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PATRIOTISM

AND

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BY WILLIAM BAILEY,
AUTHOR OF QBIMALDI, A THA8EBI,

Bui Jesus said unto them, a prophet is not without honour, but in his own
country, and among his own kin, and in his own house — Mask ri. 4.

JUasIjtnfltott:
PBINTED AND PUBLISHED.
ANB MAY BE HAD OS ALL BOOKSELLERS IN THE U. S.
1826.

PREFACE.

These Records embrace the period of the American struggle
with the King and Court and Oligarchy of England, from the
year 177^ t0 tna* °f 17^3. An American officer, Major
Garden, aid-de-camp to General Green and of Lee's Partizan"
Legion, published at Charleston, in' the year 1822, a most
interesting volume of the heroes, and worthies, and most dis
tinguished events and achievements, of that war, which ended
in the dismemberment from the British Crown and Kingdom
of the finest Colonies in the world. One copy only, I believe,
of the publication found its way-to this country, and that was
presented by a gentleman of Charleston to the Reverend Mr.
Rogers, the patriotic rector of Sproughton in Suffolk. This
divine in every sense of the word, favoured me with a few
days' perusal of it. Struck with the manner of the work, the
excellence of its principles, and its apparent tone of 'strict
veracity, I felt desirous of rendering it available to the cause
of Freedom here at home, by making my countrymen as much
acquainted with its contents as circumstances would permit.
At this moment, to tfie great disgust of every .man with the

IV PREFACE.
heart in his breast of those ancestors who wrenched our rights
and liberties from the blood-stained grasp of the Stuarts, Mr.
John Hunt was prosecuted by the Attorney-general for citing
in the Examiner a few passages from Lord Byron's Vision of
Judgment, one among which declared of George the Third,
that ' He ever warred with Freedom and the Free,
Nations as men, home subjects, foreign foes,
So that they uttered the word Liberty.'
The reason assigned in the indictment for this proceeding
was, that such sentiments went to disturb and disquiet the
happiness and peace of mind of his .present majesty. It be
came, with the London booksellers, honest men and true as
they are, to every argument against the Freedom of the Press,
which emanates from the Mint or the Bank of England, — it
became immediately with these gentlemen, the commonest of
common prudence, not to let any of their names appear in the
title page of these Records. Out of the metropolis, however,
a man was found who never yet flinched from his duty to the
country which gave him birth, and the cause from which that
country derives all her real greatness. He gave the ^pare
hours of his press to print it for exportation, reserving a few
copies for subscribers at home. This accounts for the great
lapse of' time from the earliest proposal to the completion of
the work.
Verily it is of the last importance with George the Fourth
and those about him, that the characters of Kings defunct be
held sacred, and that the old-fashioned maxim of de mortuis
nil nisi bonum remain unimpeached. Doctor Johnson, who
could be gloomy enough in all conscience upon the subject of
death and after death, was here, however, himself again in
moral excellence. He ventured to substitute the word verum
in the place of bonum, saying, speak nothing but tmrkh of the
dead. I will not tell why in this case the doctor's emendation
becomes so unpalatable at court ; posterity will speak that plain
enough, and nothing will avail against it. The political con
duct of his majesty's royal father is fair and lawful matter of
disquisition, whatsoever the crown lawyers may opine to the
contrary. It is the public property of his surviving subjects,

PREFACE. V
as also will be 'that of ihis- 6wn, when it snail please God to
put an «nd to his -reign. If this be not correct, we of a cer
tainty live 'under a -despotism, such as was not contemplated
by our 'forefathers when they settled the crown in the Bruns
wick -line. In -this deep feeling of the rectitude of the thing,
I will advance, and to my dying day maintain, that 'George
the Third, as a private English gentleman, through life ex
hibited a "beautiful personification of Addison's ideal Sir Roger
deCov«ifley, — but as a^King, God have mercy upon us all, and
preserve and keep us from such another. In -violation of
every 'principle whic-h enthroned his family, "he ^dashed from
She IMtish crown his -vast colonial territory of America, the
brightest gewel in it ; and in rage and remorse, he warred at
home and abroad against Freedom ever after.
The BectaTation of the Independence of America was one
of the noblest efforts of a united people extant in history ; it
was qiot only a declaration, 'but was fought out of the fire and
wrath of mewe and powerful enemies. Reasons of adaman
tine strength are there given to -the world in language most
astonishingly 'manly, and becoming. ' I ask,' exclaimed
Mirabeau,ln his emphatic -manner, ' I ask if the powers who
have formed affiances with the states have dared 'to read -that
Manifesto, or to interrogate their consciences after the perusal?
I aslk, Aether :there be at 'this day one government in Europe,
the 'Helvetic and ©atavian confederations and the British isles
eseepted, whieh, judged after the principles of the Declaration
(rfiCangr-ess-of thefoupth of July, Iff®, *s not divested of its
rights ?' Mirabeau's question is equally applicable at this
day to -the despot governments of Europe, and I fear to some
of those which he then thought had grounds of exception,
—thanks to -the crusade against the French Revolution, and
the impious Holy Alliance -which hath grown out of it. Even
in England, there are but few remains of substantial Freedom.
The House of Commons, as now -returned and constituted," I
segard collectively as a callous, 'blushless despotism ; and
where «uch usurpation hath gradually obtained, that there
can be but few remains, very few indeed, of substantial
Freedom. It is the cant of knaves who play the game of loaves and

VI PREFACE.

fishes, who seek the good things of this world at the hands of
those who have the disposal of them, to affirm that our acqui
sitions in India, are more than commensurate with our losses;
. in America ; while fools follow in full cry and loyal belief of
the affirmation. There is not the least relevancy in the two v
countries. Our Indian empire is little else than a freebooting
conquest, a delinquent invasion of provinces and, nations,
accompanied with the dethronement of Kings and .Princes,
as bad, if not worse, in principle and action, than the like
exploits #$ Napoleon, so loudly reprobated by the whole host
of legitimacy : — whereas the Colonies of America became our
own by plantation, which our forefathers chartered in Liberty
and just and equal law, in mutual protection and security.
To the last hour of Tory infringement- of these laws and
charters, the Colonists were our natural allies and real friends,
and were at , all times a mighty arm against our enemies in
that quarter of the world. Our government of India is an
Asiatic despotism, where English laws are declared to be
inadmissible, and there is no help for the millions so governed.
It is supposed, that not having ever known any other, they
are contented ; it may, or it may not be so, time will determine
that, In America things were otherwise ; — when the King
and his ministers attempted to break through all chartered
restraints, the people petitioned, but to no purpose; they
remonstrated, yet were equally disregarded, — when, indig
nantly out of all patience, they revolted, set up the standard
of Independence, allied with our bitterest enemies, and finally
defeated the armies sent to subdue them to obedience, com
pelling them to re-embark and sail home in shame and dis
grace. The native East Indians can get but little by rebel
ling, for having no just notions of Liberty, they will not
unite into a great republic, and their change will only be from
one tyranny to another, and at all events they will be plun-
deied. Such a country, so far from being as America was,
a strong arm against our enemies, cannot even defend itself ;
and, provided it were open in free trade to all the world, we
should be better without it.
Even as Napoleon lost his immense acquisitions in Europe,
so shall we lose our conquests in Asia. Napoleon fell with

PREFACE. Vll
his turn of fortune never to rise again, but it would not be so
with us ; for, provided no other ppwer monopolized the trade
and commerce of India, we should prosper in our defeat and
profit by our loss, : not so is it in the case of Ainerica, of which*
country we have never recovered from the loss, nor even yet
paid the debt contracted in losing it. As Colonies, America
relieved us of our redundant population, — every man and
woman we had to spare enriched us in their emigration, and
tended to draw the knot of unity the closer. We are now,
for want of this resource, seeking to colonize elsewhere, but
in vain ; and America, though she will receive every pauper,
does not take many steps to encourage such recruits to her
population. America wants emigrants of some property and
much industry to settle fn her Republic, but the idle and de
praved pauperism of Europe she declines to have spued upon
her shores.
Of the numerous possessions of the British Crown, not one
of them can our redundant population be prevailed upon to
colonize. We may ship a few starving mechanics and labour
ers to Canada, and induce others to cross the Pacific to New
South Wales, but Botany Bay is there, and disgrace is there
also. ' The veriest indigence at home is considered as prefer
able to the first, while persons of decent education and respect
able character will not sit ddwn beside the convicted felon,
and that not unfrequently in the person of the blasting irre
claimable prostitute. Now, with a most alarming increase of
pauperism, and an audacious combination of mendicity, each
attributable in their extreme to the lack of timely colonization,
our hopeful Tory rulers and governors, and all their clan and
family, begin to feel' and see that the loss of America may
ultimately be the ruin of them all. Perchance, on other
accounts they have occasion to feel and see the same, but
these not having yet come so entirely home to their business
and bosoms^ they have not cared to dwell minutely upon'.
them. It is the wish of the Tories that the diabolical events of
this their Holy War be allowed to sink into oblivion, lest to
the latest posterity they rise up in judgment against their
doctrines and maxims and pestilent principles altogether.

T1U PREFACE.
Nevertheless, they shall not be so indulged,, but, on the cora^
trary, it shall be endeavoured to transmit, from- generation to
generation, every one of their atrocities. Major Garden, has,
collected a precious sample of them, and I. have, ironi/ our,
own historians and other sources of. information,, recorded,
some in addition, and' trust- that others, who hate and detest-
the principles of the Tories as much as I do, wilLbringvVBt.
more of their transactions to light. To have made mention-
of all the, bloodstained acts and deeds of their Intolerable
War, — another Tory name for the devastation and' butchery
of it,, — had swelled this i volume to an unsuitable1 size, or,, in
the chapter on the Employment of the. Savages, might have?
been related the night attack of these daemons uprauthe
Americans under General Wayne, headed by a^British officer,,
a Colonel Browne ; the same who so brutally caused the sou,
of Mrs. M"*Koy to be hanged, — permitting his savages to
scalp him before his- mother's' face. Happily- for Wayne, his
troops, and his cause, he defeated the infernals. I raighi„
have dwelt upon the fact of no less than three thousand savages
who were in the last war brought by General Proctor against
the Americans at the battle on the Thamesr river, all of which
were killed,; wounded, or dispersed. Twelve hundred were
present in the. expedition, of the British against Fort, Meigs,
which number, not being deemed sufficient, an agent of the
name of Dickson, to fill up the measure of the'iniqaitks of
this second Holy War, induced eighteen hundred more to
take up the hatGhet as our allies,, which completed the infernal
brigade so happily annihilated at Thames river.
In like manner, under the head of British atrocities, might
have been detailed Lord Rawdon's. work of destruction when
evacuating Camden ; where, after reducing the town to little
eke than- a heap of ruins,, burning the greater portion of his
own baggage an4 stores, and even the effects belonging to the
inhabitantsy he set fire to the prison, the mil, and several
other buildings ; and, to crown all, left behind him, to the
mercy of an enemy thus exasperated, fifty-eight: of his own
wounded men,. This last piece of generalship was in the true
spirit of aristocratic insolence, scorn, and arrogance, which at
that period so prevailed in the British army. It was disdain-

PREFACE. IX

fully presumed, that the Americans were to take care of these
wounded in preference to their own, — thirty-one in number
left with them, — and, not so doing, hanging was. to have been
the consequence, whensoever the events of the campaign
brought Lord Rawdon and his army again that way.
These were the deeds of British officers, employed by what
a Reverend Divine insured pluralities in designating the
most amiable government in the world- These were the deeds
of British officers, some of whom, as Burgpyne confessed,
were personally instructed to do them by him the Tories'
continually hailed as the father of his people. Other most
wanton instances might have been adduced, the recital of
which had gone to shock the feelings of every Briton possess
ing a spark of the humanity which should ever wanq, the
breast of a brave warrior. In Charles the First's war with
his subjects, when the yoke of slavery was fiercely endeavoured
to be rivetted round their necks, the conduct of the King and
his cavaliers, bad as it was, becomes mild and moderate, when
placed side by side with that of George the Third and his
commanders in America. Napoleon, some of whose friends
have confessed that he let human blood run like dishwater,
would never have disgraced the civilked warrior's fair faihe^
in associating him with the ruthless savages. It may be said
that he never was tried, — perhaps hot, but his indignant sen
timents were well known upon the fact of George the Third
, sanctioning his generals in the employment of them.
* At the commencement of the contest it became the practice
of British officers in command, when they met the Americans
in hostile array, to halt their own troops, and with a few at
tendants advance within bawling distance of the rebels, as
they styled them, and in the coarse unsoldierly language bf
execration, to demand that they laid down their arms and
submitted, or that military execution should be immediately
done upon them. This atrocity did not last long ; always a
refusal and sometimes a volley was the answer, and in some
Instances utter defeat followed upon that. Nothing more
betrayed the badness of the British cause than these threats
and execrations. The knightly demeanour and dignified
courtesy of arms being thus dispensed with, plainly spake

X PREFACE.
that wisdom and justice were not consulted, that the angry
passions had become lords paramount, and that their strong
est arguments were to be enforced from the cannon's mouth..
At Lexington this malignancy began, but hard blows in no
long period of time corrected these hard words into better
language ; while the arrogance of requiring the Americans to
lay down their arms, or no quarter should be given, was not
finally brought to a close until the day of Red Bank.
. Although I may have made mention of the cavaliers of
Charles with a sort of subdued indignation, it was only in
comparison with the Intolerables of George. It is much to
be regretted, that the names and exploits of the heroes and
worthies -pf that glorious conflict in the cause of Freedom,
had been recorded in the manner of Major Garden, and that
the malignancies of the royalists were handed down with equal
perspicuity. They had become an exemplar for the people of
England in after time of trouble, perchance not now very, far
in the distance ; while, in the reverse of the portraiture, would
be seen the rancour, hatred, and raging-for vengeance on the
part of the cavaliers, such as only was exceeded in the Amer
ican Revolutionary War against the resisting people there.
If such record were, it must of necessity have been published
before the Restoration, or if after that event, have been done
very quietly indeed, or not at all in England. Had such a
work been printed and circulated anywhere upon the Conti
nent, it must have come down to us, even though legitimate
poweV had been daily and yearly employed in its suppression,
as it is in these our own times employed, whensoever a work
appears, wherein Liberty and equal justice, from the highest
to the lowest, are the deathless and immortal contents. All
the legitimates and despots and slaves in the world united, .
cannot destroy every copy of such a work. God, whose ser
vice, as read our clergy from the Liturgy every Sundayrr-
God, whose service is perfect freedom, will preserve it for the
good of all mankind that dare be free ; and as a check upon
that portion whose hearts are as hard as iron and stones, and
who are clothed in adventitious power to torment their fellow-
creatures. If God were, as the clergy would fain inculcate into men's

PREFACE. XI

minds, an enemy to a people resisting their unjust and tyran
nical rulers, how comes it that British and Spanish America
have been permitted to successfully resist and throw off the
yoke of their crowned and coroneted masters. The case is
plain, — these same masters were tyrants, and therefore the
Almighty raised up the arm of their oppressed people, who
smote them and renounced their feudality.- How are the
mighty fallen ! The Kings of England and Spain have now
not a subject nor an acre in America, cold and comfortless Ca
nada alone excepted. The Spanish dominions, in the reign of
Philip the Second, were so infinitely extended over all parts of
the world, that it was the remark of a quaint old cosmographer,
' that they beheld both the rising and the setting of the sun,
which before no monarch ever could say.' Political justice
cometh to pass in due time for every evil done unto the great
body of the people. Foul oppression, sooner or later, meets with
its exceeding great reward, blessed be God. The callous, un
feeling despotism of Philip the Second, refined upon in arro
gance by his General, the Duke of Alva, drove the Flemings
into resistance, out of which was achieved their Independence.
Our Elizabeth, notwithstanding her abhorrence of the least dis
obedience to the sovereign will and ' all in authority ' under
it, could not forbear, in her enmity to Philip, to secretly assist
with money and troops the revolting Flemings. She did the
same in France against the House of Guise, pretending fear for
the safety of her throne. When charged by the powers of
Europe with being the stirrer up of Rebellion against crowned
heads and legitimate governments, she became much per
plexed. It could not be denied, but it must be extenuated^
— but how, and who so able and willing as to do it ? At
length was found, of all men in the world to undertake the
ungracious task, a Bishop, — who, under the eye of the wily
Cecil, the crafty Burleigh, manufactured, in learned argu
ment and Machiavelian policy, a book in justification of her
insidious conduct.
This extraordinary book hath been ever since held as good
authority for revolt j insurrection, rebellion, resistance, or what
ever is the word expressive of, ' We the people will endure
tyranny and oppression no longer.' Bishop Bilson's argu-

xii PREFACE.
ments have been cited to that effect, to the grief, vexation,
and chagrin of ' crowned fortune proud,' in either hemisphere.
It hath been the sedulous endeavour of every legitimate
power, from then to now, to annihilate and rid the world of
this eternal book, but without entire success. Be it never so
scarce, a copy is always forthcoming on great occasions.
Doctor Dibdin shut it out of a gentleman's library as unfit,
which he cleverly effects by not mentioning or even alluding
to it at all, — so far as I can gather from what I have seen of
his numerous ponderous tomes, devoted to the Bibliomania e-f
the Roxburg Club ; — yet doubtless, he knows right well where
the few scarce copies of it are to be found.
It should' seem that Spain, in her latter day, remembered
the intrigues of Queen Elizabeth, and visited them in ven
geance upon the head of George the Third, when embroiled
with his. American Colonies, even at the hazard of her own
following out their example, and profiting by its results. It
is the boon of Providence to the people, thaf Kings and their
councillors are, generally speaking, as great- fools as they are
Imaves, or all the world* would be enthralled in despotism.
Their treacherous dealings with each other continually open
a door into the teriiple of Freedom, and their folly keeps it
long enough ajar to let us see just so much of the inside as
to make us long, for its possession ever after ; to sometimes
fight for- it, and in that event to almost always gain if : the
last fifty years have advanced these simple facts to men's
minds, arid all history, in alltime recorded, confirms them true,
England, false to the principles of her Revolution in 1688*
m cbrifprmity with which, a royal family was unappeasably
shut out from the throne, — breaks the charters of her Amer
ican Colonies, and goads them into resistance. A Declaration
of Independence follows upon this, and} after a sanguinary
contention of eight years, Victory declares against the legiti
mate tyrants and charter-breakers^ Spain, possessing also in
America, most valuable Colonies, in the spirit of envy, hatred,
and' malice, commercial rivalry, and the hope of Gibraltar,
must forsooth render assistance to the British Colonies, in the
assertion of their Independence, throwing off the monarchical
yoke of the mother country, and finally establishing a.mighty

PREFACE. Xlll
Republic in lieu of it. No feeling of Freedom and. Tolera
tion, the unalienable rights of man, free trade, and all that
belongs to wisdom, and good government, influenced the
Spanish councils in this measure ; positively none, but the
bad and angry passions and false calculations hereinmentioned.
It was the congratulatory cant ef the Tories, in talk among
themselves, that Spain likedher own Colonies much too well,
to aid and abet those of the British in rebellion against Eng
land. Notwithstanding this sapient twaddle, well knowing
the treachery and bad faith of Kings and Courts in all their
dealings with each other, they secretly trembled^ lest such aid
ing and abetting would be ; and for once, in their atrocious
career, foresaw in the distance, the evil thereof. In the result
of this policy, every friend of freedom exclaims,T— How are
the mighty fallen ! Spain has seen the example of the British
American Colonies followed out to the utmost in the loss of
her own, at which the people of all EuroPe rejoiee and are
glad, repeating'fhe remarkable expression of Napoleon on
other occasions : — .The finger of God was there .'

CONTENTS.

PAOE
General Marion  ~~  -  I
Colonel Lawrens   4
Mr. Windham  13
Mr. Windham ¦  —  -..-..  .  ~.  17
General Greene  ,  .—..........  —.20
British Atrocities ~~.  ...   — .. — .   23
General Sumter  -  ,   —27
Dr. Skinner  .  ;  30
Mrs. Charles Elliot  —36
General Gaddesden..—  ...,    -39
Colonel Browne ,  —  —   42
Mrs. Daniel Hall ...  .„  J.   45
Colonel Owen Roberts-  .....  ~~ —  -¦¦  49
General Washington  ,  ...  52
Lord Corn wallis „.,...,¦...., .......  ..-   — 54
Colonel Moncrief .....  „...  ...58
Colonel Howard..  ¦„-.—.  61
Patriotism of the American Ladies  — ~ — 64
The Preferment of Fools and Knaves...  .—69

General ^Tact-ann . |; f^
American Manners -¦- , , , , , , fey;
Paddy T.fivingstnna. . ,  „  , ^ <yM;

RECORDS

fATRIOTISM AND LOVE OF
COUNTKY.

GENERAL MARION,
A British officer was sent from the garrison at George Town, to negociate a
business interesting to both armies. W hen this was concluded, and the officer
was about to return, General Marion said, ' If H suits your convenience, sir,
to remain for a short period, I shall be glad of your company to dinner.'
The mild and dignified simplicity of Marion's manners had already produced
their effect ; and, to prolong so interesting an interview, the invitation was
accepted. The entertainment was served up on dishes of bark, and consisted
entirely,of roasted potatoes,^ of which the general eat heartily, requesting his
guest to profit by his example ; — repeating the Old adage, that ' hunger was
an excellent sauce.' Surely, general, said the officer, this cannot be your
ordinary fare. Indeed it is, sir, he replied, and we are fortunate on this
occasion, entertaining company, to haye more than our usual allowance.
It is said^ that on the return of this officer to George Town, he immediately
declared his conviction that men who could, without a murmur, endure the
difficulties and dangers of the field, and contentedly relish such simple and
scanty fare, were not to be subdued : and, resigning his commission, immedi
ately retired from the service  Major Garden.
General Marion, With his brigade, not only galled the phalanx,
and dealt death through the ranks of the British, but not a little
wounded their pride. To drive the Americans, like sheep, from one
end of the States to the other, was the favourite taunt and' boast of

2 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
the court of England, and the loyal response of the army appointed
to carry it into execution ; whose regular chess-board movements
were believed to be irresistible. So, indeed, they were, in the
earlier period of the contest, and therefore Marion confined himself
to defensive operations, affairs of posts, momentary attacks by day,
and nightly alarms, which soon made his enterprising and martial
spirit respected, if not feared, by his late disdainful enemy.
Base-minded, time-serving Tory Americans were now employed
to meet, and, if possible, repel this irregular, sleepless warrior : and
most legitimately atrocious were all their acts arid deeds against him
and their countrymen, armed and unarmed. Marion, for some
politic reasons, entered into a truce, or armistice, with one of these
of the name of Garney. His principal officers remonstrated, being
impressed with the opinion that he had committed his dignity in
personally treating with one whom they regarded in no better light
than a leader of banditti. He silenced their scruples by asserting
— ' that the only dignity he aspired to was that of essentially serving
his country.'
Nothing is less surprising than that the dignified demeanour of
General Marion should have dispelled the prejudices with which the
British officer walked into his presence, — and. whether he resigned
his commission in consequence of what he had witnessed, is here
indifferent ; the gist lies in his remark. Tbe fact adduced was but
an earnest of what such brave and zealous men were prepared to
endure in a cause so good as that of Resistance to Taxation without
Representation. To be sure, the privation was not very distressing,
When a good meal of roasted potatoes was comeatible. It might
be a finesse for the occasion, a ruse, and pardonable stratagem of
war, or it might not. It served to impress- upon the mind of the
British officer, that General Marion and his men would not easily
be beaten. His suffering in this case, was but as a fleabite to the
sacrifices which some gajlant fellows have made, and to the miseries
they have endured, in the genuine spirit of honour and duty. Hun
dreds of instances, throughout all history, sacred and profane, might
be given, but I will content myself with only two.
Josephus relates, that ' when Jehoram was besieged in the city
of Samaria, by Adad, King of Syria, his garrison was so reduced for
want of provisions, that the head of an ass was sold for eighty
pieces of silver, and five pieces was the price of a pint of pigeons'
dung, as the sauce for it.'
In such extremity, perhaps worse things have been eaten than an
ass s head; but, surely, before or since, such sauce was never re
sorted to. Marions old English proverb of hunger being; the best
sauce, did not, it appears, obtain with these hapless Israelites, by
the same token that it was not one of the proverbs of Solomon :
or of a certainty they would not have gone to a further expense to
procure so pungent an excitement to appetite. From the Jews of
Samaria, I will turn for my second instance of generous suffering
and devoted loyalty to the. cavaliers of England, in the time of
Charles the First. So little was required to excite their gallant

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 3
Feelings to the cause they had embraced, that the pure element was
sufficient, not only to exhilarate their spirits to imaginary festivity,
but absolutely intoxicated them.
During the second Siege of Pontefract Castle, under Governor
Lowther, in 1645, by the Parliamentarians,- it is impossible, saith
the historian, to ascertain what human nature can endure, when
supported by the pleasing delusion of hope, or animated by the
energy of party spirit. The* more men suffer in the cause they have
espoused, the stronger their attachment frequently becomes. The
importance or glory of the cause is thought sufficient to justify all
the sacrifices they make, or all the sufferings they endure in its
support. The truth of this remark is established by the spirit of
the garrison on the evening of the 12th." While recounting their
deeds of valour, and conversing on the cause they hitherto had
maintained, .a general enthusiasm was enkindled, and, not having
any more reviving liquors, they drew water from the new well, and
drank the health of the King, and of all his good friends. They
pledged one another, and engaged to be faithful and hold out- to the
last extremity. On receiving these pledges, they rent the air with
shouts and halloos.
Never, surely, did the polished steel of feudal chivalry beam more
bright, than in this knightly effusion of valiant loyalty. Nothing but
a bad cause could weigh such prowess down, and defeat such high-
mindedness. Patriotism and Love of Country can only prevail
against such undepressed heroism. Equal valour in a better cause,
only can rise up from the warp and the woof, and the tail of the
plough, full of Patriotism and Love of Country, with the blessing
of God, and utterly defeat it. Marion's cause was a good one, and
he won it in the end : that of the .valiant men at Pontefract Castle
Was a bad one, and they ultimately lost it.
Patriotism and Love of Country sustained Napoleon almost to
the last, but, when become drunk with power, he began to play the
military despot, from that moment his decline from the prodigious
elevation he had risen to commenced. The wanton war upon Spain
brought him in contact with his bravest enemy, who wrested the
palm of victory from his armies, and presented a rallying point to
the conquered nations of Europe. The unprovoked invasion of
Russia was met by the arm of God, and he fell. The myriads of
the north whom he yesterday defeated with comparative ease, to-day
chased him home in disgrace, and he never looked up more : for a
military despotism becomes the worst cause on earth when brought
into question by an indignant people ; and wanton warfare for con
quest only, never fails, sooner or later, to call down the curse of
"God and the vengeance of man. By both of these was Napoleon
visited, which he tacitly confessed at St. Helena, when lamenting
that the frost set in that year at Moscow twenty days sooner tharr
it had done at any period for fifty years preceding.
In every other act and deed of all his life, was Napoleon influ
enced by Patriotism and Love of Country; and he did that for
France which will carry down his name with admiration and grati-
b 2

4, RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
tude to the latest posterity : and millions weep his fall. Million*
condemn, with abhorrence, the treatment he experienced, the misery
he underwent, at our hands, from the hour which he threw himself
upon our generosity and protection, as his bravest enemy and the-
only nation he had not conquered, to the day of his death.

