il Ii i it I 11 l:!i : !.: Iii I l:\ ¦iaoks for the. founding of a C i e ILIII31KAIIW • x933 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY CALIFORNIA WITH Biographical Sketches \ \ OF The Leading Men and Women of the County Who Have Been Identified With Its Growth and Development From the Early Days to the Present HISTORY BY EUGENE T. SAWYER ILLUSTRATED COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME HISTORIC RECORD COMPANY LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 1922 CONTENTS CHAPTER I— PAGE 33 Unrivaled Climate and Situation — Origin of Name — Early Inhabitants — Story of the Early Days — Founding of the Missions — Father Junipero Serra — Father Pena — Founding of San Jose — Father Maguire de Catala Plants Trees on Alameda — Mission of Santa Clara — Secu larization of Missions — Life on the Early Ranchos — The Rodeo — The Matanza — Early Government — Some Grotesque Religious Ceremonies — Bull and Bear Fights — First Ameri can Settlers — The Donner Party. CHAPTER II— PAGE 46 Santa Clara County During the Mexican Rule — The Adventures of Captain Fremont — Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo — Raising the Bear Flag — Proclamation of General Jose Castro. War with Mexico Declared— Proclamation of Commodore Sloat — Capt. Charles M. Weber. Juzgado Transformed into Barracks — Battle of Santa Clara — Captain Thomas Fallon Raises First American Flag — Gold is Discovered — Reminiscences of the Days of '49 — Kill ing of Young Pyle — Local Government — Early Merchants and Buildings of San Jose — Grandma Bascom's Story. CHAPTER III— PAGE 61 Military Rule — Constitutional Convention — San Jose as Capital of the State — First Legisla ture Convenes — Removal ,of Capital — First July 4th Celebration — Boundaries of Santa Clara County — County Government — Court of Sessions — Land Grants and Suertes — San Jose Land Company — Settlers' Leagues Defend Titles — A Trumped-Up Robbery of Pub lic Treasury — List of Spanish and Mexican Land Grants. CHAPTER IV— PAGE 71 Courts of First Instance — The Early Bar of San Jose — Alcalde Burton's Common Sense — Mule Appears as Witness — District, County and Justice Courts Supersede Courts of Alcalde and First Instance — Judge Watson's Informal Handling of Cases — Eccentricities of Judge Redman — The Lord of Hardscrabble — The First Court House — Judge Almond's Demi john — Strange Career of Rufus A. Lockwood — Freeman McKinney — The Irrepressible J. Alexander Yoell— Judge Buckner's Quaint Ways of Dispensing Justice — High Stand ing of Judge Hester — W. Frank Stewart — Change in Court System — Tribute to Judge Belden. CHAPTER V— PAGE 85 Topography and Geology — The New Almaden Mines — Crime in the Early Days — Outlaws Terrorize the County — Exciting Career of Francisco Soto — Augustin C. Hall Mur dered — Santiago Berryessa Kills Pedro Aravena — Francisco Berryessa Stabbed — Mur der of Joseph Pellegrini — Juan Jose Rodriguez Killed — Mary Hallock Foote's Mining Camp Stories — Guadalupe Quicksilver Mine — Enrequita Mine — Mineral Springs of the County — The Oil Development. CHAPTER VI— PAGE 92 Society Events in the Fifties, Sixties and Seventies — Reminiscences of Pioneer Women — Mrs. Mary A. Carroll's Interesting Record — Mrs. Frances A. Sunol-Angus Writes of Early Society — Joseph H. Scull Tells of Festivities — Entertaining Account of San Jose Society by Mrs. S. O. Houghton — Recollections of Dr. Chamblin — Charles G. Ames Bests Judge William T. Wallace in Oratorical Combat — Opening of Hotel Vendome — Distinguished Visitors. $ CHAPTER VII— PAGE 101 Passing of Old Landmarks of San Jose — Fair Grounds — Live Oak Park and Prevost's Gar dens — Old Court House — Duel Between Thomas -Shore and S. J. Crosby — Killing of Jailer Martin Roohan — John Marr Escapes From Jail After Killing Peter Veuve — Jailer Hen dricks Killed When Indians Break Jail — Killing of William Cooper — Harry Love Slain — Old Residential Landmarks — Naglee, Hensley and Josiah Belden Homes. CONTENTS CHAPTER VIII— PAGE 108 Newspapers in the Early Days — San Jose Weekly Visitor — Daily Mercury — J. J. Owen a Striking Figure — His Encounter With Montgomery Maze — Charles M. Shortridge — The Daily Times— The Tribune— The Herald— E. A. and J. O. Hayes— W. Frank Stewart and the Daily Reporter — Mark Twain — The Courier — W. A. January and the Santa Clara Argus- — History of Henry C. Hansbrough — Chester H. Hull — Daily Garden City Times Started by Edwin Markham, S. H. Herring, Perryman Page and E. T. Sawyer — A. P. Murgotten and The Pioneer — Daily Morning Times — H. A. De Lacy Establishes City Item, Now the Evening Times — Charles W. Williams — The Santa Clara Valley Started by Major Foote — His Exciting Experience with a Delegation of Cornish- men— John T. Wallace and E. T. Sawyer Start the Scooper— W. W. Elliott, Editor of the Santa Clara Index — His Experience as a Court Reporter — Allen P. Kelly, Editor of the San Jose Herald, Captures Grizzly Bear — Other Newspapers. CHAPTER IX— PAGE 118 Early Days of Drama in San Jose — James Stark Establishes First Theater — Samuel W. Piercy Makes His First Appearance There — Name Changed to San Jose Theater — Gustav Bro- haska Converts Armory Hall Into San Jose Opera House — Eleanor Calhoun, Now Princess Lazarovich, Makes First Appearance on Stage in E. T. Sawyer's Loyal Hearts with John T. Malone and H. A. De Lacy — California Theater Had Many Notable Stars — Audito rium, Later the Garden City Theater— Victory Theater — The Hippodrome — T. & D. The ater — Lyric Theater — Jose Theater — Liberty Theater — First Amateur Dramatic Com pany — John W. Dunne — Frank Bacon — John T. Malone — Charles W. Williams — John T. Raymond, California's Star Comedian — Some of the Old-Time Minstrels — Charley Rhoades. CHAPTER X— PAGE 126 Distinguished Visitors to San Jose and the Santa Clara Valleyi — Political Orators— George Francis Train — Henry George Unmasks a Mysterious Spook — Bret Hart — Mark Twain — ¦ President Harrison's Visit — General Grant Receives Ovation — Lecturers from the East and from Over the Sea — General Fremont Is Guest of Santa Clara County Pioneers — Ned Buntline's Adventurous Career. CHAPTER XI— PAGE 132 Santa Clara County During the Civil War — San Jose Volunteers — Many Companies Formedi — Band of Confederate Sympathizers Rob Stages to Obtain Money for Cause — Ingraham Gang — Methodist Church Burned — Dick Baker Gang — Excitement Over Death of Lincoln. CHAPTER XII— PAGE 135 The Fruit Industry of County — Largest Prune Producing Section in State — History of the Development — Introduction of French Prune — Early Orchardists — The First Can nery — Lyman Burrell Has First Mountain Orchard — Dr. J. M. Dawson Pioneer Fruit Canner and Packer — Other Packing Companies — Strawberry Section — Annual Orchard Production — Vineyards and Olive Orchards — Seed Growing Carried on Extensively — ¦ Citrus Fruits — Farm Loan Association — Vegetable, Poultry Raising and Dairying, Impor tant Industries — Artesian Wells Supply Water for Irrigation — Growers' Organiza- tions — Santa Clara County Statistics. CHAPTER XIII— PAGE 145 County Government and Good Roads — Transportation of Passengers in Early Days — Water Transportation — History of Various Important Road and Railway Enterprises — First Railroad Completed — Western Pacific — Narrow Gauge Railroad. CHAPTER XIV— PAGE 152 Public Buildings of the County — Many Locations of the County Court House — Changes Made by the Legislature — Present Court House a Splendid Building— Futile Attempt to Regain State Capital- — New County Jail — Hall of Records — Hall of Justice — County Hos pital — County Poor Farm. CONTENTS CHAPTER XV— PAGE 156 The Resources and Attractions of San Jose, the Garden City of California — Soil, Climate, Production and Opportunity— What a Man from the East Learned from an Old Resident. CHAPTER XVI— PAGE 162 San Jose Incorporated as City — Organization of Political Parties — First Gas Lights — Water Pipes Laid — Horse Railway on Alameda — Severe Earthquake in 1868 — Disastrous Floods — Story of Tiburcio Vasquez, Noted Bandit — Street Railroad — John C. Arnold Figures in Remarkable Case of Mistaken Identity — Dick Fellows, Lone Highwayman, Escapes from Constable — Brutal Murder at Los Gatos — W. P. Renowden Tortured and Killed — Lloyd L. Majors Hung for His Murder — Bond Issue of 1886 — New City Charter Defeated — The Dixon-Allen Trial — Electric Tower Erected— Chinatown Destroyed by Fire — Mexican Hanged by Mob — Charles Goslaw Meets Death on Scaffold — Disastrous Fire of 1892 — Henry Planz Murdered — Sextuple Murder — New Charter Adopted — Earth quake of 1906 — Commission Form of Government Adopted — Mayors of San Jose. CHAPTER XVII— PAGE 175 San Jose and Santa Clara Activities During the World War — Liberty Loan, Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Belgian Relief and Other Drives — The Men and Women Who Did the Work. CHAPTER XVIII— PAGE 194 History of the Lick Observatory on the Summit of Mount Hamilton — The Eccentricities of James Lick, the Philanthropist — Erection of the Lick Mill — The Lick Hotel at San Fran cisco — What He Did for San Jose. CHAPTER XIX— PAGE 202 The Story of Alum Rock Park, San Jose's Beautiful Reservation of One Thousand Acres — Judge Richards' Description of Its Beauties and Attractions — The Claim of J. O. Stratton. CHAPTER XX— PAGE 206 The Attractions of the Big Basin, or California Redwood Park — How It Was Preserved by the Efforts of a San Josean — The Sempervirens Club — The Annual Forest Play in a Natural Setting. CHAPTER XXI— PAGE 210 The Public and Private Schools of San Jose — The Growth of the High School Constructed on University Plan — The State Teachers' College — College of Notre Dame — College of the Pacific — Other Institutions. CHAPTER XXII— PAGE 221 The Public Utilities of San Jose — The Early Service of the Gas and Electric Companies — The San Jose Water Company and Its Sure and Steady Progress — The Street Railways in and out of the City — The Post Office and Postmasters. CHAPTER XXIII— PAGE 227 San Jose Woman's Club — County Alliance — Newman Hall and Club — Sainte Claire Club — Columbia Circle, C. L. S. C. — Lecticonian Society — The Country Club — The Pioneers' Society — American Legion — Law Library and Bar Association — Housewives' League — Daughters of the American Revolution — Musical Clubs and Record — Y. W. C. A. — Club La France — Boy Scouts — Loyal Italo-American Club. CHAPTER XXIV— PAGE 239 San Jose Board of Trade — San Jose Chamber of Commerce — Merchants Association — Rotary and Lions Clubs— Civic Welfare Club— The 100 Per Cent Club— Labor Organiza tions — Commercial Club — Pen Women Branch — The Plotwrights — The Western Aero Club. CONTENTS CHAPTER XXV— PAGE 245 Associated Charities — Good Cheer Club — Home of Benevolence — The Odd Fellows Home — The Pratt Home — Notre Dame Institute — The Salvation Army and Volunteers of Amer ica — The Story of Old Bob Bennett — Juvenile Court and Probation Office — The Coffee Club — The Woman's Exchange — Humane Societies — Y. M. C. A. ¦ — Boys' Outing Farm — Red Cross Society — W. C. T. U.- — Community Shop — Fraternal Orders. CHAPTER XXVI— PAGE 255 The Sanitariums and Hospitals of San Jose — The Splendid Appointments of the O'Connor Buildings — Columbia Hospital — Santa Clara Medical Society — Dr. Ben Cory. CHAPTER XXVII— PAGE 258 The History of San Jose Fire Department — Primitive Appurtenances of the Early Days — Vol unteer Department for Twenty-Six Years — The Police Department's Growth and Work. CHAPTER XXVIII— PAGE 262 The Early Churches of San Jose and Their Vicissitudes — History of the San Jose Library — Its Growth from Small Beginnings — The County Free Library — The Carnegie Library. CHAPTER XXIX— PAGE 266 The Santa Clara Historical Society and Its Objects — Spanish Names for Natural Objects — The Interesting Career of Judge Augustus O. Rhodes, a Nonogenarian. CHAPTER XXX— PAGE 270 The Banks and Industries of San Jose — Bank of Italy — A Daring Robbery — Garden City Bank and Trust Company — Security State and Savings Bank — First National Bank — Growers Bank — San Jose Foundry — Bean Spray Company — Anderson-Barngrover Company — Smith Manufacturing Company — Sperry Flour Company — Globe Mills — American Can Company — Security Warehouse and Cold Storage Company — Garden City Manufactory — Tile Company — Spray Manufacturing Company — Artificial Leather Company — Wholesale Grocers — The Oliver Company — National Axle Corporation — Plow Factories — Farmers Union — Granite and Marble Works. CPIAPTER XXXI— PAGE 277 The Romantic History of the Town of Santa Clara — Home of One of the Early Missions — The Story of Santa Clara University — Planting of the Mission Cross — Marcello, the Last of the Mission Indians. CHAPTER XXXII— PAGE 284 Palo Alto and Leland Stanford, Jr., University — The Rapid Growth of One of the Progressive Towns of Santa Clara County — The Location and Uses of a Great Educational Institution. CHAPTER XXXIII— PAGE 289 Los Gatos, the Gem City of the Foothills and Its Environs — The Gateway of the Valley — Gil- roy, the Thriving Little City at the Southern End of the County. CHAPTER XXXIV— PAGE 294 Other Growing Towns of Santa Clara County — Sunnyvale- — Change from Grain Field to Thriving Community — Campbell — Cupertino — AMso- — Milpitas — Agnew — Saratoga — Los Altos — Evergreen — Mountain View — Mayfield — Morgan Hill — Tragic Encounter with a California Lion — Berryessa — Alma — Wrights Station — Ambrose Bierce's Life — Patchen — Mountain Charley's Adventures — Small Towns and Villages. CHAPTER XXXV— PAGE 306 Miscellaneous Items of Interest — Observations of a Weather Expert — Judge Belden and Mayor Pfister — An Auto Camp — Result of Presidential Elections in the County. CHAPTER XXXVI— PAGE 308 Federation of American Farmers — Last Relic of Santa Clara Mission — Census Figures — Dec orations Received by Santa Clara Boys in World War. INDEX Abel, George E 1102 Azevedo, J. E 1456 Beattie, J. Irving, M.D. . 495 Abel, Otto 1396 Azevedo, Manuel T 1578 Beatty, Charles L 1629 Abernathy, Frank 1080 Azzarello, Vincent 1337 Beatty, John F 1392 Abernathy, Wm. Watson 928 Babb james T 603 Beck, Thomas B 1316 Abreo, Joseph A 1650 Bachrodt, Walter 'i'.'.'.W 519 Beedle' Charles 1354 Adams, John Hicks 1055 Bacigalupi Arthur P 1209 Bellew, Joseph M 718 Adams, William H 1056 Bacon, Albert Syivester.' 1072 Bemis' Vernon \ 1425 Albertson, L. H 595 Bailey Elton R 892 Benjamin M. A 1285 Alderton, Henry A., M.D. 765 Baiocc'hi AdolphJ "mD 1257 Benner, Stillman H 1093 Alison, Ralston 1061 Baiocchi! Almanda! ...'..' 1664 Bennett, Ralph R 907 Allegrini, Igino 1296 Baker Herbert C. . 1209 Benoit, Eugene 1 1631 Allemao, Manuel J 1264 Baker' Tames T 1209 Benoit, Louis P 582 Allen, Charles S 1649 Baker' Lewis E 1211 Benson, Oscar 1603 Allen, John H 1250 Baker; Mrs_ Margaret ' j/ 680 Bentley, Robert I., Jr. . . . 901 Allen, W. A 1493 Baker, Orlando L 457 Bernal> Bruno 508 Allen, William Benjamin. 1348 Baker Simeon 823 Bernal, Pedro A 376 Alexander, George W. . . 582 Baker' T E 680 Bernal, Ygnacio 408 Alexander, William G. . . 316 Balcomb Tean B 1554 Bernthal, Walter G 1572 Alvernaz, Frank P 1444 Balistreri, Frank Oliver ! 1621 Berry' C- E 1192 Alves, Antone 1469 Bau Harry Ulysses 1595 Berry, Charles 1351 Anderson, A 1577 BalL' Martin Charles.' .'„ 1371 Berryessa, Alex 1379 Anderson, Hon. Alden. . . 796 Ballou Tohn O A 772 Berryessa, Jose J 1094 Anderson, A. Ray 546 Balsbaugh, Ephriam' '.'.'.'. 1002 Berryman, Fred 1680 Anderson, George C 664 Barbaccia Bros 1660 Bertelli, Angelo 1591 Anderson, George H 1150 Barber Lawrence E 883 Bertelsen, Bertel 1592 Anderson, John 1510 Bariteau Eli 1549 Beverson, Charles D.... 630 Anderson, John Zuinglius 783 Barkalow, Benjamin F. . . 1528 Biaggi, Alfred F 1628 Anderson, Steve 1159 Barker Frank P 1413 Biaggi, Fred 1628 Anderson, Theodore O. . . 866 Barker' Samuel A 1413 Biaggi, William' R. ... .'. 1666 Anderson, Tom D 1113 Barnard E E 1553 Billwiller, Ernest 0 1526 Anderson, William W... 1183 Barnes Harrv 1083 Bisceglia, Pasquale 1568 Andrada, Manuel 1317 Barnes' Mary F 1340 Blabon, Joseph W. D. . . 596 Anello, Frank 1384 Barn<^ Thomas J^^; im Blabon, Otis 1110 Angelo Jose C 114 Barns, Charles Edward. . 1111 BkbonWm Caspar. .. . 338 Anzim, Ben 12U4 Barnum Tonn S 1532 Black, John Newton.... 1514 Arana Melvin Joseph... 1303 Baron, August William: .' 1553 Blackford, Lillie 424 Arguello, Julio 599 Ban. c ^-^ A M g3g B adh Carl . 1673 Armanasco, James 1432 Barry> Mrs Catherine E_ 446 Blanch, John W. 730 Arnberg, J Jxi 5n Barr^ MrS" Mayme E" ¦ " 786 v^u *i w* ' ' "a ' ' ' ' i^5 Arnerich, Frank N 1311 Bate„ prarric r* ini? Blanchard, Hiram A.... 1202 Arnerich, Paul J 608 BateS;* Luther ^ JJ^ Blanchard, Thos. L, M.D. 1088 Arnold, Arthur E 972 Bartiett William C 1494 Bland, Henry M., Ph.D. . 479 Artana, Henry C 1649 Battee, John M. . 530 Bland, Wallace E 1518 Athenour, A., & Bros 1225 Bauman, John 1361 Blauer, William J 1340 Atkinson, Richard...... 940 Baumgartner Bros. ..... 1243 Blaurock, James Edwin. 1133 Austin, William E 1114 Bazata, Rev. Benjamin V 1290 Blois, J. Byron 986 Averill, Arthur Earl 1261 Beall, Lucian M 1591 Blount, Alvin M 508 Averill, Volney 861 Bean, James E 788 Bodley, Thomas 458 Ayer, Henry M 918 Bean, John 1460 Bogart, Arthur W 1266 Ayer, Samuel Freeman. . 867 Beane, Georgia M 346 Bogart, Sewall B 1317 Azevedo, Andre 1586 Beans, Thomas Ellard. . . 1362 Bohnett, Floyd 0 1403 Azevedo, Joseph C 1391 Beans, William Knox. . . 762 Bohnett, Joseph 848 INDEX Bohnett, Lewis Dan 1670 Burket, Mrs. Julia E 1249 Casley, James 663 Boisseranc, August 1270 Burkett, A. Kieffer 1134 Cassady, Sydney 1612 Bolfing, C. T 1652 Burkett, George P 825 Cassin, Charles M 1229 Bonar, Edgar P 1329 Burnett, David M . . . 342 Castello, John 1437 Bone, Joseph H 995 Burns, T. S 1626 Castilleja School 762 Bonetti, Henry 1278 Burrell, Frederick C 472 Castillou, James 1459 Bonnet, Adrien 1188 Burright, Charles L 1630 Castle, Arthur F 661 Bonnet, Gaston 1691 Burrows, Thomas J 1195 Castle, Mrs. California . . 479 Bonnet, Louis Joseph... 1550 Burton, Henry Heber. . . 1033 Castle, I. N 479 Booker, George E 1269 Butcher, Rolla 944 Castro, Crisanto 1380 Booth, Miss Etta E 1289 Butcher, Rolla, Sr 943 Caswell, Frank V 1202 Bordenave, Nicholas . . , . 1469 Button, Dr. W. H 1491 Catania, Henry 1391 Bordi, Baptiste 1470 Byrne, Garrett J 490 Cauhape, Victor 1315 Boulware, Milton A 341 Calanchini, Ermenegildo. 1670 Cavala, Paul L 1372 Bourguignon, Frank E. . 1006 Calcagno, Simone 1550 Cavallaro, Clifton D 1527 Boussy, Ferdinand 1688 Caldwell, Charles Henry. 1655 Cavallaro, John 851 Bowen, Fred 888 Caleb, Miles Monroe 665 Challen, Victor 1234 Boyd, James, D. V. S. . . . 644 Calkins, Geo. W 1347 Chambers, J. W 1666 Bradford, Alden E 1196 Call, George B 975 Chapin, Frank E 1039 Bradford, Mrs. Allis Callahan, Thomas J 1626 Chargin, Joseph A 1595 Kimball Ballou 972 Cambiano, Paul D 1518 Chase, Elmer E 844 Brandenburg, Harry E. . 1257 Cameron, Dr. David Paul 817 Chase, Foster Wooden. . 1118 Brandt, Charles 1066 Camp, John M 1459 Chase, Elmer E., Jr 1518 Braslan, Charles P 607 Camp, Wilbur Lee 629 Chrisman, Walter L 463 Brattan, Mrs. Catherine F 516 Campbell, Alexander D. . 678 Chrisman, William Henry 475 Bray, Mrs. Clara C 880 Campbell, Andrew J 1113 Christian, Charles W 603 Brazil, Manuel S 1408 Campbell, Carl 1007 Churchill, C. C 1692 Breitwieser, John J 1564 Campbell, David William 1137 Churnside, Thomas 1576 Bressani, Richard V 1448 Campbell, George 1414 Chynoweth, Mrs. Mary H. 334 Breton, J. Walter 1200 Campbell, James Henry. 795 Cilker, William Hamilton 1466 Bridgman, Roy W 550 Camps, Frank L 1577 Clark, C. H 1492 Brimsbn, Joseph Marion. 1604 Cantua, Joseph M 560 Clark, Charles 507 Brinkman, Fred H 1243 Cantua, Lenora -. 560 Clark, George Thomas.. 788 Britschgi, Jack E 1651 Cappa, Joseph 1669 Clark, John A., M. D. . . . 1431 Britton, Arthur T 1052 Cardoza, John F 1431 Clark, Jonas, M. D 935 Britton, Lewis H 1317 Cardoza, Tom 976 Clayton, James A 803 Britton, Robert 1318 Careaga, Mrs. Maria A. . 