Yale Utiiversitv Lihrarv
Ilillii 39002014362256

!¦».

..,yi.,..x..

.,./^^^,..

'I^Lee theft Bmki
, far- afc fal^idS/ig if if Cflfege m thfyf CobM.yi

Purchased from the
ANONYMOUS GIFT
of ^2,000 presented by
AN UNDERGRADUATE 1932

AUTOBIOGEAPHY OF GEORGE HADDAD

The TpTTLE Company
Pdblishehh
Rutland, Vermont
1916

MR. GEOBGE HADDAD
WITH HIS DAUGHTER EMILY, WHO HAS BEEN OF GREAT ASSIST
ANCE IN THE PREPAR.VTION OF THE BOOK, AND HIS SON ELIAS,
WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS FATHER'S SAFE P.ETURN TO
THIS COUNTRY BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF THE EUROPEAN WAR

MT. LEBANON TO
VERMONT
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF GEORGE HADDAD
TAKEN DOWN BY HIS DAUGHTER
EMILY MARIE HADDAD
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
BERENICE RACHEL TUTTLE

with an Introduction by
JOHN ABNER MEAD, M. D., LL. D.
Governor of ¦Vermont, 19I0-19I2

'As the mountains are 'round about Jerusalem"

Copyright I9I6
George Haddad

The Tuttle Company, Publishers, Rutland, Vermont

This Little Volume is Dedicated to
one who will never be forgotten by her children
IfaJiba SanttnuH ifaiiiJaiii
from whom I am parted by thousands of miles
and a cruel war.

May God soon give peace to the nations!

Table of Contents Page
Introduction  1
Part I
Chapter I — Boyhood in Syria  3
Chapter II — Travels around the Mediter
ranean  27
Chapter III — America at Last  51
Chapter TV — Visits to Syria  61
Chapter V — The New Home in America . . 119
Part II
Syrian Recipes  135
Appendix
Reprint from Bulletin A. M. N. H  171
List of Subscribers to this Book  177

List of Illustrations

Page
Mr. George Haddad  Frontispiece
Correct Druse Costume  15
Beyrouth Harbor and Railroad Station . . 21
The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor 55
Notre Dame de la Garde, Marseilles, show
ing inclined railway  71
American Museum of Natural History. ... 74
Ras el- Ain, Source of Baalbek's Water
Supply  84
St. George, Patron Saint of Syria  96
Tomb of St. John in Omayyade Mosque,
Damascus  110
Center Street, Rutland, Vermont  124
A Marble Quarry  128
Plant of the Howe Scale Company  130
Coelodus syriacus, Photograph  174

introduction by
governor jofin abner mead

INTRODUCTION
TWT THE urgent request of my friend and
¦ | fellow townsman, Mr. George Haddad,
I am attempting a few lines of intro
duction to his autobiographical sketch, the
writing of which has afforded him special
pleasure as it has given him an opportunity
to publish his love for his adopted country and
again to revive the scenes of his early life
in his native country — far away Syria.
Biographical histories and sketches of travel
are always interestiag and instructive as each
succeeding author will view the same facts and
scenes in different aspects each inspired by new
thoughts and lessons.
Thus in presenting to his numerous friends
not only in the new world but in that most
ancient (the oldest of the old), his personal
history, Mr. Haddad has given an interesting
account of a successful life.
Deprived of many early advantages which
would have added to his native strength, his
career is one of which he may be justly proud

2 Introduction
and although he does not possess "wealth be
yond the dreams of avarice" he has the assur
ance of a comfortable future. His children in
their pleasant home "rise up and call him
blessed ' ' and the pleasures of home and kindred
afford more real pleasure and delight to his
heart than the dreams of ambition.
Mrs. Haddad has placed in this book many
formulas for Oriental delicacies which will ap
peal to all housekeepers, for the confections of
the Orient are famous. These are brought to
our own doors and will be surely prized.
Mr. Haddad should have the endorsement of
the patronage of Rutland for he is a man in
dustrious and. trustworthy, honorable and patri
otic, being very loyal to the beloved country
of his adoption. His principles of integrity in
his relations to his fellowmen should find a
cordial recognition from every resident of this
city which he and his loved ones now call home,
and where he has resided for twenty-two years,
respected and honored by all.
JOHN A. MEAD

CHAPTER I
BOYHOOOD IN SYRIA

Part I
Life of George Haddad
CHAPTER I
BOYHOOD IN SYRIA
Why I write my story — 'Parentage and ancestry — Situation
of Barook — Where the water rises — The district of Lebanon —
The mountains of Lebanon — Crops and occupations — How to
raise silkworms — Occupations oE Barook — The blessed cedars
— First wages — The Druses — The churches of Barook — The
fighting in 1,S60 — Settlement of difficulties — The schools of
Barook — Trips to Damascus and to Zebedani — Mr. Sirsuck
takes me in hand — Good advice — Smallpox — The call of the
West. mANY friends of mine have asked me how
I happened to settle in Rutland, Ver
mont, so I thought I would write my
story, for them all to read.
I was born in Barook in the district of Leban
on in Syria, May 22, 1866. My parents were
Hadlea Haddad and Habib George, who was the
son of George Deyha Haddad. I have not ex
amined the church records to learn where my

6 Life op George Haddad
great grandfather, Deyha Haddad, came from
to settle in Barook, but land has been record
ed there in the name of Deyha Haddad for
over one hundred seventy-five years. The Had
dad family is the largest in Syria, and nearly
every place you go there you find people by that
name. The family of Deyah Haddad, my great
grandfather, it is supposed, came to Lebanon
from Basra, "a four days' ride " or about
eighty miles east of Damascus. Deyah Haddad
lived to be 95 years old and when he died left
four daughters and one son, George, my grand
father. Deyah 's brother, Karam Haddad, lived
in an old-fashioned house beside him in Barook,
and his large family and that of Deyah were
brought UT) in close friendship. My own cousin
Assad had eleven children and others of my
people almost as large families, so that now I
have hundreds of relatives throughout Lebanon,
as well as in South America and the United
States. Barook is twenty-five miles southeast of Bey
routh and four miles from Mount Lebanon,
which at this point is over 6,500 feet above

Boyhood in Syria 7
sea level. It is a grand summer resort for all
Syria and Egypt, as are many other towns on
the slopes of Lebanon. The water rising at a
fine si)ring a mile or two east of the town is
carried to a distance of thirty miles northwest,
supplying the towns down to the city of Sidon.
No one knows how long Barook has been in
existence. The spring at Barook covers three acres of
land; the water rises here and there and forms
little brooks and all are connected by streams
which flow into the river. Above the spring is
a high mountain and below it the river flows
through a wide valley between two hills. The
spring is surrounded by groves of pine and wil
low, and all together the scenery is wild and
beautiful. On the slope above the spring are many rocks
and among them is a long white stone cut into
the shape of a tomb, six feet long, five feet
deep and four feet wide; the stone itself is
eight inches thick and there is no knowing how
many feet it is deep in the ground. The tomb
has no cover and there are no inscriptions on
it to show who made it or who used it. Indeed

8 Life of George Haddad
it greatly puzzles people to know how this tomb
came to be where it is as it is impossible for
any human being to live very near here on
account of the many rocks, the unleveled
ground and rough roads.
When I was a boy I visited this tomb many
times with my mates and saw how in the
Spring it was full of rain water. The tomb is
called in Syrian, "Juran el-Namus, " Namus
meaning tomb.
The district of Lebanon is about ninety miles
in length by thirty-five in width. Though the
district consists almost entirely of rugged moun
tains with deep rocky gorges and difficult roads,
the high valleys and lower slopes of the moun
tains are carefully cultivated and support a
thousand villages with approximately 500,000
inhabitants. The number has never been ex
actly counted but is estimated from the number
of people paying taxes. Fortunately, its
natural products are many and valuable.
Like Vermont, the mountains of Lebanon con
tain great quantities of marble and granite —
hence the name Mt. Lebanon, meaning "white
mountain." It is said in the Scriptures that'

Boyhood in Syria 9
when the great Temple of Jerusalem was under
construction, seventy thousand men were kept
at work getting out stone from this district,
while eighty thousand worked at cutting and
polishing it. The "blessed" cedar of Lebanon
was also used in great quantities in the Temple.
There is much snow on the mountains, lasting
through most of the year on the greatest heights
— consequently, Lebanon is the coldest district
in Syria, but in the valleys the temperature
is moderate the year around.
There is a large annual crop of olives, besides
grapes, figs, oranges, lemons, apricots, almonds,
and walnuts, and various grains. Along the
seacoast are fields of sugar-cane and there is
a good supply of pine and cedar for lumber.
But the principal occupation of the people now
adays is the cultivation of silkworms, as the
moderate climate is favorable to the mulberry
tree, the leaves of which are the only food fed to
the silkworms.
The worms come from tiny round eggs, dark
green in color. These are now cultivated in
Syria from year to year, but the first ones were
brought to Constantinople from China,

10 Life of George Haddad
hundreds of years ago, being carried out
secretly in a cane by a monk, who wished to
start the industry elsewhere. About the middle
of April in Barook — earlier in warmer parts
of the state — the eggs are spread out in a
warm room and smoked for a few days to make
them open. The tiny worms are then put on a
wooden tray and for a month are fed with mul
berry leaves, cut very fine with a knife used for
no other purpose. Every week they are shifted
to a clean place on the tray, and it is necessary
to have the hands, knife and everything about
the room very clean. By the time the worms
are sixteen days old they can be fed whole
leaves. Almost every family in Barook, when I was a
boy, raised silkworms in at least one room in
the house. I used to like to feed the worms
and helped my mother at it a great deal. When
I went in to feed them I had to carry a candle
as the room was always kept dark.
When the worms are ready to spin their
cocoons boughs are placed about the room- for
their use. The cocoons, which are about an
inch long, are then gathered, weighed, and sent

Boyhood in Syria 11
to the factory in baskets, a portion being saved
for "seed" the foUowiag year. The chrysalis
has to be helped out of the cocoon by cutting
the threads and the butterfly dies soon after
laying the eggs. These mutilated cocoons are
not wasted, as the raw silk is converted at home
into clothing for the children.
At the factory the cocoons are put into hot
water, killing the chrysalis. They are then
dried out on a wooden screen, and the silk is
wound off, ready to be spun and shipped to
Europe. There are a hundred and fifty silk
factories in the state of Lebanon.
Barook is noted for its grapes and its fruit
trees, especially mulberry, fig, plum, almond
and walnut trees. The people also raise grain
and wheat and many of them are merchants
who deal in horses and sheep. There are no
factories in Barook but most of the girls crochet
all kinds of lace and do embroidery.
Direfctly opposite Barook is the "Ebhool" or
' ' Jebel el arz, ' ' meaning the mountain of cedar,
and this part of the mountain belongs to the
town of Barook. From here one views many

12 Life op George Haddad
towns towards the east and west and the Med
iterranean is very plainly seen. There is one
large spot here thick with cedar trees, with
trunks ten or twelve feet to where the branches
start and spring up to a height of sometimes
a hundred feet. The trunks of the largest trees
measure twenty-five feet in circumference; al
most as large as those of the garden of Rustum
Pasha. The word "arz," the Syrian word for cedar,
is taken from a Hebrew word meaning strong:
There are cedar trees in many other parts of
the mountain. No jDerson is allowed to cut a
living cedar trunk from Ebhool and they are
charged so much for every load of dead trees
they take, but tourists who wish to have cedar
cones from the trees may take all they want.
About fifty miles north of Ain es Halta,
which is the northern part of Lebanon, above
the village of Besherreh, there is a group of
six hundred eighty trees including large and
small. These grow on the slopes of the moun
tains, at a height of six thousand feet above the
sea level. Rustum Pasha, the third Christian

Boyhood in Syria 13
governor of Lebanon, protected this grove
against animals by a well built stone wall.
Some of these cedars are probably hundreds
of years old, but now there are only a dozen
of the largest trees remaining but some of these
have trunks over forty feet around.
The first money I earned was in connection
with the cedar grove. When I was about eleven
years old I was playing with my mates in front
of the school when four tourists on horseback
stopped and called me to them. They wished
to know the way to the ' ' Arz ' ' and I told them
what direction to take and walked along a little
way with them. For this they presented me
with a coin, Nus Magadi, worth about forty-two
cents. When I reported to my teacher, Mr.
Assad, he patted me on the back and told me
not to lose the money. After school I ran home
and showed it to my mother, who kissed me
and told me that she would invite some of my
friends for a party to celebrate. My father
was also glad that I knew enough to show them
the right direction. The next evening I had the
party, and we enjoyed ourselves with singing
and dancing, and games very much like the

14 Life of George Haddad
American blind-man's bluff and hide-and-go
seek. The population of Barook is a little over two
thousand five hundred. There are not so many
Christians, as the Druses, who practice a re
ligion similar to that of the Mohammedans, but
are not allied with them. Their prophet, or
Messiah, is Hakem Biamr Allah, Caliph of
Egypt and a descendant of Fatima, a daughter
of Mohammed. He claimed for himself author
ity as an incarnation of God. This doctrine
was, however, unpopular with the Egyptians,
and the Druses (named from Darazi, the prin
cipal preacher of it) emigrated to the mountains
of Syria, where there are now over 200,000 and
probably 75,000 of these are inhabitants of the
district of Lebanon.
The Druses are intelligent and hospitable
people, mostly well educated, and they treat
their women with the greatest courtesy. They
do not believe in smoking and drinking. Some
of the young men may smoke but not with the
approval of their elders. Their dress is much
like that of the Christians except for white
sashes around their turbans, but many now

CORRECT DRUSE COSTUME

16 Life of George Haddad
dress in the American costume. They marry
only once and divorce their wives only in very
severe cases. The Christians may make friends
with the Druse women but they do not shake
hands when they meet and no marriages take
place between Christians and Druses.
The women of the Druses are usually hand
some. They wear on their heads white (or if
in mourning, black) silk, linen or muslin scarfs
about two or two and a half yards in length,
which cover their faces all except one eye. Of
ten the Druses of the upper class take their
wives with them to their meetings but the
young folks are not allowed to go. These meet
ings are held jevery Friday evening in a stone
building something like a temple.
The two churches of Barook, St. George and
St. Anthony, are built of white stone and are
not very large, though they seemed large to
me in my childhood. The floors are of red stone
and the high altars are of marble and there are
pictures of the Stations of the Cross on the
walls. The men occupy the front of the church
and the ladies the back, the two parts being
separated bj- a screen.

Boyhood in Syria 17
My uncle, David Haddad, who was my
mother's brother and husband of my Aunt
Martha, gave a great deal of money to the
church as well as to the poor people of the
town, and is buried in the church of St.
Anthony. My mother told me that when there was
fighting between the Christians and Druses in
1860 the Druses in Barook did not massacre
any Christians, as they are all friends. When
my father and many other men were on their
way to Zayla, where a great battle was fought
later, they were overtaken and attacked by the
Druses in the fields of Zahir el-Bidr, three miles
east of Ain Drira. In this battle my father
was one of the flagbearers and was wounded
in the leg, and my uncle and several of my
cousins lost their lives. The Christians lost a
large number of men, of whom over twenty were
from Barook and Fredise, a town one mile north
of Barook, but the Druses had the worst posi
tion and lost more men, many of whom were
their leaders. After this battle the Christians
went on to Zayla, which is about twenty miles
northeast of Barook.

18 Life of George Haddad
The women who were left alone were obliged
to do the work of the men. One day my mother
was on her way to the vineyard and a man
came up to rob her, but she escaped safely. She
went to one of the most influential of the Druses
in Barook, Ottoman Bey, and told him, and he
found the man and punished him severely and
a law was soon made forbidding the Druses to
touch the Christian women.
In the summer of 1860 the Christian women,
seeing many Druse strangers coming into town,
took their children and all the goods they could
carry to Zayla, where their husbands were wait
ing to fight the enemy. Zayla is a Christian
city, having a usual population of 20,000 but at
this time over 150,000 Christians had gathered
there for safety from different parts of Lebanon
and Syria. After a few months so many Arabs
and Druses came to Zayla that the women and
children had to flee once more, this time to
Beyrouth. The Christians fought the Arabs and
Druses but were driven back to Beyrouth,
where their wives and children were.
A short time after, and to the great relief
of the Cliristians, French troops landed in Bey-

Boyhood in Syria 19
routh, sent by an agreement of the great
Powers of Europe. All who had been away
fearing massacre returned to their homes.
Everything at our house was safe. The French
troops did not leave until a partial independ
ence under the Turkish flag had been given to
Lebanon. My father was interested in protect
ing the Druse houses and their women and
children from injury before peace was con
cluded. The first Christian governor under this
arrangement was David Pasha. The govern
ment in Lebanon is now good and there has been
no trouble between Druses and Christians since
that time.
There are two schools for girls and boys in
Barook, both in small stone buildings. The
Syrian school is, of course, much older, but it
is pleasanter to go to the American missionary
school. The building is very clean and neat,
and there are benches for the children. There
is a half -hour recess every morning, and every
few days the children are taken on a picnic.
Both Christians and Druses go to these schools
because the Druses do not have a school of their
own. The Christian children play with their

20 Life of George Haddad
Druse schoolmates. When I was ten years old,
this American school was started and I at
tended for a few years. The people of the
town were glad to see the American mission
aries open a school in Barook.
While I attended this school I used to hear
about the" grandeur of America and kept it in
my mind until I grew up, but no one had gone
to America from Barook before me to tell us
what America was like, and the teaching was
all in the Syrian language, so I had no chance
to learn English.
When I was sixteen years old my father died.
and six months later I left with my uncle Assad
on business to Damascus which is about fifty
miles east of Barook. It was the first time I
had left home on a long journey. As there was
no railroad .our travelling was done on mules.
We stayed in Damascus for three days and dur
ing that time we enjoyed ourselves in the oldest
city in the world. My uncle did his trading
and then we returned home. A little later my
cousin Jonas, who is a fruit buyer, took me with
him to Zebedani, where the finest apples grow,
to buy apples to ship to Barook.

