs ChestervilleCochransvilleCollamer DilworthtownDoe Run DowningtownElk Dale Embreeville ErcildownFairville Fountain Green Frazer Goshenville Gum Tree Guthries ville Hamorton HayesvilleHickory Hill Honey Brook Hopewell Cotton W'ks Jenners ville Kemblesville Kennett's Square Kimberton Lewis ville LionvilleLoag McWilliamstown Marlboro' MarshMarshaliton MilltownMount Vernon New Garden Oxford Parkersville Parkesburg PenningtonvillePhcenixville PickeringPughtown RockvilleRussellville SadsburyvilleSaint Mary's Saint Peter's Setzler's Store SteelevilleStrickers ville SugartownUnionvilleUwchland Valley Forge VincentWagontown Wallace Warren Tavern West Grove West Vincent West Whiteland CLARION. Callensburg Catfish Furnace Clinfon Furnace Curllsville Jefferson Furnace Kerr's Store Kings ville KossuthLamartineLeatherwoodLimestoneLucinda Furnace MatildavilleNew Athens New Bethlehem PinyReidsburgRimersburg RiverShippensville StrattonvilleTylersburg CLEARFIELD. Bower • Clearfield Bridge CurwinsvilleCush FrenchvilleFruit Hill Glen Hope Grahamton Grampian Hills LuthersburgMorrisdale New Washington Smith's Mills Woodland CLINTON. Beech Creek CameronChatham Run Cook's Run Dunnsburg FarrandsvilleFirst Fork Logan Mills Loveland Mill Hall North Chatham Salona SinnamahoningSugar Valley WestportYoungwomanstown COLUMBIA. Beaver Valley , BentonBuckhorn CentralCole's Creek EspyFoundryvilleLight Street Lime Ridge MainevilleMifflinvilleMillville MordansvillePealers Polkville Rohrsburg Stillwater CRAWFORD. AdamsvilleBloomfield Blooming Valley Centreville ConneautvilleCrossingvilleCustards EspyvilleEvansburg Guy's Mills HarmonsburgHartstownHayfieldKingsleys Line Mills McDowells Mead Corners New Richmond Penn Line RandolphRiceville Rockdale Rundells Sa;gerstownSouth Shenango Spartansburg Spring SterlingtonSteubenSugar Creek 776 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Sugar Lake Caledonia Upton Coal Port Taylor's Stand Hellen Waynesboro' East Centreville Titusville Kersey's Welsh Run Home Unity Pine Street Kent Venango Second Fork FULTON. Marchand Woodcock Williamsville Burnt Cabins Mitchell's Mills Fort Littleton Newman's Mills CUMBERLAND. ERIE. Harrisonville Penn Run Big Spring Albion McConnellsburg Shelocta Boiling Springs Cherry Hill New Grenada Smicksburg Good Hope Cook Speersville Strongs town Hogestown Edinboro' Webster's Mills Tunnel Lee's Cross Roads Franklin Comers Warfordsburg West Lebanon Lisburn Girard West Dublin Mechanicsburg Harbor Creek JEFFERSON. Mount Rock Moorheadville GREENE. Alvan Newburg North ville Carmichaels Brockwayville New Cumberland Phillipsville Castile Cool Spring New Kingstown Platea Clarksville Corsica Newville Springfield Cross Roads Davis town Merata Oakville Union Mills Greensboro' Punxutawney Papertown Waterford Harveys Reynoldsville Plainfield Wattsburg Hunter's Cave Richardsville Shepherdstown Wayne Jolly Town Ringgold Shiremantown Wells's Corners Kirby Summers ville Stoughstown Wesleyville Mapletown Warsaw Walnut Bottom West Springfield Mount Morris White Hill New Grenada JUNIATA. White House FAYETTE. Rice's Landing Academia Belle Vernon Rogers ville Beale's Mills DAUPHIN. Cookstown Riverson's Station East Waterford Benvenue East Liberty Whiteley McAllisterville Berrysburg Farmington Windridge McCoysville Dauphin Elizabeth ville Fayette Springs McCulloch's Mills Flatwoods HUNTINGDON. Mexico Gilchristville McClellandtown AlexandriaBirmingham Oakland Mills Fisherville Masontown Pern Mills Gratz Merrittstown Bridgeport Pleasant View High Spire Hummelstown New Geneva Broad Top Port Royal New Salem Calvin Richfield LinglestownPillow Pennsville Cassville Spruce Hill Perryopolis Coffee Run Thompsontown Portsmouth Redstone Colerain Forge Walnut Powl's Valley Susquehanna Salt Lick Cottage Waterloo Searights Eagle Foundry West Hanover Smithfield East Barre LANCASTER. Wiconisco Spnnghill Furnace Ennis ville Adamstown Tippecanoe Graysville Bainbridge DELAWARE. Tyrone Mills Greenwood Furnace Bareville Chadd's Ford Upper Middletown James's Creek Bart Concord ville Woodvale McAlevy's Fort Beartown Gibbon's Tavern Mc Connellstown Bellemonte Howellville FRANKLIN. Maddensville Binkley's Bridge Ivy Mills Kellysville Amberson's Valley Manor Hill Blue Ball Dry Run Mill Creek Bowmansville Leipers ville Fannettsburg Mount Union Brickerville Lima Fayetteville Orbisonia Cains Marcus Hook Green Castle Paradise Furnace Camargo Marple Green Village Shade Gap Cambridge Nether Providence Jackson Hall Shaver's Creek Chestnut Level Newtown Square Kecfer's Store Spruce Creek Christiana Penn's Grove Loudon Three Springs Churchtown Radnor Marion Todd Cocalico Rose Tree Mont Alto Union Furnace Coopersville Spread Eagle New Guilford Vineyard Mills Durlach Thornton Orrstown Warrior's Mark Elizabethtown Upper Darby Quincy Water Street Enterprise Village Green Roxbury West Barre Falmouth West Haverford Scotland Gap Spring Run INDIANA. Goodville ELK. State Line Armagh Gordonsville Bcnezett Sylvan Brush Valley Goshen Benzinger Upper Strasburg Clarksburg Greene POST OFFICES LNTHE UNITED STATES. 777 HatHempfield Highville Hinkleton IntercourseKinzersKirk's Mills Landisville Liberty Square LitizMartickville MartinsvilleMastersonvilleMay MaytownMechanic's Grove MillersvilleMount Hope Mount Nebo MountvilleNeffsvilleNew Holland New Milltown New Providence Nine Points Oak Hill OctoraroOregon ParadisePiquea Pleasant Grove Puseyville Quarry ville Rawlinsville Reamstown ReinholdsvilleRock Safe Harbor SalungaSchoeneck Smithville South Hermitage Strasburg Terre Hill Vogansville Willow Street LAWRENCE. ChenangoCross Cut East Brook Edinburgh Enon Valley HarlensburgHillsvilleIrish Ripple Mount Jackson New Bedford New Wilmington Plain Grove Princeton Pulaski Wurtemburg LEBANON. Bellview Campbelltown Cornwall Fredericksburg Jonestown ¦ Meyerstown Millbach Mount Zion Palmyra Shaffers town LEHIGH. Breinigsville CatasauquaCentre Valley ClaussvilleCoopersburg FogelsvilleFriedens ville Hosensack Jacksonville Lynnville Mechanicsboro' New Tripoli Orefield Rittersville Saegersville Saucon Valley Schnecksville SeiberlingvilleSouth Whitehall TreichlersvilleTrexlertown Weisenburg Wescosville Zion s ville LUZERNE. Archbald Bald Mount Beach Grove Beach Haven Bear Creek BeaumontBlack Creek CambraCarverton Church Hill Clark's Green CliftonConyngham Daleville Dunmore Fairmount Springs Fleetville Forty Fort Green Grove HarveyvilleHazletonHunlock's Creek HuntsvilleHyde Park JeansvilleJeddo Lackawanna • Lake Mount Surprise MuhlenburgNanticoke New Columbus Newport Centre Old Forge Orange Pittston Ferry PlainsvillePort Blanchard Ransom Scranton ShickshinnySloyersvilleSweet Valley Syberts ville Town Hill Trucksville Wallsville WaverlyWhite Haven Wyoming LYCOMING. Alvira Barbour's Mills Black Hole Chestnut Grove CollomsvilleCrescent Elimsport Garrettsville HaneyvilleHughesville Hunters ville Lairdsville Larry's Creek LindenLittle Pine Creek Monturesville Newberry Prospect Mills Ralston Road Hall State Road TaneyvilleTexasTrout Run WalkervilleWarrens ville WatervilleWhite Deer Wolf Run McKEAN. Alleghany Bridge Annin Creek Burtville Clermontville Farmer's Valley Glenn, Eden, Kendall Creek Lafayette Norwich Port Alleghany Prentiss Vale MERCER. Centre town Clark Deer Creek Delaware Grove Exchangeville HarthegigHenderson Hermitage JamestownLeesburgLondonNew Lebanon New Vernon North Liberty • Perrine Sharon West Greenville West Middlesex Wolf Creek Worth MIFFLIN. Allensville Atkinson's Mills Belleville Kishacoquillas Locke's Mills McVeytownMilroy Newton Hamilton Reedsville Strode's Mills MONROE. Analomink Bartonsville Covesville DutotsburgEffortExperiment Mills Fennersville HenrysvilleKellers ville KresgevilleKunkletown Long Valley Marshall's Creek Merwinsburg NaglesvilleNew Mount Pleasant Paradise Valley Priceburg SaylorsburgShafersShawnee Shaw's Meadows SnydersvilleSoxvilleSpruce Grove Stanhope Stoddardsville Tanners ville TreiblevilleTurns MONTGOMERY. Barren Hill Blue Bell Conshohocken Crooked Hill Edge Hill Fairview Village General Wayne Gulf Mills HarleysvilleHatboro'HillegassHuntingdon Valley JeffersonvilleJenkintown King of Prussia Kulpsville Limerick Bridge MontgomeryvilleNorritonvillePennsburgPenn's Square Perkiomen Bridge Plymouth Meeting Port Kennedy Port Providence Royer's Ford 98 778 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Salford ville Schwencks's Store Shannonville Shippack Sorrel Horse" Spring House Sumneytown Trappe Nyler's Port Union Square Upper Dublin White Marsh Willow Grove Worcester MONTOUR. Jerseytown MooresburgRoaring Creek WashingtonvilleWhite Hall NORTHAMPTON. Bath Belfast Boston Butztown Cherry ville Flicksville Freemansburg HecktownHelhirtown Jacobsburg KesslersKleckners ville Kreidorsville Laubach Martin's Creek Mount Bethel Nazareth Petersville Richmond SlatefordStockertownStone Church Stouts UhlersvilleWeaversville Wind Gap NORTHUMBERLAND. Bear Gap Chulasky DalmatiaElysburg Freeland Greenbrier Line Mountain McEwansville MahanoyMiltonMount Carmel PaxinosPott's Grove Rushtown ShamokinSnydertown TrevortonTurbotvilleWatsontown PERRY. Andcrsonburg AndesvilleBaileysburgBlain Bosserman's Mills DuncannonElliottsburgIckesburg Keystone Landisburg Millerstown Montgomery's Ferry New Buffalo New Germantown Oak Grove Furnace Roseburg Sherman's Dale PHILADELPHIA. AndoraBridesburgBustletonFalls of Schuylkill Fox Chase HolmesburgKensingtonLeverington Milestown Olney Port Richmond Rising Sun SomertonSpring Garden West Philadelphia PIKE. Bushkill Dingman's Ferry MetamoraNarrows Shchola Taf'tonTwo Rivers POTTER. ClaraColesbusgCushingville East Sharon Ellisburg Genesee Fork Harrison Valley HebronHectorHomerKettle Creek LymansvilleMill Port NelsonportNorth Wharton Oswayo Pike Mills Pike Valley Roulette Sharon Centre Sweden Turner' Corner UlyssesWest Pike Wharton White's Comers Williston SCHUYLKILL. Auburn BearmontBlytheBranch Dale Broad Mountain Catawissa Valley DonaldsonDrehersvilleFocht's Forge Fountain Spring FreedensburgHickshirvilleKepners Llewllyn McKeansburgMiddleport Pine Grove PitmanPort Clinton Saint Clair Silver Creek TremontUpper Mahantango West Penn SOMERSET. BakersvilleBenford's Store Berlin Buckstown DavidsvilleDry Ridge Elk Lick Forwardstown GebhartsHarnedsville Jenner's Cross Roads LevansvilleMeyers's Mills New Lexington Shade Furnace Shanksville SipesvilleSomersfieldSouthampton Stony Creek Stoves town Summit Mills Turkey Foot Wellersburg SULLIVAN. Campbell ville CherryCherry Mills Davidson Eagles Mere Eldrcdsville Hill's Grove MillviewNew Laport Shunk SUSQUEHANNA. Auburn Four Comers Birchardvillo Brackney Clifford DimockDundaffElk Lake Ellerslie FairdaleForest Lake Friendsville Great Bend JacksonJackson Valley Kentuckyville Lanesboro'LathropLawsville Centre LenoxvilleLittle Meadows Lynn Millardsville Porter Ridge RushvilleSilver Lake South Auburn SpringvilleSusquehanna Depot ThompsonUpsonvilleWest Auburn TIOGA. Bailey Creek CharlestonChatham Valley Cherry Flats Covington Crooked Creek Daggett's Mills GainesGray's Valley Knoxville Lawrenceville Little Marsh Mainesburg Mansfield MixtownNauvooNelsonPine Creek SabinsvilleSullivan TiogaWellsboro'Westfield UNION. Beaver Springs BcavertownBuffalo Cross Roads Chapman Chestnut Ridge Cosgrave Hall Forest Hill Freeburg Hartleton Keens ville KratzervilleLewisburgMcKce's Half Falls MiddlcburgMiddle Creek MifflinsburgMount Pleasant Mills New Columbia Penn's Creek Sclin's Grove TurtlcvilleWhite Deer Mills Winfield POST OFFICES IN. THE UNITED STATES. 779 VENANGO Agnew's Mills Big Bend Canal Cass ClintonvilleCooperstownDempseytown East Sandy EmlentonFive Points HollandPerry Phipps's Mills Plumer Polk Porterfield President Furnace Rockland Stewart's Run SunvilleTyrrel Utica . • WallacevilleWesley Wilson's Mills WARRBN. Beech Woods Corydon EagleKinzuaLa Porte LottsvillePine Valley Pitsfield Russelsburg SheffieldSpring Creek Steam Mill Sugar Grove Tidionte West Spring Creek Youngs ville WASHINGTON. AmityBavington Beallsville BentleyvilleBower Hill Brush Run Burgettstown Candor Cannonsburg Cherry Valley Claysville ClokeyCommettsburgCross Creek Village Dunnings ville EldersvilleFinleyvilleFlorence Fredericktown Ginger Hill Good Intent HickoryIndependence LimetownLindly's Mills Locust Hill Maple Creek Millsboro'Monongahela City Mungo Park Munntown Murdocksville North Star , Paris Patterson's Mills Pike Run Pleasant Hill Prosperity Simpson's Store Sparta Taylors town Ten Mile ThompsonvilleVan Buren VancevilleVeniceWest Alexander West Brownsville West Finley West Middletown Zollers ville WAYNE. AldenvilleArielAshland Cherry Ridge East Sterling EldredEquinunk GalileeHamlin ton HawleyHill Top Honesdale Pleasant Mount Priceville Prompton Rileyville South Sterling StaruccaSterling Waymart White Mills WESTMORELAND. Adamsburg AqueductBradenville , Crawford's Mills Fitz Henry Fulton HalcyonHarrison City Harvey's Five Points Hill's View Jones's Mills Laughlintown Laurelville Ligonier LivermoreMadisonMcKean's Old Stand Murrysville New Alexandria New Derry New Stanton North Washington Pleasant Unity Poke Run Pucketas PueblaRostraver Salem Cross Roads Shearer's Cross Roads Stahlstown Stewartsville Tinker Run Watts's Mills West Fairfield West Newton Yohoghany Youngs town WYOMING, Bowman's Creek Braintrem Centre Moreland Factoryville Falls Forkston Kellersburg LaceyvilleLa Grange Mehoopanj' Nicholson North Flat OxbowRussell Hill Scotts ville Skinner's Eddy Sterlingville YORK. Apple Grove Bald Eagle Bryansville Castle Fin Cross Roads DallastownDay's Landing Dillsburg Emigsville EttersFarmers Fawn Grove Franklintown Glen Rock Grahamville HanoverHetricksLewisberryLoganville Lower Chanceford Manchester Margaretta Furnace Muddy Creek Forks Newberrytown New Bridgeville New Freedom Pine Hill ' Rossville Seven Valleys Shrewsbury SidonsburgSpring Forge Slate Hill Stewartstown Strawbridge Strinestowu Union Wellsville WindsorWrightsvilleYocumtown York Haven STATE OF DELAWARE. KENT. Camden Canterbury Frederica Keith's Cross Roads LeipsicLittle Creek Landing Masten's Corner MilfordSmyrna Sowardtown Vernon Whiteleysburg Williamsvi||[e NEW CASTLE. Black Bird Brandywine Springs Cantwell's Bridge Centreville ChippewaCooch's Bridge GlasgowHenry Clay Factory Loveville McDonoughMermaidMiddletownNaaman's Creek NewarkNewport Pleasant Hill Port Penn Red Lion StantonSummit Bridge Talleyville SUSSEX. Angola Black Water BridgevilleCannon's Ferry Cedar Creek Concord Dagsboro' Draw Bridge Gumboro' 780 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Hall's Store Lewes 1 Milton 1 Selbyville Horsey's Cross Roads Middleford | Seaford | Tunnell's Store Laurel Millsboro' STATE OF MARYLAND. ALLEGHANY Accident Dawsons Frostburg Grantsville Keyser's Ridge LonaconingMount Savage Oldtown Orleans Pleasant Grove Selbysport Shade Mill Western Port WinstonYough Glades ANNE ARUNDEL. Annapolis Junction Bright Seat Bristol ' Clarksville Cooksville Crownsville DavidsonvilloEldersburg Elysville Friendship Governor's Bridge Ilchester Mills LisbonMarriotts ville Matthews's Store Millersville Patuxent Poplar Springs SavageSimpsonville South River Taylorsville Tracy's Landing West River Woodstock BALTIMORE. Black Rock Brooklandville Butler CatonsvilleCockcys ville Cub Hill DoverEllengowanFork Meeting House Freeland Gap Mills GovanstownHarrisonvilleHereford Hooks town Little Gunpowder Long Green Academy Maryland Line Monkton Mills North Branch Owing's Mills PhilopolisPikesyilleReistertownRossville Ridge Hall Sweet Air Towsontown Union Meeting House Upperco Warren WashingtonvilleWeisesburgWesterman's Mills Wethered ville White Hall CALVERT. Chestnut Hill DunkirkHuntingtown Lower Marlboro' Port Republic CAROLINE. BridgetownBurrsville Federalsburg Greensboro' Hillsboro'New Hope Upper Hunting Creek CARROLL. Bachman's Mills Bruceville Double Pipe Creek Finksburg Franklinville Freedom HampsteadHood's Mills Houck's Store McKinstry's Mills Kroh'S Mills ManchesterMiddleburg Mount Airy New Windsor Piney Creek Porters Ridgeville Sam's Creek Sykesville x Taneytown Union Bridge Union Mills UniontownWakefield WarfieldburgWestminster WinfieldWoodbine CECIL. Blue Ball Brick Meeting House CeciltownCharlestownCherry Hill Chesapeake City College Green Fair Hill Northeast PerryvillePrincipio Furnace Rising Sun Rock Springs Rowlandsville South Milford WarwickWood Lawn Zion CHARLES. Allen's Fresh Beantown BenedictBryantownDuffield Glymont Harris's Lot Nanjemoy Newport Partnership' Pomonkey Tompkinsville DORCHESTER. Big Mills Bridgeville Church Creek East New Market Golden Hill HicksburgLakesvile Taylor's Island Tobacco Stick Vienna FREDERIC. AdamstownBarryBuckey's Town Burketsville Creagerstown Graceham Greenfield Mills Ijamsville JeffersonJohnsville LadiesburgLiberty Town MechanicstownMiddletownMonrovia Mount Pleasant MyersvilleNew London New Market Petersville Point of Rocks Sabillisville Unionville Urbana Utica Mills Walkers ville Weverton WolfsvilleWoodsboro' HARFORD. Abingdon Churchville Clermont Mills DarlingtonDublin Fallston Grey Rock Hall's Cross Roads Hickory Tavern Highland Grove Hopewell Cross Roads Jarretts ville Jerusalem Mills MagnoliaMichaelsvilleMill Green PerrymansvillePleasantvillePyles ville Rock Run Sandy Hook Shawsville TaylorUpper Cross Roads KENT. Chesterville [Roads Georgetown Cross Harmony Head of Sassafras Massy's Cross Roads MillingtonRock Hall Urieville MONTGOMERY. BarnesvilleBrookville ClarksburgColesvilleCottage Damascus DarnestownHyattstown Laytonsville Middlebrook Mills Poolesville Sandy Spring Seneca Mills Triadelphia Unity PRINCE GEORGE'S. AquascoBeltsvilleBrandywine Buena Vista POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 781 Fort Washington Good Luck Horse Head Laurel Factory Long Old Fields Nottingham< Piscataway Queen Ann Upper Marlboro' QUEEN ANNE. Broad Creek Church Hill Long Marsh QueenstownSudlersville Templeville SAINT MARY'S. Chaptico Charlotte Hall Great Mills Miles town Mount Olive Oakville Park Hall Ridge Saint Clements Bay SOMERSET. Barron Creek Springs Bell Mount Fork Town Kingston Quantico Rock Creek Sharp Town Upper Trappe Whitehaven TALBOT. Bay Hundred Oxford Royal Oak Saint Michaels Trappe Wye Mills WASHINGTON. Bakersville Beaver Creek BenevolaBoonsboro'Brownsville Cave town ChewsvilleClears Spring Conococheague College of Saint James FairviewFunkstown Keedysville Lappon's Cross Roads LeitersburgPark Head Ringgold RohrersvilleSharpsburgSmithsburg Williamsport WORCESTER. BerlinDerickson's Cross f Newark [Roads Newtown Saint Martins Sandy Hill Whaleys ville Anacostia DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. WASHINGTON. I Georgetown | Tennallytown STATE OF VIRGINIA. ACCOMACK. Bellehaven Chincoteague Guilford HorntownHunting Creek Locust Mount Locustville Messongo Metompkin Modest -Town New Church Onancock Pungoteague Wagram ALBEMARLE. Bentivoglio ' Boyd's Tavern BrooksvilleBrown's Cove Carter's Bridge CobhamCovesville EarlysvilleFree Union GarlandsHardin's Tavern HowardsvilleHydraulic Mills Kesnick Depot Mechum's River MillingtonMoreman's River Mount Israel North Garden Nortonsville Porter's Precinct ScottsvilleShadwellStony Point University of Virginia WarrenYancey's Mills ALEXANDRIA. Brixton ALLEGHANY Alum Rock CallaghansClifton Forge Morris's Hill Potts's Creek Rich Patch AMELIA. Deatonsville Dennisville Elk Hill Finney Mills Jeters ville LodoreMannboro'Namozine Painesville Rodophil AMHERST. Buffalo Springs Cool Well ElonNew Glasgow Oronoco Pedler's Mills Pryor's Vale Rose Mills SandidgesStapletonStony Fork Temperance Tobacco Row APPOMATTOX. Bent Creek Oakville Concord Rose Grove Spout Spring Stonewall Mills Walker's Church Woodlawn AUGUSTA. Barter Brook ChurchvilleCline's Mill Deerfield Estelline Furnace Fishersville GreenvilleHermitage Jennings's Gap Lebanon White Sulphur Long Glade [Springs Middlebrook Mint Spring Mount Meridian Mount Sidney Mount Solon New Hope ParnassusRockland Mills Steele's Tavern Stewart's Draft Tunnel Waynesboro' West View BARBOUR. Barker's Settlement Burnersville Nestorville Overfield Peck's Run BATH. Bath Alum Cloverdale Hotel Green Valley Hot Springs Millboro' Springs Miller's Mill Mountain Grove Sunrise Williamsville .BEDFORD Big Island BufordsBunker Hill Chamblisburg CharlemontCross Roads Davis's Mills Davis's Store Dickinson's Store Eagle Eyry EmausFancy Grove Hendrick's Store Kaseys LisbonNorwood Oak Muldge Otter Bridge PeakesvilleWades BERKELEY. DarkesvilleFalling Waters Gerrardstown Haines ville Hedges ville 782 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Mill Creek Hat Creek Colvin's Tavern Deed's Manor North Mountain Leesville Eldorado Millview Tomahawk Springs Lynchburg Farley Morgansburg Van Clevesville Marysville Glenn Mills Moreland Morris's Church Griffinsburg Morrisville BOONE. Mount Zion Jeffersonton New Baltimore Ballardsville New London Kellysville Oak Hill Hewit Pigeon Run Oak Shade Orlean Peytona Yellow Branch Racoon Ford Paris Richardsville Pine View BOTETOURT. CABELL. Rixeyville Rector's Cross Roads Amsterdam Bloomingdale Shepherd's Grove Rectortown Blue Ridge Green Bottom Stevensburg Saint Stephens Catawba Griflithsville Strode Salem Fauquier Cloverdale Guyandotte Thompsonville Somerville Craig's Creek Mud Bridge Waylandsburg The Plains Dagger's Springs Upperville Flukes CAROLINE. CUMBERLAND. Warrenton Springs Junction Store Athens Calra Waterloo Middle Mountain Central Point Cartersville Weaversville New Castle Concord Academy Langhorne's Tavern Wheatley Old Hickory Flippos Oak Forest Sinking Creek Golansville Raines's Tavern FAYETTE. Tinker Knob Guineys Royal Oaks Ganley Bridge Milford Stony Point Mills Locust Lane BRAXTON. Port Royal Mountain Cove Bulltown Rappahannock Acade- DINWIDDIE. Pleasant Hill Flatwoods Ruther Glen [my Burnt Quarter Sewell Mountain Sparta Darvills BROOKE. Turner's Store Fork Inn FLOYD. Bethany White Chimneys Goodwynsville Camp Mills Cherry Hill Mount Level Cannaday Gap Fowlers CARROLL. Ritchieville Greasy Creek New Cumberland Cranberry Plains Wyoming Indian Valley Short Creek Dug Spur Little River Good Spur DODDRIDGE. Simpsons BRUNSWICK. Grayson Sulphur Greenbrier Run Burntville Hillsville [Springs Greenwood FLUVANNA. Crichton's Store New Milton Bowlesville Diamond Grove CHARLES CITY. Central Plains Edmunds Appersons ESSEX. Columbia Gholsonville Swineyards Bestland . Fork Union Harper's Home Centre Cross La Fayette Hill Harrisville CHARLOTTE. Dunnsville Seven Islands Jonesboro' Aspen Wall Lloyds Union Mills Kennedys Cub Creek Loretto Wilmington Lewisviile | Dupree's Old Store Miller's Tavern Pleasant Oaks Friend's Grove Montague FRANKLIN. Powellton Harvey's Store Occupacia Boone's Mill Smoky Ordinary Keysville Coopers Stony Mount Midland FAIRFAX. Dickinsons Sturgeonville Red House Accatink Fishersboro' White Plains Red Oak Grove Anamlale Glade Hill Roanoke Bridge Centreville Gogginsville BUCKINGHAM. Rough Creek Wylliesburg Chantilly Hale's Ford Chambers's Mills Dranesville Long Branch Curds ville Falls Church Prillamans Diana Mills CHESTERFIELD. Langley Retreat Glenmore Blackheth Peach Grove Shady Grove Gravel Hill Otter Dale Pleasant Valley Snow Creek Mount Vinco Proctor's Creek Prospect Hill Sydnorsville New Canton Skinquarter Republican Mills Taylor's Store New Store Winterpock Spring Vale Union Hall Virginia Mills Theological Seminary CLARKE. FREDERIC. CAMPBELL. Berryville FAUQUIER. Ashton's Mills Arnoldton Castleman's Ferry Auburn Back Creek Valley Beaver Creek Millwood Bristersburg Brucetown Brook Ncal Wadesville Clift Mills Cedar Creek Castle Craig White Post Elk Run Gainesboro' Dinwiddie.'s Tan Yard Farrowsville Gravel Spring Falling Bridge CULPEPER. Foxville High View Green Hill Boston Germantown Middletown POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 783 Newtown Stephensburg Black Walnut New Salem KING AND QUEEN Stephenson's Depot Bloomsburg Peel Tree Bruington White Hall Brooklyn Quiet Dell Carlton's Store Church Hill Romine's Mills Fleetwood Academy GILES. Dryburg Shinnston Little Plymouth Bell Point Harmony West Milford Newtown Kimberlin Hyco Plain View Level Green Hyco Falls HENRICO. Shaklefords Macksburg Hayo Erin Shades Stevensville Mechanicsburg Mead ville Laurel Branch Walkerton Midway Mount Laurel Newport Providence HENRY. KING GEORGE. Pembroke Republican Grove Horse Pasture Clifton Poplar Hill Rogersville Leatherwood's Store Edge Hill Simmonsville Scottsburg Oak Level Hampstead Whitesville Rough and Ready Millville GILMER. Traylorsville Port Conway Big Bend HAMPSHIRE. Shiloh Bethlehem Cacaponville HIGHLAND. Cox's Mills Capon Bridge Clover Creek KING WILLIAM. De Kalb Capon Springs Crab Bottom Acquinton Henrie's Fork Cold Stream Doe Hill Ayletts Steer Creek Dillon's Run Hevener's Store Enfield Frankfort McDowell Lanesville GLOUCESTER. Green Spring Run Meadow Dale Mangohick Glenns Hanging Rock Palo Alto Sharonville Hays's Store Higginsville [House North River Meeting Ruckmanville Hickory Fork Spruce Hill LANCASTER. Wood's Cross Roads North River Mills Williamsville Kilmarnock Patterson's Depot Wilsonville Litwalton GOOCHLAND. Pleasant Dale Lively Oak Beaver Dam Ridgeville ISLE OF WIGHT. White Stone Coal Hill Sheetz Mills Barber's Cross Roads Dover Mills Sherrard's Store Burwell's Bay LEE. Fifes Smith's Gap Carsville Bachelor's Home Hadensville Springfield Mayfield Powell's Mountain Johnson's Spring Yellow Spring Rose Hill Loch Lomond JACKSON. Shaver's Creek Pemberton HANCOCK. Angerona Stickleysville Perkinsville Fairview Moore's Mills Turkey Cove Powell's Tavern Freeman's Landing Murraysville Walnut Hill Shannon Hill Holliday's Cove Pleasant View Ravenswood Yokum Station GRAYSON. HANOVER. Sandy LEWIS. Big Meadow Beaver Dam Depot Tanner's Cross Roads Bennett's Mills Bridle Creek Chickahomeny Big Skin Creek Elk Creek Etna JAMES CITY. Buckhannon Mouth of Wilson Goodalls Burnt Ordinary Bush's Mills Peach Bottom Junction Collins's Settlement Maddox JEFFERSON. French Creek GREENBRIER. Montpelier Duffields Frenchton Anthony's Creek Negro Foot Hall town Ireland Bunger's Mill Old Church Kabletown Janelew Clintonville Rockville Kerneysville Leading Creek Falling Spring Taylorsville Leetown Little Skin Creek Frankford Verdon Middleway Lorentz Store Maysville Shepherdstown Rude's Mills Meadow Bluff HARDY. Summit Point Sago Palestine Baker's Run Weston Second Creek Brake's Run KANAWHA. Spring Creek Fabius Clendenin LOGAN. White Sulphur Springs Hazard Forge Coalsmouth Chapmansvillc Lost River Jarrett's Ford Huff's Creek GREENE. Luney's Creek Lenn's Creek Rich Creek Ruckersville Wardensville Mount Salem Williamsport Paint Creek LOUDON. GREENVILLE. Pocotaligo Aldie Poplar Mount HARRISON. Shrewsbury Areola Ryland's Depot Bridgeport Sisson ville Belmont Grass Land Teaze's Valley Bloomfield HALIFAX. Lost Creek Walnut Grove Bolington Barksdale Lumberport Walton Hamilton Bentleyville Melon Winifrede Hillsboro' 784 POST OFFICES LN THE UNITED STATES. Hoysville Hughesville LovettsvilleMiddleburg Mount Gilead Mountville Neersville Noland's Ferry Oatlands PhilomontPurcel's Store SnickersvilleUnisonWaterford Wheatland LOUISA. AltoAmbler's Mills Bell's Cross Roads Cuckooville EllisvilleFrederickshall Gilboa Gum Spring Harris JacksonLocust Creek Long Creek Mansfield Mechanicsville Poinderter's Store Pottiesville Second Turn Out South Anna [Roads Thompson's Cross Tolersvillc jTrevillian's Depot LUNENBURG. Barry's Bridge Brickland Columbian Grove Double Bridge Haleysburg Laurel Hill Loch Levan McFarlandsPleasant Grove RehobothWattsboro'Yatesville MADISON. Booton's Tan Yard CriglersvilleGrav'es's Mill Leon Locust Dale Madison Mills Peola Mills Rapidan Seville MARION. Barracks ville Basnettsville Beaty's Mills Blackshires Booth sville FairmontFarmingtonForks of Buffalo HoodsvilleMeredith's Tavern Morgan's Ridge Nuzum's Mills PalatineRivesville SariettaWorthington MARSHALL. Beeler's Station DallasFair Hill Fish Creek Fork Ridge Grave Creek Long Botton Poplar Spring Rock Valley Wheeling Valley Woodlands MASON. ArbuckleHerefordsPleasant Flat Red House Shoals West Columbia MATTHEWS. North End MECKLENBURG. BoydtonChristiansvilleClarksville DrapersvilleForksvilleLombardy Grove Oakley Palmer's Springs [lege Randolph Macon Col- Saint Tammanys South Hill Tanner's Store Union Level White House Whittle's Mills MERCER. BethelEast River Pipe Stem Princeton MIDDLESEX. Free Shade Jamaica SaludaSandy Bottom Urbana MONONGALIA. AmittsvilleBlacksville Cassville Dornicktown Granville Ice's Ferry Jakes's Run Jim Town Laurel Point Morgantown Pentress Stewartstown Uffington Wades town White Day MONROE. Egypt Gap Mills Indian Creek Mouth of Indian Nickell's Mills Pack's Ferry Peterstown Pickaway Plains MONTGOMERY. Blacksburg Christiansburg La Fayette Lovely Mount McDonald's Mill Shawsville MORGAN. Alpine Cacapon Depot Highland Mills Oakland Paw Paw Sir John's Run Sleepy Creek Bridge Smith's Cross Roads NANSEMOND. Chuckatuck Factory Hill Hargrove's Tavern Holy Neck SomertonSouth QuayNELSON. Elk Furnace Faber's