484 Clayton, Willis S 807 Broedel, Michael 624 Carlo, John R 873 Clearwaters, Reuben D. . 651 Brokenshire, John R 1388 Carlson, C. A 577 Clements, W. T 1191 Bronk, Manuel 1434 Carlson, Charles 0 1550 Clouser, Harry E 1378 Bronner, Clarence F. . . . 1612 Carlyle, James S 1199 Coates, Washington B.. 1015 Brooks, Joseph T 857 Carmelite Monastery 1429 Cochrane, Mrs. Aphelia F 756 Brosius, A. F 1233 Carmichael, Daniel 831 Cody, L R 658 Broughton, Lem 1629 Carmichael, Neil 827 Coe, Henry W 396 Brown, Albert S 1337 Carmichael, Mrs. Wm. H. 1008 Coe, Henry Willard 395 Brown, E. N 436 Carpenter, Dr. H. F 578 Coelho, Alexander Rose . 694 Brown, Judge Frederick Carper, Samuel H 1281 Collins, Rev. Richard. . . 1527 Benjamin 688 Carrey, Albert J 933 Colombet, Emily J 1108 Brown, George M 333 Carroll, Thomas A 453 Colt, William F 1522 Brown, James 1617 Carson, James S 837 Compton, Al 1648 Brown, Sewall S 1465 Casalegno, Thomas and Conant, Ernest W 847 Browne, Harry E 1627 Henriette Pellier 471 Conrotto, Anselmo 1627 Brownell, Prof. Elmer E. 767 Casaletto, Laurence G... 1211 Cook, Marion Virgil 1680 Bryant, Col. D. II 442 Casaucau, Michel 1429 Cooley, Charles P 964 Buckley, George Stephen 1282 Casaurang, Peterandjean 1157 Coombs, Frank W 737 Burdick, Charles L 1025 Casey, Jeremiah D 472 Cooper, Astley D. M 676 Burdick, George B 1517 Casey, Michael 416 Coopers, Edmond 852 INDEX Coopers, Joseph B 852 Davenport, Mervyn A. . . 1258 England, Beverly Allen. . Coopers, Louis P 852 Davison, Charles W 878 England, Gus A 1388 Cordes, Paul H. . ; 943 Dean, Charles 0 1588 Erickson, Andrew L 719 Cornell, F. E 486 De Carli, Louis Charles. 684 Ernst Brothers 1383 Corotto, John A 683 De Forest, Albert T 1191 Eschenburg, Rodney 383 Corpstein, Joseph T 1244 De Lacy, Hugh A 713 Esrey, John 964 Correa, Frank Silveira. . . 1447 Delmaestro, Edward 1165 Estrade, Mrs. Lizzie 1308 Costa, George M 1665 Delmue, Ernest 1239 Estrade, Prosper 1308 Costigan, John H 705 Delyon, Eugene 1159 Evans, Francis Marion. . 705 Costigan, Robert A 574 De Mattei, Michael 1363 Fahey, John H 581 Cottle, Ira 687 Denegri, Dismo M 1353 Fancher, Earle C 884 Cottle, Royal, Sr 411 De Silva, J. P 1550 Faria/J. S 1361 Cotton, George Douglas. 669 Desimone, Joseph S 1334 Farmers' & Merchants' Couch, Thomas 538 Devenpeck, Glenn A 1622 National Bank of Moun- Coulter, Major William A. 658 Devine, John James 526 tain View 843 Coupland, Wm. Richard. 1334 Devine, Joseph M 526 Farney, Edmund B 718 Covert, A. C 1263 Dickinson, John W 1432 Farnsworth, Ralph 1485 Cox, George W 673 Di Fiore, Angelo 901 Farrell, M 1395 Cox, Jacob Milan 800 Di Fiore, Domenico 1567 Farrell, Mrs. Maria 1030 Cox, John 838 Di Fiore, Frank 1154 Farwell, Franklin M 1199 Cox, Joseph Emory 955 Dinsmore, Dudley F 1245 Farwell, J. D 936 Cox, La Fayette 675 Dinsmore, John W., D.D., 1108 Fate, Harold L 1052 Cox, William 787 Distel, Edward Francis . . 902 Fatjo, Robert A 630 Crabb, Alexander L 697 Dodds, H. G 1377 Fellom, James Matthew. 496 Cramer, David Harold. . . 1052 Doerr, Charles 520 Fellom, John A., Sr 761 Cramer, Joseph L 1233 Doerr, Henry C 1119 Fellows, Edmund L 792 Crawford, Edward D 512 Doidge, Mrs. Elizabeth A. 1262 Fernald, Josephine M... 914 Crawford, James N 1174 Dornberger, Victor 670 Ferreira, Joe J 1443 Cribari, Fiore 1461 Dowling, Thomas M 1610 Ferrell, James 1079 Cribari, Paul A 1536 Draper, Wilbur H 1043 Fieger, George W 1505 Crippen, Carlton Carlyle. 1352 Du Brutz, Anthony G. . . 1239 Fiehmann, George J 1307 Cross, William J 1203 Dufour, Charles 1290 Filice, Gennaro 1609 Crow, Max J 923 Duncan, John F 1333 Finley, Mrs. Louise M. . 1263 Cunningham, E. ' M 652 Dunn, James T 1020 First National Bank of Cunningham, Joseph C. . 1249 Dunne, Mrs. Catherine. . 818 Los Altos 1188 Cunningham, Luther . . . 598 Dunne, Peter J 804' Fisher, Fiacro Julian. . . . 721 Curry, Benjamin 0 404 Dutton Brothers 694 Fisher, Henry B 1084 Curtis, George M 766 Eastman, Edward Ferry. 939 Fisher, Ida M 643 Curtis, Manly M 1308 Eaton, Ernest C. . , 677 Fitch. Harry H 1321 Curtner, Alan Eltzroth. . 932 Eaton, Louis 1465 Fitts, William L 633 Curtner, Albert H 1058 Eaton, Ralph W 1400 Fitzgerald, John P 1222 Curtner, Allen E 581 Eberhard Tanning Co. . . 533 Fitzgerald, Thomas 586 Curtner, Henry 423 Ebinger, Lewis B 1184 Fitzgerald, Walter G 586 Curtner, Lucy Latham. . 424 Economou, William N. . . 1582 Flindt, Homer Eon 1636 Curtner, William M 1120 Edwards, Henry William 1158 Flint, Benjamin and Cushing, Frank Allen ... 982 Edwards, Leonard P. . . . 1179 William R 504 Cuthbertson, Sidney M.. 1141 Ehrhorn, Adolph William 591 Foley, William Edward. 1105 Cutler, Charles W 684 Ellet, Alfred Washington 1093 Fontaine, Gaston R 1029 Cutter, John J 1180 Ellet, Charles 755 Forbes, James Alexander 878 Cutting, Charles D 1621 Ellet, Edward Carpenter. 746 Forbes, Judge James A. . 1554 Cutting, Dr. James A . . . . 826 Ellis, Edward F 931 Ford, Clifford M 1348 Da Cruz, Rev. M. A 1489 Ellis, James H 792 Forward, James W.. . . . . 1095 Daft, Joseph 1650 Ellis, John Edward 1285 Forward, Jas. Wesley . . . 874 Dahlgren, Andrew P 947 Ellis, Marion E. 1257 Foss, Mrs. Sarah A 442 Daly, Phillip 1160 Elmer, L. H 1117 Foster, Fred Lawrence. . I486 Darling, Salma 710 Elmer, Walter M 1212 Fourcade, Susanna W. . . 947 Darsie, William 752 Emery, Dr. Grenville C. . 525 Fouts, David P 1076 INDEX Francalanzo, Joseph 1407 Goodrick, Thomas A.... 1184 Harris, James William.. 729 Francis, Octave J 1125 Goodwin, C. B 1531 Harrub, Irving E 1630 Fredericks, Karl R 503 Goodwin, James A 1367 Hart, Alexander J 504 Free, Hon. Arthur M. . . . 880 Gordon, Harry V 1354 Hart, Leopold 323 Freelyn, Elias H 574 Gordon, Dr. William D.. 1543 Hart, Orville Benjamin. . 669 Freeman, Edgar H 796 Gosbey, Hon. Perley F. . 529 Hartley, W. W 545 Freeman, Lloyd E 836 Gould, James 948 Harton, Will Green 1058 Freitas, John Andrews . . 1396 Graeb, Walter A 1549 Harvey, Harriet Newell. 592 Freitas, John R 1524 Granander, K. J 1501 Hauk, John 917 French, Alden 1165 Gray, George A., M. D. . 1523 Haun, George J 718 French, Ernest A 1169 Greco, Anthony 1149 Hayes, Everis Anson . . . 320 French, John H 1524 Greco, Gaspare 1603 Hayes, Mrs. Everis A. . . 530 Frisbie, Mrs. Geraldine E. 568 Greco, Victor V 1632 Hayes, Hon. Jay Orley. . 324 Fry, H. Ray 879 Green, Ed. R 1150 Hayes, Mrs. Jay Orley. . 905 Fuchs, Emil V 1652 Greenley, Joseph Spencer 1540 Hayes-Chynoweth, Mrs. Fullington, Rolla F 953 Griffiths, William 838 Mary 334 Fulmer, Jacob P 1029 Grim, Ira H 1056 Headen, Dr. Benjamin F. 599 Funkier, William 1154 Grimm, George 597 Hedegard, S. N 1558 Gagliasso, Charles 1090 Grisez, Celestine J 1526 Heilmann, Stephen 768 Gagliasso, Luigi 1329 Grisez, Rev. John C, S. J. 1489 Heimgartner, William B. 1513 Gallagher, Alfred D 1163 Growers Bank 1299 Helwig Lester H 670 Gallagher, George F. . . . 1163 Gruwell, Charles Lee. . . . 722 Hendy Iron Works 818 Gallagher, Richard 515 Gruwell, Lawrence C. . . 1481 Hendy, John Harris 784 Gallagher, William L. . . . 1245 Gubser, August 1466 Henkle, R. E 1209 Gamble, Edwin P 1330 Guglielmoni, S. E 1559 Heney, Richard 1560 Gardner, Fred H 730 Guglieri, Dr. A. A 892 Henry, William Fiske .. . 765 Gardner, Walter J 569 Guglieri, Mrs. Adela R. . 892 Hermle, Andrew 1505 Gardner, William S 741 Guglieri, Gregory 1501 Herring, S. H 1141 Garrod, David 1106 Gwartney, Mrs. Betty. . . 1481 Herrmann, Charles F. W. 500 Garrod, Ralph Vince 1201 Gwinn, Marion Thomas. 1478 Herrold, Charles David.. 1293 Gatter, Jacob M. H., Jr. . 1540 Haag, William F 585 Plershey, Chester E 1630 Gattuccio, Bart, M. D... 890 Plaag, Mrs. Elise M 585 Hersman, Hugh Steel... 1184 Geer, Mrs. Clara A 1563 Haase, Maxwell Benno. . 1202 Hersman, William M 1433 Genardini, Charles 1300 Hagelin, John L 1327 Hess, Alexander W., Sr. 1274 Genovesi Bros., Zapelli & Hageman, Joe 771 Hettinger, Eby Athy. . . . 954 Company 150P Haight, Clark W 1564 Heyde, John W. Edward 1560 Geoff roy, August 638 Haley, Edward 1116 Heymann, Adolph 1635 George, Mrs. Amelia D. . 1061 Hall, William Henry 1286 Hiatt, Frederick Lee 1114 George, Manuel F 1490 Haman, Carl Wesley 812 Hiatt, James 1494 George, Mrs. Mary W. . 1166 Hambly, Francis James. . 1115 Hichborn, Franklin 436 Gerow, Forest B 1629 Hamilton, George, Sr 371 Hill, Andrew P 355 Giacomazzi, Edward P.. . 1494 Hamlin, E. C 1204 Hill, Frank D 1543 Giacomazzi, William F. . 1164 Hammond, Mrs. Martha 1120 Hill, Henrie Granville... 882 Giardano, Frank 1677 Hancock, Joseph Edward 934 Hill, Henry Tanner 960 Gibson, L. W 1456 Hanger, Curtis Elden. . . 1083 Hills, Alfred Farley 1121 Gifford, Julia A 1102 Hansen, Antone K 1525 Hinsdale, Willian, A. B.. 1636 Gifford, Loren N 533 Hansen, James 1096 Hirsch, Mrs. Emma 898 Gillespie, John 1201 Hansen, Knut H 1344 Hinds, Carleton Jay 1677 Gilroy Public Schools. . . 1138 Hansen, Mrs. Mary E. . . 1102 Hobson, Benjamin F 483 Giottonini, William 887 Hanson, Floyd A 1261 Hobson, Herman W 1112 Glans, Oscar E. 634 Hanson, George Warren. 832 Hobson, William B 404 Glennon, Matthew J 1169 Hanson, Mildred P 1051 Hoesch, Judge John M.. 1149 Gober, Robert P., M. D.. 1460 Hapgood, Frank A 1460 Hogan, Thomas C 890 Gober, Rev. W. R 1460 Hares, William Lionel. . . 1659 Hogg, Henry C 1095 Gohranson, Oscar F 1364 Harms, George W 1472 Hogg, Robert L., M. D. . 665 Goldmann, Edmund, Dr. 1234 Harms, Henry A 1539 Holmes, F. H 1107 Goodrich, Clifford Byron 1303 Harper, Capt. Richard B. 732 Holthouse, Eberhardt H. 832 INDEX Holthouse, J. Fred 836 Johnson, Nils 519 Lambert, Tom 1358 Holthouse, Mark H 835 Johnson, Theodore 585 Lande, Rev. William J.. 1339 Hooper, H 1340 Johnston, William Allen 709 Landon, Peter D 683 Hoque, Francis M 734 Jones, C. H 717 Lanfri, C 1187 Hoque, William Francis. 734 Jordheim, Ole 1497 Langford, Arthur Burr 559 Horn, Mrs. Emily J 917 Joshua Hendy Iron Langford, Robert Jackson 559 Plorstmann, Fred H 1641 Works 818 Lanham, Oscar M 1544 Houser, Harry A 1543 Juarez, Joseph L 1322 Lannin, Frank T 1212 Howe, Miss Agnes E. . . . 654 Kammerer, Leroy H. . . . 1639 Lapachet, Henry 1680 Howe, William B. . . 897 Kammerer, Urban A 1250 Larson, Carl A 1554 Howes, Charles E., Jr. . . 1116 Kasson, Frank 1362 Larson, Charles A 1632 Howes, Charles Edward. 1115 Kearney, Thomas E 1337 Larson, Fred W 1544 : Howes, Freeman L 1169 Keeble, Edward G 1603 Larson, Lewis 821 Hoyt, Frank L 1513 Keeble, Richard P 359 Latham, Allen -R 1129 Hubbard, Thos. B...1062, 1118 Keesling, Alva Curtis ... 1057 Lathrop, Charles Gardner 1021 Hubbard, Albert Lester. . 1062 Keesling, George L 897 Laumeister, Gustav 1683 Hubbard, Mrs. Sierra N.. 1118 Kelley, Alphonzo M 1040 Laura, Charles E 1647 Hubbard, Frank 1404 Kelley, Dr. Thomas 1040 Lausten, Brousen P 1472 Huff, Frank L 1019 Kelly, George Albert. . . . 1204 Lawrence, William H. . . 647 Huber, Charles H 1679 Kemp, Freeman H 14U4 Lawrence, George C 1180 Huff, James A 1065 Kendall, E. F 467 Leaman, James B 862 Hughes, John 563 Kendall, Mrs. Letitia ' Learnard, Tracy 1328 Hultberg, Nels 0 1240 Pearl Snyder 464 LeDeit, George H 1169 Hunt, Charles A 1490 Kennedy, James C 612 LeDeit, Sylvain 1133 Hunt, Harold G 1245 Kennedy, James K 1304 Lee, H. Irving 1665 Hunter, Frank A 1122 Kennedy, Karl F 1486 Lee, Professor Robert A. 651 Husted, Ralph Allen. . . . 1213 Kennedy, Mark E 1157 Leib, Frank A 726 Hutton, Hiram Coye. . . . 1170 Kenyon, Frank 529 Leib, S. F 316 Hutton, Warner 515 Kenyon, James Monrp/e . 1399 Leitch, Edwin H 657 Huxtable, Frederick J. . . 1575 Kerr, Henry M 853 Leiter, Jeremiah 714 Ingels, Bruce 924 Kerwin, John B 597 Leland, Raymond Barrett 1380 Ingleson, Mrs. Robert S. 706 Kerwin, Thomas 597 Lener, Mrs. Kaspar 1502 Interurban Sanitarium . . 1563 Kesling, Earl E 1485 Lenfest, Lee R 1407 Irwin, Samuel J 877 Ketchum, Otto L 1164 Lepesh, Andrew P 1334 Isaacson, Herman 1214 Kidder, George S 1265 Lester, Amos 634 Isasca, Vincent 1295 Kidwell, James Milton. . 902 Lester, Charles C 865 Jackson, Jonathan F. . . . 922 Kirk, Bert T 883 Lester, Fred E 1022 Jackson, Roy 1 1548 Kirk, Mrs. Louise G. . . . 648 Lester, Henry W 905 Jacobs, Sol 1071 Kirk, Theophilus 379 Lester, Nathan L 568 James, D. W 1462 Kissinger, Henry 1684 Lester, Mrs. Sarah E.. . . 431 James, William Henry . . 1225 Klotz, Christian M 1493 Lester, William Walter. . 568 January, Wm. A 1687 Knoeppel, Matthias 1039 Le Suer, Frank A 147.5 Jemm, Otto F 1611 Krioles, Tully Cleon, D.D. 511 Levin, George A 519 Jennings, W. W. and Mrs. Knowles, Frank W., M.D. 852 Lewis, George R 1587 Ella Lords 485 Knowles, Homer 476 Lewis, Harry C 1261 Jensen, Anton M 1277 Koch, Valentine 891 Liddicoat, George 1143 Jepsen, Andrew H 692 Koehle, I. J 1373 Liddicoat, William 1143 Jepsen, Mathias P 1339 Kohner, Ignatz 857 Lidley, Will George 1587 Jessen, Conrad 1659 Kopp, Henry Louis 1477 Lieber, Louis 633 Joaquin, Joe 1666 Krause, Herman B 1213 Lietz, Charles F 629 Johanson, Carl A 1591 Krieg, Henrietta Rehor. . 854 Lightston, James Louis. . 360 Johnson, Emil A 1610 Kyle, S. Clyde 1469 Liljenstein, Gustaf M. . . . 1459 Johnson, Frank A 955 Lacerda, John P 1642 Lindholm, Carl 1417 Johnson, Frank W 1312 Lacoste, G 1493 Linehan, Peter L 549 Johnson, Harry 1160 Ladarre, Firmin 1273 Linquist, F. A 1647 Johnson, Herschel 1482 Laffey, James A 858 Lion, Ernest P 1065 Johnson, Mrs. Myrtle W. 955 Lake, French W 1585 Lion, Gustave F 767 INDEX Lion, Lazard 766 Martin, Rev. Thomas R., Miller, Frank J 1158 Live Oak Union High S. J 1143 Miller, Mrs. Grace C. . . . 1101 School 1318 Mathews, A. H 1354 Miller, Hale Roy 1351 Lobdell, Frank H 1364 Mathews, Henry D 873 Miller, Harley B 1221 Locicero, Nicholas 1635 Mathewson, John A 1497 Miller, Henry 351 Locurto, John R 503 Matracia, Alexander 1547 Miller, Judge T. H 1026 Logue, James 843 Matteis, Mrs. Cattherina Millich, Frank 1684 Loproto, Joseph 1618 Geraud 1160 Mills, Arthur 1505 Lord, Major William A. 1558 Matteis, Joseph 1160 Mills, Ora P 1044 Lords, John M 677 Matty, Antoine 887 Milne, Alexander 935 Lords, Walden 485 Mayhew, Dr. Arthur B . . 764 Mineo, Henry A 1659 Lorigan, Charles M 1048 Maynard, Edmund W. . . 807 Minter, Henry C 1474 Lorigan, Judge Wm. G... 1089 Mayock, Stonewall J. .. . 416 Miss Harker's School... 764' Losse, Austin N 662 Maze, Edward Record. . . 989 Moe, Arthur 1432 Losse, H. E 662 Maze, Spencer Morrow. . 438 Moenning, Milton G 1640 Losse, Weir C 1604 McArthur, Robert A 554 Monahan, Thomas 1240 Lovell, John A 624 McBain, John 567 Monier, L. A 1348 Lowe, Sam B 733 McCarron, Andrew J. . . . 1425 Montezuma Mountain Loyst, Andrew 1 998 McCarthy, John R 729 School for Boys 1269 Loyst, Maria Cox 611 McCarthy, Richard 600 Montgomery, Alexander. 554 Lund, H. J 1125 McCarty, John E 1615 Montmayeur, Pierre 1015 Lundin, Theodore C 1113 McCauley, James F 1076 Montoya, Antonio 411 Lundy, David H 1383 McChesney, James Roger 1510 Montoya, Manuel 1218 Lunsford, Lewis M 1426 McCline, George E 848 Moody, David Bacon 771 Luscher, Ferdinand 1548 McComas, Henry W.-. . . 1374 Moore, Samuel T 918 Luther, Don Walter 387 McCombs, W. C 1670 Morell, George F 976 Luther, Jacob 638 McCracken, Mrs. Eliza- Morgin, Ned B .\ 1647 Lutter, Clarence A 1311 beth 435 Morrell, Albert E 1094 Lyle, George W 858 McCurdy, V. T 1316 Morris, Theodore John. . 1214 Lyndon, James H 403 McDaniel, Wilfred A 1217 Morrison & Wallace 1470 Lyndon, John W 800 McDonald, Archie 400 Morton, Ada Scott, M. D. 1080 Mabury, Howard Irvin. . 853 McDonald, James A 495 Mossi, John 1084 Macabee, Z. A 1289 McGinnis, James Sumner 523 Muir, Chas. H 1600 Macaulay, John W 891 McGrath, Daniel J 879 Muir, Ray 1159 Macdonald, Hugh 731 McGrath, Eugene 0 725 Mulcahy, Matthew F 1444 Machado, Frank A 1521 McGrury, Warren J 1422 Mule, Charles 1363 Machado, Frank R 1492 McHenry, Francis J 1173' Mullen, Edward H 1465 Machado, Manuel A 1418 McKee, Edson 1437 Mullen, William Henry. 1294 MacLeod, Mrs. Elizabeth 628 McKee, George Butter- Murgotten, Alexander P. 345 Madsen, H. Chris 1656 field 419 Murphy, Bernard D 997 Magee, John Lafayette. . 734 McKee, Hubbard 577 Murphy, Martin 908 Magee, Robert Bruce. 1422 McKenzie, Michael 1616 Murphy, Patrick 1109 Maeeini Plin 537 McKeown, Daniel Linden 1179 Murrin, James 637 Maher, Thomas' '. \\\\\\\ 861 McLachlan Duncan P.. . 1153 Musso, Fred G. 1129 A/r • w tt n-oc McMurtry, George S 998 Narvaez, Miguel H 1669 Main, W. xl looo _ , , . J ' . ° , -„„ t.t 1 T 1 t? iiv- ,, . A1 , T ,/m Medenos, Justmo 1502 Nash, Lyle R 1134 Maisonneuve, Alphonse J. 1403 M ^ Q m Natti h L_ . 468 Malatesta Giacomo 606 Menton; Hubert Q F 5% Navlet> Charks c 720 Mancuso, Theodore M. . . 1656 Merrill> Rjchard J 1315 Neilsen, Neils Adler .... 1414 Mangnin Bros 1368 Merrill, Walter I., M.D.. 1622 Nelsen, Peter 1112 Mariotti, Luigi M 1609 Merriman, Mrs. Isabelle. 956 Nelson, Alfred R 1480 Martella, Giacomo 1322 Merritt, James C 725 Nelson, Gustave 468 Marten, John S 1535 Meyer, Albert M 1493 Nelson, John W 1526 Martin, Elizabeth PI 346 Meyer, Emil 1111 Nelson, Nick 1426 Martin, Julius 346 Meyer, Peter H 1473 Newell, Edward, M.D... 1448 Martin, P. J 1581 Michel, John J 1396 Newman Hall 889 Martin, Samuel 1126 Millard, Byron 901 Nichols, Charles L 1357 INDEX Nichols, John Henry 1539 Page, George W 997 Pitman, William Ward. . 1270 Nichols, Thomas Benton 959 Palo Alto Public Library 909 Pisturino, Sam 1312 Nichols, Valentine David 666 Pancera, John 698 Place, Elvert Ernest 1660 Nichols, Walter Ham- Panighetti, Carlo 1088 Plank, Mrs. Melinda C. . 1043 mond 967 Panighetti, Silvestro . . . 1559 Polhemus, George Bissell 365 Nicholson, George A. . . . 1527 Parker, Charles 1422 Polhemus, Edward R. . . . 1130 Nicholson, George E 996 Parker, Major Lewis F. . 592 Poli, Luigi 1560 Nielsen, Anton T 1338 Parkhurst, Mrs. Ella S.. 1025 Pomeroy, Irwin Edgar.. 564 Nielsen, Niels Nicholas. 537 Parkinson, J. F 427 Pomeroy, Marshall 534 Nightingill, Frank W. . . 960 Parkman, H. L 932 Pomeroy, Warren H 935 Nippon Mura Inn 1214 Parks, William W 585 Pogue, John Fawcett 1448 Nixon, John William. .. . 399 Parlier, Charles Allen. . . 1514 Portalupi, Evasio 1299 Nommensen, E 1307 Parton, Floyd A 1509 Porter, Rev. A. W. Noel 664 Norton, Evered H 1679 Pasetta, Mateo J 1418 Porter, William R 786 North, Milo J 1612 Pashote, Joaquin J 1592 Post, Alfred Breed. ..... 991 Notre Dame College.... 1643 Passanfino, Francisco ... 1330 Post, William 0 1266 Noyer, Joseph F 1663 Passelli, Steve 1391 Poston, Emory E 1622 Nuttman, Aloysius W. . . 1636 Patchell, Robert K 991 Power, Edward C 643 Oberg, Isaac 1066 Patterson, Steve 1641 Poulsen, Jacobi 1371 O'Brien, Jeremiah J 1481 paul, DePhonzo Gibson. 524 Pourroy, Eloi 1270 O'Brien, Michael 1353 Pavlicevich, John 1656 Pourroy, Pierre C 1174 O'Connell, Albert F 995 Payne, George C 1664 Priest, Milo Ray 1528 O'Connell Bros, Inc 936 Payne, James Fred 913 Princevalle, James 931 O'Connell, Charles T 992 Peacock, Walter R 701 Provenzano, Joseph C. . . 1596 O'Connell, Elmer S 963 Peard, John James 1444 Prudhomme, Philippe ... 992 O'Connell, Frank J 975 Pearson, Charles 1599 Prussia, Willard L 679 O'Connell, G. Daniel 996 Pearson, Charles A 1599 Puccinelli, Romolo L 1628 O'Connell, Thomas 710 Peckham, James B 1536 Purviance, Mrs. Elmyra. 1673 O'Connor, Percy 968 Pedgrift, Sam 1547 Puterbaugh, George E. . . 1482 O'Connor, Hon. M.P... 654 Peirano, Giacomo 1026 Radtke, William 1357 O'Connor Sanitarium ... 657 Pennington, John R 1246 Raggett, Martin 1497 Ogier, James Lee 1451 Perkins, James Elwin... 1509 Raggio, George 1595 O'Hara, Rev. Father Pat- Perone, Charles 1273 Rainey, Prof. Joseph W.. 874 rick J 1002 Perrone, Osea 1567 Rainwater, Julius H 1438 O'Keefe, Frank H 1170 peter, Fred 1674 Rambo, Wliliam Taylor. 1372 Oldham, Louis F 1137 Petersen, Peter J 1456 Ramsay, William 1517 Olsen, Andrew 1576 Peterson, Fred L 1001 Randall, Laurence G 825 Olsson-Seffer, R. M 1461 Peterson, Peter J 1471 Ransom, Joel W 1377 Oneal, Louis 1358 Peterson, Mrs. Lillian J. 1001 Rasmussen, Chris 1130 O'Neil, Robert K 877 Pettit, E. T 489 Rathbiin, F 1611 Orr, Horatio W 545 Pfister, Henry A 366 Rawlings, George S 526 Ortley, William B 837 Phillips, Clarence E 1575 Rawlings, John A 879 Osborne, A. E., M. D . . . 