Boyhood in Syria

21

I had a good friend in Beyrouth, Mr. Joseph
Afenda Mutran, whom I had met when he was
camping for the summer in Barook, and through
him I obtained a situation, six months later,
in Beyrouth, in the household of Mr. Moses Sir
suck, the richest man in Syria. The Sirsuck
family own several banks in Syria and Egypt.
Mr. Sirsuck, who is one of my best and oldest
friends, is an elderly man, rather small, but
noticeable for his beautiful smiling face. His
son 's wife, Mrs. Emily George Sirsuck, conducts
a school in Beyrouth and helps the poor a great

t' hi o
Bcvroufhf i

BEYROUTH HARBOR AND RAILROAD STATION

22 Life of George Haddad
deal. She sometimes sends things to poor people
who never know where they come from. Many
people who have worked for the Sirsucks have
become wealthy, and they are very generous to
all their people.
Mr. Sirsuck used to take me with him every
where he went and I was always pleased to go.
When we were at home he called me early every
morning to help him in the garden. He had his
cup of Turkish coffee and then until 7 :30 break
fast we would move the plants or do whatever
was needed. I asked him why it was that he
got up every morning to work in the garden,
having four gardeners to do it, and he replied,
"I am anxious to do it, because it is good for
the health and will develop the system."
When I was working in the garden with him
he told me something of how the family became
rich. He said:
' ' My boy, George, my father had six sons and
for many years we all worked at weaving silk
in our small factory. The money we earned we
gave to father, who invested it in land.
' ' Before he died my father called us six boys
to him. We saw in his hand a bunch of sticks

Boyhood in Syria 23
and he told us the old story of how they can
not be broken unless they are taken apart, and
we all tried and saw that it was so. 'And now,'
he said, 'don't let anything, whatever, separate
you boys from each other. '
"When my father died we started to trade
in wheat and other things along with the fac
tory and after a short time we sold the factory
and worked in different trades, but we did not
forget my father's instructions. After working
together for a time we had enough means to-
establish a big trade. One day a ship came to
port carrying Turkish caps and we bought them
all and made a great fortune on them. After a
few years we each had a mansion of our own
and the business is still running under the
names of Sirsuck Bros., and Sirsuck & Cousins."
While I was with the Sirsucks I was taken ill
with smallpox, but did not Imow what the mat
ter was. When Mrs. Sirsuck saw me she knew
at once and wrapped me in her own knitted
shawl and called the coachman to take me to the
French hospital of the Sisters of Nazareth. I
shall never forget what good care they took of
me, so that the disease did not leave a mark

24 Life of George Haddad
on me. I had a private room and Mr. Sirsuck
paid all the expenses of my illness. Mrs. Sir
suck sent messengers to the hospital twice a
day to see how I was getting along. When the
doctor came in, he used to say to me, "Haddad,
you will be aU right, do not be afraid. ' '
When my mother knew I was ill, she came to
Beyrouth with my brother, sisters and other
relatives, but the doctor would not allow them
to take me home, so after a few days they re
turned home, sending every day to ask how I
was. I remained in the hospital forty-five days.
When I recovered I thanked the Sisters and
doctor for what they had done for me and re
turned to Mr. Sirsuck 's house. They were all
pleased to see me well, and the shawl Mrs. Sir
suck had wrapped me in I sent to my mother
and she still has it.
One evening a ball was held at the home of
Mr. Sirsuck in honor of the Admirals of the
English and French fleets there in Beyrouth.
The governors of Syria and of Lebanon and the
representatives of all foreign countries stationed
in Beyrouth were invited and there were not

Boyhood in Syria

25

less than six hundred people at this grand enter
tainment. Mr. Sirsuck entertained many American tour
ists while I was there and they also' told me of
the grandeur of America and of how much I
would like it. I remained about two years with
him, and hastening home asked my mother's
permission to go to America.

CHAPTER II
TRAVELS AROUND THE MEDITER
RANEAN

CHAPTER II
TRAVELS AROUND THE MEDITER
RANEAN
To Alexandria via Cyprus — Work at Ramuld — Sarephath and
St. Elias — Tyre now and long ago — Acre and Dagset El Far-
rus — Haifa and St. Elias again — Brigands request tobacco —
Caesarea, Jaffa and Jerusalem — ¦ Port Said and finally Alex
andria — The cafes of Alexandria — The pillar of Diocletian
— Attractions of Ramuld — Marseilles and good Paul Nemher
— Adventure at Barcelona — Malta and its history — America
not yet — A horse story — Vacation trip to Cairo — The Pyra
mids — Marriage to Mary Asohkar.
TTlHEN my mother refused permission for
m.m.1 "^^ ^° ^^ ^^ America I returned to Bey-
^^^ routh, and sailed from there for Alex
andria, Egypt, where I was sure I could get a
place in the household of Mr. Sirsuck 's nephew,
George Bey Sirsuck, whom I had often seen at
Beyrouth. I had to wait two days at Cyprus for the
steamer for Alexandria and during my stay
there I enjoyed myself in the city of Limasol.
Limasol has a population of ten thousand and
is the headquarters of the British garrison, as

30 Life op George Haddad
the island was under British protection, though
then owned by Turkey. In the present war it
his been taken over entirely by Great Britain.
Wine and locust beans are its principal exports.
It has some fine houses occupied by British
officers. I worked for a year for Mr. Sirsuck 's nephew
in Ramuld, just outside of Alexandria, doing
the trading for his house and having charge of
all his help. After another year, spent in selling
tobacco in my own store, I sold the place and
went back to Barook, intending to take my
mother and brother to America. They would
not go, however, and did not let me go either.
I stayed home six months, then returned to
Beyrouth and started for Jaffa on horseback,
being determined to go to America. It took
about three weeks to get to Jaffa as I stopped
at different cities on the way.
Between Sidon and Tyre are the ruins of old
Sarephath. Only a few houses remain. This
is the place where the prophet Elias, or Elijah,
met the widow who so generously shared her
last bit of meal and oil with him, and was re-

Mediterranean Travels 31
warded by the miraculous preservation of her
son, as told in the Scriptures. I have always
been interested in Elias and when I had a son
I named him after him.
The present city of Tyre, in Syria called Sur,
meaning wall, is of no particular importance.
Its seven thousand inhabitants are under the
Turkish government of Beyrouth. I was told
that ancient Tyre stood on this same site and
also covered an island opposite, and I was of
course reminded of all I had heard about that
wonderful city. The sea has covered many of
the ruins, but they showed me old tombs cut in
the rocks, and some remains of a cathedral over
1500 years old.
I was also told that in the sixth century
before Clirist, Nebuchadnezzar had failed to get
possession of it after thirteen years' siege by
land and sea. Two hundred and fifty years
later the city fell before Alexander the Great,
after a battle of seven months. Although almost
destroyed in this contest, the city regained its
prosperity, but after Alexander, fell under the
rule of many other powers, and was even taken
by the Crusaders. "When I heard this I was

32 Life of George Haddad
greatly surprised and said at once that it was
too bad that such a grand city should be cov
ered by the sea.
After a day at Tyre I left for Acre, stopping
at Ras El Ain, meaning "where the water
rises." The oAvner of a mill there took me
around to see where the water comes from four
brooks, one leading to another and all very
deep, so that the water looks blue. In ancient
days they drew their water from here for the
city of Tyre.
A few miles from Ras El Ain on the way to
Acre is a mountain called Dagset El Farrus,
meaning "Horse's Footstep." The ocean has
formed a cave cut deep into the base of the
mountain, five hundred feet below the road.
When we arrived at the top of this mountain,
a man told us to get down from our horses and
hear the story of "Dagset El Farrus." This
story was of a bride coming from Acre to Tyre,
whose horse missed his step on this spot and
horse and woman fell over the precipice into
the sea.
We stayed at Acre two days. This is a very
old city, strongly fortified long ago, and once

Mediterranean Travels 33
the chief landing place of the Crusaders. It
has several walls one within another, and there
is only one gate, on the south side of the city.
Napoleon was unable to conquer it, and so he
was stopped on his eastward march here.
From Acre we went along the Bay of Acre
to the small city at the foot of Mt. Carmel
known as Caifa, or Haifa, and from there
climbed Mount Carmel to the church and cave
of the prophet Elias. Here we stayed at the
Carmelite Monastery, which is hospitable to
all travelers.
The church is of stone with a floor of red
and white marble. The high altar is of marble
and beautifully carved. There are pictures of
the saints on the walls, and a large picture
of Elias. The cave is always lit with candles,
and was only a few steps from the church.
From Haifa we went on to Jaffa, about thirty-
five miles south, over a sandy road. The way
was said to be very dangerous on account of
treacherous Arabs, but I did not fear them as
I had friends with me. About fifteen miles out
side the city we were stopped by five of them

34 Life op George Haddad
on horseback but all they did was to ask me
for tobacco.
Between these two cities we spent two days
at Caesarea, a very splendid city under Herod,
but nothing but ruins is left of the old build
ings, and there are but few new houses, inhab
ited by fishermen. From here the Roman cen
turion, Cornelius, sent for Peter to the house
of Simon the Tanner in Jaffa, where he had seen
the vision, as told in the Scriptures.
Jaffa, or Joppa, is a beautiful old city, with
groves of oranges which are as large as the
California oranges, and many other kinds of
fruit. The harbor is very rough and full of
reefs. No steamer comes to port, but all stop
a few miles out and send passengers into Jaffa
by rowboats. People claim that the ark was
built here by Noah.
I stayed at Jaffa a month and took a trip up
to Jerusalem, about thirty-five miles inland.
While in Jerusalem I visited the strange Church
of the Holy Sepulchre, and other important
places such as the Mosque of Omar, which is
built on the site of Solomon's Temple. The
great rock shown in this mosque is the center

Mediterranean Travels 35
of many legends and stories. On it Abraham
is said to have sacrificed, only withholding
Isaac by the intervention of Jehovah; on it the
ark of the covenant rested, and the altar of the
Temple was placed, and some even say that
from it Christ ascended into Heaven. The
Scriptures tell us that during the time of King
Solomon, Jerusalem was the richest city in the
world. No history shows how old it is, but the
western section is probably the oldest. The
wall around the city has four gates, one in each
direction. While here I bought some goods
such as rosaries of mother-of-pearl, crosses aud
the like, and returned to Jaffa.
I then took ship for Alexandria spending a
day at Port Said. Port Said is a new city be
gun about 1860 as entrance and coaling station
for the Suez Canal, which was opened in 1869.
Port Said was named after Said Pasha, who
was ruler of Egypt in 1854, at the time when
the Canal was begun. Port Said has many
beautiful residences and some of its streets are
wide but it has no great mosques or public
buildings. At Alexandria, a walk of a few blocks from

36 Life op George Haddad
the dock leads you to the park and the fine
streets around it. In the park is the statue of
Mohammed Ali Pasha who after the expulsion
of the French, in 1804, became the ruler of
Egypt. He was generous to his people and
loved by them, and by the formation of a regu
lar army, improvements in irrigation and the
introduction of many elements of European
civilization, he made Egypt a great country.
At the head of the park is the great marble
Exchange office. The exchange is on the first
floor of this building and also a cafe, where I
have spent many hours. On the second and
third floors are sleeping rooms which are rented
to merchants from all the countries around the
Mediterranean. Around the park are hotels,
mostly for tourists, book and steamship offices,
and cafes. The greatest of these is the Cafe of
the Garden, which holds five hundred chairs.
There are three or four other cafes of impor
tance and in the whole city there are over a
thousand of them. All the merchants have
coffee before they go home for dinner, and at
early evening they meet again to enjoy them
selves. Some assemble around a narghileh or

Mediterranean Travels 37
water pipe, which is their custom, while others
drink Turkish coffee, playing cards or checkers.
The cafes are crowded, especially after eight
o'clock and they are kept open until very late
at night.
Pompey 's Pillar, of red granite from Assuan,
is one of the most remarkable objects in Alex
andria. It is in the Moslem burial ground in
the southwestern part of the city where I often
passed it. This memorial was long supposed to
have been erected in memory of Pompey who
was defeated by Caesar in the battle of Phar-
salia, and fleeing southward was murdered on
the Egyptian coast, but the inscription on its
base, now almost illegible, stated that it was
erected in honor of Diocletian and so it should
perhaps be called the Pillar of Diocletian.
There are many churches and mosques, among
the former the Cathedral of St. Mark, built in
his memory by the patriarch of Abyssinia, as
the first apostle to preach Christianity in Egypt.
On the seashore just northeast of the city of
Alexandria and closely connected with it is
the beautiful summer resort of Ramuld, famed

38 Life of George Habdad
for its flowerbeds in front of every house. Mr.
Sirsuck 's residence is here at Ramuld and while
not so fine as his uncle's at Beyrouth, is a very
fine house with large gardens. The streets
are made lovely by date and fig trees, and tour
ists come here from all parts of the world. The
Khedive of Egypt has a beautiful home here
where he spends his summers. There are Syr
ian, English and Greek churches, each surround
ed by a grove of date trees. In 1891 a railroad
was built connecting Alexandria and this sum
mer resort, but when I went there from America
in 1914 everything was changed, electric cars
were running, new buildings had been erected
and there was a new park near the ocean.
On July 10, 1889, I sailed from Alexandria
for Europe, as I supposed, on my way to Ameri
ca, but I did not succeed in reaching America
as soon as I expected.
I landed at Marseilles, France, and while
there met many Syrian people who also wanted
to go to America, but a friend of my father's,
Paul Nemher, residing on the square of La.
Rotande not far from that station, advised me
not to go with them, as I could not yet speak

Mediterranean Travels 39
English, and from lack of money I was obliged
to take his advice.
Mr. Nemher, who is now (1916) nearly seven
ty years old, has been a sponge merchant and
traveled extensively with these goods through
Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Africa.
I bought some goods at Marseilles to add to
what I had from Jerusalem and Egypt and with
five other Syrians, who were on their way to
South America, went to Barcelona, Spain. Tliis
is a beautiful city; the churches are grand and
the streets are clean. The soldiers of Barcelona
march in ranks to church and before they enter
take off their swords and guns and leave them
outside in the church-yard guarded by other
soldiers. One day after I had been here about eight
weeks I went to the Plaza de la Paz to sell
goods, and was doing a very good business
there when I was caught by a policeman who
forbade me to go into the Plaza again. Think
ing he was joking, however, I went again the
next day and he saw me again and took me
to the head man of the Plaza.

40 Life of George Haddad
Although I told him that I had not done any
thing wrong, this man said I should be severely
punished, and sent me to the police station with
a guard. While locked up in the station I
thought miserably about my mother's warnings
against leaving my position and risking myself
in strange countries. Although I felt that God
would help me out of my troubles, I knew then
as I do now that it is not wise for boys or
girls to disregard their mothers' wishes.
At twelve o'clock my dinner was brought to
me, but I refused to eat. The guard then left
me alone and I' began to rap at the door, call
ing aloud in my own language, which of course
nobody understood, but ten minutes later the
guard came back and took me to a parlor, where
two guards were standing at the door.
In the parlor sat the governor of Barcelona,
whom I knew by his uniform. He was a tall
well built man about forty years old with fail
complexion but dark hair and eyes. His wife
sat at his right. She was also tall and dark,
younger than her husband, and dressed in blue.
I saluted and the governor's wife asked me
if I spoke Spanish, or English. "I speak a

Mediterranean Travels 41
little Italian, ' ' I replied. ' ' What have you done
to have the policeman arrest you?" "I have
not done anything except to sell goods." She
asked me what kind of goods and where I
came from. When I came forward to answer
she saw the cross which is tattooed on the back
of my right hand.
The tattoo on my right hand is a cross, over
a crescent. When I was a little fellow, a man
came to our town and seeing me standing with
five or six playmates, he asked us if we wanted
our hands tattooed. I gave him twenty-five
cents and he printed the tattoo on my hand.
When I reached home my father was very
angry, and scolded me, saying I had no business
to have a tattoo on my hand. Afterwards when
my hand was swollen and painful I was sorry
I had had it done, but when I was in Barcelona,
this cross' on tooj hand helped me a great deal.
Then I thought to myself, how I wished my
father was alive so I could tell him.
The governor's wife took out her handker
chief and I saw tears in her eyes. She spoke
to her husband in Spanish, which I did not
understand, and then took out her card and

42 Life of George Haddad
handed it to me telling me that the people of
Barcelona would be good to me and buy my
goods. She gave me ten dollars for the goods
that were damaged and I thanked her very
much and went my way, but I am sorry to say
that I have lost her card.
The governor's wife I think had come to go
with her husband to dinner, because after I
left the parlor I saw them get into a waiting
carriage. She had probably heard the noise I
made rapping at the door of the room, and
asked the guard to bring me in.
The next day I went back to the Plaza selling
goods. The same policeman saw me and shout
ed at me in Spanish which I did not understand.
When he asked me what I was doing there again,
I just gave him the card, and he bowed his head
and saluted it with his hand and told me to sell
as much as I wished.
Two weeks later the Syrians who were with
me went on to South America and I was so lone
some that I started for home, sailing from
Barcelona to Marseilles and from there to Alex
andria by way of the Island of Malta, where I
spent two days.