COLONEL LAURENS.

The post of danger was Lieutenant-colonel John Laurens's favourite station.
Some indeed may style his display of intrepidity at every risk, the height of
rashness. Strictly speaking, it was so ; but, at the commencement 'of the
war, when the British officers were persuaded that every American was a
coward, such total disregard of personal safety on the part of Laurens, such
display of chivalric intrepidity that equally excited their surprise and admira
tion, was essentially beneficial to our cause. To deny that hzs anxiety to
meet the foe led him too often into unnecessary peril, is impossible. I had
too often cause to see and to lament it. Let one instance suffice to prove it.
A centinel on the bank of Ashley river, opposite to Dorchester, perceiving a
rdd coat moving through the brushwood on the other shore, gave the alarm
that the enemy were without their lines. This being communicated ta
Lieutenant-colonel Laurens, a troop of dragoons and a company of infantry
of the Legion, were ordered to cross the river and reconnoitre. The rapidity
determined Captain O'Neal, who commanded, to wait till-a boat which had
been sent for, should arrive. • In the interim, Lieotenant-colonel Laurens
galloped Up and demanded with warmth, ' Why this halt, captain ? Were
not orders given to cross ? ' ' Yes, colonel, but look to the current, and judge
if it be practicable.' ' This is no time for argument,' rejoined Laurens, ' you
who are brave men, follow me.' Saying this, he plunged into the, river, but
was instantaneously obliged to quit his horse, and with extreme difficulty
reached the opposite shore. O'Neal, than whom a braver man did not exist,
indignant at the speech of Laurens, replied, ' You shall see, sir, that there
are men here as courageous as yourself,' and at the head of his troop entered
the river. I cannot do justice to the scene that followed. All was tumult
and confusion ; for although no life was lost, several of the men were so
nearly drowned, that it became necessary to use every means to make them
disgorge the water they had swallowed ; and all were so much exhausted,
that a temporary halt was indispensibly necessary. The infantrv, by the aid
of a plank, and large doors torn from a neighbouring warehouse," passed over
with less difficulty. In the meantime, Lieutenant-colonel Laurens, attended
by Messrs. Ralph and Walter Izard, his aids, hastened lo the spot where the
British regimental had been seen. It then was found that a military coat
had been hung upon a tree by a soldier who had been whipped, and drummed
out of the 64th regiment, for drunkenness, and whose lacerated back would
admit of no covering.
The exposure of so -many valuable lives, connected with other causes, induced
the officers of the Legion, at an after period, to resign their commissions,
rather than serve under Laurens  Garden.
In just reprobation of that fierce and brainless courage which some
men are given to, even with the best intentions, Major Garden has
related with much judgment and impartiality, the foregoing incident.
He has recorded, for the benefit of others in the like situation, an
act of gross foolhardiness. Excellent motives and ardent zeal are
here exhibited to view, as useless for want of prudence, as inade
quate from too much fierceness, and as disgusting in the extreme,
—being noisy and overdone and destructive of that confidence

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 9
wbich a brave soldier must ever have in the conduct of his officer,
or he cannot fight under him. Such was the nature of the contest,
that Colonel Laurens was altogether right in ascertaining the cause
of the alarm, and with force sufficient to cope with any he might
probably meet with and encounter; but he owed it to himself, 'to
the lives of his brethren in arms, and to his country, to have crossed
the river in a regular and soldierly manner, and not like a harum-
scarum boy, or a confirmed lunatic. Nothing is more true, than
that the most active and undaunted courage was required to do
away the impression on the part of the British, that the Americans
were cowards, and in so far let Laurens take his meed of praise,
and welcome. Shall it be the vengeful and diabolical intention' of
the oligarchy of this kingdom to compel us, as they did the Ameri
cans, to resist Taxation without Representation, I am persuaded
that it will be endeavoured to impress upon their adherents, that
the people will run before them like sheep, and that they need but
show themselves to confirm it true. To speak contemptuously of the
prowess, of the Americans, before -it was tried, became a sort of
loyalty very pleasing at court and in the House of Commons, at
the commencement of the war. General Grant, an Alexandrian
senator of the day, declared in the house, ' that at the head of five
regiments of infantry, he would undertake to traverse the whole
country, and drive the inhabitants from one end of the continent to
the other.' The same bravado will be the cant of the Alexandrians
of the present day, and the like results will also grow Out of it, if
put to the test. At all events, we will endeavour to profit by the
mistaken temerity of Laurens, and cross our rivers with equal reso
lution and more circumspection, as shall be seen, if forced into the
field. (
Courage of every kind is most attractive ; even to rashness it
carries that with it which must be rebuked with gentleness, unless
accompanied with brutality. As this is ;not laid to the charge of
Colonel Laurens, we will forbearingly hope that it did not expt ;
but as, by the last part of the statement, he appears to have taken
no warning by his narrow escape at Ashley riyer, his gallant follow
ers forsook him as a dangerous and unskilful leader. It would have
read better, had Mr. Garden recorded, that in so good a cause, they
enlisted under the banners of Marion, or of those like Marion 3 and
perhaps they did so.
The British army in Spain experienced the fatal effects of this sort
of foolhardiness in a man of precisely the same, kidney of Colonel
Laurens in America. It was at Talavera that his stupid rashness
placed a wing of Wellington's army in so perilous a predicament,
that nothing but the gallant, though fatal charge of the twenty-
third Light Dragoons, could have saved it. This consummate block
head was afterwards sent to Canada, where he had his full swing of
cant loyalty, martinetism, and all its absurdities. This man's want
of discretion is much to be lamented, for a braver soldier never
wore a sword.
Altogether as brave and ten times as noisy, — for the afore-men-

6 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
tioned is rather a silent man-was an ignoramus at the storming of
the Helder Point in Holland. He did not command the party, but
fought as furiously as a wild beast or an Indian savage. A shot
from the battery cut off half the feather from his hat. Almost any
other .warrior would have been thankful that half the head did not
accompany it ; but this man dismounted, and replacing the severed
plume-in his beaver, swore three or four such tremendous oaths
against the republican enemy that defended the fort, as doth not he,
come me to repeat. When it is considered, that at such a tune, the
next buUet might have taken him into the presence of his God,—
whose name he had so. impiously taken in vain,— the language he
used was in nothing short of blasphemy of the deepest dye, and
which, if visited by legitimate coercion, as ruled .by our learned
judges of the law, would have shown to the people a scarce and
rare example of ecjual justice. Even the reprobate swearers of the
army shrank from and condemned tne blackguardism of it.
The curses and execrations of this man were in-unison with the feelT
ings of the Antijacobins of that period. Malignant hatred to the
Revolutions of America and France, was not to be contained by the
greater portion of them within thebounds prescribed by chivalry, good
manners, and decorum. The same spirit is yet alive, and undimin
ished in acrimony, as the Reformers would right well know, if they
could hear all that is said of and against them, by the malignant To
ries. Contempt for an enemy is ever the forerunner of disgraceful
defeat. Flushed with this bad spirit, the Duke of York and his army
in FT93 commenced the war against the French Republicans. Such
was the rashness, ignorance, and arrogance of those spiteful cam
paigns, that the allies— the Coburgs and Clairfaits— stood aside and
laughed at it. The first action in which the British troops were
engaged, they behaved with all their accustomed intrepidity, but by
the inexperience Qf the Duke of York, — for, saith the historian, re
cording the fact, there" is no royal road to knowledge,— being or
dered to the attack of a strong post in the wood, they were exposed
to the fire of some masked batteries, and suffered so much, that it
was not thought expedient to make any official return of the killed
and wounded.
This sanguinary temerity was the life and soul of George the
Third's eventful, ruinous, and protracted reign. It lost America ;
it accumulated the hideous public debt ; and ultimately estranged
the affections of the people of England from his system of rule and
governance. Neither himself nor his councillors ever took warning
by their misfortunes and inutility of measures ; and their successors
are worse, having everything before their eves but the fear of con
sequences. If the simple and unaffected Welch adage could in the
least obtain, of 'Learn to be wise by others' harm, and thou shalt
do full well,' a small ray of hope might yet gleam through the mist
of perdition : but no, that cannot be, for it savours of Reform, the
scourge and curse of all legitimacy. There is an English proverb,.
which, if true, and being in character, might leave a little room for.
hope ; but it is not. Old women, and men like old women, are

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 7
given to say, that ' Experience makes fools wise.' Now this is
what experience never yet did, nor ever will do, by fools. ' Fools
go on,' saith a learned sage, ' . in their old trammels : they have
neither sense to see, nor docility to rectify, their absurdities.'

AMERICAN CLERGY.
' Of all the Tories in that there time,' was Doctor Samuel Johnson.
His spirit of the thing was a legitimate fire, that knew no bounds
when blazing. The bare mention of Patriot kindled his disdain ;
and the meekest defence of the American cause in his presence, was
the precursor of anger, from which the boldest of his associates
commonly shrank. Boswejl, who led this learned monster about
as his showman, and who was perpetually in fear that his beast
would play the savage too furiously, instead of entertaining and in
structing them, informs ufe, that Patriotism having become one of
the topics of conversation, Johnson utteredj in a strong and deter
mined tone, an apothegm at which many will start : ' Patriotism is
the refuge of a scoundrel.'
After so fine a bear-garden expression of order and good govern
ment, is it not very surprising that the doctor's pitiful pension of
,s£200. a year was not doubled, — nay, tripled, — nay, quadrupled, —
by the King and his friends of ' that there time ?' Southey the
apostate, the reviling Southey, receives not less in these triumphant
days than s6l&00. a year, for only repeating such loyal sentiment ;
and, from his diligence in the promulgation of it, it may be justly
said that the labourer is worthy of his hire. A very few years since,
one of the disciples of this apostate was holding loudly forth at the
hospitable board of a friend of mine, upon the constitutional beauties
of Unlimited Taxation and Kingly Power. From one dogma to
another, he came bounce upon the justice of the war against the
colonies, and cantingly lamented the loss the Americans had sus
tained in their obstinate revolt from the merciful and fatherly rule
and governance of the King of England. Two young clergymen
were present, and patiently heard everything but of the fatherly
mercy of George the Third towards his American subjects. Highly
to their honour, they attributed their falling away in the ultimate to
atrocious cruelty and unsoldierly vengeance on the part of the com
manders and ruffian partizans of the forces employed to reduce the
colonies to obedience. They instanced the employment of the In
dian savages, with their tomahawk and scalping knife, as revolting
to the feelings of christian humanity, and consequently disgraceful
to the British name and nation. They declared it to be an impious
offence towards God above, and the outrage of barbarians towards
man below. The disciple of the renegade, the apostate Southey, —
that Southey who -has dared, after becoming the poet of Wat Tyler,
to designate the people of England as half Luddite, half Lazaroni,—

8 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
that Southey, the legitimate descendant of that Johnson who de.
clared Patriotism to be the refuge of a scoundrel ;— the disciple of
that wretched Southey, replied to these reverend gentlemen in terms
so indecent and so degrading, that the hospitable host was com
pelled to interfere, and make as good a peace as any other man
could make so critically situate.
I augur, from this clerical remonstrance, and some other little
incidents of the like complexion, which have come under my notice,
that, when the day of retribution overtakes the Tories, — when the
Trumpet of Freedom is sounding in blast terrific through the land,
in concert with that of ' Resistance to Taxation without Represent
tation,' — that numbers of our clergy, now so trammelled by political
creeds and obsolete articles, will recoil frqm the barbarians of legit-
i nacy, and stand forth for the rights and liberties of their country,
as did the clergy of America in the like emergency.
The touchstone of Patriotism and Love of Country is not only
comprised in the sacrifice of life in the field, but of rank and fortune
at home, and sometimes there, God knows, of daily bread. In all
these the majority of the clergy of America stood the test, to their
immortal honour and reputation. I speak not of the dissenting
clergy, whose services were invaluable, but of the episeopal, five
only of which, in the state of-South Carolina, out of twenty, adhered
to the British cause, Major Garden, my author, shall speak for
himself, when perhaps1 those who think for themselves may give
credit to his unassuming chapter and verse..
This gentleman, who was an eye-witness of the facts he gives,
relates, that Bishop Smith shouldered his musket, and, amidst
scenes of the greatest danger, both by precept and example, stimu
lated to intrepid resistance. Made a prisoner at the surrender of
Charleston, immediate banishment followed his captivity.
The Rev. Dr. Percy was the first orator who addressed the peo
ple on the anniversary of 'our Independence. His conduct being
highly offensive to the British authorities, he was ordered to relin
quish his clerical duties as soon as Charleston fell, under the penalty
of a dungeon ; and, to avoid persecution, retired to Europe. The
Rev. Mr. Lewis was a firm advocate for Independence, and an in-:
dcfatigable agent in promoting its accomplishment. Delivering a
patriotic discourse on the text, ' The Lord forbid that I should give
the inheritance of my fathers unto thee,' he became particularly ob-
noxiou r to the British commanders, — was exiled to St. Augustine
with many other patriots, but was speedily separated from them
and shut up in the castle, and, till the period of his exchange, con
demned to solitary confinement.
The Rev. Samuel Warren, called by interesting concerns to Eu
rope at the commencement of the revolution, was tempted, by all
the arts of persuasion, and offers of liberal preferment by a brother,
a dignitary in the established church, to remain in England ; but,
with a soul superior to all selfish considerations, he thought only of
the good that might flow from his exertions in the cause of liberty,
•and returned to America. Mr. Garden makes honourable mention

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 9
of several other reverend gentlemen of the church of England in
America at that eventful period, who prized the Freedom of their na
tive land above all price.
In commenting upon these pleasing facts and instances of Patri
otism and Love of Country, a more than usual tribute of praise is
due to Mr. Warren ; for his temptations were great. The brother
who made him those liberal offers of preferment, was then a bishop,
and I believe of Bangor. The affectionate arguments of so near and
dear a relative as a brother is or ought to be, when tending to our
worldly welfare as commonly understood ; and, combined with this,
the inward yearning of almost every ecclesiastical heart for prefer
ment, demands a firmness of mind and unbiassed resolution, that
are indeed but very seldom met with in this our frail and selfish na-,
turei: more .particularly in politics, where so many evasive, ambigu
ous, and Machiavelian arguments are continually adduced in justify
cation of iniquitous things.
Our own historians have recorded a noble instance of American Pa
triotism and Love of Country in the person of Mr. Reed, a member,
of Congress, to whom an, offer of j£10,000. was made by Governor
Johnstone, to secure his good offices. This gentleman, replied, ' that
he was not worth purchasing ; but, such as he was, the King of
Great Britain was not rich enough to do it !' A British minister, it
seems, can gain his ends in no easier way than by bribery and cor
ruption. The dishonour of the mode is purified through the legiti
mate mean of state necessity ; and the knaves and slaves in loyal
unity applaud such doing ! Though England is brought to ' the
very verge and brink of ruin ' by this baseness, yet is the evil in as
full force and favour at this hour, as at that in which Mr. Reed was
so grossly insulted. The execution of this hopeful measure of at^
tempting to bribe the principal members of Congress, was entrusted
to Lord Carlisle, who was sent out to America as one of the com
missioners to conciliate the colonists and adjust all differences. His
lordship not liking the bribing part of his instructions, handed it
over to Governor Johnstone, who had as little delicacy in these
matters as hath the rottenest agent of the rottenest borough in
England : all the difference was, that he met with men — not selfish,
worthless, needy, greedy animals, that, because they walk upon two
legs, believe that they are men.
It is well known, that a great portion of the Quakers, during the
struggle, were not backward in betraying their country whenever
they could twist a text of the gosp'el to be as subservient to their
views as themselves were inclined to be to those of the enemy.
Under pretence of compulsion, — and St. Paul tells every knave and
slave that kicking against the pricks is unprofitable in this world,—
under pretence of compulsion of General Howe's army, a Quaker
pointed out a road on the Schuylkill for their advance to Philadel
phia ; and, through the treason of this fellow, Philadelphia, the seat
of government, and at the time the metropolis, was taken by
General Howe's army. Will any Tory tell me that this scoundrel
did not deserve hanging ? Yes, I have a Tory now before me to

10 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
justify the deed ; and where is the black deed of state that a Tory
has not justified ? Mr. Reed, in the same patriotic spirit which im
pelled him to spurn Johnstone's bribe, determined to have this
Quaker hanged ; and Aminadab was hanged therefore. When Mr.
Reed became the head of the province of Pennsylvania, he exerted,
every effort in the prosecution of this person, and brought him to
the gallows. The Tory account tells us that twelve hundred respect
able citizens evinced their respect to his memory and unblemished
character by attending his funeral. It might be so, for what will
not Tories do in such cases ? It is Tories that have buried Castje-
reagh \n Westminster Abbey,

SERGEANT JASPER.
The gallantry displayed bv the heroic Sergeant Jasper, of the second regiment,
during the battle of Sullivan's Island, cannot be passed over in silence. It
lias been 'frequently recorded ; but while I notice the achievements of supe,
rior grade, his intrepidity, enhanced by his extreme modesty, demands my
warmest encomium. The flag-staff of the Fort having been shot away very
early in the action, Jasper leaped down upon the beach, took up the flag, fixed
it to a spunge-staff, and, regardless of the incessant firing of the shipping,
mounted and planted it on the rampart.
Governor Rutledge, in testimony of his admiration of so distinguished an act of
heroism, presented him a sword, and offered him a commission. The first he
gratefully accepted, but declined the last. ' Were I made an officer,' he
modestly said, ' my comrades would be constantly blushing for my ignorance,
and I should be unhappy ; feeling my own inferiority I have no ambition for
higher rank than that of a sergeant.'
During the attack at Sa-ssannan, he appeared at the head of the assailants, he
seized the colours of his regiment, .which had fallen from the hands of the
lieutenant who bore them ; but receiving himself a mortal wound, returned
them, and retiring, but reached the American encampment to expire—
Garden.
Thus has Major Garden recorded the virtues of a brave man, to the
honour of himself and his country ; for, as he said in the preface to
his patriotic work, that the worthies who fought the Independence
of America out of the fire and wrath of her enemies, were fast falling
into the grave, and the rising generation were as fast forgetting
them. How many valiant men of lofty spirit in obscure situations, negi
lected and unknown, there are in all armies, more especially those
of England and other oligarchical nations. The individual achieve
ments of these are lost in the continuity of passing events, combined
with the legitimate neglect of unassuming worth in humble station,
The intrepid exploits of private soldiers and non-commissioned oft
fleers, if honestly recorded, would as richly merit the laureate's.
courtly ode, and the harper's rural lay, as those of their gallant su-i
periors ; whilst the freezing indifference with which the patriotic
prowess of the peasant soldier is consigned to oblivion by the am*
gant general in chief, is one cause of defeat, when opposed to ar.

and Love of country. 11
mies governed with equal justice from the highest to the lowest, •
and where merit is promoted from the lowest to the highest.
Napoleon, after every battle, demanded of his chefs du battalions,
' Which are the brave V and, "when made acquainted with the feats
of arms performed individually by the private centinel, the corporal,
or the sergeant, reward immediately followed. Wellington in a few
instances did the like ; but his power in this matter was so limited
by bloated pride and narrow-mindedness, that not more than one or
two in as many campaigns, of these undaunted warriors, were made
happy in a commission. In the American contest against Great
Britain, which was that of peril and distress, — the almost assured
guarantees of equal justice, where, to a certainty, if life allow, merit
in rags will become merit in lace, — very many gallant soldiers rose
from the ranks, without jn the least galling the pride of those who
were officers from the beginning of the war. The aristocrats of the
British army confirmed the fact in their many- disdainful anecdotes
of the aukward, blunt, and sometimes coarse manners of the Amer
ican patriots thus preferred ; for as captors or captives they daily
witnessed the republican plainness of these well-deservers. Their
loyal witticisms embraced no deeds of valour, or devotion to the
defence of country against the invader, but unhappily went to desig
nate the officers and men of the American army as ' hail, fellow,
well met,' in raff and blackguardism.
We have all heard of the artillery man throwing the bomb over the
wall, which fell with the fuze alight into the magazine at the seige
of Gibraltar. Another half minute had produced consequences so
incalculably destructive to the brave garrison, that even old Elliot
could have scarcely devised means to repair them in time to pre
vent surrender. We all have heard of this happy instance of pres
ence of mind and courageous alacrity, but we never heard of it being
rewarded beyond a miserable pension for life, not exceeding one
shilling a day, while round dozens of meritless men of quality, as
then they were called — and of a vile quality they were, God save the
mark — were enjoying their pensions of thousands a year for doing
nothing but mischief. As a private soldier of the Duke of Welling
ton's army in Spain was working in the trenches, a lighted shell fell
among the party of not less than a hundred men and officers, when
he, with equal coolness of the artillery man, and with wit and hu
mour to boot, exclaimed, > Damn, you, you shan't smoke your pipe
here,' and instantly threw it out of harm's way, and saved the lives
and limbs perhaps of more than half the party present ; yet never
has the anecdote been happily finished with assuring us that the good
fellow was rewarded ; no, not even with thanks, — not even with
muttering, cold, economical thanks.
Why is not constituted a corps of honour, something resembling
the mousquetaires of old France, and not much unlike the Legion of
Honour of new France, save the admission of officers, further than
to command it. This corps, to be considered as a promotion to the
soldier that individually distinguishes himself, would become inval
uable ; but such an one will never be seen under a Tory govern-

12 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ment. Such a corps might be always held in reserve for a daring
service, forlorn hope always excepted, which should only be the
chance of life to the convicted felons, cowards, and drunkards of an
army. Any of this gentlemanly cadetship, this community of ap
proved valour, who should a second time outdo his usual gallant
outdoings, an immediate commission should not fail to be his well-
earned meed of honour. In tb.e navy also this institution is equally
expedient, and nothing but the lack of common sense and common
decency, to say nothing of generosity, is the reason that the army
and navy are without it : yet I predict that both army and navy will
have it ere long, but not at the hands of the Tories.
The good and excellence that must grow out of such an institu
tion, would soon become an assurance, as it were, of victory over
all our enemies ; but Tories do abhor the thought of merit rising
by merit only : family influence, base subserviency, and foul cor
ruption, belong only to their ideas of preferment and promolS(j8|
God mend or damn them all, for great will be the good thereof in
either case. *
What i6 it that high-wrought courage will not nobly dare, and
continually accomplish? In 1377 the castle of Berwick upon
Tweed was surprized by seven Scotchmen, who held it eight days
against seven thousand archers and three thousand cavalry; so de
voted were these brave fellows to the cause in which they were en
gaged. There was a fine fellow of the name of Graham, the sergeant-
major of a Scotch regiment in the East Indies. He was killed at
the storming of Seringapatam, but not before he had displayed
prodigies of valour, and in the moment of victory was shot by a
coward behind him. It has always been understood, that, had Gra
ham survived, he would not only have been promoted, but pushed
forward in the army to high and confidential command : it is grati.
tying to hear of such good intention, and nothing more can be
said of it.
The relation of one act of heroism commonly leads to another
and another and another. I am reminded of the high sense of hon-
our in two noble instances in the British army in Spain. During
the hottest of the action at Albuera, an officer, Ensign Thompson,
was called upon to surrender the colours which he held ; but he
declared that he would give them up only with his life, and he fell
a victim to his bravery. Another, Ensign Walsh, had the colours
he held broken by a cannon-ball, and was severely wounded • hav
ing fallen on the field, he tore the colours from the staff, and thrust
them into his bosom, where they were found after his death
In one of the many bloody battles of the Vendean war, two French
noblemen were left wounded in the field among the dead One
complained loudly of his pains, the other, after long silence, thus
offered him consolation. ' My friend, whomsbever you are, remem-
ber that our God died on the cross, our King on the scaffold : -and
if you have strength to look at him who now speaks to you, you
will see that both his legs are shot away.' 7

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 13
One other instance of enthusiastic devotion to a cause, and I have
done. Captain Moulon commanded the Cleopatra French frigate,
which fought the first naval battle kof the revolutionary war, with
the British frigate La Nymphe, commanded by Captain Pellew, and
was beaten. He died by a shot which tore open his back, and car
ried away the greatest part of his left hip. During his short ago
nies, he displayed the most heroic attention to his duty. The list
of coast-signals adopted by the French was in one of his pockets ;
and from that he drew a paper, which, imagining it to contain this
list, he died biting it to pieces. The real one was afterwards found.
Sergeant Jasper, the Gibraltar artillery man, the bold soldier of
the Peninsula, the Graeme, Ensigns Thompson and Walsh, the seven
heroes of Berwick Castle, the French nobleman of La Vendee, and
Captain Moulon, were all of one noble family; not made so by
kings, but by God, the king of kings. Among the assembled peo
ple at Manchester were as many of their brethren, who, had they
for a moment suspected the atrocious charge about to be made
upon them by the beastly, brutal, drunken yeomanry, would of
themselves have set the battle in array, and have read the murder
ers a lesson never to have been forgotten. Thanks, indeed, would
have followed upon this, not in undignified and breathless haste, but
in high consideration of the service done ; these gladdening thanks
would have emanated from a far greater sovereign than him that
sent them to the slaughtering troop ever was, or is, or ever will be.