570 Phillips, Frank 1347 Raymond, Daniel 679 Osmer, George 678 Phillips, Dr. La Forest E. 990 Redwine, Claude 538 Ostenberg, Pontus 1040 Phillips, William C 1421 Reed, Charles C, Jr 1491 Osterman, Fred W 973 Picchetti, Attilio 1642 Reed, Charles Pennell and Otter, Hugo W 1211 Picchetti Bros 1596 Alice H I434 Ousley, Samuel M 407 Pieper, Mrs. Adele E 412 Reeve, Earl 1603 Overfelt, Charles F 511 Pieper, Ernest 0 1217 Regnart, Herbert William 1096 Overfelt, Mrs. Mary 387 Pieper, John H 412 Regnart, Robert Edouard 1119 Overfelt, William C 384 Pierce, Charles H 990 Reid, John G 1539 Owsley, Edgar H 1571 Pierce, James H 341 Renaud, Mrs. Elise 1321 Pacific Manufacturing Pierce, James Pieronnet. 341 Rengstorff, Henry 383 Company 910 Pike, Jonathan 1674 Rengstorff, Henry A 824 Pacific Press Publishing Pitman, Cornelius Y 520 Reseburg, William H 1408 Association 714 Pitman, James M 799 Rexworthy, H. S 1384 Page, Capt. Walter A. . . 1213 Pitman, Marion 963 Reynolds, James M 827 INDEX Rhoades, William G 1452 Ryan, George W 1443 Sherman, F. A 731 Rianda, Antonio 981 Sabatte, Peter 1304 Shore, L. H 1586 Ribble, Charles C 1075 Saich, Anton 523 Short, James 1387 Ricard, Father Jerome Sainsevain, Paul C 775 Sigle, M. E 1523 Sextus, S. J 742 Saleeby, Elijah M 1044 Silliman, John C, M. D. . 719 Rice, Burl E 1311 Sampson, Leslie E 1605 Silva, Domingos A 1490 Rice, John A., D. D. S 954 Sanders, Forrest D 662 Silva, Manuel S 1433 Rice, William A 1605 Sanders, Stephen Poole. . 586 Silveira, Joaquin J 627 Richard, Louis M 889 San Jose Abstract & Title Silver Harry . . 1617 Richards, Dr. Charles M. 898 Insurance Company... 1378 Simmons John Joseph . 1367 Richards, John Evan.... 315 San Jose Mercury-Herald 982 gimon Joseph V . . 1618 Richardson, Owen Dale. . 1374 Sanor, William J 1616 Simpson William M D 496 Richman, John W 1581 Saunders, Stephen M. .. . 1254 Sing-letarv Emory C 940 Richmond, Cedric Rae. . . 1217 Savage, Granville L 515 gmg-ietary' Emory G 438 Richmond, Edmund N . . . 553 Savstrom, Charles 1203 gingletary' George C 441 Richter, P. Hermann H. 617 Sawyer, Eugene T 372 ginnottj patrick B... 956 Ridley, LaFayette 1347 Scaglione, Louis A 1678 q- X , ..-•¦• Riggs, William Ashley.. 1544 Scagliotti, Ed 1600 ISnerCharleV C Righter, Francis Marion. 1144 Scagliotti, Emilio 1606 2, . .' ' ^ naneS ~- A°" Riker, William E 1553 Scherrebeck, Mary E. . . . 1337 £ ,Ch' ^orenz° / ,°" Riordan, Thomas J 1539 Schilling, F. A 578 fOCUm> TGeo.rSe W *79 Rispaud, Jules Emile. . . . 1087 Schilling, Herbert Emile 553 ~maf' /X°U1,S • l™ Rispaud, Mrs. Renee. . . . 1300 Schirle, Anton & Sons. . . 676 %mit ' """f B 1072 Roberts, George 701 Schlaudt, Edward and bmith, Charles 0 1106 Roberts, Herbert L 1462 Augusta 564 Smith> Charles R 1506 Roberts, W. K 542 Schmidt, Emil 1414 Smith> Francis 612 Robertson, Charles D.. . . 604 Schmidt, H. C 1154 Smith, Fred B 1150 Robertson, Edward C. . . 1379 Schmitt, Michael 1652 Smith, George F 618 Robertson, Richard Felix 560 Schoenheit, Augustus A. 1087 Smith, Harry Ellsworth. 1226 Robidoux, Wilfrid F 680 Schroeder, J. H. C 1479 Smith, James 1277 Robinson, Arthur J 1578 Schubert, Adolph V 1218 Smith, John 837 Robinson, Henry 1578 Schuh, William 1540 Smith, Olando J 549 Robinson, Perry W 400 Schulz, John 1195 Smith, P. Milton 1109 Robinson, Robert S 1199 Schutte, Anthony 1640 Smith, Rebecca Crites. . 612 Rocliffe, Chas. Robert... 1115 Sciarrino, Samuel 1522 Smith, Stanley Bassett.. 1134 Roche, M. J 1166 Scofield, F. Ned 1568 Smith, Thomas E 1218 Rodeck, S. G 768 Scorsur, Benjamin 1644 Snell, Ralph L 608 Rodoni, John 1563 Scorsur, John 1665 Snitjer, Fannie Bonney. . 868 Roessler, John Robert. . . 1008 Scorsur, Nick 1478 Snow, Irving Walter 1138 Rogers, Josephine Rand. 388 Scorsur, Steve 1472 Snyder, Arthur J 824 Rogers, R. Nella 913 Scott, Robert 733 Snyder' John '.'. 791 Roll, John 866 Seale, Alfred 972 soares,' Francisco P 1392 Roller, Arthur 1460 Searl, Garner R 1367 g0bey, Mrs. E. J. . 1563 Roller & Hapgood 1460 Seely, George B 1210 Solari' Victor A. ....... 1387 Ronecker, Charles J 1431 Selby, Mrs. John S 483 Sonnichsen L H 1447 Rose, Joseph F. 1514 Selby, William H 706 Sontheimer', Urban a! '. '. '. 653 Rose, Mrs. Rosie G 1387 Sequeira, M. T 1434 Soper, Darwin J 826 Rucker, Joseph E 776 gerpaj William F 1133 gourisseau, Felix 948 rXj , L-X,, 1^07 Sex, James Patrick 702 South, Charles D 541 Rudolph, Allen 162/ „, T , _, . of>, „ „, „_. „„ Rudolph] Paul 891 Shannon, John Francis. . 883 Souza, M. M 599 Russell Andrew ". '. 1016 Shaw, Elton Randall 1222 Spalding, Hon. C. C 380 Russell' Lawrence 500 Shaw, James G 693 Spargur, C. G 1438 Russo, Joseph 1535 Sheehy, Phillip G 862 Speciale, Orvis H 1652 Russo, Nicholas H 1617 Sheldon, Stephen White. 927 Spencer, James A 1021 Rust, Charles W 1253 Shelley, Sivert H 674 Spooner, D. Rutledge. . . 1631 Ryan, Fred S., M.. D 1258 Shepherd, James W. . . . 1101 Spring, Thaddeus W. . . . 372 INDEX Squire, Charles H 1373 Sutherland, J. C 611 Vandervoort, Irving P 989 Squires, Leland J 1506 Sutherland, William ... 366 Van Lone, Walter Allen 1126 Stagg, John C. F 637 Svilich, John 1438 Van Orden, Richard P.. . 1226 Stanfield, James J 800 Sweatt, William E 823 Vargas Bros 546 Stanfield, John Harold. . 947 Syer, Robert S 573 Vath, Charles J 1121 Stanfield, John J 1061 Talbert, Edith Leach... 628 Vatuone, Romeo F 1621 Stanford Bank 985 Talbott, Mrs. Alice Lee. . 906 Vaughan, Patrick Eugene 1222 Stanford, Mrs. Jane L- . . 330 Talia, Peter 1492 Vedova, John D 1522 Stanford, Leland 327 Tallmon, George W 1395 Volkers, Arthur W 1531 Stanford University Tanner, A. E 1347 Volkers, Mrs. Delia 1047 . Library 779 Tarleton, George Eber. . 1612 Von Dorsten, Frank A.. . 1079 Stanquist, Victor 1196 Tatham, Jefferson 1221 Wade, Sylvanus Raynor. 1296 Stanley, Harold J 1126 Taylor, John 1616 Wagner, Anton 884 Stapp, Jerome V 881 Taylor, William Dennis. 1107 Wagner Brothers 1640 Stau, Henry C 1188 Teed, John E 1137 Wagner, John Jacob. . . . 1117 Staub, J. Samuel, M. D. . 604 Teixeira, A. J 1663 Wakefield, Leland Henry 1525 Stebbins, C. L 1547 Templeman, Arthur W.. . 1328 Walker, George E 1610 Stevens, Burt 597 Templeton, William S. . . 618 Walker, Hon. George S. . 688 Stevens, Charles 1617 Teresi, Antonio 1625 Walker, William S 688 Stevens, Marcus H 1343 Teresi, Joseph A 1480 Walker, J. M. Church. . . 1477 Stevens, Orvis 597 Thayer, James W., M.D. 971 Walker, Leland H 1225 Stewart, Frank W 591 Thiel, Charles 1606 Walker, Robert 981 Stewart, Ronald G 1115 Thorn, James A 1273 Wallace, John Lindsley. . 1030 Stewart, Rufus E 1399 Thomas, C. H 1153 Walsh, Walter 963 Stewart, William D 811 Thomas, Clayton R 761 Walter, Henry C 812 St. John, Mrs. Lucy A. . 847 Thomas, Jerome B., M. D. 1451 Waltz, Howard S 1084 St. Joseph's High School 1142 Thomas, Massey 432 Waterman, Clarence H.. 1641 Stillens, Marion A 1480 Thomas, Marshal E 1577 Watson, Mrs. Elizabeth Stillwell, Joseph Charles 1230 Thomas, Wendell C 1647 Lowe 928 Stillwell, Joseph M 485 Thompson, Joseph A.. . . 1239 Ward, Alvin Ryland 921 Stock, Frank 854 Thompson, Mrs. Mary W. 763 Ward, J. Parmelee 1200 Stock, Peter 862 Thompson, William J. . . . 1249 Ward, Mr. & Mrs. Will- Stocklmeier, Mathias . . . 1452 Thorp, John C 721 iam B 458 Stockton, Herbert 1559 Tomkin, Alfred Forbes.. 1557 Washburn, Arthur H.... 1192 Stolte, Captain F 1684 Tomkin, Dr. Alfred Royce 986 Weaver, A. M 1648 Stone, Edward Bruce... 722 Tomlinson, Warren G. .. 1179 Weaver, Edward M 675 Stone, Vincent B 1587 Tompkins, Samuel G 973 Webster, Eugene D 1056 Stoppelworth, Edward J. 1230 Tonini, Pasquale 1678 Webster, Thornton Delos 1071 Stough, John William. . . 697 Tonkin, John. 1343 Weeks, Charles 1005 Stout, Daniel W 890 Topham, Mrs. Hattie E.. 808 Wehner, Fred W 844 Strandberg, John W 817 Trimble, William Edward 1343 Welch, Hon. James R... 1057 Stralla, Madeline 1588 Tripp, Herbert R , 623 Weiler, Hon. Joseph R.. 1011 Strickland, Charles E. . : 828 Truck & Tractor Service Weltz, George C 1592 Strickland, Erve C 867 Company 1612 Wemple, Emerson H.. . . 1229 Studer, Fred F 1230 Turner, James 889 Western Industries Co. . . 1489 Stull, Robert J 1371 Turner, George Webster. 1105 Weston, Mrs. Abbie M.. 989 Stura, G. C 1173 Tuttle, Carl F 881 Weston, Benjamin Frank 989 Sturla, Angelo 1578 Tuttle, Hiram D 1233 Wheeler, Almon 924 Sturla, John, Sr 1479 Umbarger, Austin F 811 Whisler, Rev. George H. 763 Suess, R. C 1278 Ucovich, Mitchell, Nick, White, George C 1477 Sullivan, John W 472 and Peter 1361 White, John E 927 Summers, Robert 0 1180 University of Santa Clara '1571 White, Mrs. Margaret. . . 375 Sund, Herman 1090 Valpey, Horatio B 450 White, Mrs. Mary A.... 342 Sutherland, Mrs. Eliza A. 360 Van Dalsem, H. C 449 White, Thomas F 943 Sutherland, James 360 Van Dalsem, Louis J 449 Whitehurst, Logan L. . . . 934 INDEX Whitehurst, William A. . . 1455 Williams, Thomas M. Wood, Uriah 822 Whitman, Chauncey H... 741 M.D 1474 Wood, Walter H 907 Whitney, Hamilton C. . . . 738 Willson, Carlon R 835 Woodrow, William L. . . . 457 Wight, David 1048 Willson, Frank Chapman 921 Woodworth, Thomas J.. 1192 Wiehtman P R 807 Willson, Frederick C 1528 Worrall, George H., M. D. 1330 w.f, J X 7oe Willson, George A 1688 Worthen, George W 453 w- ' tS7 rant: ' ' • ^ Wilson, Doxey R., M.D. 1130 Wright, Dr. Henry J. B. . 415 Wi cox, Elbert Joseph. . . 415 Wilson) Miss Emily g 933 Wright) James RicharcL . 923 Wilcox, Frank A 779 Wilsonf Ernest 1244 Wyatt, Roscoe D 1531 Wilcox, Frank C 564 Wilson, Horace 1262 Yerkes, Ostrum H 595 Wilcox, Hon. Isaiah A.. . 775 Wilson, James 1034 Yocco, Edward Clement. 1498 Wilcox, Irwin Miles 489 Wilson, Robert 1625 Young, Col. Carl J 1282 Wildhagen, F. G 1625 Wilson, William A 1421 Young, Walter 1 1281 Wilkes Mrs. Ollie M. . 975 Wilson, William R 1295 Zakis, Peter John 1498 Williams, Albert Edward 573 Winkless> L. W., Jr 1648 Zarevich, Antone.' 1649 w;n; A . ,-,, . --_ Witten, Charles L 882 Zarevich, Nickolas 1650 Wi hams, Augustus Clair 573 J imQ Stephen D 1691 Wi hams, Amos Otis.... 1536 Wolfe> Qeorge c m? Zeiro> Captain Egidio Q 653 Williams, Edson H. and Wolfe> heyi w 1333 ZastroWj Minnie B 1307 Robert D 1618 Wolff, William A 1527 Zeller, John B 1655 Williams, Edward Noble 1090 Wood, Dallas E 974 Zickendrath, Ernest C. . . 1455 Williams, John S 1264 Wood, George A 1663 Zollars, John M 1605 G^ptru- f, with vegetables in sea son. Wheaten cakes and puddings or por ridges, called atole and pinole, also formed a portion of the repast. The dress was, for the males, men shirts and pants and a blanket to be used as an overcoat. The women received each, annually, two undergarments, a gown and a blanket. In vears of plenty, after the Missions became rich, the Fathers distributed all the surplus money among them in clothing- and trinkets." The natives were teachable, willing to learn and reasonably industrious. The land was fer tile and each year saw a gratifying increase in the numbers of those who relinquished heath enism for Christianity and habits of savagery for the arts of civilization. Having a care over the temporal as well as the spiritual welfare of their charges the Fathers soon saw the Santa Clara Mission become a flourishing in stitution. About seven years after the foregoing events. Father Junipero Serra, president of the Mis sions of California, feeling that old age was overtaking him, and, having some spare time, resolved to visit some of the missions and hold last confirmation. He had also been in vited to dedicate the Santa Clara Mission. About the first of May he visited the selected spot, and then went on to San Francisco. He had been in that place but a few days when he received the distressing news of the serious illness of Father Murguia. On May 11, 1784, the illness terminated fatally. Father Serra was too enfeebled to attend the funeral. He was able, however, to go to the Mission for the dedicatory ceremonies, which took place on May 16, 1784. Assembled to witness the imposing scene were the troops, many citizens and a large number of unchristianized Indians. On the succeeding Sunday mass was chanted 36 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY by the aged priest in a solemn and impressive manner. On that day he held his confirmation. Founding of San Jose Don Felipe de Neve, the third Spanish gov ernor of California, was in office from Decem ber, 1774, to September, 1782. On June 3, 1777, he suggested to the central government in Mexico the establishment of three settlements, one of them being on the banks of the Guada lupe River, seventy-eight miles from Monte rey, forty-eight from the presidio at San Fran cisco and two and a quarter miles from the Mission of Santa Clara. At that time, Lieu tenant Don Jose de Moraga, commanding at San Francisco, was directed to detach nine soldiers of known agricultural skill, two set tlers and three laborers to form a settlement on the margin of the Guadalupe, which they effected on November 29, 1777. The name they gave it was San Jose de Guadalupe, the approval from Spain being dated March 6, 1789. On December 24, 1782, Lieutenant Moraga was directed to partition off the land to the settlers, a duty he effected between the thir teenth and nineteenth of May, 1783, the recip ients of the land being Ignacio Archeluta, Manuel Gonzales, Jose Tiburcio Vasquez, Manuel Amesquita, Antonio Romero, Ber nardo Rosales, Francisco Avila, Sebastian Al- vitre and Claudio Alvires. The first location was made nearly a mile and a quarter from the center of the present city of San Jose, about where a bridge spanned a little stream on the road to Alviso. The ground was too low at this point and the first settlers were the victims of yearly recurring floods and thieving Indians ; therefore, permis sion was asked to remove to higher land ancl a more advantageous site. It takes long, how ever, to move the wheels of official machinery. In the year 1785, the question of the transfer was mooted, but it was not until 1797 that the removal was accomplished — the center of the new site being near the corner of Market and San Fernando streets. Captain Vancouver, who visited Santa Clara Valley in 1792, thus describes it: "We con sidered our course from San Francisco parallel to the sea coast, between which and our path the ridge of mountains extended to the south eastward. As we advanced, their sides and summits exhibited a high degree of fertility, interspersed with copses of various forms and magnitudinous and verdant open spaces en circled with stately fruit trees of various de scriptions. About noon we arrived at a very pleasant and enchanting lawn, situated amid a grove of trees at the foot of a small hill, by which flowed a very fine stream of excellent water. We had not proceeded far from this delightful spot when we entered a country I little expected to find in these regions. For almost twenty miles it could be compared to a park which had originally been planted with true old English oak. The underwood, which had probably attained its early growth, had the appearance of having been cleared away and had left the stately lords of the forest in complete possession of the soil, which was covered with magnificent foliage and beau tifully diversified with pleasing eminences and valleys, which, with the lofty ranges of moun tains, that bounded the prospect, required only to be adorned with neat habitations of an in dustrious people to produce a scene not in ferior to the most studied effect of taste in the disposal of grounds." Frederic Hall, a pioneer lawyer of San Jose, says in his history that nearly all the Indians in the region described by Captain Vancouver were in the habit of visiting the hill on which the New Almaden mine was first opened and worked to obtain the red paint to adorn their faces and bodies. The cinna bar is of a reddish hue, and easily produces a red pigment when moistened and rubbed. While the color of the pigment was pleasing to the eyes of the Indians its effect on their system was by no means agreeable. It sali vated them — a result as mysterious and unex- plainable to them as the setting of the sun. Although a little painful, they seemed to for get their illness as they witnessed the lustre of their skins, for they were as resolute in their pride of dress as the proud damsel groan ing in tight corsets and tight shoes. The Alameda, that renowned avenue that links San Jose with Santa Clara, is known and admired the world over. The planting of the trees was started in 1799 by Father Maguin de Catala, for the benefit of the way farer journeying between the two towns. Two hundred Indians were employed to do the work. The eastern limit of the grove was at the Guadalupe River, but in time the march of progress necessitated the removal of many of the trees to make way for houses and streets. The original Mission of Santa Clara stood near where now are seen the structures of the Southern Pacific Railway station. Its walls were cracked by an earthquake in 1812, but no portion of it fell at that time. In 1822, however, another and more severe shock caused so much injury to the building that it became necessary to take it down rather than attempt to repair it. A site for a new Mission was chosen a short distance to the southwest, and in 1825-26 the new Mission Church was completed. In later years, so great was the HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 37 decay that it was found advisable to encase the walls, remodel the facade and erect two towers ; each served for the purpose of a lookout. The face of the structure was paint ed in a rude fashion with biblical scenes in tended to attract the eye of the aboriginal, while within were tableaux and allegorical pictures. In 1884, as a sanitary measure, the old Mission was torn down under the super vision of Father Robert E. Kenna, president of Santa Clara College. One adobe wall was left standing to show the original construc tion and a number of pictures and relics were allowed to remain. Secularization of the Missions In the year 1767 the property possessed by the Jesuits, then known as the Pious Fund, was taken charge of by the Government and used for the benefit of the Missions. At that time the possession yielded an annual revenue of $50,000, $25,000 of which were expended in the stipends of the Franciscan and Dominican missionaries and the balance for the mainten ance of the missions generally. Father Glee- son says : "The first inroads made upon these pious donations was about the year 1806, when to relieve the national wants caused by the wars of 1801 and 1804 between Portugal on the one hand and Great Britain on the other, His Majesty's fiscal at Mexico scrupled not to confiscate and remit to the authorities in Spain as much as $200,000 of the Pious Fund." By this means the Missions were de prived of most substantial aid and the Fathers left upon their own resources. Two years after Mexico had been formed into a republic the government authorities began to interfere with the rights of the Fathers and the exist ing state of affairs. In 1826 instructions were forwarded by the Federal Government to the authorities in California for the liberation of the Indians. This was followed a few years later by another act ordering the whole of the missions to be secularized and the religieux to withdraw. The ostensible object assigned by the authors of the measure was the execu tion of the original plan formed by the gov ernment. The Missions, it was alleged, were never intended to be permanent establish ments ; they were to give way in the course of some years to the regular ecclesiastical system when the people would be formed into parishes attended by a secular clergy. "Beneath these specious pretexts," says Dwindle in his Colonial History, "was un doubtedly a perfect understanding between the government at Mexico and the leading men of California, and in such a condition of things the Supreme Government might absorb the Pious Fund under the pretense that it was no longer necessary for missionary purposes, and thus had reverted to the state as a quasi escheat, while the co-actors in California should appropriate the local wealth of the Missions by the rapid and sure process of ad