Mediterranean Travels 43
Malta really consists of three islands, Malta,
Gozo, and Comono, the two larger divided by
a deep and narrow channel in which lies the
smallest island, Comono. This channel forms a
harbor for British gunboats, which command
the Mediterranean sea. This is an important
station in guarding the way from England to
India. Although so small, the largest 17 miles
long, the islands are very populous, I suppose
because it is not easy for the large families to
raise money to get away when they grow up.
The people are largely Arabic and there is not
much of the Italian in their customs, manners
or language, although the island is only fifty-
eight miles south of the Island of Sicily. Their
language is a mixture of Arabic and Italian,
but English is of course much used.
Cotton is raised here, as well as fine large
potatoes, and some wheat and barley. There
are also vineyards and lemon orchards, and on
the northern side of the island many sheep are
pastured. The city of Valetta, the principal harbor and
capital city, is very clean, with pavements of
white stone. The walls of its fortress, which

44 Life of George Haddad
now belongs to England, are very high and
fifteen feet thick. They were originally built
for the defense of the Knights of St. John, 400
years ago.
After a week at Alexandria, I went directly
home, by way of Beyrouth. My people were
very glad to see me back but my mother still
refused permission for me to go to America.
I told her especially of the great brass statue
of Christopher Columbus at Barcelona, sixty
feet high, its finger pointed towards America,
but it made no difference in her feelings. My
Uncle David also, who was always very kind
to my mother and her children, especially after
my father's death, hated to have me come and
did everything to prevent it.
But I insisted on starting out again, and
sold some of the property left me by my father,
to get money for the trip. I kissed my mother's
hand and received her blessing, and then started
once more for Alexandria, where I landed Feb
ruary 25, 1890.
It was a pleasure to meet all my old acquaint
ances, and Mr. Sirsuck was so much pleased to

Mediterranean Travels 45
see me that he gave me the work I had before,
and I stayed with him until I went to America.
While here I used to enjoy a daily ride on Mr.
Sirsuck 's chestnut Arabian horse, worth $3,000.
One afternoon when returning to the city, I
turned at a rapid pace into a narrow street, and
saw a hundred feet ahead of me, a nurse taking
care of a little child. I thought to turn into
a street at the left, but here was another nurse
and child in front of me. Not knowing which
way to turn, as there was a high wall between
the two streets, I tried to stop the horse, but
he was now so excited that he ran straight
ahead and into a large tree that stood in the
road. Down he fell on his knees and down I
came with him. My forehead was cut, leaving
a mark to this day. Three men carried me into
a house nearby and bandaged my head while
another went after the horse, but no one but
myself could catch him. The poor beast was
hurt on head and knees. I left him at the stable
with the coachman and in time he entirely re
covered. The Sirsucks were sorry to learn that
the horse had been hurt but more sorry for mc,
and very glad that I had managed not to run

46 Life of George Haddad
over anyone. Mr. Sirsuck kindly forgave me
for the accident but since then I have never
taken a ride on horseback for pleasure.
While in Alexandria I spent two weeks of
my vacation in the beautiful city of Cairo.
Hotel porters made a great noise at the station
there and one could choose between taxicab and
donkey to take one to the center of the city.
The best hotels are on the Park of Cairo, and
Turkish rugs, marble steps and plenty of
flowers, make them seem very luxurious. Car
riages are not allowed inside the Park, but it
is always crowded with pleasure-seekers. There
is an opportunity for rowing on a small pond,
and swings and similar amusements for the
children, and the band plays there daily.
The Mosque of El-Azhar, sometimes called
the University Mosque, is one of the largest
in the city and here thousands of Mohammedan
students from different parts of India, Africa,
Turkey, Persia, China and Russia come to learn
the Koran in the Arabic language and to be
grounded in the Mohammedan faith, rather
than to get too much scientific learning. Grad-

Mediterranean Travels 47
uates of the school become teachers of the
Koran throughout all the East.
Some of the streets of Cairo are wide and
clean, but unfortunately not all. The palace of
the Khedive of Egypt is a wonderful structure
of white stone and marble. In front ol" the
palace the soldiers drill, and every evening the
band plays there while the Khedive is at din
ner. But the museum is perhaps the most in
teresting place in Cairo, particularly to one
who has first visited the Pyramids, as I did.
Here in glass cases are very ancient jewels,
mummies, and interesting carvings of the
Pharaohs and their queens.
Of course, I visited the Pyramids, going on
donkey-back, as there were then no electric
cars. Just over the Bridge of the Nile, on the
way, is another lovely park planned by Ismail
Pasha, with a good collection of animals. The
coffee-drinkers in the cafes around this park
are delighted by a refreshing breeze from the
Nile. A few miles directly west from the Park are
the Pyramids. The first you arrive at is that
of Cheops, the Great Pyramid, which is four to

48 Life of George Haddad
five hundred feet high and has a base covering-
eleven acres. Its sides are in direction with the
four cardinal points of the compass, and each
measures seven hundred fifty feet at the founda
tion. The Pyramids were made as tombs for the
Pharaohs. The sepulchres at the center are
very small in comparison to the whole size of
the Pyramid; if you wish you can enter that of
Cheops, but only with the help of an Egyptian
guide, who half drags you through the long
slippery sloping passages, and this did not seem
to me worth while. It is said that a hundred
thousand men, possibly two or three times that
number, worked twenty years in the building
of the Great Pyramid. Some of the stones are
from fifteen to thirty feet long and they average
three feet high; as the facing has mostly dis
appeared, one can climb to the top as though
going up steps, but not without the assistance
of two guides. I climbed up a short distance
only. A few yards to the southeast is the Sphinx,
cut directly from the rock. It is very large but
almost covered by the shifting sand. One can

Mediterranean Travels 49
see the ears, eyes and forehead very plainly,
although the stone is cracked from the heat of
the sun and has been sadly defaced. When I
saw it again, after being in America, I remarked
how it looked like George Washington, first
president of the United States.
About one hundred feet west of the Sphinx
we entered the granite ruins of the temple,
which was formerly entered between the paws
of the Sphinx. Many of its rooms may still
be traced though heaped with ruins. I meas
ured one of the cornerstones inside the build
ing and found it fifteen feet long. This greatly
surprised me and made me remark how clever
the men must have been who did such wonder
ful work. The walls of the temple are beauti
fully polished, and from it one can view what
little remains of the ancient city of Memphis
across the river Nile. I was told that in order
to draw stone to build the Pyramids a bridge
was erected which extended from the hill above
Memphis to the Pyramids, but there are various
other theories for the source of the stone and
the method of obtaining it.
Only a few weeks after my return to my
work in Alexandria, I married Miss Mary

50

Life op George Haddad

Aschkar to whom I had been engaged for three
years. Mrs. Haddad was born in the town of
Salhyeh, about four miles southeast of the old
city of Sidon, and came to Alexandria to be
with her aunt. She had a position in a house
near where I was working and I used to see her
taking the air in the flowergarden before the
door. We became good friends and took many
long walks together. We were married Dec
ember 27, 1891, by Rev. Father Michael Maloof.

CHAPTER III
AMERICA AT LAST

CHAPTER III
AMERICA AT LAST
America at all costs — Marseilles, Paris, Havre on the way
— ^What about the language — Arrival at New York and sug
gestions — New Haven reminds us of Ramuld — Danbury, New
London, Albany, North Adams — Rutland appeals to the moun
taineer — Permanent home here — Business ventures — ^A good
day's work at the barracks.
*TJFTER staying in Alexandria four months
W% longer I decided to start once more for
•^ ^ America, but without the consent of Mr.
Sirsuck. He offered to make me superintendent
of some of his property, thinking I would settle
down and live there always, but I felt that 1
must see America. Mrs. Haddad did not wish
to go either, but because my mind was on
America, she made up her mind to go with me.
We left Alexandria on Easter Sunday, April
17th, 1892, after attending midnight Mass, and
visiting several of the churches. From Alex
andria to Marseilles, France, the sea was very
calm. Mrs. Haddad enjoyed the trip very much,
:although at first she was afraid of the ocean.

54 Life of George Haddad
After staying in Marseilles two days we left
for Paris, and made connections at Havre,
France, with a German steamer for New York,
sailing April 26. Before leaving I met a Syrian
w'ho asked me where I was going, and said, ' ' It
is better for you to return on account of the
language. ' ' But I did not mind him. I found,
however, when I got to America that I could
learn the language by talking to the people I
met in business.
During our trip to New York we had some
rough weather, but we arrived safely, on the
4th of May, 1892. As we entered the harbor
the most prominent object we could see was the
great Statue of Liberty. I asked someone what
it was, and he replied, "That represents the
Spirit of American Liberty." And I said, "I
hope myself and my wife may have a share in
this liberty."
Wlien we arrived at Ellis Island every official
who met us was kind and courteous, and al
though no one spoke Syrian we got along be
cause Mrs. Haddad could speak good Italian.
And so at last, in a small boat from the island,
we came to the city.

America at Last

55

After landing we got a truckman to take our
things to the home of Constantine Nemher, a
Syrian who kept a drygoods store at 75 Wash-

THE STATUE OF LIBERTY IN NEW YORK HARBOR

ington Street and whom we knew only by the
address given me by a friend in Marseilles. I
afterwards remarked to Mrs. Haddad that I
was the first man to land in New York from

56 Life of George Haddad
Barook, Lebanon, but now one hundred and
seventy-five have come there from Barook.
There were not many Syrian people in New
York at that time either, perhaps three hundred,
but in 1914 there were two hundred thousand
in the United States.
While I was with Mr. Nemher I wrote to my
mother telling her we had arrived in jinierica
and how surprised we were to see the grand
new country. Mr. Nemher was kind to us and
after three days sent us to New Haven, Conn.,
where I began business, peddling goods which
I had brought from: Egypt and France, also
some bought from Mr. Nemher.
We stayed a month in beautiful New Haven.
When we walked down along the bank of the
Connecticut here we were reminded of our walks
in Ramuld, when I first met Mrs. Haddad, but
this only made my wife more lonely for her
friends in Alexandria and on account of not
knowing the language, and she wanted me te
return to the old country. We went out to Dan
bury, Conn., also a nice little city, with mul
berry trees like the ones we have in Syria, and
we spent a day in New London, but finally we

America at Last 57
had to go back to New York to Mr. Nemher
and tell him we were going to return to Egypt.
Mr. Nemher persuaded us to try again, say
ing that when we got used to the country and
knew, friends here we would like America more
than Egypt and would not wish to return. Ac
cordingly, we tried Albany, N. Y., where busi
ness was good, but we were still very lonesome.
Three weeks later I met a Syrian, Mr. Abra
ham Shaha, who knew my people in Barook.
He was very good to us, and suggested our
going to North Adams, Mass., where there were
a few Syrians from near Barook. We were very
much pleased to hear of this and a few days
after we went to North Adams, settled there,
and kept a boarding house for a year and a
half. While there I sent money to my mother
for the first time from this country.
While living in North Adams I used to travel
around on business and so happened to reach
Rutland, by way of Castleton. On first sight,
Rutland pleased me immensely, especially as its
mountains and its good water made me think
I was in Barook again. I also liked its good
railroad connections, going in four directions.

58 Life of George Haddad
and I found some Syrians living at Center Rut
land whom I had known in Egypt. I returned
to North Adams and told my wife of "Beautiful
Vermont with its Green Mountains," and we
decided to move to Rutland, after selling our
furniture. This was in August, 1894.
We lived at Center Rutland at first, but Mrs.
Haddad liked to come to Rutland to do her
shopping and in October we moved to the city
and have lived here ever since. All my six
children, now living, were born in Rutland.
After a short time I sent money to my mother
through Mr. Charles West of the Merchants
National Bank and she sent me a letter with
her blessing.
In 1896 it became possible to buy some ori
ental goods from Damascus and Constantinople
in New York. I travelled with goods of this
kind, as I now do, and in 1897 added a line of
oriental rugs and also introduced kimonas into
Vermont. That same year my brother and
nephew came to this country. I met them in
New York and they were pleased with Rutland
as I had been, and lived here several years.
Some of my nephews are living in Rutland now.

America at Last 59
One summer, while I was traveling with
goods, I went out to a military post to show
samples at a house in the barracks. Just be
fore I arrived at the house I met the general
starting out in his carriage, and said "Good
morning" to him. While I was in the house
showing my samples two soldiers came to the
door and asked for me. The lady told me i
was wanted by the general and asked me what
I had done. I said, "Nothing at all." I left
my goods with her and went with the soldiers.
"When I arrived at the office the general asked
me what I was doing in the barracks. I told
him that I was showing my samples of oriental
goods and he asked me where I was from,
and if I knew any one in town. I told him I
was from Rutland, Vermont, and also gave him
the names of several people in the town where
I was. He asked me my name and then went
to the telephone and called up the people whose
names I had given him, to see what they would
say of me. Apparently, he was satisfied, as he
then said he would like to see my goods and
sent a soldier with me to get them. He bought
a few pieces, for which I thanked him and then

60 Life op George Haddad
I shook hands with him and went out. He was
a tall, pleasant-looking man, with a beard, and
very well built.
The lady had asked me to return, and when
I was on my way back an officer rapped on the
window of his house for me, and when I went
in he asked what the general wanted of me.
I said he had bought some goods from me, and
the officer said he was to be married in a few
weeks and would like to see some nice things
for his bride. He bought $65 worth of my
goods. I thanked him and went on to the lady's
house. She also asked me what the general
wanted and I told her that he had asked me
my name and bought some goods of me. Then
she bought some also and I thanked her and
went out well satisfied with my morning's
work.

CHAPTER IV
VISITS TO SYRIA

CHAPTER IT
VISITS TO SYRIA
A hearty welcome in the old country — Salhyeh and Saida —
I take the family to Syria — The children take in the sights —
Assin Bey and religious opinions — Beyrouth and the Sirsuck
house — The carriage-ride to Barook — Buying rugs but not
overlooking the Temple of the Sun — Aleppo and the caravan
trade — Little Americans in Barook — Salhyeh again and the
sights of Beyrouth — Egypt, France and finally America —
Friendly conversation with Admiral Dewey — Another trip to
Syria — The way to Damascus — The oldest city — The Omay
yade Mosque — Saladin and Emperor William — ^Various cities
and towns — All well at home.
TN 1899 I thought I would take a trip to the
old country to see my mother and friends.
On October 15th, I sailed for Cherbourg,
France, going from there to Marseilles by way
of Paris. When Mr. Paul Nemher, my good
friend, saw me coming into his house at Mar
seilles, he was surprised, and asked me where
I came from. I said, ' ' From the L'nited States, ' '
which pleased him although before he had dis
couraged my going. He embraced me and asked
for my stojy from the beginning to that time.

64 Life of George Haddad
After a two days' visit with Mr. Nemher at
Marseilles, I sailed for Beyrouth by way of
Smyrna and Constantinople. Both of these
cities are interesting from their harbors and
my sight of the Dardanelles and the Sea of
Marmora made their part in the present war
of great interest to me, but we made no land
ing before our arrival at Beyrouth.
My friends at Beyrouth were all surprised
and glad to see me as it was my first trip there
from the United States, but I was anxious to
get on to Barook and stayed there only two
days. On my way to Barook I passed through
many villages and I told all the acquaintances
I saw what America was like, and they all said
how much they wished to go there.
About seven- thirty o'clock, I reached a point
just below the town of Barook, where I was met
by many relatives and friends. The church
bells began to ring and my mother, knowing
that I must be near, ran out into the street
before her house to look for me. But I first
went to the church to thank God for my safe
arrival. When I reached home I found there
besides my mother and sisters many people.

Visits to Syria 65
both Christians and Druses. Some of them I
laiew but some were from another town. I
shall never forget how the house was crowded.
All the next week I spent in entertaining
visitors. They gave me no chance to see my
mother alone. T told them all of the grandeur
of the United States and told my mother and
relatives I wished they would come back with
me. Many of them wished to come but my
mother refused owing to her age. On my
eleventh day there, I sent some men to get me
cedar from Barook, and shipped it to Beyrouth
to go to America.
After staying at Barook about two weeks I
told my mother and friends that I must return
to my family in America. I bade them all good-
by, then having kissed my mother's hand and
received her blessing, I left for Salhyeh to see
Mrs. Haddad 's parents. They also were glad
to see me and to hear all about my wife and
children, and the people I met there also asked
me many questions about America. This was
the first time I had been in Salhyeh, or seen Mrs.
Haddad 's family.
While at Salhyeh I visited Saida several

66 Life of George Haddad
times. This is a small city of less than 12,000
inhabitants, about four miles west of Salhyeh,
but it was in existence before the city of Tyre,
under its old name of Sidon. Outside the city
one may still see caves where people dwelt many
hundreds of years ago, when this part of the
world was Phoenicia. There are also ancient
tombs, with coffins of granite, and relics of their
civilization are constantly being found. I
picked up and brought back with me to America
a broken bit of glass.
Two miles northeast of Saida is a stone
bridge, which was built many hundreds of years
ago, and there are ruined mills nearby. A mile
to the east the ruins of a tower which had been
partly covered by earthquakes, were dug out
in 1896. I noticed many mulberry trees around
the tower when I went there again, in 1907.
The streets of Saida are narrow, some of them
arched over with stone. Outside the walls are
orchards, mostly oranges, and near the city
gate is the new Catholic Cathedral, the
"Church of Our Saviour," beautifully finished
inside in marble with fine carving and rich
painting. The balcony is reserved for women

Visits to Syria 67
and they have a special entrance at the west
of the Church. Saida is the bishop's residence
in winter; in summer he goes to Deir el-Kamr,
also in his diocese, of which I will tell later.
The church has a large orchard, with various
fruits, and especially oranges, the best in Syria.
From here they are shipped all over Syria and
to other countries.
While at Saida I visited Dr. Eddy, head of
the American missionary school there, through
whom I had sent money to people in Salhyeh
and Sidon. After visiting him a few hours I
found that he was a very intelligent man and a
great help to the Syrians. All who knew him,
loved him very much. He has done a great
deal for the schools of Syria. I visited one of
the schools and found the students industrious
and proud of their school in old Saida.
After a week at Salhyeh and Saida I spent
another week in Beyrouth in order to buy goods,
which I shipped with the cedar to New York.
I sailed by way of Alexandria, Paris and Cher
bourg, as I had come, taking the American Line
for New York. I arrived in New York the 25th
of January, 1900, and after a few days there

68 Life op George Haddad
waiting to receive my goods, returned to Rut
land. My family were all glad to see me and
I began travelling as before.
In 1907 I received many letters from my
mother saying that she wished to see my
children so I decided I would go again to
Syria, and this time take my entire family with
me. I had then six children, Josephine, then
eleven years old ; Emily, nine years old ; Lazera,
seven years old; Elias, five years old; Hattie,
two years old and Victoria, two months old.
None of them had ever seen their grandmother,
but the older children could understand and
speak a little Syrian and knew something of the
country. On October 15, 1907, we left Rutland for
New York, along with my brother Solomon,
who had now lived in Rutland eleven years.
He had planned to go back to Syria for some
months. After a little over two weeks in New
York we sailed on the steamer New York, of
the American Line. My family then saw New
York harbor for the first time and of course
I was eager to point out the Statue of Liberty,
which meant so much to me.

Visits to Syria 69
Our trip from New York to Cherbourg was
calm and we were well treated by Captain W.
J. Roberts, and the stewards. The ship's doc
tors visited our staterooms every day to see
how the children were getting along. The
stewardesses, Mrs. Williams and Miss Harris,
were also very good to us all, and often took
the children out on deck to get the air. The
children were especially interested in the flying
fish we saw far out at sea.
The steamer touched at Plymouth, England,
for a few hours only, then continued to Cher
bourg which we reached at about eight o'clock
in the evening, after a trip of eight days on the
sea. At ten o 'clock we left for Paris, where we
had to wait from six o'clock in the morning
until the middle of the afternoon, to make con
nections for Marseilles. Mrs. Haddad was of
course very tired from the night ride and the
care of the children, so we went to a hotel for
lunch and a rest, and I hired three taxicabs to
take us to the station. We drove by way of
the principal streets of Paris, that the children
might see the Arch of Triumph, on the Champs-
Elysees, the beautiful statue of the Republic,

70 Life op George Haddad
and many other beauties of the city, all of which
they enjoyed very much.
The next day we arrived in Marseilles and
Mr. Paul Nemher was greatly surprised to hear
that I was there and my family with me. He
was anxious to see them and brought Mrs.
Nemher with him to the hotel where we were
staying. We spent twelve days at Marseilles,
and during this time Mr. Nemher, being well
accustomed to the city, took a great interest
in showing us around.
Our first trip was to the beautiful Church of
Notre Dame de la Garde. This is at the top
of a steep hill, and is reached by an inclined
railroad. My wife and children preferred to
walk up the hill, however, but we met the
others outside the Church, where we could look
up at the fine statue of Our Lady with her Son
in her arms. Here we enjoyed the excellent
view of the city and harbor, spread out as if
on a table before us ; and then we went into the
Church, where I remember that some nuns were
busy trimming the altar.
The next day we spent at the Zoological gar
dens, taking our lunch with us. As you enter

Visits to S^eia 71
the gardens, you see a large fountain, the water
coming out of the mouth of a bull. Beyond is
the entrance to the museum, fronted by statues
representing the products of the field, the grape,
the wheat, and the corn. In the museum we
found many things worth seeing, and then
went through the great arch into the garden

NOTRE DAME DE LA GARDE, MARSEILLES, SHOWING
INCLINED RAILWAY

72 Life of George Haddad
where the animals are. Children were playing
in the garden, and during the afternoon the
band played. We enjoyed our day there very
much. On the steamer for Alexandria, a few days
later, I had two of the children on deck Avitli
me when I met a Turkish officer by the name of
Assin Bey. When I first saw him I did not
know that he was an officer as he was not
wearing his uniform. After greetings, I told
him I was going to Barook, Lebanon, to see my
people there, and he was much interested on
hearing that I was taking my six children with
me, as well as my wife. When he learned that
I was from the United States, he said, "I
would like to hear something about the United
States. I have read much about it but would
like to hear some more ; what does it look like ? ' '
I told him about what a grand country this
is and how good the people here have been to
me. He was especially interested in New York
city and I told him about Brooklyn Bridge,
Broadway, and Fifth Avenue, the American
Museum of Natural History and the high build
ings downtown. I described Central Park, and

Visits to Sy'ria 73
the Art Museum in the park, and then told some
thing of the beautiful scenery on the Hudson
River which I had seen in going back and forth
to Rutland. After this I told him of the large
cities of Philadelphia and Washington, D. C.
— the nation's capital; of Chicago, Boston, and
Albany. He asked me if my home was in New
York, but I said, "No, it is in the city of Rut
land in Vermont State."
"How far is it from New Yorkf " he asked.
I told him about two hundred and forty miles,
quite a distance in some countries but not in
the United States, as it is only six hours' ride
by train. He was greatly surprised, and then
asked me if there were many factories in the
United States. I said, "Many of them, by the
thousands, there are so many I can not mention
them; they are of all kinds."
"How about religion in America?"
I laughed and said, "Every man attends to
his religion and it does not interfere with his
business. I have a silver candlestick with me
for the mosque in Damascus." He was sur
prised and said to me, "You are a Christian

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY.