MR. WINDHAM.
Mb. Garden has remarked, with every satisfaction and the most
undeniable truth, that-  It was the peculiar characteristic of the
American Revolution, that the men the most distinguished for genius
and virtue were its advocates. In the ranks of the Rebels, as the
English delighted to call them, were found almost all the orators,
statesmen, and philosophers, of whom the country could boast.
Lawyers who had attained the highest distinction in the legislature
and at the bar ; physicians who had become eminent for their sci
ence and professional skill ; merchants who had acquired wealth
and honour by commercial enterprize ; and even ministers of the
gospel who, by their learning and piety, had endeared themselves to
the people ; all united their efforts in the common cause. Thus,
says the gallant patriot, was dignity given to the contest, and the
public feeling was excited to a state of the most noble enthusiasm.
Not only in his own country has this gentleman rejoiced in her
cause being glorified in the association of men of worth and benius,
but in the decided approval of those brilliants of mankind in other
nations ; and dwells with delight upon those of England, the mo
ther country, whose King and government were ' then waging
unnatural war against her, and audaciously taking God to witness

i4 records OF patriotism
that it was unprovoked,— was just and necessary. He singlei out
one of those luminaries in the person of the late Ma. Windham,
whose heart was with the long-oppressed, and at last resisting coto
nies. He has published but two of his many letters, written from
England during the war to a gentleman of'South Carolina in Amer-
ca; and from them I will extract a few paragraphs.
' To Faul Trapier, esq., jun., South Carolina — dated 1777.
' Be assured, that, through the wliole of this business, my fears and hopes have
kept exact pace with yours. I have exulted at your success, and repined at your
miscarriage ; have heard with as much grief any advantage of Howe, and try
umphed as much at the success of Washington-, as any man on your side of the
water.' * * * * ¦* * ' The mischievous
designs of a corrupt court, operaling-in the midst of universal luxury and dc^
pravity, have spread rancour and devastation through millions of people that
ought to have been united in the ties of brotherly love ; and have shaken an
empire to pieces that was the greatest and might have been the happiest on
earth.' » * » ' * * * ' For the fate of ns
here, I am much less. solicitous than for the general interests of mankind, the
preservation of freedom in some part of the globe, and the success of a people
engaged in so righteous a cause ; and these, I am happy to say, are the senti;
ments of numbers of the people, whom I rank among my friends.' * *
" * * * * * ' I am fully persuaded that thereisa
fund of candour and honest good sense among the people here, that would have
made three-fourths of them partizans of America, if the merits of the cause had
been properly made known to themes But the higher orders of society are lost
in vice and dissipation, and the nation has been left to itself, abandoned to the1 '
wicked industry of the court. Nothing will save US, lost as we are, but a
general INSURRECTION of the LOWER ORDERS of the PEOPLE,
purging off the contaminating spume that has mantled over the top ofilhe
spring, and threatened to choke it up.'
Lo, lo, and behold, ye calumniated, vilified, and abused Radicals;
Listen to the man whom the Anti-jacobins of the last century, and
all their breed, the legitimates of this, have held up among men, as
truly great among the greatest. Listen to the man who, within
ten or twelve years from the date of this immortal epistle, became
the associate in rule, oppression, and unparalleled corruption, with
Pitt, Dundas, and Grenville ; and with them raged and raved in all
the insane terrors of apostate guilt and alarm, which characterized
the tried and collective wisdom of Anti-jacobinism at the time of
the French Revolution. What fools we all are to year after year
endure ourselves to be attorney-generalled, to be imprisoned, and
to be slaughtered, at the instance, and to further the schemes and
ambitions, of such devils in robes as these.
At the hour of Mr. Windham's writing the above letter to Mr.
Trapier, he was in close confidence and intimacy with Dr. Samuel
Johnson, the fiercest of all the fierce and enraged Tories of his day.
The doctor's humourous reply to Windham, who had consulted with
him upon a point of political conscience, which shall in due time be
mentioned, has frequently been repeated. ' Don't be afraid, sir, you
will in time make a pretty rascal.' Good God ! had the doctor
been aware of this letter to Mr. Trapier, where he not only rejoices
in the insuccess of his majesty's arms abroad, but declares in lan
guage remarkably energetic, his persuasion of the necessity of In
surrection at home, what would have been the uproar? AH the

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY^ 15
bulls of Basan had not bellowed so loud, the opprobrious epithets
of revile and abuse which our language affords, as would the furious
old Jacobite, instead of smiling — pretty rascal. At the hour of Mr.
Windham thus unbending himself with Mr. Trapier, was Dr. John
son writing that frequently quoted letter to Dr. Brocklesby, wherein
he expresses his admiration and esteem of him in the most unquali
fied terms. Dr. Johnson, the author of Taxation' no Tyranny, to
have looked over fb,e shoulder of Mr. Windham when writing to
Trapier, would have furnished a never-dying subject for their com
mon friend Sir Joshua Reynolds ; and the thundering forth of his
villainous maxim, that ' Patriotism is the refuge of a scoundrel,'
would have been heard as far as was St. Dunstan's devil, when the
saint with red-hot tongs tweaked him by the nose.
tIt makes one*laugh and weep at one and the same moment, to
see such base apostacy, and such treacherous falling-away from all
that is worth upholding. Talk, indeed, of Cobbett's inconsistency ;
it is from end to end but a fleabite to that of Windham ; neverthe
less, a few instances even of it might be dragged forth, which would
serve to fill us with amazement at the assurance of the man.
Mr. Garden, aware, that upon the publishing of these letters, a
cry of* forgery might be raised by Windham's surviving friends in
Anti-jacobinism, has wisely provided against it. Though but two
of them are given to the world, there are several others in the same
strain, and all in Mr. Windham's hand- writing. They are carefully
filed and preserved, and ready for any English gentleman to com
pare with others that himself or friends may have' received from
nim at any time on indifferent subjects : and, whenever this is done,
the person so doing will be struck with astonishment, and perhaps
With horror, if also comparing the principles of his theory in 1777
and 8, with those of his practice when in office with Pitt and Gren-
ville and Dundas.
Mr. Windham was secretary at war, was in the cabinet, and was
one of the government that caused Messrs. Muir, Palmer, Gerald,
Skirving, and Margarot, under many circumstances of relentless
barbarity, to be transported from Scotland to Botany Bay, and that
in a ship which was crowded with felons of the vilest description :
and for what ? Not for declaring, with Mr. Windham aforetime,
an insurrection of the lower orders of the people to be absolutely
necessary to our safety. No ; but for seeking Reform in Parlia
ment by Universal Suffrage and Annual Election; that which mil
lions are now seeking, and that which, if things do not materially
change for the better, and soon, these millions will surely find.
I do not mean to have it inferred, that I am an advocate for Uni
versal Suffrage to its utmost extreme, and Annual Parliaments, for
I am given to hope that Triennial Elections, with Suffrage of every
Householder of every description not being a felon, and the Vote
by Ballot, will answer every purpose sought in Reform.
At the time of( Mr. Windham writing this immortal letter to Mr.
Trapier, he was a captain in the West Norfolk Militia, Soon after
became Major, and was a Martinet ; which his biographer, in the

16 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
attempt to evade, but enforces #ie stronger. Now it is not to be1
supposed, that, as a militia captain, he would quite use such insur-,
rectionary arguments in conversation at the mess-table and else
where, as he treated his friend with in South Carolina, though he
doubtless expressed his sentiments very freely upon the corrupt and
iniquitous rulers of the day, and all their servile train. It is very
clear, that the Colonel and Lord Lieutenant of the county of Nor
folk was not a listener after such freedoms of speech ; — was not a
stuttering, grinning, goggle-eyed lump of mock-loyalty ;— for had
he been such a precious piece of goods, and the young captain, the
writer of the letter to Mr. Trapier, had talked of men and things as
surely he did talk, why then of a dead certainty, as clear as mud, as
sure as nothing, he had never been Major of the West Norfolk
Militia. •
A young man's frolic, from Which he caught a severe cold, put
an end to Major Windham's military mania, and sent him abroad;
it should seem, not only to repair his own constitution, but to study
at the despot courts of Europe the surest mean of subverting that
of his own country. He could have had no idea of such thing
when he embarked, nor on his return could he have made much
progress in this legitimate science, for we find him so late as 1783
accepting the appointment of Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland, and feeling some scruples of conscience as to practising
the arts of corruption and influence which might be thought neces
sary to his new situation. Here it was that he consulted Dr. John
son, as before alluded to, who humourously assured him, that he
need not be afraid, for that he would soon make a very pretty rascal.
However, he was afraid, withdrew from the temptation, and re
turned an honest man. Nothing alarms corruption more than this :
when it was asserted that Mr. Windham Wanted the due requisites
to become a supple and venal courtier, a supple and venal courtier
was immediately found to gainsay the Jacobinical assertion. This
reptile immediately spawned another story ; — that Mr. Windham's
resignation arose from a coolness between him and the Lord Lieu
tenant. Mr. Windham, it was argued, ' is a man of deep science
and of great penetration and abilities ; the Lord Lieutenant, here
styled the great personage, likes a deep bottle — to penetrate a cork,
and has strong abilities of bearing wine. The one was an enemy
to thinking, the other to drinking, and so they parted.' This might
serve the turn for the moment, but the truth was, that he held a
subaltern's place in dirty work, so slipped the halter and escaped
from his stall in the Augean stable, which he had not either the will
perhaps, or the way, to clean out : and well had it been for his
memory, that he had never entered that same beastly stable again
in any situation whatever, high or low.
Soon after this, Mr. Windham obtained a seat in parliament, and,
when there, very quietly edged up to the Treasury Bench, where sat
in haughty dignity the prime minister, Pitt the Tory. He listened
with redoubled attention to his new elucidation of things. He
consulted with Burke, who, already mad, bit him, and they soon

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 17
were seen to tremble in conjunction for the fate of nations, and
rave about the French Revolution, then commencing. We all know
too well what followed ; and that this man, who cried out for insur
rection in the American war, became afterwards the rankest and
fiercest Antijacobin in England, Burke alone excepted.
Cervantes delighted the world with a portraiture of all that was
just and- honourable, transported by the delusions of Fancy in her
highest fever, to see things which were not, and act upon that see
ing to the last extreme of absurdity. When sound and sane; Don
Quixote was a most excellent man ; even so was Mr. Windham.
The world he moved in bore testimony to this ; and verily I believe,
that he was as decidedly mad upon state matters in reality, and as
much to be pitied, as was the renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha,
when upon his fancied knight errantry.

MR. WINDHAM.
The main points of the dispute, and the precise grounds on which
the colonies resisted the claims and demands of the mother coun
try, are not so generally known as they ought to be. The Tories,
with their accustomed malignity towards their opponents, say that
the Americans would not pay any taxes at all to Great Britain, in
return for her fostering care and protection, for two centuries ; and
now, having become wealthy and prosperous, to refuse to contribute
a farthing towards the revenue in return for the great sacrifice made
in her favour at all times, was most ungenerous and ungrateful :
then launching into loyal abuse of the Yankees, the sword is justi
fied, the policy of the war approved, the interference of France
reprobated, and, in the true spirit of cant, the Independence ob
tained is lamented as ruinous to the Americans, and reconciled as
the best thing, as our conquests in India show, that could have
happened for England.
Not a word is said, that the taxes demanded of America were to
be imposed by the parliament of England, which, in the then cor
rupt state of England, as now, means the King of England's minis
ters in conjuction with the oligarchy. Not a word is said of Amer
ican representatives sitting in that parliament to see a little fair
play. Not a word of the understanding with the country gentlemen,
that the land tax and other imposts affecting real property, should,
if not entirely repealed, be considerably relieved at the expense of
the colonies, — so soon as their quota of taxation had provided for
the expenditure occasioned by the necessity of conquering Canada
in the reign of George the Second, to the great benefit, as alleged,
of America, her commerce and domestic security. Not a word of
the agreement with the British merchants, that they should be re
lieved of every duty which might materially affect their trade and
commerce, by the joint contribution of the colonies to the revenue
of the crown. O, no, not a word of this, lest the people of Eng-
c

18 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
land should perceive, that America was to be ground down by tax*
ation to silence complaint and gratify avarice and monopoly in
England, and that the war was unjust and unnecessary, and conse
quently murderous and impious : and lest they should have called
upon the King to remember the principles of peace and justice
Which enthroned his family.
A browbeaten histprian— browbeaten because he tells the truth of
George the Third's disastrous reign— says, that ' In the act imposing
the port duties on paper, glass, colours, teas, &<»., passed a.d. 1767,
was a remarkable clause, which gave scarcely less umbrage and
alarm than the taxes themselves, empowering the crown, by sign
manual, to establish a general CIVIL LIST throughout every pro
vince of Ameripa to an indefinite extent, with any salaries, places,
or appointments, to the very last shilling of the American revenue.
The act indeed provided, that, after all such ministerial warrants
under the sign manual as are thought proper and necessary, shall
be SATISFIED, the residue of the revenue shall be at the disposal
of parliament. But who, it was asked, can suppose such warrants
will ever be satisfied till ministers have provided for all their friends
and favourites? This mockery of an American revenue- proves at
last, said a member of the house, Mr. Hartley, to be only the crumbs
that fall from the minister's table — the RESIDUE of a royal war
rant, countersigned by the First Lord of the Treasury !'
¦. One would suppose, from all we know, that nothing new was to
be learned of British corruption ; yet here we see an empire lost for
placemen and pensioners, friends and favourites, who voted the fu
ture funds for themselves from another country, to be raised by the
edge of the sword. AiBritish parliament, quietly seated in St. Ste
phen's chapel, 3000 miles from the victims of its "hopeful legislation,
thus bribed in expectancy, is an assured instrument of such unlim
ited indefinite fleecery. For the Americans to be there represented
was out of the question ; such an expanse of ocean is sufficient for
a man once in his life to cross and return again, rather than once a
year ; and that there should be among the members more than a
few honest men, here and there sprinkled and strewed, just to keep
the roof from falling in upon their Judas Iscariot deliberations, was
not to be, expected. The consequence was, that this den of thieves
had it all their own way ; and America was lost, never to be regained.
The colonies were disposed to, and by two remarkable petitions
to the King implored that they might, assist the revenue of the
mother country by raising supplies in their own lawfully chartered
and constitutional assemblies, as heretofore ; alleging that they had
never been backward in voting men and money in her service, and
were most willing to contribute their means towards the expenses
of the Canadian war ; but gently hinted, that nothing further was
to be expected. This, one would suppose, was sufficient, where
rectitude, wisdom, and policy reigned ; but the Kine disdainfully
rejected the petitions of all America, and, in all the bad spirit of
crowned fortune proud,' cried out— Submit to our will and pleasure,
or force and arms shall speedily compel ye.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 19
Lord Camden, then one of our , learned judges of the law, de
clared in the House of Peers, that Taxation and Representation
were coeval and essential to the British constitution. ' I repeat it,'
he said, ' my position is, and I will maintain it to my last hour, that
Taxation and Representation are inseparable.' Many others in either
house pronounced in effect the same, — that the attempt to tax Amer
ica by the British parliament was a monstrous tyranny, and a ty
ranny that America would not submit to. The learned Selden being
once asked by what statute the Resistance to Tyranny could be jus
tified ? his reply was, It is to be justified by the custom of England,
which is a part of the law of the land. All these things were well
known to Mr. Windham, and appreciating them as a patriot and
lover of his country, he took a decided, part against the American
war; and from another letter to Mr. Trapier, of which I will here
also give a few passages, it will be seen that he was anxious to
have it so known in both countries.
' To Paul Trapier, esq., South Carolina— 1788.
' You are to know, that since the commencement of this fatal war, I have
written to you numerous letters, the purport of all which has been to tell you
that I hope you will hear with pleasure, that I am a firm and zealous friend to
the cause of America in the fullest extent. I reprobate, from the beginning,
the conduct of Great Britain. I feel with the fullest conviction the madness
and wickedness of our councils ; and I exult in the resistance which America
has made, and the success with which it has been crowned^) ^the weakness of
Great Britain, and not the justice or generosity, will noivfThope, put a period
tp> the progress of calamity/) »••*••
JT have looked upon the affair for some time as decided, and decided in favour
ofjustice, liberty, and the general happiness of mankind. It terminates indeed
greatly to the dishonour of England ; but, if England will depart from those
generous principles which have hitherto ennobled it, and become the invader, in
stead of the supporter, of the liberties of the world, I shall be the first to say —
let her meet with disgrace.*"?* • - • • • • ¦
' The point of Independence is not a matter with me of any consequence. If
Independence be necessary to the welfare or safety of America, let a treaty be
instantly formed on that ground ; but if Liberty can be as well secured without
that, and that the countries considered as one, will be likely to settle into a
closer union, I Would wish it were given up.' • * • "
* ' This is the sum of my sentiments, which it would be an infinite
relief to me to know that you were acquainted with. It has been, for these
three years, a most painful reflection for me to think, that you might possibly
be under the impression of my entertaining sentiments which I hold in utter
abhorrence.' Major Garden has given both letters at length, and of a great
length they are, as a specimen of the numerous remainder, which
the writer mentions as having written. The brief extracts here
given contain that which would have gone to the hanging any of us,
when Windham was, as afterwards, Secretary at War, and a furious
Antijacobin. The insurrectionary performance was probably the first
he wrote to his American friend, and this now given was possibly the
last, for we hear no more of him in that strain. There does not ap
pear on the file any one of rejoicing in the final success of the cause
he so lately delighted in ; not a word in honour of Washington,
whom he once so much respected. The next of his conduct that
attracts public notice and private execration, was his enlistmenf
under the banners of the frantic Burke, that bedlamite of arbitary
c2

«

20 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
power, whose ravings were only exceeded in mischief and all the
concomitants of mischief by those who reduced them to practice,
Pitt, Dundas, and Grenville, with whom Windham acted to the ful!
measure of apostacy.
What an expression for a man of any feeling was that butcherly
one of ' Killed off,' as let fall in the House of Commons, when de
manding, in virtue of his office, recruits to replace the brave fellows
that had faUen honourably in the field of fight. What a desertion.
of men and things once so dear, did the debate on General Fitz-
patrick's motion for the relief of the unfortunate, La Fayette display
on the part of Windham. La Fayette, immurred in the dungeons
of the despot German Emperor, found a friend m General Fitzpatrick
to move the House of Commons of England, to address the King
to intercede in his- behalf, but in vain was the effort. La Fayette
had been too forward in plucking the jewel America from the crown
of England, to find any favour with the King, had been too active
in the early part of the French Revolution, to find favour with the
House of Commons ; but the infuriated speech of Windham upon
the occasion, can only be viewed in its just light by placing it side
by side with his insurrectionary letter. He vehemently opposed the
motion, and charged La Fayette with having gone fresh from our
hospitable shores to wield the sword against us in America. He
imputed all the violences committed at Versailles, on the 5th and
6th of October, 1789, to the agency of La Fayette ; and declared
himself at a loss to conceive why gentlemen should attend to the
suffering's of such a man, when the recital of horrors occasioned by
him, every day filled their ears. He hoped that the House of Com
mons would never consent to have it told to the ally of Great
Britain, that its conduct was inhuman. For his part, he thought it
would be highly impolitic in the emperor to release M. La Fayette,
who, if set at liberty, would be the promoter of fresh revolutions
and convulsions. He was decidedly averse to humanity being ex
tended to him, and thought it but just that he should be made an
example of to the world, and that all men who commenced revolu
tions should receive the punishment due to their crimes. He de
precated any interposition in favour of a man whose only merit was
that of having pulled down and destroyed the fabric of the estab
lished constitution of his country. . •
O shame, where is thy blush L This from the mouth of a man
who had held treasonable correspondence with a declared enemy of
the crown of England ; saying— Nothing will save us, lost as we are,
but a general insurrection of the lower orders of the people, purging
off the contaminating spume that has mantled over the top of the
spring, and threatened to choke it up.