ministering their temporalities." And again: "These laws whose ostensible purpose was to convert the missionary establishments into Indian pueblos, their churches into parish churches, and to elevate the Christianized In dians to the rank of citizens, were, after all, executed in such a manner that the so-called secularization of the missions resulted only in their plunder and complete ruin, and in the demoralization and dispersion of the Chris tianized Indians." Immediately upon the receipt of the decree the then-acting Governor of California, Don Jose Figueroa, commenced the carrying out of its provisions to which he added certain rules and in accordance therewith the alteration in the missionary system was begun, to be imme diately followed by the absolute ruin of both Missions and country-. Within a very few years the work of the Fathers was entirely destroyed; the lands which had hitherto teem ed with abundance were handed over to the Indians to be by them neglected and permit ted to return to their primitive wildness, while the thousands of cattle were divided among the people and the administrators. In 1836 the number of Indians cared for in the missions amounted to over 30,000. They were peaceful, happy and contented, strang ers to those cares, troubles and anxieties com mon to higher and more civilized conditions of life. At the same time that their religious condition was one of thankfulness and grate ful satisfaction to the Fathers, their worldly position was one of abundance and prosper ity. Divided among the different missions from San Lucas to San Francisco close upon one million head of livestock belonged to the people. The united annual return of the cer eals, consisting of wheat, maize, beans and the like, was upwards of 120,000 bushels, while at the same time throughout the different mis sions the preparation and manufacture of soap, leather, wine, brandy, hides, wool, oil, cotton, hemp, linen, tobacco, salt and soda was extensively pursued. And to such perfection were these articles brought that some of them were eagerly sought for and purchased in the principal cities of Europe. Such was the happy and prosperous condi tion of the country under missionary rule. What resulted after the transfer of power to the secular authorities was disastrous. In 1834 at the time of the secularization of the missions there were 1,800 Indians belonging 38 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY to the Mission of Santa* Clara. In 1842 the number Jiad been reduced to four hundred. Life on the Early Ranchos Prior to the American occupation of Cali fornia the natives were a half-caste race, be tween the half Castilian and the native Indian, very few of the families retaining the pure blood of old Castile. They were of all shades of color and developed into a handsome and vigorous race. Their wants were few and easily supplied; they were contented and happy ; the women were virtuous and devoted to their church and religion, while the men, in normal condition, were kind and hospit able, but when excited became rash, fearless, even cruel, with no dread of knife or pistol. Their generosity was great, everything they had being at the disposal of friend or strang er. Socially they loved pleasure, spending most of their time in music and dancing; in deed such was their passion for the latter that their horses were trained to curvet in time to the tunes of the guitar. When not sleeping, eating or dancing the men spent much time in the saddle and naturally became expert eques trians. Horse racing was with them almost a daily occurrence, not from the gain it might bring but from the amusement to be derived therefrom. To throw a dollar upon the ground, ride by at a full gallop and pick it up was a feat that most of them could perform. Horses and cattle gave them their chief occupation. They could use the riata or lasso with the utmost dexterity; whenever thrown at a bullock, horseman or bear, it rarely miss ed its mark. The riata in the hands of a Californian was a more dangerous weapon than gun or pistol, while to catch a wild cow with it, throw and tie her, without dismount ing, was most common, and to go through the same performance with a bear was not considered extraordinary. Their only articles of export were hides and tallow, the value of the former being a dollar and a half in cash and two dollars in goods and the latter three cents per pound in barter. Young heifers, two years old, for breeding purposes were wortn three dollars ; a fat steer delivered in the Pueblo San Jose brought fifty cents more, while it was neither trespass nor larceny to kill a beeve, use the flesh and hang the hide with tallow on a tree, secure from coyotes, where it could be found by the owner. Lands outside of the town were valuable only for grazing purposes. For this use every citizen of good character having cattle, could, for the asking, and by paying a fee to the offi cials and a tax upon the written paper, get a grant upon a grazing tract of from one to eleven square leagues of land. These domains were called ranchos, the only improvements on them being a house and a corral. They were never inclosed, they were never survey ed, but extended from one well defined land mark to another, and whether they contained two or three leagues more or less, was re garded as a matter of no consequence, for the land itself was of no value to the government. It was not necessary for a man to keep cat tle on his own land. They were ear-marked and these marks established the ownership. The stock roamed at will, the rancher some times finding his animals fifty or sixty miles away from his grounds. About the middle of March the rodeo season opened, the time was fixed in advance by the ranchero who would send notice to his neighbors for leagues around. All these ranchers with their va- queros, would attend and participate. It was the gathering in one locality of all the cattle on the rancho. When this task was accomplished, the next operation was for each ranchero present to part out from the general herd all animals having his- brand and ear mark and drive them off to his own rancho. In doing this they were allowed to take all calves that followed their mothers. What was left in the rodeo belonged to the owner of the rancho, who then marked them as his property. On some of the ranchos the num ber of calves branded and marked each year was enormous, Joaquin Bernal, who owned the Santa Teresa Rancho, eight miles south of San Jose, having been in the habit of brand ing not less than 5,000 head yearly. In this work a great many horses were employed. Fifty head was a small number for a ranchero to own. By the time the rodeo season was over — about the middle of May — the raatanza or killing season commenced. The number of cattle killed each year was commensurate with the number of calves marked and the amount of herbage for the year, for it was the rule that no more should be kept alive than the pasture on the rancho could support. After the butchering the hides were taken off and dried, the fattest portions of the flesh were made into soap, while some of the best portions of the meat were cut, pulled into thin shreds and dried in the sun. The residue was thrown away to be eaten by the buzzards and the dogs. Young dogs were never destroyed and it was no infrequent occurrence to see a ranchero ride into town with a string of dogs at his horse's heels. The habitations of these people were mark ed by simplicity. The walls were fashioned of sun dried bricks, made of that black loam known to settlers as adobe soil. The adobe DON BRUNO BERNAL HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 39 was mixed with straw, each brick, about eighteen inches square, three inches thick, be ing cemented with mud and whitewashed when finished. The rafters and joists were of rough timber, with the bark simply peeled off, and placed in the required position. The thatch was of rushes or chapparal fastened down with thongs of bullocks' hide. When completed these dwellings were capable of standing the brunt and wear and tear of many decades, as can be evidenced by the number now standing in the Valley. The furniture consisted of a few cooking utensils, a rude bench or two, sometimes a table and the never-failing camphor-wood trunk. This trunk, or chest, contained the extra clothes of the women — the men wore theirs on their backs — and if a visit abroad of more than a few days' duration was made the box was taken along. The women were cleanly in their persons and clothing, the common dress being a calico gown of plain colors, blue grounds with small figures being those most fancied. The fashionable ball dress of the young lady was a scarlet flannel petticoat covered with a white lawn skirt. Bonnets there were none, the head-dress consisting of a long, narrow shawl or scarf. The dress of the men was a cotton shirt, cotton drawers, calzonazos, sash, serape and hat. The calzonazos took the place of panta loons, but differed from these by being open down the side, or rather the seams on the sides were not sewed up as in pantaloons but were laced together from the waist band to the hips by means of a ribbon run through eyelets and fastened with large silver bell-but tons. In wearing them they were left open from the knee down. The best of these gar ments were made of broadcloth, the inside and outside seams being faced with cotton velvet. The serape was a blanket with a hole through its center, through which the head was inserted. These cloaks were invariably of brilliant colors and varied in price from four to one hundred and fifty dollars. The calzonazos were held in place by a pink sash worn around the waist; while the serape served as a coat by day and a covering by night. The courtship of these people was peculiar. No flirting or love-making was permitted. When a young man of marriageable age saw a girl that suited his eye, he had first to make his wishes known to his own father, in whose house the eligibility of the selected one was gravely discussed. If the son's wish was re garded with favor, the father addressed a letter to the father of the girl asking for his daughter in marriage for his son. The matter was then freely discussed between the parents of the girl and if an adverse decision was ar rived at, the father of the young man was by letter so informed and the matter was at an end. But if the decision of the parents was favorable to the young man then the girl's in clinations were consulted and her decision, if favorable, was communicated in the same manner and the affair of the engagement be came a matter of public notoriety. The girl might then visit the young man to be re ceived as a member of the family, and when the time for the marriage came there ensued feasting and dancing, the celebration continu ing for three or four days. When there was a refusal of marriage the girl was said to have given her lover the pumpkin — se dio la cabala. The principal articles of food were beef and beans, in the cooking and preparing of which they were unsurpassed, though they cultivated to a certain extent maize, melons and pumpkins. The bread used was the tortilla, a wafer in the shape of Jewish un leavened bread, made generally with wheat, but sometimes with corn. When prepared it was first boiled in a weak lye made of wood ashes and then by hand ground between two stones into a paste. This process completed, a small portion of the dough was taken out and by dexterous throwing from the back of one hand to the back of the other the shape was formed. Then it was placed upon a flat iron and baked over the fire. The mill in which the grain was ground was made of two stones as nearly round as possible, of about thirty inches in diameter, each being dressed on one side to a smooth surface. One was set upon a frame about two feet high with the smooth face upward; the other was placed on this with the even facet downward while through an inch hole in the center the wheat was fed by hand. Two holes drilled partly through each stone admitted an iron bolt, to which a long pole was attached. To its end was harnessed a horse, mule or donkey and the animal being driven around in a circle caused the stone to revolve. These mills were capable of grinding a bushel of wheat in about twelve hours. The vehicles and agricultural implements were quite as primitive, the cart in common use being formed in the following manner: the two wheels were sections of a log with a hole drilled or bored in the center, the axle a pole sharpened at each end for spindles, with a pin to prevent the wheels from slipping off. Another pole fastened to the middle of the axle served as a tongue. Upon this frame work was fastened a kind of wicker-work framed of sticks bound together with strips of 40 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY hide. The beasts of burden were oxen. They were yoked with a stick across the forehead. The stick was notched and crooked so as to fit the head closely and the whole was tied with rawhide. The plow was a still more quaint affair. It consisted of a long piece of timber which served the purpose of a beam. To the end was fastened a handle. A mortise was next chiseled in order to admit the plow which was a short stick with a natural crook, with a small piece of iron fastened to the end of it. With this crude implement was the soil upturned, while the branch, of a tree served as a harrow. There were no fences to protect the crops. To take their place ditches were dug, the top of the soil being covered with branches of trees to keep away the numerous bands of cattle and horses. When the crops were ripe they were cut with a sickle or any other convenient utensil. Next came the threshing. The floor of the corral in which the cattle and horses were penned had become hardened. Into this enclosure the grain would be piled and upon it the mares would be turned loose to tramp out the seed. The wildest of these animals, many of them colts that had never been branded, would tackle the grain. They were urged to the work by the yelling of vaqueros and the cracking of whips until nothing was left but the gram and the chaff. The difficult part was the separat< ing of the two. Owing to the length of the dry season there was no haste to effect this. Therefore when .the wind was high enough the trampled mass would be tossed into the air with large wooden forks. The wind would carry away the chaff, leaving the heavier grain on the ground. With a favorable breeze sev eral bushels of wheat could be winnowed in a day. Strange as it may appear it is claimed that grain so sifted was much cleaner than is the wheat of today. Early Government The government of the native Californian was as primitive as the people. There were neither law books nor lawyers, while laws were mostly to be found in the traditions of the people. The head officer in each village or town was the alcalde, in whom was vested the judical function. On the enactment of a new law a manuscript copy, called the bando, was sent around by a person beating a snare drum. This was the signal for the assembling of the people at the alcalde's office where the act was read and forthwith had the force of law. When a native had cause for action against another he went to the alcalde, stated his case and asked that the defendant be sum moned. On making his appearance the de fendant was asked what he had to say about the complaint. This brought about a wordy altercation between the two parties during which the alcalde was able to arrive at the facts. Sometimes judgment was immediately rendered, the trial not ocupying more than two hours. In important cases three "good men" would be called in to act as co-justices. A learned American judge has said that the native Californians were, in the presence of courts, eminently truthful. They were all Roman Catholics, and their priests were of the Franciscan order. They were great church-goers, yet Sunday was not the only day set apart for their devotions. Nearly every day in the calendar was devoted to the memory of some saint. Those dedicated to the principal ones were observed as holidays. The front door of their churches was always open and every person passing, whether on foot or on horseback, doffed his hat. Not to have done this • was regarded as almost a crime. During the holding of services with in the church it was customary to station a number of men without, who at appointed in tervals interrupted the services by the ringing of bells and firing of pistols, creating a noise resembling the irregular fire of a company of infantry. In every church was kept a number of pic tures of the saints and a triumphal arch pro fusely decorated with artificial flowers, while on a holiday devoted to some particular saint, after the performance of the mass, a picture of the saint deposited in the arch would be carried out of the church on the shoulders of four men, followed by the whole congregation in double file with a priest at the head, book in hand. The procession wouid inarch all around town ancl at every few rods the par ticipants would kneel on the ground while the priest read a prayer or performed some religious ceremony. After the circuit of the town had been made, the procession returned to the church. With the termination of these ceremonies the natives gave themselves over to pleasure, engaging in horse racing, cock- fighting, dancing and other forms of merry making. A favorite amusement of these fes tivals was for thirty or forty men on horse back, generally two and sometimes three on one horse, with their guitars, to parade the town, their horses capering and keeping time to the music which was accompanied^ with songs. Residences and places of business were visited and it wos considered no breach of decorum for the mounted men to ride into stores and dwellings. Some of the religious ceremonies were gro tesque and amusing, the personification of "The Wise Men of the East" being of this HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 41 character. At the date agreed upon for the an niversary of the visit of the Wise Men to Beth lehem, seven or eight men would be found dressed in most fantastic styles and on their way to find the infant Savior. They went from house to house and were always accom panied by one representing the devil and garbed like a Franciscan friar. He carried a rosary of beads and a cross and a long rawhide whip and woe to the man who came within reach of that whip — it was far from fun for him but very amusing to the rest of the company. The chief of these ceremonies was the punishment of Judas for the betrayal of his Master. On the reputed anniversary of this event, after the people had retired to rest a company would go out and prepare for the ceremonies. A cart was procured and placed in the public square in front of the church. Against the cart was placed an effigy of Judas made by stuffing an old suit of clothes with straw. The houses were then visited and a collection of pots, pans, kettles, dishes and farming implements was assembled and piled around the effigy to represent Judas' worldly effects. Then the last will and testament of Judas had to be prepared, the work being given to the best scribe and the greatest wit in the community. Every article of property had to be disposed of and something like an equal distribution made, each request being accompanied by some very pointed and witty reason for the donation. Among a more sen sitive people some of these reasons would be regarded as libelous. The will, when com pleted and properly attested, was posted on a bulletin board near the effigy and the night's work was over. As soon as it was sufficiently light the entire population, men, women and children, congregated to see Judas and his wealth and to hear, read and discuss the merits of the will and the appropriateness of its provisions. Nothing else was talked of, nothing else was thought of until the church bell summoned them to mass, after which a wild, unbroken mare was