Visits to Syria 75
and still are taking a candlestick to the mosque ?
That must be a great country and good for all
the people living there. Have you .lived in
America fifteen years, and not forgotten the
mosque in Damascus?" I said, "No, I was so
struck with its beauty when I was there before
that I thought I would take the candlestick
and give it as a present."
Assin Bey had gone to Marseilles from Trip
oli and with his wife and son was now on his
way to Mecca, by way of Beyrouth and Damas
cus. He was a tall and well l)uilt man about
sixty-five years old.
On our way to Alexandria the ocean was very
calm and we were seldom out of sight of land.
About midway, when between Sicily and Italy,
we could see the smoke curling up from Vesu
vius. A little farther on, we saw from a dis
tance the Island of Crete.
We reached Alexandria on the fifth day at
ten o'clock in the forenoon. Many of our
friends met us at the dock, among them Mrs.
Haddad 's aunts and cousins, who live there. We
went to their home, and visited there eight
days. During that time I took the family to see

76 Life of George Haddad
many of the places where I had been before and
the children were much pleased with the city.
They particularly enjoyed a carriage ride over
the fine concrete road to Ramuld. My friends
at Ramuld were of course interested in seeing
them. Before landing at Beyrouth, early on the third
morning out of Alexandria, we could see at a
distance the beautiful mountains of Lebanon,
The tops of the mountains were covered with
snow, set off by the green on their sides. Two
miles before we landed I pointed out the red
roofs of the American School and about a mile
before we came hito the city we could see the
American flag over the office of the American
Consul. '^Vhen the children saw the flag they
danced and clapped their hands, thinking them
selves in America again.
"When we were getting into the rowboat that
takes passengers to shore at Beyrouth, Assin
Bey and his family got into the same boat,
and as he had on his uniform I knew he was a
Turkish officer. When we landed he introduced
me to some of the officers in the custom house
and I suppose he told them about the candle-

Visits to Syria 77
stick for the mosque. At any rate, one of them
asked me if I had anything with me, but I
did not have to pay duty on the candlestick.
I shook hands with Assin Bey and he went his
way, and we went to the hotel. About two
o'clock a Turkish officer of the custom house
came to the hotel with two other men to offer
their services, and I gave the officer the candle
stick to send to the mosque in Damascus. The
next day I took my children with me to the
office of the American Consul, who was very
courteous to us.
We stayed eight days at Beyrouth, which is
the capital and largest seaport of Syria, and a
very progressive city. Trains leave the dock
for Damascus, making connections midway to
Hama and Aleppo.
In the center of the city of Beyrouth is the
beautiful Serai or Capitol Square. Around it
are many banks, cafes and hotels, besides the
white stone Capitol. About two miles south
west of the Square are the fine buildings of the
American school, which we had seen from the
boat. The school is conducted by missionaries.
It is the largest school in Syria and its students

78 Life of George Haddad
come from all over the world. Many languages
are taught. While visiting here I met Dr. Bliss,
who was then at the head of the school, and
also some of the students. There are many
other schools in the city of Beyrouth and over
twenty thousand students. We also visited the
schools of the Convent of the Sisters of Charity
and the Convent of Ladies of Nazareth.
The streets of Beyrouth are mostly of stone,
and narrow. They are always crowded and
especially in the morning when people go to the
market. The shops are for the most part small
and crowded together, but there are some large
ones in the wider streets. Many of the new
streets having jewelry stores have iron gate
ways that are locked every evening at a certain
time. There are many silk factories in Bey
routh and a great amount of lace and embroid
ery is made there, as well as silk and woolen
cloth. .
Many of the Christians of Beyrouth dress in
the European style and the Mohammedans the
same, except for their headdress which is a
veil or a fez.
While here, of course, I went to the home of

Visits to Syria 79
Mr. Sirsuck, taking my two oldest daughters
with me. Mrs. George Sirsuck, Mr. Sirsuck 's
daughter-in-law, saw us coming and met us
at the door. She was surprised to see us, but
shook hands with me and kissed the children,
and then took us to her mother's room. Mrs.
Sirsuck was then a lady eighty-four years old.
When she saw the children she was pleased and
said to me, "George, George, have not you for
gotten us? God bless you." I told her I was
in Beyrouth only for a short time on my way
home to Barook, and she asked me to visit her
often while I was in the city.
Mrs. George Sirsuck then took us to see her
husband, who asked me many questions about
America. The Sirsucks are veiy well known in
America and Europe, and were invited to meet
Elmperor William of Germany on his visit to
Syria. When we were about to leave Mrs. Sirsuck
gave each of my daughters a silk embroidered
bag full of candy, and told me to show the
children the different rooms in the mansion,
which is the grandest home in Syria. I showed

80 Life of George Haddad
them the beautiful garden with its many differ
ent kinds of fruits and flowers.
Perhaps a description of the house, which was
seven years in building, may be of interest to
American readers. The house is three stories
high and is finished in marble, inside and out.
Two marble lions guard the entrance, and at
the door, reached by a flight of steps from
either side, is the statue of the owner. This
entrance is directly into a large square hall,
which entirely surrounds the reception room,
of which the walls are wholly cut glass and
mirrors. Opening out of the entrance hall are
the library and parlor, and smoking and din
ing rooms, and at the rear are rooms for an
elaborate Turkish bath, kitchen, etc. The par
lor is opened only for special occasions; it is
furnished with magnificent rugs and contains
candlesticks of gold and silver, weighing cer
tainly twenty pounds. The floor of the dining
room, instead of marble, is of wood inlaid in an
elaborate pattern. Its walls are sculptured in
representation of fruit and flowers. Its chan
delier is splendid enough for a church, and the
state service is of gold and cost one hundred

Visits to Syria 81
and twenty-five thousand dollars. On the two
upper floors are bedrooms for family and serv
ants, and in all the house contains over fifty
rooms. We took carriage all the way to Barook, an
all-day ride but the most comfortable way for
my wife and children to travel. We passed
through many villages, and along the roadside
were many olive trees and different kinds of
fruit trees. At three o'clock we arrived at J)cir
el-Kamr and stopped to look around the town,
especially the monastery. We met many old
friends here.
Deir ol-K"amr has some good streets -pnd
stores, and a few modem houses. The build
ing of the county court or Serai is good and
there is a spring in the center of the town from
which people draw their water. Many small
towns do their trading in Deir el-Kamr.
From here we could see ahead of us Beted-
din, the capital of Lebanon for about a
hundred years. I had been here before and
spent several months. When we entered the
square the soldiers were drilling. Their
quarters are on the square, and beyond are

82 Life of George Haddad
the steps leading under a stone arch to the
Serai, which is built upon a rock. On the arch
is the name of the builder of the place inscribed
in gold. The governor has lately greatly im
proved and enlarged the Serai, which serves as
his summer residence. At the gate are guards
and inside the court is a large fountain sur
rounded by the rooms in which the governor
resides. In winter he resides in Babda. Since
1827 Beteddin has been supplied with water
coming from Ain Ez Halta, ten miles away.
In the afternoon we continued our journey
to Barook, a distance of seven miles, and two
miles before arriving were met by many rela
tives and friends. Bonfires were built along
the roadsides and we heard the church bells
ringing in Barook. When we arrived at the
house my mother was waiting for us at the
door and also my sisters and other relatives,
some of whom had come from a distance.
When my mother saw the children she was so
overjoyed that she cried. All were pleased to
see us. We thanked God for our arriving there
safely. For the next month people from in and out

Visits to Syria 83
of town to the distance of thirty miles came
to see us. When we would show them some
of the things we had brought with us or sent
from the United States they were surprised and
especially when they saw our American stoves.
The stoves in Syria are mostly made in France
and England and not so handsome as the Ameri
can stoves.
Barook had greatly improved and has some
very good stores and new houses in modern
style. After staying here about two months I left
my family in Barook and with my cousin went
on horseback twelve miles to Sofar where we
took train to Baalbek, arriving there in the
afternoon. This was a business trip to buy
rugs at Aleppo, but we spent some time in the
City of Baalbek. We went out to Ras el-Ain,
the source of the water supply of Baalbek and
about a mile from the city.
Next morning we went to the ruins of the
great Temple of the Sun, not far from the
hotel. We entered at the northeast into what
is called the Court of the Altar. High in the
wall a flat stone has recently been set, carved

84

Life of George Haddad

in the likenesses of Sultan Abd Hamid and
Emperor William. We saw the six great col
umns of the Temple which are still standing;
their height is about fifty feet, as I was told
by a guard. A few stones remain upon the tops

RAS EL-ATN, SOURCE OP BAALBEK'S WATER SUPPLY
of the columns. One of these oblong stones,
elaborately carved, was on the ground and on
measuring I found it to be about twelve feet
long and eight feet wide. I also measured one
of the columns and found it to be fifteen feet
around. We climbed to the second floor of the
Temple by seventeen steps cut out of the rock,
and got a beautiful view of the city of Baalbek.
We then went down beneath the Court of the
Altar and walked through the arch, which we

Visits to Sy'ria 85
were told is two hundred eighty feet long. The
arch is built of stones of different sizes and just
inside of it is an old carving of King Herk,
with his staff' in his right hand. We then went
through the arch and gateway and came to the
outside of the Temple. The three largest stones
in the walls of the Temple are over sixty feet
long, fourteen feet high and ten feet thick. To
see all this, it took about four hours, but it was
all well worth the while.
About a mile from the Temple is the quarry
from which the stones were taken. There is a
stone at the quarry which is called in Syrian
"Hajr El-Kibla," which literally means "The
stone of the pregnant woman." It is twelve
feet thick, thirteen feet high and sixty-nine
feet long, and weighs nearly a thousand tons.
This was apparently cut for use in the Temple
but never used. When we saw this we greatly
wondered how those old Syrians could have ex
pected to handle so large a stone for the build
ing of the Temple.
We spent another day looking around Baal
bek and about five-thirty the next morning we
left for the city of "Alleb" or Aleppo.

86 Life of George Haddad
The train passed by the ruins of the city of
Dorsi El-Harab and crossed the river of Asi
Hama, at the old city of Hama, vpith its water-
wheel and its beautiful gardens and orchards
along the river; but we did not leave the train
until we reached Aleppo, in the middle of the
afternoon. When we got off the train we saw many
thousands of people at the station who were
there to meet friends coming from Mecca "El-
Haj," meaning on pilgrimage. Some of the
people meeting the pilgrims were on horseback
and some in carriages, while others were walk
ing. It took us fully thirty minutes to get away
from the crowd to our hotel. The Mohammedan
people believe that when any of them go to
Mecca on a pilgrimage, their relatives and
friends who meet them on their return also get
the blessing.
Aleppo is a very old city, with many arched
streets. It has a few fine churches and a mon
astery. Its bath-houses, owned by the Turks,
are very fine, and there are coffee-houses every
where, for Turks, Syrians and Greeks. Cos
tumes of many nations, American, Turkish,

Visits to Syria 87
Jewish, Arabian and Egyptian, are common in
the streets. Outside of the city are many kinds
of fruit and nut trees and the best of these are
thousands of pistachios. There are also many
mulberry trees, some of them fifteen feet in cir
cumference, and with fruit like large black
berries which is eaten by the people of the dis-
. trict. We went to see the old fortress of Aleppo,
outside the gates of the city, built on a great
mound half a mile across, and somewhat in
jured by earthquakes, which have also done
much injury within the city. A little distance
from the fort is a large level where sheep are
brought by the thousands and sold to the mer
chants' to be shipped to different parts of the
country. Merchants come to Aleppo through the desert
from Diarbekir, Bagdad, Mosul and Mardeen,
each having a different trade. Their goods are
loaded on horses or camels, sometimes on mules,
as there is, or was then, no railroad beyond Alep
po. While here we saw a caravan of five
hundred horses coming into the city, loaded
mostly with rugs and dates. It took three-

88 Life of George Haddad
quarters of an hour to pass the hotel and filled
the street, four horses abreast, with a driver
to every four. I sat in the window to see them
pass. I asked where this caravan came from,
and the hotel man told us it was from Bagdad.
He told me a great deal about Bagdad, which
is called by the Islams, "Dar-el-Salaam" or
"City of Peace."
Bagdad was established about the year 762
A. D., and in the ninth century, at the time of
Caliph Haroun-Al-Raschid, it was the seat of
Arabic learning and literature. Its decay has
been brought about by severe sieges, by
plagues, and finally, the loss of a large part of
their caravan trade, due to the opening up of
more expeditious routes from India to Europe.
The city lies on both sides of the Tigris,
which may be crossed only by a bridge of boats
220 yards long. It was once surrounded by a
brick wall with a gate in each direction, but
this has now mostly fallen in ruins or been r«-
moved by the soldiers of Midhat Pasha. The
place looks picturesque from the outside but
the streets are dirty and narrow and the houses
without windows on the streets. The insides of

Visits to Syria 89
the houses, however, are often gorgeous, with
rich mouldings, inlaid mirrors and massive
gildings. The mosques and bazaars are the
most noticeable of the buildings. There were
a hundred mosques but now almost all of them
are in ruins.
The population of Bagdad is said to be 200,-
000', made up of Arabs, Christians, Turks, Jews,
Hindoos, Persians and Afghans. Most of its
merchants are Jews, who deal in Arabian
horses which they send to India. Various
kinds of cloth are manufactured, also red and
yellow leather. There is an important trade in
wheat, dates and timbac, a kind of tobacco used
in the narghileh.
The dates come largely from Basra, two
hundred miles beyond Bagdad and the largest
date market in the world. This Turkish port,
which has a i^opulation of 50,000, is situated
on the Sliatt el -Arab (on the junction of the
Tigris and Euphrates), about seventy miles
from the head of the Persian Gulf.
Besides dates, the exports of Basra are cere
als, wood, dried fruit and licorice root. Its im
ports are Manchester goods, copper, and yarn.

90 Life of George Haddad
East India goods, tea, gunny sacks, and spices.
From Egypt, Australia and Marseilles comes
the sugar; from Sweden iron; from Aus
tria and Germany, glassware, cutlery and
crockery. The exports are largely by for
eigners, the imports by natives.
Wool comes into Bagdad largely from Mosul,
a large district of Mesopotamia on the bank of
the Tigris above Bagdad, and the third largest
sheep market in the world. The city of Mosul
has 70,000 inhabitants who devote themselves
almost exclusively to the rearing of sheep, of
which it is estimated that there are 4,000,000.
Gallnuts, raisins, corn, peas, figs, goatskins
and cattle are, however, exported in some quan
tities in exchange for coffee, indigo, timbac,
cotton thread, haberdashery, hardware, sugar,
iron, dates, hides, Manchester goods, and spices.
I bought my rugs in the market of Aleppo,
and shipped them to Barook, to be re-shipped
to New York. On the eleventh day we started
on our three-day journey home.
When I got back to Barook I asked Mrs. Had
dad how she and the children liked Barook
and what they had been doing. She said the

Visits to Syria 91
children had enjoyed themselves very much and
had made many acquaintances. She sent them
to the American-Syrian school every day and
they loved their teacher and classmates. On
afternoons when their teacher took the children
on long walks or on picnics to the Spring she
allowed my son Elias to lead the children, car
rying the American flag, which made him feel
very proud. After school the children with
some of their friends would play among the
fig trees or on the hill. Mrs. Haddad told me
how Elias would take his uncle 's donkey, some
times without his mother's permission, and ride
him about half a mile to the river. He was not
of course accustomed to riding but the donkey
was too slow to be dangerous, even for a small
boy. When mother knew we were about to return
to the United States she cried and begged the
children to make me stay, but the children were
more anxious to get back to the United States
than I was. They told mother they could not
get used to staying in Barook but she tried very
hard to get them to feel differently, telling them
of the beautiful summer time that was coming,

92 Life of George Haddad
of the groves of the cedars of Lebanon, which
we could see from our home, and of the Spring
where the water rises. All this made no dif
ference in our decision. We tried very hard
on the other hand to get mother to come with
us but she refused on account of her age.
On Thursday, April 16, 1908, after bidding
my mother, relatives and friends goodbye, we
heard a special Mass and then left Barook at
8:30 o'clock in the morning, as usual by way
of Sofar and Beyrouth. Some of our friends
went with us to a mile or so outside the town.
We reached Beyrouth late in the afternoon
two days before Easter and spent Sunday there,
that we might attend Mass at the Cathedral.
On this day the Cathedral was full to its cap
acity and people even had to stay outside to
witness at least the Procession of the Blessed
Sacrament. The chandeliers of gold and silver
were blazing with lights, a great sight for the
children. The next day we started, over a fine dry road,
for Salhyeh, where we were to visit Mrs. Had
dad 's mother, Mrs. Aschkar, for two weeks.