Mills Green Field Hardwicksville Mount Horeb Murrill's Shop Piedmont RoselandTye River Warehouse Variety Mills Warminster NEW KENT. Barhamsville NICHOLAS. Birch River NORFOLK. Deep Creek Great Bridge Hickory Ground Lake Drummond N. West River Bridge NORTHAMPTON. Capeville Cherry Stone EastvilloFranktown Johnsontown Sea View NORTHUMBERLAND. Burgess's Store Lottsburg Union Village Wicomico Church NOTTOWAY. BlackfaceBlacks and Whites Jeffress's Store Jennings Ordinary Morganville OHIO. Triadelphia West Liberty ORANGE. Barbours ville GermannaGordonsville Liberty Mills Locust Grove Mount Eminence Orange Springs StanardsvilleThornhillVerdierville PAGE. Cedar Point Grove Hill Honeyville HopeMills Long Meadow Marksville [Works Shenandoah Iron PATRICK Ararat Avo ElamsvilleKendrick's Spur MayoningPenn's Store PruntysRock Castle Union Furnace PENDLETON. FranklinHarper's Mills Mouth of Seneca Mount Freedom Oak Flat Sugar Grove Sweedlin Hill Upper Tract PITTSYLVANIA. Aspen Grove Bachelor's Hall Berger's Store CallandsCascadeChalk Level Chestnut Grove Hill Grove Laurel Grove Oak's Shop , POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 785 PeytonsburgRieeville RinggoldRobertson's Store Sandy Level Sandy River Sugar Tree Swansonville POCAHONTAS. Big Spring DunmoreEdray Greenbank Hunters ville Little Level Marlin Bottom Mill Point Oldlield Fork of Elk Travellers' Repose POWHATAN. BallsvilleFlat Rock Hallsboro' Jefferson Macon SmifhsvilleSublett's Tavern PRESTON. BrandonvilleCheat Bridge Cranesville Decker's Creek EvansvilleFellowsvilleGerman Settlement Gladesville GreigsvilloKingwoodMuddy Creek Racoon Salt Lick Falls Section PRINCE EDWARD. Burkcsville Darlington Heights Farm ville Foster's Fork [lege Hampden Sidney Col- Marble Hill Merriman's Shop Midway Inn Pear Grove Prospect PRINCE GIIORGE. GarysvilleTempleton Union Grove PRINCESS ANN. Ives's Store Kempsville Land of Promise London Bridge Pleasant Ridge PRINCE WILLIAM. Groveton Haymarket Independent Hill LandsdownMilford Mills OccoquanThroughfare PULASKI. Draper's Valley Humility NewbernPepper's Ferry- Reed Island PUTNAM. Alexander Buffalo Mouth of Poca Plinv Winfield RALEIGH. Beckley Coal River Marshes Shady Spring RANDOLPH. Butcher's Store Fillmore Glady Creek HuttonsvilleLeadsvilleMiddle Fork Mingo Flat Western Ford RAPPAHANNOCK. Amissville Black Rock Flint Hill Gaines's Cross Roads Hawsbury Laurel Mills Slate Mills Sperryville Thornton's Mills WashingtonWoodville RICHMOND. Darrettsville Farnham Lyell's Store Stony Hill Warsaw RITCHIE. Bone Creek Farmington Goose Creek Highland Pcnnsboro' SchumlaWebb's Mills White Oak ROCKBRIDGE. Alum Springs Bell's Valley BrownsburgBuena Vista Furnace Buffalo Forge Canicello Cedar Grove Mills 99 Collierstown FairfieldFancy Hill Kerr's Creek Natural Bridge Panther's Gap Timber Ridge ROANOKE. Big Lick Botetourt Springs Cane Spring SalemStoner's Store ROCKINGHAM. Bowman's Mills BridgewaterBrock's Gap Conrad's Store Cross Keys DaytonDovesvilleHarrisonburgKeezletown Lacey Spring Linnville Creek McGaheysville Melrose Mount Clinton Mount Crawford Ottobine Paradise Port Republic Spartapolis Timberville RUSSELL. Bickley's Mills Big Glades DickensonvillcElk Garden Guest's Station HansonvilleHendrick's Mills Nash's Ford New Garden Pound SCOTT. Block House Holston Springs Nickelsvillc Osborn's Ford Pattonsville Quillinsville Rio Frio Rocky Point Rye Cove Stock Creek Stony Creek SHENANDOAH. Columbia Furnace EdenburgLorenzoville Foundry Moore's Store Mount Clifton Mount Jackson Paddy Mills Strasburg Tom's Brook- Van Buren Furnace SMYTH. Blue Spring Broadford Chatham Hill Rye Valley Seven Mile Ford Sinclair's Bottom Town House Two Mile Branch SOUTHAMPTON. BerlinBowers Drewrysvillc Farmer's Grove Franklin Depot Green Level Jerusalem Ncwson's Depot Pope's Store Pumpkin Vicks ville SPOTTSYLVANIA. Andrews Chancellors ville Clover Green Danielsville Lewis's Store Mount Pleasant PartlowsThornburgToddsTwyman's Store Wilderness STAFFORD. AquaiBelfair Mills Falmouth Garrisonville Hartwood Spotted ville Tackett's Mill SURRY. Bacon's Castle Baileysburg Cabin Point SUSSEX Blackwater Coman's Well Green Bud HawkinsvilleHenry JarrattsLittletonNewvilleParman's Store [house Stony Creek Ware- TAYLOR. Pleasant Creek Three Forks TAZEWELL. Abb's Valley Baptist Valley Blue Stone Burke's Garden Cedar Bluff Clear Fork Head of Clinch Knob 786 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Maiden Spring Peery's Store Richland Rocky Gap Slate Creek Tug River Valley TYLER. Grape Island HebronPine Grove RipleysRussell's Mills Sistersville Wick WARREN. Bentonville Front Royal HambaughMenasse's Gap MilldaleNineveh Overalls WARWICK. WASHINGTON. Cedarville Clark's Mills Clear Branch Emory Glade Spring Hayter's Gap HolstonKinderhookLaurel Liberty Hall Love's Mills North Fork Raven's Nest Saltville Sapling Grove Three Springs Timber Grove WYANE. Amacetta Parrizade Savage Grant WESTMORELAND. Hague Kin sale Nominy Grove Oak Grove Oldham's Cross Roads Rice's Store WETZEL Knob Fork New Martinsville Pine Grove Porter's Falls Proctor WIRT. Burning Spring Newark Reedy Ripple Reedyvillc Zachville WOOD. Belleville Briscoe Run Bull Creek Claysville Duncan Fountain Spring Freepdrt Saint Mary's Stillwell WillardsWillow Island WYOMING Ginseng WYTHE. AustinvilleBuffalo Ford Cedar Mount Cedar Springs Jackson's Ferry Red Bluff Rich Valley Rural Retreat SharonSpeedwell YORK. Half-way House Yorktown STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. ALEXANDER Mount Pisgah Stony Point TaylorvilloWittenbergs ALAMANCE. GrahamPatterson's Store Pleasant Grove Shallow Ford ANSON. Beverly Cedar Hill Carolina Female Coll Diamond Hill Hammond's Store Lanesboro'LilesvilleMeltonsville MorvcnPee Dec Poplar Hill Whites StoreASHE. Boone Elk Cross Roads Gap Civil Helton Laurel Springs ManlyMoretz Mill Nathan's Creek North Fork Potato Creek South Fork Sugar Grove Vallo Crucis BEAUFORT. Blount's Creek Durham's Creek LeechvillePantego Pungo Creek BERTIE. Ashland ColerainMerry Hill Roxobel BLADEN. Beatty's Bridge Colly Swamp Cypress Creek Ellis ville Gravelly Hill Lyon's Landing Prospect Hall West Brook Western Prong White's Creek BRUNSWICK. Robeson Shallotte BUNCOMBE. Avery's Creek DemocratFairviewFrench Broad Hommeny Creek LaplandLimestone Rcem's Creek Sandy Mush Spring Creek Stocksville Sulphur Springs SwananoTurkey Creek Walnut Creek Warm Springs BURKE. Brindletown Canoe Creek Drowning Creek Linville River Perkinsville CABARRAS. Bost's Mills Garmon's Mills Kirkland Mill Hill Mount Pleasant Oaklawn Park's Store Pioneer Mills Welch's Mills CALDWELL. Catawba View CollcttsvilleCopenhagenDeal's Mill Elkville Fort Defiance Globe King's Creek Little River Lovelady CAMDEN ShiloahSouth Mills CARTERET. Hadnots Portsmouth CASWELL. Anderson's Store Blackwcll Graves HightowersLeasburgLocust Hill MiltonMoore's Store Prospect Hill Stony Creek Yanceyville CATAWBA. Bunker's Hill FishersFlint Rock Jacob's Fork Mountain Creek CHATHAM Adolph Cane Creek Emerson's Tan Yard Evans's Mills GroveHackney's Cross Roods Hadley's Mills Haywood Jenny Lind Martha's Vineyard MoringvilleMudlick OaklandPedler's Hill Saint Lawrence Sandy, Grove The Grove Trade's Hill CHEROKEE. DawcsvilleFort Hembroe Fort Montgomery Nottla Peach Tree POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 787 Persimmon Creek Shooting Creek Stikoih TomotlaTusquiteo Turtle Town Valley Town CHOWAN. Ballard's Bridge CLEVELAND. Birchettsville Camp Call ClingmanDuncan's Creek ErwinsvilleFillmore Garners Ford Mooresboro'Muddy Fork Polkville Sandy Run Stice's Shoal SwangstownWhite Plains COLUMBUS. Big Swamp Fair Bluff Gum Swamp White Marsh CRAVAN. Swift Creek Bridge CUMBERLAND. Argyle Averysboro' BarclaysvilleBunn's Level Chalk Level Fayetteville Gibbs's Cross Roads Gray's Creek Harrington Johnsonville Kingsbury Little Rock Fish Neill's Creek NorthingtonPleasant Plains River Side Summerville CURRITUCK. CoinjockComer Gum Indian town Poplar Branch Powell's Point DAVIDSON; Abbott's Creek Brummells Clcmmonsville Cotton Grove Fair Grove Healing Springs Jackson Hill Jersey Settlement MidwayMaple Hill Pennfieid Rich Fork Silver Hill Spencer Walser's Mill DAVIE. County Line FarmingtonFultonJerusalemMocksville Smith's Grove DUPLIN. AlbertsonsBear Branch Buena Vista Chinkapin Faison's Depot HallsvilleKenansville Strickland's Depot Teacheys Warsaw EDGECOMBE. Battleboro' Joyner's Depot Rocky Mount SpartaStanatonsburg Wilson FORSYTH. Muddy Creek White Road Winston FRANKLIN. Franklinton Hall's Cross Roads Harris's Cross Roads Pacific Pugh's Hill GASTON. Catawba Creek Crowder's Creek Dallas HoylesvilleNail Factory Old Furnace Stowesville GATES. GatesvilleMintonsville Sunbury GRANVILLE. Abram's Plains BereaBlue Wing BrookvilleBrownsvilleDutchville Gregory's Mill HendersonKnap of Reeds Lynesville " Oak Hill Staunton Tabb's Creek Tally Ho Tar River Tranquillity Waterloo Williamsboro' Wilton Woodworths Young's Cross Roads GREENE. Fountain Hill Hookerstown Speight's Bridge GUILFORD. Allemance CentreClapps Deep River Fentriss Friendship Gilmer's Store Hillsdale Hunt's Store Jamestown Monticello New Garden Oak Ridge Parson's Mills Shaw's Mills " SummerfieldThompson's Store Westminster HALIFAX. Brinkleyville Enfield HeathsvilleLittletonRingwood Sycamore Alley Weldon Westland HAYWOOD. Crab Tree East Laporte Fine's Creek Forks of Pigeon Jonathan's Creek Ocona Lufty Pigeon River Quallatown Scott's Creek Waynesville HENDERSON. Boilston Cathey's Creek Claytonville Davidson's River EdneyvilleFlat Rock Mill River Mud Creek HERTFORD. Harrellsville Murfreesboro' . Pitch Landing Riddicksville Saint John Winton HYDE. Fairfield Lake Comfort Lake Landing MiddletownOcracokeSladesville IREDELL Bethanv Church Deep Well Eagle Mills Fallstown Fancy Hill Houstonville Liberty Hill Mount Mourne New Hope Oak Forest Poplar Grove Post Oak i Rocky Creek Snow Creek Williamsburg Zion JOHNSON. Bentonsville BeulahBoonhill Crcachville Elevation Gulley's Store Lowell Saint Charles JONES. Comfort Pollocksville LENOIR. Moseley Hall Pink Hill Sandy Foundation Strabane LINCOLN. Beattie's Ford Catawba Spring's Cottage Home Dry Ponds Early Grove ErasmusFalls Forneys Killian's Mills Kings Mountain Lowranee's Mill Mull Grove Slierrill's Ford Siegel's Store South Point Vesuvius Furnace Woodlawn Mcdowell Military Grove MinersvilleMountain Home North Cove Old Fort 788 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Stone Mountain Sugar Hill Turkey Cove MACON. AlarkaAquoneCasher's Valley Franklin Governor's Island Tennessee River MARTIN. Gardner's Bridge HamiltonWilliamston MECKLENBURG. Alexandriana Clear Creek Coburn's Store Cowan's Ford Davidson College Fullwood's Store Harrisburg Hemphill's Store HopewellHornet's Nest MartindaleMorrison's Tan Yard Mount Moriah Orrville Pleasant Oaks ProvidenceRanaleburgHose Hill Rozell's Ferry Sharon Steele Creek Tuekasaga While Hall MONTGOMERY. Auman's Hill Harrisville MacedoniaMcCullum's Store McRae's Mills MatamorasMilledgeville Mount Gilead Swift Island TroyWind Hill MOORE. CaledoniaCentrevilleClark's Mills Grain's Creek Falling Mill Gold Region Long Street New Gilead Pharr's Mills Pocket Prosperity Reedy Branch Rollins's Store Solemn Grove Watson's Bridge NASH. Belford Botanic Hill Hilliardston Peach Tree Grove Ransom's Bridge Stanhope NEW HANOVER. BanncrmanBlack River Chapel CaintuckCypress Grove Harrcll's Store Long Creek Moore's Creek Sill's Creek Topsail Sound NORTHAMPTON. Francesville GarysburgGreen Plains Pleasant Hill PotecasiRich Square Summit ONSLOW. Angola Catharine Lake Foy's Store Palo Alto Piny Green Richlands Snead's Ferry Stump Sound Swansboro' ORANGE. Bethmont Big Falls Burnt Shop Caldwell Cedar Grove Chapel Hill Clover Garder Clover Orchard Dial's Creek DurhamvilleEnoe Mills Faucett's Store Green Spring HawfieldsHartshorn Holt's Store Lindley's Store McDanielsMason Hall Meadow Creek MooresvilleMorgan's Creek Mount Willing Prattsburg Red Mountain Rock Creek Rock Spring Round Hill Snow Camp South Lowell Mills StagvilleTrice's Store Walnut Grove West' Point White Cross PASQUOTANK. PERQUIMANS. Durant's Neck Newby's Bridge Woodville PERSON. Cunningham's Store Daniel's Mills Five Forks Gordonton Mill Creek Mount Tirzah Olive Hill Van Hook's Store Williams ville Woodsdale PUT. Contentnia Falkland Johnson's Mills Pactolus Ridge Spring POLK. Horse Creek RANDOLPH. Brewer's Mills Brush Creek Buffalo Ford Caraway Cedar Falls Cox's Mills EdenFranklinville Gray's Cross Roads Hill's Store Hoover Hill Institute La Grange Lassiter's Mills Long's Mills Marley's Mills Moffitt's Mills New Market New Salem Reed Creek Salem Church Sandy Creek SawyersvilleStone Lick Troy's Store White House RICHMOND. Bo stick's Mills Covington Dockery's Store Dumas's Store Laurel Hill Little's Mills MontpelierPowclltonRockingham SpringfieldStewarts town Stewartsville ROBESON. Alfordsville Cowper Hill Dundarrack GaddeysvilleGilopolis Howellsville Leesville Lumber Bridge Philadelphus Queensdale Randalsville Saint Pauls ROCKINGHAM Eagle Falls Grogansville Lawsonville LeaksvilleLenox Castle Madison Monroeton PleasantvilleRawlingsburg ReidsvilleThompsonvilleTroublesome ROWAN. Calaubria China Grove CowansvilleGold Hill Miranda Mount Ulla Mount Vernon RockvilleSpring Grove RUTHERFORD Cedar Creek Chimney Rock Cooper's Gap Cuba Golden Valley Green Hill Green River HicksvilleHigh Shoals Island Ford Logan's Store Mills's Gap Patten's Home Pinckney Sandy Plains TrvohWebb's Ford SAMPSON. Beman's Cross Roads Draughon's Store Green Hill Hawley's Store LisburnMonk's Store Newton Grove Owenville Piney Grove Six Runs Spring Vale Taylor's Bridge STANLY. Efird's Mills Kendall's Store POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 789 NorwoodRowlandsville STOKES. Ayersville Belew's Creek Bethania Big Creek Blakely Colesville Crooked Creek Danbury FranciscoKernersville Limestone Well Little Yadkin Martin's Lime Kilns Old Town Peters's Creek Red Shoals Rough and Ready Walkerstown Walnut Cove SURRY. Doweltown East Bend Forbush HamptonvilleHay Stack Huntsville Indesville Jonesville Mount Airy Mount Nebo Panther Creek Red Plains Republic Rusk Scull Camp SiloamStony Ridge Tom's Creek Walnut Lane TYRREL. UNION. Beaver Dam Gourdvine Jenkins's Store Lane's Creek Morgan's Mills OakvilleRichardson's Creek Walkersville Winchester Wolfsville WAKE. Auburn Eagle Rock Fishdam Flemington Fores tville Green Level Holly Spring Kelvin Grove Middle Creek New Light Roger's Store RolesvilleWakefield WARREN. Areola Exchange Grove Hill Macon Depot Merry Mount NutbushRidgeway WASHINGTON. Leo Scuppernong WATAUGA. BooneBrushy Flat Cranberry Forge Stony Fork WAYNE. Black Creek EvcrittsvilleFalling Creek Goldsboro' Jerico Nahunta Sleepy Creek WILKES. Brier Creek Buggabo Church's Store Hay Meadow Lewis's Fork LovelaceMulberry New Castle Trap Hill Warrior Creek Wilkesboro' YANCEY. BakersvilleBald Creek Big Laurel Blue Ridge ChildsvilleClay Gabriel's Creek Grassy Creek Ivy White Rock Yellow Mountain STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. ABBEVILLE. Bordeaux Calhoun's Mills Cambridge Cherokee Heights Cokeshury Dead Fall pDue West Corner GentsvilleGreenwood Harper's Ferry ¦ Harrisburg Indian Hill Lebanon LodiLong Cane Lowndesville MapletonMontereyMountain View Mount Hill New Market ShirleysvilleSmithvilleStony Point Swancy's Ferry Temple of Health TerrysvilleWarrentonWidemans Willington Wilson's Creek Winter Seat ANDERSON. Andersonville Brushy Creek Butlersville CalhounCentre town ChurubuscoCraytonville Double Branches DouthetEqualityEvergreen Golden Springs Locust Hill MilweesMineral Spring MoffettsvilleNewell Queensboro' Rock Mills SenecaSilver Glade Slabtown StantonvilleSteelesStoreville Townville Varennes BARNWELL. AikenAllendaleAngley's Branch BlackvilleBuford's Bridge Cowpen Branch Davis's Mills Dunbarton DuncansvilleErwintonFiddle Pond Four Mile Branch Graham's Turn Out King Creek Lower Three Runs Lowery Merritt's Bridge MidwayRed Oak Grove Rivers's Bridge SilvertonSmyrnaSpeedwellTincker's Creek TreadwayWhitflftPondWilliston BEAUFORT. Beach Branch BlufftonBrighton Coosawhatchio Danielton Duck Branch GillisonvilleGraham ville Hickory Hill LawtonvillePocotaligo Robertsville Steep Bottom Whippy Swamp CHARLESTON. Black Oak Haddell's Point Holly Hill Monk's Corner Pineville Roadville Summerville CHESTER. Baton Rouge Beckamsville Blacks tocks Carmel Hill Cedar Shoal Chalkville Chestnut Grove Crosbyville Halsellville HazelwoodLandsfordLewisvillePedensville Rossville Sandersville TomsvilleTorbit's Store CHESTERFIELD. Gold Mine Hornsboro' Mount Croghan COLLETON. Adams's Run Ashapo#Ferry 790 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Blue House Buckhead Causey Rantowles Red Bank Ridgeville Saint Georges Saltketcher Bridge Walterboro' Walkers DARLINGTON. Cartersville EffinghamGum Branch Hartsville LeavensworthMerchant's Bluff Mount Elon Pleasant View Society Hill Swift Creek EDGEFIELD. Beech Island Big Creek CairoCold Spring Coleman's Cross Roads Colliers DuntonsvilleEdisto Mills EltonFruit Hill German ville Granite ville HamburgHiggins's Ferry Ivy Island Kirksey's Cross Roads Longmire's Store Lotts Meeting Street Mount Willing Oakland Parks Perry's Cross Roads Phoenix Pleasant Lane Poverty Hill Rehoboth Richardsonvillc Ridge Saluda Sleepy Creek Wood Lawn FAIRFIELD. Alston Bell's Store Browns Buckhead Coukham least crville Gladdcn's Grove Jackson's Creek Longtown McMeekins Poplar Spring Ridgeway llidgewood Rocky Mount Thompsons * White Oak Winnsboro' Yonguesville CEORGETOYVN. Ynnhanna GREENVILLE. Buena Vista Cedar Falls Chick's Springs' Clear Spring Cripple Creek DunklinFairview Fountain Inn Gilder Golden Grove Gowensville Highland Grove HighwayLickville MerrittsvilleMillburgMilford Mush Creek North Saluda PalonaPanther Fork PlainPleasant Grove Pliny Sterling Grove StonesvilleTituroyTraveller's Rest HORRY. BucksvilleDogwood Neck Floyd's Mills Lake Swamp Little River KERSHAW. Bee Tree Boykin's Depot Flat Rock Hanging Rock Liberty Hill Lynch wood Red Hill Russell Place Tiller's Ferry LANCASTER* Belair Cureton's Store Dry Creek Flint Ridge Hickory Head Jacksonham Longstrect Pleasant Hill Pleasant Valley LAURENS. , Brewcrtown CentrevilleCross Hill Dunlapville Eden Hollands I Huntington Huntsville Line Creek MarengoMiltonMount Gallagher Mountville North Creek u Palmetto Raiborn's Creek Roseboro'ScufHetown Simpson's Mill Spring Grove Tumbling Shoals Tylers ville Waterloo Young's Store LEXINGTON. Calk's Ferry Counts ville Edisto Hollow Creek Hope Station Horse Creek Lees ville Oakville Rockville Rocky Well Sandy Run Sawyer's Mills SteedmansWilliamson's Mills MARION. Allen's Bridge Ariel Britton's Neck Campbell's Bridge Flintville Friendfield Gilchrist's Bridge Gum Swamp Harlessville Jeffrey's Creek Lynche's Creek Mars's Bluff Red Bluff Reedv Creek Selkirk TabernacleWillow Creek MARLBORO'. Bennetts ville Brights ville Brownsville Clio NEWBERRY. Belmont Glympville Liberty Hall Maybinton Mount Bethel PagesvillePomaria Poplar Grove Prosperity Saluda Mills Shop Spring WaltonWellsville ORANGEBURG. Branchville Bull Swamp Fort Motte Jordan's Mills Kitching's Mills Poplar Saint Matthews Vance's Ferry PENDLETON. PICKENS. Bachlor's Retreat Bounty Land Branch Island CheokeeClaremontColonel's Fork DacusvilleFive Mile Horse Shoe Martin's Creek Oconee Station PickensvillePumpkintownRockwell SalubritySmeltser's Mount Snow Creek Twelve Mile West Union Whetstone Wolf Creek RICHLAND. Cedar Creek GadsdenHopkins's Turn Out Level Littleton SPARTANBURG. ArrowoodBivingsville Campobella , Cannon's Store Cash ville Cedar Springs ClarksvilleCrawfordsvilleCross Anchor Crowsville DamascusEarlesvilleEnoreeFingersville Fort Prince Glenn Springs Grassy Pond HenryHobbysville Hurricane Jackson Hill Limestone Springs MillvilleMoultrieMountain Shoals Mount Lebanon Mount Zion New Hope New Prospect Old Cedar Springs POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 791 PoolsvilleRogers's Bridge Smith's Store Thickety Fork Walnut Grove Woodruffs SUMTER. BethlehemBishopvilleBradford Institute Bradford Springs Bradleyville Brewington Clarendon Friendship Fulton Lodi Bar ManchesterMeehanicsvilleMill Grove Mount Clio Packsville Plowden's Mills Privateer Providence SalemShilohTaylorsWillow Grove Wright's Bluff UNION. BogansvilleBowlings ville CoopersvilleCross Keys Draytonsville Fish Dam Goshen Hill GowdcysvillcGreen Pond Jonesville McBridesville Meansville Mount Tabor Blairsville Pacolett Mills ' Brattonsville Pea Ridge Bullock Creek Pinckneyvillc Cherokee Iron Works Shady Grove Timber Ridge Clark's Fork Clay Hill Wilkinsville Coato's Tavern Ebenezerville WILLIAMSBURG. Fort Mill Black Mingo Guthricsville Camp Ridije Harmony China Grove Haynes ville Indiantown Hickory Grove Johnsonville Hopewell Lynche's Lake Legal Law Murray's Ferry Meck's Hill Natural Grove Nation Ford Parsonage New House Smith's Ford YORK. Spring Hill Antioch Spring Rock Bethel Yorkville Zeno STATE OF GEORGIA. APPLING. BAKER. Albany Concord Fish Trap GillionsGum Pond Keaton's Shoals Oak Lawn BALDWIN. BIBB. Bear Range Newson BRYAN. Eden Old Court House BULLOCK. Mill Ray BURKE. AlexanderBirdsvilleFox Grove Fryer's Ponds GiradHolcombe Joy's Mills Lester's District MidvilleMillin Sardis Woodburn BUTTS. CorkIndian Springs Seven Islands TowalligaWorthville CAMDEN. Centre Village Langsbury Saint Mary's CAMPBELL. Cedar Branch County Line Dark Corner Rivertown Salt Spring Sandtown Sweet Water Factory CARROLL. BowdonBowenvilleBuckhornBurnt Stand Hickory Level Laurel Hill Rotherwood Tallapoosa Villa Rica CASS. Adairsville Allatoona Carters ville Cold Run Earle's Furnace Etowah Euharley Free Bridge KingstonLittle Prairie Othcaloga Pine Log Saliquoy Stilesboro' CHATHAM. CHATTOOGA. Alpine Beachland Chattoogavillo Dirt Town Melville Mount Hickory Subligna Summervillc Teloga Springs Trion Factory CHEROKEE. Bald Ground Board Tree Canton Freemansville Goldsville HarnagevilleHickory Flat KossuthOrangeTroyWoodstock CLARK. Farmington SalemWatkinsville COBB. Ackworth BoltonvilleLebanonLost Mountain Marietta Mill Grove Powder Springs RedlandRoswcll Stony Point COLUMBIA. ApplingBerzeliaDarbysEubanks Lombardy RaysyilleRepublican Thompson White Oak Winfield Writesboro' COWETA Haralson Kidron Location LodiPalmettoParisRio Saluda Willow Grove » CRAWFORD. FrancisvilleHammock Grove Hickory Grove Hopewell Knoxville DADE. Rising Fawn Trenton Waukatchee DECATUR. AttapulgusCairo Olive Grove DE KALB AtlantaCross Keys East Point LithoniaPanthersville Stone Mountain Utoy 792 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. DOOLV. Gum Creek Holidaysville MillwoodTraveller's Rest Vienna Warwick EARLY. Fort Gaines Pachitta EFFINGHAM. EgyptPleasant Grove Reform Springfield ELBERT. Amandaville Anthony Shoals Broad River Cold Water Cook's Law Office Craftsville Eagle Grove Harmony Montevideo PetersburgRuekersviile EMANUEL. Canooche FAYETTE. Fairburn Glenn Grove Jonesboro'Red Oak Rough and Ready White Water York FLOYD. Armuchee CaliforniaCave Spring Coosa Everett's Spring HermitageJohnsonMissionary Station Vann's Valley Walcska FORSYTH. AshlandBig Creek Coal Mountain Hartford High Tower SheltonvilleVickery's Creek Warsaw FRANKLIN. AquillaBowersville Bushville Fair View Franklin Springs Grove Level Hcnly's Store HudsonKing's Bench Middle River Mosely's Store Parkers Store Walnut Hill GILMER. Blue Ridge Carticay Hot House MarbleheadPrince Edward Tacoah Fail's Creek Talking Rock White Path GLYNN. BethelFancy Bluff Frederica GORDON. Fair Mount GREENE. Cracker's Neck Merrell PenfieldPublic Square Scull Shoals Union Point White Plains Woodville GWINNETT. AuburnBerkshire Cains ChesterChinkapin Grove Orrisville PinckneyvilleRock Bridge SuwaneSweet Water Yellow River HABERSHAM. AllandaleBatesvilleBlue Creek Dawson Hollingsworth Leo Loudsville Mount Yonah Nacoochee Toccoa Falls Walton's Ford HALL. ArgoChestnut Hill Gailey's Mill GillsvilloGlade Mines Hog Mountain Poplar Springs Sugar Hill War Hill HANCOCK. Deveroaux' Store Long's Bridge Mount Zion Poweltown Rock Mills Shoals of Ogechee HARRIS. CataulaCochran's Cross Roads EllerslieKing's Gap Mulberry Grove Piedmont Waverly Hall Whitesvillc HEARD. Corinth Enon Grove FranklinHouston McBride's Mills HENRY. BershebaDouble Cabins Flat Rock Locust Grove Pittsburg Sandy Ridge SpringStockbridge Tucker's Cabin l White House HOUSTON. Bateman's Store Busbayville Fort Valley Hayneville HendersonMinerva Wellborn's Mills Wilna IRWIN. AdamsEdenfieldFlatbergGin Town House Creek Pennsboro' JACKSON. Barber's Creek Bascobcl [Mill Farmers & Mechanics Harmony Crove Indian Creek Marcus Maysville Mulberry Pond Fork JASPER. Hillsboro' MechanicsvillePalo Alto Shady Dale JEFFERSON. Bonny Doon Fenn's Bridge GambleReedy Creek Speir's Turnout Spread Oak Sylvan Grove JONES. Etheridge Griswoldville Tranquilla Wallace LAURENS. Buck Eye Dublin Laurens HillLEE. ChenubaCh ickasawhatchie Palmyra Slade StarkvilleSumterville LIBERTY. Jones's Creek Taylor's Creek Walthourville LINCOLN. Double Branches Goshen Lincolnton LOWNDES. Alapaha Clyatts ville Flat Creek Griffiin's Mills Mineral Spring Okapilco Piscola Sharpe's Store TallokasTroupville LUMPKIN. Amiealola Auraria Barre ttsville Calhoun Cavcnder's Creek Crossville New Bridge Pleasant Retreat Yellow Creek MACON. Fredonia GrangersvilleHamburg Horse Head Marshalls ville Oglethorpe MADISON. BrooklinePlanter's Stand Taylorsville POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 793 Mcintosh. Fort Barrington Ferry South Newport MARION. Buena Vista Glenalta PinevillePoindexter Searsville MERIWETHER. ErinFarmersFlat Shoals Gold Hill Jones's Mills Loweville Luthers ville Oak Ridge Rocky Mount Warm Springs White Sulphur Springs Woodberry MONROE. CullodenColaparchee JohnstonvilleNew Market RussellvilleUnionville MONTGOMERY Boxville Colquitt MORGAN Buck Head Double Shoals Ebenezer Fairplay High Shoals Wellington MURRAY. ChasevilleCohuttah Springs CoosawatteeDalton Fancy Hill Holly Creek Pleasant Vallev Red Clav Red Hill ResacaSugar Valley Tilton Tunnel Hill Woodlawn MUSCOGEE. Bald Hill Halloca Jamestown Roland Steam Factory Upatoie NEWTON. Brick Store Conyers Leakesville Middle Ridge NewbornNewton Factory Oak Hill Oxford Rocky Plains Sheffield Snapping Shoals Scarrsville OGLETHORPE. BairdstownBowling Green Goose Pond MaxeyMillstone PhilomathPoint Peter State Rights PAULDING. Cedartown Esom Hill Huntsville New Babylon Marysville Pumpkin Pile Pumpkin Vine Yellow Stone PIKE. Barnesville Griffin Liberty Hill MilncrMillbridge PULASKI. Hawkinsville Longs treet PUTNAM. Clopton's Mills Glade's Cross Roads HearnvilleRockvilleStanfordvillo RABUN. Tiger RANDOLPH. Brooksville Cotton Hill Georgetown Herrodtown Lowel Nochway PetawlaPumpkintown RICHMOND. Belair MeBeen Richmond Factory SCRIVEN. ArmeniaBlack Creek Buck Creek Halcyondale Mill Haven Mobley Pond 100 OgeecheScarboro' STEWART. Centre Hill Florence Green Hill Hannahatchee Hard Money Holly Grove LannahasseeLumpkin Richland Scienceville SUMTER. Danville FriendshipPlains of Dura PondtownProvidence TALBOT. BellcvicwBluff Spring CarsonvilleCentre DavistonMount Pleasant Pine Hill Pleasant Hill Prattsburg Quito TALIAFERRO. Raytown TATNALL. Reidsville Surrencys TELFAIR. Copeland Feronia Lumber City McRae's Store Ocmulgeevillc Sugar Creek Temperance THOMAS. BostonDuncanville Grooverville OcklockneyStation TROUP. AntiochAsbury Cane Point Hoganville Long Cane Mountville O'Neal's Mills Troup Factory Vernon West Point TWIGGS. Jeffersonville Taversville UNION. Brasstown Gaddistown Ivy Log Mount Eolia Polk Shady Grove Skeinah Wellscott Young Cane UPSON. DelrayDouble Bridges Hootensville < Waynmanville WALKER. Anderson Chestnut Flat Cotosa Duck Creek Friek's Gap Gordon's Springs La Fayette Opalika Pea Vine Pond Spring RinggoldRock Spring Rossville Snow Hill Villanow Wood's Station WALTON. Buncombe Cut Off Good Hope Social Circle Walnut Grove Windsor WARE. Saint Ilia Stricklands WARREN. Camak Double Wells Mayfield WASHINGTON. Curry's Mills Davisboro'HebronIrwin's Cross Roads Oconee Tennille Warthen's Store WAYNE. Pendarvis's Store WILKES. AoniaCentreville DanburgHutton's Fork Mallorysville Pistol Creek Rehoboth 794 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. WILKINSON. Cool Spring l Emmitt Gordon McDonaldMilton Stephensville Toombsboro' STATE OF FLORIDA. ALACHUA. Mandarin Waukeenah ORANGE. Fort Clark Mayport Mills Enterprise Fort Harley Middleburg LEON. Jernigan Madisonboro' Centreville New Smyrna Micanopy ESCAMBIA. Mannington Warrington Miccosukee PUTNAM. BENTON. Munsouville Augusta Fort Dade FRANKLIN. LEVY. Pilatka Cedar Key Welaka Homasassa GADSDEN. Fort Fanning China Hill Wakasassa ST. JOHN'S. CALHOUN. Rickoe's Bluff Secluda MADISON. Picolata Abe Spring Blountstown Ochesee . Saint Joseph HAMILTON. Cherry Lake Clifton ST. LUCIE. SANTA ROSA. Bellville Jasper Moscly Hall Stockton Coon Hill Milton COLUMBIA. White Springs Talofa WAKULLA Barbers MARION. Beuhaden Blount's Ferry CollinsColumbus