procured, on the back of which Judas was firmly strapped. A string of firecrackers was then tied to her tail, they were lighted, the animal was turned loose and the ultimate fate of the figurative Judas was not unlike that of his perfidious prototype. The native Californians were a temperate people, intoxication being almost unknown, but there was one vice common to all, namely the passion of gambling. Their favorite game was monte, probably the first of all banking games. So passionately were they addicted to this that on a Sunday about the church, while the women were inside and the priest at the altar, crowds of men would have their blan kets spread upon the ground with their cards and money, playing monte. They seemed to have no idea that gambling was a sin. This predilection was early discovered by the Americans, who soon established banks and carried on games. The passion soon became so developed that the natives would bet and lose their horses and cattle, while to procure money to gratify this urge they would bor row from the Americans, paying twelve and one half per cent interest per day ; and they would mortgage and sell land and stock, sometimes their wives' clothing, to obtain the wherewithal to play. Before leaving these people mention should be made of their bull and bear fights. Sunday or some prominent holiday was generally chosen for the holding of these exhibitions, to prepare for which a large corral was erect ed in the plaza in front of the church. In the afternoon after divine service, two or three good bulls (if a bull fight was in order) would be caught and driven into the enclos ure. If there is anything thai* will make a bull furious it is the sight of a red blanket. Sur rounded by the entire population, the fighters would enter the arena, each with a red blan ket in one hand and a knife in the other. They would flaunt the blankets before the infuriat ed beasts, with knives ready for defense or as sault. A bull would dash at its enemy, who with a dexterous side spring would evade the onslaught, allowing the animal to strike the blanket and permit a quick slash with the knife. Whoever by his quickness could stick a knife into a bull's neck, severing the spinal cord, received the plaudits of the admiring throng. The interest taken in these exhibi tions was intense. The killing or wounding of a bull-fighter only- added zest to the sport. When a grizzly bear could be procured the fight was then between bull and bear. Both were taken into the corral, each being made fast to the opposite end of a rope of sufficient length to permit free action and then left alone. The first move was usually made by the bull in an attempt to part company with the bear, who, as a result, received the first "knock down." On finding that he could not get clear of bruin, the bull then charged, but was met half-way. The fight was intensely interesting to the spectators, and was kept up until one or the other was killed, or both refused to continue the combat. As a rule the bull was victorious. This custom of bull and bear fighting was continued until 1854 when the Legislature interposed by an "Act to prevent noisy and barbarous amusements on the Sabbath." 42 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY The late Judge R. F. Peckham, one of the pioneer lawyers of Santa Clara County, often narrated the following incident in regard to this Legislative act. Shortly after it became a law great preparations were made for having a bull-fight, on the Sabbath as usual, at the old Mission of San Juan Bautista at the southern end of the Santa Clara Valley. The promot ers were notified by the officers of the exis tence of the new law and told that they must desist from the undertaking. Dr. Wiggins, a mission pioneer of 1842, was then residing at San Juan. He spoke Spanish fluently and was looked upon by the native Californians as a good friend. He never smiled nor appeared to jest, yet he was one of the greatest of the tale-tellers, jokers and punsters on the Pacific slope. In their perplexity over the new law, the Californians took counsel with the Doctor. He examined tbe title of the act with great seriousness and wisdom. "Go on with your fight," was the Doctor's advice, "they can do nothing with you. This is an Act to prevent noisy and barbarous amusements on the Sab bath. If they arrest you there will be a trial by jury of Americans. To convict, the pro secution must find three things, first that a bull fight is noisy. This they will find against you. Second, that it is barbarous. This also they will find against you, but an American jury will never find that it is an amusement of Christ's time. Go on with your bull fights." They did go on and were arrested to find that the Doctor had been jesting. They were sentenced, each to pay a fine, and this was the last of the bull-fights in Cali fornia. First American Settlers The first enumeration of the inhabitants of the pueblo of San Jose was taken in 1831 and showed 166 men, 145 women, 103 boys and 110 girls, making a total of 524. Overland travel to California did not commence until the forties. The first foreigner to locate in this valley was John Gilroy, who was a sailor on board a vessel belonging to the Hudson Bay Company that touched at Monterey in 1814. He was a Scotchman and the causes for his abandoning his ship are differently stated. One report was that he had a quarrel' with one of the officers and deserted, while it is just as positively stated that he had a severe attack of scurvy and was left on shore to be cured. However that might have been it is well authenticated that in the same year, he found his way into the Santa Clara Valley, locating at San Ysidro, afterward named Gilroy. He was hospitably entertained and finally married into the wealthy family of the Ortegas. He was a man of great force of character and accumulated a large property in lands and cattle but died poor in 1869. In 1818 there came to San Jose a man whose name is historic in this community, Don Antonio Sunol. He was a native of Bar celona, Spain, but had served in the French navy under the First Empire. He was an officer of distinction and was present when Napoleon surrendered after Waterloo. He then sought the New World and settled in Santa Clara Valley' where he achieved dis tinction, wealth and respect. He died in San Jose in 1865. The first citizen of the United States to set tle in Santa Clara Valley was Philip Doak. He was a block and tackle maker employed on a whaling vessel. Leaving salt water at Monterey in 1822 he journeyed northward to settle near Gilroy. His home was on the ranch of Mariano Castro, one of whose daughters he afterward married. Matthew Fellom came to the valley the same year and located near San Ysidro, or old Gilroy as it was afterward called. Fellom was a Dane and like Doak was a whaler. He left his vessel at one of the northern ports and made his way overland to the Santa Clara Valley. He died in 1873. These are the only foreigners, of which there is record, who were living in the valley up to 1830, if William Willis, an Englishman, is excepted. He was known to be in the pueblo in 1828, but his subsequent history is not known. It has been estimated that in 1830 there were not more than 100 foreigners in the whole of California. John Burton came to San Jose in 1830. He was afterward al calde of the pueblo. Harry Bee, who died in San Jose in 1897 as the oldest pioneer in the county, came to the Valley in 1833. He had been in the state seven years, having landed at Monterey as an English sailor in 1827. He was born in 1808 and during the Mexican War acted as scout and courier for Commo dore Sloat. In the same year came William Gulnac, James Alexander Forbes, James Weekes, Nicolas Dodero, John Price, William Smith, George Ferguson, Thomas Pepper, a man called "Blind Tom," William Welsh, Charles Brown and "Moche Dan." Thomas Brown and William Daily came in 1834. Of these several were prominent either in the early days or in the later history of California. Gulnac was for many years major domo at the Mission of San Jose in Alameda County. He married a daughter of the Cesenas. Forbes was vice-consul for Great Britain. Weekes served as Alcalde in 1847. In 1838 Henry Woods and Lawrence Carmichael arrived. HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 43 These people all came by vessel and chance decided their location. They affiliated with the Spanish population, in many cases marrying into their families, and adopting, to a great ex tent, the Spanish customs and modes of living. Overland travel commenced about 1841. Even before this time settlements had been made in Oregon, and that country was much better known than California. For this reason, and because California was a foreign country, all the overland trains were pointed to Oregon. Some of these trains having reached the Sier ras and hearing something of California, came here instead. In 1841 Josiah Belden, Charles M. Weber and Grove C. Cook came overland, as did Henry Pitts, Peter Springer, William Wiggins and James Rock. In 1843 Major S. J. Hensley, Julius Martin, Thomas J. Shadden and Winston Bennett made the trip across the plains. The advent of this party was an im portant incident, as with it came three women, wives of Martin, Shadden and Bennett, the first foreign women to settle in this district. In 1844 came the Murphy party and Captain Stephens. The Murphy party consisted of Martin Murphy, Sr., his wife, five sons and two daughters ; James Miller, afterwards an honored resident of Marin County; Dr. John Townsend and wife, Moses Schallenberger, father of Margaret Schallenberger McNaught, now State Commissioner of Education ; Jo seph Foster, Mr. Hitchcock and family; Thomas Hudson, Clemente Columbet and Martin Corcoran. Dr. Townsend and his wife died of cholera in 1850; and Martin Murphy, Sr., passed away in 1865. In 1845 Frank Lightston, J. Washburn, William O'Connor, W. C. Wilson, John Daubenbiss and James Stokes came to the county. In 1846 the ar rivals were Isaac Branham, Jacob D. Hoppe, Charles White, Joseph Aram, Zachariah Jones, James F. Reed, George Donner and his two sisters ; Arthur Caldwell, William Daniels, Samuel Young, A. A. Hecox, William Haun, William Fisher, Edward Pyle and their fam ilies; Wesley Hoover and John W. Whisman and wives; William and Thomas Campbell and their families; Peter Quincy and family; Thomas Kell, Thomas West and four sons ; John Snyder, S. R. Moultrie, William J. Parr, Joseph A. Lard, Mrs. W. H. Lowe, Mrs. E. Markham, L. C. Young, R. J. Young, M. D. Young, S. C. Young, Samuel Q. Broughton, R. F. Peckham, Z. Rochon, Joseph Stillwell, George Cross, Ramon S. Cesena, M. Hollo way, Edward Johnson, Mrs. Martha J. Lewis and James Enright. Of course there were many more arrivals but their names cannot be obtained from the records and the personal recollections of the pioneers who are living at the present time. The Donner Party Nearly all the surviving members of the ill-fated Donner party located in San Jose and vicinity. The terrible experiences of that party are given in Tuthill's history of Califor nia, from which we quote: "Of the overland emigration to California in 1846 about eighty wagons took a new route, from Fort Bridger around the south end of Great Salt Lake. The pioneers of the party arrived in good season over the mountains, but Mr. Reed's and Mr. Donner's companies opened a new route through the- desert, lost a month's time by their explorations and reached the foot of the Truckee Pass, in the Sierras, on October 31, instead of the first as intended. The snow be gan to fall two or three weeks earlier than usual that year and was already so piled up in the pass that they could not proceed. They attempted it repeatedly but were as often forced to return. One party built their cab ins near Truckee, afterward Donner Lake, killed their cattle and went into winter quar ters. The other (Donner's party), still be lieved they could thread the pass and so failed to build their cabins before more snow came and buried their cattle alive. Of course they were soon destitute of food, for they could not tell where the cattle were buried and there was no hope of game on a desert so piled with snow that nothing without wings could move. The number of those who were thus storm- stayed at the very threshold of a land whose winters are one long spring, was eighty, of whom thirty were women and children. The Mr. Donner who had charge of one company was a native of Illinois, sixty years of age and a man of high respectability and abundant means. His wife was a woman of education and refinement and much younger than he. "During November it snowed thirteen days ; during December and January, eight days each. Much of the time the tops of the cab ins were below the snow level. It was six weeks after the halt was made that a party of fifteen, including five women and two Indians, who acted as guides, set out on snow shoes to cross the mountains and give notice to the people of California settlements of the condi tion of their friends. At first the snow was so light and feathery that even with snow shoes they sank nearly a foot at every step. On the second day they crossed the 'divide,' finding the snow at the summit twelve feet deep. Pushing forward with the courage of despair they made from four to eight miles a day. "Within a week they were entirely out of provisions, and three of them, succumbing to cold, weariness and starvation, had died. Then a heavy snow storm came on which com- 44 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY pelled them to lie still, buried beneath their blankets under the snow for thirty-six hours. By evening of the tenth day three more had died and the living had been four days with out food. The horrid alternative was accept ed — they took flesh from the bones of their dead, remained in camp two days to dry it and then pushed on. "On New Year's, the sixteenth day since leaving Truckee Lake, they were toiling up a steep mountain. Their feet were frozen. Every step was marked with blood. On the second of January their food again gave out. On the third day they had nothing to eat but the strings of their snow shoes. On the fourth the Indians deserted, suspicious that they might be sacrificed for food. On the fifth one of the party shot a deer and that day there was another death. Soon after three others died and every death served to prolong the exist ence of the survivors. On the seventh all but one gave out, concluding that their wander ings were useless. This one, guided by two friendly Indians dragged himself on until he reached a settlement on Bear River. By mid night the settlers had found and were treating with all Christian kindness what remained of the little company that after a month of most terrible sufferings, had halted to die. "The story that there were emigrants per ishing on the other side of the snowy barrier ran swiftly down the Sacramento Valley to New Helvetia, and Captain Sutter, at his own expense, fitted out an expedition of men and of mules laden with provisions, to cross the mountains and relieve them. The story ran to San Francisco and the people, rallying in public meeting, raised $1500 and with it fitted out another' expedition. The navai commandant of the port fitted out others. "The first of the relief parties reached Truckee Lake on the nineteenth of February. Ten of the people in the nearest camp were dead. For four days those still alive had fed on bullocks' hides. At Donner's camp but one hide remained. The visitors left a small sup ply of provisions with the twenty-nine whom they could not take with them and started back with the remainder. Four of the chil dren they carried on their backs. "Another of the relief parties reached the lake about the first of March. They at once started back with seventeen of the sufferers, but a heavy snow storm overtaking them, they left all, except three of the children, on the road. Another party went after those left on the way, found three of them dead and the rest sustaining life by eating the flesh of the dead. "The last relief party reached Donner's camp late in April when the snows had melted so much that the earth appeared in spots. The main cabin was empty, but some miles distant they found the last survivor of all lying on the cabin floor smoking a pipe. He was ferocious in aspect, savage and repulsive in manner. His camp kettle was over the fire and in it his meal of human flesh preparing. The stripped bones of his fellow sufferers lay around him. He re fused to return with the party and only con sented when he saw there was no escape. Mrs. Jacob Donner was the last to die. Her hus band's body was found at his tent. Circum stances led to the suspicion that the survivor had killed Mrs. Donner for the flesh and money, and when he was threatened with hanging he produced $500, which he had prob ably appropriated from her store." Many books have been written on the sub ject, no two giving the same facts. One of the most interesting accounts is that of James F. Reed, who for years was one of the prominent and reputable citizens of San Jose. He left Springfield, 111., in the middle of 1846 and was accompanied by George and Jacob Donner and their families. George Donner was elected captain. At Fort Bridger, William McCutch- en, wife and family joined the party. Leaving the fort they unfortunately took a new route, and had many vicissitudes, not the least being the loss of cattle. Other would-be set tlers joined them before they reached Cali fornia. The narrative now continues in Mr. Reed's own words : "After crossing the desert it became known that some families had not enough provisions to carry them through. As a member of the company I advised them to make an estimate of the provisions on hand and what amount each family would need. After receiving the estimate I then suggested that if two gentle men of the company would volunteer to go in advance to Sutter's Fort, near Sacramento, I would write a letter to the captain for the whole amount of provisions wanted, also stat ing that I would become personally responsi ble to him for the amount. I thought that from the generous character of Captain Sutter the provisions would be sent. Mr. McCutch- en came forward and said that if they would take care of his family he would go. This the company agreed to. Mr. Stanton, a single man, volunteered to go with McCutchen if they would furnish him with a horse. Mc Cutchen, having a horse and mule, generous ly gave the mule. Taking blankets and pro visions, the two men started for California. After their leaving us we traveled for weeks, none of us knowing how far we were from California and soon all became anxious to know what had become of McCutchen and HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 45 Stanton. It was now suggested that I go in advance to California and hurry up the sup plies. This was agreed to and I started, tak ing with me three days' provisions, expecting to kill game on the way. The Messrs. Don ner were two days in advance of the party when I overtook them. With George Donner there was a young man named Walter Her- ren, who joined me. With all the economy I could use our provisions gave out in a few days, so I 'supplied our wants by shooting wild geese and other game. The day after I was joined by Herren I proposed, as i had the only horse, that he would ride half the time. The proposition was joyfully accepted. Soon no game was to be seen, hunger began to be felt and for days we traveled without hope or help. We reached the Sierra Nevada Mountains. I believed I could have made a stop here, hunted and found game. But as this would have de layed our progress and success might not have rewarded my hunting efforts, I kept on. The second day before we found relief Harren wanted to kill the horse. I persuaded him from the deed, promising if relief did not corne soon I would kill the horse myself. Soon afterward he became delirious. That afternoon I found a bean and gave it to him and then never was road examined more closely than this one. We found in all five beans. Her- ren's share was three of them. We camped that night in a patch of grass a short distance off the road. Next morning after traveling a few miles we saw some deserted wagons. "We soon reached and ransacked the wag ons, hoping to find something to eat, but found nothing. Taking the tar bucket that was hanging under one of the wagons I scraped the tar off and found a streak of rancid tallow at the bottom. I remember well that when I announced what I had found, Herren, who was sitting on a rock near by, got up halloo ing with all the strength he had and came to me. I handed the tar paddle to him. It had on it some of the tallow about the size of a walnut. This he swallowed without giving it a smell. I then took a piece myself but it was very respulsive. Herren craved more and I gave him another piece. Still wanting more, I positively refused, stating that it would kill him. After leaving the wagons, probably fifty yards, I became deadly sick and blind. In resting myself against a rock I leaned my head on the muzzle of my gun. Herren, seeing my condition came to me and said, 'My God, Mr. Reed, are you dying?' After resting a few minutes I recovered, much to his joy. "The wagons were within a short distance of the steep hill going down into Bear Valley. After descending the first steep pitch I dis covered wagons in the valley below us. 