Visits to Syria 93
This is a small town in the state of Lebanon,
next to Sidon.
The road leaves the city of Beyrouth through
a pine grove a mile long, and just beyond are
olive trees, which grow so closely over the
road as to shut out the sun. Beyond the olive
orchard the road runs by the sea, and here,
about midway between Beyrouth and Salhyeh,
we had dinner at a new hotel, where we could
enjoy a rest by the ocean.
We came to Salhyeh about five o 'clock in the'
afternoon and many people were on the road
to meet us. When we came to Mrs. Haddad 's
old home, besides her mother and relatives we
found many of her friends there to welcome us.
Mrs. Haddad 's family were overjoyed at seeing
the children and did everything to please them,
but they blamed me for not having taught the
children more Syrian.
Salhyeh is a small town of only about a
hundred houses, all built of white stone and
not over two stories high. Most of the houses
are old. There are many orchards around the
town, including olive, fig, and apricot trees and
grapevines. The people also raise wheat and

94 Life of George Haddad
barley for their own use, and care for silk
worms much the same as in Barook. In the
town are merchants in tobacco, olive oil and
figs. Some of the people occupy their time in
weaving silk and wool, but mostly wool.
The time soon came when we must return to
Beyrouth, especially as we wanted a few days
there for business and pleasure before sailing
for New York. This time we made an extra
stop at a place which many years ago was the
city of Halde. Now only two houses are stand
ing, besides the hotel, and a pretty church
which is always open for visitors.
On the third day in Beyrouth I took my
children to the garden named after Rustum
Pasha, the third governor of Mt. Lebanon. The
garden is about five miles from the city and a
favorite resort in summer. On one side of the
garden is a stone tomb six feet long and four
feet wide; it is claimed that it was the tomb
of a king's daughter, and that it was found
in the garden. The cover, which is broken, is
in the shape of a triangle and on it is an old
inscription. When the children saw this tomb
they admired it very much, and wished that we

Visits to Syria 95
might take it with us to the United States for
the Museum. This idea amused me very much.
I told them I wished we could but it certainly
is too heavy to bring over.
We returned to Beyrouth from the garden
by a different road, through pine groves and
fruit orchards, figs, plums and apricots. There
were also many mulberry trees such as the silk
worms feed on, but the silk factory near the
Bridge of Beyrouth was closed when we were
there, so I could not show the children how the
silk is made.
A short distance from the factory I showed
them'the ruins of the old church of Mar Jurjus,
or St. George, which I have visited many times,
as it is within sight of the Sirsuck house. The
Moslems have a meeting place on a corner of
the ruins. Besides being the patron saint of
England and of the Christians of Syria, St.
George is a much beloved hero of the Moslems
and Arabs. He was born, and buried as well,
in Lydda, a village which I passed while on
my way to Jerusalem from Jaffa, and his tomb
is still shown there. When I was young I often
heard the following story of St. George.

ST. GEORGE, PATRON SAINT OF SYRIA

Visits to Syria 97
It seems that the people of the district around
Beyrouth were in such terror of a horrible sea-
monster, that despairing of ever ridding them
selves of the pest they had been forced into
presenting to the monster, with other tribute,
an annual sacrifice of one of their most beauti
ful young women. The choice was by lot, and
one year the lot indicated the king's daughter.
"Wlien at the place appointed for the sacrifice
she waited praying for deliverance, behold St.
George appeared to her, and relying on the
power of Christ began the struggle which was
to deliver the princess and free the city.
It is said that in honor of St. George the
king built the Church, the ruins of which we
had just seen.
Next day I shipped my goods and on the 10th
day of May, 1908, we left Beyrouth for New
York, by way of Port Said and Alexandria,
Egypt. At Port Said we went ashore and I
bought some goods, sending them to New
York. We reached Alexandria the next morn
ing, stayed a day, then sailed for Marseilles,
France, arriving there the 19th of May. After
staying at Marseilles a week we left for Paris,

98 Life of George Haddad
where we did some shopping while waiting six
hours for our connections for Cherbourg.
Cherbourg is a beautiful city having magnifi
cent buildings and streets, and a very good
harbor. On the 29th of May at five o'clock in
the afternoon we left Cherbourg for New York
on the New York-American Line.
On the fifth day of our trip a concert was
held on the steamer for the aid of orphanages
and other charitable institutions. Two of my
little girls, Emily and Lazera Haddad, took
part, singing "Marching through Georgia."
The chairman was Mr. Charles Sladdin. Others
taking part were: Mr. W. Stevens, Mrs. Pale-
loghe, Mr. A. J. Downer, Miss Phillips, Mrs.
Boneheys, Mr. J. Fuller, Misses Pearl and Cor-
inne Gillette, Mr. A. J. Allen, Miss Frederiksen,
Mr. A. Spiman and Mrs. Hill, these people
representing both America and Europe.
On the 6th of June, Saturday afternoon, we
came into New York harbor. During all our
trip from Beyrouth to New York, we had not
seen a day that the ocean was rough, so that the
sailors themselves were surprised. We older
people thanked GOd for our safe arrival and

Visits to Syria 99
the children showed their pleasure at seeing
New York by loud cheers.
After a few days in New York we took the
boat to Albany, taking the train from there
by way of Saratoga Springs to Rutland, where
many friends were at the station to welcome
us, after our absence of seven months. It was a
pleasure to me to realize that Mrs. Haddad
was as pleased as any of us to get back to
America. After our home here was settled I resumed
my business of selling oriental goods.
On August 15th, 1911, I met Admiral George
Dewey, one of our great Vermont citizens, in
the office of the Woodstock Inn at Woodstock,
Vermont, where I have seen him often since.
I had been told that the Admiral was staying
at the hotel, so when I saw a man of his general
appearance and surrounded by a number of
men I knew it must be the Admiral.
Admiral Dewey is a tall, well built man. He
is of light complexion, has a high forehead and
beautiful eyes and gray hair. One always finds
him smiling. He looks to be a brave and fear
less man.

100 Life op George Haddad
I approached him and said "Good Morning,
Admiral" He said "Good Morning," and a
few minutes after he came out into the hallway
where I was standing and said to me, "Are
you a Syrian?" I said, yes, and told him what
part of Syria I came from. "Very good," he
said, ' ' I have been to Syria eight times, my first
trip in 1865 and my last trip in 1903, and 1
visited the American school there at Beyrouth.
I like the Syrian people very much, I know many
of them; they make good citizens and are very
good workers. Where do you live ? " I answer
ed, "In Rutland, Vermont." He was pleased,
especially when I told him I had six children
all bom in Rutland. I told him there were
twenty-five or more Syrians in Rutland.
Seeing my goods, he said, "I suppose you deal
in oriental goods? I hope your business is
good" I said, "Yes, thank God, it is very
good. ' '
He afterwards shook hands with me and I
said to him, "Admiral, I am very glad to have
met you, I feel proud of it, would you like it if
I should have it published in tlie Syrian paper,
'The Daily Mirror,' published in New York?"
This he was willing to permit.

Visits to Syria 101
I have many times since looked at the portrait
of Admiral Dewey in the State House at Mont-
pelicr, capital of Vennont state, and thought
of his pleasant conversation with me. I go
often to the capital, which is an attractive little
city, with well-kept homes and shady streets.
Th(! capitol building is of granite, in .which that
part of the state is very rich, and a fine lawn
stretches before it over three hundred feet to
th(( street line. The design is one common for
such buildings in America, with fluted columns
and a dome, and the rooms are spacious and
richly furnished. At the entrance is a marble
statue of Ethan Allen, one of the early patriots
of Vermont.
In 3914 I received so many letters from my
mother and my Aunt Martha who also lives in
Barook, urging me to come there, that I finally
made up my mind to go to soe them. I left Rut
land April 5, 1914, sailing for Havre, France,
on the 9th, on a French steamer from New
York. I spent Easter Sunday on the ocean.
Mass was held in the morning and later in the
day all on l)oard enjoyed a concert rendered
by some of the passengers. The ocean was
¦calm, as is usually my good fortune.

102 Life of George Haddad
From Havre I went by train as usual to Paris
and spent a day at Marseilles with Mr. Paul
Nemher. His wife persuaded him to go to
Barook to spend the summer with me, but as
he could not start at once and I was in a great
hurry, I left a week before him. I sailed for
Alexandria and then for Beyrouth by a direct
line that brought me there the seventh day from
Marseilles. When I arrived at the hotel in Beyrouth I
was surprised to see my uncle, who was in Bey
routh on business. He went back to Barook the
same day and told my mother and relatives that
I was in Beyrouth, and so when I arrived the
next evening I found all waiting for me, and
very glad to see me. For the next week I had
visitors, both Christians and Druses, all asking
me about America. There are few there now
that have not some relative in the United
States or in South America.
I intended to stay all summer in Syria but
within a very short time I had a letter from my
son in America asking me to return home at
once, though when I returned I found nothing
especially wrong with the family. In two weeks

Visits to Syria 103
I bade my mother goodbye and started for
home. When Mr. Paul Nemher arrived, a week
after I did, he was much surprised when I
told him that I was going to leave the next
week, and I was very sorry to disappoint him.
He did, however, stay and visit in Barook, but
only for a short time. Mr. Nemher was born in
Barook but left there for Marseilles when he
was fourteen. He had been back but once be
fore and that was over thirty years ago.
For the next few days I had a girl writing
for me to different friends in America. I sent
over four hundred cards from Barook, besides
the ones I sent from other places on my trip.
I left for Damascus by way of Ain Es-Halta
and Sofar. At Ain Es-Halta, which is only five
miles north of Barook, is a very old American
day school which teaches in English and
Syrian. This is in a substantial stone build
ing and there are some very good residences,
both American and English, besides the houses
of Syrians. There is a wonderful spring and in
the pine groves by the river many summer
hotels have been built. There are three wheat
grinders here, their water being supplied from
the river.

104 Life op George Haddad
Sofar, a little farther on, is the largest sum
mer resort in j\It. Lebanon.- The city of Bey
routh and the Mediterranean can be seen very
plainly from the high mountain on which the
city is built. When I saw how greatly Sofar
had been improved since I had seen it, I was
much surprised. The hotel and many of the
residences are in modern style and many tour
ists come here from Europe, Egypt and Bey
routh. From here I took the train to Damascus,
passing through regions of orchards, especially
walnut and apricot trees. This is a thickly
populated country and some of the towns are
apparently very old. About fifteen miles be
fore reaching Damascus the train began to run
through the valley of the Barada River, which,
a few miles west of the city, is drawn off into
seven small branches which flow in different di
rections and supply the orchards and some
parts of the city. The city is surrounded by
orchards and vineyards. Walnut and olive trees
are numerous, and the most common fruits are
plums and pears.
When I arrived in Damascus, late in the
afternoon, I knew just where to go as I had

Visits to Syria 105
been there before. There were many porters
and carriages around the station and I hired
one of the carriages and drove to the hotel.
It is claimed that Damascus is the oldest city
in the world. Some histories say that is was
named after the grandson of Noah, Dimeshk.
As the full name for the city is Dimeshk-Es-
Sham, some say also that it was named after
Shem, the son of Noah, but others say it was
named from the white, red and black "Cliemet,"
or clay, which is found in the ground. At any
rate, it is so old that in Genesis 15 is the story
of Father Abraham passing through the city,
and his servant Eliezer was from Damascus.
Damascus has been under the rule of differ
ent kingdoms, being part of the time independ
ent. In the year 634 A. D., it was taken by the
Arabs and was under their rule until 1517, when
it was taken by Sultan Salene and has since
been under Turkish rule. In going on pilgrim
age to ]\Iecca, Islams plan to start from Damas
cus as they believe that Damascus is their Holy
City, next to Mecca. Hadiji, wife of J\Ioham-
med, was from Damascus.

106 Life op George Haddad
The religious communities, Christians, Jews
and Mohammedans, occupy different quarters
of the city and the different industries also
have each its separate quarter. The rug deal
ers do business in the Bazaar of Humidia,
where are the largest shop's. Among the other
bazaars I went to were those of the silver
smiths, the shoemakers, and the sellers of
books. On either side of the narrow streets are
the rows of arched niches in which are the
shops. Each shopkeeper sits cross-legged with
his wares piled up around him awaiting cus
tomers. When I went in, the shopkeeper would
invite me to a cup of coffee and a narghileh.
In Damascus there are merchants from different
countries, Americans, English, French, Bel
gians, Germans, Austrians, Russians, Rouman
ians, Greeks, Italians, Spanish, Moroccans,
Egyptians, Arabians, Hindoos, Persians, Ar
menians, Turks, Jews and Syrians. Each
nationality wears a different costume except
the Europeans, who all dress alike.
The Islam women of Damascus wear over
their dresses a cloth called the Hubra, which
covers the whole of the dress, and is tied with

Visits to Syria 107
a cord around the waist. Some of these Hubras
are of silk and very expensive, while others are
of linen and cotton, but each woman dresses
according to her means. They cover their faces
except their eyes with a veil, called the Ysmack.
Of course there are many Jewish and Christian
women who go on the street with their heads
and not their faces covered with shawl or
scarf, and others dress in European style.
Near St. Thomas' Gate, in the eastern sec
tion of the city, the Christians reside. The
houses here are very old, but are neatly kept.
I was invited to a house in this district and I
was surprised to see, in the central court of
the house, a fountain and garden of flowers.
There are many looms of all kinds in Da
mascus, silk, wool, and cotton; the noise which
they make is heard to the street. Furniture of
black walnut, carved and inlaid with mother
of pearl, is also manufactured in the city. The
city now has electric cars, though not as large
as the ones in Rutland, electric lights and many
improvements. Outside of the old city wall, of which little
remains, are the finest streets of the city. Here

108 Life of George Haddad
are the hospitals, and many modem houses.
Here also are many beautiful gardens and coffee
houses where tables are set out under spread
ing trees and are surrounded by tiny streams
of running water. Men spend their evenings
here, some drinking coffee as slowly as they
like, others passing their time smoking a narg
hileh or waterpipe.
There are many other streets in the city
which are good and the coffee houses are every
where; I do not know how many coffee houses
there are in Damascus, but I am told that there
are thousands, and certainly on nearly every
street you pass, you find five or six of them.
When the coffee houses are full people who wish
to spend their evenings there place their chairs
on the sidewalk and enjoy themselves. Op
posite the governor's Serai, or capitol, is the
American hotel. There are some fine German
houses not far from this square, and the city
has many other good tourist hotels, mostly on
the river, and elaborate bath houses in Turkish
style. About 34 A. D. Saul of Tarsus, "breathing
out threatenings and slaughter" against the

Visits to Syria 109
Christians, was sent to Damascus, by the high
priest of Jerusalem, to arrest the Christians.
He had a vision of Christ on the road, and was
baptized in Damascus by Ananias, and remain
ed there to preach the doctrine he had so bit
terly opposed. There are still many Christian
churches in Damascus and I visited two of
them. They were much alike, with high altar
of sculptured marble, roof supported on col
umns, and low hung chandeliers of silver and
gold. I went to the mosque of "Mar Hanna," bet
ter known as the Omayyade Mosque, once the
church of St. John. At the gateway from the
street I met a guard and told him I wanted to
go into the mosque. He told me I was welcome,
but to take off my shoes before going in. After
leaving my shoes with him, I entered through
the yard, which is about as large as the mosque,
into the building itself. The shyck in charge
of the mosque took me around to show me
everything. I asked him the size of the build
ing and he told me nearly 500 feet long and
300 feet wide.
The first thing I noticed was the floor, which

110

Life op George Haddad

is entirely covered with rugs in different sizes
and colors. They are all beautiful. Next was
the tall columns. The chandeliers of silver and
gold hang from the ceiling so low that they
can almost be reached by a tall man. There
are of course prayer-niches in the south wall
toward Mecca, and on the same side is the pul
pit, tall and elaborately inlaid in silver and
ivory and mother-of-pearl.
The shyck took me to the grave of St. John
between two of the columns, and told me before

TOMB OF ST. JOHN IN OMAYYADE MOSQUE,
DAMASCUS

Visits to Syria 111
the Islams took possession of it, this portion
of the mosque was a church. The grave is
marked by a sort of shrine with highly decor
ated dome, which is said to contain the head
of John the Baptist, after whom the church
was named. The shrine is about the size of
the Chapel of the Sepulchre at Jerusalem but
seemed to me smaller, I suppose because inside
of another building. Just below the shrine
there are two steps where worshippers may
kneel. The shrine is surrounded by an iron
fence, and on the top of its dome has been
placed a crescent. When I knew that this was
the tomb of St. John I knelt down and prayed.
The next day I went to the barracks or fort,
not a long distance from the Omayyade mosque.
The barracks is eight hundred feet long and six
hundred feet wide. It is surrounded by differ
ent rooms, among them the rooms of one of
the prisons. The prison yard seemed clean and
there was a large hall between the rooms where
the prisoners sleep and spend most of their
time. Before leaving Damascus, I visited the tomb
of Saladin. Saladin was born in the city of

112 Life op George Haddad
Tekreit in 1137 and died in Damascus on March
4, 1193. He was the ablest ruler of Syria and
Egypt during the period of the Crusades, and
wrested Jerusalem from the Christian govern
ment that had been set up there. A tremend
ous army headed by the emperor of Germany
and the kings of France and England set out to
fight him and finally the coast of Palestine from
Jaffa to Tyre was yielded to the Christians,
but there was never again any permanent
Christian government at Jerusalem. The mosl
conspicuous battle of this period was his de
feat by Richard Coeur de Leon in the battle of
Ascalon, a hundred miles south of Acre.
When Emperor William visited Damascus in
the fall of 1898, he visited this tomb and I had
read so much about it at this time that I
thought I would visit it.
I told the guard at the gate that I wished to
see the tomb of Saladin. He said I was wel
come and led me through a garden of flowers
to a door which he unlocked, and within were
two tombs, one of Saladin and the other of
Nourdin, who ruled before him. The tombs are
of marble with inscriptions of gold in the

Visits to Syria 113
Arabic language, and the walls and floors of
the room are of marble. On each end of the
tomb of Saladin were laid wreaths of beautiful
work in gold. I asked the guard who sent the
crowns to be placed on Saladin 's tomb. He
said, "Emperor William did." I said, "Very
good, indeed."
After viewing the city and doing my trading
here I left for Beyrouth by way of Zebedani.
Fine apples grow in abundance in this high
valley sheltered by the highest summits of the
range, and I was of course reminded of going
there with my cousin when I was a young boy,
to buy apples to sell in Beyrouth. Precipitous
heights, though one can see snowy Hemion, shut
off the distant view, but between these heights
is a well-watered and fertile valley, with level
wheat fields and fertile garden spots. Long
lines of poplar trees and low grapevines give
character to the scene.
I left Zebedani and stopped in Alieh, about
ten miles from Beyrouth, and having a good
view of the city. Alieh is a well known summer
resort and Emperor William stayed here when
he was visiting in Syria in the fall of 1898.