HILLSBORO'. Ichepuckesassa Manatee Tampa AbrahamtownCamp Izard Flemington NewportPawtuxet Shell Point Ellisville Lake Griffin Sopchoppy Little River Mineral Springs HOLMES. Long Swamp Number Two WALTON. New River Olustee Ccrro Gordo Home Spring Ocola Okahumka AlaquaAlmirante Raulerson's Ferry Orange Lake Chestnut Hill Suwannee Shoals JACKSON. Orange Springs East River Campbellton Pineboro' Gentsville DADE. Greenwood Volusia Uchee Anna Miami Millwood Wacahootie WASHINGTON DALLAS. JEFFERSON. MONROK Holmes Valley Aucilla Orange Hill DUVAL. Beaseley NASSAU. St. Andrew's Bay Hibernia Southerland Woodstock Mills Vernon STATE OF ALABAMA. AUTAUGA. Autaugaville Bear Range Calhoun Chestnut Creek Hartwood Independence Milton Mulberry Prattville Robinson's Spring BALDWIN. Fort Montpelier Honeycut StocktonTen saw BARBOUR. Cowikee EufaulaFort Barbour Fort Browder GlennvilleKings Louisville Midway Mount Andrew Mount Sereene BENTON. Alexandria Blue Eye Boiling Spring Cedar Spring Corn Grove Cove Creek Fair Play Griffin's Creek Kemp's Creek LadigaLamartino Mount Polk Narrow Valley New Bethel Village Springs Oak Level Violy Oxford Walnut Grove Polkville Quitman BUTLER. Rabbit Town Barges Wehoga Butlerville White Plains Kirkville Manningham BIBB. Millville Maplesville Monterey Mars Mount Moriah Randolph Ridge ville Scotts ville South Butler Starlington BLOUNT. Blount Spring CHAMBERS Brooksville Bethlehem Chapultepec Cusseta Douphin Fredonia Mut-phee's Valley Gold Hill Summit Halawaka POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 795 Milltown Mount Hickory Mount Jefferson Oak Bowery OsannippaOselichaSharonWickliffc CHEROKEE. Blue Pond Cobb's Mills ColomaGadsdenGaylesville GoshenHannegan Leesburg Oceola Pleasant Gap Ringgold Spring Garden Straight Neck Turkey Town CHOCTAW. Barbour BarrytonBladen Springs Isney Kinterbish Mount Sterling Nicholson's Store Pushmataha Tompkinsville William's Cross Roads CLARK. Air Mount Bashi Choctaw Corner Coffeeville Gaines town GosportGrove Hill Jackson Saint Paul Suggs ville Wilderness COFFEE. Bentonville Coffee Corner Geneva Indigo Head OldtownSmut Eye CONECUH. Belleville Brooklyn Evergreen NathansvilleSepulga COOSA. Bradford Bulger's Mills Buycksville EqualityGood Water Hanover Nixburg Soccopatoy Traveller's Rest Wetumpka COVINGTON. DALE. Barnes's Cross Roads Daleville Honev Town Saw Mill Swiggins's Mills Wood Shop DALLAS Burnsville CambridgeCarlows ville Elm Bluff Fullori Liberty Hill Moseley's Grove Orrville Pleasant Hill Portland Richmond Summerfield Westmoreland Woodlawn DE KALB. AnnawaikaAtwood Coxville Duck Spring Greenwood Hendricks ville North Bend Sand Mountain Valley Head Van Buren Worth FAYETTE. AsburyBig Pond Davis's Creek DublinMilitary Springs Mill Port Newtonville Palo Sheffield FRANKLIN. Allsboro'Blue Lick BurlesonBuzzard Roost Cane Creek CheckhasawChurubuscoCourt House La Grange Newburg Oak Hill Pleasant Site Rock Creek South Florence Tuscumbia GREENE. Boligee Clinton Forkland Greensboro' Havanna Hollow Square Hopewell Knoxville Mount Hebron Newbern New Prospect Pleasant Ridge Springfield Union HENRY. ColumbiaCureton's Bridge Franklin Hilliardsville Lawrenceville Open Pond JACKSON. BirminghamBolivar Dodsonville Langston Larkin's Fork LarkinsvilloLibertyMeadsville Park's Store Princeton RedmanRocky Spring Sauta Trenton JEFFERSON. Cedar Grove Jonesboro' MexicoMount Pinson Oregon Taylors Truss LAUDERDALE. Centre Star Gravelly Spring Green Hill Ingram's Cross Roads Lauderdale Factory LexingtonMasonvilleOaklandRogers ville SlossburgWaterloo . Westmorelandville LAWRENCE. Brickville Camp Spring Courtland Hillsboro' Kinloch LandersvilleLeightonMount Hope Oakville Wolf Spring LIMESTONE. Bridgeforths Gilbertsboro' Lucky Hit Mooresville Shoal Ford White Sulphur Springs LOWNDES. Benton BraggsChurch Hill Collirene FarmersvilleHayneville Lowndesboro' Manack Mount Willing Sandy Ridge Sunny Side MACON Aberfoil Auburn BainbridgeBug Hall Chuneenuggee Cotton Valley Cubchatchee Cross Keys EnonFort Decatur Fort Henderson Loachapoka Lockland NotasulgaRidge Grove Ridgely Society Hill Union Springs UphaupeeWarrior Stand MADISON. BerkleyHadensHazel Green Madison Cross Roads Maysville Maredianville New Hope New Market Triana Whitesburg MARENGO. Clay Hill DaytonDemopolis Dixon's Mills Hampden JeffersonLaurel Hill McKinlcy MaconMontpelierNanafalia Pineville ShilohSpencerville Spring Hill Sweet Water 796 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. MARION. Jericho Lamington Local Bexar Ocmulgee Nehamico Mardisville Canaan ? Perry ville Olivet Maria Forge Detroit ' Plantersville Opelika Sylacauga Gold Mine Radfordsville Oswichee Silver Run Moscow Uniontown Salem Wewokaville Toll Gate Sand Fort PICKENS. Uchee TALLAPOOSA MARSHALL. Antioch Vilula Beckets ville Aurora Bear Creek Camp Hill Beard's Bluff Benevola SAINT CLAIR. County Line Big Spring Carlyle Bennetsville -0 Dudleyville Claysville Cochran's Mills Branch ville Fish Pond Cottonville Fairfield Broken Arrow Goldville Gunter's Landing Gordo Crawford's Cove Horse Shoe Bend Hillian's Store Hin ton's Grove Cropwell Jackson's Camp Kennamer Hope Greensport Kowaliga Meltonsville Lacy's Hill Kelly's Creek Pickneyville Mountain Stand Mantua Mount Niles Rome Oleander Memphis Springville Souchahatchee Red Hill Olney Sulphur Springs Stow's Ferry Zackary Pickensville Trout Creek Tallassee Pleasant Grove Wind Creek MOBILE. Providence SHELBY. Youngsville Mount Vernon Reform Bridgeton Vienna Cove TUSCALOOSA. MONROE. Yorkville Harpersville Buck Creek Bell's Landing Highland Buckland Buena Vista PIKE. Lee's Cove Carthage Burnt Corn Blue Creek Montevallo Fosters Clauselville China Grove Shelby Springs Jena Monroeville Edgefield Wilsonville McMaths Mount Pleasant Farriorsville Woodsbpro' Monterey Polk Fryer's Bridge New Lexington Turnbull Gainer's Store SUMTER. Northport Indian Creek Belmont North River MONTGOMERY. Missouri Berlin Oregonia Argus Monticello Bluffport Romulus Cotoma Oluste Creek Brewersville Sipsey Turnpike Hickory Grove Orion Brown's Bluff Trion Hawthorn Pea River Gainesville WALKER. Line Creek White Water Gaston Mount Meigs Intercourse Chilton's Mills Oak Grove RANDOLPH. Jones's Bluff Eldridge Pine Level Arbacoochee New York Gap Pintlala Chulafune Payneville Holly Grove Jasper ThornhillYork Prune Hill Eastville Penola Ramer High Pine Sumterville Sharpesville Lamar Warsaw Strata Lee's Ridge WASHINGTON. Tiara Louina TALLADEGA. New Wakefield Molino Bluff Spring Pleasant Valley MORGAN. Oakfusky Bowdon Apple Grove Pinetucky Brownsville WILCOX. Basham's Gap Roanoke Cedar Tree Allenton Blue Spring Rockdale Chinnibee Bethel Cedar Plains Rock Mills Coleta Black's Bluff Decatur Weedowee Conch ardee Camden Houston's Store Wehadkee Court Hill Canton Lacey's Spring Wesobulga Fayetteville Creag's Mill Mount Hill Winston Fife Lower Peach Tree Trinity Hatchers Parnassus RUSSELL. Hickory Level Pine Hill PERRY. Burrsville Hillabee Prairie Bluff Brush Creek Dover Kelly's Springs Snow Hill Chestnut Hill Fort Mitchell Kingville Upper Peach Treo Hamburg Girard Kimulga Wolf Creek POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 797 STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. ADAMS. Palestine Pigeon Roost Poplar Creek Rice ville ScotlandUnion Church Snowsville HARRISON. AMITE. Centreville Rose Hill Smith Dale Tolers Stateland CLARK. BeaverdamEnergy Biloxi Flint Creek Mississippi City Pass Christian' JONES. Ellisville Pinnellvillo Pool's Mills ATTALA. Attalaville Bluff Springs Burkitts ville Newtonville EnterpriseFalling Spring Mackesville QuitmanShoobota HINDS. AuburnBolton's Depot Browsville CayugaClinton KEMPER. Big Oak BlackwaterBloomfield Centre Ridge Herbert Planters Rocky Point COAHOMA. Delta Edwards's Depot Line Store Ouk-tibbeha Rocky Mount BOLIVAR. Bolivar Friar's Point COPIAH. Meridian Springs Mississippi Springs Newtown ScooterWaholock Concordia Burtonton Raymond LA FAYETTE. Content Collamer Spring Ridge Abbeville Glencoe Copiah Creek Utica Banner Victoria Gallatin Caswell Georgetown HOLMES. College Hill Dallas CARROLL. Hargrave Ashville Albemarle Linden Ebenezer Delay Green Valley Beckville Pine Bluff Emory Black Hawk Ceralvo COVINGTON Eulogy Franklin La Fayette Springs Lapomba Coila Dry Creek Lockhart's Store .Liberty Hall Milton Greenwood Jaynes ville Richland Hays's Creek Mount Carrtiel Tchula Mount Sylvan Paris Leflore Oakohay > Wheeling Middleton , Santee SareptaSevier Providence Wilkesburg ISSAQUENA. Shongalo Zion Seminary Deer Creek Spring Dale Smith's Mills Tennessee Landing Wyatt DE SOTO. CHICKASAW. Cockrum ITAWAMBA. LAUDERDALE Benela Como Bolands Alamuteha Bucna Vista Dark Corner Campbellton Battlefield Cherry Hill Elm Grove Cotton Ridge Chunkeyville Clear Spring Eutaw Cummings ville Dalevill'e Dix Creek Flewellin's Cross Roads Fremont Hurricane Creek Erin Greenleaf Ironwood Bluff Lauderdale Springs Hohenlinden Hancock Marietta Ponta Hopewell Looxahoma Moorville Sageville Houlka Mount Isabel Pleasanton Oak Grove Olive Branch Richmond LAWRENCE. Oko-lo-na Pleasant Hill Saltillo Brookhaven Palo Alto Senatobia Van Buren Rayvillo Pikeville Tatesville West Fulton Prairie Mount Valley Grove Wood lawn LEAKE. Sparta Yocony Edinburgh Yellow Bush FRANKLIN. Hopahka Friendship JACKSON. Pensacola CLAIBORNE. Hamburg Cross Roads Thomas town Grand Gulf Koxville Jackson Court House Oakland College McCall's Creek Pascagoula LOWNDES. Rocky Spring Barton Willow Spring GREENK JASPER. Caledonia Leakesville Claiborne Dailey's Cross Roads CHOCTAW. McLeods Garlandville Nashville Banks ton McManus Hough's Store Plymouth Fame Vernal Montrose Prairie Hill French Camps Waverly Horsepen HANCOCK. JEFFERSON. West Point Huntsville Gainesville Church Hill Kilmichael 1 Habolochitto Malcolm MADISON. Lodi Pearlington Rodney Beatie's Bluff 798 Camden Xivingston Madisonville Midway Pleasant Grove SharonStump Bridge Sulphur Springs Vernon Williamstown MARION. Fordsville Spring Cottage Tilton MARSHALL. BethlehemByhalia ChulahomaColdwater Cornersville Deep Water Earlv Grove Harry Hill Holly Springs Hudsonville Lamar North Mount Pleasant Pink Hill ( Red Banks Snow Creek TacalucheTallaloosa Tiro Waterford MONROE AberdeenAthensBigby Fork Buttahatchy Camargo Grub Springs Lawrence QuincySmithville Splung Wesley NESHOGA. CoffadeliahMuckalushy Pearl Valley Philadelphia Tascinto NEWTON. County Line TalahatahTalashaUnion NOXUBEE. Brooklyn POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Brookville Cooks ville Deer Brook Gholson Macon MushulavilleParkeville Prairie Point X Prairie OKTIBBEHA. Ash Creek Cedar Bluff Choctaw Agency Double Springs Hickory Grove Line Creek Tampico Whitefield Yanaby PANOLA. Belmont BurlinghamLong Creek Longtown Maon Oak Hill Peach Creek Pleasant Mount Robinia SledgevilleSpring Port PERRY. Carlile's Mills Monroe PIKE. China Grove Conerlys Hope Hill Millan PONTOTOC. BirminghamBuncomb Cherry Creek CoonewarCotton Grove Ellis Town Fremont Harrisburg New Albany PalmettoPontotocPoplar Spring Red Land Rocky Ford Talibenela Tardyville Toccopola Wrightsville RANKIN. Cato Springs DensontownMonterey Steen's Creek SCOTT. Geeen Bush Homewood LudlowPulaski SIMPSON. Mount Zion Old Hickory SMITH. Pineville Polkville RaleighTaylorsville SUNFLOWER. TALLAHATCHEE. Charleston Tuscahoma TIPPAH. Black's Store Cotton Plant Dry Run Dumas Hatchy Turnpike Hickory Flat McLean's Store Molino Orizaba Pleasant Ridge Ruckersville Salem Shelby Creek Spring Hill TISHEMINGO. Bay Springs BhicklandBone Yard Burtons CarrollsvilleCarters ville Cripple Deer Cross Ridge Dan torn DanvilleEastportFarmingtonHickory Plains Highland New Hope RienziTripoliWalnut Peak Yellow Creek TUNICA. Austin Commerce WARREN. Bovina Cardiff Milldale PalmyraWarrenton WASHINGTON. Point Worthington WAYNE. Round Pond Taylorton WILKINSON. Cold Spring Fort Adams Holly Retreat Kellertown Perey's Creek Rose Hill Sibley's Mills Whitesvillo WINSTON. Buckhorn Fearn's Springs New Prospect NoxapaterWebster YALOBUSHA. Big Creek CaliforniaCuddyhunk Graysport Grenada Jones's Mills Leightons Long Percimmon McGee's Bridge OakachickamaOakland Post Oak Preston Providence SabouglyShannons TroyWater Valley YAZOO. Claibornesville Dover Hendricks Lincoln Satartia Yazoo City STATE OF LOUISIANA. ASSUMPTION. Albemarlo Cranes Forge Paincourtville Star ASCENSION. Live Oak New River AVOYELLES. Bayou Rouge Big Bend Borodino HolmesvilleMansura POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Simms's Port BIENVILLE. Arcadia Buckhorn Ringgold SalineSalt Spring Sparta BOSSIER. BelleviewBossier Point Connell's Cross Roads Pine Flat PinevilleRed Land Sentell's Store CADDO. Albany Blossom Hill Caddo Cookesville Greenwood CALCASIEU. Big Woods Lake Charles CALDWELL. Castor Copenhagen Mount Pleasant CARROLL. DeerfieldLake Carraway MonticelloPecan Grove Swan Lake CATAHOULA. Hap Hazard Little Prairie Parham's Landing RoesfieldTrinityWhite Sulphur Spring CLAIBORNE. Allen's Settlement Athens Dorcheat Flat Lick FranksvilleMindenMount Lebanon QuayScottsvilleTiger Creek Walnut Creek CONCORDIA. Fairview Flowery Mound Monterey Landing 799 1 Rifle Point Routh's Point Tooleys Union Point DE SOTO. Ashland Black Jack Grand Cane Keche Logansport Pleasant Grove Pleasant Hill EAST BATON ROUGE. BurlingtonManchacStony Point EAST FELICIANA. Clinton Mount Willing Port Hudson " Saint Cloud Woodland FRANKLIN. ButlerHurricaneOakly IBERVILLE. Bayou Goula Gross Tete Plaquemine JACKSON. Brookline Dugdetnona Grove Hill RochesterVernon Vienna JEFFERSON. Carrollton LA FAYETTE. Vermillionville LA FOURCHE. LIVINGSTON. Coelk Springfield Wadeboro' MADISON Chesterfield Dallas Milliken's Bend New Carthage Young's Point MOREHAUSE. Bastrop De Glaize Point Jefferson Prairie Mer Rouge NATCHITOCHES. Adaies Campti CloutiervilleCoushattec Chute Grand Ecore Isle Brevillc Saline Mills Sonet OPELOUSAS. ORLEANS. Fort Pike PLAQUEMINES. POINT COUPEE. Atchafalaya Hermitage LivoniaRed River Landing The Village Waterloo Williamsport RAPIDES. Big Creek CheneyvilleCotile DesrayauxvilleHinestonHuddleston Jatt Walnut Hill SABINE. Burr's Ferry Fort Jesup Mill Creek Toro ST. BERNARD. ST. CHARLES. McCutchons Taylor ST. HELENA. Darlington Dennis's Mills Tangapaho ST. JAMES. Convcnent ST. JOHN BAPTIST. Bonnet Carre Edgard ST. LANDRA. Ballew's Ferry Big Cane Grand ^Coteau Plaquemine Brulee Ville Platte Washington ST. MARTIN'S. Brean's Bridgo Fausse Point New Iberia ST. MARY'S. Alligator Bayou Ramois CentrevilleCharenton JeanerettsPattersonville ST. TAMMANY. LimaMandeville MarburyvilleParkerville Pine Grove Sun TENSAS. Kirk's Ferry Mound Bayou Water Proof TERRE BONNE. Tigerville UNION. Cherry Ridge Marion MooresvilleOuachita City ShilohSpear's Store VERMILION Abbville Perry's Bridge WACHITA. Caldwells ForksvilleIndian Village Logtown Pine Hills Salmagundi Trenton WASHINGTON. Franklinton Oak Grove Palestine Shadv Grove Sibila WEST BATON ROUGE. Bruly Landing Lobdell's Store WEST FELICIANA Tunica 800 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. STATE OF TEXAS. ANDERSON. CAMERON. Richmond JASPER Beaver Edinburgh Erin Elkheart Point Isabel FREESTONE. Jasper Ioni Troy Magnolia Spring Kickapoo CASS. Salem Palestine Centre GALVESTON. Union Plenitude Forest Home Zavalla Sand Spring Hickory Hill GAUDALUPE. Jefferson JEFFERSON. ANGELINA. Smithland GILLESPIE. Beaumont Marion Unionvillo Fredericksburg Green's Bluff Sumter Pattillos CHEROKEE. GOLIAD. Pine Island AUSTIN. Analomink Pleasant Grove Centre Hill Jacksonville GONZALES. Sabine Citv Industry Linwood Belmont . Rock Island Rusk China Grove KAUFMAN. Sempronius Sulphur Springs Black Hill Shelby GRAYSON. Cedar Grove Swearingens COLLIN. Pilot Grove College Mound Travis McKinney Sherman Kaufman Millwood Washita Kemp BASTROP. Warsaw Prairie Cunninghams COLORADO. GRIMES. Young's Settlement Columbus Anderson KINNEY. Eagle Lake Bedi Fort Duncan BELL. Egypt Grimesville Nolans ville Frclsburg Prairie Plains LAMAR. Lake Creek BEXAR. COMAL. HARRIS Paris Mineral Springs New Braumfels Hamblin Shockey's Prairie San Antonia San Jacinto Sutherland Springs DALLAS. Spring Creek LAVACCA. Trier Dallas Halletts ville Duck Creek HARRISON. Mustang BOWIE. Farmer's Branch Ash Spring Oakland Boston Pleasant Run Concord Petersburg De Kalb Elysian Fields Rocky Mills Mo ores DENTON. Glade Spring Myrtle Springs Alton Jonesville LEON. Denton Creek Marshall Centreville BRAZORIA, Port Caddo Leona Cedar Lake DE WITT. Powcllton Navarro Columbia Clinton Reel Foot Siam Gulf Prairie Cuero Union Springs Hinds t Live Oak LIBERTY. Liverpool Yorktown HENDERSON Anahuac San Louis Athens Cedar Bayon Solitude ELLIS. Buffalo Grand Cane Velasco Waxahachie Johns HOPKINS. Liberty BZAZOS. FANNIN. Blackjack Grove Swartwout Boonville Bonham Pleasant Hill West Liberty Millican Honey Grove Sulphur Bluff Li eke Tarrant LIMESTONE. BURLESON Warren White Oak Alta Springs Caldwell Springfield Prospect FAYETC'E. HOUSTON. Tiwockony Springs String Prairie Black Jack Crockett Fayetteville San Pedro MATAGORDA. CALDWELL. La Grange Caney Lockhurt Lyons HUNT. Matagorda Plumb Creek Millers Greenville Sugar Land Round Top Hooker CALHOUN. Rutersville Timber Creek MEDINA. Indianola Turkey Creek Castro ville La Salle FORT BEND. Port La Vaca Big Creek JACKSON. MILAM Saluria Clear Lake Morales De Lavaca Cameron Hodge's Bend Texana Nashville POST OFFICES LN THE UNITED STATES. 801 Waco Village POLK. Milam Mount Hope Cold Spring Pendleton Providence Hill MONTGOMERY. Greens Sabine Town Ratcliffs Danville Livingston Town Bluff Montgomery McGees SAN AUGUSTINE. Wilsons Shannons Palmers Smithfield SAN PATRICIO. UPSHUR. NACOGDOCHES. San Patricio Earpville Douglass RED RIVER. Gilead Flournoys Kiomatia SHELBY. Gilmer Linn Flat Maple Springs Ashtons Hopewell Melrose Monterey Buena Vista Pine Tree Nacogdoches Pine Bluffs Courtland Red Rock Savannah Hamilton NAVARRO. - Hilliards VANZANT. Bazett REFUGIO. White Cottage Barren Ridge Chamber's Creek Aransas Four Mile Prairie Corsicana Copano SMITH. Meltons Lamar Canton VICTORIA. Musket Refugio Flora Gaudelupe Red Oak Gum Spring Victoria Richland Crossing ROBERTSON. Neche's Saline Spring Hill Caldwell Oldenburg WALKER. Franklin Summer Grove Cincinnati NEWTON. Wheelock Tyler Huntsville Burkeville Mitchells Cotland RUSK. STARR. Star Cypress Crossings Anadarco Roma Midway Belleview WASHINGTON New Columbia • Caledonia TITUS. Brenham Salem Cotton Plant Daingerfield Chapel Hill Fredonia Gray Rock Gay Hill NUECES. HendersonMillville Lone Star Independence PANOLA. Mount Pleasant Long Point Bethany Minden Oak Grove Carthage Mount Enterprise Union Bridge WEBB. Fair Play Grand Bluff New Salem Pine Hills TRAVIS. WHARTON. Jones Rabbit Creek Gilleland Creek Preston Kinlock San Cosme Manchac House Wharton McMillans Sand Hills Merrilltown ParrysPulaski Waiting's Ferry San Marco WILLIAMSON Webber's Prairie Bushy Creek Reed's Settlement SABINE. Blue Hill Sugar Hill Walnut Hill Bear Creek TYLER. Georgetown Longwood Bendy's Landing San. Gabriel \ ARKANSAS. Crockett's Bluff La Grew Springs Niccottoo Saint Charles South Bend ASHLEY. Fountain Hill Hawkins's Landing BARTHOLOMEW. BENTON. Bentonville Double Spring MaysvillePea Ridge Robinson's Cross Roads BRADLEY. Eagle Creek STATE OF ARKANSAS. Gravel Ridge LanarkLong View Mount Elba CARROLL. Ashley CarrolltonCrooked Creek HussawKing's River Osage CHICKASAW. Fort Washita CHEROKEE. Baptist Mission Flint Fort Gibson Grand Saline Kidron 101 Tahlequah CHICOT. Bartholomew Columbia Gaines's Landing Grand Lake Hawkins's Landing CHOCTAW. Armstrong Academy Boggy Depot Choctaw Agency DoaksvilleEagletown Wheelock CLARK. AlphineAmityAnvilAntoin Arkadelphia Terre NoirCONWAY. Cadron Fitz Henry Glass Village HurricaneLewisburg CRAWFORD. BelmontNatural Dam The Nan-ows CREEK. Creek Agency CRITTENDEN. AlligatorBledsoe's Landing Blue's Point 802 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Council Bend Sulphur Rock MISSISSIPPI. Oakland Grove Grayson Wallace Creek Canadian Ten Mile Point Oldham Wolf Bayou Harding's Point Hickman's Bend PULASKI. DALLAS. IZARD. Mill Bayou Mary Beech Bluff Benbrook's Mills Pecan Point Maumclle Cachemasso Mount Olive Chambcrsville North Fork MONROE. RANDOLPH. Chappell Rich Woods Aberdeen Fourche Dumas Holly Springs Rocky Bayou Clarendon Hanauer's Store More Round Bottom Lawrenceville Hixe's Ferry Stover Sylamore Roilgh and Ready Pocahontas Tulip Wild Haus' Surrounded Hills Tullyville Spring Creek DESHA. JACKSON. Valley Grove ST. FRANCIS. Bellville Augusta Watensaw Bridge Fair Forrest Jacksonport Gage's Point Laconia Kenyon / MONTGOMERY. Green Plains Nopoleon Mount Pinson Akins's Store Languelle White River Caddo Cove Mill Ridge Wileyville JEFFERSON. Centreville Mount Vernon Camp Creek Harold Oakland DREW. Darysaw Montgomery Saint Francis Cut Off Lehi Mount Ida Wittsburg Holly Point New Gascony Lacey Pine Bluff NEWTON. SALINE. Relfs Bluff Plum Bayou Borland Collegeville Richland Jasper Hurricane Creek FRANKLIN. Rob Roy Mount Parthenon Lost Creek Cass White Oak Walnut Fork Owensville Charlestown Pleant Hill JOHNSON. PERRY. SCOTT. Point Prairio Basham's Mills Black Jack Roseville Brownsville PHILIPS. Cross Roads Clarksville Barneys Parks FULTON. Griffins Beech Grove Revilee Bennett's River Horse Hcud Big Creek Tumlinsonville Franklin Morrison's Bluff Mooney Waldron Rapp's Barrens Piney North Creek Fittsburg Oldtown SEARCY. GREENE. Point Meers Planters Locust Grove Chalk Bluff Shoal Creek Sterling Point Peter Gainesville Walnut Bend Wiley's Cove Greensboro' LA FAYETTE. Walnut Ridge Lorado Calhoun SEBASTIAN. Oak Bluffs Hurricane Hill PIKE. Fort Smith Oak Ridge Walnut Hill Huddleston James's Fork Walcott Wilton Jenny Lind HEMPSTEAD. LAWRENCE. POINSETT. Sugar Loaf Clark's Mills Barry CantonClover Bend Evening Shade PowhatanRed Bank Reed's Bank SmithvilleSpring River Farm Hill SEVIER. Columbus Greenfield Brownstown Fulton Graves Johnston Walnut Camp Centre Point Lions's Beard Justus's Mills Piraelifta Marlbrook FOLK. Rocky Comfort Mine Creek Cove Saline "Mount Moria Panther Ultima Thule Spring Hill Stewart's Springs UNION. HOT SPRINGS. MADISON. POPE. Beaver Ruin Fair Play Huntsville Dardanelle Beeehland Midway Saint Paul Dover Champagnolle Pleasant Ridgo Titsworth Dwight Cornie Rockport War Eagle Gaily Creek El Dorado - Scotia Hillsboro' INDEPENDENCE. MARION. Sulphur Springs Lisbon Alder Brook Buffalo City Oakville Curia Rolling Prairie PRAIRIE. Wilmington Oil Trough Worth Des Acre Pleasant Plains Yellville Duvall's Bluff VAN BUREN. Poke Bayou Brunswick Clinton Rock Point MILLER. Hickory Plain Kinderhook POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 803 Quitman WASHINGTON. Boonsboro' Elm Springs Evansville Hilochee SylvaTaneyWest Fork WASHITA. Berkley Bueha Vista BuffaloCaney Freeo Godbold Laniartine Leake's Store Liberty Locust Bayou Luda QuincySeminary Woodlawn WHITE. Cold Well Stony Point YELL. Chickalah Parkersburg Petite Jean Pleasant Valley Prairie Creek Rock Creek STATE OF TENNESSEE. ANDERSON. Loy's Cross Roads Olivers .Robertsville RossWallace's Cross Roads Wilsons BEDFORD. Fairfield Flat Creek Richmond Rich Valley RoverRowesville Sinking Creek Unionville Waftrace BENTON. Camden ChapultepecChaseville Eagle Creek Morgan's Creek Scwanee Wills's Point BLEDSOE. Crossville Fillmore Foster's Cross Roads Grassy Cove Mount Airy Nine Mile Ormes's Store Roberson's Cross Roads BLOUNT. Cade's Cove ChilhoweeClover Hill Cloyd's Creek EllcjoyFriends ville Little River Louisville Marysville Moi-gantown Plum Grove Tuckaleechee Cove Unitia BRADLEY. CharlestonChat/ity Flint S'prings Stony Point CAMPBELL. Buffalo Creek Fincastle Grantsboro' Lost Creek Pouch Creek Straight Fork CANNON. Auburn BradyvilleMechanicsville CARROLL. Buena Vista ChristmasvilleHecla Hico Macedonia McLemoresvilleMartin's Creek Roan's Creek Sandy Bridge South Carroll Standardville Terryville CARTER. Dugger's Ferry Happy Valley Roan Mountain CLAIBORNE. Big Barren Cumberland Gap Head of Barren Old Town SpeedwellSycamore Yellow Springs COCKE. ParrottsvilleWilsonville COFFEE. Beech Grove Hickorv Creek Hillsboro' DAVIDSON. Chestnut Grove Elm Hill Franklin College Gulistan Julia Dean Mansker's 'Creek Mount View Ridge Post South Harpeth South Nashville Stewart's Ferry Sycamore Mills DECATUR. Bath Springs Decaturville Hermitage Perryville DE KALB. Alexandria Liberty Republican Grove SligoTemperance Hall DICKSON. Barton's Creek BcllsburgDanielsville Rossland Williamsville DYER. Chestnut Bluffs Dycrsfiurg Friendship Grove Mount FAYETTE. Belmont ColletonConcordia Ebenezer Egypt Fayette Corner Hickory Withe Ispahan La Grange Laurel Creek MaconMount Comfort MoscowNonconner OaklandSandv Spring White Hall Wolf River FRANKLIN. Alisonia Crow Creek Elk River Hawkerville Marble Hill SalemTullahoma TunnellWinchester Springs FENTRESS. Boiling Spring Coopersville Hale's Mills Jamestown Pall Mall GIBSON. AntiochBluff Springs Chester Eaton Gibson's Wells Henings Hope Hill Pond Hill Poplar Grove QuincyShady Grove ShilohSouth Gibson Trenton Waterford Yorkville GILES. BethelBodenhamBradshawBunker's Hill CampbellsvilloCornersville Elk Ridge ElktonLamartineLynn ville Mid Bidge Prospect Richland Shoal Spring Vale Mills White Hill GRAINGER. Austin's Ferry Bean's Station *Blain's Cross Roar Bull Run Cedar Ford Clear Spring HaynesMarshall's Ferry Morristown Powder Spring Gap Red Hill Redwood 804 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Rocky Spring Van Hill Flynn's Lick Kinderhook Spring House War Gap Fort Blount Lynchburg Tampico Yellow Store Granville Millville Thorn Hill Hamilton Landing Molino HARDIN. Highland Mulberry GREENE. Coffee Landing Kossuth Norris's Creek Bay Mount Hamburg Lodi Oregon Camp Creek Lowryville Mayfield Petersburg Caney Branch Red Sulphur Springs Meigsvillo Pleasant Plains Carter's Station Saltillo Pekin Prospect Hill Cedar Creek Smith's Fork North Spring Robinson's Store Clear Creek White Plains Viney Grove Graysburg HAYWOOD. Whitleyville 4 Gustavus Brownsville McMINN. Henderson's Mill Cageville JEFFERSON. Calhoun Horse Creek Carolina Chucky Bend Cantrells Cross Roads LaurebGap Cherryville Leadvale Coghill Limestone Springs Copan Mill Spring Facility Little Chucky Dancyville Mossy Creek Hamilton Cross Roads Newmansville Lanefield New Market Jalapa Rheatown Rusk Oak Grove Mantua Romeo Wesley Panther Springs Oxford Timber Ridge Woodville Russell ville Warrensburg Spring 'Vale McNAIRY. HENDERSON. Snoddyville Adamsville GRUNDY. Hurricane Creek Strawberry Plains Anderson's Store Chesterfield Jack's Creek Trion Huggin's Creek Cumberland Juno Tuckahoe Jones's Mills Pelham Lexington Monterey -Middle Fork JOHNSON. Montezuma HAMILTON. Mifflin Pandora Morse Creek Chattenooga Nero Shady Mud Creek . Chickamoga Pleasant Exchange Rose Creek Cozby Red Mound KNOX. Stantonville Julian Gap Scott's Hill Academia Tatesville Limestone Shady Hill Beaver Ridge Loddy Tippecanoe Campbell's Station MACON. Long Savannah Church Grove Alton Hill Merry Oaks HENRY. Flint Gap Brooks's Tanyard Sail Creek Albany Gap Creek La Fayette Snow Hill Barren Hill Mecklenburg Meadorville Westview Caledonia Racoon Valley Red Boiling Springs Zion Hill Cheap Valley Woodbourne ' Como MADISON. HANCOCK. Conyersville LAUDERDALE. Andrew Chapel Allen's Station Ell Grove Cane Bottom Cotton Grove Copper Ridge Manlyville Cottage Hill Denmark Mulberry Gap Mansfield Dry Hill Mason's Creek Sneedsville Mount Holyoke Durhamville Medon Trent's Chapel Mouth of Sandy Fulton Mount Pinson HARDEMAN. Sandy Hill Walnut Post Oakville Poplar Comer Audubon HICKMAN. LAWRENCE. Spring Creek Black Oak Grove Beaver Dam Springs Cass Clover Port Bon Aqua Henry MARION. Crainsville Centreville Morth Bend Battle Creek Matamora Middleburg Duck River Palo Alto Cheeks ville Lick Creek Sugar Creek Coop's Creek Moore's Cross Roads Palestine Wayland's Springs Dadsville New Castle Pleasantville West Point Fairview Nubbin Ridge Totty's Bend Looney's Creek Van Buren LEWIS. Sequatchee Whiteville HUMPHREYS. Hampshire Walden's Ridge Williams's Store • Waverly White Oak Walnut Valley LINCOLN. HAWKINS. Boon's Hill MARSHALL Lee Valley JACKSON. Camargo Belfast Lyons's Store Bennett's Ferry Cane Creek Berlin Marble Hall Buck Point Chestnut Ridge Caney Spring Catalpa Grove Mill Bend Butler's Landing Cyruston Mooresburg Celina Gas Factory ' Chapel Hill New Canton Clemen tsville George's Store Cochransville Saint Clair Double Springs Gill's Store Farmington POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 805 Mooresville New Hope Spring Place MAURY. Ashwood Bigbyville Hope Hill Hurt's Cross Roads Isom's Store Kinnard's Store Mount Pleasant Pleasant Grove Poplar Ridge Rally Hill Rich Hill Santa Fe Sereamersville Silver Creek Spring Hill Williamsport MEIGS. Decatur Good field Kelly's Ferry Kincannon's Ferry Mouth Hewassee Pine Land SeweeTen Mile Stand MONROE. Ball Play Citico Coker Creek Four Mile Branch MadisonvilleMidwayMount Vernon PhiladelphiaRockville Sweet Water Tellico Plains Towee Falls MONTGOMERY. Asbury Blooming Grove