'Her ren,' said I, 'there are wagons in the valley.' When he saw them he gave vent to his joy, hallooing at the top of his voice, but on ac count of weakness he could not have been heard ten rods off. On reaching the wagons we found several families of emigrants who supplied us with bread. I here met Mr. Stan ton, with two Indians, on his return to the company with provisions supplied by Captain Sutter. Next morning Stanton started for the company and I went on to Sutter's Fort." At the Fort Reed found McCutchen, who had been prevented by illness from accom panying Stanton. Captain Sutter furnished horses and saddles with which to bring the women and children out of the mountains. The expedition failed on account of the snow which at some points was eighteen feet deep. The party returned for more help, but, unfor tunately, the Mexican war was on and every able-bodied man was away. At Captain Sut ter's suggestion Mr. Reed went to San Fran cisco to see if he could not procure help there. He was compelled to make the journey by land and reached San Jose when it was in a state of siege. Arrived at San Francisco, a public meeting was held and relief parties fit ted out. Mr. Reed and Mr. McCutchen ac companied the first of these, which went by the river. On the route he met his wife and children rescued by a relief party that had gone ahead of them. He only stopped a few minutes for greetings and then pushed on to the relief of the other sufferers whom they reached about the middle of the next day. The first camp was that of Mr. Breen. Mr. Reed says : "If we left any provisions here it was a small amount, he and his family not be ing in want. We then proceeded to the camp of Mrs. Murphy, where Kessburg and some children were. Here we left provisions and one of our company to cook for and attend to them. From here we visited the camp of Mrs. Graves, some distance further east. A num ber of the relief party remained here, while Messrs. Miller, McCutchen, another and my self proceeded to the Donner camp. We found Mrs. Jacob Donner in a feeble condi tion. She died after we left. Her husband had died early in the winter. We removed the tent and placed it in a more comfortable position. I then visited the tent of George Donner close by and found him and his wife. He was helpless. Their children and two ot Jacob's had come out with the party that went ahead of us. I requested Mrs. Donner to come with us, stating that I would leave a man to take care of both George Donner and Mrs. Jacob Donner. She positively refused, de- 46 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY claring that she would not leave her husband in his enfeebled condition. "We took the remaining three children of Jacob Donner, leaving a man to take care of the two camps. Leaving all the provisions we could spare and expecting a party from Sut ter's Fort would be in in a few days, we re turned to the camp of Mrs. Graves. Notice was given in all the camps that we would start on our return to Sutter's early next day. About the middle of the day we started, taking with us all who were able to travel." The relief party that came after Mr. Reed did not reach the sufferers as soon as expected and disasters occurred. The full details of the suffering of the unfortunate party would fill a book. Each of the relief parties, especially that conducted by Mr. Reed endured suffer ings equal to those experienced by the unfor tunates in the winter camp. History has no parallel to the heroism displayed by these peo ple in their efforts to rescue suffering relatives and friends. CHAPTER II. Santa Clara County During the Mexican Rule — The Adventures of Captain Fremont — Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo — Raising the Bear Flag — War With Mexico Declared — The Capture of San Jose — Reminiscences' of the Strenuous Days of 1849 — The Discovery of Gold — Killing of Young Pyle — Local Government — Grandma Bascom's Story. In 1836 a revolution broke out in Mexico but it did not extend to California, though a few of the Spanish settlers in San Jose left the pueblo to take part in it. While the strife was progressing Governor Alvarado was appointed to rule California, an office which he held until 1842, after the differences between the oppos ing factions in Mexico had been satisfactorily arranged. The adjustment, however, created misun derstandings between the two highest officials in the Department of California. The civil and the military authorities could not agree. Each one complained of the other to the Cen tral Government and General Micheltorena was secretly dispatched north to settle the dif ferences between Governor Alvarado and Gen eral Vallejo by taking over the powers of both On seeing the turn the affair had taken, Alvarado and Vallejo laid aside their bicker ings to make common cause against Michel torena, whom they designated as an usurper. Aided by General Castro they sought to drive Micheltorena out of California. The trium virate proclaimed California independent and declared war against the representative of Mexico. General Micheltorena, having had the gauge of battle thrown in his teeth, took the field hoping to speedily end the insurrec tion. He advanced to within twelve miles of San Jose and then finding that this portion of the country was up in arms against him speed ily beat a retreat to San Juan Bautista. In spite of his defense, the insurgents captured the town in November, 1844. From this blow Micheltorena never rallied and in February 1845, he paid $11,000 for a passage on board the bark Don Quixote, Captain Paty, his des tination being San Bias. On the termination of the strife Don Pio Pico, brother of Don An tonio Pico, of San Jose, was elected governor of California and Jose Castro was appointed general of the military forces. Captain Fremont Arrives In the month of March, 1845, Brevet-Capt. John Charles Fremont departed from Wash ington for the purpose of organizing a third expedition for the topographical survey of Oregon and California. He left Bent's Fort in April, his force consisting of sixty-two men, among them Kit Carson and six Delaware In dians. Crossing the Sierra Nevadas in De cember they arrived at Sutter's Fort on the 10th of that month. After two days' stay the company left to search for a missing party of explorers. Not being able to find the men, and having either lost or consumed most of his horses and cattle Fremont determined to retrace his steps to Sutter's Fort which he reached January 15, 1846. On the seven teenth he with his men left the fort on a launch for San Francisco. They arrived there on the twentieth ; the twenty-first saw him and Captain Hinckley sailing down the Bay of San .Francisco to the embarcadero at Al- viso at the lower end of the Santa Clara Val ley. On the twenty-second they proceeded HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 47 to San Jose where Fremont received word that the missing explorers were encamped on the San Joaquin. At once two companies un der Kit Carson were dispatched to guide the men into the Santa Clara Valley. Fremont and Hinckley, after visiting the New Almaden mines, returned to San Francisco. On the twenty-fourth Fremont was once more on the move. He started from San Francisco, then known as Yerba Buena, and on the morning of January 27, 1846, reached Monterey. In company with Thomas O. Larkin, United States Consul, Fremont called on General Castro and stated the object of his journey. He was out of provisions and- asked that his party be permitted to pass unmolested through the country. The request was granted, ver bally, but when asked for the necessary per mit in writing, the General excused himself, said he was not well and that no further assurance than his word was needed. A call of the same nature was then made on Don Manuel Castro, the prefect of the district, the same statement made and the same verbal permit was granted. Fremont received funds and provisions from the consul and then made all haste to San Jose where he was joined by his band. Not finding here such stores as were still needed he resolved to return to Monterey. A fortnight later he camped in the Santa Clara Valley on Capt. William Fish er's ranch, the Laguna Seca. While here a Mexican made his appearance and laid claim to certain of Fremont's horses on the bold statement that they had been stolen. Short ly after this, on February 20, Captain Fre mont received a summons to appear before the alcalde at San Jose to answer to a charge of horse-stealing. Fremont send back the following reply : "Camp Near Road to Santa Cruz, February 21, 1846. "Sir: I received your communication of the 20th, informing me that a complaint has been lodged against me in your office for refusing to deliver up certain animals of my band which are claimed as having been stolen from this vicinity about two months since, and that the plaintiff further complains of having been insulted in my camp. It can be proven on oath by thirty men' here present that the ani mals pointed out by the plaintiff have been brought in my band from the United States of North America. The insult of which he complains, and which was authorized by my self, consisted in his being driven or ordered to immediately leave camp. After having " been detected in endeavoring to obtain ani mals under false pretenses he should have been well satisfied to escape without a se vere horse-whipping. There are four animals in my band which were bartered from the Tulare Indians by a division of my party which descended the San Joaquin Valley. I was not then present, and if any more legal owners present themselves these shall be im mediately given or delivered upon proving property. It may save you trouble to inform you, that with this exception, all the animals in my band have been bought and paid for. You will readily understand that my duties will not permit me to appear before the mag istrates in your towns on the complaint of every straggling vagabond who may chance to visit my camp. You 'inform me that un less satisfaction be immediately made by the delivery of the animals in question, the com plaint will be forwarded to the Governor. I beg you will at the same time indorse to His Excellency a copy of this note. "I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, "J. C. Fremont, U. S. Army. "To Senor Don Dolores Pacheco, Alcalde of San Jose." From the Laguna Seca, Fremont moved by easy marches in the direction of the Santa Cruz Mountains which he crossed about ten miles from San Jose at the gap where the Los Gatos Creek enters the Valley. On March 1, he encamped on the rancho of Ed ward Petty Hartwell. While here he received, late in the afternoon of the fifth a dispatch from Don Manuel Castro, prefect of the dis trict, charging him with having entered the towns and villages under his (the Prefect's) jurisdiction in contempt of the laws of the Mexican Government and ordering him out of the country, else compulsory measures would be taken to compel him to do so. On receiving this communication Fremont did not display much hesitancy in arriving at a con clusion. That evening he struck camp and ascending Hawk's Peak, a rough looking mountain on the Gabilan range, about thirty miles from Monterey and 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, commenced the construc tion of a rude fort. It was protected by felled trees. Stripping one of the limbs he nailed the Stars and Stripes at the top, forty feet from the ground. The morning of the sixth of March found him waiting for developments. On the day that saw Fremont established on Hawk's Peak, Castro sent the following letter to the minister of Marine at the City of Mexico : "In my communication of the fifth ultimo I announced to you the arrival of a captain at the head of fifty men, who came, as he said, by order of the government of the Unit- 48 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY ed States to survey the limits of Oregon. This person presented himself at my head quarters some days ago accompanied by two individuals (Thomas O. Larkin, U. S. consul, and William A. Leidesdorff, vice-consul,) with the object of asking permission to procure provisions for his men whom he had left be hind in the mountains. The permission was given, but two days ago, March 4, I was much surprised on being informed that this person was only two days' journey from this place (Monterey). In consequence I immediately sent him a communication ordering him, on the instant of its receipt, to put himself on the march and leave the Department, but I have not received an answer. In order to make him obey, I sent out a force to observe his opera tions and today, the sixth, I march in per son to join it and see that the object is at tained. The hurry with which I undertake my march does not permit me to be more dif fuse and I beg that you will inform His Ex cellency, the President, assuring him that not only shall the national integrity of this party be defended with the enthusiasm of good Mexicans, but those who intend to violate it will find an impregnable barrier in the valor and patriotism of every one of the Californians. Receive the assurance of my respect, etc. God and Liberty." In his hastily constructed fort, every avenue to which was commanded by the trusty rifles of his men, Fremont calmly awaited the speedy vengeance promised in the communication of the prefect. To carry it out Don Jose had summoned a force of 200 men which was strengthened by one or two cannon of small caliber, but nothing beyond a demonstration was attained. In the language of the late General Revere (then Lieutenant) "Don Jose was rather in the humor of that King of France, who with 20,000 men, marched up the hill and then inarched down again." Castro's next move was the concocting of an epistle to Fremont, asking for a cessation of hostilities and suggesting that they join forces, declare the country independent and with their allied armies march against Governor Pio Pico, who was then in Los Angeles. To John Gil roy, an old Scotch settler, after whom Gil roy was named, was entrusted the delivery of this piece of treachery. He reached Hawk's Peak on the night of the tenth and found the fort untenanted. Fremont had tired of waiting for Castro to attack and had made a forced march to the San Joaquin Valley. Gil roy, on his return, told of the retreat, which so elated Castro that he at once resolved to attack the fort, which he was the first to en ter. Then he sat down on one of Fremont's discarded pack saddles and penned a dispatch to Monterey describing the glorious victory he had gained and promising that his return need not be looked for until his promise, long ago given, had been fulfilled. And so matters rested for a time. The American settlers began to feel far from safe and it was the consensus of opinion that no time should be lost in preparing for an emerg ency. Rumors were rife. Governor Pico looked upon them with deep hatred, their ar rival and settlement was to him a source of poignant jealousy, while his feeling inclined him toward England, should the country ever change hands. At a convention held in San Juan Bautista to decide which one of the two nations, Great Britain or the United States, should guarantee protection to Califor nia against all others, Pico is reported to have said : "To what a deplorable condition is our Country reduced. Mexico, professing to be our mother and our protectress has given us neither arms nor money, nor the material of war for our defense. She is not likely to do anything in our behalf, although she is quite willing to afflict us with her extortionate minions who come here in the guise of sol diers and civil officers to harass and oppress our people. . . Perhaps what I am about to suggest may seem faint-hearted and dis honorable but to me it does not seem so. It is the last hope of a feeble people, struggling against a tyrannical government which claims their submission at home and who are threat ened by a band of avaricious strangers from without, to voluntarily connect themselves with a power able and willing to defend and preserve them. It is the right and duty of the weak to demand support from the strong, provided the demand be made upon terms just to both parties. Is it not better to con nect ourselves with one of the powerful Euro pean nations than to struggle against hope as we are doing now? Is it not better that one of them should send a fleet and an army' to defend and protect California rather than that we should fall an easy prey to the lawless adventurers who are overrunning our beau tiful country? I pronounce for annexation to France or England and the people of Cali fornia will never regret having taken my ad vice. Then may our people go quietly to their ranches and live there as .of yore, leading a thoughtless and merry life, untroubled by poli tics or the cares of state, sure of what is their own and safe from the incursions of the Yan kees who would soon be forced to retreat into their own country." Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo But at this moment California found a man whose views were more enlightened than those of the rulers of his country. As a pa- HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 49 triot he could not silently witness the land of his birth sold to any monarchy, however old, and he rightly judged that although foreign protection might postpone it could not avert that assumption of power which was begin ning to make itself felt. Possessed at the time of no political power and having had but few early advantages, still his position was so high and his character so highly respected by both the foreign and native population that he had been invited to participate in the proceedings of the Junta. This man was Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. Born in Cali fornia, he commenced his career in the army as an ensign and in this humble grade he vol unteered to establish a colony on the north side of the Bay of San Francisco for the pro tection of the frontier. He thoroughly sub dued the hostile Indians of the region and laid the foundation of a reputation for integrity, judgment and ability unequaled by any of his countrymen. Although quite a young man he had already filled high offices and at this time was living on his estate in the vicinity of the town of Sonoma. He did not hesitate to oppose the views of Pico and Castro. Among other things he said : "I cannot, gentlemen, coincide in opinion with the military and civic -functionaries who have advocated the ces sion of our country to France or England. It is most true, that to rely any longer upon Mexico to govern and defend us would be idle and absurd. It is also true that we possess. a noble country in every way calculated from position and resources to become great and powerful. For that reason I would not have her a mere dependency upon a foreign mon archy, naturally alien, or at least indifferent to our interests and welfare. Even could we tolerate the. idea of dependence ought we to go to distant Europe for a master? What possible sympathy could exist between us and a nation separated from us by two vast oceans? But waiving this insuperable objection, how could we endure to become under the do minion of a monarchy? We are republicans, badly governed and badly situated as we are, but still, in sentiment, republicans. All will probably agree with me that we ought at once to rid ourselves of what may remain of Mex ican domination. Our position is so remote, either by land or sea, that we are in no dan ger from Mexican invasion. Why, then, should we still hesitate to assert our independ ence? We have taken the first step by elect ing our own governor, but another remains to be taken. I will mention it plainly and ration ally — it is annexation to the United States. In contemplating this consummation of our des tiny I feel nothing but pleasure and I ask you to share it. Discard old prejudices, disregard old customs and prepare for the glorious change which awaits our country. Why should we shrink from incorporating our selves with the happiest and freest nation in the world, destined soon to be the most weal thy and powerful? Why should we go abroad for protection when this great nation is our adjoining neighbor? When we join our for tunes to hers we shall not become subjects but fellow-citizens, possessing all the rights of the people of the United States and choos ing our own federal and local rulers. We shall have a stable government and just laws. Cali fornia will grow strong and flourish and her people will be prosperous, happy and free. Look not, therefore, with jealousy upon the hardy pioneers who scale our mountains and cultivate our unoccupied plains, but rather welcome them as brothers, who come to share with us a common destiny." Those who listened to General Vallejo were far behind him in general knowledge and in telligence. His arguments failed to carry con viction to the greater number of his auditors, but the bold position taken by him was the cause of the immediate adjournment of the Junta, no result having been arrived at con cerning the weighty question on which the Californians had met to deliberate. On re tiring from the Junta General Vallejo em bodied the views he had expressed in a letter to Don Pio Pico and reiterated his refusal to participate in any action having for its end the adoption of any protection other than that of the United States. In this letter he also declared that he would never serve under any government which was prepared to surrender California to a European power. He then re turned to his estate there to await the issue of events. Raising the Bear Flag In the meantime circumstances tended to keep General Castro moving. A large num ber of Americans, finding themselves numer ically too weak to contend against the natives, but relying on accession to their strength in the spring, determined to declare California independent and free and raise a flag of their own, which they did. The famous "Bear Flag" was given to the breeze June 14, 1846, in Sonoma on the pole which before had floated the Mexican standard. The town was captured and with it the commanding officer, General Vallejo, Lieutenant Colonel Victor Prudon, Captain Salvador Vallejo and Jacob P. Liese, an American and the general's brother-in-law. The news of the declaration spread like wild-fire, both parties hurriedly prepared for a conflict and while the Bear Flag party guided their affairs from Sonoma, Gen- 50 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY eral Jose Castro, from his headquarters at Santa Clara, issued two proclamations. They are curiosities in their way and as such worthy of reproduction here. The first follows : "The contemptible policy of the agents of the United States of North America in this Department, have induced a portion of ad venturers, who, regardless of the rights of men, have daringly commenced an invasion possessing themselves of the town of Sonoma and the military commander of that border. Fellow countrymen : The defense of our lib erty, the true religion which our fathers pos sessed and our independence call upon us to sacrifice ourselves rather than lose these in estimable blessings ; banish from your hearts all petty resentments, turn you and behold yourselves, these families, the innocent little ones, which have unfortunately fallen into the hands of our enemies, dragged from the -bos oms of their fathers, who- are prisoners among foreigners, and are calling upon us to succor them. There is still time for us to rise en masse as irresistible as retributive. You need not doubt t-hat Divine Providence will direct us in the way to glory. You should not vacil late because of the smallness of the garrison of the general headquarters, for he who will first sacrifice himself will be your friend and fellow citizen JOSE CASTRO, "Headquarters, Santa Clara, June 17, 1846." The second proclamation promises to pro tect all Americans who shall refrain from tak ing part in the revolutionary movements and winds up as follows: "Let the fortune of war take its chance with those ungrateful men, who with arms in their hands have attacked the country, without recollecting they were treated by the undersigned with all the indul gence of which he is so characteristic. The in habitants of the Department are witnesses of the truth of this. I have nothing to fear, my duty leads me to death or victory. I am a Mexican soldier and I will be free and inde pendent, or I will gladly die for these inesti mable blessings." As there were rumors afloat that General Castro was on his way with a large party of Mexicans, to attack the garrison at Sonoma, Fremont, with force augmented, hastened to the relief of his compatriots. He arrived at Sonoma on the morning of June 25, having made forced marches. There he found that Castro had not carried out his threat, but had placidly remained near San Jose, carefully guarded by his soldiers. About this time a small party intended for service under the Bear Flag, had been re cruited by Capt. Thomas Fallon, then of Santa Cruz, but afterward a long-time resident of San Jose. This company, consisting of twenty- two men, crossed the Santa Cruz Mountains, entered the Santa Clara Valley at night and halted about three miles from San Jose at the rancho of Grove C. Cook. Here Fallon learned that Castro, with a force of 200 men, was close at hand. Therefore, believing discretion to be the better part of valor, he fell back into the mountains and there encamped. At sunset on June 27, Castro, placing him self at the head of his army, marched out of Santa Clara to chastise the Sonoma insurg ents. Passing around the head of San Fran cisco Bay he reached the San Leandro Creek from whence he dispatched three men to re- connoiter. They were to cross the bay in boats. On the water they were captured and shot. As they did not return Castro, guessing what had happened and fearing a like fate for himself, marched his company back to Santa Clara. War With Mexico Declared In the meantime great events had been oc curring without. The United States had de clared war against Mexico, General Scott, after a series of brilliant exploits, had captured the City of Mexico and Commodore John Drake Sloat was approaching Monterey. On July 7, 1846, Monterey was taken and .the American flag hoisted over the town. Two days later Henry Pitts, courier for Commo dore Sloat, rode into San Jose, and after an nouncing the triumph of American arms, sought out General Castro and delivered to the redoubtable Mexican warrior Commodore Sloat's communication. After reading it Cas tro, with moody brow, called out his men and forming in line in front of the Juzgado, or Hall of Justice on Market Street, shouted, "Monte rey is taken by the Americans," and then pro ceeded to read the written words of the Com modore. "To the inhabitants of California — ¦ "The central troops of Mexico having com menced hostilities against the United States of America by invading its territory and attack ing the troops of the United States stationed on the north side of the Rio Grande, with a force of 7,000 men under command of General Arista, which army was totally destroyed and all their artillery, baggage, etc., captured on the 8th and 9th of May last by a force of 2,300 men under the command of General Taylor, and the city of Matamoras taken and occu pied by the forces of the United States, and the two nations being actually at war by this transaction, I shall hoist the standard of the United States at Monterey immediately and shall carry it through California. HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 51 "I declare to the inhabitants of California, that although I come in arms with a powerful force, I do not come as an enemy to California. I come as their best friend, as henceforth Cal ifornia will be a portion of the United States and its peaceable inhabitants will enjoy the same rights and privileges they now enjoy together with the privilege of choosing their own magistrates and other officers for the ad ministration of justice among themselves, and the same protection will be extended to them as to any other state in the Union. They will also enjoy a permanent government under which life and property and the constitutional right and lawful security to worship the Cre ator in the way most congenial to each one's sense of duty, will be secured to which, unfor tunately, the Central Government of Mexico- cannot afford them, destroyed, as her resources are, by internal factions and corrupt officers who create constant revolutions to pro mote their own interests and oppress the people. Under the flag of the United States California will be free from all such troubles and expenses ; consequently, the country will rapidly advance and improve, both in agricul ture and commerce ; as, of course, the revenue laws will be the same in California as in. all other parts of the United States, affording them all manufactures and produce of the United States free of any duty, and for all for eign goods at one-quarter the du,ty they now pay. A great increase in the value of real es tate and the products of California may be anticipated. "With the great interest and kind feelings I know the government and people of the United States possess toward the people of California, the country cannot but improve more rapidly than any other on the continem of America. "Such of the inhabitants, whether native or foreign, as may not be disposed to accept the high privileges of citizenship and to live peace ably under the government of the United States, will be allowed time to dispose of their property and remove out of the country, if they choose, without any restriction ; or re main in it observing strict neutrality. "With full confidence in the honor and in tegrity of the inhabitants of the country, I invite the judges, alcaldes and other civil of ficers to execute their functions as heretofore, that the public tranquility be not disturbed, at least, until the government of the territory can be definitely arranged. "All persons holding titles to real estate, or in quiet possession of lands under color ot right, shall have these titles guaranteed to them. All churches, and the property they contain, in possession of the clergy of Califor nia, shall continue in the same right and pos session they now enjoy. "All provisions and supplies of every kind furnished by the inhabitants for the use of the United States ships and soldiers, will be paid for at fair rates, and no private property will be taken for public use without just compen sation at the moment. "JOHN D. SLOAT, "Commander-in-Chief of the U. S. Naval Force in the Pacific Ocean." The reading of the foregoing concluded, General Castro is said to have exclaimed, "What can I do with a handful of men against the United States? I am going to Mexico. All who wish to follow me, right-about-face. All who wish to remain can gq to their homes." Only a very few chose to follow Castro into Mexico, whither he proceeded on the following day, first taking prisoner, Charles M. Weber, a merchant, and not releas ing him until Los Angeles was reached. Upon hearing of Castro's departure Captain Fallon left his camp in the Santa Cruz Moun tains, marched into San Jose, seized the Juz- gado and arrested Dolores Pacheco, the al calde. He caused Pacheco to surrender the keys and pueblo archives as well, and ap pointed James Stokes justice of the peace. On July 13 he hoisted an American flag on the staff in front of the court house, the first flag of the Union to wave in Santa Clara county. While in San Jose Fallon received the follow ing communications from Captain Montgom ery, stationed at Yerba Buena (San Fran cisco) : "U. S. Ship Portsmouth, "Yerba Buena, July 13, 1846 "Sir : I have just received your letter with a copy of Mr. James Stokes' appointment as justice of the peace of the pueblo; also a dis patch from the commander-in-chief of the U. S. Naval Forces at Monterey, for which I thank you. By the bearer of them I return a dispatch for Commodore Sloat, which I hope you will have an opportunity of forwarding to Monterey. "I received your letter of July 12 and wrote to you, by the bearer of it, on the 13th in an swer advising you by all means to hoist the flag of the United States at the Pueblo of St. Joseph (San Jose) as you expressed to do. If you had sufficient force to maintain it there ; of course you understand that it is not again to be hauled down "Agreeable to your request I send you a proclamation, in both languages, from the • Commander-in-Chief, which I shall be glad to have distributed as far and generally as pos- 52 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY sible ; and be pleased to assure all persons of the most perfect security from injuries to their persons or property, and endeavor by every means in your power to inspire them with confidence in the existing authorities and gov ernment of the United States. "I am, sir, your ob't servant, " JOHN B. MONTGOMERY, "Commanding U. S. Ship Portsmouth. "To Capt. Thomas Fallon, Pueblo of St. Joseph, Upper California." "U. S. Ship Portsmouth, "Yerba Buena, July 18, 1846. "Sir I have just received your letter with the official dispatch from Commodore Sloat, which has been accidentally delayed one day in its transmission from the pueblo and am much obliged to you for sending it to me. "I am gratified to hear that you have hoisted the flag of our country and cannot but feel assured, as I certainly hope, that your zealous regard for its honor and glory will lead you nobly to defend it there. "I am, sir, your ob't servant, "JOHN B. MONTGOMERY, "Commander. "To Capt. Thomas Fallon at the Pueblo San Jose, Upper California." Before the arrival at Monterey of Commo dore Sloat it was believed in many quarters that the English government had a covetous eye on California. John Parrott, a prominent citizen of San Francisco, was in Mexico in the spring of 1846, and in a position to learn something of British intentions. Ascertaining that a movement was about to be made to hoist the English flag over the capital at Monterey, he sent a courier to Commodore Sloat warn ing him that England was about to steal a march on the United States. The commo dore immediately went to sea. He reached Monterey Bay, and as has been related, hoist ed the American flag over the capital on July 7, 1846. Admiral Seymour, of the British navy, arrived soon afterward, but having no authority to inaugurate hostilities with the United States, was powerless. The necessity of holding San Jose induced Captain Montgomery to dispatch the purser of the Portsmouth, Watmough, to the pueblo with thirty-five marines, as soon as it was learned that Fallon had gone south. He made his headquarters at the Juzgado and strength ened his command by the enlistment of a few volunteers. The tide of war, however, had flowed southward, and with the exception of a short expedition against the Indians of the San Joaquin Valley, the military operations did not amount to much. Watmough return ed to his vessel in October. At this time Commander Hull of the U. S. sloop of war Warren, was in command of the northern district of California and from him issued commissions to Charles M. Weber as captain and John M. Murphy as lieutenant of a company to be enlisted in the land service to serve during the war. They raised a com pany of thirty and established headquarters in an adobe building on the east side of what is now known as Lightston Street. This com pany did good service in scouting the country and preventing depredations by the straggling remnants of Castro's command and in securing supplies for the use of the troops. About the time Weber and Murphy receiv ed their commissions a body of emigrants ar rived at Sutter's Fort where they were met by Captain Smith, of Fremont's Battalion, who had been detailed as a recruiting officer. Among the emigrants was Joseph Aram, who afterwards became an honored resident of Santa Clara County. Aram immediately en listed and was appointed a captain. With his volunteers he proceeded to escort the families of the emigrants to Santa Clara where he made his headquarters in November. The ac commodations were very inadequate and the season being a rough one, fourteen died before February and many more became seriously ill. Captain Aram had a force of thirty-one men and hearing that a Colonel Sanchez with a large force of mounted Mexicans was threat ening the Santa Clara Mission, he proceeded to put it in as good a condition for defenses as his means would permit. Wagons and even branches cut from the trees on the Alameda were used as barricades across the various approaches. At the time Captain Aram took possession of the Mission, Captain Mervin of the U. S. Navy sent Lieutenant Pinckney, of the Savan nah, and sixty men to reinforce Weber and Murphy at San Jose. On the afternoon of November 2, this force took possession of the Juzgado and transformed it into a barracks, entrenching the position by breastworks and a ditch. Videttes were stationed on all the roads and a sentinel was posted on the Guad alupe bridge. In addition to these precautions Weber and Murphy's company were almost continually in the saddle, scouting the country in all directions. This was absolutely neces sary as the Mexican Sanchez, with a large force, was hovering around the valley picking up stragglers and looking for a favorable op portunity for a sudden attack. At the same time the Americans were anxious to meet Sanchez on a fair field, but the Mexican's HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 53 movements were so erratic that he could not be brought to bay. In the first days of September, Sanchez, by means of an ambush, surprised and captured Lieutenant W. A. Bartlett of the U. S. sloop Warren. Bartlett was then acting as alcalde At San Francisco. He, with five men, were out looking for supplies of cattle and reached a point near the Seventeen Mile House in what is now San Mateo County, when San chez and his men dashed out from the brush and made the Americans prisoners. Martin Corcoran, afterwards a prominent resident of San Jose, was with the captured party. The prisoners were taken to Sanchez camp among the redwoods in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Range. Word was brought to San Jose that Sanchez was somewhere in the northern part of the valley and Weber and Murphy, with their company, started^ out in pursuit. After advancing a few miles they learned that Sanchez had received large accessions to his force and was occupying