114 Life op George Haddad
While here he was entertained by the governor
of Syria and by the governor of Lebanon. Mr.
and Mrs. Sirsuck were at some of these enter
tainments and met the Emperor.
After a few days at Beyrouth spent in ship
ping my goods and bidding my friends good-
iDye I left on May 28 for Alexandria, Egypt,
and after three days' stay there I went on to
Marseilles, France.
On my arrival at Marseilles I went at once
to the home of IsLr. Paul Nemher. Mrs. Nem
her was much surprised to see me and asked
me where I had left ¦Mr. Nemher. I told her he
was still in Barook Ijut that I had received a
letter from my son asking me to come home
at once, so she must not blame me for return
ing so soon. After two days here I left for
Paris on the 12th of June.
In Paris I stayed five days, during that time
ordering goods and seeing as much as possible
of the city. I became well acquainted with a
]\Ir. Simon of San Francisco and we went to
various places together, among them the Cath
edral of Notre Dame, and the wonderful Eiffel
Tower, which I had never visited before.

Visits to Syria 115
We bought tickets and took the elevator to
the first gallery, where there are restaurants,
shops and theatre. We were told that upon the
steps, and in the corridors, restaurants, shops
and theatre, ten thousand people can assemble
in the Tower, and we could believe it. We then
went up to the second gallery, where I bought
many cards and souvenirs, and then most of
the party continued to the top, changing ele
vators at the third gallery and finally climb
ing the stairs to a point a thousand feet above
the ground. Mr. Simon and I, however, waited
for the others on the fourth gallery and enjoyed
the view of the city. From this height the'
people in the streets looked as small as insects.
After ordering my goods to be shipped to
New York, I left Paris for Cherbourg on the
eighteenth of June, and that same evening
sailed for New York on the Imperator. I ar
rived in New York on the twenty-fifth, and as
soon as possible went on to Rutland.
I found my family all well, which I was very
much pleased, and of course, surprised to see.
Mrs. Haddad and the children were surprised
to see me back so soon and apparently still

116 Life op George Haddad
thought I was going to spend the whole sum
mer away. When I told Mrs. Haddad of the
letter I had received from my twelve-year old
son, telling me to come home at once, she said
that she did not know anything about it. But
two weeks after I was very glad that I had
returned, because war broke out in Europe.
Mrs. Haddad said that the children had got
along all right while I was away but that Vic
toria whom we call the baby was always ask
ing where I was. In fact, all the children were
asking what their father went away for and
when he was coming back. Elias was a good
boy and he did everything to please his mother
and sisters. When the children received cards
or letters from me, they were very glad, think
ing that I was on my way home.
My brother Solomon came from Pittsfield
and stayed here a week with them and the
children were much pleased to see him. Also
while I was away Mrs. Haddad 's niece. Miss
Zakie Aschkar, had come from Salhyeh to live
with us. This will always be a great pleasure
to my daughters, who are near her age, and it
is nice to feel that she is out of che danger from
the war.

Visits to Syria 117
If I had known that the war was going to
break out I would have insisted on my mother 's
coming from Barook with me. When I left
her in 1914 she was eighty years old and she
had sixty-two grandchildren and great-grand
children. As thirty -four of them live in the
United States she ought not to be very lone
some here. She was in very good health and
went to church almost every morning when I
was there, and the day I left her, she gave me
her blessing and wished success to me and all
her grandchildren.

CHAPTER V
THE NEW HOME IN AMERICA

CHAPTER r
THE NEW HOME IN AMERICA
Situation of Rutland, Vermont — A jDrosperous little city —
Educational facilities good — Various organizations — :Theatres,
banks, restaurants and hotels — Provision for the sick and the
erring — Industries of Rutland — The Fair.
1HAVE mentioned before that I first liked
Rutland because of its railroad connections,
going in four directions, to Boston, and
Montreal, and by two roads to New York. The
distance to New York is 237 miles; to Boston
167 miles; and to jMontreal 163 miles. The train
service is very good and pleases every travel
ing man. The city is the headquarters of the
Rutland Railroad.
When we first came to Rutland there were
no electric railway cars but only horse cars
which went as far as West Rutland; the electric
cars started in the fall of 1894 and now go as
far as Lake Bomoseen, Fair Haven and Poult-
ney. There are also stages over the mountains
to 'Woodstock, Rochester and Pittsfield.

122 Life op George Haddad
The population of Rutland in 1900 was 11,
499 and in the present year is about 16,000.
The people of Rutland treat strangers very
well, for I know that when we moved to Rut
land we had no friends here but in a short time
we had many. It is pleasant to do business
among them, a fact that I realize when I open
a store here every year before Christmas and
the people show their appreciative interest.
The business section of Rutland is very good.
As it is on a level, in the Otter Creek valley,
the traveler arriving in Rutland can see from
the station wide streets, well paved and so bril
liantly lighted as to remind me of Paris. There
are many large stores, especially the ones on
Merchants Row, Center and West streets, and
the clerks are for the most part good-natured
and cheerful.
Vermonters own many automobiles, the pro
portion being one to every thirty-five men,
women and children in the state. The city of
Rutland requires eight garages, employing ex
pert repairmen and having desirable storage
room, besides numerous agencies for machines,
and sellers of accessories. One of the largest

The New Home in America 123
fireproof garages in the state has recently been
erected here.
The city's churches are attractive and their
congregations large. They include the Catholic
churches of St. Peter, the Sacred Heart of Mary
and the Holy Innocents, also Congregational,
Baptist, Episcopalian, Methodist, Universalist,
Advent Christian, Christian Science, and
Seventh Day Adventist churches.
St. Joseph's Convent is a five-story brick
building occupied by the Sisters of St. Joseph.
A Home for Aged Women, and Mt. St. Joseph's
Academy and two parochial schools are con
ducted by the Sisters. The public schools of
the city are up-to-date and sufficient for the
needs of the children. There are nine schools,
properly graded, besides the High School. A
night school for the instruction of foreigners
in English has recently been started by a Com
mittee on education. Among the pupils are
Italians, Greeks, Syrians, Russians, Norwegians
and Swedes, who appreciate the advantage a
good knowledge of English gives.
The Rutland Free Library contains 22,500
volumes and has a yearly circulation of 60,000

CENTER STREET, RUTLAND, VERMONT

The New Home in America 125
books. It has outgrown its quarters in the
Grand Army Memorial Hall and efforts are
being made to obtain a new building exclusive
ly for the use of the library. The H. H. Baxter
Memorial Library contains many rare and val
uable volumes and is open to the public for
daily reference.
Rutland has two progressive daily news
papers, morning and evening, and each pub
lishes also a weekly edition. There are six
printing offices in Rutland, among them the
largest in Vermont, The Tuttle Company, the
publishers of this book. The president of the
company. Senator Egbert C. Tuttle, was in
Syria in 1903 with Governor John A. Mead,
and both of these gentlemen are good friends
of mine and have been much interested in the
publication of my life story. I am very grate
ful to them for their appreciation.
The city has many social, educational and
trade organizations and nearly every fraternal
society of the United States is represented.
Among the organizations are the following:
Masons, Hibernians, Elks, Canado-Americain
Club, Catholic Order of Foresters, Italian Mut-

126 Life of George Haddad
ual Aid Society, Daughters of the American
Revolution, Foresters of America, Eagles,
Grand Army of the Republic, Green Mountain
Club, Odd Fellows, Interstate Poultry and Pet
Stock Association, Knights of Columbus,
Ktiights of Honor, Knights of Pythias,
Modern Woodmen of America, New Eng
land Order of Protection, Owls, Patrons
of Husbandry, Royal Arcanum, Rutland
Business Men's Association, Rutland County
Agricultural Society, Fish and Game League,
Rutland County Medical and Surgical
Society, Rutland Country Club, Rutland Horse
Show and Breeders' Association, Rutland Gun
Club, Rutland University Association, Rutland
Woman's Club, Sons of Veterans, Moose,
Knights and Ladies of the Maccabees, La Garde
d'Honneur, St. Jean Baptiste, United Order of
the Golden Cross, United Commercial Travel
lers, L^nited Spanish War Veterans, and num
erous literary and religious societies and labor
organizations. Across the street from the City Hall is the
beautiful Masonic Temple and on Wales Street
is the new building belonging to the Nobles of

The New Home in America 127
the Mystic Shrine. The Shriners have installed
a modem theatre, besides two convention halls,
and on Center Street is the new Playhouse,
one of the best and most modern in New Eng
land. There are also two smaller theatres, the
Grand and the Colonial.
In the city there are four National Banks,
two Savings Banks and two Trust Companies.
There are a large number of restaurants and
seven good hotels in Rutland, the New Bard-
well Hotel, the Berwick, the Hamilton , the
Brock Llouse, St. James Hotel, the Holland
House and the Elmore. Rates are reasonable
and guests report a good table at each as well
as good service in other respects.
The Rutland Hospital is one of the best in the
country, so far as the quality of its work is
concerned. Its two operating rooms are mod
ern and well-equipped and there is an X-ray
room, a solarium and all the other features of
a modern hospital. The situation of the hos
pital, on a hill overlooking the city, is delight
ful for convalescents. There are fifteen physi
cians on the staff, and each year a series of
clinics is carried on by eminent physicians from

The New Home in America 129
all over the country. The hospital charges are
moderate and the city makes provision for
free care in needy cases.
The Vermont House of Correction is a large
group of buildings,' in a prominent situation on
the West Rutland car line. The Rutland
County Court House is another important brick
building, and on the corner across from the
Court House is the fine old Post Office, now
used as Station "A", as the principal business
of the post office is done in a less noticeable
situation farther downtown. Another promin
ent building is the City Hall, situated on the
corner of Merchants Row and Washington
Street. Fire stations are in this building and
on Center Street near the High School build
ing. Rutland is often spoken of as the Marble
City. It manufactures three-fourths of the mar
ble-finishing machinery used in the United
States, and is the center of a district which
supplies half the marble produced in the
United States, and leads in quality as well as
quantity. The quarries are located principally
in Proctor and West Rutland, within a few

PLANT OF THE HOWE SCALE COMPANY

The New Home in America 131
miles of the city proper, and a large number
of the workers live in Rutland. Finishing
mills are near many of the quarries, and others
along the railroads on the outskirts of the city,
and are usually at work night and day. The
marble mountains of Rutland, reminding me of
Lebanon, had much to do with my choice of
Rutland as a home.
Rutland also ships out a large quantity of
maple-sugar and has a big factory for the tap-
ing-tools, buckets, etc., used in making the
sugar. This maple-sugar is one of the finest
products of the state, and on my various trij^s
to the East I have usually taken some of it to
friends in France and Syria.
Another big industry is the Howe Scale Com
pany, of which my friend, Governor Mead,
is president. This plant turns out one-quarter
of the scales used in the whole country.
Other manufactures include: Fireclay, gyp
sum and asbestos joroducts, paper clay, cream
ery and dairy apparatus, clothing for
men and women, trunks, letterpresses,
adding-machines, car supplies, stone-work
ing and coal handling machinery, cans

132 Life op George Haddad
and boxes, boiler coverings, cement blocks,
bricks, mailing boxes, chair stock, doors,
windows, cigars, monuments, sleighs, carriages,
rugs, flags, tents, derricks, books, kinox, con
fectionery and shrapnel.
There are many attractive summer resorts
easily reached from the city. Lake Bomoseen
is the most popular — it is the largest lake in
the state, and there are cottages, hotels and
picnic grounds along its shores.
Rutland Week, usually the first week in Sep
tember, is a new institution that attracts vis
itors to Rutland from long distances. A street
carnival, with parades, fireworks, outdoor mov
ing pictures, and music, entertains the visitors
evenings, and by day they crowd to the Fair
Grounds south of the city for the Rutland
County Fair and Horse Show and Poultry Ex
hibition. The Fair has been held annually for over 70
years and is now under the direction of the
Rutland County Agricultural Society. There is
each year an attendance of close to 50,000
people. The grounds cover nearly 50 acres and
there are 45 buildings for exhibits, etc. A

The New Home in Amierica 133
trolley line connecting with every part of the
city takes the people to the Fair and two rail
road divisions pass the grounds and so can un
load exhibits and entries on special platforms.
There is a good half-mile track for horse-racing
and as the association belongs to the Green
Mountain Racing Circuit and offers prizes
amounting to $5,000 and over, it attracts many
of the leading drivers of fast horses.
On September 11, 1902, I was awarded by
the Rutland County Agricultural Society a
premium on my display of Turkish embroidery.
The certificate was signed by Mr. D. D. Burditt
and Mr. F. H. Chapman of Rutland.
All this is why I liked Rutland and settled
here and I thank God my children were born
here and are getting their education in Rut
land.

Part II
SYRIAN RECIPES
AS USED BY MRS. GEORGE HADDAD
(Arranged in the Order of Serving)

Part II
Syrian Recipes

Vegetable Soup

Meat

IV2 pounds

Carrots

2

Celery

6 stalks

Onions

1, medium

Parsley

1 bunch

Potatoes

2 or 3

Salt and Pepper to taste
Boil the meat in water enough to cover it.
Slice the vegetables fine and put in the broth
and boil slowly. Vegetables may be fried first
in butter or olive oil.

BrothRice
LemonEggs

Rice Soup with Dressing

2 quarts
V.

cup

IV2o

Salt and Pepper to taste

138 Syrun Recipes
Boil the rice until half done, strain and run
cold water through it several times, then boil
half an hour in the broth. Beat the eggs, mix
with the lemon juice, stir in a little broth, then
add to the rice, stirring thoroughly. Serve hot.
Lendicke Soup with Lemon

Broth

2 quarts

Lendicke

1 pound

Lemon

2.

Onions

2

Carrots

2

Celery

2 stalks

Potatoes

2, small

Salt and Pepper to taste
Lendicke can be obtained at Syrian or Italian
stores and makes delicious soup.
Wash the lendicke well and put on stove to
boil. In the meantime cut the carrots, onions,
celery, and potatoes fine, about % inch long,
and wash well. Then put them in with the
lendicke to boil. After this chop two onions
fine and fry them in butter or olive oil, pour
them over the lendicke and have them all boil

Syrian Recipes 139
together. About V2 hour before they are all
cooked add to them the juice of the lemons.
Server hot. Stuffed Mackerel

Mackerel

8, small

Olive Oil

."> tablespoons
Onions
5, medium
ParsU'y
1 Vi; bunch
Eggs
•)
Lemon
1%
(^rackeis
.'), rolled fine
S;
lit and Pc
'PI
ter to taste
Soften tlie fish in hot water for about 15
minutes, cut off the heads and stuff' with on
ions fried in olive oil, and mixed with chopped
paisle>', a pinch of curry, and cracker crumbs.
Then fry jtieces of bread and use the crumbs
for covering the jneccs of fish, first dipping
them in heal en eggs.
The backbone may be easily removed after
the fish is softened in hot water. Break it ai
the tail, roll the fish on a board, and then pull
out the whole backbone through the neck.
140

Syrian Recipes

Fried Fish

Fish
Eggs
FlourButter

2y2 pounds
2
1 cup
or Olive Oil 3 or 4 tablespoons

Salt and Pepper to taste

Wash and dry the fish, and cut into good-
sized pieces. Salt it and let stand 2 hours. Be
fore frying, dip into flour, or make a batter of
flour and water and beaten eggs. Start frying
in olive oil or butter, over a slow fire, but
brighten the fire during the process to make
the fish crisp. Brown well on both sides. Fry
pieces of bread with the fish and serve with
parsley and slices of lemon.

Fish

Croquettes

Fish, boiled

1% pounds
Eggs
3
Onions
2
Parsley
1 bunch
Crackers, crushed
12
Butter or Olive Oil
3 tablespoons
Salt and Pepper to taste
Syrian Recipes 141
Chop up the fish and parsley and mix with
the eggs. Dip balls of fish into the fine cracker-
crumbs and fry in olive oil or hot butter.
Serve with lettuce and dress with parsley or
slices of lemon, or use a dressing of oil and
lemon to which may be added the yolks of 2
hard-boiled eggs, and parsley if liked. Some
times a dressing is made of mustard, oil and
roe well mixed. Grilled Fish on Skewers

Fish

21/2 pounds

Red Wine

V2 cup

Butter

14 tablespoon

Lemon

1

Salt and Pepper to taste
Cut the fish into small squares. Do not skin
it. Season with salt and pepper and let stand
in the wine for two hours. Broil on skewers,
with skin between as far as possible. Laurel
leaves, spiced and dried, may be placed between
the pieces or burnt at first on the fire under
neath the skewers. Then butter the pieces a
little and continue broiling over a slow fire.

142 Syrian Recipes
Serve hot with a green salad dressed with olive
oil and lemon.

Baked Fish with Pignoli Sauce
(Pignoli, Italian word for Pinenuts)

Codfish

1, small

Pignoli

1 pound

Bread (no crust)

1 slice

Eggs, boiled

0
Lemon
2
Olive Oil
3 tablespoons
Parsley (wash well)
1 bunch
Beets "
2, small
Salt and Pepper to taste
Clean the fish and salt it; leave it for 2 hours
and afterwards rub it with a little lemon juice
and olive oil. Then wrap in a clean white paper
and ])lace in a moderate oven, taking it out and
rubbing it with lemon juice and olive oil every
little ^\'hile. Take care not to let the paper burn,
and change it every little while. After an hour
and a quarter take it out and place it in a plat
ter, removing any burned places.
Syrian Recipes

143

Soak the bread and wash the Pignoli well,
then mash together, strain, and mix with lemon
juice and % cup of water, making a thick sauce.
Pour this over the fish, also 2 tablespoons of oil.
Use the beets and parsley and the boiled eggs
to garnish the platter. Serve cold.
The Pignoli sauce is also good with boiled or
fried fish. Boabas (French Dish)

Codfish (sliced)

3 pounds

Carrots

6

Potatoes

4

Onions

4, large

Celery

1 head

Parsley

1 bunch

Mustard

1 teaspoon

Tumeric

2 pinches

Flour

2 tablespoons

Cold Water

V2 cup

Lemon

4

Olive Oil

1 cup

Bread (sliced)

2 loaves

Salt and Pepper to taste

144 Syrian Recipes
Cut up the carrots, potatoes, onions, celery
and parsley, about an inch long, and wash well.
Then place some in a deep vessel and the fish
over it, and the rest of the vegetables over the
fish. (Codfish is the American fish, best to use
instead of the French Boabas.) Pour in the
olive oil, peel and slice one lemon and acid to
the dish, also salt and pepper and sufficient
water for them to boil together.
To make a sauce, mix the flour, mustard and
tumeric, in a little water and the juice of the
remaining three lemons. Put over the fish and
let all boil together the last fifteen minutes, but
not long enough to break the fish.
Then take the fish out and put on a plate and
strain the vegetables into a separate dish. The
vegetables are not served at all at a formal
dinner. At dinner-time toast the bread and pour the
sauce over the slices of bread and place the fish •
on top. If desired, the fish may be served sep
arately and the bread with the sauce in a deep
dish.