GENERAL GREENE.
Ifl compliment to the brilliant successes of General Greene, the Chevalier de la
Luzerne, who as a knight of Malta must be considered as a competent judge

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 21
vf military merit, thus speaks of him :— Other generals subdue their enemy
¦by the means with which their country or sovereign furnish them ; but Greene
•appears to subdue his enemy by his own means. He commenced this cam
paign (in South Carolina) without either an army, provisions, or military
stores. He has asked for nothing since ; and yet scarcely a post arrives from
the south, that does not bring intelligence of some new advantage gained over
the foe. He conquers by magic. History furnishes no parallel to this.
Garden.
Major Garden's remembrances of the deeds of the heroes of Amer
ica, when fighting their freedom out of the fire and wrath of the
King and government of England, do infinite honour to himself and
to his country.- He was aid-de-camp to General Greene, and an
eye-witness of every affair of consequence in which that able officer
was engaged ; and that the charge of partiality should not attach
to his statements, so much in praise of his gallant friend and com
mander, he gives us a fine view of him by the hand of another.
Indeed this is no high colouring of the portrait. Nothing could
exceed the defeat, the distress, and privation of the army which
General Greene took the command of in South Carolina early in the
year 1781. The romantic Lee had fallen into disgrace, and the
once brave Arnold had traitorously fled over to the camp of the
enemy. Gates, the conqueror of Burgoyne at Saratoga, having
become, as was Clairfait in later day, like a .drum that is never
heard of but when it is beaten, was therefore superseded, — when up
rose Greene, and up rose Victory. Even the British, for they knew
him practically well, bore testimony to his great military talents, —
none greater, said they, have been displayed against us, on the side
of America.
His constancy under every disaster that necessarily followed upon
the disadvantages of an army beaten down, was universally admired.
After the sanguinary battle of Guildford, which was followed out
by the defeats and repulses of Camden, Ninety-six, and Etaw-
Springs, being advised by his officers to retreat into Virginia, he
replied, ' I will recover the country or die in the attempt.' The
historian recording the fact, says, Thus in situations where feeble '
minds droop and languish, the ardour of genius burns with re
doubled lustre ; and thus the philosopher in the view of human
nature, remarks, that the school of misfortune is the crucible in
which great minds are refined, and little ones evaporated.
General Greene saw clearly through this dark cloud the sun which
would eventually shine full upon him. Even when preparing to
receive the attack of the enemy at Guildford, he wrote confidentially
to his friend General Hugpr, that it was not improbable, from the
pushing disposition of Lord Cornwallis, and the contempt that he
had for the American army, but that he might precipitate himself
into some capital misfortune. This foretelling was verified, and the
prophecy fulfilled to the last letter of fallen pride and just visitation.
Greene grew strong after every defeat, and Cornwallis became weak
upon every victory ; he was driven out of the Carolinas into Vir
ginia, and incontinently fell into the masterly spread toils of Wash-.

22 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ington at York Town : a fall which he remembered in brave hu
mility to his dying hour.
General Greene, until called forth by the troublous times in which
he lived, was a private person, in good circumstances, but entirely
neglected and unknown, as is ever the case in a country governed by
an oligarchy which affects to disdain, and labours to keep out of
the light of day, its superior inferiors. Mischievously strong as
was our oligarchy previous to the American war, it was not half so
powerful, half so disgustingly oppressive, as it has teen since. At
that time several peers of the realm were stedfast to the cause of the
expulsion of the Stuarts, and in those principles justified America.
They delivered their sentiments in and out of the House of Lords
with an energy that has not now the shadow of a remain. In 1776,
the Duke of Manchester, himself descended of the Stuarts, would
have enlightened the Tories upon the subject of going to war with
a provoked and united people, but they were blind as bats, and deaf
as adders, fulfilling, that none are so blind as those that will not
see, and none so deaf as they that will not hear. He addressed
himself to those who presumed much upon their hereditary wisdom,
and who babbled of the facility of reducing the colonies to obedi
ence, — those who took it into their wise heads that the Americans
had not strength for war, that they had not means of war, that
they had not union among themselves, that they wanted money,
that they wanted discipline, that they wanted officers. To sum up
the whole, said the noble duke, and to make them as contemptible
as submissive, that they possessed not courage to face an English
soldier. This contempt gave them union, and the refusal to hear
their petitions confirmed the whole in *a knot of calm deliberate
men, determined to resist. Let our present House of Commons,
King and government, and everything in power and rule, look to
this, and no longer disdain the petitions of a united people, or they
may find too late that such a knot will be formed, that even Alex
ander's Gordian receipt will be ineffectual to unravel it.
The Duke of Manchester did not stop here, but proceeded to re
mind their lordships, that money, which is but the type of property,
the Americans soon supplied by a type of equal sense and use ; and
that even personal freedom gave way to public security, and per
sonal property was sacrificed to the necessities of the rising state.
The history of human nature, my lords, continued he, teaches us
that the greatest talents often lie hid in the most disguised obscuri
ty, till accident, till the bustle of the times, calls forth the genius
and lights the etherial spark ; then do these meteors cast an unex
pected blaze. ,
That an oppressed people cannot unite against the power of ar
mies, is always the reasoning of mitres and cassocks, crowns and
coronets, who call themselves great, and tell us that they are sent,
by God to govern us; and when such men as the noble' duke tell
them in return that they are rather sent by the devil to torment us,
they send him to the devil for saving so.
Tread upon a worm and it will turn again, is a maxim too old to

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 23
repeat, only that it is so good. May not hundreds upon hundreds
now at the warp, and- the woof, and the tail of the plough, if much
longer trodden upon, become susceptible df the most generous and
heroic sentiments ? The elements of greatness lie dormant in the
breasts of the poor and ignorant, and even many, not poor and ig
norant, yet obscure ; until brought into action by accident, oppor
tunity, or some enthusiastic cause. The shepherd on the mountain,
the miner in the mine, the peasant of the vale, the mechanic and
the handicraftsman, the quiet tradesman, the substantial merchant,
and the indolent private gentleman, are all equally inflammable,
when the fire is from heaven. Hence the Hampdens and the Crom-
wells, the Sidneys and the Russells, and all the worthies of their
kind in England ; and hence the Franklins, the Washingtons, and
the Greenes, and all the worthies of their kind in America.
This is the theme I love. It comes home to the freedom of my
native land in all instances, times, and situations. In the humble,
lowly, and reverent walks of human life, which teem with the sons
of toil and tribulation, — lie concealed many a heart of oak in torpid
apathy; Beyond the barrier, which has been so sensibly described
as Poverty's unconquerable bar, how many a golden mind is lost in
utter listlessness ! Were these nurtured in infancy, encouraged in
youth, and brought forth in manhood, what infinite good would
come of it to the world ; what brilliant acts and deeds would be
achieved to the honour and glory of God,, and to the peace and
happiness of man. No longer would honest ambition be damped
by the caprice of fortune. Great endowments, the peculiar gift of
heaven, would no longer be impiously disregarded, because in pov
erty, in indigence, or in obscurity, by pride, contempt, and malevo
lence — hatred, malice, and all uncharftableness ; all that damns nine-
tenths of the rulers and governors of the earth, and all their servile
train. Merit in rags, and folly in scarlet, the legitimate curse which
even Jesus Christ, the divine minister of all truth and justice, has
not yet been able to eradicate ; not even in the long course of
eighteen hundred years — divine, pure, and powerful as every good
christian confesses him to be ; — but hears us daily and hourly con
tinually cry, Good Lord deliver us, we beseech thee to hear us, good
Lord : and because we are not delivered, the rulers and governors
of the earth, and all their servile train, conclude that our prayers
are not heard, and that we must ask for quite other things if we
expect our askings to be attended to.

BRITISH ATROCITIES.
The injudicious conduct of the British commanders, subsequent to the capture
of Charleston, has been the subject of pointed animadversion, even by
their own historians. I have frequently heard General Wayne declare,
that while he commanded a division of the army on the retreat from
Quebec, that the evil he most dreaded was, the arrival in his camp of men
who had been prisoners with the enemy. Since these, after having esperi-

24 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
enced the most kind treatment, furnished with comfortable clothing, and dis. .
missed by the commander-in-chief, Sir Guy Carleton, without the imposition
of any conditions for the regulation of their future conduct, never failed_ so
gratefully to acknowledge his forbearance and generosity, that rapid desertion
was the immediate consequence.
Had the politic and generous Carleton been the victor, and possessed the power
-of directing the measures of government, instead of the austere and unbend
ing Cornwallis, the difficulties to America in establishing her independente,
would have been increased beyond calculation.
The severity exercised by General Howe towards the American prisoners being
the topic Of conversation among some officers who had been taken in Canada
by Sir Guy Carleton, General Parsons, who w-as present, exclaimed, ' His
inhumanity delights me.' Why so ? was the immediate reply. ' You, gen
tlemen,' said Parsons, ' have been kindly treated by a generous enemy ; say, .
would you be inclined to fight against him ? ' The answer was, No, not if it
were possible to avoid it. ' Such,' added Parsons, ' would have been the reT
ply of the troops taken by Howe, had he treated them with kindness ; bat
now we are confident that his barbarity will raise us another army.' — Garden.
The greater portion of those commanders who were employed by
the King and his predestinate councillors, to conquer America, are
now gone to their account, and a weighty balance undoubtedly
stands against them all, not even excepting his late majesty. The
Majesty of Heaven has no more regard for war-loving kings, with
only the state cant of justice and necessity in their mouths,.than for
the lowest of their subjects with equally plausible pleas for the
commission of every act of bloodthirstiness. The drivelling fools
and impious knaves that preach of the Divine Right of Kings to be
engaged, if they please, in furious, bloody wars, for more than half
the duration of their reigns, will cry Treason upon this, no doubt^
and blasphemy ; and they may cry, and they may do more than cry, ,
if it so suit their bad intents and purposes.
The atrocities of some of the British generals throughout that
infernal war, the wanton cruelties and savage devastations of certain
officers under them, of several renegade Americans under these, ,
and, last not least, the employment of the horrid savages, shall not
be passed over in these Records. The Tories have not a man to
deal with who will let Major Garden's book be lost because such
booksellers in London as Murray of Albemarle-street, and Taylor,
and Hessey of Fleet-street, and many others of their kind of all the.
streets, dare not sell it ; and that for any reason but a sterling one,
even though they most assuredly can adduce many from the Mint,,,7
and more from the Bank of England. Neither shall it be disguised^
that Burgoyne in particular, and Howe, Clinton, Cornwallis, Raw-
den, Tarletbn, and others, in general, never failed to plead their in
structions for every atrocity ; whilst we know that these instructions
were read to the King by Germaine and North and others ; nay,
Burgoyne, with the exception of the murder of Miss Rea, declared
that he received the King's personal injunctions for every act of
barbarity and devastation that took place under his command, pre
vious to and only ending with the capture of himself and army at
Saratoga. Our own historians always speak of it as a fact of cre
dence, not less than any they relate from first to last of England's
and the King of England's disgraceful loss of America.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 25
Of the generals in chief Major Garden speaks at large, reserving
the enumeration of particular facts for the routine of their occur-.
rence, which shall come to you, my friends, so surely as they came
to me. He says, that Gates also had been repeatedly heard to say,
' Had General Howe treated his prisoners and the inhabitants of
Jersey, when subdued, with as much humanity as Sir Guy Carleton
exercises towards his prisoners, it would have proved fatal to the
Americans.' The gallant Major gives a note below of this tribute to the gen
erosity and good policy of Sir Guy Carleton, which detracts cer
tainly a little from that officer's motives ; but historians have no
thing to do with motives, and, whenever they pretend to meddle
with them, in so far their testimony is weakened and their authority
is of no worth. When America was lost, it was very natural for a
man who had acted in all things 1^31 arid wisely, had made every
exertion to keep this invaluable jewel in the King's crown, which
the Stuartism of the King himself so obstinately persisted in east
ing out of his crown; — indeed, i;t was enough to sour the general's
temper, and if he were a little rude, and perhaps a little surly upon
the event, every one knows that he committed no atrocities. It is
but reasonable and commonly forbearing to pass over this, while it
is equally just and equitable to mark down those for execration who
began the savage game ; yet who, when defeated in the end, be
came mild and gentle, and - affected to lament the spilt blood that
stained their own hands, and canted of the horrors of the War in
which themselves had until so lately yelled the who-oop, and hurled
the destructive firebrand.
The heartless, vengeful, impolitic cruelties of the Stuarts subse
quent to their Restoration, became, as our judges say, part and par
cel of their blood-red cause, and obtained as much or more with the
people to join with the oligarchy in church and state, to bring about
the Revolution, than did their religious encroachments. Bishops
and lords and all such courtly gear, pretend that it was the Catholi
cism of Charles and James that alone ousted them from the throne
of their fathers, and have been canting about popery every since,
the better to disguise the fact of resistance to arbitrary power, and
the invasion of a' people's rights and liberties.
The unsuccessful effort in the West, commonly known as Mon
mouth's rebellion, was visited by such inhuman and lawless butche
ry by Jeffries and Kirk, under the, positive though private injunctions
of James the Second and his ministers, as had not been witnessed
in all time in England, and made the Revolution there a measure
devoutly to be wished. The execrable persecution of the unfortu
nate covenanters beyond the Tweed, from the first hour of Charles's
restoration to the last of James's deposition, revived the old hatred
and animosity against high church authority and arbitrary govern
ment in full force : these feelings became, as it were, infused into
their blood and breeding ; and it is supposed, even to this day, that
there is not a descendant of that stedfast community, who could, even
by accident, beget a Tory or an Arminian.

26 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
This were sufficient warning, one would have thought, to kings
and courts, of the consequences of Tyranny, and that the Revolu
tion which dethroned the Stuarts would not in haste be forgotten
by their successors ; but kings and courts take no warning, and al
ways affect to believe that the like visitations cannot again occur.
William the Third and his advisers displayed a woful example of
this infatuation ; for scarcely had three short years elapsed from his
enthronement, when he signed the fatal warrant, independent of law,
judge, or jury, for the massacre of all the males under seventyyears
of age of the MDonalds of Glencoe. This clan was not very nu
merous, yet about two hundred of them were marked for the slaugh
ter, in the dead of the night, and while the hapless victims were
asleep, unsuspecting of such a bloodthirsty outrage, and unprepared
to repel it. Thirty-eight of these were butchered in their beds,
helpless and unresisting. The remainder happily escaped through
the passes of the glen ere the ruffians had time to secure them. A
boy of eight years of age was stabbed to the heart in the act of
imploring mercy. A guest with a protection in his pocket, granted
two months before, was also assassinated. After all which, the roy
ally deputed savages set the houses on fire, and drove off the cattle,
leaving the old men, women, and children, exposed, naked, and for
lorn, to the inclemencies of the cold, cold north, in the midst of
winter, and to all the miseries of famine, grief, and wretchedness.
Thus in one short night did the hirelings of William the Third,
under his sign manual, perpetrate the crimes of murder, felony, and
arson. Attached as I am to the principles of the Revolution of
1688, yet do I not hesitate to affirm, that King William should im
mediately have been drawn in a cart to Tyburn and hanged for this
execrable massacre, and all that justified it, and many there were,
upon the rotten ground of state necessity, should have had the high
honour of swinging with him.
From this time blood was not barbarously shed at kingly fiat,
until the reign of George the Second. The victory at CuQoden ena
bled the Duke of Cumberland to follow out his instructions, and
upon the poor Highlanders again to satiate royal vengeance. The
battle itself was necessary, but the slaughter of the pursuit, the-
cutting down by the cavalry of the poor, broken, fleeing highland-'
er, was nothing more nor less than royal gluttony in blood, where
there is the least shadow of an excuse for it. The exultation and
delight of the victors did not stop here : the cruelties afterwards,'
suggested, eveu to the friends of the house of Brunswick, that there
was more Stuart blood in the Guelphic line than many were aware
of. In all other respects, the corruption of Walpole excepted, the
reign of George the Second may be pronounced as most consonant
with the true interests of England since the protectorship of Crom
well. The obstinate Stuartism of George the Third, infused into his
mind by Bute, himself a Stuart, engendered the American war, that
wide waste of human life, that latitude of devastation and ruin,
in which Turks and Infidels had blushed to have been concerned.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 27
Grenville followed upon Bute, and every high prerogative minion
after him, to bring mischief into birth. The failure of this fond
hope turned bis majesty's brain; and rendered him yet more ripe to
fall foul upon the French Revolution. Here the divine right of kings
floated, and rolled, and laved, and bathed, in human blood, in high
delight, from one corner of Europe to the other, none so san
guine in the turmoil as was George the Third. Ireland, him
self, his Castlereagh, his Judkin Fitzgerald, and villain under
villain, even down to the hangman, deluged with blood. In
the East Indies the natives only knew him by one revolution upon
another, in positive contradiction to his own legitimate absurdities.
From the victory of Plaissey to the conclusion of the Delhi war, it
is- a history of thrones subverted, governments overturned, and
hecatombs destroyed. Indeed, every friend of justice and humani
ty, the best of terms for social order and good government, had
become already sick of the reign of George the Third ; when it was
completed, most consistently completed, in the full measure of his
disastrous and sanguinary sway, by the slaughter at Manchester; —
a wanton, diabolical shedding of subjects' blood, which the children
of Tories and Americans yet unborn, will only exist to deplore in
poverty and tears.

GENERAL SUMTER.

f It was Generil Sumter's supreme good fortune, to give the first check to the
British successes in South Carolina, after the fall of Charleston, by completely
routing, on the 12th of July, 1780, at Williams's Plantation, a marauding de
tachment of their armv, commanded by Captain Hucfe, a miscreant who, by
his cruelty and profanity, appeared equally the enemy of God and man.
During his predatory excursions, he had perpetrated every species of bar
barity, and excited the resentments of the inhabitants still more by his words
than" by his actions. With him the exclamation was common  " God
Almighty has turned rebel ; but had the Americans twenty Gods instead of
one on their side, they should all be conquered ! ! " ' — Garden.
What say ' We the magistrates ' to this hopeful specimen of blas
phemy ? Ceased it to be such, when applied in the service of his
most sacred majesty to those in resistance to his arbitrary will and
pleasure ? Were I a casuist in these legitimate points, with courtly
views and loyal prospects before me, I might possibly enlighten
the land ; but as I am. not so qualified, it shall remain with HIM
who only can truly estimate what is blasphemy.
The domestic and every-day character of George the Third was
very good ; indeed, it was rare and excellent. It was that of the
Sir Roger de Coverley which Addison imagined, now realized in a
king. In common with millions, I have ever wished that this king
had never been other, than a country squire, a fox-hunter, a fancy
agriculturist, of three or four thousand a year ; but I will not be
over particular in detailing reasons for wishing that he had filled so
comfortable a situation in life, lest knaves and slaves in power and

28 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
place, might induce the attorney-general to ' argufie the topic ' with
me, to my great disadvantage.
It has become current in the courtly world, that the characters of
dead kings are to be held equally sacred with those of the living.
I am not, thank God, a courtier, and therefore must be excused the
acceptance of such tinsel in legal tender. In the last stricture upon
Mr. Garden's statement of the barbarity of the British commanders
in America, I spoke generally of the public acts connected with the
reign of King George the Third, as executed by those in authority
under him, grade by grade, down even to the hangman. I have a
right so to speak, for that reign is done, and another is begun,
That which is done belongs to the chronicles of time past, and must
be fearlessly recorded, or history is of no worth. That which has
begun, is the parole of time present, and needs only to be honestly
registered and noted as a guide to the historian in time to come.
When grim Death hath done his bidding, then is the season to sum
up the good and the evil in impartial evidence to all, leaving codit
mon sense and common honesty to return the verdict.
In this spirit I ever have and ever will record the good and evil
of George the Third's eventful and protracted reign. Now engaged
Upon the King's own, much loved, and anxiously sought war against
his American colonies, this paper shall be confined to a few facts of
individual atrocity, which were committed by certain villains em?
ployed by ' all in authority under him.' One solitary copy of a work
recording them, hath found its way to England as a gift to a good
man, and I have been honoured by that good man with the perusal
of it. Verily, it were well that some East Indian patriot and lover
of his country, did thus hand down to the generations existing and
to come, the assured instances of violence which have at all times
accompanied the conquest and usurpation of Britain in that remote
quarter of the globe. Instances of bloodshed and rapacity, which
have practically exhibited to the native population there, that chris
tians with the sword in their hands, the gospel in their mouths, and
with avarice in their hearts, can outdo the usual outdoings of Turks,
Infidels, and Jews, and then, in set and formal prayer, call seriously
upon Almighty God to bless the justice of their cause, and approve
the necessity of following it out by reckless slaughter and vengefal
devastation. In Ireland, .1 am informed, a gentleman is already
preparing such a catalogue of barbarities, of every kind, under
which his hapless country has so long and so irremeably groaned.
Perhaps he is aware, that when the work is done, he must go to
America to publish it, or it can never find the way to England,
where it ought most to be read. Major Garden, wlen dwelling
upon the distinguished worthies, forgets not the sufferings of his
countrymen, at the fiat of the King of England, and ' all in authority
under him,' grade by grade, down even to the hangman.
There were a few British officers under Howe, Clinton, Rawdon,
Burgoyne, Cornwallis, Tarleton, and others, that would do their be
hests in cold-blooded violence. Unhappily in all nations and com
munities, reprobates and ruffians are to be found, who for hire will

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY, 29
betray their country, and slay their countrymen, and answer every
purpose sought in villainy. The British commanders very early in
the contest connected themselves with such wretches, which were
but too readily found among the colonists ; and calling them loyal
ists, to the great affront of all loyalty, making them captains over
hundreds, and lieutenants over fifties, and ensigns over twenties,
and selecting these from the vilest of this vile banditti, to the eter
nal insult of every gallant gentleman who filled these honourable
ranks and stations. Having made these revolting appointments,
they let them and their associates loose upon their countrymen the
Americans, crying havoc and unsparing vengeance. Every human
being not in arms shuddered at the thought of them, and those in
battle array cared not to come in contact with such furious rene-
gadoes. For full five years had they thus carried death and de
struction in their train, and terror and dismay before them, when it
was the good fortune of General Sumter to inflict the first castiga-
tion upon one of their hordes, and thereby break the charm of their
horrible invincibility.
Huck did not stand alone, but had many coadjutors, who in due
season shall be exhibited to view. One or two of them now, the
remainder in their turn. My American friend, and the friend of
every man of the commonest humanity, in the more advanced pages
of his book makes mention of others of the breed, and tells the
British how much the employment of them contributed to the de
feats which they ultimately 'sustained. He says, ' that great injury
was done to the cause of Britain by the latitude allowed by the es
tablished authorities to the marauding corps of M'Girth, Fanning,
Huck, and others. To detail the deeds of horror, perpetrated by
this merciless banditti, would revive recollections that for the
honour of human nature had better be buried in oblivion. Suf
fice it to say, that, notwithstanding solemn conventions, that sur
render should secure protection from injury, death was made the
constant attendant upon victory. Thus, at the close of the year
1781, Captain Turner and twenty men, after solemn assurances
that they should be treated as prisoners of war, were deliberately
murdered. Colonel Hayes and Captain Williams, with fourteen
of their fellows, were in like manner, after surrendering, cut
to pieces in cold blood. The activity and cool intrepidity of
Mr. John Hunter, at the period of mere youth, but in later times
distinguished as an enlightened legislator, saved himself from the
merciless vengeance of Fanning. Ordered for immediate execution,
he had reached the foot of the fatal tree on which he was to suffer,
and appeared to be alone intent on the exercise of his devotions,
when observing a very spirited horse within his reach, he by sudden
exertion freed himself from confinement, leaped into the saddle,
and, putting the animal to his speed, though followed by a shower
of bullets, escaped uninjured.'
A very lucky escape indeed, Mr. John Hunter, and God only
knows how soon too many of us may be placed in the like perilous
situations, — and may we be equally active and bold in our deliver-

30 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ance. This I know and feel full well, that if we be as stedfast and
strenuous in our cause of Reform of Parliament as were the deter
mined Americans in their cause of Resistance to Taxation without
Representation, we had best look well to ourselves, for the trying
hour is drawing nigh. The Tories have long since come to the fixed
resolution to resist Reform by every manner of means, even to fire
and sword. Then will the Howes, the Clintons, the Rawdons, and
the Burgoynes, the Cornwallisse's and the Tarletons, let loose the
Hucks, the Fannings, and the M'Girths, upon us ; — then will ' all in
authority ' in set and formal prayer call seriously upon Almighty
God to bless the justice of their cause, and approve the necessity of
following it out by reckless slaughter and vengeful devastation.
We trust that the Almighty will bless them, as in America, by the
capture of their armies and the utter defeat of their infernal malig
nity ; but this may not be, until, as the Americans, we have under
gone extreme and dreadful sufferings, and have made the most
heart-rending and ruinous sacrifices : so never let us cease to bear
ever in our own, and to impress always upon the minds of our
friends, the assured necessity of being prepared for the worst that
can happen, save only and except our subjugation, as that cannot
happen to a cause so true.
Let us not pass lightly over the American atrocities because they
were committed many years ago, and may not be renewed, but
stedfastly believe that the spirit which engendered them is yet alive
and fierce as ever. The thoroughbred race of the Hucks, the Fan
nings, and the M'Girths, are now in zealous employ to hasten the
sanguinary catastrophe, as were Castlereagh, Judkin Fitzgerald, and
others,i in Ireland, to foment the rebellion there. One of these now
at work, a public defaulter of unaccounted thousands, is making his
peace with his masters by editing a weekly newspaper, of all others
the one that hath yet disgraced this land, for it is of all others the
basest and most villainous towards the people. An imaginary name
of long standing among us, which purposes to convey all that is
sterling, honest, and unbending, this brazen rascal has appropriated
to his use, by assigning it to his hireling, abject, and abandoned
publication. He is supported, and openly, by those who dote on
war yet durst not fight, — who blow the coals yet never quench the
flame,— trumpeters who ^et the combatants by the ears and then
fall back into a safe situation ; — and is read with delight by Belial
and all his rapacious votaries, clan, and family.