DaleysFredonia Henrietta Johnsons Little Grove [Roads McAllister's Cross Meriville New Providence New York Onecho PalmyraPort Royal RichardsonsRinggold Sailor's Rest Tennessee Iron Works Wheatly's Mills Yellow Creek Furnace MORGAN. Crooked Fork Long View OBION. BulahFremontReelfoot Silver Top Totten's Wells OVERTON. Fox Spring HilhamLocust Shade Monroe Netherland Nettle Carier Oak Hill OakleyOlympus Sycamore Grove Walnut Grove West Fork PERRY. BeardstownBotanick Garden BuffaloLinden Woods POLK. CanasaugaColumbus CulchoteGreasy Creek Ocoa Red Spring Springtown Sylco RHEA. Eagle Furnace Smith's Cross Roads Sulphur Springs ROANE. BarnardsvilleBelleville Blair's Ferry Cross Keys Eagle Furnace Emory Iron Works Erie Lenoirs Post Oak Springs Seven Islands Wood's Hill Wrightsville ROBERTSON. Bainbridge Barren Plain Fiser's Cross Roads Labanus MitchellsvilleMulloys Red River Rose Hill Thomas ville Turnersville RUTHERFORD. CarlockvilleCherry Flat Fosterville Hall's Hill Jefferson Jordan's Valley Las Casas MillersburgMilton Readyville Stewartsboro' Vaughn Valley Versailles SCOTT. Huntsville SEVIER. Boyd's Creek Fair Garden Henry's Cross Roads Pigeon Forge Trundle's Cross Roads Walden's Creek Wear's Cove SHELBY. Ammonia Big Creek Colliers ville GermantownGreenbottom Hazel Flat LoosahatcheeMemphis Morning Sun Rosstown Sulphur Well SMITH. Bagdad Clinton College Convenient Dixon's Springs Gordonsville Lancaster Montrose Peyton's Creek Pleasant Shade RomeWitcher's Cross Roads STEWART. Cumberland Iron Works HopeIndian Mound Line Port New Portland OnwardStanding Rock Tobacco Port SULLIVAN. Arcadia Campbell's Rest Clover Bottom Eden's Ridge Gott's Cross Roads GreenfieldHiltonsHolston Valley KingsportMill Point PaperVille Poor Hill Rockholds White Top SUMNER. Castalian Sprmgs Fountain Head GreenwoodHannas HartsvilleHendersonvilleMontgomeryRock House Tyree Springs Willow Grove Wirt College TIPTON. Beaver Dam Forks Bloomington Covington PortersvilleRandolph VAN BUREN. WARREN. Caney Fork Clearmont Irving College Rock Island Rocky River Rough and Ready Trousdale WASHINGTON. Blue Plum Boon's Creek Cox's Store Green Meadow James Cross Roads Leesburg Locust Mount Long Mire Washington College Watauga Bend WAYNE. Ashland Carrollville CliftonCypress Inn Factor's Fork Houston Pleasant Valley Sorby Victory WEAKLY. Boydsville Dresden Flemings Irvine's Store Locust Grove Mount Warren Old Hickory Palmer's Store PhilipsvillePillowville Winston WHITE. Bon Air Springs Cave Dry Valley Falling Water 806 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Gearsville NewarkRiver Hi|J WILLIAMSON. Arrington Barren Bethcsda Boston Eagleville Good Spring Harpeth Hill's Valley Jordan's Store Leiper's Fork Mount Nebo NolansvillePeytonsvillePinckney Riggs's Cross Roads Triune West Harpeth White House WILSON. Big Spring .Cainesvillc Cedar Grove Cherry Valley Commerce Green Hill Halifax Huddleston's Cross LegadoMount Carmel ProvidenceRural Hill Shop Spring States ville Three Forks STATE OF KENTUCKY. ADAIR. Breedings GradyvilleMillers ville Montpelier Neatsville ALLEN. Allen Springs Cedar Spring , Gainesville New Roe Puncheon ANDERSON. CamdenvilleChesher's Store Lawrenceburg Rough and Ready Van Buren BALLARD. Belle Ombre HazelwoodLovelacevilleMelvinMillburn Oak Spring BARREN. Antioch Bear Wallow Blue Spring Grove Centre Dry Fork Edmonton Merry Oaks Paces PagevillePeter's Creek Prewitt's Knob Randolph Rocky Hill Skcgg's Creek Three Forks Woodland BATH. Bald Eagle Bethel Eastville Gill's Mills HighlandLaurel Fork Little Flat MarshallOlympian Springs Peeled Oak Sharpsburg Slate BOONE. Elijah's Creek Florence Hamilton Middle Creek Mills Mitehellsville ' PetersburgUnionVerona Walton BOURBON CentrevilleClintonville Flat Rock Houston Jacksonville MillersburgMorelandNorth Middletown Ruddle's Mills BOYLE. DanvillePerryville BRACKEN. AugustaFosterLocust Mills MilfordMount Olivet Pleasant Ridge Powersville Santa Fee Stanton BREATHITT. Crockettsville Frozen Creek Lost Creek BRECKENRIDGK Bewleyville Big Spring Cedar Grove Clifton Mills Clover Port HudsonvilloPlanter's Hall Stephensport BULLITT. Cane Spring Coxe's Creek - Crooked Creek Furnace Mount Washington Pitts's Point BUTLER. Berry's Lick Rochester Sugar Grove Wood Berry CALDWELL. FarmersvilleFredonia Long Hall Long Pond Princeton CALLAWAY. Clark's River Locust Grove Murray New Concord Pine Bluff Shiloh CAMPBELL. AlexandriaBrooklyn Carthage Cold Spring Flagg Spring Grant's Lick Tibbatt's Cross Roads CARROLL. CarrolltonGhentGrass Hills Mill Creek Prestonville Worth ville CARTER. BruinKnaps Mount Savage Olive Hill Star Furnace Upper Tygart CASEY. Liberty MiddleburgWilcox's Store CHRISTIAN. Bainbridge Belleview Church Hill Cottonwood Fruit Hill GarretsburgGenoa La Fayette Long View Miller's Mill Newstead Oak Grove Oakland Pembroke Williams Wooldridge's Store CLARK. Colbyville Goode's Precinct Jones's Nursery KiddvilleOil Mills Pine Grove Ruckerville CLAY. Mount Welcome Sexton's Creek CLINTON. Elliott's Cross Roads Seventy Six CRITTENDEN. Bell's Mines Cookseyville Dycusburg CUMBERLAND. Locust Spring Marrowbone DAVIESS. Burtonsville Calhoun Crow's Pond Fillmore Knob Lick Knottsville Long Falls Creek Narrows Yelvington EDMONSON. Big Ready BrownsvilleDripping Spring Mammoth Cave POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 807 ESTILL. Miller's Creek Red River Iron Works FAYETTE. Athens DelphtonWalnut Hill FLEMING. Elizaville Farmers , Hillsboro' Martha Mills Mount Carmel Oak Woods Pleasant Grove Mills Plummer's Mill Poplar Plains Sherburne Mills Triplett White Oak Hill FLOYD. Lanesville FRANKLIN. Bridgeport Elk Horn Forks of Elk Horn Laputa Military Institute FULTON. ButlerHickmanLine Pontotoc Ralphton GALLATIN. Glencoe NapoleonWarsaw GARRARD. Bryan tsville BuckeyeEdinburghPaint Lick GRANT. Cordova Crittenden DowningsvilleDry Ridge GRAVES. Dublin DukedomFancy Farm Farmington Feliciana Leandcr Mayfield Oak Ridge Sage Hill SymsoniaWilson's Creek GRAYSON. Big Clifty Caneyville Falls of Rough Grayson Springs Millers town Rough Creek Short Creek GREENK Allen Dale Catalpa Grove Clover Hill HaskinsvilleSalonia Summersville GREENUP. Amanda CannonsburgCatlettsburgOldtown Pollard's Mills Pond Rum Rocky Branch SpringvilleTruittsville Tygert's Creek HANCOCK. BlackfordHawes ville Lewisport HARDIN. Cofer Elizabethtown Howell's Springs Nolen Oak Hill Red Hill Stephensburg West Point HARLAN. LafontaineLetcher Poor Fork HARRISON. BroadwellBuena Vista ClaysvilleColemansvilleConners ville Curry's Run HavilandsvilleKentontownLeesburg Raven Creek HART. Clear Point Glen Brook Green River Haramonville Leesville Monroe Three Springs Woodsonville HENDERSON. Cairo CorydonHebbardsvillePleasant Hill Smith's Mills Steamport HENRY. Campbellsburg Drennons EminenceFranklinton Hendrensville Lockport Pleasureville Port Roval Sligo Smithfield HICKMAN. Clinton MoscowObionWesley HOPKINS. Ashbysburg CarlowChalk Level Day's Store Mulberry Grove NeboProvidence Underwood JEFFERSON. Cross Roads Fisherville Hayes's Spring Jeffcrsontown LaconaLong Run LynnfordMiddletown Portland Salina Williamson JESSAMINE. KeeneMarble Creek Mount Freedom PekinPotts's Mills JOHNSON. KENTON. Bank Lick Dry Creek FiskburgPiner's Cross Roads Staffordsburg KNOX. Cumberland Ford Flat Lick Lynn Camp Swan Pond Yellow Creek LA RUE. Hodgensville Magnolia LAUREL. Bush's Store London McHargue's Mills Mershon's Cross Roai s Racoon LAWRENCE. Blaine Bolt's Fork Falls of Blaine George's Creek Peach Orchard Turman's Ferry LETCHER. Boone Valley LEWIS. Cabin Creek Concord Esculapia Springs KinniconickPoplar Flat Rock Creek Tolesboro'Vanceburg LINCOLN. Crab Orchard HustonvilleMilledgeville Walnut Flat Waynesburg LIVINGSTON. Berry's Ferry Camp Creek Ross's Ferry Smithland Walkers LOGAN. AdairvilleAllisonBuena Vista Springs Gordonsville Hague KeysburgRabbitsville South Union Volney Mccracken. MADISON. Big Hill EUiston KingstonKirksvilleMenelosPosey RogersvilleWalnut Valley White Hall MARSHALL. Aurora Fair Dealing MARION. Bradfordsville Haysville Loretto 808 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Manton Worthington PERRY. Fairview New Market Bigleys Hadens ville Raywick NELSON. Brashersville Pilot Knob Bloomfield Grape Vine Roscoe MASON. Boston Trenton Dover Chaplin PIKE. Germantown Deatsville Democracy TRIGG. Hamar Fairfield Lonsville Canton Helena High Grove Piketon Empire Iron Works May's Lick New Haven Robinson's Creek Golden Pond Maysville New Hope Lindsay's Mill Minerva Rolling Fork PULASKI. Roaring Spring Mount Gilead Adams Mills Wallonia Murphysville NICHOLAS. Dallas North Fork Blue Lick Springs Waterloo TRIMBLE. Orangeburg Carter's Store Bedford Sard is Forest Retreat ROCK CASTLE. Milton Slack Griffiths Winona Head Quarters RUSSELL. MEAD. Moorefield Creelsburg Horse Shoe Bottom UNION. Flint Island Pleasant Valley Mills Ashland Good Springs Jamestown Berry's Mill Garnettsville Rock Haven OHIO. Briggs's Mills Rowena Bordley Caseyville MERCER. Buford Fordsville SCOTT. Cypress Gum Grove Cornish ville Duncan Hines's Mills Lindleys Great Crossings Green's Store LongwoodMontezuma McAfeeSalvisa LivermorePincheco Little Eagle Newtown Raleigh Uniontown Shawnee Run Pleasant Grove Oxford Ray's Fork WARREN. MONROE. OLDHAM Spring Dale Smith's Grove Centre Point Ballardsville Stamping Ground Swan Creek Fountain Run Brownsboro' Turkey Foot Warrenton Hilton Centrefield White Sulphur Woodbiirn Sulphur Lick Floydsburg Goshen SHELBY. WASHINGTON MONTGOMERY. Kinklesburg Chestnut Grove Bakers Beech Fork Frederick town Mackville Aaron's Run La Grange Christiansburg Beaver Ponds Camargo OWEN. Clay Village Consolation Cash's Nob Levee Dallasburg Gratz Hardinsville Harrisonville Ryan's Mills Sniders ThompsonvilleWillisburg Mount Ida MORGAN. Haydons JamesonsLee's Mills Jesse's Store Simpsonville South ville Adamsville Monterey WAYNE. Black Water New Liberty SIMPSON. Bloomington Poplar Grove Hickory Flat Clio Mill Springs Cassity's Mills Savern Palmyra Christy's Fork Stamper's Mills Newberry Hazel Green SPENCER. Oak Forest Head of Paint OWSLEY. Mount Eden Johnson's Forks Proctor Vandyke's Mill WHITLEY. Little Sandy « South Fork Waterford Clear Fork Saltillo Wilsonville Meadow Creek PENDLETON. Rockholds MUHLENBURG. Ash Run TAYLOR. Woodbine Bremen Callensville Campbellsville Ellwood Doudsville WOODFORb Rumsey Flower Creek TODD. Dorsey South Carrollton Grassy Creek Allensville Midway Unity Motier Daysville Mortonsvillo ADAMS. Bentonville Blue Creek Bradyvillo STATE OF OHIO. Dunbarton Dunkinsville Eckmansville Gustine Locust Grove Lovetts MahalaManchester Marble Furnace Rockville Scott Stouts POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 809 TranquillityWoggoner's Ripple Wheat Ridge Youngsville ALLEN. Allentown Beaver Dam Cranberry Croghan Donnells Herring Hog Creek Middle River WestminsterWest Newton ASHLAND. Albion Hayesville JeromesvilleLoudonville McKay Mifflin Mohican NankinPerotePerry ville PolkRows Buggies Savannah Sullivan ASHTABULA. AmboyAndover AustinburgCherry Valley Clark's Corners Cork Denmark Dorset EaglevilleEast Plymouth Geneva HarpersfieldHart's Grove Kelloggsville Kingsville LenoxLeonLindcnvilleMonroe Centre MorganNew Lyme North Sheffield Orwell PhelpsPicrpontRichmond Centre RomeSaybrookSouth Ridge TrumbullWest Andover West Pierpont West Williamsfield Williamsfield Windsor ATHENS. Amesville Bolen's Mills Calvary Canaan ville ChaunceyCoolville Federalton Guysville Hebbardsville HockingportHulls LeeLottridgeLowryMillfield Nelsonville PleasantonPratts ville ShadeSharp's Fork TorchTrimbleWoodyards AUGLAIZE. Fryburg Kossuth Minster New Bremen Saint John's Uniopolis Waynesfield BELMONT. Armstrong's Mills Bell Air BelmontBridgeportCaptinaColerainCorinth Demos Dille's Bottom East Richland Flushing HendrysburgHunter Jacobsburg Kennon Lamira Lampsville Loydsville Martin's Ferry Morristown Pilcher Powhatan Point SewellsvilleShepherdstownSomerton Temperanceville Uniontown BROWN. Arnheim Ash Ridge DecaturDe La Palma Fayetteville FecsburgFincastleFive Mile Hamersville Higginsport Lewis 102 MapleNew Hope PueblaRussellville SardiniaUnion Plain White Oak Valley BUTLER. AlertBethanyBlue Ball College Corner CollinsvilleContreras Jacksonboro'Le Sourdsville MiddletownMillville MonroePaddy's Run Philanthropy Pisgah Poast Town Port Union PrincetonReileyRossRossville Saint Charles Seven Mile Somerville StillwellsSymmes's Corner Tariff Trenton West Chester Winton CARROLL. AugustaHarlem Spring Hickory Kilgore LamartineLeavittLeesvilleMalvernMechanicstown New Hagerstown New Harrisburg Norristown Oneida Mills Pekin Rose Scroggsfield SherodsvilleShober's Mills CHAMPAIGN. Bakers Brinton Carys ville Christiansburg Millers town MutualNorth Lewisburg Saint Paris Spring Hills Terre Haute Westville Woodstock CLARK. Catawba Donnelsville EnonMedwayNew Carlisle North Hampton Selma South Charleston TremontVienna Cross Roads CLERMONT. AmeliaBantamBelfastBethelBranch Hill California CedronChiloClover Edenton Felicity Goshen LaurelLocust Corner Loveland MarathonMiamiesville Milford ' MontereyMoscow Mount Carmel Mount Olive Mount Pisgah Mulberry NevilleNew Palestine New Richmond NewtonsvilleNicholsville Olive Branch Owensville Perin's Mills Pleasant Grove Pleasant Plain Point Isabel Point Pleasant RuralWest Woodville WilliamsburgWithamsville CLINTON. Blanchester Bloomington ClarksvilleCuba Lee's Creek LumbertonMartinsville New Antioch New Burlington New Vienna Oakland Port William Quinn's Mills SabinaSligo Snow Hill Westboro' Wilson's Station 810 POST OFFICES LN THE UNITED STATES. COLUMBIANA. AchorBucks Calcutta Cannon's Mills ClarksonColumbiana Damascoville Dunganon East Fairfield East Liverpool East Palestine East Rockester Elkton Franklin Square Gavers Glasgow Green Hill Hanoverton HastingsvilleInvernessLittle Beaver Bridge McKaig's Mills New Alexander New Chambersburg New Garden North Georgetown Saint Clair SalemSalinevilleSandy UnityWashingtonville WellsvilleWest Beaver West Point COSHOCTON. Bakersville Canal Lewisville ChiliClarks Evansburg Keene Mohawk Valley MunnsvilleNew Bedford New Castle New Guilford New Princeton , Plainfield RidgeTivertonTyrone WakatomikaWalhonding Warsaw West Bedford West Carlisle West La Fayette White Eves Plains Wills's Creek CRAWFORD. Broken Sword ChatfieldDe Kalb Galion Leesvillo Cross Roads Liberty Corners Likens Loss Creek New Washington New Winchester Oceola Olentangy Poplar Sulphur Springs TiroWellerville CUYAHOGA. BarryBedford Berea BricksvilleBrooklyn Chagrin Falls Coe Ridge Collamer East Cleveland Euclid Gates's Mills IndependenceMayfieldMiddleburg NewburgNorth Dover North Royalton Oldsted ParmaRockport Strongsville Warrens ville DARKE. AbbottsvilleBeamsvilleBrock Castine Concordia Darke Fort Jefferson German Hill Grove Ithaca Jacksonville MississinawaMount Heron New Madison North Star PittsburgPoplar Ridge Republican Robisons SampsonSeven Mile Prairie TampicoWoodington DEFIANCE. ArrowsmithsAyersville BrunersburgEvansportFarmer Hicksville MilldaleNey Panama Snookville DELAWARE. Alum Creek Bellepoint Cole's Mills Culver Creek East Orange GalenaGenoa Cross Roads HarlemKillbournKingston Centre Little Mill Creek Maxwell NortonPattersonPorterRadnor Scioto Bridge StratfordSunbury UnisonVan's Valley Williamsville ERIE. Berlinville BirminghamBloomingville CastaliaCooke's Corners FlorenceFurnace Groton HuronMilanVenice Vermilion West Vermilion FAIRFIELD. AmandaBremen Canal Winchester CarrollClear Creek DumontvilleGreen Castle LithopolisLockvilleMillersport New Salem PiekeringtonPleasantville Royalton RushvilleSugar Grove West Rushville FAYETTE. Bloomingburg Convenience Duff's Forks JcffersonvilleMoonsPancoastburg Staunton FRANKLIN. Alton Blendon Central College Clintonville DarbyDublin Gahanna Georges ville Groveport Harrisburg Hibernia Hope Lockbourae Ovid Reynoldsburg WestervilleWorthington FULTON. AiBlanc Chesterfield DeltaElmiraEmery Essex GorhamGroveland LavonaLyonsMetamoraMill Creek Parcher's Corners Tedrow • West Barre GALLIA. AddisonAnselmBay's Bottom Cheshire Ewington Gallia Furnace Kyger PatriotPine Grove Racoon Island Rio Grande Rodney SmithsSouth New Castle Swan Creek Thivener Thurman Vinton GEAUGA. AuburnBissellsBridge Creek BundysburgBurton Chester Cross Roads Claridon East Claridon Fowler's Mills Hampden HuntsburgMiddlefield Montville NewburyNorth Newbury Parkman Russell South Thompson Thompson Welshfield GREENE. Alpha Bellbrook Bowersville POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 811 Byron Cannonsburg HOCKING. New Somerset Cedarville Cass Ewing Philipsburg Clifton Clement Gibesonville Port Homer Clio Eagle Pattonsville Richmond Eureka Mills McComb Rock House Smithfield Fairfield Mount Blanchard South Perry UpdergraffsWarrenton Grape Grove Oak Ridge Starr Jamestown Van Buren Wintersville New Jasper Vanlue HOLMES. Paintersvillo Benton KNOX. Spring Valley HAEDIN. Black Creek Bladensburg Yellow Springs Dudley Buena Vista Brandon Zimmerman Hale Holmesville Centreburg Danville Hunters ville Humhrey's Villa GUERNSEY. Round Head Mount Hope Democracy Antrim Sylvia Nashville Gambier Batesville Walnut Creek Jelloway Bird's Run HARRISON. Winesburg Knox Buffalo Archer Levering Byesville Cassville HURON. Lock Cable Cold Spring Bellevue Lucerne Claysville Conotton Bronson Maple Grove Cumberland Deersville Centre ton Martinsburg Dysons Feed Spring Clarksfield Milford ton Fairview Germano East Clarksfield Millwood Kennonsburg Harris ville East Townsend Monroe Mills Kimbolton Hope Dale Fitchville Mount Liberty Leatherwood Laeeyville Four Corners Nonpareil Londonderry Moorefield Greenwich North Liberty Middlebourne New Rumley Hartland Shaler's Mills Milners ville Nottingham Lyme Wolf Mount Epriam Pleasant Mount New Haven New Gottingen Scio New London LAKE. Seneca ville Short Creek North Fairfield Arcole Washington Tappan North Norwich Concord Winchester Tippecanoe Olepa Fairport Peru Hillhousc HAMILTON. HENRY. Pontiac Kirtland Bevis's Tavern Damascus Ripleyville Madison Brown's Grove Durand Sherman Mentor Cheviot Florida Steuben ' North Perry Cleves New Bavaria Wakeman Perry College Hill Ridgeland South Kirtland Columbia Ridgeville Corners JACKSON. Unionville Cumingsville Shuuk Berlin Cross Roads Wickliffe Dent Texas Buckeye Furnace Willoughby Dry Fork Dawkins's Mills Dry Ridge HIGHLAND. Jackson Furnace LAWRENCE Dunlap Allensburg Keystone Campbell Elizabethtown Bell Levi Coal Grove Harrison Buford Mabess Elizabeth HygeiaMadisonville Centrefield McGhee's Store Greene's Store Dallas Meadow Branch Hanging Rock Montgomery Dodsonville Oak Hill Haskellville Mount Heahhy East Monroe Rocky Hill Millers Mount Washington Greenfield Quaker Bottom Newtown Highland JEFFERSON. Russell's Place Ourys Plainville Leesburg Amsterdam Simmons Lynchburg Annapolis Waterloo Pleasant Ridge Pleasant Run Marshall Mowrystown Bloomingdale Cope's Mills LICKING. Preston Nevin Croxton Alexandria Reading Sharonville New Corwin East Springfield Appleton New Market Elliotts ville Beechland Spring Dale New Petersburg Island Creek Chatham North Uniontown Jeddo Cokesbury Walnut Hills Pricetown Knoxville Columbia Centre Rainsboro' Mitchell's Salt Work Conine HANCOCK. Samantha Moore's Salt Works Croton ArlingtonAsherey Benton Ridge Blanchard Bridge SicilySinking Spring Sugar Tree Ridge Willettville Mount Pleasant Mouth of Yellow Creek NeboNew Alexandria Etna FallsburgFredonia Granville 812 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Hanover MAHONING. Salisbury Johnsville Hebron Berlin Centre Silver Run Liberty Little York Homer Boardman Sterling Bottom Jacksontown Coits ville Tupper's Plains New Lebanon Jersey Cornersburg Pyrmont Johnstown East Lewistown MERCER. Taylorsville Kirkersville East Westville Boetia Union Linnville Ellsworth Chickasaw Vandalia Perry town Frederic Cold Water West Baltimore Reynolds Greenford Cranberry Prairie Saint Louisville Hanna's Mills Deep Cut MORGAN. Sylvania Lowellville Fort Recovery Anderson's Store Utica Milton Macedon Bristol New Albany Maria Stein Chester Hill LOGAN. New Middletown Mendon Claytona Belle Centre New Springfield Mercer Deavertown East Liberty North Benton Montezuma Elliott's Cross Roads' Huntsville North Jackson Neptune Gardner Lewistown North Lima Saint Henrys Hall's Valley Loganville Orange Shane's Crossings Hickerson's Cross Rds Muchinippe Petersburg Skeel's Cross Roads Hiramsburg New Richland Poland Hoskinsville Quincy Pottersville MIAMI. Keiths Rushylvania Youngstown Aliens Log Cabin West Liberty Brandt Malta West Middleburg MARION. Casstown Meigs's Creek Zanesfield Big Island Covington Meigs ville Caledonia Fairmount Morgans ville LORAIN. Cochran ton Fidelity Moscow Mills Amherst Grand Prairie Fletcher Neelysville Avon Lake Letimberville Hyattsville Olive Black River Little Scioto Laura Pennsville Brighton Prospect Pleasant Hill Pleasant Valley Brownhelm Underwoods West Charleston Renrock Carlisle Waldo West Milton Ringgold Copopa Wilson Rokeby Grafton MONROE. Rosseau Huntington MEDINA. Alum Run Sharon _ La Grange Abbeyville Antioch South Olive La Porte Brunswick Baresville Stockport North Camden Chatham Centre Beallsville Triadelphia , North Eaton Coddingville Berne Wharton's North Ridgeville Granger Calais Wood Grove North Rochester Guilford Cochran's Landing Penfield Hinckley Enoch MORROW. Pittsfield Homerville Graysville Andrews Plato Le Roy Harriets ville Bennington Sheffield Litchfield Jerusalem Bloomfield Sheffield Lake Liverpool Jonesville Cardington Wellington Lodi Laings Chesterville Mallet Creek Lewisville Corsica LUCAS. River Styx Malaga Iberia Java Sharon Centre Masterton Lincoln Manhattan Spencer Middle Creek McE wen's Cross Roads Providence Wardsworth Miltonsburg Marengo Rigi Weymouth Rocky Narrows Marits Swanton Whittlesey Sard is Nimmon's Cross Roads Tremainville Stafford Pulaskiville Utah MEIGS. Summerfield Shaueks Waterville Alfred Sunfish Smith's Mills Whiteford Apple Grove Wittens Sparta Bashan Vail's Cross Roads MADISON. Burlingham MONTGOMERY. Westfield Big Plain Chester Bear Creek Whetstone Cross Roads Downington Centre Woodview Darby Creek Graham's Station Centreville Mount Sterling Great Bend Chambersburg MUSKINGUM Rosedalc Harrisonville Clayton Adam's Mills South Solon Langsville Corwin Baxters Summerford Ledlies Farmersville Blue Rock Tradersville Letart Falls Germantown Bridgeville West Canaan Long Bottom Harshmansville Chandlersville West Jefferson Rutland Henby Duncan's Falls POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 813 FrazeysburgFreelandsFultonham Gratiot OmegaWaverly Shelby Six Corners Mapleton Marlboro' PORTAGE. West Windsor Middle Branch Minerva High Hill Hopewell Atwater ROSS. Mount Union Brimfield Austin Navarre Irville Meadow Farm Campbell's Port Charlestown BainbridgeBourneville New Baltimore New Berlin Muskingum NashportNew Concord Newton Deerfield Clarksburg New Franklin EdinburghFreedom Garretts ville Gillespieville HallsvilleKingston North Industry Osnaburg Paris NorwichOtsego Mantua Centre Nelson Lattas Richmond Dale WaynesburgWest Brookfield Philo Palmyra South Salem Putnam Parisville Waller SHELB5f. Rich Hill Randolph Yellow Bud Dinsmore Ridgeway Rapids Houston Rix's Mills Roots town SANDUSKY. LockingtonLoramies Roseville Shalersville Black Swamp Saintfield Streetsboro' Butternut Ridge Montra Shannon Suffield Green Creek [Roads Pratt Stovertown Windham Greensburg Cross S peer's Landing Symme's Creek White Cottage Rollersville Tawawa PREBLE. Townsend Valentia Young Hickory Brenners ville Woodville Wynant Camden York North Ridge OTTAWA. Enterprise York South Ridge SUMMIT. Marblehead Euphemia Bath Ottawa Fair Haven SCIOTO. Boston Whitestown Gettysburg Franklin Furnace Brandywine Mills Gratis French Grant Clinton PAULDING, Hagerstown Friendship Copley Antwerp Hamburg Iron Furnace Hudson Doylestown Lewisburg Junior Inland Junction Morning Sun Lucas ville Johnson's Corners Paulding New Paris Lyra Middlebury Mew Westville Nairn Mogadore PERRY. Sugar Valley Scioto Montrose Asbury Upshur Sciotoville New Portage Buckeye Cottage West Alexandria Wheelersburg Nimisila Chapel Hill West Elkton Northfield Crossanville West Florence SENECA. North Springfield Mount Perry Adams Norton Centre New Lexington PUTNAM. Attica Peninsula Oakfield Buck Eye Bascom Richfield Pike Dukes Bettsvillo Stow Portersvillo Fort Jennings Berwick Summit Rehoboth Franconia Bloomville Tallmadge Sego Gilboa Fitz Henry Twinsburg Straitsville [Roads Leipsic Flat Rock Western Star Sunday Creek Cross Medary Fort Seneca Thornville Pendleton Foster's Mill TRUMBULL. Worth Pleasant Green Spring Bazetta Vaughns ville Reed town Brace ville PICKAWAY. Republic Bristol ville Ashville RICHLAND. Risdon Brookfield Beckett's Store Adario Stoncr Champion Darbyville Barnes West Lodi Church Hill Leistville Belleville Duck Creek New Holland Butler STARK. Eden Palestine Ganges Barryville Farmington South Bloomfield Hastings Cairo Fowler Williamsport Lexington Canal Fulton Girard Lucas East Greenville Greensburg PIKE. Newville Frease's Store Gustavus Beaver Olivesburg Greentovvn Hartford Byington Cynthiana Flat Ontario PlymouthRiblets Hartville LakeLimnville Howland Hubbard Johnsonville Gibson Richland Louisville Kinsmaus Jasper Morgan's Fork Rives Shanandoah Magnolia Mahoning 1 Mecca Mesopotamia 814 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Niles Wilkins North Bloomfield York Ohlstown Orangeville VAN WERT. Southington Auglaize State Line Vernon DelphosTully Vienna Willshire Willow Dale VINTON. TUSCARAWAS. Allensville Albany Bolen's Mills Cadwallader New Plymouth Canal Dover Prattsville Deurdorff s Mills Ratcliffsburg Dundee Reed's Mills New Comerston Swan New Cumberland Wilkesville Peoli Port Washington WARREN. Rocksford Brown's Store Rogers ville Butlerville Rush Dallasburg Sandyville Deerfield Village Shanesville Dunlevy Stillwater Edwardsville Stone Creek ' Fort Ancient Strasburg Harveysburg TaborTuscarawas Hopkinsville Level Uhricksville Liberty Hall Winfield Mason Zoar Morrow Mount Holly UNION. Oregon Allen Centre Red Lion Boke's Creek Ridgeville Coberlys Darby Plains RochesterTwenty Mile Stand Jerome Waynesville Milford Centre New California WASHINGTON. Pharisburg Barlow Raymonds Bartlett Richwood Belpre Rush Creek Beverly Unionville Centre Bonn Watkins Brown's Mills Centre Belpre Coal Run Constitution Decaturville FearingFillmoreFlint's Mills Grand View Harmar Jolly Lawrence Little Hockhocking LowellLower Lawrence Lower Newport Lower Salem New Port North Union Ostend Regnier's Mills Saltpetre Veto WaterfordWatertownWesley WAYNE. Apple Creek Big Prairie Blachlys ville Burbank CanaanCedar Valley ChippewaCongressCooper DaltonEastonFredericksburg Madisonburg Marshallsville Mill Brook Moorland Mount Eaton New Pittsburg New Prospect Number One Old Hickory Plain ReedsburgShreve SmithvilleWest Lebanon West Salem WILLIAMS. BridgewaterDeer Lick Domestic Durbin's Corners Lockport Montpelier Nettle Lake North West Oak PioneerPulaski Saint Joseph Spring Lake West Unity Williams's Centre WOOD. Bowling Green Miltonville [Roads Montgomery Cross New Rochester Portage Scotch Ridge Stony Ridge West Mill Grove WestonWoodbury WYANDOTT. Belle Vernon Bowshersville CareyCrawford Little Sandusky McCutchenvilleMarseilles Mexico SealSycamore Tymochtee Wyandott STATE OF MICHIGAN. ALLEGAN. Fulton Dayton Sherwood Bee Line Glass Creek Pipe Stone Union City Bradley Gum Lake Spring Creek Manlius Hastings Watervleit CALHOUN Martin Hickory Corners Abscota Plainwell Irving BRANCH. Albion Proctor Johnstown Algansee Athens Rabbit River Maple Grove Batavia Bedford Saugatuck Middleville Bronson's Prairie Burlington Wayland Prairieville California Cedar Lake South Assyria Gilead Cerosco BARRY. Woodland Girard Clare uce Assyria Yankee Spring Kinderhook Clarendon Baltimore Mattison Conois Bristolville BERRIEN. Noble Centre Emmett Carlton Bainbridge Ovid Esmond's Corners Castleton Bertrand Prairie River Homer Cedar Creek Buchanan Quincy Marengo POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 815 Newton HILLSDALE. Napoleon North Marshall Bird Norvell Penfield Cambria Otter Creek Pine Creek Cambria Mills Portage Lake Rice Creek Camden South Jackson South Albion Cass Spring Arbor Tekonsha Edinburg Springport Florida Tompkins CASS. Litchfield Waterloo Adamsville Moscow West Rives Dowagiac North Adams Wyoming Edwardsburg Pittsford La Grange Ranson KALAMAZOO. Little Prairie Ronde Reading Alamo Newberg Scipio Centre Austin's Lake Silver Creek Somerset Charleston Summerville Sparta Climax Prairie Union Sylvanus Comstock Vandalia Wheatland Centre Cooper Volinia Wood's Corners Galesburg Portage CHEBOYGAN. HOUGHTON., Prairie Ronde Duncan Algonquin Richland Kewenaw Bay Schoolcraft CHIPPEWA. Northwest Mine West Climax West Neck CLINTON. INGHAM Ynouski Bengal Alaiedon Yorkville Dallas Bunker Hill De Witt Delhi Centre KENT. Duplain Eden Alton Eagle Ingham Austerlitz Essex Le Roy Bowne Greenbush Leslie Caledonia Olive Mason Cannonsburg Ossawa