Syrian Recipes 145
Stuffing Mixture
Lamb or mutton (with some
fat) 1 pound
Butter 2 tablespoons
Rice, well washed Vi pound
Water 2 or 3 tablespoons
Salt and Pepper to taste
Cliop the meat fine and mix well with the
rice. Stuffed Summer Squash
Clean out the seedy parts of twelve small
squashes but be careful so that the sides of
the squash will not break. After this wash
them out and fill three-quarters full with the
stuffing-mixture above.
Then in a kettle fry two well chopped onions
and when browned add 2 pounds of ripe peeled
tomatoes (or 1 can of tomatoes), then boil a
little and place the squash over them side by
side. Add hot water to cover and boil slowly
until done. Serve hot.
The squash may be also cooked in white
gravy by boiling the squash until nearly done
and adding the white gravy.

146 Syrian Recipes
Stuffed Cabbage
Take apart the leaves of a firm, thin-leaved
cabbage, and soak in boiling water until soft.
Then cut each leaf into two small parts and
in each wrap a small piece of the stuffing mix
ture above. Arrange carefully in a deep vessel,
held down by a plate. Add enough hot water
to cover the cabbage. When half done, over a
slow fire, or in the oven, add the lemon. Do
not allow the leaves to be unwrapped in serving.
Serve hot. Stuffed Grape Leaves
The grape leaves may be either fresh or
pickled but should be tender. Put them a few
minutes in boiling water to soften or to take
out the salt, then wrap in them some of the
stuffing-mixture above.
Arrange side by side, and cover with water.
Put over them two sliced lemons, peeled and
seeded, and press down with a plate. Add 3
cups of hot water and boil over a slow fire.
Serve hot, and do not allow the leaves to be un
wrapped.

Syrian Recipes 147
Stuffing Mixture No. 2
Cut up two or three onions and fry in but
ter until they are light brown. Pour in 1 pound
meat well chopped and fry together. When
half done add parsley and a few nuts. Pine
nuts are largely used in Syria, or walnuts are
a good substitute. Salt and Pepper to taste.
Stuffed Eggplants

Lamb or Mutton

(not

too much fat)

2 pounds

Eggplants

1 dozen

Onions

2
Parsley
1 bunch
Walnuts
% pound
Tomatoes
1 dozen
Dig out the seeds but do not skin the egg
plants. Pierce each in several places and soak
half an hour. After soaking fry a little, then
stuff and place side by side in a deep pan.
Stew the onions and tomatoes together and
pour over the eggplants, also a cup and one-
half of water, and cook over a slow fire. Serve
hot.
148 Syrian Recipes
Stuffed Potatoes
Potatoes 12
Lamb, chopped 1% pound
Onions 2, large
Pine nuts (Snobar, 4 ounces
Parsley IV2 bunch
Tomatoes 1 2 can
Butter 3 tablespoons
Salt and Pepper to taste
Peel 12 large potatoes, which should be
smooth and long, and let stand in water with
two tablespoons of salt. Cut off the tops and
dig out the insides of the potatoes but be care
ful not to break the sides and leave the pota
toes about 1/4 inch thick. Cut a little from the
bottom of each potato so it will stand.
Chop the onions fine and fry in butter and
when half done add the meat, and when nearly
done, the pine nuts. Season to taste and leave
on the stove about five minutes longer. When
finished remove from stove and mix in the finely
chopped parsley.
Arrange the potatoes in a deep vessel and
stuff with the mixture. The butter wliicli is

Syrian Recipes 149
left from frying may be placed in the bottom of
the vessel. Bake in a moderately hot oven and
when half done pour the strained tomatoes over
them, and also about % cup of water for sauce.
Serve hot with lettuce salad.
Stuffed Artichokes
Artichokes 12
Lamb, chopped 1^/2 pound
Pine nuts (Snobar) 4 ounces
Parsley 2 bunches
Onions 2
Salt and Pepper to taste
Clean the artichokes. Cut off the tops about
one inch, then dig out the insides of the arti
chokes and cut off the bottoms so they will
stand, then put in cold water with two table
spoons of salt. Wash out in cold water and
strain, and fry in butter until nearly brown,
then take them out and place in a dish while
the mixture is being made up, as follows:
Chop the onions fine and fry in butter. When
nearly brown put in the meat and when nearly
done add the pine nuts and season to taste,

150 Syrian Recipes
letting it cook five minutes longer. Add the
finely chopped parsley and remove into a dish.
Place the artichokes in a deep vessel side by
side and stuff each one, putting the butter
which is left from frying in the bottom of the
vessel. Then place in a moderately hot oven.
Pour over them strained tomatoes and about
3 cups of hot water, and let cook about one
hour. Serve hot. Baked Mashed Potatoes
Pine nuts % pound
Potatoes % peck
Eggs 2
Lamb (chopped) 1 pound
Flour 3 tablespoons
Tomatoes 5
Onions 2
Salt and Pepper to taste
Peel and boil the potatoes and mash when
cool; then mix in the eggs and flour, while the
potatoes are cool.
To make a sauce, fry the chopped onions in

Syrian Recipes 151
butter until nearly brown and then put in the
meat. When the meat is partly cooked, add
pine nuts and tomatoes, season and let boil un
til the sauce is thick. The tomatoes must be
boiled and strained, or use % can strained
tomatoes. Place a little butter in the bottom
of a deep pan and put in a layer of the potatoes,
then put in some of the sauce, then another
layer of the potatoes. Cut this into squares,
put a tablespoon of butter over each and place
in the oven until brown. Serve hot with the
remaining sauce and when serving, place some
lettuce or parsley around the plates.
String Beans with Tomato Sauce

Green String Beans
Meat (lean)
Onions

2 quarts
iy2 pound
2

ButterTomatoes

3 tablespoons
1 can

Salt and Pepper to taste
Clean and wash the beans and cut in two
lengthwise. Chop the onions and fry in butter
in a deep pan, until a light brown. Add the
meat, cut into walnut-size pieces, and fry to-

152 Syrian Recipes
gether a few minutes, then add the beans and
fry all together about 20 minutes over a moder
ate fire.
Season to taste and leave on the fire about
twenty minutes longer, stirring constantly.
Then strain the tomatoes and pour over the
mixture, add four cups of water, and let boil
until cooked, but not dried out, as some sauce
is wanted.
Serve hot with rice or mashed potatoes.

Fried Spinach
Spinach % peck
Butter 4 or 5 tablespoons
Eggs 4
Salt and Pepper to taste
Cut up the spinach and boil for 15 minutes.
Strain it and spread it out evenly in a flat pan.
Season to taste and pour the beaten eggs over
it. Melt the butter and mix all together. Bake
in a moderate oven.

Syrlan Recipes 153
Fried Cauliflower
Cauliflower 1 head, medium
Eggs 2
Salt and Pepper to taste
Boil the cauliflower a little and when cool
slice and season to taste. Dip into the beaten
eggs with a little flour mixed in, and fry in
butter or olive oil.
Stuffed Tomatoes
Cut the tops of the tomatoes partly through
to act as lids. Dig out the centers and stuff".
Pierce in several places and place side by side
in a deep flat pan, buttered. Pour over one or
more cups of water and the centers of the
tomatoes and cook same as eggplants. Serve
hot. Artichokes with Olive Oil
Artichokes 1 dozen
Onions 1 dozen, very small
Olive Oil Vi cup
Salt and Pepper to taste
Skin the onions, and fry them whole in the
olive oil. To this add artichokes. Season to
taste and boil over a medium fire 20 minutes.
Serve hot or cold.

154 Syrian Recipes
Rice with Tomato Sauce
Rice 2 pounds
Lamb, lean (chopped) 1 pound
Tomatoes 3 can
Cheese 4 ounces
Pine nuts (Snobar) 4 ounces
Crackers 2, crushed
Onions 2
Butter G ounces
Salt and Pepper to taste
Cook the rice and set it aside.
Chop the onions fine and fry until light
broAvn, then put over them the chopped meat
and let cook for about twenty minutes over a
moderate fire. Then put in the pine nuts and
leave on the stove about five minutes. After
wards strain the tomatoes, and pour over the
meat and onions and let boil about twenty min
utes. Season to taste, adding 2 pinches of cin
namon, and then strain out the sauce.
Rub butter around the inside of a deep ves
sel and put in the crushed crackers, then put
in about one-third of the cooked rice and some
cheese, then a little of the fried mixture, over

Syrian Recipes 155
that another third of the rice, and over that a
little more of the mixture, then the remaining
rice and over that the remainder of cheese.
Press down each time you put in the rice.
Then place in a moderately hot oven for
about 30 minutes.
Serve hot. In serving, tum over the vessel
into a round dish and it will come out in a cake.
The sauce may be served with it, and hard
boiled eggs may be used to garnish the plate.
Macaroni with Milk

Macaroni

2 pounds

Milk

1 pint

Eggs

2

Parmesan Cheese

4 tablespoons

Salt and Pepper to taste
Boil the macaroni, then strain it. Beat the
eggs well and pour over them the milk and
melted butter. Mix in the cheese and stir all
into the macaroni. Bake in a pan in a moder
ately hot oven until browned.

156

Syrian Recipes

Boiled Rice

Rice
Butter

3 pounds
% pound
Salt to taste

Soak the rice in hot water for about one
hour, putting with it a good handful of salt
and stirring together well.
Heat the butter smoking hot and add to it
4 cups of water. Let it boil while you wash
the rice in cold water, being careful not to
break the grains, then pour together, stirring
it at the same time and every little while after
wards, so it will not burn. Boil hard for ten
minutes, then more slowly until done. Serve
hot. Macaroni with Meat
Macaroni 3 pounds
Minced Meat 1% pound
Butter 4 tablespoons
Onions 2
Cinnamon, powdered 2 pinches
Salt and Pepper to taste
Boil the macaroni until well done. Strain
and add the butter then simmer on a slow fire

Syrian Recipes 157
until the water is out of it. Fry the onions in
butter, imtil half-done, then add the meat, and
when done put in a deep pan, with alternate
layers of macaroni, seasoning with the salt, pep
per and cinnamon. Brown in a moderately hot
oven. Parmesan cheese may be served with
macaroni. David Pasha Meat Balls
Lean steak (chopped) 1^/^ pounds
Parsley (chopped fine) % bunch
Onions 12, small
Tomatoes 1% pound
Salt and Pepper to taste
Mix well together and make into balls the
size of a walnut. Stew the tomatoes meanwhile.
When the meat balls are made ready fry them
in butter and take them out, putting in the same
pan to fry, a pound of sliced onions. When
these are fried brown, pour over them
the stewed tomatoes. Add salt and pep
per, then put into a kettle with the meat
balls, adding enough water for sauce, and let all
boil on a slow fire about one hour. Serve hot,
with rice.

158 Syrian Recipes
Meat Balls a la Beyrouth
Beef 2 pounds
Potatoes 4
Eggs 4
Parsley 2 bunches
Parmesan Cheese 2 tablespoons
Butter 4 tablespoons
Boil and mash the potatoes and mix with the
minced meat, adding the eggs, cheese and pars
ley, and onions for a change. Season to taste,
then make into flat balls. Soak two slices of
bread (no crust) and crumble it in the hand,
then dip into it the balls of meat, and fry in
butter. Serve hot.
Meat Balls with Fried Eggs
Meat, lean, ground fine 1 pound
Parsley 3 bunches
Eggs 6
Dry Onions 2, small
Salt and Pepperr^to taste
Fry the meat balls until thoroughly cooked,
take them out and put the chopped onions in
their place and fry until brown. Then just be-

Syrian Recipes 159
fore dinner add to the onions the parsley chop
ped to about one inch long. After 4 minutes
add the meat balls. Break the eggs over the
meat balls, and let them cook over a slow fire.
Serve hot.

Meat

Croquettes

Meat, lean

1%- pound

Parsley

V2 bunch

Onion

1

Eggs

2

Crackers

4

Bread (no crust)

2 slices

Tomatoes

V2 can

Cheese (if desired)

2 tablespo(

Celery

1 stalk

Boil the meat until well cooked. The broth
may be used for soup.
Then chop up the meat fine and mix in with
it the finely chopped parsley, the onion, eggs,
and cheese, and make into balls the size of an
egg, standing them lengthwise. Dip into the
finely crushed crackers and eggs and fry in
plenty of hot butter.
Serve hot, with tomato sauce and green
peas.

160 Sa'rian Recipes
"Head of the Bird"
Lean steak 1 pound
Parsley 1 bunch
Tomatoes % can
Rice V2 pound
Salt and Pepper to taste
Chop all and mix well together, and make
into small balls. Fry in butter about 8 min
utes. Then pick over and wash V2 pound rice and
boil in water about 30 minutes, or long enough
to make soup. Add V2 can of strained tomatoes,
boil until the rice is cooked and then add the
meat balls. Serve hot.
Meat with Vinegar
Meat, lean 2 pounds
Onions 12, small
Garlic (if desired) 1 head
Vinegar 1-3 cup
Salt and Pepper to taste
Cut the meat in walnut sizes or a little larger
and fry in butter, then place aside, and in the
same pan fry the small whole onions. When

Syrian Recipes 161
brown add the finely chopped garlic and fry to
gether. Then place the meat in the kettle and pour
the onions and garlic and vinegar over it and
let boil about five minutes, then add enough
water for sauce, and let boil. Serve hot, with
mashed potatoes or rice.
Asparagus with Meat
Lamb 1 pound
Broth (or water) 2 cups
Asparagus 1% bunch, large
Onions 2, medium
Eggs 2
Lemons 2
Salt and Pepper to taste
Fry small pieces of meat in its own fat with
the finely chopped onions, until the onions are
a light brown. Boil the asparagus for 10 min
utes, then strain and add the fried meat. Sea
son to taste, and add the broth, then boil until.
the meat is tender. Serve with white sauce,
or make dressing of the beaten egg and lemon
juice. A little broth may be worked into the
dressing.

162 Syrian Recipes
Fried Lambs' Brains
Brains 1 pound
Eggs 3
Crackers, crushed 8
Lemon %
Salt to taste
Boil the brains for ten to fifteen minutes, put
ting in the juice of half a lemon, then slice and
dip first into eggs and then cracker crumbs,
seasoned with salt. Fry on both sides in hot
butter. Serve with parsley and olives.
Cabbage with Meat
Lamb or beef fat 2 pounds
Cabbage 4 pounds
Onions 2, medium
Water 4 cups
Lemons 2
Salt and Pepper to taste
Cut the meat up into walnut-sized pieces and
fry. Cut the cabbage a little larger. Chop the
onion coarsely. Alternate layers of each in a
dish, add the water, and boil until tender, over
a moderate fire. Add lemon juice when nearly
done or serve with lemon juice.

Syrian Recipes 163
Dandelions with Meat
Dandelions 1 peck
Lamb or Mutton 1 pound
Onions 2, medium
Water 4 cups
Lemon 1%
Salt and Pepper to taste
Boil and strain the dandelions. Cut the meat,
dandelions and onions into coarse pieces. Fry
the meat in its own fat with the onions until
they are a light brown, or use oil and more
onions. Mix with the dandelions, season, and
add the water, then boil over a moderate fire
until the meat is tender. When nearly done add
the juice of the lemons. Serve hot.
Roasted Chicken
Chicken 1
Flour 1 tablespoon
Butter 6 ounces
Salt and Pepper to taste
Clean the chicken and wash it well. Rub
with butter and then put it into a moderately
hot oven in a deep pan, putting with it a small
onion and a cinnamon stick. Bake until brown.

164 Syrian Recipes
then take out and make a gravy of the grease
from the chicken, as follows: Mix in the flour
and let it brown, then add about one cup of
water, stirring constantly.
Put the chicken back in and add about 2 cups
more of water if it is a young chicken; three
cups if it is old. Leave in the oven until done.
Serve hot, with peas added to the gravy.
Boneless Chicken
As soon as it is killed clean the chicken well
but do not put it in water. Cut to the bone the
whole length of the back, then lay back the
meat off to the wings on each side and with one
hand separate the meat from the bones. Then
wash well and stuff with dressing. After it
is stuffed press it under something heavy, and
bake. Salt and pepper to taste.
Fried Eggs with Onions
Eggs 6
Onions 6
Tomatoes 6
Butter 2 tablespoons
Cinnamon 2 pinches
Salt and Pepper to taste
Slice the onions, not too thin, and fry in the

Syrian Recipes 165
butter until light brown, then pour over them
the tomatoes, peeled, boiled and strained, and
let boil about fifteen minutes over a moderate
fire. Half a can of tomatoes may be used.
Have the eggs ready and fry them in the pan
with the tomatoes and onions. Season to taste
and while the eggs are frying stir them with a.
spoon, not breaking the yolks.
Serve hot, and garnish the plate with lettuce.
Fried Eggs with Summer Squash
Eggs 6
Squash 6, small
Onion 1, large
Butter 3 tablespoons
Cinnamon 2 pinches
Salt and Pepper to taste
Peel the squash, wash and cut up into %-inch
pieces. Cut up the onion and fry in the butter
and when light brown add the squash and stir
together. Let cook about twenty minutes on a
moderate fire. Have the eggs ready and fry
them with the squash. Keep stirring. Season
to taste.
Serve hot with lemon juice.

166

Syriai^

r Recipes

Tomato Salad

TomatoesOnions
Pepper
ParsleyVinegar Olive Oil

6
2, medium
1, green
1 bunch
4 tablespo
2 tablespo

Salt and Pepper to taste
Slice the onions thin and slice the tomatoes
over them, season to taste, and pour on the
vinegar and olive oil. One green pepper finely
chopped will add to the flavor. Prepare this
salad at least half an hour before the meal time.

Beet and Potato Salad

Beets

2 poimds

Potatoes

1 pound

Parsley

1 bunch

Mint

1 bunch, fine

Eggs, hard-boiled

4

Vinegar

% cup

Olive Oil

4 tablespoons

Onions ¦

1, smaU

Salt and Pepper to taste

W ash the beets well,

and put on to boil. 'When

Syrian Recipes

167

half done put in the well washed potatoes and
boil together until done. Then pare and slice
all fine, put into a salad plate, and mix with
them the finely chopped parsley and onions.
Pour over them the vinegar and olive oil, mix
ing all well together, and over them place
the sliced hard-boiled eggs.

Salad of Greens

Cucumbers

1, medium

Celery
Lettuce

5 or 6 stalks
V2 head

Radishes

1 bunch

Parsley Tomatoes

1 bunch
3 or 4

Green Peppers (sweet)
Vinegar Olive Oil

23 tablespoons
3 tablespoons

Salt and Pepper to taste
Cut the vegetables fine and season the cu
cumbers, celery, lettuce, radishes and green pep
pers with salt. Wash well and season again to
taste. Then stir the vinegar and olive oil well
together. Cut the parsley and tomatoes fine
and mix all together well.