DR. SKINNER.
« Colonel Lee has stated that Dr. Skinner had a dire objection to the field of
battle, yet in private society was always ready for a quarrel. It might be
truly asserted, that it required infinite circumspection not to come to points
with him, since he really appeared to consider tilting as a pleasing pastime,
and was, as an Irish soldier once said of him, « an honest fellow just as reedy

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 31
to fight as eat." In his regiment and among his intimates, he was regarded
as a privileged man, and allowed to throw the! shafts of his wit with impunity.
' When first Skinner appeared in the lower country, he wore a long beard and
huge fur cap, the last through necessity, the first from some superstitious no
tion, into the meaning of which it was impossible to penetrate.— An officer
who really esteemed him, asked, " Why he suffered his beard to grow to such
an unusual length ?" He tartly replied, " It is a secret, sir, betwixt my God
and myself, that human impertinence shall never penetrate." On a night
alarm at Ninety-six, as Colonel Lee was hastening forward to ascertain the
cause, he met Skinner in full retreat; and, stopping him, said, " What is the
matter, doctor, whether so fast, not frightened, I hope ?" " No, colonel, no,"
he replied, " not absolutely frightened, but, I candidly confess, most damna
bly alarmed." His strong resemblance to the character of Falstaff, which
Colonel Lee has also noticed, was very remarkable. " He was witty himself j
and the cause of wit in others." Like the fat' knight, too, in the calculation
of chances, not oyer scrupulous in distinction between meum and tuum ; and
I should decidedly say, in his narration of broils and battles, too much under
the influence of Shrewsbury clock.
' In person Skinner was not unlike the representation generally given of Sancho
in his government, exhibiting extravagant pretensions to state and self con
sequence. Nor was he insensible to the influences of the tender passion. He
hot only could love, but he believed himself possessed of every requisite to
inspire passion, particularly priding himself upon a rougish leer with the eye,
that he deemed irresistible.
', Falstaff maintained that it was proper for every man " to labour in his own
vocation." Skinner asserted that every man had his sphere of action, beyond
the limits of which he ought never to emerge. "Mine," said he, "amidst
the tumults of war, the conflict of battle, is in the rear. There I am always
to be found. I am firm at my post." Arriving near the bank of the river on
the night of the contemplated attack upon John's Island, he was asked whe
ther he intended to pass the ford ? — " By no means," he replied, " I am not
fond of romantic enterprise, and will not seek for perilous achievements,
where the elements, more than the enemy, are to be dreaded. The river is
too deep, and my spirits are, not buoyant ; I should sink to a certainty, and
meet a watery grave. Death by water-drinking ! I shudder at the thought
of it. I will remain and take care "of the baggage ; and as many of you as can
boast a change, may be sure to meet at your return the comforts of clean
linen, and the most cordial welcome that I can give you." ' — Garden.
A gentleman has lately crossed the Atlantic on a visit to the Uto
pian states of the western world ; to spy the land, to see and be
seen, kiss and come home again, as our grannums are wont to say to
their little folk. Disgusted with everything that America contained,
the country from end to end, the men, their manners and their ways,
hie returned, and sending his. observations to the press, made thereby
his peace with all the Tories. He took credit to himself that he
published to the world but half the brutality he witnessed of the
population of ten thousand breeds of every cross in nature save that
of gentleman ; for the pride of a gentleman, he informs us, in one
of his best -penned paragraphs, is there unknown. He traversed the
Umted.States in various directions, extending his journey to Birk-
beck's settlement, returned to Philadelphia, and wintered there.
I have perused this gentleman's volume with attention, and have
calmly conversed with himself upon the various subjects therein
contained; and, when he tells me that he has only recorded one-
half of the unamiabilities of the Americans, I am filled with grief
and astonishment ; the more so, as having known him intimately
for upwards of twenty years, and have ever, in common with his

32 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
neighbours and mine, been assured of his veracity in all things to
the best of his knowledge and belief.
If the Americans be such iniquitous ruffians as the Visit to North
America pourtrays them, it must have grown out of the brutal war
that was waged against them by the mother country ; which went
to engender a hatred to all royalty, nobility, and aristocratic gentry :
a feeling of wrath not at all appeased by Castlereagh's insane in
structions to the British generals in the late war, to burn and de
stroy their city of Washington. This outrage, so characteristic
of the man, was doubtless calculated to increase the irritation of
the Americans against us, in the empty hope of stopping emigra
tion. Certain is it, that of all nations England stands least in their
public and private regards, which can only be attributed to British
atrocities towards them.
From Major Garden's worthies the present race must have sprung,
now so degenerated as our traveller's pages describe them ; who, he
says, independent of their coarseness, form no traits of wit and humour,
the natal gift of uneducated men in every other quarter of the world.
The peasantry of Ireland, the most debased by legitimacy of all be
neath the British crown, teem and overflow with these essentials to
the endurance of human existence. Cant and cunning and money-
getting are but poor substitutes for the cheerfulness of wit and
humour. Prudence only in well-regulated communities is permitted
to put a grave face upon either. That to strike a bargain to the
ninth part of a hair, is the happiest talent of a Yankee, and to abide
by that only so far as the law enjoins, is much to be lamented ; and
marvel we may that society is not broken up among them, until we
come to consider that the English in that respect, taken collectively,
are quite as bad.
If the Americans have no manners, wit, and learning now, no
mirth and humour, they once had.; and it follows that those who did
possess such happy qualities, have died issueless and unproductive,
root and branch. That not one descendant of the eccentric,
sprightly Skinner should be found in the vast extent, from their own
fertile Georgia to our unfruitful Canada, is strange indeed, but, ac
cording to our friend, in text and context, is no more strange than
true. I have given from Major Garden a sketch of many grave and
gallant warriors : I now, from the same source, introduce a contrast
in the person of an American, who liked fighting no better than did
Falstaff, and who was endued with qualities not very uncongenial
with those of that inimitable soul of all comedy.
Dr. Skinner's character, as thus drawn by Colonel Lee, bears upon
the face of it the marks of truth, and was nearly the same which
Nature intended it to be when she moulded him. If he were a cow
ard, and who durst in his presence say it ? his sensation of fear was
of a peculiar kind. Rochefaucault, who knew the human heart and
mind so well, says, that one man shall tremble at a sword, yet in
trepidly stand against a shower of balls ; whilst another shall shud
der at a bullet, yet shall face a sword with every boldness,— and
this last was the feeling of Skinner, who, being, attached to the army

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 33
only as a surgeon, took no pains to conquer, nor even to disguise
it, the more so as we have seen that he was a privileged, man.
Rochefaucault does hot saddle cowardice upon either of his supposed
defaulters, but the rather attributes the sensations he has described
to an antipathy of the so'ul, which the mortal man cannot answer
for. There, was a British officer under the hopeful command of the
Duke of ¥$rk, whose courage, so far from being called into ques
tion, was jjjjequently extolled in the despatches, and always admired
by his associates, yet tW$ gentleman could never face the sabre of a
dragoon With common cbmposure. A gash was horror to him, nor
did he much endeavour to conceal.it. Under the heaviest and most
destructive fire in action, he has been observed as placid and as at
tentive to his duty, as though no such thing was going on. With
Dr. Skinner, a small sword he rather liked than otherwise ; and in
a dispute with an Austrian officer, who had insinuated in his presence
something lightly of a British regiment of cavalry, which being re
sented, the foreigner's sabre was quickly brandished in defiance, the
Englishman, an infantry officer, withdrew, but not without locking
his antagonist in the room, and taking the key in his pocket, but
quickly returrted with his pistols, a friend, and a pair of small
swords, offering him either, in the open air and wind, and , sun to
boot. Many were present, and know how it ended. No foreign
officers ever after presumed in his presence to give indiscreet lati
tude to their tongues, and the wretched work they.witnessed on the
part of the commander in chief and the little old women martinet
generals under him, was expatiated upon any where else than in his
hearing. I have merely instanced a point without meaning to assimilate the
courage of the gallant defender of his cavalry friends with that
doubtful sort of come and go and facetious bravery of Dr. Skinner ;
for himself and his fighting only belong to the Falstaff he has been
so happily likened to. With Falstaff, Skinner was the pink of
courtesy in his own esteem with all the ladies. He would walk in
the presence of beautiful young women, of which there were, and
doubtless are, whatever may say the tories to the contrary, very
many in America, in the full assurance of subduing all hearts ;
strutting among them, as though he wore Prince Volcius's boots,
which were made, 'tis said, of love-leather. Skinner only wanted
Nature's matchless bard to immortalize him, as Shakspeare had un
questionably some facetious wanton rogue of Elizabeth's court in
his eye, when he drew the inimitable Falstaff.

HARRY BARRY.
cVr the battle of Etaw, after the British line had been broken, and the Old
Buffs, a regiment that had boasted of the extraordinary feats they were to
perform, were running from the field, Lieutenant Manning sprang forward
m pursuit, directing the platoon which he commanded to follow him. He did
not cast an eye behind him until he found the British were on all sides of him,
D

34T' RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
and not an American soldier nearer than one hundred and fifty or two hundred
yards. He did not hesitate a moment, but springing at an officer who was
near him, seized him by the collar, and exclaiming in a harsh tone, ' Damn
you, sir, you are my prisoner,' wrested his sword from his grasp, dragged him
by force from the1 house into which Cruger and his York volunteers hadthrown
themselves, and, keeping his body as a shield of defence from the heavy fire
from the windows, carried him off without sustaining any injury.
Manning has often related, that, at the moment when ne expected his prisoner
would have made an effort for liberty, he with great solemnity commenced aft
enumeration of his titles :— »' I am, sir, Henry Barry, deputy-adjutant-general
of the British army, captain in the 52nd regiment, secretary to the Command
ant of Charleston : '  ' Enough, enough, sir, you are just the man 1 was
looking for ; fear nothing for your life, you shall screen me from danger, and
I will take special care of you.' — Manning was of inferior size, but strong,
and remarkably well formed. This probably led Barry, whd could not have
wished the particulars of his capture to be commented on, to reply, when
asked by his brother officers how he came to be taken ? ' I was overpowered
by a huge Virginian.' — Gabden.
The solemn, assinine coxcomb Tory, hath ever been dearly beloved
in the estimation of our hopeful rulers and governors under the
house of Guelph, since the last of the Stuarts was tumbled into the
grave. Assumed, chub-headed gravity in things of no moment, and
natural Tom-foolery in matters of the last importance, with at all
times plenty of cant, malignity, and God save the King in full
chorus, have gone to fill up his span from that hour to this. If the
lively and free and easy Skinner, of America, hath not been able to
propagate his kind, the legitimate blockhead of England fails not
in begetting his like, and for our sins transmitting it down with the
most unerring truth of breeding ; while sterling, straight-forward
Englishmen, have been driven from the foremost ranks of society,
to make room for this precious piece of lumber.
The men deeply versed in, and disdaining to flinch from, those
principles which placed, first the Statholder of Holland, and next
the Elector of Hanover, on the throne of these realms, were frowned
down into obscurity, and the feelings of Patriotism and Love of
Country which governed their minds upon those manly exertions of
birthright, were derided as visionary. Every knave of Grace and
fool of Fortune, who loyally fell in with this new doctrine of conj
venience and breach of contract in the name of God, was rewarded
in due time by all that crowns and coronets could bestow, in navy
and army, law, physic, and divinity, and the thousand other ways and
means which inordinate taxation embraces, to corrupt and to en
slave. The American war grew out of this falling away, and a fine
harvest indeed it was at home, while the plunder of the rebel colo-
nies abroad ' was a' delightfu to think on.'
Every great Tory family sent some one solemn coxcomb of the
thorough^ chub-breed into the service there, to make his fortune in
rank or riches or courtly reputation. Some were downright thieves,
as Tories in their public capacity are known to be, and some were
downright fools in all capacities, and some were only braggarts and
poltroons ; one of which Harry. Barry, from his own lips, evidenced
himself to be.
What a figure must this notorious lip-loyal reviler of American ,

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 35
courage have cut in the eyes of his friends who were in view and
all around him ! A deputy-adjutant-general, in the proper person
of the scornful Barry, held up in derision while whole platoons were
firing at the gallant hero so holding him up and bearing him away
in triumph ! Military history has no parallel of such an exhibition,
nor does any other history that I have yet read, afford but one in
stance of the kind. About the year 1815, the Irish newspapers
made mention of some villains having broken into a farmer's house,
in the county of Cork, when, in the great confusion attending upon
resistance, the farmer's son laid hold of one of the thieves, whom
he held up before him as a defence, until he was almost cut to pieces.
by his own comrades, who mistook him for the farmer's son.
However unprecedented Harry Barry's exposure may at first sight
appear, yet the Irish story tells us that such has since taken place,
and why not aforetime ? and our own reflection reminds, that Harry
Barry was not the only thief of this latter day, who has been poised
as a shield against the assaults of the gang he belonged to. How
Harry escaped unriddled is difficult to conceive, unless the general
laugh which ensued among the York volunteers, at the comic- ab
surdity of the scene, unsteadied their aim. It might, that the bul
lets which they fired out of the windows and loopholes laughed
also, or it might not. I will not believe, that, while endeavouring
to bring down Lieutenant Manning, their fear of hitting master'
Barry was the cause ; for British soldiers so little love an officer
that yields without a struggle, that of a surety they would have
pierced the lubberly shield presented to their aim, if they possibly
could ; and, if all the truth were known, much rather than the warrior
who so bravely bore it.
When Harry Barry said, in extenuation of his consummate pol
troonery, that he was overpowered by a huge Virginian, he evidently
sought to blink the question, and drop the subject. No manly in
dignation was shewn at the degrading manner in which he was car
ried off in sight of both armies ; no appeal, no resentment, nothing
was seen in his conduct but that meanness of spirit which invaria
bly ends in the pocketting an affront. Davila, in his very amusing
and most instructive history of the wars of the League and the
Hugonots, — a history which every admirer of Sully on the other
side should read with impartial attention, as likewise should the
readers of Davila most carefully study the Duke de Sully ; but this
by the way : 
Davila relates, that after a short skirmish of cavalry rather than
a fight, the Hugonots being in their retreat charged by the Count
de Chaligny of the League, and the Sieur de Rosne, there followed
in the adjoining plain a great encounter. When they of *the League
would have retired, they found themselves engaged by the Baron de
Biron, who with another troop fell in upon their flank, so that to
save themselves they were fain to turn their* backs and run full
speed ; which the Count de Chaligny scorning to do, and gallantly
fighting in the midst of his enemies, Was taken prisoner by Chicot,
the king's jester, but a notable sturdy lad, who in the taking of hini
d2

36 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
received a wound from him in the head, whereof he died not marry
days after. The count being brought into the King's presence,
Henry- the 4th, and being much afflicted to have been taken by a
fellow of so base a profession, the King comforted him, assuring
him that Chicot was a valiant fellow, and he ought rather to com
plain against himself for having engaged himself so far ; to which
the count answered, that the desire of seeing and learning had made
him so forward. The king replied, that those of his party knew
not how to teach him, and that, if he would learn the art of war, he
ought to fight under his colours and near his person.
Here are honest courage and true chivalry on all sides ; and if a
man will be a soldier, he must be a soldier at all points and at all
hazards. Here we see a noble-minded gentleman fighting valiantly
against hundreds whose swords were upraised against him, and in
the midst of these difficulties he inflicts a mortal wound upon the
individual that takes him prisoner ; and his gallant spirit not even
satisfied with this, but feels indignant at the unworthiness of his
captor, though as brave a man as ever drew cold iron. Good read
er, return but for a moment to the coxcomb Barry, who was en
trusted with the interior array of the British army in America, and
who boasted with all the boasters of that army, whomsoever they
might be, that they would chace the Americans from one end of the
country to the other, as sheep upon the mountains, and that as sheep
they should be worried and slaughtered wheresoever they were
caught. Lo, this Deputy-adjutant-general of the British army, this captain .
in the 52nd regiment of foot, this Secretary to the Commandant of
Charleston, — suffers himself, while surrounded by his friends, to be
seized by the collar and disarmed by a young American officer whom
the chance of war had left single and unsupported in the midst of
his enemies. Without an effort to save himself, much less an en
deavour to inflict a mortal wound upon his captor, as did the bold
Chaligny under, every disadvantage; this heartless coxcomb is
dragged into the enemy's lines under every contumely, and not
hanged when he got there, and not cashiered when he returned to
England. My friends, the hour is fast approaching when you will
hear the yell and the boast of your enemies, that they will chase
you from one end of the country to the other, as sheep upon the
mountains, and that as sheep you shall be worried and slaughtered
wheresoever you are caught : but heed them not, for nine times in
ten they will be found of the Harry Barry breed, and, bke him, need
only be seized by the collar, and disarmed, and led away captive in
derision and laughter.

MRS. CHARLES ELLIOT.
A British officer, distinguished by his inhumanity and constant oppression of the
, unfortunate, meeting Mrs. Charles Elliot in a garden adorned with a great

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY 37
variety of flowers, asked the name of the Camomile, which appeared to flou
rish with peculiar luxuriance. The Rebel Flower, she replied. Why was
that name given to it ? said the officer. Because, rejoined the lady, it thrives
most when most trampled upon  Gaiiden.
Major Garden dwells with delight upon the conduct of the ladies
in the American Revolution. Their 'Patriotism and Love of Coun
try was unbounded. Unlike the higher and the highest ranks of
Tory women in England, who, because the corrupt provision which
government makes for their husbands, affords rich furniture and
splendid equipages, are therefore eternally curtain-lecturing them
into abjeet submission to every usurpation, — the American wives
resisted every temptation held ou^ by power, and the tools and in
struments of power, and worked the weal of their country. Their
influence being that which all ladies have in common over the lords
of the creation, was even so effectual. Their sayings and doings
would fill a volume, and some of the most brilliant and striking my
gallant authority has not marked down in vain. I trust they will
not be lost upon numbers of my countrywomen, as I occasionally
instance a few of them from him.
So soon as the French ambassador announced in England the
treaty between his court and America, the sapient taxers of America
were roused from their divine-right infatuation, and bestirred them
selves awhile ; but quickly relapsing into their pristine and heredi
tary stupor, they there, happily for the colonists, remained until the
colonies were lost and the war was over. . True, Lord Carlisle and
others were sent out with conciliating propositions to the hitherto
despised or brutally abused leaders of the Rebellion, as fools and
knaves were wont to call the resistance to oppression. The King
-^for he- plunged head foremost into the war — the King and his
ministers and all the ruling Tories, made almost every wished-for
concession, short of Independence, and headed their offers by the
unshackled grant of Representation in the British Parliament !
This did indeed stagger the colonists. Throughout the States,
before things had proceeded so dreadfully far, these offers had been
joyfully accepted ; but now other passions had arisen ; and all ranks
and stations and degrees of the Americans, had long ceased to be
moderate. Their enemies had so recklessly trampled on the camo
mile flowers, that they were now rising by pressure, and flourishing
most exceedingly. However, some unprejudiced men felt inclined
to embrace Lord Carlisle's proposals ; but the angry, the determined,
the ambitious, and the avengers of their country's wrongs, indig
nantly declined them. They alleged, and with great truth, that
there was no parliament in Great Britain ; for that the usurping
Oligarchy filled St. Stephen's chapel with their creatures, slaves, and
underlings, to the utter exclusion of the people, the Americans'
friends : and tauntingly asked, what chance would their representa
tives have among such a den of thieves.
Here follows now a momentous morsel of history, such as hath
scarcely yet been developed but in whispers, and those whispers so
tremulously low as to render the gathering their purport together

38 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
a task of no common difficulty. The mighty matter I am about to
divulge, if trae as holy writ, or any other writ of universal credence,
must call down the execrations of us all upon the heads of the
guilty, without the least respect to persons. The appalling circum
stance is this : — After the leading men of the Americans had debated
the propositions, they finally came to the resolution, and proposed
it to the British court, through private channels of their own,
' That they would agree to and accept of the concessions offered
by Lord Carlisle ; they would withdraw their declaration of Inde
pendence and return to their allegiance, provided a REFORM WAS
MADE IN THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT ! so that it should
fully and fairly and truly represent the people ; as in that case, and
that only, would it avail the colonists in sending members to it.'
This was a touchstone to all hearts in rule and governance in
England at that dread moment, so big with every earthly thing at
tending upon Patriotism and Love of Country on either side of the
vast Atlantic. Were the people of England to make a tender of
allegiance to-morrow, to another King William, providing so and
so, it could not be more revolting to our lives-and-fortune men, than
was this condition of submission to the Tory feelings of George and
his councillors. His sacred majesty stamped his foot upon the floor
in rage and terror and dismay, and they yelled treason, treason at
home. The Queen, who erroneously attributed the whole to our
ever-to-be-revered statesman now no more, ran howling down the
great stairs of the palace,, saying, and saying repeatedly, ' That vil
lain Fox has ruined us all ! '
A most respectable person then about the palace, has declared to
me and others, that he was present, and witnessed this last scene,
the Queen wringing her hands in apparent agony. He always said
that he never to a certainty knew the cause of her extravagant con
duct, but believed that it was in consequence of Lord George Gor
don's riots ; but as both events were so close upon each other, an
old man's memory is not expected to be very accurate as to dates,
nor is it of much moment. The papers of the late Granville Sharpe
are the main authority for this remarkable counter-proposition of
the colonists as to their required Reform of the House of Commons,
and very explicit indeed they were upon the subject. Being a state'
secret of the first magnitude, we shall probably hear very little more
about it, than what his ghost can tell us, shall it at any time feel
inclined to be so obliging. However, the concatenation of events
gone by do fully corroborate the fact, and, so far as common sense
can see into the march of things to come, there is not the least rea
son to doubt an iota of it. If true, we may indignantly say with
one of Mr. Sharpe's surviving friends, ' What a price has corruption
paid to maintain its criminal ascendancy ! '
Until this eventful period, there had been, on the part of our most
religious and gracious King, some scruples of conscience as to the
employment of the savages against his subjects, even in rebellion.
They had been occasionally used liy his commanders, but had not
yet been permitted their full range of lavage and horror by himself;

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 39
but now every pious and humane scruple vanished from the royal
breast ; and, as those feelings had never entered the bosoms of the
Tories that surrounded him, it was here that church and state, one
and indivisible,- royal and holy, gave sanction to the hatchet, the
scalping knife, and the tomahawk, to the last extremity of hellish
butchery and devastation.
Now vengeance and fury sought to extinguish the flame which
villainy had lighted up, and which once it was thought had entirely
succeeded ; but the remaining sparks of Liberty kindling daily into
strength under the increased and ill-assorted pressure, the materials
used for the purpose but added fuel to the fire, till at once, blazing
ungovernably but, extended itself far and wide in every direction,
from centre to circumference, and most happily swallowed up or
repelled the destroying invader. Let every friend of Freedom
cherish, in hope and confident belief, that this will, sooner or later,
be the exceeding great reward of all Toryism and arbitrary power,
of violence and oppression of every kind, of Judas Iscariotism and
impiety, of unjust and unnecessary war, of inordinate taxation, and
of the whole host of corruption from end to side in all its ramifica
tions.