Onondaga Cortland Victor Phelpstown Cuba Wacousta Sanford Fallassburg Stockbridge Flat River EATON. White Oak Grand Rapids Bellevue Williamstown Grandville Carlisle Grattan Charlotte IONIA. Indian Creek Chester Avon Laphamsville Delta Boston Loomisville Eaton Danby Mill Creek Eaton Rapids Maple North Cannon Grand Ledge Kalamo Matherton Oakfield North Plains Paris Olivet Otisco Pleasant Oneida Portland Sparta Centre Roxana Rix Vergennes Vermontville Ronald Whitneyville West Windsor Sebewa Windsor Smyrna LAPEER. South Boston Almont GENESEE. South Cass Amboy Argentine Wheatland Dry den Crockersville Etna Davison Centre JACKSON. Farmer's Creek Davisonville Barry Hadley Fentonville Bennett's Corners Metamora Flint Brooklyn Rural Vale Flushing Cayuga Whlgville Genesee Columbia Goodrich Concord LENAWEE. Grand Blanc Franciscoville Attica Kearsley Long Lake Richfield Gidley's Station Cambridge Grass Lake Canandaigua Hanover Clayton Stony Run Swartz Creek Hickory Grove Clinton Leoni Deerfield Thetford Liberty Dover East Ogden Fairfield Hudson Jackson's Mills MaconMedinaMendonMorenciNorth Adrian RaisinRidgewayRiga Seneca Springville , TiptonWest Ogden Wolf Creek Woodstock LIVINGSTON. Brighton CedarConway Deer Creek East Marion Fleming GenoaGreen Oak Hamburg HandyHartland JoscoLivingston MadisonMarionMiddletown Oak Grove Oak Plains Oceola Centre Pinckney PlainfieldPleasant Valley TuscolaTyroneUnadillaWarnerville MACOMB. Armada Lenox MacombMount Vernon New Haven Plumb Brook Ray Ray Centre RichmondRomeoRoseville Sackets Utica ViennaWarrenWashington NEW .MANISTEE. Manistee MAliUUETTE. Marquette MICHILIMACKINAC Grand Traverse 816 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. MONROE. Brest Dundee East Exeter East Raisinvilje, Erie ExeterGrafton Ida LambertvilleLa Salle London Milan NewportNorth Raisin ville Oakville Ottawa Lake Summerfield MONTCALM. Greenville MontcalmPine Plain NEWAGO. Croton Newago OAKLAND. Auburn Ball Mountain Big Beaver Birmingham Brandon Campbell's Comers ClarkstonCommerce Eagle Lake Farmington Franklin GrovelandHickville Highland Jersey Kensington Lakeville MahopacMilford Mount Pleasant New Canandaigua North Farmington NoviOaklandOxford Pine Lake Pontiae Rose Royal Oak SouthfieldSouth Lyon SpringfieldStrait's Lake Summit Taylorsville Troy Walled Lake WaterfordWaterford Centre West Bloomfield White Lake ONTONAGON. Ontonagon Peninsula OTTAWA. Big Spring Crockery Creek HollandMill Point Muskegon NortonvillePintler's Comers Polkton Ravenna Steele's Landing TallmadgeWright SAGANAW. BridgeportHampton Northampton Worth SAINT CLAIR. AlgonacBelle River Burchville ColumbusCottrell ville East Berlin Ira Mattawen Lexington Paw Paw Mack's Place Porter Memphis Port Huron WASHTENAW. Wales Base Lake West Berlin Benton Bridgewater SAINT JOSEPH Chelsea Burr Oaks Dexter Colon Elba Constantine Fredonia Fawn River Gravel Run Florence Iron Creek Flowerfield Lima Leonidas Lodi Mottville Lucerne Nottaway Manchester Oporto Northfield Park Paint Creek Reserve Pittsfield Sturgis Salem White Pigeon Saline Scio SANILAC. Sharon Sanilac Mills Silver Lake Superior SHIAWASSEE. Sylvan Antrim Union District Bennington Webster Burns York Byron Ypsilanti Enterprise Fremont WAYNE. Hartwellville Belleville Laingsburg Borodino Middleburg Ecorce North Vernon Gibraltar Owasso Grbss Isle Perry Huron Rush Livonia Shiawassee Livonia Centre Venice Mead's Mills Vernon Nankin WoodhnU Northville Plank Road VAN BUREN. Plymouth Decatur Rawsonville Hamilton Romulus Keelersville South Nankin Lawrence South Plymouth Lawton Trenton STATE OF INDIANA. ADAMS. Limber Lost Linn Grove PerryPoughkeepsieRecruit Mount Healthy NewbernRock Creek Reese's Mill Royalton Thornleysville Monmouth Pleasant Mills Root Saint Joseph Taylorsburg Thorntown Taw Taw BENTON. BROWN. ALLEN. Cedar Eel River East Liberty Hall's Corners BARTHOLOMEW. AzaliaElizabethtown Hartsvillo Catalpa Grove BLACKFORD. Montpelier Bean Blossom Christiansburg Mount Moriah CARROLL Harlan Herod BOONE. Burlington LeoMassilon Hope Lefever Eagle Village Jamestown Camden Carroll New Haven Moore's Vineyard Northfield Deer Creek POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 817 Fountain v Lockport Mount Jefferson Pittsburg Prince William Wild Cat CASS. Amsterdam Fitch LewisburgMetea Royal Centre Spring Creek Twelve Mile CLARK. Bennettsvillc BethlehemBlue Lick Hamburg HiberniaNew Providence New Washington OregonPine Lick Polk Run ReptonSylvan Grove Utica CLAY. Brazil Cloverland Coffee Christy's Prairie Harmony Plunge Creek Poland Yan Buren CLINTON. Berlin Jefferson Kirk's Cross Roads MichigantownMiddle Fork Prairieville Rossville Russiavillc Taylorsville CRAWFORD. LeavenworthMagnolia Mifflin Milltown Mount Prospect Nebraka Pilot Knob Psoctorsville Sterling Wickliffe DAVIESS. BogardOwl Prairie Raglesville DEARBORN. Aurora Bright Coopersville Dillsboro' GuilfordGuionsvilleKelso LawrencevilleLogan Manchester Moore's Hill New Alscase SpartaWilmington Yorkville DECATUR. ClarksburgClifty Cobb's Fork Forest Hill KingstonMillhonsenRossburg Saint Omer SardiniaSpring Hill West Port Williamstown Wintersville DE KALB. Artie Builer De Kalb Newville Spencerville Taylor's Corners DELAWARE. AlbanyAnthony Granville New Burlington Pleasant Woods Rich Woods Royton SmithfieldWheelingYorktown DU BOIS. Alder Creek CelestineDavis's Creek Ditney Hill Ferdinand Haysville Hutitingburg Porters ville White Oak Grove Worth ELKHART. BentonBristol Cabin Hill ElkhartJackson LaneLittle Elkhart Middlebury FAYETTE. Alquina Bentonville Columbia EvertonFalmouthHarrisburgLongwoodNull's Mills Orange Waterloo FLOYD. Galena Georgetown Greenville FOUNTAIN. Atica Cole Creek Headley's Mills Hillsboro' NewtownPortland Rob Roy Shawnee Prairie Wallace FRANKLIN. Andersonville Blooming Grove Blue Creek Cedar Grove DrewsburgFairfield Jennings Laurel MetamoraMixervilleMount Carmel New Trenton Oak Forest Oldenburg Peoria Saint Peters South Gate SpringfieldSlip's Hill WhitcombWynn FULTON. AubbeenaubbeeBluegrassFulton KewannaMeredith Mills Mill Ark Wesley GIBSON. Buckskin Gibson's Wells Owensvillc Patoka WarrentonYork GRANT. GrantGreen Bush Jadden JalapaJonesboro' MierOak Woods Trask Walnut Creek Zion GREENE. Buck Cff ek Fair Play Hobbierville LintonNewberry Owensboro' Pleasant Ridge Point Commerce Scaffold Prairie Scotland Worthington Wright HAMILTON. Boxley CarmelCiceroClarksville EagletownNoblesville Penfield SheildvilleStrawtownWestfield Woodbury HANCOCK. Charlottesville EdenKinder Kinnard Philadelphia Sugar Creek Warrington HARRISON. BarrenBradfordByrnevilleDavidsonElizabeth Grassy Valley Hurst's Mills Laconia Lanesville Mauckport New Amsterdam New Salisbury Palmyra Sharp's Mills HENDRICKS. Belleville BrownsburgHampton New Winchester North Salem Pittsboro' Plainfield Springtown Stilesville HENRY. Ashland Blountsville CadizDan Webster Devon Greensboro' 103 818 POST OFFICES LN THE UNITED STATES. Knightstown South Hanover Saint John MIAMI. Lewisville Swan ville West Creek Chili Luray Winfield Gilead Mechanicsburg JENNINGS. Mexico Middletown « Brewersville' LA PORTE. Miami New Lisbon Cana Bigelows Mills Niconza Ogden Hopewell Big Springs Palos Raysville Montgomery Byron Paw Paw Rogersville New Centreville Door Village Perrysburg Sulphur Springs Paris , Hudson Reserve Spiceland Queensville Kingsbury Santa Fee Scipio New Durham 'Waw-pe-cong HOWARD. Six Mile Sauk Village Alto Zenas Union Mills MONROE. Chancery Waterford Brvant's Creek Crittenden JOHNSON Ellitts ville Greentown Amity LAWRENCE. Fairfax Jerome Edinburgh Bono Harrodsburg New London Far West Bryantsvillc Indian Creek Pleasant Spring Foster's Mills Dixonville Mount Tabor Vermont Greenwood Fayetteville Stanford Nineveh Heltonville Unionville HUNTINGTON. Yellow Spring Lawrenceport Maysville Worthsville Leesville MONTGOMERY Mount Etna , Silverville Alamo Price KNOX. Sinking Spring Brown's Valley Roanoke Berrysville Spring Mil. Darlington Tracey Bruceville Springville Ladoga Warren Edwardsport Locust Grove Yaukectown Maria Creek MADISON. New Richmond West Union Alexandria New Ross JACKSON. Wilson's Creek Alfont Oak Grove Cortland Chesterfield Parkersburg Dudlytown KOSCIUSKO. Hunts ville Pleasant Hill Freetown Beaver Dam Mendon Waveland Houston Boydston's Mills Ovid Waynetown Mooney Camp Creek Perkinsville Younts ville Newry Claypool Pipe Creek Payntersville Clear Spring Summitville MORGAK Reddington Deed's Creek Monrovia Rockford Leesburg MARION. Mooresville Sage's Ferry Milford Allisonville Morgantown Valonia Monoquct Augusta Bridgeport Broad Ripple ClermontCumberland West Salem Woodville JASPER. Brook Oran Oswego Palestine Syracuse White River NOBLE. Avilla Carpenter's Creek Fall Creek Greene Pleasant Grove Rensselaer LA GRANGE. Brighton Germantown Lawrence Kendallville Ligonier Saltillo Brushy Prairie Millersville Lisbon JAY. Ellisburg Fly Creek New Bethel Olive Marseilles Noble Iron Woiks Bear Creek Haw Patch Piketon Northport Hector Lima SouthportSpring Valley Springfield Mills New Corydon New Mount Pleasant MarcyMongoquinong Swan Wilmot Pennville JEFFERSON. Mount Pisgah OntarioPashawn MARSHALL. Blissville Wolf Lake OHIO. Barbersville Ringgold Bourbon Bear Branch Bryansburg Scott Bremen MarshallOnondaga Hartford Buena Vista Camargo South Milford Utah Rising Sun Canaan Wolcott's Mills Sidney ORANGE. Dupont Yellow River Chambcr-sburg Graham LAKE. French Lick Home Cedar Lake MARTIN. Lost River Kent Deep River Dover Hill New Prospect Lancaster Hickory Point Keek's Church Newton Stewart Necl's Creek Hobart Mountain Spring Orangeville North Madison Men-illville Natchez Orleans Saluda Outlet Trinity Springs Valeene POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 819 OWEN. Grubb's Mills SHELBY. Lauramie Cataract Manhattan Blue Ridge Monroe Deem Mount Meridian Brandywine Romney Freedom New Maysville Conn's Creek Shawnee Mound Gosport Nicholsonville Flat Rock Sugar*Grove Mausertown Portland Mills Flemings Wesley Chapel Mill Grove Putnamville Freeport West Point Vandalia Russellville Little Blue River Wyandotte White Hall Manwarings Williamson RANDOLPH. Marietta TIPTON. Arba Morristown Ballengers PARKE. Bloomingsport Mount Auburn New Lancaster Annapolis Deerfield Noah Tetersburg Armiesburg Em metts ville Parma West Kinderhook Bridgeton Fairview Pleasant View Bruin's Cross Roads Lynn Sulphur Hill UNION. Delta Macksville Beechy Mire Dickson's Mills Mount Holly SPENCER. Billings ville Gallatin Randolph Anderson's River Brownsville Howard Ridgc-ville Dale Cottage Grove Lick Branch Spartanburg French Island Dunlapsville Lodiville Trenton Gentryville Philomath Montezuma Windsor Midway Numa New Hope VANDERBURG Roseville RIPLEY. Oakland Cross Roads Russell's Mills Ballstown McCutchanville Sylvania Cross Plains STARK. Saundersville Delaware Bogus Run PERRY. Elrod Knox VERMILION. Cannelton Hart's Mills North Bend Clinton Leopold Hermaan Eugene Martin's Landing Milan STEUBEN. Highland Rome Napoleon Crooked Creek Perrysville New Marion Fish Creek Toronto FIKE. North Hogan Flint Angostura Olean Fremont VIGO. Delectable Hill Otter Village Hamilton Fruit Hill Kinderhook Prattsburg Mets Lewis Petersburg Stringtown Orland Mauri us Union Way Pleasant Lake New Goshen Winslow Sandy Ridge New Market RUSH. Poplar Hill TORTER. Beech Grove SULLIVAN. Prairie Creek Boon Grove Bloom Black Creek Prairieton Calumet Carthage Carlisle Riley Coffee Creek Farmington Don Saint Mary's Fillmore Goddard Greysville Wauhoo Hebron Groves Merom Porter's Cross Roads Hannegan New Lebanon WABASH. Tassinong Grove Manilla Siloa America Valparaiso Melrose Turman's Creek Lafontaine TOSEY. MilroyMoscow SWITZERLAND. La Gro Laketon Blairsville New Salem Allensville Liberty Mills Cythiana Raleigh Bennington New Holland Farmersville Richland Craig North Manchester New Hnmony Smelser's Mills Florence Owen Posewillc Steeles Grant's Creek Somerset Taylor West Franklin ST. JOSEPH. Jacksonville Log Lick WARREN. Cottage Hill Moorefield PULASKI. Beaver Creek Monterey Mooresburg Hammonds Laki-ville MishawakaNew Carlisle Mount Sterling Patriot PleasantQuercus Grove Baltimore IndependencePoolsvilleRainsville West Lebanon Two Mile Prairie White Post North Liberty Notre Dame TIPPECANOE. WARRICK. PUTNAM. Terre Coupee AniericusBattle Ground Frisbie's Mills SCOTT. Bringham'8 Grove Lee Branerstown CarpcntcrsvilleClover Dale Fincastle New Frankfort Vienna CassConcord Dayton LynnvilleNewark Newburg 820 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. WASHINGTON. CantonChestnut Hill Clays ville FredericksburgHardinsburg Harristown Kossuth Little York LivoniaMartinsburgMillpot New Philadelphia New Retreat Pekin South Boston Texas Walnut Ridge WAYNE. Bethel Boston CambridgeChester Cox's Mills DaltonDublin East Germantown Economy Green's Fork Hagerstown Jacksonburg MiltonNew Garden Richmond Webster White Water Williamsburg WELLS. Choppeen Murray Nottingham OssianUniontown Vera Cruz WHITE. BuffaloBurnett's Creek Cathcart MononSpringboro' WHITLEY. Churubusco Coesse Collamer Popano South Whitley Summit STATE OF ILLINOIS. ADAMS. Versailles Nancemont Deer Grove Adams Walker's Neck Panther Creek Elk Grove Beverly White Oak Spring Virginia Jefferson Big Neck Lemonte Burton BUREAU. CHRISTIAN. Leyden Camp Point Arispe Mount Auburn Lyons • Clayton Arlington Stonington Lyonsville Columbus Barren Grove Maine Fair Weather Dover CLARK. New Bremen Houston Enon Anderson New Trier Liberty French Grove Casey Niles Lima Indiantown Darwin Northfield Marcelline Lamoille Dolson Noyes ville Mendon Leepertown Johnson's Mills Orland Payson Lone Tree Livingston Palatine Ursa Milo Lodi Palos Woodville Perkins's Grove Margaretta Plum Princeton Martinsville Proviso ALEXANDER. Providence Melrose Ridgeville Cairo Selby Westfield Ringgold Clear Creek Landing Truxton Shaumburg Santa Fe Winabago CLAY. Sherman Thebes Yorktown Larkinsburg Thornton Unity Louisville Waiksaik CALHOUN. Xenia Wheeling BOND. Peaver Creek BelleviewBissell CLINTON. Worth Dry Fork Deer Plain Avis ton CRAWFORD. Elm Point Gilead Crooked Creek Bell Air Mulberry Grove Hamburg MontereyNews Germantown Elkton Old Ripley Pocahontas Rock Well Jamestown Keysport Flat Rock Hutsonsville Looking Glass New Hebron BOONE. CARROLL. Shoal Creek York Amesville Argo Beaver Bluffville COLES. CUMBERLAND Bonus Prairie Cherry Grove Ashby Greenup Burton's Corners Elkhorn Grove Brushy Fork Woodbury Cherry Valley Hunter Fair Haven Campbell Milledgeville Charleston DE KALB. Kossuth Rock Creek Fuller's Point Blood's Point Park's Corners Savanna Hermitage Buck Branch Poplar Grove Precin ct Hites ville De Kalb Centre CHAMPAIGN. Modrell's Point Dorset Russell's Store Homer Oakland Genoa South Prairie Mahomet Paradise Hicks's Mills Wilmot Jaint Josephs Upper Embarrass Kingston Springville Lacey BROWN. CASS. La Clair Buck Horn Arenzville COOK. Line La Grange Bluff Berryton Barrington Lost Grove Mount Sterling Jersey Prairie Bloom New Lebanon Ripley Lancaster Bremen Noy POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 821 Ohio Grove Ross's Grove SandwichShabbonas's Grove Somonauk South Grove Van Buren Williamsburg DE WITT. De Witt Santa Anna Waynesville Zabriskie DU PAGE. AddisonBabcock's Grove Big Woods Bloomingdale Bonaparte Brush Hill Cass Cottage Hill Downer's Grove JunctionLangdonNapierville York Centre WarrensvilleWayne Centre EDGAR. Baldwin ville Bloomfield Elbridge Embarrass Point Grand View EDWARDS. Mills's Prairie EFFINGHAM. EwingtonFreemanton Tentopolis FAYETTE. Bowling Green Cumberland Four Mile Prairie Hickory Creek Higgins Howard's Point London City Vandalia FRANKLIN. Cave EwingFrankfortLittle Muddy Sarahsville FULTON. Astoria Bernadotte Canton Copperas Creek Cuba Ellisville FairvicwFarmington Fiatt Fulton Centre Lewistown Liverpool Marietta Middle Grove MidwayOttoPleasantville St. Augustine Table Grove Troy Mills VermontVirgil Waterford Woodstock GALLATIN. Gallatin New Haven GREENE. AthensvilleBluff Dale BreeseFayette Greenfield Jalapa Kane Letcherville PioneerRockbridge White Hall GRUNDY. Clarion Dresden Hyde Park Mazon HAMILTON. Belle Prairie Griswold Night's Prairie Palo Alto HANCOCK. Augusta Chili Dallas City ¦ DurhamElm Tree Fountain Green Green Plains La Harpe McGaryMontebelloNauvooPilot Grove Plymouth PontoosacPulaski Rough and Ready Saint Albans Saint Marys Warsaw WebsterWythe HARDIN. Cave in Rock Martha Furnace Rosiclare HENDERSON. Grove Farm Hopper's Mills Glen a Oquawka Picayune Shokokan HENRY. AndoverBishop Hill Burns CambridgeGeneseo Green River OrionOxford Penny's Perry Wethersfield HIGHLAND. Elm Grove IROQUOIS. Ash Grove Courtwright's Mills DemocratIroquoisLata burg Limestone MilfordMount Langum PlatoRinosa Sammons's Point JACKSON. BradleyMurphysboro'UrbaneVergennes JASPER. Rose Hill Saint Marie JEFFERSON. BlissvilleJordan's Prairie Moore's Prairie Spring Garden JERSEY. Delaware Delhi FidelityFielding Grafton JerseyvilleNewborn Otter Creek JO. DAVIESS. AveryBaltimore Council Hill Elizabeth Gap Grove Green Vale HanoverMillvilleMoselleMount Sumner Pleasant Valley Plum Rivei Rush South Hollow Ward's Grove Warren Weston JOHNSON. Cross Roads Cypress Creek KANE. AuroraBannerBataviaBerkshireBig Rock Blackberry Burlington Collamer Dundee ElginFayville GenevaGrouse Hampshire Jericho KanevilleKing's Mills Little Woods Penfield Pingree Grove Saint Charles Sugar Grove Swinton UdinaWinthrop KENDALL. Ausable BristolHolderman's Grove Kendall Lisbon Little Rock Mansfield NaausayNewark Ohio Farm Oswego PavilionPlattville KNOX Brush Creek Centre Point Farmer's Hall French Creek GalesburgGranite Hartford Henderson Knoxville MaquonNorth Prairie Ontario Persifer Truro Uniontown Victoria Walnut Grove 822 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. LAKE Willow Creek Hudson Hillerman Abingdon Independence Angola LIVINGSTON. Leroy MENARD. Antioch Avoca Lexington Athens Deerfield Billing's Grove Lytlesville Petersburg Emmet Indian Grove Money Creek Robinson's Mills Flint Creek Long Point Mount Hope Yankee Hill Forksville New Michigan Randolph's Grove Fort Hill Pontiac Rogers's Farm MERCER. Fox Lake Reading- Selma Copper Creek Gage's Lake Rook's Creek Senex Eliza Gilmer Sunbury Stout's Grove Farlow's Grove Haines ville Wilkesboro' Ferdinand Half Day LOGAN. High Point Hickory Eminence MACON. Keithsburg Lake Zurich Middletown Decatur Meridian Lamar New Castle Hopewell New Boston Libertyville Postville Oakley North Henderson Long Grove Prairie Creek Perryton Millburn MACOUPIN. Pope Creek Newport Mcdonough. Ban's Store Pope's Mills Oak Hill Argyle Brighton Preemption Otsego Blandinsville Bunker Hill Richland Grove Port Clinton Burnsville Chesterfield Serryse Doddsville Cummington MONROE. Wanconda Drowning Fork Honey Point Columbia Waukegan Friendship Hoover's Point Eagle Cliffs Wellington Hickory Point Locust Spring James's Mills Wentworth Hill's Grove Piasa Morrison's Stone House Johnson Plainview Renault LA SALLE. Macomb Pleasant Grove Waterloo Asbury Muddy Lane Scottville Clay Spring Creek Staunton MONTGOMERY. Dayton Walkers Wooburn Audubon Deer Park Young Bear Creek Dimmick MADISON. East Fork EagleEariville McHENRY. Alhambra Fillmore Alden Alton Hardinshurg Farm Ridge Algonquin Colliusville Hurricane Freedom Arthurton Godfrey Mount Kingston Galloway Barreville Highland Seward's Point Lowell Belden Marine Settlement Woodsboro' Marseilles Bliven Mills Moultonville Zanesville Mission Point Brookdale Paddock's Grove North ville Chemung Ridgeley MORGAN. Norway Cogswell Saint Jacob Arcadia Ophir Coral Uroy Bethel Point Republic Crystal Lake Upper Alton Bruckville Scott Dunham Venice Concord Serena Elysium Franklin Troy Grove English Prairie MARION. Lynnville Wright Erin Fosters Maradosia Greenwood Fredericktown Waveriy LAWRENCE. Harmony Hickory Hill Pettys Hartland Mount Liberty MOULTRIE. Prairieton Hebron Racoon Lovington Ruark Highland Prairie Walnut Hill Sullivan Russellville Loco Prairie Whitley's Point St. Francisville McHenry MARSHALL. Marengo Bell Plain OGLE. LEE. Mcrona Crow Meadows Adeline Binghampton Ostend Henry Brookville Brookfield Richmond Lawn Ridge Buffalo Grove China Riley Whitefield Byron Dixon Ringwood Daysvillo Equator Romeo MASON. Eagle Point Four Mile Grove Solon Mills Havanna Fitz Henry Franklin Grove State Line Pilot Hill Grand Detour Lea Centre West Hebron Quiver Hale Malugin Grovo Walker's Grovo Killbuck May Hill McLEAN. Kyte River Ovid Bloomington MASSAC. Lee Paw Paw Grove Cheney's Grove George's Creek Lindenwood POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 823 Mount Morris Ogle OregonPaine's Point Pine Creek StoryTaylorWales White Rock PEORIA. BrimfieldBrunswick ChillicotheElmoreElmwood HelenaHollis ¦ Kickapo Kingston Mines Mount Hawley North Hampton PeoriavillePrinceville Robin's Nest SmithvilleStarfield Southampton Timber Trivoli PERRY. Appleton Carnent Prairie Duquoin GalumGrand Cote Prairie IowaMount Hawkins Nine Mile Prairie Pleasant Shade PIATT. Cerro Gordo North Bend PIKE. AtlasBarry Belmont Chambersburg DetroitEl Dara Florence Griggs ville KeysburgKinderhookMartinsburgMiltonMontezumaNew Hartford New Maysville New Philadelphia New Salem Olinda Pearl Prairie PerryPleasant Hill Pleasant Vale Rockport POPE. Bay Broad Oaks New Liberty Rock Quarry PULASKI. Ash Ridge Caledonia Mill Creek PUTNAM. Florid GranvilleHennepinMagnoliaMount Palatine Oxbow RANDOLPH. Chester Evansville Jones's Creek Pollocks Prairie du Rocher Red Bud Ruma Sparta" Steele's Mills Texas RICHLAND. Bon Pas CalhounClermontMatthews's Mills Parkersburg Stringtown ' ROCK ISLAND AndalusiaBuffalo Prairie Camden Mills CordovaEdgington Fishport Hampton Illinois City MolinePort Byron Walnut Valley SAINT CLAIR. Fayetteville French Village LebanonLively MarissaMascoutahMillstadt Mud Creek Prairie de Long Risdon Shiloh Twelve Mile Prairie Wiggin's Ferry SALINE. Bankton SANGAMON. Auburn Berlin Buffalo Heart Chatham Lick Creek Mechanicsburg Mount Pulaski NestorPleasant Plains Richland RochesterSalisbury SCHUYLER. Birmingham Brooklyn Browning Camden Frcdericksville Huntsville Littleton Pleasant View Rushville SCOTT. Exeter Glasgow ManchesterNaples Winchester SHELBY. Big Spring Cochran's Grove Cold Spring Prairie Bird Westminster STARK. Dorrance Elmira La Fayette West Jersey Wyoming STEPHENSON. AlidaBuena Vista Cedar Creek Mills Elleroy HowardsvilleKent JacksonLouisa McConnell's Grove OnecoRidottsRock Grove Rock Run Silver Creek Wadham's Grove Winslow Yellow Creek TAZEWELL. Armington CirclevilleDelavanDillon GrovelandLittle Detroit MackinawMortonTremont Washington Wesley City UNION. Mount Pleasant Toledo Union Point Western Saratoga VERMILION Georgetown Higginsville Indianola Myres Mills North Fork PilotPresident Richardson Ridge Farm WABASH Armstrong Centreville Friendsville Mier Rochester Mills WARREN. Berwick Cold Brook Denny Ellison Greenbush Hat Grove Little York MonmouthNew Lancaster Spring Grove Swan Creek Utah WASHINGTON Elkhorn Okaw Plum Hill Raneysburg Richview Sassafras Hill WAYNE. EnterpriseFairfieldKccneville Maulding's Mills New Franklin WHITE. Burnt Prairie Duncanton EmmaGrayville Philipstown Roland WH1TESIDES. Albany BarclayBig Bend Clyde Como EmpireErieFulton Garden Plain Genesee Grove Hemlo S24 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Kingsbury Chelsea Vermont Settlement Harlem Lyndon Crete Wallingford Harrison Mount Prospect Du Page Wilmington Kishwaukee Portland Endoi Yellow Head Grove Laona Prophetstown Gooding's Grove Young Hickory Lincoln P.apids Hadley Medina Seneca Horse Creek WILLIAMSON. New Milford Sharon Jackson Creek Bainbridge Rockton Spring Hill Joliet Bolton Roscoe Sterling Lillecash Fredonia Tyler Union Grove Lockport Locust Grove Vanceboro' Long John Sulphur Springs WILL. Momence WOODFORD Arnon Plainfield WINNEBAGO Josephine Barber's Corners Reed's Grove Ava Low Point Bloomville Rockville Bucklin Metamora Bullbonus Grove Sherburnville Elida Spring Bay Channahon Westwood STATE OF MISSOURI. ADAIR. Chariton Mills ANDREW. Boston FillmoreOhioNodawayRochester Whitesville ATCHISON. Hannegan Irish Grove LindenRussell AUDRIAN. Hickory Creek Salt River Shy Post BARRY. CassvilleCrane Creek Gadfly Hazel Bottom Valley Prairie Washbourn Prairie BATES. Dry Wood Fort Scott Little Osage MarvelPapinsvillePlainfield Pleasant Gap Spruce BOONE. BourbontonClaysville HallsvilleMiddleburgNashville RocheportSextons Summervillo Wisemans Youngers BENTON. Cole Camp DuroeFairfieldLessley Mount View Turkey Creek BUCHANAN. Boyer's Settlement De Kalb Leachman Martin's Mills Platte River Rockhouse Prairie Saint Joseph Walnut Hill BUTLER. Cane Creek Poplar Bluff CALDWELL. Grand River Mirabile CALLAWAY. ConcordCote Sans Dressien Fulton Hibernia Jones's Tan Yard MillersburgNew Bloomfield Portland Saint Aubert Shamrock i Williamsburg CAPE GIRARD. Apple Creek Cape Girardeau Flat Rock GreenePaton CAMDEN. Double Oak > Dry Glaze ErieWest Glaze CARROLL. De Witt Little Compton Pleasant Park Round GroveCASS. Morristown Pleasant Hill West Point CEDAR. Bear Creek EatonFremont Green port Saint Helen White Hare CHARITON. Brunswick Yellow Creek CLARK. Alexandria Ashton Athens Brooklin Chambersburg El Dorado Saint Francisville White Hall Winches ter CLAY. BarryFort Leavenworth RandolphSmithville CLINTON. Beehive Castile Hainesville Plum Creek COLE. DixonvilleHickory Hill High Point Jefferson City Look Out Moniteau Russdlville Taos COOPER. Bellair Carrs ville Clarks Fork Conner's Mills Fair Point Gooch's Mill La Mine MidwayMount Carmel OttervillePilot Grove PisgahPleasant Green Round Hill Vermont CRAWFORD. ArgoBirch Pond Harrison's Mills Little Prairie Maramec MontaukOsageShort Bend Spanish Prairie Spring Mills DADE. Crisp Prairie GreenfieldKing's Point Rock Prairie Turnback POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 825 DALLAS. Buffalo Locust Grove Roscoe EdinaNewark NewburgTen Mile Long Lane Tebo Taylor's Store Williamsonville Pasco Waverly Woodville Round Prairie LACLEDE. Shady Grove HICKORY. Lebanon MADISON. Black Oak Point Logan Arcadia DAVIESS. Cross Timbers Oakland Mill Dam Clear Creek Elkton Mier Cravensville Pittsburg LA FAYETTE. Mine La Motte Crittenden Quincy Bagdad Lick Fork Urbana Blanche MARION. Pattonsburg ... . ° Chapel Hill Brookville Victoria HOLT. Dover Hannibal Hollister's Mill Elk Grove Hanson DE KALB. Jackson Point Freedom Hester Grindstone Point Olive Branch Greenton Houston Tarkio Moss Laurel DE WITT. Rushbottom Mount Hope Marion City Remick's Mills Philadelphia DODGE. HOWARD. Snibar Sharpsburg Saint John Boon's Lick Tabo Warren Franklin Wellington West Ely DGKLIN. Glasgow LAWRENCE. MERCER. FRANKLIN. INDIAN TERRITORY. Bower's Mills Bur Oak Beaufort Uniontown Buck Prairie Goshen Prairie Blish's Mills Chesapeake Middlebury Burbois JACKSON. Hall Princeton Moselle Furnace Big Cedar. Mount Pleasant Oakfield Blue Springs Mount Vernon MILLER. Port William Fort Osage South Bend Iberia Traveller's Repose High Blue Spring River Pleasant Mount Union Highland Rocky Mount Virginia Mines Independence LEWIS. Washington Kanzas Canton MISSISSIPPI. Lone Jack Elm Grove Charleston GASCONADE. Oak Grove La Grange Norfolk Delphi Sibley Mayberry Ohio City Hermann Stony Point Oakley Jake's Prairie Westport Prairie MONITEAU. Mount Sterling , Tully California JASPER. Jamestown GENTRY. Blytheville LINCOLN. Splice Creek Alanthus Grove Coon Creek Auburn Gentry Court House Diamond Grove Cap Au Grey MONROE. Gentry ville Duncan's Mills Chantilly Crooked Creek New Castle Rural Hawk Point Florida Sarcoxie Lost Creek Indian Creek GREENE. Ash Grove JEFFERSON. Louisville Millwood Long Branch Madison Bowdark Argyle New Hope Middle Grove Dallas Avoca Sulphur Lick Somerset Finley Glenfinlas Woodlawn Hickory Barren Herculaneum LINN. Ozark House's Springs Coulson's Mill MONTGOMERY. Pleasant Prairie Rush Tower Big Spring Elk Horn Hio-b Hill Pond Creek Richland Selma Sulphur Springs LIVINGSTON. Fairland Saint Paul Walnut Forest JOHNSON. Spring Hill Utica 1 I 1 J, 1 I 1 i 1 11 King's Mills Loutre Island White Oak Grove Basin Knob Big Creek Mcdonald. Middletown GRUNDY. Bluff Spring Elk Mills MORGAN. Byler's Mill Trenton Clear Fork Mills Enterprise Columbus Honey Creek HARRISON. Globe Pineville Felix Bethany Knobnoster Florence Post Oak MACON. HENRY. Coutler's Store NEW MADRID. CalhounClintonDeep Water KNOX. East Fork Lost Village Bee Ridge Colony ICtA Mechanicsburg Middle Fork Ogden Point Pleasant 826 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. NEWTON. Cape's Creek GatesGrand Falls Oliver's Prairie Shoal Creek NODDAWAY. tlallsa's Creek MaryvilleNarrows Reindeer OREGON. Jobe Thomasville West Plains OSAGE. Baley's Creek FredericksburgLane's Prairie LisleLoose Creek Mavais Pay Down Westphalia OZARK. Cow Skin North Fork Red Bud Saint Leger PERRY. Port Perry PETTIS Arator Bee Branch Fair View Heath's Creek Spring Fork PIKE. Ashley Bowling Green Clarksville Elk Springs Frankford Louisiana PaynesvillePrairieville SpencersburgVannoy's Mill PLATTE. Buena Vista Estills Mills New Market ParkvilleRidgleyRinggoldTodd's