a strong position in the hills back of San Mateo. Captain Weber's little company being too small to render an attack advisable, the march was continued to San Francisco, where Weber reported to the Commander. As soon as Weber had passed on, Sanchez came out of the hills and encamped on the Hig- uera ranch, north of San Jose. Two days later he started for the pueblo thinking he could capture it without a fight as Weber's defenders had gone. He took up a position on the Alma- den road, south of town and sent in a flag of truce, demanding surrender and stating that he had with him two hundred men whose eagerness for battle could with difficulty be restrained; but if the American forces would leave San Jose they would be permitted to depart unmolested. Lieutenant Pinckney re fused the offer, doubled his guards and 'pre pared for battle. That night was one of great anxiety to the little band behind the intrench- ments on Market Street. Every one was on the alert and although each nerve was strung to the utmost tension there was no flinching. During the night Sanchez circled round the town and carefully inspected the position of the Americans from every point. When he saw the preparations made for his reception, his heart failed him and he rode off with his command and went into camp about five miles north of Santa Clara. He kept with him Lieu tenant Bartlett and his men. At that time J. Alexander Forbes, the acting British Consul was at Santa Clara. Taking a small English flag in his hands, Mr. Forbes visited the camp of Sanchez for the purpose of negotiating for the release of the prisoners. Sanchez was will ing that Bartlett might go with Forbes, but would not consent that Bartlett should go to the Americans unless they would deliver up Capt. C. M. Weber in his place. Forbes com municated this proposition to the Commander at San Francisco and pending a reply took Bartlett to Santa Clara. Word came quickly that Sanchez' proposition could not be enter tained and Bartlett was returned to the Mexi can camp. During this time Weber's force in San Fran cisco was joined by other forces, and placed under the command of Capt. Ward Marston, U. S. Marine Corps, of the Savannah. The composition of this small army was as fol lows: Thirty-four marines commanded by Lieut. Robert Tansell ; a six pound ship's gun and ten men commanded by Master William F. D. Gough, assisted by Midshipman John Kell ; the San Jose Volunteers, a body of thirty-three mounted men nuder command of Capt. Chas. M. Weber and Lieut. John M. Murphy with James F. Reed, seeking relief for the Donner party, as second lieutenant ; Yerba Buena Volunteers under command of Capt. William F. Smith and a detachment of twelve men under command of Capt. J. Martin. The whole force numbered 101 men. They left San Francisco and on January 2, 1847, came in sight of Sanchez' forces about four miles north of Santa Clara. The Mexican force was about 250 men but notwithstanding the odds were two to one against them the Americans advanced to the attack with confidence and enthusiasm. Sanchez, whose scouts had brought him intelligence of the aproach of the troops from San Francisco, first sent his pri soners toward the Santa Cruz Mountains and then with great show of valor made ready for battle. As soon as the Americans came in sight of the enemy they pressed toward for an attack. Sanchez fell back and the Ameri cans continued to advance. They brought their one piece of artillery into position but at the third round it was dismounted by the recoil and half buried in the mud. The infan try however, kept up a hot fire, whenever they could get in range, which owing to the extreme caution of the Mexicans, was not often. A good deal of ground was thus tra versed until finally Sanchez made a strong demonstration around the right, flank of the Americans, hoping by this maneuver to cut off and stampede a large band of horses that were in the charge of the United States troops. The reports of the artillery and the volleys of the musketry had aroused the people of the Mission of Santa Clara. They ascended the house tops to witness the battle. Capt. Aram, with the men under his command wished to join the conflict, but as all the women and children of the country were under American 54 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY military protection, Aram did not feel at liberty to abandon them, especially as Sanchez in his retrograde movement, was approaching the Mission. But when the Mexicans made the demonstration on the American right, he marched his men with speed to attack San chez' right wing. At the same time, Weber and Murphy's company charged, the combined forces driving the Mexicans from the field and toward the Santa Cruz Mountains while the Americans marched in triumph to the Mission. The Mexican loss was four men killed and four wounded. The Americans had two men slightly wounded. Soon after Sanchez had been driven from the field he sent in to the Mission a flag of truce offering a conditional surrender. The reply was that the surrender must be uncondi tional. Sanchez replied that he would die rather than surrender except on the conditions proposed by him. At last a cessation of hos tilities was agreed upon until such time as his proposition could be submitted to the Com mander of the district at San Francisco. During the armistice and the day after the battle, January 3, Capt. Aram went to the Mexican corral to look for some horses that had been stolen from the Americans. While in the Mexican camp word was brought in that another American force was advancing from the direction of the Santa Cruz Mount ains. Sanchez, who seemed in great fear of an attack, requested Capt. Aram to go out and meet them and inform them of the armistice. As no reinforcements were expected from that direction Aram could not imagine what this force could be, but he rode out to meet them. The acting British Consul, J. Alexander Forbes, accompanied him. It seems that the hope that England would take a hand in the affairs of California was not entirely aban doned, for as Lieutenant Murphy stated, Forbes carried with him, concealed under his saddle, a small British flag, presuinably for the purpose of invoking the aid of the strangers should they prove to be English. Several of the men in the escort saw the flag and said afterward that had an attempt been made to induce British interference, the bearer of the flag would not have survived to tell the story of his. negotiations. As it happened, however, the new party proved to be a force of fifty nine men under command of Capt. Maddox of the U. S. Navy. They were disap pointed to hear of the armistice but respected its conditions. Three days after this event a courier arrived from San Francisco inform ing Capt. Marston that Sanchez' surrender must be unconditional. On the next day, the 7th, Lieutenant Gray son arrived at the Mission with another rein forcement of fifteen men and on the 8th San chez unconditionally surrendered his entire force. His men were allowed to return to their homes, which the majority of them did, to afterward become good citizens of the United States. Sanchez was taken to San Francisco and for a time was held prisoner of war on board the Savannah. The battle of Santa Clara was the last of the hostilities in this county. The theater of war was transferred to the south and no hostile gun was afterward fired in the beautiful Val ley of Santa Clara. But few months elapsed after this engagement before the soldiers on both sides were mingled together in the friendliest kind of business and social re lations. This will not seem remarkable when it is remembered that the inhabitants of Cali fornia had, for years, been dissatisfied with their relations to the Mexican Government. They had contemplated a revolution and had, in a manner, accomplished it when they drove Micheltorena from the country. It is true they had no love for the United States, but that government having taken possession of the country, they accepted the situation as being much better than their former condition, al though not what they had hoped to achieve. The equal justice which was administered by the Americans soon reconciled them to their lot and in a few years they congratulated themselves over the fact that things were much better than they had expected. Hostilities between the United States and Mexico ceased early in 1848 and on February 2nd of that year the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed. By its terms California was ceded to the conquerors. This treaty was ratified by the President of the United States on March 16, was exchanged at Queretaro on May 30, and was proclaimed by the President on July 4th. California was now the property of the United States but had neither territorial nor state organization. In fact it had no territor ial existence until 1849. During this time its af fairs were administered by the senior military officers stationed in California. These military governors were : Commodore John D. Sloat, July 7, 1846; Commodore Robert F. Stock ton, August 17, 1846; Col. John C. Fremont, January 1847 ; Gen. Stephen W. Kearney, March,1847; Col. Richard B. Mason, May 31, 1847; Gen. Bennett Riley, April 13, 1849. Capt. Thomas Fallon, who raised the first American flag in the Santa Clara Valley, ac companied Fremont in the pursuit of Pio Pico. After the war ended he took up his residence in San Jose, erecting what was then consid ered the finest mansion in the pueblo. It stood on San Pedro Street at its junction with what HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY 55 is now San Augustine Street and extended back to Chabolla Alley. The grounds were spacious and were planted in fruit trees and flowering plants. Here the hospitable captain kept open house for years. He had three daughters by his first wife, a native of Mex ico. They were looked upon as the three beauties of the pueblo. The oldest, Anita, married John T. Malone, who was a graduate of Santa Clara College and a lawyer of stand ing and ability. While he was deputy district attorney he was seized with the stage fever. Abandoning the law he studied for the stage and in the early eighties made his professional debut in San Francisco appearing as "Romeo" to the "Juliet" of Miss Eleanor Calhoun, a San Jose girl, who had adopted the stage as a pro fession ancl who is now (1922) the wife of Prince Lazarovitch of Serbia. Malone starred several years in the East, and was secretary of the Players' Club, New York City when he died. His wife became an actress before his death. Another of Captain Fallon's daughters married Nat J. Brittain, a prominent San Fran cisco clubman. In 1862 Fallon ran for state senator on the Democratic ticket but was beaten by Joseph G. Wallis, of Mayfield, Re publican. In 1867 he was the successful candi date for county treasurer, defeating Moody, Republican, by sixty-one votes. He held no other important public office. Lieut. John M. Murphy, who was Captain Weber's second in command during hostili ties in Santa Clara Valley during the Mexi can war, was the son of Martin Murphy, Sr., and after the discovery of gold, went to the mines, taking with him a stock of goods. He employed the Indians to prospect and dig for him and probably had more gold in his pos session than other miners on the coast. He was the first treasurer of Santa Clara County and was afterward elected recorder and then sheriff. His wife was Virginia F. Reed, daugh ter of James F. Reed and one of the sur vivors of the ill-fated Donner party. Mur phy has been dead for many years. His widow died in Los Angeles February 15, 1921. Charles M. Weber was a merchant in San Jose where he formed his volunteer company to defend the pueblo. He acquired a large tract of land in the county, raised thousands of cattle and died in San Joaquin County many years ago. Gold Is Discovered The discovery of gold in January, 1848, created the greatest excitement in San Jose. The news came after the grain crop had been planted. All business was suspended and everybody rushed to the mines. Many suc ceeded in obtaining a good supply of the prec ious metal, but many more did not succeed. The grain in the fields grew and ripened, but waited in vain for the reaper and was finally wasted or devoured by the roving hogs. Each report of a rich find intensified the excitement while the numerous stories of disappointment seemed not to allay the fever. Town and county were deserted. There being no crops for lack of harvesting all food supplies went up to fabulous prices. The flour used was brought chiefly from Chile and sold for twenty dollars a barrel. Everything else in the way of food, except meat was proportionately high. Labor, when it could be procured was from ten to eighteen dollars per day. Lumber cost $100 per thousand feet for hauling alone. For two years the onions raised on about six acres of ground where the Southern Pacific depot stands yielded a net profit of $20,000 a year. The two most prominent towns in Cali fornia in 1848 were Yerba Buena (San Fran cisco) and San Jose. When the gold dis covery was made Charles E. AVhite was al calde of San Jose and Harry Bee, alguazil, or sheriff. All the males, with few exceptions, joined the stampede, leaving behind only the old men and the women and children. On account of the favorable location and quietude of the town men from other settlements came to San Jose, left their wives and families and then hurried off to the mines. Harry Bee then had under his charge in the calaboose ten prisoners (Indians), two of whom were charged with murder. When Al calde White announced his intention to leave for the mines, Harry asked him what disposi tion of the prisoners should be made. "Do what you like with them," was the answer. Harry considered awhile and at last came to the conclusion that it would never do to leave the Indians in the pueblo with none but women and children about, for he, too, had made up his mind to go to the mines. He finally determined to take the Indians along with him and with his father-in-law and brother-in-law started out. Before leaving the lockup the Indians promised faithfully not to escape and to serve Harry well in return for which service they would, after a time, be re stored to liberty. The party located at Dry Diggings on the American River and for three months the Indians behaved splendidly. All the dust they took out was given to their em ployer and they seemed to care for nothing except food and shelter. At the end of two months the miners thereabout began to talk to them about the shabby way in which they were treated, telling them that they were un der no restraint, that the gold they took out was their own property and wound up by giving them the curse of the aborigine, "fire 56 HISTORY OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY water." Harry soon noticed a change in their manner and as he had cleaned up a good pile he resolved to return to San Jose. Accord ingly he left the Indians in full posession of his claim with all the tools, etc., and departed homeward. He afterward learned that the In dians only worked one day after his departure and then devoted what dust they had in get ting on a glorious drunk, which was not un mixed with bloodshed. Not one of them ever returned to San Jose. Hon. S. O. Houghton, who died in Los An geles a few years ago, passed through San Jose in the fall of '48 to find the place compara tively deserted. All the male population had departed for the mines, business had stagnated ancl everything appeared to be going to rack and ruin. No provision had been made for the coming season. Mr. Houghton, while at Mon terey on his way northward, purchased of Capt. Joseph Aram, a redwood board for the purpose of making a rocker for which he paid one dollar per toot. Sawmills were a paying business those days. After returning from the mines Mr. Houghton employed men in a saw mill, paying them as high as sixteen dollars per day. AVhen the gold excitement broke out the following persons were in and about San Jose. Moses Schallenberger, Frank Lightson, Charles E. AVhite, J. AV. AA'eeks, Ephraim Fravel, George Cross, A. Pfister, Isaac Bran- ham, Dr. Ben Cory, John M. Murphy, Thomas Campbell, Capt. Joseph Aram, William Gul nac, Charles M. Weber, AV. C. Wilson, Ed ward Johnson, Peter Davidson, Josiah Belden, Zachariah Jones, P. Haggerty, Jonathan Parr, the Pyle family, M. D. Kell, "Peter Quincy, Hiram Miller, Samuel Young, Joseph Stillwell, Arthur Caldwell, James F. Reed, Clement Bugbee, Wesley Hoover, James Enright, Harry Bee. This does not complete the list, but nearly so. Parties were organized for the mines and explorations were carried on until just before the rainy season when the major part of the gold seekers returned. Before the opening of spring, when new expeditions had been fitted out, the population had largely in creased and the city was left in a more secure condition. Numbers had already increased their store of gold to a satisfactory extent, while others wished to try their hand again. Killing of Young Pyle No single event created more interest and excitement in San Jose and vicinity than the killing of young Pyle by a Mexican named Valencia in 1847 From a great mass of stories the following facts have been gleaned : In 1847 young Pyle, son of Edward Pyle, visited the ranch of Anastacio Chabolla for the purpose of playing with the young Spanish boys on the ranch. During the play one of the boys named Valencia, a nephew of Cha bolla, accidentally injured the horse of young Pyle. The horse was so nearly disabled that another had to be procured to take young Pyle home. After young Pyle had ' left the ranch Valencia's companions began to plague him about his awkwardness, saying, among other things, that upon hearing young Pyle's story the parents would make Valencia's moth er pay for the injury. Valencia appears to have been a very sensitive boy and his com panions worked his feelings up to such a pitch that he determined to follow Pyle and extract a promise to keep mum about the accident. Mounted on a fast horse he soon overtook Pyle and with a throw of the lariat dragged the boy from his horse. He then cut the boy's throat with a knife and dragged the body to the foothills and covered it with brush. A\rhen young Pyle did not return home his relatives and friends instituted search for him but without result. No clue to his where abouts was discovered until 1849 and the man ner of the discovery was for years a subject of dispute. Frederic Hall, in his history says that in 1849 a brother of young Pyle met in the San Joaquin Valley a man who said he knew all about the killing. He was brought to San Jose, the remains of the murdered boy were found and the arrest of Valencia soon followed. Another story was related by the late Julius Martin, of Gilroy. In 1849 Martin had a band of cattle in the vicinity of Mormon Island. One of his Spanish vaqueros named Camillo Ramero was taken ill with a fever and Martin brought him to his (Ramero's) home in the Santa Clara A-alley. One night as they were riding near the Bernal ranch, Ramero was taken with a chill, and fearing that he was was about to die, told Martin all about the murder of young Pyle, who did it, how it was clone and where the body had been hid den. Fie said, among other things, that after young Pyle had been dragged from his horse, Valencia rode away, but soon after meeting his uncle was told that if he did not go back and kill Pyle the Americans would hang him for what he had already done. The statement so worked Qn the boy's fears, that he went back, killed Pyle and concealed the body near Silver Creek, beyond Evergreen. Martin, after hearing Ramero's story came at once to San Jose and meeting Cad. Keyes told him what Ramero had confessed. Keyes chanced to find John Pyle in town and they made up a posse and arrested Valencia. A party consisting of Peter Davidson, John Pyle, William McCutchen and a few others went out to find the murdered boy's remains. 00 X