GENERAL GADDESDEN.
Transported by the British^ by an arbitrary decree, with many of the most
resolute and influential citizens of the republic, to St. Augustine, attendance
on parade was peremptorily demanded ; when a British officer stepping forT
ward, said, ' Expediency and a series of political occurrences, have rendered
it necessary to remove you from Charleston to this place ; hut, gentlemen, we
have no wish to increase your sufferings; to all therefore who are willing to
give their paroles not to go beyond the limits prescribed for them, the liberty
of the town will be allowed : a dungeon will be the destiny of such as refuse
to accept of the indulgence.
The proposition was generally acceded to, but when General Gaddesden was
called to give his new pledge of faith, he indignantly exclaimed,—' With
men who have once deceived me, I will enter into no new contract. Had the
British commanders regarded the terms of the capitulation of Charleston, I
might now, although a prisoner, under my own roof have enjoved the smiles
and consolations of my own family; but even without a shadow of accusation
preferred against me, for any act inconsistent with my plighted faith, I am
torn from them, and here, in a distant land, invited to enter into new engage
ments. I will give no parole.' ' Think better of it, sir, said the officer ; a
second refusal of it will fix your destiny, — :a dungeon will be your, future
habitation.' ' Prepare it, then,' said thse inflexible patriot, ' I will give no
parole, so help me God.' — Garden.
Nothing so clearly shows the smooth and polished slave to usurped
power and dominion over a once-free people, than the deriding as
visionary the refusal to abide by the fiat of the usurpers. The com-.
mands of despotism, issued in a complimentary form, beget some
friendly feelings on either part, and these are but too often mistaken
for amiability and uprightness ; while the stern patriot and lover of
his1 country, who can neither be intimidated nor deluded by men
who have pulled up the landmarks and destroyed the boundaries of

40 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ancient rights and privileges, who have exceeded the limits and
broken the conditions of their own authority, is hunted down as a
designing, dangerous man, that seeks to be wiser and better and
bolder than his neighbours. How vexed, how annoyed, are the ser-
viles, who, while giving the fine names of loyalty, social order,
regulated manners, and all that sort of thing, to their worldly mo
tives, yet see the blunt plain man resist the specious absurdity so
flimsily disguised, and laugh them to scorn. How provoked these
fools with feathers in their caps, or these slaves with the badge upon
their shoulders, when proceeding to put in force, by menace and
hard words, their little brief authority, to hear the sturdy patriot
say, ' No, I will not submit, so do your worst.' Just such a man
was old General Gaddesden in America, and just such men, I trust,
will soon be, seen and heard elsewhere, to say and do as he did.
This gallant old fellow was an inhabitant, and one of the garrison,
of Charleston, when General Lincoln surrendered on capitulation to
the British troops. The conquerors, much too far from home, and
where no surrounding nations, as in Europe, are looking on, as it
were, to see fair play between the belligerents, for' some vile cause
or other, to suit their own convenience, most dishonourably broke
the conditions of surrender. As other matters were closely con
nected with and grew out of this unsoldierly breach of faith, I shall
at present waive the particulars, and, merely asserting that such was
the fact, tell of it hereafter, and remain With General Gaddesden,
whose honourable story Mr. Garden has so honourably told.
' What mean and paltry figures do all our time-serving Tories cut,
our creeping, crouching, cringing things in human form, when set
side by side with this unflinching, bold American. Dr. Henry, one
of our very best historians, whose pages so methodically show what
those of others only glance at, is not most legitimately nice when
dwelling upon royal treachery, a sort of thing which falls pretty
often under his observation. ' Princes,' saith he, ' claim and obtain
an exemption from vulgar honesty ; and that which is fraud and
perfidy in private life, is dignified in their transactions by the appel
lation of policy.' Policy, we see, was the cant for the breach of
faith with the Charlestoners, while the crime reverts upon King
George the Third for sanctioning such _recreancy. The men that
did this in his name, were never called to account for it in England,
and therefore the deed was approved, if not antecedently commanded
to be done.
On the word of a King it shall be, said Charles the Second to an
old Oliverian. No, no, on the word of a gentleman, an't please your
majesty. Well, returned the laughing monarch, on the word of a
gentleman, then, if that will suit you better. A good hard hit this,
by the way, upon royalty, but Charles met with many, and heeded
none of them. The word of Charles was equally good in either
character ; and when Jortin was endeavouring to find the degrees of
comparison between a knave and an honest man, he perhaps might
have had his majesty in his eye, since he held that it might be said
as truly of a knave as of an honest man, that his word is as good as

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 41
his oath. v Indeed it is true enough ; had honesty been the policy
pursued, the terms of capitulation of the American city to the Brit
ish troops had been kept inviolably, but as knavery was there lord
of the ascendant, from first to last of that ferocious war upon a
subject people, the contrary in course prevailed.
In another part of his volume, Mr. Garden relates, that ' when
General Gaddesden was first shut up in the castle of St. Augustine,
the comfort of a light was denied him by the commandant of the
fortress. A generous subaltern offered to supply him with a candle,
but he declined it, lest the officer should expose himself- to the cen
sure of his superior.'
Firm as a rock, old Gaddesden becomes a fine study for our young
and sturdy patriots of the rising generation, and I do most heartily
recommend him to them. In England, his like among the veterans
is most to be found, I think, in the venerable Major Cartwright,
who would not have 'flinched from his line of patriotic rectitude
on any occasion. Had Castlereagh have said, but the minute be
fore he cut his own throat, ' If you do not turn Tory and abet
corruption, I will take you down into hell with me,' I feel assured
that the old major would have fiercely replied, ' I will not turn
Tory, neither will I abet corruption, so help me God.' Sir Francis
Burdett stands next to Cartwright, if it can be said that he stands
next to anyone in Patriotism and Love of Country, so steady and so
staunch is the man ; while not a doubt remains upon my mind, that
there are in their train, whenever brought to the test, thousands upon
thousands of Britons, who never will be slaves.
In every country there is a Gaddesden, if we will but look for
him. Gustavus the Third of Sweden, in the bad spirit of Charles
the First of England, sought to deprive his senate of its power and
privileges, as did Charles to wrest these from his parliament.
Charles was defeated, and lost his head for his pains ; but Gustavus
was but too. successful in his conspiracy, yet his life also paid the
forfeit of his crime, but it was unhappily by assassination, not by
lawful trial and execution, as was the case with the wrong-headed,
tyrannical, obstinate) deceitful Stuart.
Ankerstroom put Gustavus to death for his usurpation, but it was
for the Baron de Mizelandwitz to put him to the blush while living,
which indeed was what no human being could effect upon the self-
complacent Charles the First. The historian describes the situation
and obstinate virtue of- the baron as remarkable. He was one of
the Swedish serrate deprived of all power by Gustavus, upon the
memorable revolution in the government in 1772, which changed
it to an absolute monarchy. He was possessed of an estate equal
to one of ^10,000. a year in England ; and upon that event fled
his country, saying, * That hevwbuld suffer the most wretched exile
abroad, rather than remain a slave where he had a right to freedom.'
He took up his residence at Hamburg, where he lived in great
poverty, lodging in a very miserable apartment, and waiting entirely
on himself. The King wrote twice to him in the most flattering
terms, inviting his return to his estate and honours, but he never

42 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
took any notice of the letters ; and upon his majesty sending him a
remittance, to enable him to live more comfortably, he refused it,
sternly saying,- — ' I will rather die than receive a dollar at the hands
of one who has enslaved his country.'
I have long been anxious to ascertain what became of this noble,
inexorable Swede. He was living in 1780, but that is now long
since, and probably he sleeps in the grave. It will be gratifying to
hear that Bernadotte has restored his family to their honours and
estates, — that Bernadotte who had never reigned in Sweden, hut
for the usurpation of absolute power by Gustavus. The senate set
aside his son when they regained their rights and privileges,^ — that
son who is the nephew of the Emperor Alexander, and who now
goes whining from court to court of the holy league, entreating to
be restored by its holy means, which, if to absolute power, may
God in his infinite mercy never permit : and may all kings who
deprive their once-free senates or parliaments, by fair means or
foul, by force or bribery, of their rights and privileges, come to the
like end with Gustavus ; and may their heirs be set aside from the
succession, as was his son, when liberty is regained.

COLONEL BROWNE.
A remarkable scene is related by Dr. Ramsay to have occurred on the occasion
of Fort Augusta, commanded by Colonel Browne, being taken, which wd|,
deserves to be recorded. Passing through the settlement where the most
wanton waste had recently been made by the British, both of lives and prop
erty, a Mrs. M'Koy having obtained permission to speak to Colonel Browne,
addressed him in words to the following effect. ' Colonel Browne, — in the
late day of your prosperity, I visited your camp, and on my knees supplicated
for the life of my son ; but you were deaf to my entreaties. You hanged him,
though a beardless youth, before my face ! These eyes have seen him scalped'
by the savages under your immediate command, aud for no better reason tttan
that his name was M'Koy. As vou are a prisoner to the leaders of my coun-^
try, for the present I lay aside aft thoughts of revenge : but when you resume
your sword, I will go five hundred miles to demand satisfaction at the point
of it for the murder of my son.' — Garden.
I do most earnestly entreat that the Reformers of Britain will giro
their decided attention to this heart-rending fact, which Mr. Garden
has handed down to all posterity as a landmark to steer by in stormy
weather ; and as an assurance of our fate if at any time left to the
mercy of the sanguinary and malignant Tories. The same ferocious
spirit that went forth and vlrich influenced the Brownes and the
Johnsons in America, was afterwards displayed by Castlereagh and
Judkin Fitzgerald in Ireland, and is yet in full force and will come
home to us all in England, upon every slight advantage which our
lack of union, or the. fortune of war, shall give to our alreadj
blood-stained p ***** s and m * * * * * * s. ,
Whether Mrs. M'Koy followed out her intention is but little to»
the purpose here. The expression of it sufficiently marked. O.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 43
passion of her soul at beholding, the brutal murderer of her son a
prisoner to her countrymen. Why he was not immediately hanged
upon the next tree, is difficult to divine, unless it were the humane
fear that some American officer of equal rank might suffer in return
at the hands of the enemy, under pretence of retaliation.
Let loose the Indians, yelled Dundass in parliament, — Dundass, the
then Lord Advocate of Scotland, the always Trimmer Hal, that
never failed to attach himself to the strongest party ; — that Dundass
whose deficiencies as Treasurer of the Navy, were upwards of
36600,000. a-year for many years together ; — that Lord Melville
who audaciously refused to account to the House of Commons for
two sums of ^610,000. each, which went through his hands for some
base end of, vile corruption at the behest of him that is dead at
last, thank God. Let loose the Indians upon the rebellious Ameri
cans, yelled this hardened delinquent, and the Indians were let loose,
for the yell was heard and the advice was taken.
The Indians had already been tampered with, but not yet let loose.
God had enlightened their htearts, and they delivered sentiments to
the convention of Massachusetts, upon the war between Britain and
her colonies, that would have adorned Christianity. ' We wonder
greatly, and are troubled in our minds. We cannot intermeddle in
this dispute between two brothers. The quarrel seems to us unna
tural. Should the GREAT KING apply to us for aid, we shall
deny him ; if the colonies apply, we shall refuse. We Indians can
not find or recollect, in the traditions of our ancestors, a case simi
lar to this. Let us Indians be all of one mind, and you white peo
ple settle your disputes among yourselves.' Happy would it have
been, remarks the historian, had the Indian nations uniformly ad
hered to this wise policy, of which the assembly to whom this dis
course was addressed declared their high and entire approbation.
Many of the savage tribes bordering on the great lakes and rivers,
were prevailed upon, by the solicitations and lavish presents of the
British agents, to take up the hatchet in behalf of the GREAT
KING. The town and port of Boston were first and foremost in resist
ance to the tax upon tea, and, as is well known, a number of the
most resolute of the people, disguised as Mohawk Indians, threw
six hundred chests of it overboard into the sea, from a vessel that
lay in the harbour, in defiance of the British authorities. This was
a deliberate offence against rank Toryism not to be overlooked or
- forgiven. The most insatiable vengeance was nurtured against the
men of Boston, and the savages were resorted to. Lord Dunmore
was, I believe, the first that succeeded in forming an alliance offen
sive and defensive with these devils incarnate. To a chief surnamed
White-eyes his lordship made an absurd speech, to say the least of
it ; and this warrior was to make known his sentiments to other
chiefs, and very pretty sentiments they were to fall from the lips of
a British governor. Meanwhile, Colonel Johnson took the direction
of the Canadian lakes, and negociated with the Indian tribes that
dwelt in their vicinity. One of the chiefs of the Six-nations ac-

44 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
cepted of him a very large black war-belt with a hatchet depictured
on it, but would neither eat nor drink, nor sing the war-song. This
belt was afterwards delivered up, which was the first proof that the
servants of the crown had instigated the savages in their favour.
Colonel Johnson, however, found other hordes of these monsters in
human shape, more to his taste and purposes. At Montreal, in the
summer of 1775, he delivered to each of several tribes a war-belt
and the hatchet, of which they accepted. He then made a great
war-feast, and invited them, according to the horrid phraseology pf
these barbarians, ' to banquet upon a Bostonian, and to drink 'his
blood.' When these diabolical things became known in England, the pa.
triot Whigs, nay, every human being but the infernal Tories, were
filled with indignation and horror. The opposition members of
both houses of parliament were in an uproar of unqualified con
demnation of these inhuman negotiations, and demanded at whose
instance they were gone into, and by what authority ? But it was
not yet convenient to commit the King's prerogative, and the plea '
of God and Nature was not yet invented. In the House of Peers,
Lord Chatham loudly reprobated the mode of carrying on the war,
as ' the most bloody, barbarous, and ferocious recorded in the annals
of history. • The arms of Britain,' he exclaimed, ' had been sullied
and tarnished by blending the scalping knife and tomahawk with the
sword and firelock. Such a mode of warfare was a contamination
which all the waters of the Hudson and the Delaware would never
wash away. It was impossible for America to forget or forgive so
horrid an injury.'
Forty-eight long years have now passed away since Lord Chatham
so emphatically declared that America could not forget or forgive
so horrid an injury ; and the abomination of such infuriate barbari
ties' is as deeply impressed upon the memory of the now surviving
Americans who witnessed them, as though they were but of yester
day. The bare relation of the facts excites in the breasts of the
generation since born such disgust and hatred of the British name
and nation, as will scarcely ever be eradicated. Every Englishman
that goes among them, if found in any manner, in person or family,
to be connected with or descended from the doers of these damna
ble deeds, is sure to have to complain of their republican inurbanity
towards him. Anacreon Moore blackens whole pages with his a-
buse of the Americans ; which I attribute to the circumstance
of Lord Rawdon being his patron, a man deeply detested by
them as a British commander, for his wanton cruelty. Lord
Rawdon might send his ileve, but he durst not at any time since
the war have gone himself to America. He would have been rifled,
and instantly, with as little ceremony as was the hog which Mr. I
Welby speaks of as an instance of a weak government and lax
laws. Even Mr. Welby owes much of the coarse manners he com
plains of to the aristocratic connexion and kin with one of the old
Tory families of his county, which was ranged on the side of the ,
Norths and Germaines against the American patriots. Not only j

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY- 45
those who made an unsoldierly exterminating crusade against them
in the field, have they down on the black list of unforgiveness, but
those and their families who supported in the senate the ministers
of the day, that sanctioned the horrible excesses which characterized
the war against the colonies.
What a novel coincidence of men and things, and names and
places, will this record present to the mind's eye of an English Bos-
tonian. He reads at the beginning of a Colonel Johnson inviting
Indian savages to beset Boston in New England, to banquet on«the
inhabitants, and drink their blood. Shocked at the recital, he re
covers from his indignation only to rejoice in the contrast of men
and things at home ; where he beholds a Colonel Johnson in the
most friendly league and covenant against Tory savages with Bos
ton in Old England ; beholds him banquet with the inhabitants, and
delight to drink punch and wine with them to Liberty all over the
World, and to the Freedom and Honour and Glory of England for
ever and ever. — O rare !

MRS. DANIEL HALL.
Mrs. Daniel Hall having obtained permission to pay a visit to her mother in
John's Island, was on the .point of embarking, when an officer stepping for
ward in the most authoritative manner, demanded the key of her trunk.
What do you expect to find there ? said the lady. I seek for treason, was the
reply. You may then save yourself the trouble of search, said Mrs. Hail.
You may find plenty of it at my tongue's end  Garden.
If there were no opposition in the House of Commons, the govern
ment would be at a stand-still, the people would combine and pre
pare to rebel : therefore, an opposition is organized, a game is
played under certain limitations, and the farce is courteously under
stood to be constitutional. This is the developement of things so
far as regards but too 'many of the over-weaning families who di
vide the house by their borough members some fifteen or twenty
times in a session, upon questions of no vital importance, unless
the prospect of power be close in the distance : then, indeed, some
truly constitutional exertions are made until the battle is won, when
the defeated party take their seats on the other side of the house,
and the farce of opposition is exhibited as before.
Of late years, a third phalanx hath sprung up, which on good
round questions join the old well-drilled squad, and make them fight
in earnest, to the no small terror of the enemy. In common de
cency, when these root-and-branch allies originate a measure, which
is but seldom a jesting one, these dignified whigsbies are compelled
to repay the obligation by voting with them in return, however it
may go against the grain, and shock their family feelings. This
sort of confusion of sentiment among and between the two parties,
is sometimes very amusing. The Wynne and Grenville back-outs
can only be seen to be laughed at, and sometimes worse ; while

46 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
the saving clauses lugged in occasionally by some others, as a kind of
postscript to their political creed, afford a study to young politicians,
who have papas and mammas at home to please, and must rule and
square with their old women's rockstaves lest they be entirely dis
inherited of all future prospects.
It is whimsical enough, and no more whimsical than true, that
the once popular leader of the county of Lincoln, is enlisted under
the banners of either phalanx. He is both the man of the people
and the elect of a lord ; and he manages to preserve his equilibrium
and maintain his consistency, with an ingenuity which assuredly is
not the gift of every man. Deeply convinced, that the people may
as well request the devil to receive the sacrament as to ask the ma
jority of the house to reform itself, he quietly expresses to them
the depth of his conviction, yet persists in the old ' farcical scene o'
of asking. Again, when his veteran root-and-branch friend comes
forward with a Petition of Right, our baronet's rotten-borough seat
becomes ricketty beneath him, and he is fain to bolster it up with
the cut and dried arguments of the Grenville and Wynne manufac
ture, and clapping himself down upon it, puts on a countenance as
composed as though nothing at all were the matter.
Having none in front of the hustings to deal with but farmers, a
description of men in England, that, with the fewest exceptions, are
given to resign their political opinions to their landlords, in considera
tion of ' live-and-let-live rents,' and safe tenure, his petition, of a surety
to be contemned and rejected in the house, is by them carried ten to
one ; while his root-and-branch friend's Petition of Right is cast
aside as totally unmeet for the aristocratical domination of the times.
The very majority of farmers who hold up their hands ten to one
for the baronet's petition, of a surety to be contemned and,rejected,
say little else to each other in conversation as returning to their
homes, than that the House of Commons can never be reformed
but by triennial elections, disfranchisement of rotten boroughs, and
the right of voting extended to every human being that pays scot
and lot, and taxes. This tone of conversation is, as we all know,
by the Tories declared to be treason, and some of the Whigs are
given to believe that even our copious language can scarcely furnish
another name for it ; more especially when borrowed by their su
periors, and repaid, in well-penned publications and eloquent
harangues, for the instruction of all the people that will read, mark,
learn, and inwardly digest them. To these it may be ascribed, that
the people now think of little else than the recovery of their rights
and privileges by reform in parliament, which he who runs may
read, and thereby learn their sentiments and intentions.
Major Garden was making mention of the Patriotism and Love
of Country which the ladies of America evinced in George the
Third's inglorious war upon his subjects there, when he related the
story of Mrs. Hall, so forcibly pointed to the officer where he would
find what he was looking for. So will all the Tories and Tory
Whigs here find the treason of triennial parliaments, disfranchise
ment of rotten boroughs, and the right of voting extended to every

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 47
human being that pays scot and lot and taxes,- — continually at our
tongues' end, entirely declaratory of our sentiments and intentions.
A malignant venal scribe has lately reviewed in the Quarterly, a
Letter to the King, and which becomes no mean comment upon
this tongue' s-end treason. The blockhead overshoots the mark
which his pastors and masters commanded him to aim at, and strikes
home at the naked truth, to their utter chagrin and confusion. The
great mass of the lower classes are disaffected, confesses this Ox
onian malignant. A large addition is in consequence made to the
army, he continues, and several new laws are passed, considerably
abridging the liberties and privileges of the nation ; — and a very
hopeful confession it is, know ye, all the people, by these presents.
This reviewer shall not be left in obscurity ; for I will endeavour to
enlighten his understanding a little by way of illustration of his
confession, of the great mass of lower classes being disaffected.
The lower classes, if they must be so designated, which is only
another term for Burke's hateful appellative of the swinish multi
tude ; — these lower classes, when among themselves, are very prone
to permit, their grievances to be continually at their tongues' end,
and in this only is it that they differ from other classes a little
higher up. Now there are other classes of society, which the pre
cious oligarchs in church and state, all their venal scribes and vota
ries of every description, are given to distinguish most disadvanta-
geously from their dear illustrious selves ; — and these, good people,
are the middle classes, the very pith and marrow of all mankind.
These, Mr. Reviewer, — and you know it, as well as you know any
thing, — these classes are, equally with the lower, disaffected to. cor
ruption and arbitrary power ; to the debt and to inordinate taxation ;
to placemen, pensioners, and sinecurists ; and to the bribed majority
of the House of Commons : but being more prudent, discreet, and
mannerly given, they do not permit their grievances to be continu
ally at their tongues' end, but do deep and keenly feel the full force
of them at heart, and the imperative necessity of having them re
dressed. What, I will ask the venal scribe of the Quarterly, and his pastors
and masters who commanded him to review the Letter to the King,
. — what impression will the increased standing army make upon
such a mighty mass of disaffection to misrule, physical and intellec
tual ? What indeed ! The mind will meet your arguments, and
the mass your bayonets ; and know ye not, feel ye not, reflect ye
not, that your increased standing army is composed of the sons and
brothers, fathers, friends, and kindred, of those self-same despised
lower classes, which you confess to be disaffected ; — and tremble ye
not at the probable consequences whenever they are brought in hos-
'tile contact !
I can of certain science let our misrulers and governors into one
most important secret. So long as the people are only assembled,
to peaceably deliberate upon their lawful liberties and franchises,
with the constitutional intent and purpose of urging their Petition
of Right to the full measure of them, the soldiers of the increased

48 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
standing army declare, that if such a meeting amount to numbers
beyond all count and calculation, they will not act against them.
In the Manchester business, when troops were pouring down into
that district to prevent a recurrence of such root-and-branch peti
tioning, they spoke their sentiments with considerable freedom.
' When sent abroad,' were heard to say some dragoons as sitting
on a bench at a public-house door, ' when sent abroad on duty a-
gainst a foreign enemy, we will fight and fight manfully ; but we
will not cut the throats of our countrymen who are peaceably as
sembled to complain of their wrongs, and to petition for their
rights.' They said even more, but this is enough, and I will
leave our legitimates and ultras to guess at the conclusion of their
discourse, and to square their conduct towards the people accord
ingly. Be it known also to the predestinate family of the Wrongheads,
that there are among the many of the middle ranks now supporting
the government, who will, for the sake of peace and quiet, go just
so far and no further. That is, they will not see the fruits of Nazeby
and the Revolution entirely swallowed up. They will be compelled
of necessity ere long, to draw a line of demarcation between con
cession and encroachment, and to abide by that line, at all hazards
and inconveniences, even unto death. In the ' Town-born ! Turn
out ! ' quarrel of the populace of Boston in America, in 1770, with
the military, the Main Guard, commanded by a Captain Preston of
the 29th Regiment, was assaulted. He did everything that a good
and humane officer could do, to maintain his post, without spilling
the blood of the assailants. In the confusion, some of the soldiers
fancied that the word ' Fire ' was given, when a few muskets were
fired, and ten or twelve of the multitude were killed or wounded.
Captain Preston and others were committed to prison, to take their
trial, as not having acted under the sanction of a civil magistrate.
Notwithstanding the vehemence excited by the transaction, Captain
Preston and the other prisoners, after a full and fair trial, saith my
sanguine whig authority, were, by a verdict worthy of the highest
praise, honourably acquitted, — two only excepted, who were found
guilty of manslaughter.
Three or four years after this event, when the British govern
ment was striding as wantonly and wickedly over the chartered
rights and liberties of the Americans, as it now does over those of
the British, — ' A major of Provincials who had been foreman of the
jury on the trial of Captain Preston, and to whom, in reward of his
meritorious conduct, Governor Hutchinson had given this commis
sion, said to him with unexpected energy, " Sir, you know that I
am a friend to government, and wish to support it ; but if any at
tempt be made to violate our CHARTER, I will fight up to my
knees in blood in defence of it." '

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 49

COLONEL OWEN ROBERTS.
The untimely fate of Colonel Owen Roberts, who fell at Stono, was the cause
. of universal regret. He was an inflexible patriot, an excellent disciplinarian,
and an enthusiast in pursuit of military fame. His son, who was in the ac
tion, hearing of his misfortune, hastened to him. , The expiring veteran peri
ceiving in his countenance the liveliest sorrow, addressed hira with great
composure: ' I rejoice, my boy, once again to see and to embrace you. Re
ceive this sword, which has never been tarnished by dishonour, and let it not
be inactive while the Liberty of your country is endangered. Take my last
adieu, accept my blessing, and return to your duty.' — G-aHden.
Love of country is not the mere attachment to the surrounding
scene of hills and vales and woods and rivers, towns and villages,
of that country in which the chance of birth may have placed a
man ; but it belongs to house and home, the native sod, the fireside
of wife and children, the whole community of friends and kindred,
property and possessions, acquaintance and alliances. In one word,
this is our country ; the heartfelt proud attachment with which
every well-conditioned mind is warmed, be it of the rich or of the
poor man, the great or the small, or the prince or the peasant.
The honest ambition of standing well and worthy in the estima->
tion of our countrymen, prompts to honourable deeds and generous
sacrifices, whensoever great occasions demand them. Wisdom be-"
comes more wise, and worth more excellent, honour more bright^
and courage yet more brave, when emanating from the true and
disinterested spirit and feeling of Love of Country. In some dis
tinguished event originates ' every nation, and it is recorded in the
tablet of tradition : the example is not lost, others follow in their
train ; these in time accumulate, which at length become such in
dissoluble ties, that good and honourable men will* to serve and
save and keep and strengthen them, devote their lives with a dig*
nified alacrity that elevates them above the common nature of their
kind. I know not who said it, but have always been impfesSed with the
truth and elegant feeling of the remark, that ' The hero who can
so far suppress one of the strongest principles of the human frame,
that of self-love, and sacrifice his life in defence of his King, or the
Liberties of his countrymen, certainly deserves all the applause
which is generally paid to his memory.'
Chivalry, not only chivalry as understood, but true courage! and
patriotism of every kind, delights to dwell upon a theme like this,
and to prize above all price the devotion of life to the safety, hon
our, and welfare of our country. How lame the remark of 'General
Paoli upon this most interesting subject. He said to Boswell, ' that
it was impossible not to be afraid of death ; and that those who at
the time of dying are not afraid, are not thinking of Heath, but of
applause or something else, which keeps death out of their sight ;
so that all men are equally afraid of death when they see it : only
some have a power of turning their sight away from it better than
others.' -.