Creek Weston POLK. Bolivar Half Way Humansville OrleansSentinel Prairie PULASKI. Bellefonte Little Piney Pine Bluff Relfe Waynesville PUTNAM. Putnamville qUapaw. Crawford Seminary RALLS. Cincinnati Hydesburg Lick Creek MadisonvilleNew Portland Pigeon Creek SalineSaverton RANDOLPH. HuntsvilleMilton Mount Airy Penneys RoanokeSmithland RAY. Camden Crab Orchard KnoxvilleMillvilleOtsego Prospect Hill Tinney's Grove RELFE. REYNOLDS. Alamodc LestervilleLogan's Creek RIPLEY. MartinsburgMill Creek Pike Creek Van Buren ST. CHARLES. Augusta Cottleville Feinmc Osage Flint Hill HamburgMissouri ton Naylor's Storo Portage des Sioux Wellsburg Saint Peter's ST. CLAIR. Chalk Level ClayGardner's Mills Hogle's Creek Jenkins's Bridge Monagan Oseola ST. FRANCOIS. Big River Mills Iron Mountain Kinkead Silver Spring ST. GENEVIEVE. Avon Saint Mary's Landing Salt Point ST. LOUIS. BellemonteBonhomme Bremen Bridgeton CarondeletCentral Creve Coeur Des Peres EllisvilleFee Fee Fenton Florisant Fox Creek Jefferson Barracks Manchester OakvilleRock Hill Sappington Waltonham SALINE. Arrow Rock Brownsville Bryan CambridgeCow Creek Elm wood Hazel Grove Jonesboro' Miami PetraRidge Prairie SCHUYLER. Cherry Grove Green Top SCOTLAND. Dairy MemphisMiddle Fabies Pleasant Retreat Prospect Grove Sand Hill Wyaconda SCOTT. CommerceCypress Pleasant Plains SENECA. Looniesville SHANNON. Munger's Mill SHELBY. BethelHager's Grove West Springfield STODDARD BloomfieldOlioSummer Hill West Prairie SULLIVAN. Milan Scotts ville TANEY. Bull Mills Cape Fare TEXAS. EllsworthJack's Fork LickingRoubidoux WARREN. Hickory Grove Marthasville Pinckney Warrenton WASHINGTON Caledonia Fourche a Renault Harmony Johnson Old Mines Richwoods WAYNE. Cold Water Greenville Lowndes Patterson WRIGHT. Astoria Cave Spring Hazelwood Pleasant Valley WaldoWoodbury POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 827 STATE OF IOWA. ALLEMAKEE. Hardin DECATUR. Hickory Grove Palo Garden Grove La Motte Paris LansingPostville Tom Corwin New Buda DELAWARE. Maquoketa Sabula Spragueville Saint Julian Saint Mary's Spring Grove APPANOOSE. Coffin's Grove Colesburg Spring Brook Sullivan Springville Torah Centreville Forestville Tete de Mort Moravia Rockville Wieklift'e LOUISA. Sharon Yankee Settlement Columbus City Unionville JASPER. Concord Wells's Mills .DES MOINES. Can- Grand View BENTON. Albrights Burlington LynnvilleNewton Hope Farm Palo Alto Marysville Danville Parkersburg Port Allen Dodgeville Tool's Point Port Louisa BLACK HAWK. Green Bay Hawk Eye Huron Toolsboro' Cedar Falls JEFFERSON. Abingdon Virginia Grove BOONE. Kossuth Brookville LUCAS Belle Point Linton Deedsville Booneville Middletown Fairfield MADISON. Rapids Parrish Glasgow Amazon Pleasant Grove Libertyville BUCHANAN. Yellow Spring Lockridge MAHASKA. Quasqueton Pleasant Prairie Auburn DU BUQUE. Walnut Belle Fountain CEDAR. Gower's Ferry CascadeCentretown JOHNSON. CopiSeventy-sevenSolon FremontHopewell PedeePioneer Grove Channingville Durango IndianapolisRose Hill Rock Creek Fillmore Scott Woodbridge Fort Snelling JONES. Union Mills Hogansville Bowen's Prairie Warrensville CLARK. Mosalem Castle Grove Glenns New Vine Fairview MARION. Pin Oak Grove Creek Barkersville CLAYTON. Tivoli Monticello Bennington Elkader Weld's Landing Walnut Fork Divide Elkport Elm Grove Farmersburg FAYETTE. KEOKUCK. English Settlement Garnavillo Douglass Butler Hamilton Guttenburg Freedom Paran City McGregor's Landing FREMONT. Richland Pella Millville Austin South English Springfield Pleasantville Monona Dawsonburg Red Rock Florence Steady Run CLINTON. Gaston MARSHALL. Brookfield McKissack's Grove KISHKEKOSH. Mormon Hill Buena Vista Osage Timber Creek Camanche LEE. Elk River HENRY. Charleston MONROE. Lyons Crooked Creek Denmark Avery Massillon East Grove Franklin Centre Half-way Prairie Spring Rock Hillsboro' Pilot Grove La Grange Lowell Pleasant Ridge Lovilia DALLAS. New London Primrose McKay Rome String Prairie MUSCATINE. Salem Summitville Fair Port DAVIS. Trenton Tuscarora Glen Dale Chequist Warren Melpine Drakesville IOWA. West Point Moscow Florus Overman's Ferry Fox JACKSON LINN. West Liberty Nottingham Andrew Centre Point Oak Spring Bridgeport Hoosier Grove PAGE. Salt Creek Canton La Fayette Soap Creek Copper Creek Mount Vernon POLK. Taylor Cottonville •Necot Apple Grove Troy Garry Owen Oak Grove Dudley 828 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Freel GreenbushHarvey's Point Hopkins's Grove Montacute SaylorvilleSummerset Three Rivers POTAWATAM1E. Cold Spring ,Coonville Council Bluffs Kaneville Macedonia POWESHIEK. Bear Creek Deep River Sugar Grove SCOTT. Allen's Grove Blue Grass Le Claire Pleasant Valley PrincetonWalnut Grove West Buffalo VAN BUREN. Benton's Port Birmingham Bonaparte Business Corner FarmingtonHome Indian Prairie IowavilleLick Creek Mechanicsburg New Market Oak Point Philadelphia PittsburgPortlandUnionUnion. Comers Utica Winchester WAPELLLO. Agency City Ashland BlakesburgChillieothaCynthiann DahlonegaEddyvilleFountain Springs Kirkville WARREN. WASHINGTON. Brighton ClayCrawfordsville Davis Creek Dutch Creek Marcellus Pottsville RichmondWassonvilleYatton vTAYNE. Cambria Grand River South Fork WINNESHIEK Old Mission STATE OF WISCONSIN. BROWN. Rocky Run Sun Prairie 1 El Dorado Bridgeport Wyocena Turkey Grove Fair Water Cooperstown Utica Friendship Fremont CRAWFORD. Verona Lamartine Green Bay Bad Axe Windsor Metomen Greenville Black River Falls York Oakfield Hortonville Coon Prairie Owascus Lansing Elk DODGK Rock River Little Chute La Cross Asshuppun Beaver Dam Rosendale Mukwa Mount Sterling Rush Lake Oneida Springville Burnett Springvale Warner's Landing Burnett Comer Taycheeda CALUMET. Chester Waupun Charlestown DANE. Clyman West Rosendale Dundas Albion Elba New Holstein Ancient Emmett GRANT. Pequot Ash ton Farmersville Beetown Pigeon Grove Bass Lake Herman Cassville Stockbridge Berry Horicon Dickeysville Black Earth Hustisford Ellenboro' CHIPPEWA. Blue Mound Iron Ridge Fair Play Clear Water Cambridge Juneau Fennimore Middle Mills Christiana Leroy Hazel Green Nelson's Landing Cottage Grove Lomira Hurricane Grove Ogalla Cross Plains Lowell Jamestown Dane Mayville Lancaster COLUMBIA. Deerfield Neosho Montfort Bellefountain Door Creek Oak Grove Muscoda Centreville Dunkirk Theresa New California Columbus Eolia Trenton Comers Pin Hook Fall River Fitchburg Upton Platteville Fort Winabago Grand Spring Waushara Potosi Grand March Hanchettville Smeltzer's Grove Hampden Lake View FOND DU LAC. Ursine Lodi Madison Alcove Wyalusing Lowville Middleton Alto Marcellon Oregon Auburn GREENE. Oshaukuta Pheasant Branch Avoca Albany Otsego Peirceville Badger Attica Pardeeville Pine Bluff Botholle Bern Pigeon Grove Primrose Byron Cadiz Portage City Rutland Calumet Village Clarence Port Hope Spring Dale Cercsco Decatur Poynett Stoner's Prairie Dotyville Exeter Randolph Stoughton Eden Farmer's Grove POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 829 Hoosick Saint Mary's RACINE. Leland's Mill Hoosier Grove Juda Wiota Burlington Oneonta Caldwell Prairie Prairie du Sauk Montezuma MANITOOWOC Caledonia Reedsburg Monticello Collins Hoadley Russell's Corners Mount Pleasant Francis Creek Ives's Grove Seven Mile Creek Nevada Manitoowoc Kossuth New Glarus Manitoowoc Rapids Liberty SHEBOYGAN Spring Grove Meeme Mount Pleasant Cascade Sylvester Mishicott Norwav Cedar Grove Walnut Springs Two Rivers Pan Yan Elkhart Willet Racine Gibbville MARATHON. Raymond Green Bush IOWA. Wausau Rochester Howard's Grove Arena Salem Menter Blue River MARQUETfE. South Bristol Mitchell Dodgeville Berlin Sylvania Onion River Dover Bluffton Thompsonville Plymouth Elk Grove Dartford Union Grove Rathbuu Helena Grand Prairie Waterford Scott Highland Green Lake Yorkville Sheboygan Falls Linden Greenwood Worth Mifflin Harrisville RICHLAND. Ridgeway Kingston Lake Maria Orion WALWORTH. Waldwick Richland City Adams Wallace Markesan Sand Prairie Allen's Grove White Oak Springs Marquette Mantello Sextonville Baker's Corners Willow Springs Big Fort Prairie Wyoming Moundville ROCK. Bloomfield Namahkun Avon Darien JEFFERSON. Ncshkoro Bachelor's Grove Delavan Aztalan Oasis Beloit East Troy Bark River Pakwaukee Center Fairfield Cold Spring Pine River Clinton Geneva Concord Poy Sippi Princeton Cooksville Geneva Bay Farmington Emerald Grove Genoa Fort Atkinson Rock Hill Evansville Heart Prairie Helenville Roslin Fulton Honey Creek Hubbleton Roxo Inmansville La Fayette Ixonia Sacramento Janesville La Grange Koskonong Lake Mills Tachorah Johnstown Little Prairie Warwick Johnstown Centre Lyons Milford Newton Corners WaupakaWautoma Leyden Lima MillardRichmond Oak Hill Westfield Magnolia Sharon Oakland Willow Creek Milton South Grove Oenca Newark Spring Prairie Palmyra RomeSullivan WaterlooWatertown MILWAUKEE. ButlerFranklin Good Hope Granville Greenfield North Janes ville Osborn Rock Prairie Rock Valley ShopiereSpring Valley Summerville State Line Sugar Creek TroyTroy Centre Troy Lakes Utter's Corners Vienna KENOZHA. Milwaukee Teotsa Walworth Brightoh Muskego Union White Water Bristol New Berlin Warren's Marion Oak Creek WASHINGTON Paris Root Creek ST. CROIX. Addison Pleasant Grove Wauwatosa Brock's Crossing Barton Wheatland Falls of St. Croix Cedarburg Wilmot OUTOGAMIE. La Pointe Cedar Creek Ellington Marine Mills Cherry Hill LA FAYETTE. Kaukauna Willow River Fillmore Argyle BentonCottage Inn Fayette GeorgetownGratiot Hamilton New Diggings Shullsburg PORTAGE. SAUK. Fredonia Grafton AlmondBuena Vista Eau Pleine Grand Rapids Plover Stevens's Point Warsaw Baraboo Bear Creek Bluff Collamer Dallton Dellona Freedom Hartford KewascumMequon River MukerNewburgOzaukee Saukville 830 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Schlcisingerville Howards Summit Fisk's Corner Tolahd's Prairie Lisbon Sussex Groveland Ulao Mapleton Vernon Koro West Bend Marcy Waterville Lind Young Hickory Menominee Falls Waukesha Menasha Merton Makwa WAUKESHA. Moncfies Neenah Big Bend Monterey WINABAGO. Nekama Brookfield Mukwonago Algoma Ncpeuskun Bullion Muskeego Centre Appleton Osiikosh Delafield Oconomowock Black Wolf Omro Denoon Okauchee Bloomingdale Vinland Eagleville Ottawa Butte des Morts Wanekuna Genesee Pewaukee Clairville Waukau Golden Lake Prospect Hill Delhi Welaunee Hartland South Genesee Eureka Weyauweya TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. BENTON. PEMBINA. WABASHAW. Long Prairie Sauk Rapids Pembina Red Wing Swan River Reed's Landing Wabashaw WASHINGTON ' DAHKOTAH RAMSEY. Cottage Grove Fort Snclling Red Rock WAHNAHTA. Point Douglass Lac qui Parle Saint Anthony's Falls Fort Gaines Taylor's Falls TERRITORY OF OREGON. BENTON. CLATSOP. Olympia Tuality Plains Forks of Mary's River Astoria Pacific City Tula tin Plains Marysville Lexington Pleasant Hill MARION. POLK Skinners LYNN. Bute Creek Lackemute Nesmiths Yoncalla Calapooia New Albany Buteville Salem CLACKAMAS. Santyam Syracuse Fort Laramie Santyam Forks YAM HILL Milwaukie Willammette Forks WASHINGTON. Chehalem Mollalla Harris's Ferry La Fayette Slough LEWIS. Hillsboro' North Yam Hill Monticello Linn City Willammette CLARK. Oak Point St. Helen Yam Hill Falls STATE OF CALIFORNIA Post Office. Haydensville Junction Mission San Jose NapaNevada City County. Contra Costa Napa Post Office. County. Placervillo .... Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Vernon Weaverville TERRITORY OF UTAH. Post Office. Brownsville • Centre Creek Lecompte Valley County. Ogden Iron Post Office. Miller's Creek Utah Lake County. Davis Utah POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 831 Post Office Albuquerque FrontcroLas Vegas TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. County. Bernalillo Socorro San Miguel Post Office. San Elizario Socorro County. SocorroSocorro Post Office. Delaware . Fort Bridge TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA. County. Post Office. Fort Kearney County. RATES OF POSTAGE. Letter Postage. For a single letter, sent not exceeding 3300 miles, if prepaid, 3 cts. ; if not prepaid, 5 cts. Sent over 3000 miles, if prepaid, 6 cts. ; if not prepaid, 12 cts. For such a letter, conveyed wholly or in part by sea to or from a foreign country, (except all cases where different rates have been or shall be estab lished by postal arrangements,) sent not exceed ing 2-500 miles, 10 cents*; over 2500 miles, 2) cts. For a double letter there shall be charged double the above rates ; for a treble letter treble the above rates, &c.f &c. Every letter or parcel, not exceed ing hnlf an ounce (avoirdupois) in weight, is a sin gle letter, and every additional weight of half an ounce, or of less than half an ounce, is charged with an additional single postage. When adver tised, one cent additional is charged on each letter. For a letter delivered by a carrier, there is an addi tional charge of not exceeding one or two cents. For drop letters, (not to be mailed,) each 1 cent. For all letters or pkgs. (ship letters) conveyed by any vessels not employed in conveying the mail, 2 cts. To this charge of 2 cts. is added 4 cts. when the letters are not transmitted through the mail, but are delivered at the post office where deposited; and the ordinary rates of U. States postage are added when the letter is transmitted through the mails. Newspaper, Pamphlet, and Book Postage. 1. Newspapers, periodicals, unsealed circulars, and other printed matter, weighing not over three ounces, pay 1 cent each, to any part of the U. S.. or half that rate, paid quarterly or yearly, in ad vance. The same kind of matter, weighing not over one and a half ounces, half the above rates. 2. Newspapers, &c, not weighing more than 1J ounces, can be sent to any part of the state where published at half the above rates, i. e., for half a cent not prepaid, and a quarter of a cent if prepaid. 3. Small newspapers, periodicals, and printed sheets, in pkgs. of 8 ounces, at least, to one address, if prepaid, are to pay but half a cent per ounce. 4. Transient matter must be prepaid, or charged double postage, or 2 cents for every sheet. 5. Weekly newspapers free in co. of publication. 6. Bills for newspapers, and receipts for payments of moneys therefor, may be enclosed in subscribers' papers, but nothing else, and no writing or print ing, inside or outside, except the address, under penalty of paying letter postage. 7. Exchanges between newspaper publishers free. 8. Books, bound or unbound, of not more than four pounds each, 1 cent per ounce, under 30(H) miles, and 2 cents over that distance. Fifty per cent', to be added where not prepaid. NEWSPAPERS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1850. No. copies cir No. Circulation. culated i it. an. 350 750,000 235,000,000 Tri-weeklies, 150 75,000 11,700,000 125 80,000 8,320,000 Weeklies, 2,000 2,875,000 149,500,000 Semi-monthlies, 50 300,000 7,200,000 Monthlies, 100 900,000 10,810,000 Quarterlies, 25 29,000 80,000 Total, 2,800 5,000,000 422,e"C,100 The foregoing tahle will show the number of daily, weekly, monthly, and other issues, with the aggregate circulation of each class. Four hundred and twenty-four papers are issued in the New England States, eight hundred and seventy-six in the Middle States, seven hundred and sixteen in the Southern States, and seven hun dred and eighty-four in the Western States. The average circulation of papers in the United States is one thousand seven hundred and eighty- five. There is rue publication for every seven thousand one hundred and sixty-one free inhabi- tauts in the United States and Territories. 832 PROGRESS OF THE POST OFFICE. Number of Post Offices and length of Post Roads in the United States, the annual amount paid for Mail Transportation, and of Receipts and Expenditures of the Post. Office Department, from 1790 to 1851, inclusive. Years. 1790.17951800.1805. 1810.1815. 1820182518301835 1840.1841.184218431844.18451846.1847-1848. 1849. 1850.1851. Number of Post Offices. 75 453903 1,558 2,3003,000 4,5005,677 8,450 10,770 13,46813,778 13,733 13,814 14,10314,18314,60115,14616,15916,74718,41719,796 Length of Post Roads. 1,875 13,207 20,81731,076 36,40643,74872,492 94,052 115,176112,774155,739 155,026 149,732 142,295144,687143,940 149,679 153,818163,208167,703 178,672 192,026 Paid for Transportation. 22,081 00 75,359 00 128,644 00 239,635 00 327,966 00 487,779 00 782,425 00 785,646 00 1,272,156 00 1,533,222 00 3,213,042 61 3,034,813 91 4,192,196 06 2,982,512 47 2,912,946 78 2,898,630 48 2,597,454 66 2,476,455 68 2,545,232 12 2,577,407 71 2,965,786 36 3,538,063 54 Receipts. 37,935 00 160,620 00 281,804 00 421,373 00 551,684 00 1,043,065 00 1,111,927 00 1,336,525 00 1,919,300 00 3,152,376 00 4,543,521 92 4,407,726 27 5,029,506 65 4,296,225 43 4,237,287 83 4,439,841 80 4,089,089 97 4,013,447 14 4,161,077 85 4,705,176 28 5,499,984 86 6,410,604 33 Expenditures. 32,140 00 117,893 00 213,994 00 377,367 00 495,969 00 748,121 00 1,160,926 00 1,229,043 00 1,959,109 00 2,585,108 00 4,718,235 64 4,499,527 61 5,674 751 76 4,374,753 71 4,296,512 70 4,320,731 99 4,084,332 42 3,971,275 12 4,326,850 27 4,479,049 13 5,212,953 43 6,278,401 68 Statement of Mail Service in the United States, on the ZOth of June, 1850. States. Total number of Miles. Total annual Transportation. States. Total number of Miles. Total annual Transportat'u. 4,252 2,042 2,519 3,071 414 1,852 13,397 2,337^ 11,422 488 2,438 12,26711,923 7,931 5,464 6,921 1,369,680 736,736964,860 2,179,046 213,304 1,017,944 6,148,258 1,003,652 3,455,792 167,544 1,010,456 3,421,535 , 2,574,900 1,683,6041,170,6241,670,034 2,607 5,1887,262 10,314 4,572 3,664 9,702 8,745 7,371 7,554 5,460 5,625 4,151 7,698 384,456 1,318,893 1,458,772 2,448,744 767,664 541,408 1,818,249 2,489,6561,441,9581,737,324 1,051,700 796,836 600,332897,462 178,672 46,541,423 Statement of the net Revenue arising from Letter Postages, Newspapers, §c, and the amount credited contractors for the Transportation of the Mails in the several States and Territories, for the fiscal year ended 30th June, 1850. States and Territories. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts . Rhode Island .. Connecticut. . .. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania. .. Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina.. Tennessee Missouri Arkansas Iowa South Carolina.. " Georgia Revenue. 89,761 92 59,902 20 58,965 44 358,120 72 39,328 34 110,971 81 933,977 13 60,156 20 396,699 91 12,521 38 121,864 61 141,579 13 46,647 07 64,185 86 83,787 95 17,215 53 26,568 86 76,108 62 101,749 42 Transportation. 46,690 25 27,662 00 50,643 93 132,164 84 12,088 20 62,176 13 324 970 14 42,813 37 146,105 64 6,489 87 143,150 97 169,687 83 154,977 40 74,142 59 101,313 23 61,244 90 24,850 05 108,488 80 146,772 94 States and Territories. Alabama Mississippi Kentucky Indiana Illinois Ohio Michigan Louisiana Texas Florida Wisconsin Minnesota California Oregon New Mexico Utah District of Columbia Nebraska Revenue. 75,937 75 55,536 01 86,472 49 83,638 03 115,184 53 2S6,311 24 62,387 69 116,936 06 28,474 12 13,793 24 60,725 35 1,874 13 227,152 82 3,282 54 243 68 718 90 11,109 45 25 17 Transportat'u. 143.79S 70 84,256 58 87,121 70 76,225 82 156,685 71 138,836 32 39,634 58 68,464 61 114,744 83 31,701 55 34,759 77 1,192 89 111,515 87 9,875 80 350 00 501 >cOCO•<^C&Ol^^¦C0fcOl->©co00-40SOl^^COt0^-, o S 3 o ts c - q? CT- c; fl> a . » 8 » Wm g vj re i" P 2. ^SOgJfe! OS i-» -*» tO -kJ Oi * O OS Oi I co o o • O O Ol OOO r-'-^-vT OS © H-" Ol tO OS je_ , OWQOHMHMtSOH OSW , CO H p Ol O » H © CO O W tf» , OMaobaco'cnbojso * Ot-*OiOOStJ^OOOOOOOH-OOOSCOOOOOOO <• p OS O OS , --* © CO , Ol O OS tO_.Oi-4rt^Oi©00-J>-'1(DSi-OCOMCOOCcOi*- , OSbOOtOOOI-'OOOOl MH tOCO O, CO OS CO • o o to ' o o en • Oi CO rf*. ' O CO OS o ' O CD O Ol ' £ o "-3 S § 2 9- P. £ Ol os ¦ eo to • 3H CO to OS OS t— to h-" I-1 tO • _tO . . CIO- Oi rf- CO Ol OS <— ' . . • -** * o aV) 'tooifflobb' ! I oi.co*; ' ' • ' moi, ooomoto' , , Ol 00 * * Ol Ol ~4 -*J CO tO © tO w^-1 Ol f^-bO .coi-'tobo'co'cooi-^. CO , CT> 00 * ! . I ! CO -*J . OiOrf^tOCOCOOtOO* MtOOi, mo; ; ; ; , © ; c* , ^-icooscoco>f»-rf*>co. oo*ao , "cO © • • • • • © • OS* COOOO^OH-,"r-'*bs' "otoo* OO O O OOOOCOOOOiO OOO OO O O OOOOOOOOO OOO 2 H 33 si" h (B *¦ Oi OiCo'cOCoVi'Vj'J-i'h-'OS * Hh^HO«)OiHt»oiiatoo »f».COi-,©l-'©>f'-©©tf»'tfw© b£ P-g-3 ¦"3 COCO . ¦ . . o ' to " to • -»» r-* -*J . • O OO CO ¦ • CO CO (— • ¦ to • OS • H 05 H h wen -^oiocototo • -*-i ¦ • CO . . . . . © . i I ! I 6;o to . Ol CO to Ol • • os © to ; ; hoo . . to . . . © . o r— ' > h- ' • co ; Oi ^9" >-*tobototoiotocototococo. OCOCOi^.-^-^OSt-'OStOr-'tO. tOOJtOHCDSO&OOlOO' --IbOCOCOCOOOOCOOOOlO sEL " 3 3 » &J CDn . . . ^ • rf>- CO © ¦ l-» I *¦ © CO | " • -^ • -a • -4 o Os CO D o o to o CO CO CO to to to to ^- o CO CO -J OS Ol >t* CO h-» 00 H- . »-•, OSOl- 3 3.H 3 o p5 P 2, >r| gC8 saiavx ivoixsixvxs— Haaxxazvo saxvxs aaxirni MANUFACTURE OF PIG IRON. 32 Number of hands Entire wages per Average wages No. States. Capital invested. Tons oro used. Tons min eral coal. Bushels coke and charcoal. Value raw material, fuel, &c. employed. month per month. Tons of pig iron made. Value of other products. Value of entire products. No. 1. Males. Fem. Males. Fern. Males. Fem. 1. Maine, $214,000 2,907 .... 213,970 $14,939 71 $1,562 $22-00 1,484 .... $36,616 2. N. Hampshire, 2,000 600 .... 50,000 4,900 10 180 18-00 200 6,000 2. 3. Vermont, 62,500 7,676 150 326,437 40,175 100 2,208 22-08 3,200 68,000 3. 4. Massachusetts, 469,000 27,900 .... 1,855,000 185,741 263 7,238 27-50 12,287 .... 295,123 4. 5. Rhode Island, .... .... .... .... .... 5. 6. Connecticut, 225,600 35,450 2,870,000 289,225 148 3,967 26-80 13,420 $20,000 416,600 6. 7. New York, 605,000 46,385 20 3,000,074 321,027 505 12,625 24-96 23,022 12,800 697,920 7. 8. New Jersey, 967,000 51,266 20,865 1,621,000 332,707 600 12,720 21-20 24,031 560,544 8. 9. Pennsylvania, 8,570,425 877,283 316,060 27,505,186 3,732,427 9,285 9 201,039 $46 21-15 285,702 40,000 6,071,513 9. 10. Delaware, .... .... .... .... 10. 11. Maryland, 1,420,000 99,866 14,088 3,707,500 560,725 1,370 27,595 21-27 43,641 96,000 1,056,400 11. 12. Virginia, 513,800 67,319 39,982 1,311,000 158,307 1,115 14 14,232 96 12-67 $6-86 22,163 521,924 12. 13. North Carolina, 25,000 900 .... 150,000 27,900 26 5 208 22 8-09 4-40 400 .... 12,500 13. 14. South Carolina, .... .... .... .. .... 14. 15. Georgia, 26,000 5,189 .... 430,000 25,840 135 3 2,355 15 17-44 6-00 900 28,000 67,300 15. 16. Florida, .... .... .... .... .... .... 16. 17. Alabama, 11,000 1,833 .... 145,000 6,770 40 700 17-50 522 5,000 22,600 17. 18. Mississippi, .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 18. 19. Louisiana, .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 19. 20. Texas, .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 20. 21. Arkansas, .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 21. 22. Tennessee, 1,021,400 88,810 177,167 160,000 254,960 1,713 109 21,968 658 12-82 5-10 30,420 41,900 676,100604,037 22. 23. Kentucky, 924,700 72,010 4,576,269 260,152 1,845 10 37,335 47 20-23 4-70 24,245 10,000 22. 24. Ohio, 1,503,000 140,610 21,730 5,428,800 630,037 2,415 69,129 24-48 52,668 1,255,850 24. 25. Michigan, 15,000 2,700 .... 185,000 14,000 25 876 35-00 660 6,000 21,000 35. 26. Indiana, 72,000 5,200 .... 310,000 24,400 88 2,290 26-00 1,850 .... 58,000 26. 27. Illinois, 65,000 6,500 .... 170,000 15,500 160 3,310 22-06 2,700 70,200 27. 28. Missouri, 619,000 37,000 55,180 .... 97,367 334 8,112 24-28 .... 19,250 .... 314,600 28. 29. Iowa, .... .... .... .... 29. 30. Wisconsin, 15,000 3,000 .... 150,000 8,250 60 1,800 3000 1,000 .... 27,000 30. 31. California, .... .... .... .... .... ¦ • ¦ ¦ 31. 32. Dist. Columbia, $784 32. Total, $17,346,425 1,579,309 645,242 54,165,236 $7,005,289 20,298 150 $421,435 564,756 $259,700 $12,748,777 o cococototototototototot;tOHOcopo-^aoi^ww*- gal s.-Bii III B " - cr5" ©COCO^©O»^Mt0r^©COCO^O5to|^COt0J-'POH-CnftSoB' b (D CD (0 (0 O S1 p (T ' eo Bg.g.S-§.8|a3J*g* (-* tO »-¦ © Ol (-* I— i >-• COOSCOCDCTSOCO* »*»-Oi©Oi^l©JOOiCOtO© * © © Co Ol © *-" WCi • OOOiOOOOOiOiOO OOO O OOOOOOO to f to (-• Oi © t— © Ol © © © © © OS o © o to © O © Oi CO 0- !-• ^ (-" rffcCOCOrf*-Oi©Oirf»-rfi.tOtOr— » * COCOI-'-• *o i-* * Oi co 1— oo "co "If*- oi Vi os ! *MSOOOHO}aOlMCO,OlCftHH ©COGOtf^Oii-'tO i-* j-* to w "en h to Oi © CO *- © © -4 CO © |_i © H- CO . m m rf- o o a m co h t, ^ co • ^HMHto'^aicsffiico'coHioojai , >^©COl— ¦tOtt»'©OSrf»-©t-'CO-^-^>© ocotJif'ooHajOiOJCo^cocoH •a (-3 o3'g pa, OS , Pa a. ••!-¦•© Oi • rfi. • • • ¦ Oi* © © oi • co" " " ¦ . * © • • H Ol H CO ' ©* • to . to SO OS Ol JO CO . * * "^ to ¦ Ot os to 7— Vi To ' © © * © © © tO Oi © * ©O ©©©©©© . . CO CO . . tO h- " " © CO © © © © © -*•* co . -cch © © co co OOO^^OOOOiOCOOi -^ o» o 00 Ol © to Vco CO o © © -*4 CO © © © Ol IO tO H« W*CO CO N O M H i- 1— 'to cOOitn-JOCOOiOiOiOiMr-' h^w^cow w ^ co -oo^p^ w ' "«h wOH»Vb*>icota*coaib Ot Oitotf^t— ©Oi©^©©os©©as-^) OCOHK-Ol.OS03C»CO CO .— to CO *f- H-* t— Ol -* to to i-- oo-^toVico,co©oooicocoto cooihi- ¦©oico©to*-©©co*a*f»- CDC00lOMO10W&rMOCftH*.C0 s p • 3 -sa, p-g rf-00 3 tOtOtOCOr-'tOtOtObOtOr-* -^CO©tOCOCOOtCO-^J»f^-vi; ©co^acoosoi-^ocococo • oicoeoOico©rf-ootocoos • ^ CO CO CO Co Cn-JO ?£. ds cb o CO © (-• Ol toi-'toi--bototototototocotocoto * -*-icoco©-*-ico----itf»--*-i— *©©aococo • (P.iiIP.ioiiwo<0't-6ci(Dti66 • CO©©(—©©Oi©©tOCO©-^Oi© s ^ 3 roci CDOB • • : • 4& .. O . rf* .. © ..©...¦ © -*13 CO to _to Ol CO h-> Ol tf* ?-• tO -*-! Ol CO • Oi "co "to '?-' Vi © "to oo co ! r-"^*-MOCSOi-4!OOOCO, rOOnOr-OONOCOOOir^ to Ol CO © 0*-llOM © O rf>- Oi Oi MO H CO <—¦ OiOSCO-^©rfk>t->C0tOOiOiCO \ ^«H&waccwtoMabb^JOj . H-co-^-^i*.cot—oioo — oi^oao p « o ?cre m OB =€0 Ol toto to !-¦ : © oo. taO ' ' , I-.. rf* tO . © , Ol CO # . , © • © OS • *tO ¦ OS •*-* • • ¦ © to © Oi t— © © Ol © © © © pi #-,to ; os h- . =€(& OOO*©" " -.*' , OS ^-J "?-> Ol "*»- H- Vol CO CO CO • CD »^ O © CO CO CO CO Oi i— tO OS©Oi©OlOi©--l©OSOl co i— to O, e- i_. -^ Oi tO^-J H- o"chVho o © to © © © OS Oi Oi bO -Qfr ©OStOCOOSOO-vjttO^COtO »t^00»-'-v|00OSOl00tOC0tOCOOS--l© . os-^itotf»'Oi-*a^os^t-,oooi©t-'Oi • "to OS 00 rf*. ©rf^'co V ©V ^ OS 00^1 © OCOCTji— OOiCOCOCOOOCOCOi— 'O ocoMootOHOOOChenHOO as |. P3 = cococototototototototototOI-'©COCO-^©Oirf^COtO»-' O CO CO -a OsOlrf-COtOr— '©©CO-^IOOi^COtoi— ' 1 o B r> o H a ww o i— i w ooco H Qco 688 saiavx avoixsixvxs— -naaxxazvo saxvxs aaxiiin Statement exhibiting the number of American and foreign vessels, with their during the year and crews, which cleared from each district of the United States for foreign countries, ending June 30, 1851. No. Passamaquoddy. . Machias • • • . Penobscot Waldoboro' Wiscasset Belfast Bath Bangor Portland Kennebunk Saco Portsmouth Vermont Newburyport. . . . Gloucester Salem Boston Marblehead Plymouth Barnstable FallKiver New Bedford Edgartown Nantucket Providence Bristol Newport Middletown New London .... New Haven Stonington FairBeld.. Champlain Oswegatchie Sackett's Harbor . Oswego Niagara Genesee Cape Vincent.... AMERICAN. No. 95 28 13 18 20 41 4882 255 1 1 4 477 1414 90 868 6 1 6 143 15 7 454321 2563 83 327 218207 418223 72 261 Tons. 27,460 6,179 1,708 3,2673,4107,051 10,509 13,027 48,973 156 147 2,386 104,114 1,749 2,218 15,733 207,994 633 126 1,249 43,589 4,996 1,577 9,015 6,8813,942 8,588 11,216 2,232 498 69,092 177,148161,032 76,480 77,314 15,406 191,238 Men. 759210 74 118 128 285406 561 2,060 7 8 67 4,315 76 102 767 7,979 30 5 63 3,618 382 127 368 369 192 544645204 23 3,0086,859 6,8263,0193,019 733 8,281 Boys. 13 5 53 349 85 1610 160 1 1,020 535469 426 90 No. 537 1 4 18 1 2 32 14 256 4 78 310 108156 419 1,995 84 7 40 21 18 35 11 1 20 1 30 335299 21 991 466 160 48 Tons. 38,598 64 1,227 816 394711 1,853 2,118 28,752 331 5,307 17,734 7,175 9,728 30,206 286,069 5,740 536 2,4062,2522,826 3,680 67 66 174 4,213 310 3,364 21,70874,070 1,736 83,011 143,965 31,518 15,099 Men. 2,412 4 39 73 1221 125 92 1,422 18 385 1,128 498 673 1,903 12,455 345 37 130 125 131 211 458 153 11 177 1,386 6,736 117 4,9718,6912,045 726 Boys. 2 63 39 2 39 1 36 144 30 72 619 248 TOTAL, AMERICAN AND FOREIGN. (;rewg No. 632 29 17 3621 4380 96 511 1 5 82 787 122170 509 2,853 90 8 40 27 161 15 7 80 44 21 1 2683 9 33 662 517228 1,409 689 232 309 Tons. 66,058 6,2332,935 4,083 3,804 7,762 12.362 15,146 77,725 156 478 7,693 121,848 8,924 11,946 45,939 494,063 6,373 661 2,406 3,501 46,415 4,995 1,677 12,695 6,948 3,942 66 8,762 16,429 2,6423,862 90,800 261,218 162,768158,491 221,279 46,924 206,337 Men. 3,171 214 113191 140 306631653 3,482 7 26 452 5,443 574 775 2,670 20,434 375 42 130 188 3,749 382127 579 373 192 5 552 698215200 4,394 12,594 6,943 7,990 s 11,710 2,7789,006 Boys. 2 70 46 2 52 6 89 193 30 85 1610 160 1,092 535 469 945 338 No. 1. 2.3. 4.5.6. 7. 8.9. 10. 11. 12. 13.14.15.16.17. 18. 19.20.21.22. 23.24. 25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33. 34.35. 36. 37.38. 