168 .- Syrian Recipes '
Rice Pudding with Milk
Rice 1 cup
Milk 1 quart
Water 1 pint
Sugar 1 cup
Nuts, peeled V2 pound
Wash the rice well and put it aside. Put the
milk and water in a kettle to boil, and while
boiling add the rice and let it boil over a slow
fire until cooked. Add sugar and let it boil
about ten minutes longer. To give it a delicious
touch, add peeled almonds and walnuts, stirring-
it all the while. Corn Starch Pudding

Corn starch

1 cup

Sugar

IV2 cup
I^Iilk
1 quart
Water
1 pint
Almonds or
pine
nuts
V2 pound
Mix the starch and sugar together in a
kettle. Pour over the water and milk and stir
well, making sure that it is melted. Then put
on the stove over a moderate fire and keep
Syrian Recipes • 169
stirring until the pudding is well done. I'eel
the almonds and cut in two, and add to the
mixture, also five or six drops of rose water.
Serve cold, garnished with almonds. Whip
ped cream may also be used with this pudding.
Chicken Pudding

Breast of Chicken,

cooked

1

Rice Flour

2 cups

Sugar

IV2 cups
Milk
1 quart
Water
1 pint
Filbert Nuts,
peeled
1 pound
Almonds, peeled
1 pound
Walnuts, peeled
'^2 pound
Rose Water
10 drops
Put the water, milk, sugar and rice flour in
a kettle and stir over a slow fire until it boils.
When thick take from the stove and add the
chicken and finely chopped nuts, and stir them
well together. Then add the rose water.
Pour into a mould or into cups and serve
Avhen cold with cream.
170

Syrian Recipes

Turkish Coffee

Water Sugar
Roasted Coffee,
ground fine

6 small cups
4 teaspoons
4 teaspoons

Melt the sugar in the water and when hot
add the coffee, stirring it well into the water
for one minute. Place the pot again on the fire
and bring the coffee to a boil several times.
When serving, pour into small cups and sip
after the coffee is settled. This coffee may be
made in any kind of pot without a cover.
Flavor with five or six drops of Rose Water
if wanted.

Appendix
A NFAV PYCNODONT FISH, COELODUS
SYRIACUS, FROM THE CRETACEOUS
OF SYRIA
By L. Plussakof

Reprint from the Bulletin of the
AMERICAN MUSEUJkl OF NATURAL
HISTORY
Vol. XXXV, Art. XV, pp. 135-137

By permission of Mr. Hussakof, Curator of Ichthyology

Appendix
A NEW PVONODONT FISH, COELODUS SVRI.\(.'US,
FROM THE CKETACEOUS OP SYRIA
By L. Hussakof
A doutul plate of a pycnodont fish was recently sent to me
for examination by Mr. George Haddad of Rutland, Vt.
Ho collected it while on a visit to Syria, two years ago, at
a place about -eighteen miles southeast of the city of Bey-
rout. The specimen is a right splenial in almost perfect
lircsorvntion. It seems originally to have been embedded
in ci small limestone concretion, but had weathered out so
completely that only a very little of the rock clings to the
oral fa.ce and around tho margins; the underside is entirely
free. The occurrence of the specimen in limestone, taken in con-
Junction with what we know of the geology of Syria, indi
cates that it is of Cretaceous age. It represents a new
species of Coelodus, which may be described as follows:

Coelodus syriacus n. sp.
A species known only by a large, right splenial dentition.
Teeth of principal series not quite three times as broad as
long, their anterior margins straight or only slightly concave.
This series separated from inner margin of the element by a
space equal to the width of a tooth in the posterior half, but
somewhat less than a tooth in the front half of the element.
Eisht teeth in the principal series; anteriormost about %
the width of tho hindmost. Two outer flanking series, their

174

Appendix

Fig. 1. Coelodus syriacus, n. sp. Type. Eight splenial
dentition, natural size.
combined width about % that of the principal series. Teeth
of inner flanking series transversely elongated, 1% times as
broad as long; those of outer series not elongated, triangu
lar or quadrate in form, with rounded angles. A single,
small, nearly circular, unworn tooth inside of the principal
series, placed opposite the space between the third and
fourth teeth of this series.
Teeth of principal series smooth, or with a scattering of
irregular indentations (perhaps due to wear). Teeth in the
other rows with a central depression from which crinklings

Appendix ]7j
radiate toward the margin; these markings more or less
obliterated, or entirely worn away, depending on the amount
of use. Measurements of the Type in Millimeters
Length of principal series, 8 teeth.. 63
Front tooth of principal series  12.5 wide by 6 long
Last tooth of principal series  20.5 wide by 8 . 5 long
Next-to-last tooth of principal series. . 20 wide by 7. 5 long
Last preserved tooth of inner flanking
series  10 wide by 7 long
Last preserved tooth of outermost
series  6.5 wide by 7 long
Width of both flanking series (hind
most teeth)  16.5
No species' of Coelodus has heretofore been described from
Syria, although the genus was known to "occur there since
it is stated by Woodward (Catal. Fossil Fishes Brit. Museum,
Pt. ITI, 258), that "An undescribed species of Coelodus is
represented by portions both of the upper and lower denti
tion from the Cretaceous near Beyrout, now in the Museum
of the Syrian Protestant College, Beyrout." It appears
probable that this is the same species as ia, here described.
The genus Coelodus ranges from the Upper Jurassic through
the Cretaceous and is represented in Europe, Asia and North
America. About 30 species are known. The present one
differs from all others by the wide separation of the princi
pal series of teeth from the inner margin of the splenial, and
by the proportions of width to length of the principal and
flanking series.
It is interesting to note that although the species clearly
belongs in the genus Coelodus, it none the less approaches
Anomoedus in some features, for instance, in the wide sep-

176 Appendix
aratiou of the principal series of teeth from the oral margin
of the splenial and in the great transverse elongation of
these teeth. Also, one of the anterior teeth in this series is
somewhat pointed and directed obliquely forward. All these
features go to connect tbe genus Coelodus with Anomoedus.
The type and only known specimen is in the possession of
Mr. George Haddad of Eutland, Vt., to whom I am greatly
indebted for the privilege of studying it. A carefully made
cast of it is in the American Museum of Natural History.

List of Subscribers

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

EUTLAND
Abraham, Wm.
Adams, Henry E.
Aitken, Annie
Allen, C. E.
Anthony, D. J.
Bacon, Arthur
Badlam, G. E. L.
Bain, H. J.
Baldwin, L. H.
Baldwin, Marie
Ballou, Ella M.
Baraby, Mrs. Ed.
Barker, Frank
Barney, J. A.
Bellerose, Dr. A. H.
Berwick Hotel (A. J. B.)
Billings, Seymour
Bishop, Mrs. A. S.
Bishop, Libby
Boyden, Chas. E.
Boyle, Mrs. T. A.
Bostroni, Vera
Bove, Louis
Bove, P.
Bracken & Co., B. C.
Bradford, Rev. Arthur H.

Brehmer, L. F.
Briggs, C. J.
Brigham, L. B.
Brislin, H. E.
Brislin, J. W.
Brock, S. A.
Brohan, P. A.
Brown, Mrs. Ernest
Brown, J. E.
Brown, Rev. J. M.
Bucklin, G. A.
Burbank, W. F.
Burnham, F. H.
Bush, G. E.
Butler, Anna L.
Cahee House Furnishing Co.
Carbine, John J.
Carpenter, H. B.
Carpenter, H. O.
Carrick, H.
Carroll, Agnes M.
Carroll, W. E.
Casavaw, Geo. H.
Caverly, Dr. C. S.
Chaffee, Newman K.
Chalmers, G. E.
Chapman, F. H.

180

Appendix

Clement, H. W.
Clifford, J. P.
Congdon, H. W.
Coniff, F.
Conlin, Louise
Cook, M. W.
Coolidge, A. G.
Cootey, Dr. T. A.
Costello, Geo.
Costello, J. F.
Courcelle, A. J.
Cowen, Guy
Cragiu, Stephen
Crosta, Dominiek
Crowley, Nora E.
Crowther, L. A.
Curtis, W. H.
Cutler, G. H.
Dana, Edw.
Davis, Will L.
Denning, Hugh
Dodge, A. G.
Dodge, Hiram F.
Donahue, G. W.
Dorion, H. J.
Dorsey, J. S.
Duffy, W. F.
Dugan, J. H.
Dugan, M.
Dunn, F. J.
Dunn, J. C.
Dunn, John

Dunn, Wm. H.
Durkee, H. C.
Dyer, H. Edward
Eastman, H. N.
Eddy, C. F.
Emery, A. W.
EversoD, A. H.
Face, Eev. E. D.
Farnsworth, A. W,
Farrar, H. C.
Farren, Steve C.
Fenn, Frederick
Fenton, W. S.
Field, Fred A.
Field, Henry F.
Fish, Leland H.
Flory, N. C.
Foley, Gertrude A.
Foley, M. J.
Foss, E. E.
Foye, C. W.
Francisco, I. H.
Frank, Samuel
Frost, 0. S.
Gage, J. E.
Gale, Dr. C. A.
Gardner, A. J.
Gebhardt, Dr. F. H.
Gibson, A. "C.
Gibson, C. L.

Appendix

181

Gibson, G. L.
Girard, P. F.
Gleason, C. L.
Gleason, W. 0.
Gorton, A. W.
Grandey, Mrs. L. 11.
Grimes, J. H.
Grimm, Nella M.
Grover, A. C.
Hamilton, J. M.
Harrigan, W. J.
Harris, C. P.
Hart, P. H.
Heath, D. N.
Heidel, Dr. L. A.
Hickey, J. J.
Higgins, Mrs. A. W.
Hinchey, P. N.
Hinckley, H. C.
Hinsman, C. B.
Hoadley, J. E.
Hoag, H. L.
Holleran, Bridget
Horan, Thos.
Horton, E. H.
Houghton, L. S.
Howe, Chas. L.
Howe, Mrs. H. H.
Howley, W. B.
Hoy, .Josie A.
JCubbard, A. J.
Hyland, G. B.

Jerry Bros. & Dean
Johnson, Louis
Joly, L. O.
Jones, J. C.
Jones & King
Kelley, P. J.
Kelly, Anna
Kennedy, M. Jean
Kerrigan, J. W.
Kershaw, W. H.
Ketcham, S. L.
Kinsella, Clifford & Co.
Kinsella, Henry
Kinsman, W. R.
Knight, Fred
La Bombard, Emma
Lalor, J. H.
Lanahan, J. E.
Landon, C. H.
LaEocke, P.
Lassor, G. E.
Lavery, H. E.
Lillie, D. A.
Lillis, J. A.
Liqued, Harry W.
Lloyd, Wm. J.
Locke, D. B.
Loukes, M. H.

an, T. P.
Mangini, M. A.

182

Appendix

Manning, Edw.
Mansell, E. S.
Marshall, Dr. G. G.
Martin, D. C.
Matthews, C. A.
McCarthy, F. A.
McCavet, Cecilia P.
McClallen, E. G.
MeCue, D. J. & Co.
McHugh, B. H.
McKay, T. W.
McMaster, Geo. J.
Meldon, P. M.
Meleady, Agnes
Mercure, Arsene
Merriam, Mrs. E. N.
Metzger Bros.
Miller, I.
Miner, L. A.
Mintzer, Jos.
Monahan, Julia
Moore, A. C.
Morris, B. J.
Morse, Chas. E.
Morse, J. J.
Moulton, Leon 6.
Moulton, Leslie
;\Iurdick, Clarence
Nichols, W. W.
Nicklaw, N. J.
Novak, A. J.
Novak, Chas. E.

Nutting, Mrs. A. S.
O'Brien, E. H.
0 'Brien, Jas.
Ostiguy, N. D.
Paige, E. C.
Parker, Henry S.
Patch, F. E.
Pennington, G. W.
Phillips, Laura B.
Pierce, A. H.
Piatt, Fred S.
Pocket, Mirs. Carl
Pond, Dr. E. M.
Ponlin, C. V.
Powers, W. E.
Proulx, Eev. N.
Purdy, C. E.
Reardon, J. A.
Eeed, A. S.
Eemington, F. H.
Eeynolds, Eev. Jos.
Eichmond, R. L.
Eobinson, C. D.
Eobinson, F. W.
Boss, C. E.
Eoss, Lena C.
Eowe, H. A.
Eoyee, Pauline M.
Russell, H. L.
Eutland Free Library

Appendix

183

Eyan, J. H.
Sails, H. E. C.
Sawyer, M. S.
Scofield, Mary L.
Scott, A. H.
S(;ott, Walter J.
Sear, E. P.
Seeley, Delia L.
Segale, Joe
Simpson, C. A.
Sisters of St. Joseph
Smith, A. H.
Smith, H. H.
Smith, Dr. Ray E.
Smith, Rita
Smith, W. S.
Spaulding, G. M.
Spaulding, E. C.
Spaulding, W. H.
Spencer, C. W.
Spencer, F. G.
Stafford, B. L.
Stafford, W. K.
Stearns, J. B.
Sterns, A. E.
Stewart, A.
Stickney, B. H.
Stickney, Dr. W. W.
Stoddard, Mrs. M. O.
Sullivan, J. D.
Tarbell, G. W.
Tarbox, C. F.

Terrill, W. S.
Thomson, Dr. J. E.
Tiernan, Chas. M.
Toohey, T. E.
Toomey, Chas. E.
Toomey, M. J.
Tossing, A. D.
Townsend, Dr. W. W.
Tracy, Francis
Train, Mrs. Nettie
Tuttle, Berenice E.
Tuttle, Chas. E.
Vaughau, F. L.
"\'italiano, Guy T.
Vittum, A. W.
Way, H. S.
Webber, M. C.
Weinle, C. W.
'W:elch, J. E.
Wellwood, J. A.
Wellwood, J. G.
West, C. H.
Whalen, Harry M.
Whay, Wm. H.
White, C. E.
V/hite, Frank D.
Whittier, H. B.
Willis, 0. F.
Wilson, P. M.
Wolk, Hyman H.
Woodfin, J. N.
Woods, Carter E.

184

Appendix

OUT OP TOWN
Albany, N. Y.
Van Loon, Geo. E.
Ausable Forks, N. Y.
Avery, L. J. L.
Eogers, Mrs. Henry G:
Eogers, Mrs. Jas.
Barre, Vt.
Fitts, Homer
Bellows Falls, Vt.
Codding, Burt A.
Foley, Edw. J.
Slattery, Mollie A.
Whitcomb, E. L.
Wolfe, Mollie C.
Brandon, Vt.
Brandon Inn
Hethrington, Ernest P.
Merritt, Burt
Nutting, W. D.
Eay, C. E.
Viens, L. E.
Young, Mrs. 6. H.
Burlington, Vt.
Adams, E. L.
Clay, H. V.
Collins, H. J.

East, Wm.
Hall, W. P.
Lynch, J. N.
Warner, A. P.
Concord, N. H.
Fitch, Mrs. A. 1'.
Port Edward, N. Y.
Barnard, Geo. P.
Durkee, W. L.
Glens Falls, N. Y.
Dwyer, Mrs. M. C.
Goodwin, Geo. E.
Lawler, Loretta
McCauley, John
Taylor, Geo. M.
Granville, N. T.
Copps, E. M.
Douglas, H. B.
Jeffersonville, N. Y.
Randall, G. F.
Keeseville, N. Y.
Baillargeon, Mrs. J. S.
Boynton, Kellogg
Callanan, Mrs. M. J.
Kingsland, Mrs. G. N.
Prescott, Mrs. C. H.
Prime, Mrs. P. M.

Appendix

185

Eivers, Alice
Romeyn, E. K.
Severance, Dr. K. J.
Shields, A. W.
Tindale, Wm. N.
Wheeler, Anna
Manchester, Vt.
Murphy, Clarence J-
Middlebury, Vt.
Beckwith, F. W.
Dyer, J. K.
Higgins, John
Morrisville, Vt.
Cheney, Thos. C.
Drowne, G. P.
Kelley, J. M.
01m stead, Erwin H.
Powers, Geo. M.
Reynolds, B. E.
Slayton, A. H.
Slayton, H. A,
Thayer, F. O.
Nashua, N. H.
Messier, Blanche 11.
Speare-Whitcomb Tucker, Jas. H. S.

Newport, N. H.
Byron, T. P.

Chandler, F. I.
Lewis, G. E.
Lewis, Sam D.
Quimby, H. W.
Washburn, P. H.
Newport, Vt.
Camp, Tom C.
Lane, H. E.
Sisco, P. H.
Tinkham, T. S.
New York City
Hussakof, L.
Plattsburgh, N. Y.
Callanan, Mrs. D. M.
Carpenter, A. N.
Clark, E. J.
Hagar, P. N.
Hitchcock, H. C.
Johnson, Corydon S.
Nash, J. L.
Sennum, A. J.
Port Henry, N. Y.
Carpenter, C. L.
Copeland, G. M.
Marshall, Bert W.
Merrihew, ' G. C.
Eich, D. A.
Some, N. Y.
Makin, John K.

186

Appendix

St. Johnsbury, Vt.
Berry-Ball Co.
Brigham, .S. K.
Daniels, L. J.
Dunnett, Alexander
Ford, Howard A.
LeMear, Sarah B.
McPhetter, L. A.
Merritt, G. A.
Moor, H. E.
Pope, Fred H.
Porter, Phoebe J.
Smith, Grove C.
Way, C. H.
Saratoga, N. Y.
Baumgartner, Jos. F.
Carr, Geo. D.
Dowd, S. L.
Norton, L. A.
Zelikofsky, Louis
Springfield, Vt.
Cary, Mabel L.
Fushey, H. E.
Hart, Mrs. John !£.
Houghton, A. M.
McCarthy, G. M.
Sargent, John G.
Turro, Charles
Wilcomb, R. M.
Young, Abbie H.

Stowe, Vt.
McMahon, H. C.
Waterbury, Vt.
Davis, W. P.
Westport, N. Y.
Lasher, W. Jos.
West Eutland, Vt.
Leonard, S. J.
Whitehall, N. Y.
Andrews, A. M.
Eich, Henry J.
Shayne, Howard

White Eiver Junction, Vt.
Baker, Jane A.
Barron, Mrs. Alice
Hanson, H. L.
Leonard, C. H.
Perrin, D. A.
Williamstown, Mass.
McCarthy, D. J.
Teague, H. N.
Treadway, L. G.
Windsor, Vt.
Brown & Fowle

Appendix

187

Hall, Mrs. L. M.
Phillips, A. Fullerton
Woodstock, Vt.
Ashley, Mr. & Mrs. E. P.
Bridgman, John J.
Buckman, Elba A.
Chapman, C. P.
Chapman, P.
Costello, J. J.
Emmons, A. B.
Fuller, J. W.
Purber, C. H.
Gilman, E. W.
Gobie, Ector P.
Harrigan, T. M.
Howes, E. B.
Mackenzie, P. S.

Maillet, Eev. H. J.
Martin, Mrs. Ella P.
Nutting, E. E.
Perkins, Harold E.
Smith, F. W. B.
Sullivan, W. D.
Thomas, Leroy E.
Wardwell, Mrs. E. F.
Welch, John
Wilder, P. W.
Woods, Eobert P.
Woodstock Inn
Woodsville, N. H.
Pox, Ceylon A.
Greene, Fred W.
Sargent, E. A.

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 9002 01436 2256

¦¦* 1

r. I