50 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
How pitiful this to fall from the lips of a tried patriot and a brave
man, as was Paoli ; but perhaps he sought to meet the unmanly
notions which Doctor Johnson ever entertained of death, sudden,
violent, or otherwise. The general was at the time in England, and
was paying a sort of court to Johnson. He knew, that whatsoever
he might say to Boswell, would quickly reach the ears of Johnson.
It is not in the nature of things that Paoli was sincere in this opin
ion, and Boswell, who failed not to mention it, tells us, that ' the
doctor was much pleased with the remark : ' who, next to the belief
in witchcraft, the fear of death in all its forms and guises, was least
to his credit as a philosopher and to his faith as a christian. As
Lord Bacon says children fear death, so did Johnson ; children fear
to go in the dark, and as that natural fear in children is increased
with tales, so is the other.
On another occasion, Johnson told Boswell, that he ' never had a
moment in which death was not terrible to him.' Personally, where
death was out of sight, he was a dauntless man, and many instances
of it are related ; but talk of death, and he at once became an old
woman. Could he under this gloomy impression have reasoned as
powerfully on the fear of death, as he was wont upon almost any
other subject, he had made cowards of us all.
A person of considerable eminence charged the memory of Doc
tor Johnson with weakening the joyful hopes of salvation under the
great truths of Christianity, and was highly indignant on the occaj
sion. He contended, that ' the tremulous manner in which Doctor
Johnson died, had, in his idea, been more -detrimental to the general
interests of Christianity, than any other event appertaining to a sin
gle individual. He was continually rehearsing the mercies of his
Redeemer, and the certainty of salvation ; yet, whenever disease
assailed him, his pious energies forsook him, and he would impropj
erly declare, that he should prefer existing in any the most shock
ing state, to death. If this mode of expression and conduct argued
his possessing that affiance in the mercies of his Creator, which
every man should, I am unskilled,' said this gentleman, ' in the
generous emotions of hope and the beatitudes of religion.'
A charge more just was never made by man. Had the sons of
Judah hired and bribed this colossus of literature to roar and write
in health, in sententious sanctity, the certainty of heaven's glory
alone through the Redeemer of the world, and in sickness to whine
and whimper at the grave, they had gone a surer way to work, and
to have shaken Christianity to its foundations, than all the imputed
blasphemy, infidelity, and disbelief, of all the time of Louis the
fourteenth, and Charles the second, of France and England, to this
protracted day of grimace and cant and Eldonism. This colossus
would have made weepers of us all, if unhappily we had bowed
down to his chicken-hearted theology, and even Col. Owen Roberts
had been contented to have filled a ' coward's grave.' Johnson was
well known to our redoubted commanders across the Atlantic, and
probably initiated them in his doctrines when danger was nigh ;
consequently, not one of the many had the honour to die in lhe

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 51
field, though all of them underwent the disgrace of being driven
out of it.
Surely, seven such brave and wise men were never yet sent out
to play the game of Kings and priests and oligarchs ! Howe, after
doing a'little something to the purpose, strutted under a triumphal
arch, and returned unscarred to the land of his fathers. Clinton
marched and countermarched about nothing at all, and also returned
whence he came in safety. Burgoyne, the vaunting, contemptuous,
devastating Burgoyne, after- many a poetical dispatch of battles in
the air and victory in the clouds, permitted himself to be penned up
in a corner at Saratoga by his till-now-scorned enemy, to whom he
surrendered himself arid his army at discretion : that discretion
which Johnson taught, for from the general wreck he most discreet
ly saved his own embittered life.
Takleton, the fierce and haughty Tarleton, whose very quarter
became a mock -word for cold-blooded murder of prisoners, or of
the defeated and overpowered, to whose offers and even entreaties
to surrender upon terms, he had most brutally not listened or re
garded ; whose chief merit lay in his tact of surprising by night, as
a wild beast is wont to spring upon his prey ; was at length en
countered at the Cowpens by Colonel Morgan, with troops that hated
him much and feared him not at all, and who soundly drubbed him.
He did not, like the gallant Colonel Roberts, remain and die upon
the field, but with his panic-struck dragoons went at once to the
right about, with the loss only of a finger, which Colonel Washings
ton most happily cut off in the onset.
Rawdon could hang Colonel Hayne without judge or jury, in the
most savage and barbarous manner ; but he could not achieve, du
ring the whole of the war, one single feat of chivalry that deserved
recording. Cornwallis, whose hardness of heart and contempt of
his enemy, wound up the war in a dreadful day of retribution, knew
not how to die and save his honour. The finest army which yet had
left the British shores, to subdue the colonists, this lordly general
gave almost unconditionally up, and saved his own life, precisely as
Burgoyne had done before him, citing Burgoyne as a precedent for
what he had done. Last, not least, the now moody but once wily
politic, Stanhopean Carleton, lingered on the shores of discomfiture
in childish despair. Unwilling to remain, yet loth to go, with not one
farewel wish to leave behind, nor with one earned laurel to take away,
he at length debarked upon the herring-pond, only to be drowned at
home in a Dorchester butt, thank God, and to be heard of no more.
Here was a precious batch of Bobadils, sent forsooth to veni vidi
vici America ; to chase the Americans like sheep upon the mountains,
and to subdue them into unconditional submission and obedience in
one campaign. O the sweets of courtly rule and governance, that two
of these should have since been sent out governor-generals to India,
to keep millions in slavery who had always been slaves, and who will
ever love the yoke ; should have been lauded to the skies as gods
among men, whilst the last minutes of the brave, devoted
Roberts were fast flitting into oblivion, had not Mr. Garden so hon
ourably recorded his memory to all posterity.
e 2

52 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM

GENERAL WASHINGTON.
Although no man spoke more plainly his opinions and sentiments than Gen
eral Davie on proper occasions, he had the art of never giving offence, — fbrr
like the immortal Washington, ' he was always covered with the mantle of
discretion ; ' a happy expression used by the late Mr. Ralph Izard, formerly
a senator in congress from South Carolina, and who served six years durimj
President Washington's administration, knew him perfectly, and venerateu
him next to the Deity ! — Gaeden.
Many have held, that enough can scarcely be said of Washington,
while as many perhaps will be inclined to think that the following
conveys a little too much.
To English ears this language of veneration and affection for a
mortal being, sounds somewhat strange, and no limprobably it will
be said that the person who used it, was at the time himself unman-
tled. To be sure, it may be retorted, that the English are the last
people to be fastidious in a matter of the kind, seeing that their
fulsome addresses to whatsoever king shall reign, are of the most
idolatrous nature. Whoso shall peruse these of the last two hun
dred years, cannot fail to infer, that honest loyalty has suffered more
in the estimation of the people, by their idolizing extravagancies,
than have all the republicans of America and France been able to
effect in all the time of their existence.
The eulogist of Washington doubtless intended to express his
heartfelt esteem for the decided and stedfast integrity of the man,
without associating him so nearly with God, as the language of it
may merely and possibly imply. It was not the ability in particular
of General Washington which attracted the admiration of men, for
in that he was inferior to many of his cotemporaries ; neither was
it his military talents, which were exceeded by other officers of his
army ; but it was his pure and genuine integrity, — a virtuous qual
ity which is seldom unaccompanied by sound discretion. It was the
uprightness of his walk through life, neither turning to the right
nor to the left, but pursuing the path of honour and honesty through
every difficulty, unawed and undaunted through every danger. This
nobility of manliness, if the expression may be used, has always
been met with the esteem of mankind, and not unfrequently where
it has been denied to the most brilliant talents. Marvel, Hampden,
Sidney, Russell, Shipperi, have at all times been favoured of all con
ditions, of men, because their whole demeanour was that of unas
suming probity and unshaken independence. In the undeviating
consistency of their whole existence, lay the charm of their ascen
dancy. Had they not always have been recognised individually as
one and the same in every act and deed, no words could have im
pressed the feeling upon the minds of men, for the spell were broken
and the charm was gone.
Washington, when the British ministers and their venal House of
Commons were treading most wantonly upon the freedom of the
American people, and breaking their charter, in conjunction with
his countrymen, repeatedly petitioned them to refrain from further

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 53
so doing, and to retrace their hasty and unwarrantable steps : which
were regarded just as much as had he addressed the gods of Olym
pus, or the devils in hell. He then, with his friends, in the name
of his country, presented a Petition of Right, undoubted Chartered
Right, and demanded the recognition of it, or*  good night to
obedience, for one hinged upon the other most incontestibly. This
was the consistency which weathered Washington through every
storm, and which has immortalized him. This is the path whicli
every leader of the people must tread, when their rightful petitions
are, time after time and year after year, contemned and disregarded ;
and he who so situate, shall persist yet in asking as a boon that
which he is assured will be denied, and scornfully, instead of peti
tioning as a Right, that which he is assured to be a Right, departs
from the rectitude of his professions, and stands convicted of in
consistency : such as never attached to men like Marvel, Hampden,
Sidney, Russell, Shippen, and Washington-
The American avowal of veneration, in such downright English,
may possibly be by the Tories and Ultras of England declared flat
blasphemy.. That muster of Gotham the Constitutional Association,
and that nest of cant and partiality the Society for the Suppression
of Vice, will either x>f them yearn to prosecute this republication of
Mr. Garden's sentiment, and yearn they may. Blasphemy, say these
sons of Mammon and Belial, is a sin against God, and is therefore
punishable by man. Be it so ; but it must be blasphemy against
God and his holy spirit, and not against that constructive union of
indescribable nonsense, — church and state. To prosecute what is
presumed to be blasphemy, is truly one method of ascertaining it,
even as the suspicion of ill-will begets ill-will. It gives an impetus
to the force of the evil, ,and disseminates the mischief, while nothing
else on earth could gain it more than the commonest local attention.
Now sodomy, in sad and unquestionable verity, is a crime against
God, and denounced by God as one of the worst of crimes ; yet
there are, in the muster of Gotham, and in the nest of crime and
partiality, who flinch from the prosecution of sodomy, if the sodo
mite be a ford as Courtnay, a bishop as Jocelyn, or a clergyman of
any rank or degree whatsoever. Jocelyn, the High Priest of the
Society for the Suppression of Vice, was bailed and screened away
under their very noses ; not a finger was uplifted against hjm, nor
was an effort made among them all to save the honour, the moral8)
or the decency of the country.
That bold, bad man, the callous, corrupt, and venal minister of
state, who bribed everyone he could at home to betray the liberties
and best interests of his country, and was bribed abroad himself ten
fold to do the very same, — whose festering carcase pollutes the fine old
abbey, hitherto consecrated to the ashes of the truly great and highly
honourable, — was, while he lived and reigned, the patron and founder
of the Constitutional Association, the head and front of its conspira
cy against the Freedom of the British Islands. The outward pro
fession of this muster of Gotharfi was to stay the plague of crimes
against God and man, and the best specimen of it was given but the

54 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
other day in permitting a bishop of the church of England to be
bailed and screened away, who was detected under their very noses
in the abomination of sodomy with a private soldier of the guards.
The holy scoundrel, with his contrite heart, is now in France, to do
the same with the private soldiers of the French guards. It is even
said that this favoured and protected miscreant has taken up his a-
bode near Paris, in the identical house which Anacreon Moore had
occupied the year preceding : thus defiling the dwelling of Love's
highly-gifted poet, where the Graces and the Muses have danced
and sung to a thousand of his effusions to love and beauty.
Had any one of the three wretches of Grantham, who were last
year executed for their unnatural crimes, been a lord, a bishop,
or a clergyman, the Constitutional Association would have looked
quietly on, while he was bailed and screened away, as would also
the Society for Suppression of Vice, both of which institutions but
exist in testimony of the minstrel's lay an hundred years ago, who
sung that this was a country,
' Where little villains must submit to fate,
That great ones may enjoy the world in state.'
The people see all this, feel all this, and deeply reflect upon all
this ; and can those venal scribes of the Quarterly, can those buf
foons of the Bull, still flatter themselves for a moment that their
frontless assertions to the contrary will have the effect of turning
the people's attention from all this ? No, — easier it were to stem
the roaring tide, or shade from the earth the mid-day sun.

LORD CORNWALLIS.
The bard who best knew the human heart, has said,
• Sweet are the uses of adversity.*
In the instance of Lord Cornwallis, I am ready to subscribe to his opinion i
for the moment that the sun of his glory set at York Town, and he became
himself a captive, be appeared much distinguished by gentleness and amiabil
ity, by justice and generosity, as he had been previously characterized by an
unbending haughtiness of demeanour, and a severity that neither the power.
ful solicitations of the oppressed, rendered eloquent by their sufferings, nor
the imperious calls of mercy and humanity, could ever subject to controul.
Had the same disposition swayed his actions in America that influenced his
conduct while in command in India and Ireland, I might have represented
him, although a decided, still a generous enemy ; active and indefatigable in
his exertions to obtain victory, considerate and "humane in the use he made of
it : but, grateful as the duty would have been, it is denied me to perform it.
I cannot compliment at the expense of truth, and must speak of the acts of
aggression which were heaped by him upon my bleeding country, as those
acts deserve. — Gauden.
The first time we ever heard of Lord Cornwallis's mercy in Ireland,
was through the medium of Major Garden's publication. The gal
lant officer was perhaps in the comparative mood, and his mind was
filled with his lordship's atrocities in America, when he esteemed the

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 55
wanton waste of human life in Ireland as something like mercy.
Certainly in America his mercy was fire and sword in addition to
the work of the hangman. At length defeated by being inclosed
within the toils, as wild beasts are taken, he surrendered with that
discretion which saved his life, and became a prisoner with all his
cruelties upon his head, to the identical people whom he caused to
be slain and tormented, without even dreaming of mercy.
Now if the Marquis Cornwallis were lenient when subduing the
Rebellion in Ireland, verily the general officers under his command
made ample amends to the Orangemen in their sanguinary barbari
ties. - With the disgrace of himself and the loss of America before
his eyes, the Marquis Cornwallis permitted them to do all that atro
city and blood-thirstiness could do, to lose Ireland also. Through
every town and almost every village in that country, runs a river or
a brook, over which is uniformly thrown a substantial bridge. No
thing at that period was more common than to spe the streets com
manded by a piece of artillery, and the bridge foot barbarized by a
gallows. When the king's troops had succeeded in driving a party
of rebels within the town, they were hemmed in on all sides, and
all that the destructive grape did not slaughter in the streets, were
hung upon the gallows at the foot of the bridge. I have heard
gentlemen declare, that when first witnessing the dog-like manner in
which the poor wretches were tied up, they have turned quite sick
with disgust and with other revolting feelings ; but that, so unmerci
fully frequent the practice became, they soon went through the duty of
seeing it done, they were sorry to say, with comparative indifference.
Where a gallows was not erected; a tree was always found, and
assuredly became the substitute. I well know a town in Ireland, '
wherein stands a large umbrageous sycamore against the churchyard
wall, of all places in the world whereon to commit murder. Upon
that tree, during the rebellion, were occasionally hanged for many
mornings in succession, not less than from seven to seventeen poor
peasants, all suspended from one large branch which protruded half
way over the wide street. Poor fellows, legitimately styled rebels,
driven into resistance to the most unfeeling, sordid, fleecing extor
tionate tyranny that is known perhaps to any country in christian
Europe, scarcely excepting in some cases those of Russia and Po
land. At no great distance from this town, I have had pointed out
to me several large trees into which some hundreds of rebels, de
feated at Newtonards, thought to save themselves from the sabre
and the bayonet, by climbing into, and because they could not, from
fatal experience, be persuaded to come down and throw their
wretched lives upon the mercy of the conquerors, the infantry were
ordered to fire upon them in the trees ; and the infantry, more to
the honour of their discipline than to their humanity, obeyed the
order. The poor peasants fell down, killed and wounded, like rooks
or starlings in the same condition ; and all this was done under the
command, the sanction, and the auspices of the commander in chief,
Marquis Cornwallis ! authorized by martial law, which in fact is no
law at all, but on the contrary the subversion of' all law.

'56 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
The Irish peasantry are a people of warm hearts, and, where
kindly treated by their superiors, full of gratitude. What better
materials would statesmen and rulers have to work the prosperity of
a country upon ? but what a country it is at this moment. Good
God ! Let every Englishman of common sense and common feel
ing but reflect upon the misrule of and injustice to Ireland, com
passionate her sufferings, and call not the present resistance, as was
called the one we are dwelling upon, by that courtly, mock-loyal
name, Rebellion : he deserves not the name of Englishman, if he do.
Had the principles of Freedom and Toleration, the principles
which banished James and throned. George ; had these at all times
since that enthronement have governed Ireland, that fine and fertile
country had at this moment flourished most exceedingly. Toryism
and bigotry, the delight of our Rulers and Governors and Legislators,
have all but lost Ireland, for Ireland at this moment is all but lost,
in every sense of the word, to England. She has experienced all
the privations, coercions, and extortions, of the G — . — system,
without the benefit which the more generous portion of Stuart prin
ciples would have afforded to her. The impious Ascendancy there.
has gone to dismember Ireland from the British crown, as did the
worst parts of Stuartism, begermanized here, lose America. One
man only is to be found enrobed in power and rule, to assert, in the
callousness of his Toryism, that ' the whole of the last reign was
a continued stream of beneficial acts of justice towards Ireland.'
Daddy Jenky's darling son was permitted to declare this to the barons
bold in parliament assembled, without exciting a single sensation .
beyond that of ' Round let us bound,' this is the devil's holiday.
No long time prior to the bursting out of the French Revolution, .
the good St. Pierre addressed the stewards of the public, as he em
phatically styled the rich and great and powerful of the late French
monarchy. Speaking of the province of Normandy, one of the
richest in France, he said, ' that the number of wretches is so great
in the hest cantons of this province, that they amount to a fourth,
nay, to a third of the inhabitants in every parish. The evil is con
tinually on the increase. Some lords of the manor order a distribu
tion of bread to be made once a week to most of their peasantry,
to eke out their livelihood.' Here's a picture of the richest prov
ince of France prior to the Revolution, yet was it feasting and joy
to the present state of Ireland.
The Catholics to the Protestants in Ireland are nearly as TEN to
ONE ! Upon the heads of the nobility, gentry, and clergy of the mi
nority, is showered all the revenue of Ireland, all the places of honour,
trust, and profit, all the benefices, and all the private- and public coun
tenance of government. The catholics, in their immense majority,
are in fact the people of Ireland. Eyen Jews, Turks, Infidels, and
Atheists, are under the protection of the Ascendancy ; nay, a prot
ectant bishop detected in the abomination of sodomv, is screened,
while the poor catholics are shut out from every happiness and
cqmfort, unless they will, as saith the learned counsellor who pub
lished the statement of the Penal Laws against them, unless they

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 57
will disavow the venerable religion of their forefathers, and ' creep
through life with due submission, and meekly bow their heads to
the dust before those more fortunate christians who profess the
protestant faith.' ' The Irish,' said Dr. Johnson, ' are in a most unna
tural state ; for there we see the minority prevailing over the ma
jority. There is no instance, even in the Ten Persecutions, of such
severity as that which has been exercised over the catholics of
Ireland.' -
A very great portion of, those English who visit Ireland, being
long prepossessed that the peasantry live entirely upon potatoes and
buttermilk, take it for granted, and think no more about it. Not
so the enquiring few, who, struck with the wretchedness of their
appearance, are induced to examine into the cause, when such a
swinish diet of filth and nastiness presents itself as fills a generous
mind with disgust and indignation. To be sure, the poor thing
called a farmer of ten or twelve or fourteen acres of land, at an ex
orbitant rent, may be a little better off, but not much. He has his
cow certainly ; he drinks the butter-milk of her produce, and that
}s all ; is a little better chid, is less lousy, and partakes of a few
more glasses of whiskey, — -and his story of prosperity is told.
If in conversation with' the gentry, the privations of the great
body of the peasantry be touched upon by an Englishman, shall no
offence be given, the subject is parried away by the convenient re
flection, that ' in truth it is so, but the poor creatures are content
ed.' A little further search into this degradation and misery quickly
dispels the delusion. Notwithstanding the asserted stream of bene
ficence, the watch and ward alone of the army has prevented rebel
lion upon rebellion, alone has prevented a dreadful devastation
in vengeance, and a general attack upon public and private property
on the part of these poor creatures of content, in, order to better
themselves at the expense of the substantial part of the communi
ty. Even in defiance of this watch and ward, it is well if the attack
do not commence at all hazards, in rage and desperation, even at
the cannon's mouth, and then where it will end God only knows.
When death is scorned or courted with one hand, and vengefully
inflicted with the other, all the armies in Christendom are in danger
of defeat and discomfiture, so opposed.
Be it ever known and always borne in mind, that the protestant
peasant fares as ill, thanks to his ascendants, as does the poor ca
tholic. Whoso talks of his cow and potatoe garden, unless a farm
be attached to them, is nine times in ten in error. The protestant
peasant is equally distressed in Ireland with the catholic ; is as dis
contented and as ready to rebel. In England, we are told that the
protestant peasant of Ireland is in communion with the church.
This is equally erroneous, in point of fact, with the other opinion.
If he bt not. a presbyterian, he is a methodist or a ranter. No man
sees at church so many as half a dozen of the tattered and torn, the
squalid and lousy protectant peasants, for they partake of all these
extremes of misery* in common with the catholics. This state of

58 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
things obtains throughout Ulster, where protestantism is the pride of
the province, and it will be difficult to maintain that the protestant
peasant is much better off in the three other provinces where Cathol
icism prevails. The only part of Ireland where the peasant of
Ireland, of either persuasion, is seen and found to advantage, is in
the vicinity of the metropolis, — and there he is a fine fellow, that
would grace his station in any country.
A sage philosopher of Germany, once the friend of Freedom all
over the world, but who afterwards became a truckling scribe to
the monarchs of the holy league, and was assassinated for his apos-
tacy ; — this philosopher upon a time describing the effects of sheer
despotism in one of" the petty states of Germany, depicted Ireland
to a T. ' Hence it is,' said he, ' that the subjects of a despotic
government have such a beggarly appearance. Hence it is that
their habitations are small, their furniture wretched, their clothing
miserable, and both themselves and their cattle the picture of fam
ine. Hence it is that not even their dogs are in tolerable condition.
Hence it is that the melodious notes of the feathered tribes are not
heard in their gardens, their thickets, and their groves ; all round
is solitary and dreary, those tenants of the woods repairing to other
countries, where they can dwell securely against the persecutions of
the peasants, who, from distress, employ every expedient to make a
prey of them. Hence it is that the fields are not inclosed, and are
cultivated with reluctance and disgust. Hence it is they have nei
ther meadows nor fallows, that they have not a sufficient stock of
cattle to supply manure ; nor horses for agriculture ; and that an
ass, a lame cow, and a goat, may sometimes be seen yoked together
before the plough. Hence it is that the peasants are often driven
to madness and despair in the miseries occasioned by the oppression
and rigour of the government under which they live.'