39. OB COOJ T7NITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 837 iJss^^s^ssgssgjggsgggssssgs^slg^g^^Kg^gglgsa • £? S3 £3 ; © © • ,* ^ _ -* r- •* , ¦** , oo -* ; ^ cn © ^ •"-"HUSkfiMCOOIMUiNCOOO OS CM «3 *C © © CO © CO CO 00 i-H i-H «H H CO 00 »0 OS MO — <»h N Hi-tlOtN ©©©©CO©U3i-t©CO- • eo wo ' «0 Tt* O) W«5(N0Ob- 'W50iH|s.OsNSiMtDOHiO ¦Ob-CNIt--©U5CO©©c0^iocOCN © «0 t~ i-H "OO^H CN HHQOHKS l© "•* CO- CN CO 00 © ¦ ¦* CO co >o © ' OS t*. «0 00 «0 ' © © ein 00©COCNr-.OSCN©U0eO©U0©iO-*-^^H©COCNOOi-H©r-lcOiOC0N»0<15H- i-H HO i-H h.H>0«5WCO>0«0«iH(aCO t--(M kfnooios« oh ca t>- i-( I-H © i-H f-t CN •fMt^-O©vo«5e0fM(Mt^00'NWCCOmCOOOCOOOHH• -** © t-- co cn . OS CO > cm *n> ¦ CM CI ¦ CO © ¦ CM ©. . .-H tH . CfiMCOt-b-O ^ ICCOONOCO . oo cn © © os o* ¦rH'-'OOCOeOHO^Ht-Os-^OS^t* NHiOHMfjJMh.W5HHHb. HW5 COCNOS©00tJ*00i-Hi-h •lO'ON'^HCftNMlM^'tCOb-O •t-OTt*ifJOH«)NosMIN«S»Tri .CNCOt*-OSW0CN©CO©>*rJ(«0U0eO "© CO CN © CN W3 t-H of wi"«SCf . *-t CO OS i-h 00 00«5©»OCN^t>-COCOCNCO--H(NeNCN Ol -«* -* i~t ¦** i-h ©i-H i-h CO ,-h CO NAVIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES. TONNAGE ENTERED IN 1851. States. 10,11. 12.13. 14.15.16. 17.18.19. 20.21.22.23. 24.25. 26. 27. 28. Maine New Hampshire Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island Connecticut, New York New Jersey Pennsylvania, .Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, . Virginia, North Carolina South Carolina Georgia, Florida, .Alabama Louisiana, .Mississippi Tennessee, Missouri, Ohio, Kentucky Michigan, Illinois, Texas California Total,. No. 336 9 529 1.2SS 104110 4,139 404 329 7 66 111 136 5653 23 642 282 37 10 1 379 AMERICAN. 8,951 Tons. 72,816 2,131 110,010 326,098 18,301 26,220 1,814,463 117,377 86,774 1,438 15,804 14,546 50,051 15,510 15,665 9,186 194,776 38,613 4,058 4,587 146 115,779 3,054,349 Men. 2,728 69 4,700 14,114 831 1,589 66,876 4,561 3,247 58 614 717 1,974 561 714 290 7,048 1,782 222 177 7 592 113,471 Boys. 3 10 246 4 149 2,653 24 13 3,106 No. 875 78 298 2,889 42 55 4,397 12 177138 2 9136 140 5537 96 328 120 396 1 14 482 10,759 Tons. 74,368 5,266 18,003 335,476 4,591 8,492 931,666 1,188 42,25926,253 239 18,759 5,772 43,01331,686 9,560 46,498 134,156 13.224 42,941 215 3,217 142,349 1,939,091 Men. 4,228 383960 16,948 261 378 48,177 67 1,987 1,314 11 809275 1,785 945 487 1,870 6,128 678 3,884 159 53 90,796 Boys. 5940 105 1,358 121 80 63 1,831 TOTAL AMERICAN AND FOREIGN. No. 1,211 87 827 4,177 146 165 8,536 12 581 467 9 157 147 276 111 90 119 870 402433 1115 861 19,710 Tons. 147,184 7,397 128,013661,574 22,892 34,712 2,746,129 1,188 159,636113,027 1,677 34,563 20,318 93,06447,096 25,225 56,684 328,932 51,837 46,999 4,802 3,363 258,128 4,993,440 Crews. Men. 6,956 452 5,660 31,062 1,0921,967 115,053 67 6,548 4,561 69 1,423 992 3,7591,506 1,201 2,160 12,176 2,460 4,106 186 166 645 204,267 Boys. 62 50 351 4 149 4,011 24 121 80 "76 1. 2. 3. 4.6.6.7.8. 9. 10.11. 12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19. 20. 21.22. 23. 24.25. 26.27. 28. 88 4,937 NAVIGATION OF THE TJNITED STATES. TONNAGE CLEARED IN 1851. No. States. 1. Maine 2. New Hampshire, 3. Vermont, 4. Massachusetts 5. Rhode Island 6. Connecticut, 7. New York 8. New Jersey 9. Pennsylvania, 10. Delaware 11. Marj-land, 12. District of Columbia, 13. Virginia, 14. North Carolina 15. South Carolina 16. Georgia 17. Florida, 18- Alabama 19. Louisiana 20. Mississippi 21. Tennessee 22. Missouri 23. Ohio, 24. Kentucky 25. Michigan, 26. Illinois 27. Texas 28. California, Total,. AMERICAN. No. 602 4 477 1,154 109 99 3,592 357 309 9 172 198 211 9370 129 645 156 60 8 5 815 9,274 Tons. 120.S87 2,386 104,114 279,863 19,838 22,534 1,588,313 102,123 75,406 1,859 34,16128,42081,336 34,963 20,2546S.747 292,954 18,720 7,2552,093 858 293,435 3,200,619 Men. 4,616 67 4,315 13,149 929 1,316 61,024 3,9983,015 74 1,437 1,304 3,0311,117 735 1,980 9,756 920865 82 35 375 113,640 Boys. 11 7 605 26 161 2,588 37 87 1 :,427 No. 869 78 310 2,848 36 53 4,206 9 173148143 77 187 6432 103 322 432 1 7 515 10,712 Tons. 74,854 5,307 17,734 346,937 3;7478,127 878,819 928 38,05130,383 31,186 13,968 59,172 34,746 9,049 52,518 128,612 11,866 45,102 215 1,479 136,735 1,929,535 Men. 4,218 385 1,128 16,297 215354 46,619 52 1,8181,4611,296 614 2,356 1,071 426 2,029 4,909 622 3,698 9 72 10 89,669 Boys. 67 39 2 250 1,349 1 81 78 1,929 TOTAL AMERICAN AND FOREIGN. No. 1,471 82 787 4,002 145 152 7,798 9 530 457 9 315275398 157 102 232 967 255 492 12 1,330 19,986 Tons. 195,741 7,693 121,848 626,800 23,58530,661 2,467,132 928 140,174105,789 1,859 65,347 42,388 140,508 69,70929,303 121,265 421,566 30,58652,357 2,3082,337 430,170 6,130,054 Men. 8,834 452 5,443 29,446 1,144 1,670 107,643 52 5,8164,476 74 2,733 1,918 5,387 2.1S8 1,161 4,009 14,665 1,542 4,063 91 107385 203,299 Boys. 78 46 2 755 26 161 3,937 38 5681 165 5,356 1. 2.3. 4. 5.6.7. 8.9. 10.11. 12. 13.14.15.16. 17.18.19. 20.21.22. 23. 24.25.26. 27.28. sI© 840 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. Statement of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the United States, on the last day of June, 1851. Registered tonnage in the Proportion of the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the Whale fishery, navigation. Steam «„ „,. .„ . „ A-u , Mackerel Aggregate ton- Steam Coasting trade. Cod fishery. fi8nery na« of ea.dist. navigation. Tons and 95ths. Passamaquoddy, Me Machias, do. Frenchman's Bay, do. Penobscot do, Belfast, do Bangor, do Waldoboro' do Wiscasset, do, Bath, do, Portland do Saco, do. Kennebunk, do York do, Portsmouth, N. H. . . Burlington, Vt Newburyport, ... Ms. Ipswich do. Gloucester, do. Salem, do. Beverly do. Marblehead do. Boston do. Plymouth, do. Fall River do. New Bedford, do. Barnstable, do. Edgartown, do. Nantucket, do. Providence, R. I. Bristol, do. Newport do. Middletown Ct. New London, do. Stonington do. New Haven do. Fairfield do. Champlain N. Y. Sackett's Harbor,. do. Oswego do. Niagara, do. Genesee do Oswegatchie do. Buffalo Creek, ...do Sag Harbor do Greenport, do, New York, do. Cape Vincent,. . . .do, Cold Spring, do. Perth Amboy,.. .N. J, Bridgetown, do, Burlington, do, Camden do, Newark, do. Little Egg Harbor.do. Great Egg Harbor.do. Philadelphia,.... Pa. Piesqu'isle, do Pittsburg do Wilmington De. Newcastle do. Baltimore, Md. Oxford, do. Vienna, do. 928.19 113,601.87 4,200.08 3,231.88 19,055.29 864.54 4,482.63 1,181.23 16,346.14 9,601.69 4,434.26 1,210.52 2,505.90 649.74 52,392.68 1,052.07 9,676 19,632 26,606 17,956 26,066 15,370 51,844 5,722 22,852.20,774 1,307.1,923. 1,088, 5,173.3,932. 495,448. 9,165, 424. 1,190.73 225.16 5,448.90 12,774.82 4,345.48 732.69 3,292.716,532.46 1,745.37 3,861.00 301.27637.16 144.90 1,705.33 4,667.47 38,690 1,273. 9,9207,902 36,488, 1,499. 2,867.7,101 1,878 3,963. 12,362 12,406 4,664 12,446 23,854 4,207 7,105 26,323 605 686 1,985 43,603 3,760 3,512 415,062 2,496. 44. 21,714, 13,745, 6,797, 15,452. 6,5956,639, 15,782 149,793. 8,210. 62,466. 6,950,6,064, 64,278, 12,369 13,576, 15,729.80 142.82 3,127.18 1,034.83 5,194.77 213.24 7,800.57 78.33 121.31 26.40 93.43 3,768.32 1,729.33 73.03 736.38 491.38 59.42 294.62 3,249.60 1,973.00 241.11312.27 26.01 387.40 2,545.85 51.74 194.88 30.06. 481.16 2,777.88 27.42 5,110.54 3,524.40 150.14 5,536.64 1,129.12 220.03 20,373.00 386.38 180.65 189.76133.56 217.64242.71 25,349.3822,876.88 34,899.86 40,809.2544,835.2227,571.64 103,593.51 19,718.26 103,795.91 97,571.70 2,825.88 11,204.44 1,263.66 25,427.54 3,932.31 26,706.80 492.55 23,436.11 30,498.36 3,948.78 4,351.51 342,936.09 10,723.01 12,070.50 131,409.46 72,997.44 8,079.19 26,752.7115,552.55 12,177.6310,320.19 12,757.53 40,407.67 20,302.51 18,308.44 24,403.60 4,207.70 7,105.93 26,323.21 605.94 686.01 1,985.34 43,603.13 12,808.00 7,391.11 931,193.74 2,496.192,608.12 22,765.89 14,835.07 6,797.05 15,663.41 5,773.336,639.26 16,421.79 222,428.90 8,210,35 53,734.34 6,816.675,064.19 160,511.64 12,636.45 14,469.87 648.33 1,698.60 2,018.51 1,395.64 3,240.37 2,324.85 4,826.10 57.81 240.16 479.22 262.75 124.00 255.67 2,116.17 3,742.77 67.38 1,661.08 917.30 343.07 4,381.91 100.00 429.42 1,985.34 19,9S3.« 128.01 69,148.89 5,440.89 2,762.30 5,020.78 1,005.01 19,665.29 5,960.61 47,910.94 2,489.92 14,285.21 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. — STATISTICAL TABLES. 841 Statement of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the United States — continued. Registered tonnage in the Proportion of the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the Whale Steam .-, ,..,-, fishery, navigation. Coa8tlnS trade- Cod flshery Mackerel Aggregate ton- Steam fishery, nage of ea. dist. navigation. Tons and 95ths. Snow Hill .Md. St. Mary's, do. Town Creek, do. Annapolis do, Georgetown, D. C. . . Alexandria Va, Norfolk do Petersburg, do, Richmond, do. Yorktown do Tappahannock, ..do Accomac, c. h.. . .do East River, do Yeocomico, do Cherry Stone do. Wheeling, do. Wilmington,... N.C. Newbern, do. Washington do. Edenton, do. Camden, do. Beaufort, do. Plymouth, do. Ocracoke, do. Charleston, S. C. Georgetown do. Beaufort, do. Savannah, Ga. Sunbury do, Brunswick do, Hardwick do St. Mary's do Pensacola, Fa, St. Augustine, ...do, St. Mark's do. St. John's do. Apalachicola, .... do. Key West do. Mobile, Aa Pearl River Mi. Vicksburg do. New Orleans, .... La. Teche, do. Nashville, Te Louisville, Ky St. Louis, Mo Chicago, Is Milwaukie, Wn Cuyahoga O. Sandusky, do. Cincinnati do. Miami do. Detroit Mn. Michilimackinac, do, Galveston Ts Point Isabel do, Saluria do Astoria, On San Francisco, ...Ca, Sonora do 274.01 1,115.85 6,905.63 9,575.382,290.48 2,124.732,659.58 18,505.57 ¦6,381.04 12,780.68 1,899.86 4,303.015,025.004,911.94 3,849.78 1,622.79 3,388.57 1,000.86 3,923.89 6,330.193,275.783,953.30 1,017.58 9,979.56 970.43 1,230.81 1,428.15 16,472.88 1,503.74 10,449.47 470.49 703.13 1,095.43 Total 181,644.52 62,390.13 281. 309. 2,050. 1,497. 17,941, 929. 168, 165,275, 959. 3,587, 12,937 34,065,23,103, 2,946 36,070 4,858 14,187 3,236 40,319 1,409 3,062 657 571 15,971. 183, 1,854,317.90 87,475.89 50,639.02 9,851.592,290.48 2,124.732,659.58 22,903.46 10,111.87 23,661.25 2,927.41 6,835.145,241.525,659.694,361.78 1,650.843,388.57 1,037.163,923.89 12,387.45 4,891.65 6,615.58 1,128.08 12,310.52 2,414.24 2,607.00 1,428.15 31,910.27 3,277.19 336.42 2,309.34 314.48 936.30 79.60 1,585.68 3,923.893,014.23 176.59 22,265.69 489.67 1,429.87 2,322.70 281.60309.92 2,050.36 4,400.10 27,327.01 1,236.21 168.48 251,900.14 1,384.79 3,587.67 12,937.90 34,065.46 23,103.45 2,946.10 36,070.50 4,858.38 14,187.18 3,236.13 40,319.46 1,455.40 3,667.16 657.49 688.52 1,063.43 68,063.54 372.43 3,772,439.43 86.84 5,665.12 8,289.52 79.45 2,050.36 13,567.87 79.35 168.48 149,747.72 538.07 3,587.67 12,937.90 29,568.31 706.79 286.80 11,355.36 73.36 12,362.48 1,153.10 21,944.17 1.3J30.O7 657.49 105.54 4,945.41 183.66 521,216.87 ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. The army of the United States, commanded by one major general and two brigadiers, consists of a corps of engineers, an ordnance department, two regiments of dragoons, one of mounted rifle men, four of artillery, and eight of infantry. — in the whole about 11,000 men, — and is stationed as follows : — MILITARY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. The Eastern Division, composed of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Military Departments, comprises the following states : Maine, New Hampshire, Ver mont. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Car olina, and Georgia, and the portion of Florida and Wisconsin E. of a line drawn from Fond du Lac, Lake Superior, to Cape Sable, Florida. The Western Division, composed of the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th Military Departments, is situated within the following limits : The country W. of the line from Fond du Lac to Cape Sa ble, (except Oregon and California,) embrac ing the part of Wisconsin W. of said line : Min nesota; the states of Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana. Mis sissippi, Alabama, and Texas ; the part of Florida W. of said line ; the Indian country W. of the Mississippi River ; and the territory of New Mexico. The Pacific Division, composed of the 10th and 11th Military Departments, comprises the terri tories of California and Oregon. The head-quarters of tho army aro in Wash ington. The head-quarters of the Eastern Division are at Troy, N. Y. The head-quarters of the Western Division are at New Orleans, La. The head-quarters of the Pacific Division are at Sonoma, Ca. MILITARY GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTS. No. 1. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mas sachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. No. 2. Michigan, Wisconsin, (E. of the line from Fond du Lac to Cape Sable,) Ohio, and In diana. Hend-quarters at Detroit. No. 3. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. The head-quarters of Departments No. 1 and 3 are at Troy, N. Y. No. 4. Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro lina, Georgia, and that part of Florida lying with in the Eastern Division. Head-quarters at Fort Monroe, Va. No. 5. The portion of Florida within the Western Division, the states of Alabama, Louis iana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Head-quarters at New Orleans. No. 6. Wisconsin, (W. of the line from Fond du Lac to Cape Sable.) Iowa. Illinois, and Mis souri, above the 37th degree of N. latitude. Head quarters at St. Louis. No. 7. The country W. of the Mississippi, S. of the 37th degree of N. latitude, N. of Louisiana and Texas, and E. of Department No. 9. Head quarters at . No. 8: That part of Texas lying S. and E. of a line drawn from a point on the Rio Grande, op posite the southernmost limit of the island S. of El Paso, containing the towns of San Elizario, Socorra. and Isletta. to the junction of the Ense- nada Choctau (Choctaw Creek) with the Colorado or Red River, and down said river to Arkansas. Head-quarters at San Antonio. No. 9. New Mexico and the territory N. and W. of the aforesaid line from the Rio Grande to and down the Colorado or Red River, formerly claimed as a part of New Mexico. Head-quarters at Santa Fe. No. 10. The territory of California. Head quarters at Monterey- No. 11. The territory of Oregon. PAY OF THE ARMY. Total Annual Pay. Major general, $4512; brigadier general. S2958 ; colonels of engineers and cavalry, $2196; colonels of artillery and in fantry, $1992; lieutenant colonels of engineers and cavalry, $1944 ; lieutenant colonels of artil- ery and infantry, $1740; majors of engineers and cavalry, $1692 ; majors of artillery and in fantry, $1548; captains of engineers and cavalry $1278; captains of artillery and infantry, $954; first and socond lieutenants of engineers and cavalry, $968 ; first lieutenants of artillery and infantry, $834 ; second do., $774 ; paymaster general, $2500; deputy paymaster general, $1944; paymasters, $1500; surgeon general, $2500; surgeons, from $982 to $1788, according to length of service. Privates, engineers, and cavalry, $198 ; artillery and infantry, $186. ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 843 ARSENALS. Posts. State or Territory. Post Office. Kennebec, Watertown,Champlain, Watervliet, Rome, . Alleghany, Frankford, Pikesville, . Washington, . Bellona, St. Louis, Baton Rouge, Mount Vernon, Detroit, North Carolina, Charleston,Apalachicola, Little Rock, Massachusetts, . Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, . Dist". of Columbia, Virginia, Missouri, Louisiana, . Alabama,Michigan, . North Carolina, South Carolina, . Arkansas, . Augusta. Watertown. , Vergennes. Watervliet.Rome.Pittsburg.Frankford.Pikesville. Washington. Bellona. St. Louis. Baton Rouge. Mount Vernon. Dearbon ville. Fayetteville. Charleston.Chattahoochee. Little Rock. MILITARY POSTS. Posts. Eastern Division Department No. 1 Fort Sullivan, Fort Preble, Fort Constitution, Fort Independence, Fort Warren, Fort Adams, ) Fort Wolcott, ) Fort Trumbull, Department No. Fort Brady, Fort Mackinac, Fort Gratiot, Detroit Barracks, . Fort Howard, Department No. Fort Niagara, Fort Ontario, Madison Barracks, Plattsburg Barracks. West Point, Fort Columbus, Fort Wood, Fort Hamilton Fort Lafayette, Fort Mifflin, Carlisle Barracks, Fort McHenry, . Fort Washington, Department No. Fort Monroe, Fort Johnson, 1 Fort Caswell, J Fort Macon, Fort Moultrie, ) Castle Pinckney, ) Augusta Arsenal, . Oglethorpe Barracks, Fort Marion, Western Division Department No. 5. Key West, . is, \ "' i e. ' State or Territory. Maine, . New Hampshire, Massachusetts, . Rhode Island, . Connecticut, Michigan, Wisconsin,New York, New York Harbor, N. Y. Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, . Charleston Harbor, S. C Georgia, Florida, Post Office. Eastport.Portland. Portsmouth.Boston. it Newport.New London. Sault Ste. Marie. Mackinac.Fort Gratiot. Detroit.Green Bay. Youngstown. Oswego.Sackett's Harbor. Plattsburg. West Point. New York. Fort Hamilton. Philadelphia. Carlisle. Baltimore. Fort Washington. Old Point Comfort. Smithville. Beaufort. Charleston.Augusta.Savannah.St. Augustine. Key West. 844 ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. Posts. Fort Brooke, . Fort Pickens, ) . Fort McRea, J Fort Morgan, Fort Pike, . Fort Wood, Fort Jackson, New Orleans Barracks, Baton Rouge Barracks, . Newport Barracks, Department No. 6. Fort Scott, . Fort Leavenworth, Fort Kearny, Fort Laramie, . Jefferson Barracks, Fort Snelling, . Fort Gaines, . Fort on Des Moines ) River, J . Department No. 7. Fort Towson, Fort Washita, Fort Gibson, Fort on Canadian River, Department No. 8. Fort Polk, . Fort Brown, . Ringgold Barracks, 1 Davis Landing, J Fort Mcintosh, Laredo, Fort Duncan, Eagle Pass, Fort Inge, . Fort Lincoln, Rio Seco, San Antonio, Fort Martin Scott, Fort Croghan, ) Hamilton Creek, J Fort Gates, Leon River, Fort Graham, Jose 1 Maria Village, ) Fort Worth, Trinity River. Fort Merrill, Department No. 9. Fort Marcy, . Taos, .... Albuquerque, Dona Ana, Secorra, El Paso del Norte, San Elizario, Las Vegas, Third, or Pacific Division. Department No. 10. San Francisco, Benicia, Camp Stanislaus, . Camp Far West, Monterey, San Luis Rey, . San Diego, . Department No. 11.* Nesqually, Puget's 1 . Sound, J Fort Vancouver, Fort Hall, State or Territory. Florida, Alabama,Louisiana, Kentucky, Missouri, " . . Territory, Minnesota Territory, . Arkansas Territory, Texas, Nueces River, New Mexico, California, Oregon, Post Office. Tampa Bay. Pensacola. Mobile. Fort Pike. New Orleans. Baton Rouge. Newport. Fort Scott. Fort Leavenworth. Linden, Mo. u Jefferson Barracks. Fort Snelling. Fort Towson. Fort Gibson. Point Isabel. Brownville. San Antonio. u u (( Fredericksburg. Austin. Corpus Christi. Santa Fe. San Francisco. Benicia. Stockton.Sutter's Fort. Monterey. San Diego. Nesqually. Vancouver.Linden, Mo. * The other posta in this department are not yet known. ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 845 NAVY. VESSELS OF WAR OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Name and Rate. Where and when built. Name and Rate. Where and when built. Ships of the Line. 1 1 . Guns. Guns. St. Mary's, 20 Washington, 1844 Pennsylvania, 120 Philadelphia, 1837 Jamestown, 20 Norfolk, 1844 Franklin, 74 ii 1815 Albany, 20 New York, 1846 Columbus, 74 Washington, 1819 Germantown, 20 Philadelphia, 1846 Ohio, 74 New York, 1820 Ontario, 18 Baltimore, 1813 North Carolina, 74 Philadelphia, 1820 Decatur, 16 New York, 1839 Delaware, 74 Gosport, Va., 1820 Preble, 16 Portsmouth, 1839 Alabama, 74 Yorktown, 16 Norfolk, 1839 Vermont, 74 Boston, 1848 Marion, 16 Boston, 1839 Virginia, 74 Dale, 16 Philadelphia, 1839 New York, 74 Brigs, 4. New Orleans, 74 Dolphin, 10 New York, 1836 Porpoise, 10 Boston, 1836 Independence, Razee, 54 Boston, 1814 Bainbridge, 10 it 1842 Frigates, ist Class, 12. Perry, 10 Norfolk, 1843 United States, (guns) 44 Philadelphia, 1797 Schooners, 5. Constitution, 44 Boston, 1797 Flirt, 2 Transf d from W. D. Potomac, 44 Washington, 1821 Wave, 1 (I u Brandywine, 44 (C 1825 Phoenix, 2 a u Columbia, 44 II 1836 Petrel, 1 Purchased, 1846 Congress, 44 Portsmouth, 1841 Taney, Transf d from T. D. Cumberland, 44 Boston, 1842 Steamers, 14. Savannah, 44 New York, 1842 Mississippi, no Philadelphia, 1841 Raritan, 44 Philadelphia, 1843 Susquehanna, Santee, 44 Powhatan, Sabine, 44 Saranac, Portsmouth, 1848 St. Lawrence, 44 Norfolk, 1847 San Jacinto, Frigates, 2d Class, 2. Fulton, 4 New York, 1837 Constellation, 36 Baltimore, 1797 Union, 4 Norfolk, 1842 Macedonian, 36 Capt'd 1812, reb't 1836 Michigan, 1 Erie, Pa., 1843 Sloops of War, 22. Alleghany, 2 Pittsburg, Pa., 1846 Saratoga, 20 John Adams, 20 Portsmouth, 1842 Vixen, 3 Purchased, 1846 Charleston, S. C, * 1799 General Taylor, Transfd from W. D. Vincennes, 20 New York, 1826 Water Witch, 1 Washington, 1845 Warren, 20 Boston, 1826 Engineer, Purchased, 1846 Falmouth, 20 ii 1827 Massachusetts, Transfd from W. D. Fairfield, 20 New York, 1828 Storeships and Brigs, 6. Vandalia, 20 Philadelphia, 1828 Relief, 6 Philadelphia, 1836 St. Louis, 20 Washington, 1828 Erie, 4 Baltimore, 1813 Cyane, 20 Levant, 20 Boston, 1837 Lexington, 6 New York, 1825 New York, 1837 Southampton, 4 Norfolk, 1845 Portsmouth, 20 Portsmouth, 1843 Supply, 4 Purchased, 1846 Plymouth, 20 Boston, 1843 Fredonia, 4 1846 * Rebuilt in 1820 f Paixhan. NAVY YARDS. Portsmouth, N. H. Charlestown, Ms. Brooklyn, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Washington, D. C. Norfolk. Va. Pensacola, Fa. Memphis, Te. PAY OF THE NAVY. Captains, (68,) senior in service, $4500 ; 0f squadrons, $4000 ; others on duty, $3500 ; on l?ave, $2500. Commanders, (97,) in sea service, $2500 ; on other duty, $2100 ; on leave $1800. Lieutenants, (327,) commanding, $1800; on other duty, $1500; waiting orders, $1200. Sur geons, (69,) from $1000 to $2700, according to term and nature of service. Assistant surgeons, 43,) from $650 to $1200. Pursers, (64,) $1500 to $3500. Chaplains, (24,) at sea, $1200; on leave, $800. Professors of mathematics, (12,) $1200. Passed midshipmen, (183,) on duty, $750; on leave, $600. Midshipmen, (183,) at sea, $400 ; on other duty, $350 ; on leave, $300. Chief engineers, on duty, from $1500 to $2000 ; on leave, 1200 to $1400. Assistant engineers, on duty", $600 to $1000 ; on leave, $400 to $850. Boatswains, gun ners, carpenters, and sailmakers, on duty, $700 to $800 ; on leave, $500 to $600. CANALS AND RAILROADS UNITED STATES. CANALS. NEW ENGLAND. The only canal in New England, now em ployed for purposes of navigation, is the Cumber- latid and Oxford, 204 miles, from Portland to Sebago Lake, to which the Tongo River im. provement adds 30 miles of lake and river nav igation. The Middlesex Canal, 27 miles, from Boston to Lowell, the Blackstone Canal, 45 miles, from Worcester to Providence, and the Farmington Canal, 78 miles, from New Haven to Northamp ton, have all been superseded by railroads. The same is the case with the short canals constructed for passing the various falls of the Connecticut and Merrimac, the navigation of these rivers having been mostly abandoned in favor of the railroads along their banks. NEW YORK. The Champlain Canal extends from the Hudson at Troy to Lake Champlain, at Whitehall, 64 miles. The Erie Canal extends from the Hud son, at Albany, to Lake Erie, at Buffalo, 364 miles. This latter canal sends off branches, as follows : Black River, from Rome to Carthage, 774 miles, with a feeder from Brown ville,10 miles ; Chenango, from Utica to Binghampton, 97 miles ; Oswego, from Syracuse to Oswego, 38 miles ; Cayuga and Seneca, from Montezuma to Geneva, 21 miles, tributary to which are the Crooked Lalce Canal, 3 miles, from Dresden to Penn Yan, and the Chemung, 39 miles, from Jefferson, at the head of Seneca Lake to Elmira ; finally, the Genesee Valley Canal, from Rochester to Olean, on the Alleghany, 1084 miles, with a branch from Mount Morris to Danville, 1 1 miles. Works are in progress to unite this New York system with the Pennsylvania and Susquehanna system, by canals extending from Binghampton and Elmira to the Pennsylvania line. All the above, except the junction canals last mentioned, are state works. The Ddaware and Hudson Canal ex tends from the Hudson, at the mouth of the Esopus Creek, to the Delaware, at Port Jervis, and thence up that river to the mouth of the Lackawaxen, along which it is continued by the Lackawaxen Canal to Honesdale, in Pennsyl vania, in the whole 110 miles. The whole length of canals in New York is near 1000 miles. NEW JERSEY. The Ddaware and Raritan Canal, 42 miles, from Bordentown to New Brunswick, opens an internal sloop navigation from Philadelphia to New York. The Morris Canal, 102 miles, from Jersey City, opposite New York, to Easton, on the Delaware, communicates with the Lehigh navigation, and the Pennsylvania Ddaware Canal. PENNSYLVANIA. Has a canal system still more extensive than that of New York. Commencing at the head of navigation in the Susquehanna at Havre de Grace in Maryland, the Tidewater Canal extends 45 miles, to Wrightsville, opposite the termination of the Columbia Railroad, from Philadelphia. Thence the navigation is continued by the Eastern Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, 44£ miles to the mouth of the Juniata, from which point the Juniata Canal extends W. 1274 miles to Hollidaysburg. The Susquehanna Canal continues N. from the mouth of the Juniata, 39 miles, to the junction of the N. and W. branches of the Sus quehanna, whence the West Branch Canal proceeds to Lock Haven, 75 miles, whence the Bald Ea gle Canal extends 22 miles, farther, to Belle Fonte, at the foot of the main Alleghany ridge. The North Branch Canal extends from the junction of the two branches, 73 miles, to Wilkesbarre, and has been continued thence by a private company 90 miles, to the New York line ; from which point two short canals, now in progress to Binghampton and Elmira, will connect this Susquehanna system with the New York canals. The other canals in the eastern part of Pennsylvania, besides the Lackawaxen, already mentioned, a continuation of the Delaware and Hudson, are the Lehigh Naviga tion, 464 miles, to Mauch Chunk, and to the falls at Stoddardsville, 414 miles farther ; the Deleware division of the Pennsylvania Canal, from Bristol, at the head of sloop navigation on the Delaware, 60 miles, to Easton, where it communicates with the Lehigh navigation, and with the Morris Canal ; the Schuylkill Navigation, from Philadelphia via Reading, to Port Carbon, 108 miles ; and tho Union Canal, from Reading westward to the Susquehanna, 82 miles. The Portage Railroad, 66 miles, over the mountains from Hollidays- CANALS AND RADLROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 847 burg to Johnstown, unites the eastern division of the Pennsylvania Canal to the Western Division, which extends along the banks of the Kiskimin itas and the Alleghany, 104 miles, to Pittsburg. The Beaver and Erie Canal extends 136 miles, from the Ohio at Beaver, to Erie on Lake Erie, with two branches — the French Creek Feeder, 27 miles long, and the Franklin Canal, 22 miles long. The whole length of canals in Pennsylvania is 1280 miles, 848 of which are owned by the state, and 432 by companies. OHIO. The Ohio Canal extends 307 miles from the Ohio, at Portsmouth, to Lake Erie, at Cleveland, with branches to Columbus, 10 miles ; to Lancas ter, and thence down the valley of the Hocking to Athens, 65 miles ; to Zanesville, 14 miles ; and thence by the improved navigation of the Mus kingum, to the Ohio River, 81 miles; up the Walhonding, 25 miles. It is also connected with the Ohio River by the Sandy and Little Beaver Canal. 76 miles, having a branch of 10 miles to Canton. It is connected with the canal system of Western Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania and Ohio, or Mahoning Canal, 75 miles in length. The Miami Canal, and its ex tension in the western part of the state, is 181 miles in length from Cincinnati to Defiance on the Maumee, down which river the Wabash and Erie Canal extends 76 miles farther, to Lake Erie. The Warren County Canal, 19 miles long, the Sidney Feeder, 13 miles long, and the St. Mary's Feeder, 11 miles long, are branches of the Miami Canal. The Ohio canals are mostly state works. The Wabash and Erie Canal, 458 miles long, ex tends from Toledo, in Ohio, at the entrance of the Maumee into Lake Erie, to Evansville, on the Ohio, following the course of the Maumee as far as Terre Haute, and thence by the White River valley. The portion in Indiana is 376 miles long. The White Water Canal extends from Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio, a short distance below Cincinnati, up the White Water River, to Cambridge, 76 miles. These were originally state works, but have been transferred to private companies. ILLINOIS. The Illinois and Michigan Canal is 113 miles long, from Chicago to La Salle, at the head of steamboat navigation on the Illinois. Originally a state work, it is now in the hands of "a company. KENTUCKY. The Louisville and Portland Canal, round the falls of the Ohio, is 2j miles in length. The Lick ing, Kentucky, Green, and Barren Rivers have been improved by dams and locks, and made navigable for a total distance of 484 miles. DELAWARE. The Chesapeake and Delaware Sloop Canal, connecting Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, is 14 miles long. MARYLAND. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is 184 miles long, from Cumberland to Georgetown, with a branch of 7 miles to Alexandria. VIRGINIA. The James River and Kenhawa Canal extends up the James River from Richmond, 197 miles, to Buchanan. The Dismal Swamp Canal and branches, from Albemarle Sound to Norfolk, is 34 miles long. SOUTHERN STATES. There are a number of short canals in these states, but none of much importance. RAILROADS. Calais and Baring, 6 miles. Franklin. Mactiiasport to Whitneyville, 9 miles. Bangor and Piscataquis. Bangor to Oldtown, 12 miles. Kennebec and Portland. Augusta to Portland, 60 miles. Branch. Brunswick to Bath, 9 miles. York and Cumberland. Gorham to Portland, 10 miles. * Atlantic and St. Lawrence. Portland, via Dan ville and Mechanics Falls, to the Canada line, at Island Pond, 150 miles. Androscoggin and Kennebec. Danville, via Leeds, to Waterville, 55 miles. Androscoggin. Leeds to Livermore Falls, 20 miles. Buckfield Branch. Mechanics Falls to Buck- field, 13 miles. Eastern. Portland, via South Berwick, Do ver, Newburyport, and Salem, to Boston, 105 miles. Branches. Salisbury, 4 miles, Beverly to Gloucester, 14, Salem to Marblehead, 4. Boston and Maine. South Berwick, via Brad ford and Lawrence, to Boston, 74 miles. Branch. Rollinsford to Great Falls, 3 miles. t Great Falls and Conway. Great Falls to Milton, 13 miles. Cocheco. Dover to Alton Bay, 28 miles. Newburyport. Newburyport to Bradford, 18 m. South Reading Branch. South Reading to Sa lem, 9 miles. Essex. Lawrence to Salem, 21 miles. Manchester and Lawrence, 26 miles. New Hampshire Central. Manchester to Hen niker, 26 miles. Boston and Lowell, 26 miles. Lowell, Nashua, and Wilton, 30 miles. Concord. Nashua, via Manchester, to Concord, 35 miles. Portsmouth and Concord, 47 miles. Concmd and Claremont. Concord, via Contoo ¦ cookville, to Bradford, 25 miles. 848 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. Contoocook Valley. Contoocookville, via Hen niker, to Hillsboro', 14 miles. Northern New Hampshire. Concord to West Lebanon, 69 miles. Branch. Franklin to Bristol, 9 miles. Boston, Concord, and Montreal. Concord to Haverhill, 80 miles. Fitchburg. Boston to Fitchburg, 50 miles. Branches. Somerville to Cambridge, 3 ; West Cambridge to Watertown, 8 : West Cambridge to Lexington, 11 ; South Acton to Lancaster and Sterling, 9 ; Groton to Peterboro' and Shirley, 23 ; Groton to Lowell, {Stony Brook Railroad,) 17 miles. Vermont and Massachusetts. Fitchburg, via South Vernon, to Brattleboro', 69 miles. Branches. South Ashburnham to Bellows Falls, ( Cheshire Railroad,) 54 miles ; to Green field, 8. Boston and Worcester, 44 miles. Branches. To Brookline, 1 ; thence to Need- ham, ( Charles River Railroad, ) 8 ; Auburndale to Newton Lower Falls, I ; Natick to Saxonville, 5 ; Framingham to Milford, 13 ; Grafton to Mill- bury, 4. Fitchburg and Worcester, 26 miles. Worcester and Nashua, 45 miles. Providence and Worcester, 43 miles. Norwich and Worcester, 66 miles. Western. Worcester, via Springfield, West Stockbridge, and Chatham, to Albany, 156 miles. Brunches. Palmer to Belchertown and Am herst, 10 miles ; Pittsfield to North Adams, 20. Old Colony. Boston to Plymouth, 37 miles. Branches. Neponset to Milton, 3 miles ; Brain tree to Cohasset, {South Shore Railroad,) 12; South Abington to Bridgewater, 7 ; South Brain tree to Fall River, {Fall River Railroad,) 43; Middleboro' to Sandwich, ( Cape Cod Branch,) 28. Boston and Providence, 43 miles. Branches. Jamaica Plains to Dedham. 6 miles ; thence to Blackstone, {Norfolk County Rail road,) 26 ; Canton to Stoughton, 4; Mansfield to New Bedford, (Taunton Branch and Taunton and New Bedford,) 31. Stonington. Providence to Stonington, 50 miles. t Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill. Bristol to Willimantic, 50 miles. New London, Willimantic, and Palmer, 66 miles. New London and New Haven, 50 miles. # Canal Railroad. New Haven and North ampton, 78 miles. New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield, 62 miles. Branch. Berlin to Middletown, 10 miles. Connecticut River. Springfield to South Ver non, 50 miles. Ashudot, South Vernon to Keene, 23 miles. Vermont Valley. Brattleboro' to Bellows Falls, 24 miles. Sullivan. Bellows Falls to Windsor, 25 miles. Rutland and Burlington. Bellows Falls to Bur lington, via Rutland, 120 miles. Rutland and Washington. Rutland, via Castle ton, to Troy, 84 miles. Western Vermont. Rutland to North Benning ton, 52 miles. Troy and Boston. North Bennington to Troy, 32 miles. Vermont Central. Windsor, via White River, to Burlington, 117 miles. Branch. Essex Junction to Rouse's Point, 52 miles. Passumpsic. White River to St. Johnsbury, 61, Champlain and St. Lawrence. Rouse's Point to Ogdensburg, 118 miles. t Plattsburg and Montreal. Plattsburg to Mooer's, 20 miles. Naugatuck. Bridgeport to Winstead, 62 miles. Housatonic. Bridgeport to West Stockbridge, 98 miles. Danbury and Norwalk, 22 miles. New York and New Haven, 76 miles. Long Island. Brooklyn to Greenport, 75 miles. Haarlem. New Yorkto Chatham, 130 miles. Hudson River. New York to Troy, 150 miles. Hudson and Berkshire. Hudson to West Stock- bridge, 34 miles. Troy and Greenbush, 6 miles. Troy, Whitehall, and Castleton, via Saratoga, 84 miles. Schenectady and Troy, 20 miles. Albany and Schenectady, 17 miles. Saratoga and Schenectady, 22 miles. Utica and Schenectady, 78 miles. Utica and Syracuse, 53 miles. Rochester and Syracuse, 104 miles. Buffalo and Rochester, 76 miles. Watertown and Rome. Rome to Cape Vincent, 97 miles. Oswego and Syracuse, 35 miles. Cayuga and Susquehanna. Cayuga to Oswego, 70 miles. Canandaigua and Elmira, 67 miles. Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls, 76 miles. Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 22 miles. Buffalo and State Line. Buffalo to the west ern line of the state, 69 miles. Erie and North East. Western line of New York to Erie, Pa. Buffalo and New York City. Attica to Hornells ville, 60 miles. Buffalo, Corning, and New York. Corning to Wayland, 45 miles. Corning and Blossburg, 40 miles. Erie. Dunkirk, via Hornellsville, Elmira, Corning,' Owego, Great Bend, to Piermont, 444 miles. Lackawana and Western. Great Bend to Trenton, 50 miles. Newburg Branch. Oxford to Newburg, 19. Union, (late Ramapo,) Sufferns to Jersey City, 33 miles. New Jersey. Jersey City, via Newark and Elizabethtown, to Trenton, 57 miles. Morris arid Essex. Newark to Dover, 44 miles. New Jersey Central. Elizabethtown to Easton, 87 miles. Trenton and Philadelphia, 30 miles. * Bdvidere. Trenton to Belvidere, 63 miles. Trenton Branch. Trenton to Bordentown, 6 miles. Camden and Amboy, 65 miles. Branch. To Mount Holly, 6 miles. Philadelphia and Reading. Philadelphia, via Reading, to Pottsville, 93 miles. Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill, 9 miles. Mine Hill. Schuylkill Haven to Fremont, 12 miles. Little Schuylkill. Port Clinton to Tamaqua, 20 miles. Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown, 17 miles. Philadelphia and West Chester, 30 miles. Columbia and Philadelphia, 82 miles. Harrisburg and Lancaster, 36 miles. RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 849 Cumberland Valley. Harrisburg to Chambers burg, 56 miles. Franklin. Chambersburg to Hagerstown, 22 miles. York and Cumberland. Harrisburg to York, 25 miles. Pennsylvania, Eastern Division. Harrisburg to Hollidaysburg, 135 miles. Portage, 32 miles. Pennsylvania, Western Division. Connemaugh to Pittsburg, 87 miles. Philaddphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, 98 miles. Newcastle and Frenchtown, 16 miles. Baltimore and Susquehanna. Baltimore, via Re lay House, to York, 57 miles. Westminster Branch, Relay House to Owen's Mills, 9 miles. Baltimore and Ohio. Baltimore, via Monaca- sy, Harper's Ferry, and Cumberland, to Wheel ing, 375 miles. Branch. Monacasy to Frederick, 3 miles. Winchester and Potomac. Harper's Ferry to Winchester, 32 miles. Washington Branch. Baltimore, via Elk Ridge, to Washington, 40 miles. Annapolis and Elk Ridge, 21 miles. t Orange and Alexandria. Alexandria to Gaines- boro',45 miles. Richmond, Frederick, and Potomac. Acqua Creek, via Chesterfield, to Richmond, 75 miles. Branch, ( Virginia Central.) Chesterfield to Charlottesville and Woodville, 77 miles. t Richmond and Danville. Richmond to Me herin, 65 miles. Richmond and Petersburg, 22 miles. Appomattox. Petersburg to City Point, 10 miles. Petersburg. Petersburg, via Hicksford, to Wel- don, 64 miles. Seaboard and Roanoke. Portsmouth to Weldon, 80 miles. Granville and Roanoke. Hicksford to Gaston, 21 miles., Gaston and Raleigh, 87 miles. * Wilmington and Wddon, 162 miles. Wilmington and Manchester, 162 miles. South Carolina. Charleston, via Branchville, to Augusta, 137 miles. Branches. Branchville to Columbia, 67 miles ; to Camden, via Manchester, 37 miles. t Charlotte and South Carolina. Columbia to Ebenezer, 78 miles. King's Mountain. Chesterville to Yorkville, 32 miles. * Granville and Columbia, with branches to An derson and Abbeville, 164 miles. Georgia Central. Savannah, via Gordon, to Macon, 191 miles. Milledgeville and Gordon, 17 miles. Macon and Western. Macon to Atlanta, 101 miles. Augusta and Waynesboro', 21 miles. Georgia. Augusta to Atlanta, 171 miles. Branches. Camah to Warrenton, 4 miles ; Un ion Point to Athens, 40 miles. South-western. Macon, via Fort Valley, to Oglethorpe, 50 miles. Muscogee. Fort Valley to Columbus, 70 miles. Lagrange. Atlanta to West Point, 87 miles. Western and Atlantic. Atlanta, via Kingston, to Chattanooga, 140 miles. 107 Rome. Kingston to Rome, 20 miles. * Nashville and Chattanooga, 151 miles. t East Tennessee and Georgia. Dalton to Lon don, 82 miles. West Point and Montgomery, 88 miles. ^Mobile and Ohio. Mobile to Citronelle, 33 miles. Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon, 60 miles. Clinton and Port Hudson, 24 miles. West Feliciana. Woodville to Bayou Sara, 26 miles. Mexican Gulf. New Orleans to Proctorsville, 27 miles. New Orleans and Carrollton, 6 miles. New Orleans, Milnesbury, and Lake Pontchartrain, 6 miles. Alton and Sangamon. Alton to Springfield, 70 miles. Sangamon and Morgan. Springfield to Naples, 54 miles. t Milwaukie and Mississippi. Milwaukie to Palmyra, 43 miles. Galena and Chicago. Chicago to Rockford, 92 miles. Branches. To Aurora, 13 miles ; to Fort St. Charles, 7 miles. t Chicago and Rock River. Chicago to Ottawa, 84 miles. Michigan Central. Chicago to Detroit, 278 miles. Michigan Southern. Chicago, via Adrian, to Monroe, 247 miles. Erie and Kalamazoo. Adrian to Toledo, 33 miles. Detroit and Pontiac, 25 miles. t Evansville and Illinois. Evansville to Prince ton, 27 miles. Louisville and Frankfort, 65 miles. Frankfort and Lexington, 29 miles. ' t New Albany and. Salem. New Albany to Ju liet, 65 miles. t Jeffersonville. Jeffersonville to Rockford, 51 miles. Madison and Indianapolis, via Edinburg, 36 miles. Shelbyville Branch. Edinburg to Shelbyville, 16 miles. Shelbyville and Knightstown, 27 miles. Shelbyville and Rushville, 20 miles. Lafayette and Indianapolis, 62 miles. Peru and Indianapolis, 72 miles. Terre Haute and Richmond. Indianapolis to Terre Haute, 73 miles. Indianapolis and Bellefontaine. Indianapolis to east line of the state, at Union, 83 miles. * Indiana Central. Indianapolis to east line of the state, near Richmond, 73 miles. Dayton and Western. From the terminus of the preceding to Dayton, 36 miles. Dayton and Greenville, 35 miles. Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton, 60 miles. Mad River and Lake Erie. Dayton, via Springfield, to Sandusky, 150 miles. Branch. Carey to Findlay, 16 miles. Sandusky Mansfield and Newark, 117 miles. * Central Ohio. Dayton to Wheeling, via Co lumbus, Newark, and Zanesville. Little Miami. Cincinnati, via Lovelands, to Xenia, 65 miles. Cincinnati and Hillsboro'. Lovelands to Hills boro', 37 miles. Columbus and Xenia, 55 miles. Xenia and Springfield, 17 miles. " 850 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati. Columbus to Cleveland, via Grafton, 135 miles. t Iron. Ironton to Jackson Furnace, 25 miles. t Cleveland and Pittsburg. Cleveland, via Alli ance, to Wellsville, 100 miles. Branch. Hudson to Akron, 8 miles. t Ohio and Pennsylvania. Worster, via Alliance > to Pittsburg, 134 miles. Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula. Cleveland to Erie, 95 miles. * Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo. Grafton to Toledo. ¦ Note. A few of the above roads, marked *, are not yet entirely finished for the distances stated. A large number of others, marked f, have extensive continuations in progress. Other very important roads are under way, including a line (large parts of which are already built) extending direct from Wheeling, via Columbus, Indianapolis, and Terre Haute, to St. Louis ; another line, from Wheeling, via Marietta, to Cincinnati, and thence, via Vincennes, to St Louis, communicating from Wheeling with Hempstead, on the Pittsburg and Philadelphia road, and by a branch from Parkersburg, near Marietta, with the Baltimore and Ohio Road. An important system of roads is also in progress in Illinois, extending from Cairo to Chicago and Galena. COMPARATIVE SPEED ON THE PRINCIPAL RAILROADS OF THE U. STATES, {the speed being that of the swiftest trains.) From Fislier's " American Railway Guide." Note. — In the compilation of the following Table, the time set down is that spent by trains moving along tbe whole length of the road, and includes all the stoppages on tbe routes. Railroads. Albany & Buffalo Route. . . Androscoggin & Kennebec Atlantic & St. Lawrence. . Baltimore & Susquehanna. Baltimore & Ohio Boston, Concord & Montreal Boston & Maine Boston & Providence Boston & Worcester Buffalo.Corning & New York Buffalo & New York City. . . Buffalo & State Line Camden & Amboy Canandaigua & Elmira.... Central Georgia Central 6hio Champlain & St. Lawrence. . Cheshire Cine, Cleveland & Columbus Cincin., Hamilton & Dayton Cincinnati At Hillsboro' .... Cleveland & Pittsburg Columbia & Philadelphia . . Concord Connecticut River ' Connecticut & Passumpsic Dayton & Greenville Eastern East Tennessee & Georgia. . Erie Fall River Fitchburg Fitchburg & Worcester Galena & Chicago Union. . . Georgia Greenville & Columbia Harlem Housatonic Hudson River Hudson & Berkshire Jeffersonville Kennebec & Portland Lackawana & Western Little Miami Long Island Louisville & Frankfort Macon & Western..... Madison & Indianapolis.... Mad River & Lake Erie.... Michigan Central Mich. South. & Nor. Indiana Milwaukie & Mississippi . . . . Montgomery & West Point Morris & Essex Nashville & Chattanooga.. Naugatuck New Albany & Salem Length. Time. Speed per hour. Railroads. Length. Time Speed per hour. Miles. H. M. 10 15 Miles. Mile*. H. M 1 15 Miles. 328 32.00 New Hampshire Central. - . . 26 2X80 82 3 30 23.43 New Haven & New London 50 2 10 23.15 122 6 00 20.33 87 4 011 21.75 82 4 30 18.22 78 4 00 19.50 282 13 45 20.51 New York & New Haven . . . 76 3 00 25.33 71 2 50 25.00 New Haven & Northampton. 45 2 10 20.79 74 3 00 24.66 N. Hav., Hart. & Springfield 62 165 32.34 43 115 30.44 66 3 00 22.00 45 1 25 31-77 35 1 30 23.33 45 2 15 20.00 Northern New Hamshire . . . 69 2 50 24.34 60 3 00 20.00 66 2 22 27.89 69 3 20 20.72 Northern (Ogdensburg).... 118 4 20 27.22 62 2 15 27-55 134 7 30 17.86 67 2 30 26 80 37 1 45 21.15 191 9 15 20.65 35 145 20.00 59 3 30 16.86 22 1 45 12.59 47 2 30 18 80 64 3 30 18.28 64 2 30 25.60 Philadelphia & Reading. . . . 93 345 24.80 135 545 23.48 Phila.,Wilming.& Baltimore 98 4 00 24.50 60 2 30 24.00 Portland,Saco & Portsmouth 51 2 15 22.66 60 3 35 16.74 47 2 00 23.50 100 5 05 19.97 Providence & Worcester . . . 43 150 23.46 82 4 15 19.29 Providence, Hart. & Fishkill 50 2 45 18.18 35 1 10 29.99 Rensselaer & Saratoga .... 32 105 19.63 50 2 00 25.00 Richmond, Fred. & Potomac 75 620 14.07 61 2 15 27.11 65 3 30 18.57 35 2 00 17.50 Richmond & Petersburg . . . Roch., Lock. & Niagara Falls 22 145 12.59 54 2 30 21.60 76 2 37 29.05 82 4 00 20.50 120 4 15 28.02 409 17 00 27.59 Rutland & "Washington .... 62 1 65 32.34 42 125 29.66 Sandusky, Mans. & Newark 117 6 30 18.00 60 140 33.12 64 BOO 9.00 26 1 00 26.00 Saratoga & Schenectady . . . 22 45 29.33 92 5 20 17.26 Saratoga & Washington . . . 52 165 27.23 171 10 30 16.28 20 60 24.00 94 6 00 15.66 80 3 30 22.86 130 6 10 21.07 137 6 30 24.72 110 5 15 20.95 50 4 00 12.50 144 34 4 05 140 35.59 20.36 5096 2 00 4 30 26 00 St. Lawrence & Atlantic . . . 21.33 6160 4 00 2 50 12.75 21.20 25 73 100 425 25 00 Terre Haute & Richmond. . 16.60 5065 2 00 2 55 25.0022.33 162 66 5 50 225 27.74 Vermont & Massachusetts. . 23.17 9565 101 4 30 3 40 5 15 21.11 17.4619.24 24 104 60 65 7 10 3 45 26.18 14.51 Vicksburg,Brand. & Jackson 16.00 86 4 15 20.23 38 140 22.72 158 9 30 16.63 97 4 25 21.94 278247 43 11 05 12 00 2 00 25.2720.5821.60 200 52 140 7 30 140 10 00 26.66 31.26 14.00 88 6 30 13.54 Wilmington & Weldon .... 162 10 30 15.42 44 2 38 16.73 Wilmington & Manchester.. 44 2 45 16.00 77 3 60 20.10 Winchester & Potomac .... 32 2 00 16.00 62 2 55 21.26 45 1 62 24.06 65 3 30 18.56 ROUTES TO CALIFORNIA AND OREGON. NICARAGUA ROUTE. From New York to San Juan del Norte, at the mouth of the San Juan River, otherwise called Greytown, is 2000 miles. From New Orleans the distance is about 1400 miles. There is a good pier at Greytown, at which passengers can land without trouble, or they can pass directly into the river steamers, which ascend 52 miles to the Castillian Rapids. Here is a short portage of about 300 yards, the rapids not admitting the passage of steamers. Above the rapids to San Carlos, at the head of the river, is 27 miles. Thence across Lake Nicaragua to Virgin Bay is 42 miles. From Virgin Bay to San Juan del Sud, on the Pacific Ocean, is a land journey of 13 miles, to facilitate which a plank road has been constructed. The Transit Company have now on the river and lake seven small steamers, and others building, and the passage of the Isth mus, 135 miles in the whole, is accomplished in about 40 hours, — a time which will be consider ably diminished when the new boats are ready. From San Juan del Sud to San Francisco is about 2800 miles, making the whole distance from New York about 5000 miles. This is accomplished in from 22 to 28 days, being the shortest and most expeditious route to California. Steamers by this route leave New York, New Orleans, and San Francisco once a fortnight, on the 1st and 15th*)f each month. PANAMA ROUTE. From New York to Aspinwall or Navy Bay, a few miles eastward of Chagres, via Kingston, Ja maica, (the mail route,) is about 2300 miles. Via Havana the distance is about 2400 miles. From New Orleans to Aspinwall is 1400 miles, or via Havana, 1650. A fine pier has been constructed at Aspinwall, to which the steamers come, the passengers and freight being placed directly in the cars of the railroad which is to extend to Pana ma, 49 miles. About 30 miles of the road are already finished, and the whole will be by the spring of 1853. From Panama, touching at Ac- apulco, San Diego, and Monterey, the distance is 3400 miles, making the entire route from New York to San Francisco, via Kingston, 5750 miles, or via Havana, 5850. First class steamers em ployed on this route leave New York, New Or leans, and San Francisco on the 5th and 20th of each month. Time, from 25 to 30 days. From San Francisco to Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, (distance 700 miles,) there is a semi-monthly mail steamer. CAPE HORN ROUTE. From New York to California, via Cape Horn, is about 14,700 miles. This distance is made by clipper ships in from 100 to 130 days. Ordinary merchant ships are from one to two months longer. The expense by all these routes for first class passengers is from $250 to $350 each ; steerage passengers $150 to $200. OVERLAND ROUTE. " There are two principal starting-places for this route, St. Joseph, Mo., a few miles above Fort Leavenworth, and Council Bluffs, a short dis tance N. of the entrance of the Platte into the Missouri. The road from Council Bluffs for 800 miles up the N. side of Platte River is the best natural one in the world. The elevation is less than 12 feet to the mile. The water coming from the high lands is fresh and cool. Grass is abundant, and on the river bottom two weeks earlier than on the route over the plains from St. Joseph, on the other side of the river. Timber, " buffalo chips," and mineral coal are found suffi cient to supply travellers. The large amount of travel to California, Oregon, and Utah makes it a great national thoroughfare. Over 100,000 souls have already travelled this road since tho discovery of gold in California. The passage from Council Bluffs can be safely made, with wagons drawn by mules or oxen, in from 60 to 90 days, at an expense of not over $100 for each passenger. If emigrants conduct themselves properly, no danger need be feared from any In dian tribes through which the road passes. All necessary outfits and supplies can be had at Kanesville and Council Bluffs. An accurate Gen eral Directory has been published by J. H. Colton, 86 Cedar Street, New York, and a Mormon Guide, by Mr. Clayton, which will give the emi grant all necessary information. The forts of the American Fur Company and of the United States are usually prepared to render any aid needed by travellers. Aid has also been fur nished at the California end of the route at the expense of the state of California. DISTANCES FROM COUNCIL BLUFFS. Miles. Miles. Buffalo Creek, . . - - 239 239 Ptah Lake 29 268 Last Timber, .... 38 306 North Bluff Creek, ... 19 325 Wolf Springs, . . . -18 348 852 ROUTES TO CALIFORNIA AND OREGON. Duck Creek 7 Lone Tree, .... 30 Ancient Bluff Ruins, . 44 Chimney Rock, 21 Scott's Bluffs, Capitol Hills, 23 Raw Hide Creek, . 41 Platte River Ferry, 11 Fort Laramie, . 2 Miller's Peak, .... 51 Graystone Bluff, 30 Sandstone Bluff, 9 River Fourche Boisse, 15 Avenue Rock, 64 "Willow Springs, 9 Rock Independence, 21 Devil's Gate, .... 6 Ice Springs, .... 45 Three Lakes 23 Quaking Asp Creek, . 8 20 Junction of Salt" Lake Road 24 Big Sandy Creek, . 8 Clay Mound, 3 47 Lost River; .... 14 Quaking Asp Grove, 40 Fort Bridger Road, . 12 Two Bluffs, .... 8 Cold Spring, .... 12 16 Same, via Fort Bridger Road, . 63 Deep Creek, .... 5 Indian Creek .... 12 Beer or Soda Spring, 20 Junction of Oregon Road, 6 Or, via Salt Lake City, Head of Humboldt River, . 279 Sink of Humboldt River, 331 Summit of Sierra Nevada, . 211 Sacramento City, . 140 San Francisco, .... 150 350 380424445468509520 52257.3603 612627691 700721 727 772795 803 823 847855 858905 919959971979991 100710341012 10241044 105010741329166018712011 2161 THE NUMBER AND LENGTH OF DESERTS WITHOUT FEED OR WATER, SEVERAL OR EITHER. From Big Sandy to Green River, without water, 49 From Big Sandy to Green River, without grass, 53 From a point on Humboldt River to a point on the same, without either, . . 28 From Sink of Humboldt River to Carson River, without either, ... 69 From a point on Carson River, to a point • on the same, without either, . . 26 TO SALT LAKE CITY. Same as above to East Junction of • Salt Lake Road, ... 847 Junction to Fort Bridger, . . Ill 958 Fort Bridger to Salt Lake City, . 113 1071 Salt Lake City to West Junction of California Road, . . 176 1247 TO OREGON. Same as above to Junction of O re- gon Road, 1050 Or, via Salt Lake City . 1074 Fort Hall, . 49 1099 Pannack River 12 1111 American Falls, . 10 1121 Raft River, .... 19 1140 Rock Creek, 78 1218 Chute or Salmon Fall River, . 28 1246 Crossing Snake River, 40 1286 Fort Boisse, .... . 130 1416 Malheur River, . 29 1445 Burnt River, .... . 43 1488 Powder River, 40 1528 Grand Ronde, . 28 1556 Blue Mountains, •17 1593 Walla-Walla, on Columbia River, 78 1651 Umatillah River, 25 1676 John Day's River, . . 70 1746 Falls River, 20 1766 Dalles of the Columbia, . 20 1786 51 1837 Fort Vancouver, . 53 1890 Oregon City, .... 34 1924 ALTITUDES OF THE PRINCIPAL POINTS ON THESE ROUTES, ABOVE THE OCEAN. Pt. Council Bluffs, about 900 Fort Laramie, 4100 South Pass, 7100 Fort Bridger, 4500 Salt Lake City, 4100 From Salt Lake City to Sink of Carson's River, . . . 4000 to 5000 Summit of Sierra Nevada, . . . ?200 Sacramento, ... . . 100 N. B. The distances from St. Joseph are about 128 miles greater. 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LENGTH AND BREADTH OF. THE UNITED STATES. The extent of the Atlantic coast of the United States, in round numbers, and measuring from headland to headland, from Calais, at the head of Passamaquoddy Bay, to Key West, is 1600 miles. If the bay coasts and minor sinuosities were included, the distance would be twice as great. The coast of the Gulf of Mexico, measured in the same way, from Key West to the mouth of the Rio del Norte, is 1300 miles. The Pacific coast is 1200 miles, and the lake coast of the north 1200 miles ; making, in the whole, 5300 miles of coast bounding on navigable waters. The land boundary between Mexico and the United States is upwards of 1300 miles in extent ; that between the British possessions and the United States upwards of 1600 miles.. Both these land frontiers, throughout almost their entire extent, are a complete wilderness. The greatest extent of the United States, from north to south, is from the forty-ninth degree of north latitude to the mouth of the Rio del Norte, 1600 miles in an air line. The breadth, from Passamaquoddy Bay to the mouth of the Columbia River, is 2000 miles, and from Charleston to San Diego, 1750. Area, as estimated by the superintendent of the census, 3,200,000 square miles. Principal Elevations. — Lake Superior, 641 feet above the level of the sea ; Council Bluffs, 912 ; Sources of the Mississippi, 1400 ; Blue Ridge, 1500 ; Alleghany Mountains, (main ridge,) 2500 Green Mountain range, 3000 ; Catskill Mountains, 3800 ; Peaks of Otter, 4260 ; Ft. Laramie, 4079 Adirondack Mountains, 5000 ; Mt. Washington, (White Mountains,) 6234 ; Santa Fe, 6800 ; South Pass, 7085 ; Passes of the Sierra Nevada, 7200 ; highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains, 15,000. PLACE Erie,Pittsburg,Dover, De. Wilmington, Baltimore, Md. Annapolis,Washington, D.C Richmond, Va. Wheeling,Norfolk,Lynchburg,Raleigh,Columbia,Charleston, Milledgeville, Ga. Savannah, " Tallahassee, Fa. St. Augustine, Fa. Pensacola,Tuscaloosa,Mobile,Huntsville, Vicksburg,Natchez, Jackson,New Orleans, La. Shreveport, Baton Rouge, Nashville, Memphis, Frankfort, Louisville, Cleveland,Columbus,Cincinnati,Indianapolis,New Albany, Logansport, Vandalia, Springfield,Chicago,JeffersonCity,Mo.St. Louis, " Detroit, Mn. Lansing,Little Rock, As. Austin, Ts. Galveston, Madison, Milwaukie,Iowa City, Dubuque, 8t. Paul's, DIRECTIONS. i find the distance between any two places, look on the page on which the names of both places are found, one at the top and the other on the side; and in the angle where their lines meet the distance is given. , (See next page.) 17431794 1513153216521713 1797 178418791925 2312 2194206320442160 1316 14181147 24872406 25592523 2848 GRAND DISTANCE TABLE. LENGTH OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE UNITED STATES, Miles, 855 Missouri, (including the Lower Mississippi, which is 1200,) ** \ 41oo Arkansas \bo0 Upper Mississippi, . . . ' . ' . 1300 Ohio, (including the Alleghany,) . . . 1050 Tennessee 720 Del Norte, . . .'.'.'.' 1550 Oregon or Columbia, /inc. Lewis's River,) 1400 St. Lawrence, (includuie the m-e.-it IhUkbI rence, (including the great lakes,) 2300 St. Augustine,Fa Pensacola, " Tuscaloosa, Aa. Mobile, " Huntsville, ", Vicksburg, Mi Natchez, " Jackson, (( New Orleans, La. Shreveport, " Baton Rouge, " Nashville, Te. Memphis, " Frankfort, Ky. Louisville, " Cleveland, O. Columbus, " Cincinnati, " Indianapolis, la. New Albany, " Logansport, '" Vandalia, Is. Springfield, " Chicago, " JeffersonCity.Mo.St. Louis, " Detroit, Mn. Lansing, " Little Rock, As. Austin, Ts. Galveston, " Madison, Wn. Milwaukie, -' Iowa City, Io. Dubuque, " St. Paul's, Ma. PLACE Indianapolis, la. New Albany, " Logansport, " Vandalia, Is. Springfield, " Chicago, " JeffersonCity.Mo,St. Louis, " Detroit, Mn. Lansing, Little Rock, As. Austin, Ts. Galveston, " Madison, Wn. Milwaukie, " Iowa City, Io. Dubuque, " St. Paul's, Ma. Susquehanna, 680 Appalachicola, (including the Chattahoochee,) 440 Delaware, 350 Connecticut, 350 Hudson, ....... 320 Potomac, ' 310 £am