COLONEL MONCRIEF.
Pre-eminent in malignity stood the Engineer Moncrief. The instances of
oppression issuing from his implacable resentment would fill a volume. I
shall confine myself to one anecdote.
Mrs. Pinkney, mother of General C. C. Pinkney, solicited as a favour that be
would not suffer certain oak trees of remarkable beauty on a farm which be
occupied, to be destroyed, as they were highly valued by her son, having been
planted by his father's hand. ' And where is your son, madam ? ' 'At Had-
drels, sir, a prisoner.' ' And he wishes me, madam, to have these trees pre
served ? ' ' Yes, sir, if possible.' ' Then tell him, madam, that they will
make excellent firewood, and he may depend upon it they shall be burnt.'—
Colonel Moncrief was no jester. The promptitude of his actions left no room
for suspense. An opportunity was offered to injure and to insult, and he em
braced it. The trees were burnt  Garden.
Not a more disgraceful, ungentlemanly act, nothing so much re--
sembling the deed of a barbarian, has Mr. Garden recorded of the.
British officers commanding in the American war^ than is this.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 59
Colonel Moncrief ought to have been a gentleman. As an officer
of engineers, he of necessity received a very liberal education. How
he could be so lost to himself, to say the least of it, as to thus de
stroy these fine trees, is more than commonly surprising. No gen
tleman of any well-conditioned mind would cut down in half an
hour, that which had been half a century growing up into perfection
and beauty, unless to apply it to proper and necessary uses. To
wantonly destroy trees is felony all over the world, but to do so
under the mask of loyalty, — loyalty which hath been the chivalric
zest and incentive to ten thousand honourable and generous actions,
— became a most abandoned, unprincipled, and abominable outrage ;
but which, like some other outrages committed nearer home, found
creatures to defend it, and courtiers to apologize for and excuse it ;
nay, even some flattering knaves to attempt to justify it, and all at
the expense of the indignant sufferer. Whether such be done by a
menial miscreant to gratify the unjust domination of his lord and
master, or by a colonel of engineers to fulfil the undignified ven
geance of his lord the King, it is equally a brutal outrage, that fails
not, sooner or later, here or hereafter, to meet its sure reward : and
this is the law of God and nature, which will endure for ever in its
adamantine strength ; while aiders and abettors, protectors and de
fenders of such deeds, and such doers of them, all, all come under
this infallible law.
In virtue of this law, it was not permitted of Moncrief to pass
out of this world in the character of a loyal soldier, but as an infu
riated democrat. Under this impression he was put to death, as a
dog that is supposed to be mad is immediately killed by the by
standers without further enquiry. In the sortie which the French
republicans made, when hemmed up in Dunkirk by the Duke of
York's army in 1793, this wanton and brutal cutter down of trees,
was himself as wantonly and brutally cut down. The most authen
tic accounts of the time stated the manner of his exit to be thus :
— ' The uniform of the British engineers is so like that of the
French troops — speaking of the French republican army in 1793 —
that our officers, to enable their own men to distinguish them, wear
a white handkerchief tied round their arm. Colonel Moncrief, who
had neglected this precaution, though frequently reminded of it,
was taken for a French democrat by the Austrians, in whose hands
he was found by Colonel St. Leger and several officers of the guards,
wounded and stript. It is generally believed that his death was oc
casioned by thjs mistake', for it is not certain that he fell by the fire
of the enemy.'
This account need not say that it is not certain that he fell by the
fire of the enemy, for there is nothing more certain that he did not
so fall, and, his friends and relatives were much distressed at and
lamented the misfortune. His enemies, the Pinkneys of America,
and all other Americans, who had experienced his barbarity, would
doubtless rejoice- that the just judgment of God had overtaken him
at last, in the unerring conformity with that infallible law, which
permits not the doer of a brutal outrage to escape visitation, here or
hereafter : neither his aiders and abettors, protectors and defenders,

60 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
whomsoever or whatsoever they may be. , If Colonel Moncrief
were a brave soldier, and such appears to have been his character;
how bitter must have been his dying pangs, so savagely assaulted
by the friends and allies of his King, — to be butchered as a demo
crat, a being not less hateful to himself than it could possibly be to
the Austrians that so loyally dispatched him. Indeed, his richly-
merited end is a beautiful lesson upon that day of retribution which.
so assuredly comes home to all flagrancy, in the insolence of office,
or in the supposed impunity of rank and influence.
General Burgoyne, the best of all the bundle of Bobadils sent out
to America, to ' eat her up at one mouth,' did not hesitate to plead,
in justification of the outrages which he committed and permitted,-
the orders of the King. _ General Burgoyne was the only one of
these who could boast a refined genius and polished understanding
out of his profession ; yet in it he was as bad as the worst in stain
ing his hands and sullying his reputation with wanton, uncalled-for
blood and desolation. His coadjutors were little better than the
savages they employed, save that they had longer swords bj their.
sides, and finer coats on their backs.
Burgoyne's best friends were much distressed that he should have
thus demeaned himself, and pressed him closely upon the subject,
when they drew from him the alarming confession, that all he had
done in the matters objected to, was in pursuance of the personal'
instructions of his sovereign, prior to his going out. Well might
his majesty run mad after the loss of his colonies, since upon the
shoulders of that loss was laid the load of wanton vengeance,
by slaughter and devastation, out of the battle, and which altoge
ther pressed so heavily upon his conscience, as to weigh down, his ¦
head with sorrow to the ground. The King's avenging injunctions
were not confined to General Burgoyne ; every other ruffian in com
mand against the Americans pleaded the same whenever their atro
cities were reprobated in parliament and elsewhere.
The united kingdom, from east to west, and from north to south,
is and ever hath been pestered since the accession of George the
Third, with such men, in and out of the army, as Moncrief and his
associates, to whom may be attributed all the evils of that reign,
and their consequences in this. There always were and yet even are
some bloated legitimate satraps, who held and yet do estimate every
man to be a revolutionist who came not into their opinions and who
yet withstands them. These arrogant men, during the American
war and the French Revolution, were so malignant disposed as to
keep what they called a Black Book, wherein were inserted by'
them, under odious denominations, all persons who possessed
nerve and mind sufficient to think for themselves, and to give utter
ance to those thinkings. This characteristic display of ultra malig
nity has, since the victory of Waterloo, been revived. Even as I
knew where such Black Books were then kept, so do I know where
they are now kept ; and I know of some names there inscribed, and
in the condemned column too, whose owners little dream of the
honour so NOBLY done them.
Had Castlereagh and this Black-booking gang succeeded in the

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 61
¦ overthrow of the people in the Queen's business, a moiety of the
proscribed were to have been selected for vengeance. They have
yet the blood-red mark remaining, as originally passed through
names, and they yet may live to know the harrow escape they have
had from these brutal Moncriefs of the nineteenth century. Let no
one, whose name is down upon their lists, believe, that he ever can
make peace upon safe and honourable terms with such audacious
malignants. No, never let them indulge even a hope of it, for peace
comes not within their calculations, and ' Vengeance is mine,' is
their motto, and in all times and seasons they follow it out.
Therefore it is far more manly and better to defy them to their
teeth, and to then Black-book them all in return ; for, so sure as
the world goes round, their day of condign retribution is not far in
the distance.

COLONEL HOWARD.

An officer of the guards, severely wounded at the battle of Guildford, was pass
ing the tent of Colonel Howard, since Lord Suffolk, on a litter, the morning
subsequent to the battle, when thus addressed by him. ' Ha, Jack, my good
fellow, how do you find yourself to-day ? ' 'In much agony, colonel, but I
think likely to feel better, if favoured with a cup of the good tea I see before
you.' ' Why, as to the tea, Jack,' said the colonel, ' you shall be welcome to
it, but damn me, if I would find sugar in this desolate wilderness for a brother.'
' Pass on,' said the wounded man, ' refreshment, so ungraciously bestowed,
could do me no good.' — Garden. /
Such an accumulation of privation and distress occurred not in regu
lar warfare throughout the American contest, as was experienced by
the British army immediately after the battle of Guildford. Lord
Cornwallis claimed the victory, because he kept the field ; but as
General Green retreated but three miles from it* and there took post
behind a river, his lordship had not much to brf(,g of ; and as brag
formed the main ingredient in all the British dispatches to the gov
ernment at home, brag must not be mentioned as a thing of slight
importance. Mr. Stedman, an officer of Lord Cornwallis's army, states, ' that
the British troops remained near two days without subsistence ; that
they were destitute of tents, and that the night succeeding the bat
tle was remarkable for its darkness, — the rain at the same time fall
ing in torrents. Many of the wounded, sinking under their aggra
vated miseries, expired before morning. The cries of the wounded
and dying who remained on the field of action,' says he, ' exceed
all description. Such a complicated scene of horror and distress,
it is hoped, for the sake of humanity, rarely occurs, even in a mili
tary life.' Thus far Mr. Stedman, and far enough in misery, God
knows, it is ; while the best and most eloquent historian of this day
permits it not to pass without his sense and sentiments upon war
and the makers of war. ' Such are,' he remarks, ' the triumphs of
war, and such the picture of those miseries which the accursed
spirit of pride and domination has in all ages created, and which

62 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
men lost to the feelings of humanity, and remote from the scene of
action, regard with calm indifference, or even for the most part as a
matter of agreeable amusement and curiosity.'
Mr. Garden, who appears to be acquainted with the abuse which
English gentlemen travelling to and through America have applied
to the manners and customs of the people of the United States, in
stances here the friendship of fashionable life in the British army as
a little set-off against the alleged ruffianism of the Americans.
This man, with ' all the blood of all the Howards ' in his veins,
was not surely endued with one spark of humanity in his breast, or
an iota of generous feeling in his whole composition. The private
centinel of his company, who perhaps never had a grandfather, was
out of doubt possessed of more hospitality and disinterestedness.
His wounded comrade in such a situation, after the horrors of the
night and the privations of the day, would have shared his best, and
a good share too it would have been. What were the sentiments of
the officers of the Anierican army, when this anecdote reached then-
ears ? What indeed ! Not one of whom but would have cheered
and revived this wounded gentleman, though an enemy, with sugar
to his tea, although another lump were not comatibie throughout
the camp. This instance of the mean and selfish spirit of Colonel
Howard, must have afforded them ample subject of congratulation
that they were not descended from a long line of ancestors, if such
were the fruits of it ; for better it were to spring, as the taunting
enemy would and yet will have it, from the sweepings of Newgate,
or even worse, with fellowship and feeling for each other in the hour
of distress.
As for myself, the obscure and humble writer of these Records, I
much doubt if there be one among all Burke's swinish multitude on
either side of the Atlantic, who would not have shared his last ration
with his wounded comrade ; and that comrade being his friend,
would have taken no merit to himself in so doing, but on the con
trary, had been thrice overjoyed in the opportunity of contributing
to his comfort. The poor fellow might not have been able to ex
press all this, but he would have felt it, which would have been
more than sufficient to have put a thousand Howards to the blush ;
and there are Howards that can blush and feel, and can do honour
to all the blood in all their veins. Was it not a Howard, Earl of
Effingham, who threw up his commission at the breaking out of this
unnatural war, saying, that he could not in conscience fight the bat
tle of the Norths and Germaines against the Americans ? Indeed it
was ; yet must another Howard, in another Record, the predecessor
in the peerage to the delinquent in this, be exhibited to view, in his
ideas of what God and nature put into the hands of the Tories to
wield against the Americans.
Lord Effingham's letter to the King does honour to his name and
nation. He assured his majesty, that ' though he loved the profes
sion of a soldier, and would with the utmost cheerfulness sacrifice
his fortune and his life for the safety of his majesty's person, and
the dignity of his crown ; yet the same principles which inspired hta

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 63
with these unalterable sentiments of duty and affection, would not
suffer him to be the instrument in depriving any part of the people
of their liberties, which to him appeared the best security of their
fidelity and obedience : therefore, without the severest reproaches of
conscience, he could not consent to bear arms against the Americans.'
Some publications have of late appeared, which affirm in the
most unqualified terms, that the people of America are utter
strangers to the refined manners, wit, and learning of the Europeans.
Moore led the way, and Fearon and Welby followed after. These
without hesitation assume that the Americans have no manners but
those of the" bear-garden, no wit but that of old washerwomen, and
no learning at all. What a beggarly account is this 6f the country
of Washington and Franklin and their great cotemporaries of fifty
years since ; and. the alleged degeneracy must indeed be most mel
ancholy and afflicting. If the Americans have so fallen away from
the good things of .that eventful time, it is deeply to be lamented.
The abuse of them by Mr. Moore was a sweeper, which must be
confuted, or not, upon the like general principles. Mr. Fearon's
was much of the same nature, and, if noticed at all, will be dealt
with accordingly. Mr. Welby' s denunciation of their morals, their
modes and manners, their ways and means, is a home-thrust of so
unceremonious a description, as can only be parried in America, or
by those who have resided there. Strong facts, set forth with dates
and names and places appended to them, are stubborn things, that
take a deal of upsetting. Mr. Cobbett, who has long resided in
America, and knows that country well, in his Register, on the pub
lishing of the Visit to North America, flatly gave the lie to every
word of it, excepting the account of Birkheck's settlement in the
Illinois ; and in a vituperative tone which alone and only could
emanate from that gentleman, — while it went not to the disproof of
a single allegation against his transatlantic friends.
The author of the Visit to North America has to thank the editor
of the Stamford Mercury for that ' Rattler by Jove,' who personi
fied Mr. Cobbett with the title page, or rather the prefaratory state
ment of the object of the voyage and journey, which was ' to en
quire into the truth of so inviting a prospect as that held' up by Mr.
Birkbeck and some others.' The editor of the Mercury, to please
his friends the Tories, unfortunately transposed the passage, and
made it appear that the Visit to North America was published ' with
a view of undeceiving those who have formed their judgment of
America from the flattering pictures of Birkbeck and Cobbett.' —
Mr. Cobbett now knows that the author of the Visit intended in no
manner to attract his hostility, but on the contrary most carefully
avoided it. Notwithstanding, were -I the author, I should think,
that it well became me, for the honour and credit of my work, to
return the compliment to Mr. Cobbett, though never so unwilling
to break a spear with an adversary so truly formidable. Then
would I remain quiet until the book were noticed from America,
which unquestionably must be the case, so soon as it gets there into
circulation.

64 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
After all that can be said by any of the railers against America,
it will be difficult to adduce anything more revolting to the feelings
of Englishmen than the specimen of aristocratic selfishness which
Colonel Howard exhibited towards his wounded and comfortless
friend on the -morning succeeding the battle of Guildford. The
savage in the woods had blushed at the recital of it, and would
have taken for granted what he had long complacently suspected to
be true, that he was equal, if not superior, to this polished Fool of
Fortune. Indeed, there is not that essential difference, at least in
appearance, between the man of fashion, rank, and quality, and the
savage of the woods, as many good kind of people are given to
believe. A most decided judge of men and things, who had mixed
with every grade of social life, Doctor Johnson, gravely declared as
much. Boswell relates, that Johnson had been in company with Omai, a
native of one of the South Sea islands, after he had been some time
in this country. He was struck with the elegance of his behaviour,
arid accounted for it thus : ' Sir, he had passed his time while in
England only in the best company, so that all that he had acquired
of our- manners, was genteel. As a proof of this, sir, Lord Mulgrave
and he dined one day at Streatham. They sat with their backs to the
light fronting me, so that I could not see distinctly ; and there was
so little of the savage in Omai, that I was afraid to speak to either,
lest I should mistake the one for the other.

PATRIOTISM OF THE AMERICAN LADEES.
The invasion of the enemy in 1780 had extended their authority over the
whole state of South Carolina. Charleston had fallen. The entire continental
force and the greater part of the North Carolina and Virginia line were pris
oners. --The disastrous surprizes at Monk's Corner, and Laneaus, and the
total defeat of Colonel Burford, had dissipated every prospect of efficient
resistance. Some dauntless spirits, indeed, rose superior to calamity, but it
must be acknowledged, that, wearied out by hopeless warfare, and by accumu
lated misfortunes, the voSce of the majority led to temporary submission.
The enemy triumphing in success, and confident that opposition was at an
end, no longer held out the lure of conciliation. Insult and arrogance became
the order ol the day, and adversity was aggravated by every variety of inso
lence that malice could invent and tyranny inflict-
Under such accumulated evils, that manly spirit which alone could secure suc
cess, might have sunk, but for the cheering smiles and intrepid firmness of the
fair sex, who, by sharing the calamities of their suffering countrymen, taught
them to oppose and subdue them. Intent, by precept and example, to frus
trate the machinations of the enemy, whatsoever the shape which they as
sumed, defiance was bid to their threats, and the invitations to engage in
scenes of gaiety and dissipation, indignantly rejected. The dungeons of the
provost, the crowded holds of the prison ships, were anxiously sought, and
every delicate attention bestowed on the victims who inhabited them, that
sympathy could suggest. The instances of magnanimity that occur to memory
are innumerable ; but a few only can be mentioned, and my greatest difficulty
is to select examples where the whole have such exalted claims to admiratien.
Gabde.v.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 65
The inflexible devotion of the American ladies to the cause of their
country, their invincible courage when the armies were almost an
nihilated and despairing, and their kind offices to the sick and
wounded, are characteristics of them throughout the contest. Ma
jor Garden, whose anxiety that every good deed then done shall
remain an exemplar to all posterity, hath thus recorded their Patriot
ism and Love of Country.
It was not that the ladies at the commencement of the dispute,
took much other interest in it, than that of using their persuasives
to peace and concord, as women commonly do ; but when the King
and government of England menaced ruin and destruction to all
that were dear to them, then did they array themselves against the
malignants, leaving the question of right and wrong in the abstract,
to settle itself. When America was invaded by large armies of
men, who but yesterday were their brethren, accompanied by mer
cenaries, hired at so much per head, of the villainous petty princes
of Germany, to cut throats by the month, then were the women of
America indeed indignant. When this combination of Toryism and
Human Butchery commenced the work of fire and sword and death
and destruction, then were the women of America filled with horror
and detestation, and then they prepared themselves for every sacri
fice. Roused as were the men before, they now became enraged,
and, though with few, very few hopes of present success, they hesi
tated not to throw away the scabbard. Even when this was done,
they more than once were inclined to submit, and not unfrequently
sunk into despair, but the women never. Even Washington was
once upon the eve of desperation, and had actually consulted with
some of his officers, on the expediency of flying to the back parts
of Pennsylvania, or even beyond the Allegany mountains, as himself
expressed it, ' to save his neck from a halter.'
These officers, however, had no sooner made known this mo
mentary ebullition of distress, — for it could have been no other on
the part of Washington, — to their female friends and relatives, than
despair fled before the magnanimity of their counsels and exhorta
tions, while the bare mention of submission was considered as little
short of treason or blasphemy. Thus did the women of America
strive against misfortune to save America, and America was saved.
Washington knew this, and Franklin at all times bore tribute to it.
The entire conduct of the wives, mothers, daughters, sisters, their
unsubdued tone of spirit throughout, became the universal theme of
gratitude and admiration.
Well, well will it be for the government and oligarchy of Eng
land, to occasionally bear this exertion of Patriotism and Loye of
Country in mind, and to wisely act accordingly; — but when have
they, and when, I ask, in the name of common wisdom and pru
dence, will they ? When will they be brought to know that women
rule and govern all things ? Had our Solomons known this, would
they, but yesterday as it were, have insulted every woman in the
British empire, in the persecution of the Queen, for nothing more,
if anything at all, than what almost every woman of title anil fash-

66 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ion in and about London, is daily and hourly doing, without one
fiftieth part of her provocation ; — women, in and about London,
who seldom or ever permit their husbands to get their own chil
dren ; whence a thorough-bred nobleman has become as scarce
in and about London, as is a Ptarmigan in the Highlands of
Scotland. Our Tories of every degree feel not sensible of the power of the
female world, and yield them no deference beyond the fal-lal of a
drawing-room. There was one in Lincolnshire, vulgarly called a
great man, whose brains, as the P. Eliz. right well knew, lay all in
his breeches, and whose tongue, as all men know, eternally rung
through his empty head, as the clapper within a cracked church
bell : — this man's habitual expression, when the ladies have espoused
any cause inimical to his despot views, as that of the late Queen,
for instance, was, ' Damn the women,' and this in an aristocratical
squeak of high disdain that defies imitation ; yet is it the decided
sentiment of all the Tories, upon all occasions of the women espous
ing the cause of the oppressed, against them.
Although the women of England are reserved, yet have they their
silent thinkings, of what has passed the last few years. The alarm
ing riddances of two royal ladies, have led them to reflect that such
unprincipled statesmen as him whose festering carcase now defiles
and pollutes our fine old abbey, will scruple nothing to further their
wicked schemes and objects. The midwife and the nurse of the
daughter are known to have destroyed themselves under the strong
est emotions, and the ferocious enemy of the mother has done the
same. They are led to believe, also, that the numberless perjuries
pf those Italian whores and rogues, assembled in Cotton-garden,
went to poison the minds of the people, even as they suspect that
their villainous skill in murder was applied to poison the body of
the hapless victim. The feelings of women are always very sensi
tive, and here they are keen indeed.
So soon as the national debt finds its true level, which in due time
it assuredly must, then will even apathy take fire, and Reform be
universally demanded. Then will the Tories draw out their army,
and cry ' havoc, fall on ; ' — but will the army fall on ? That is
very doubtful ; if it do not, the Tories are done up, their national
debt, and all the ruinous concomitants of all. If the army do fall on„
then will the Manchester massacre again be seen spread far and wide,
not sparing sex or age, — man, woman, or child. The devastation
of America will be re-acted with every barbarity and insolence of
triumphant villainy, as in America. Then will the women of Eng
land, as in America, array themselves against the malignants, leav
ing the question of right and wrong in the abstract, to settle itself.
When the men begin to flag and become weak and disheartened, as
in America, the women will soar above the common ruin and dis
tress in all the dignity of their native undauntedness. They will
infuse new life and soul and strength into the men and into the
cause, as in America ; and the Tories, with the blessing of God,
will be crushed therefore, as in America.

And love OF COUNTRY Gf

LORD RAWDON.
The revocation of the paroles given at Charleston, having caused Colonel Haynei
to takd up arms again, and, falling into the hands of the British, Lord Raw
don had him executed without trial. Lord Rawdon reached the city front the
interior country, and at his command an order for the immediate execution of
Colonel Hay ne was issued. A gentleman of veracity, who on this occasion
vainly flattered himself that ah execution was not seriously to be apprehend
ed, from which no present good nor future advantage could, possibly arise, has
often declared that the secretary, Harry Barry, assured him, ' that his cher
ished expectations would be disappointed, for that the opinions of Lord Raw
don were immutable ; and that since his fiat had been death, execution would
inevitably follow.' — Gauden.
Martial law is the last effort of infuriate despotism. When a
country, by the foulest oppression, has been driven to a desperate
resistance, as America was, and as Ireland is, then is1 martial law
proclaimed. This is a measure which at once sets abroach every
bad passion of the human breast, for it gives an unlimited power of
vengeaiice, and undisputed construction of offence, with a prompt
justification of every act and deed at the point of the bayonet ; and
this, good people of England, is martial law. If the House of Com
mons were elected by the good people of England, and not by an
insolent bloated oligarchy, then would martial law be unknown t6
the rule and governance of England.
It was in Ireland, when placed under martial law, that the pride
of legitimacy, whose festering carcase now defiles and pollutes our
fine old abbey, took human life with as little ceremony as the
sportsman shoots partridges, and cat-o-nine-tailed and picketted the
poor peasantry with the same composure that a pedagogue flogs his
scholars. It was under the shield of martial law, that, Lord Raw
don in America hanged Colonel Hayne, without judge or jury.
First and foremost in this legitimate murder, we will recite from
the British Gazette of the time, the article relating to these paroles,
as it stands in the capitulation of Charleston, and as signed by
B. Lincoln, the American general, and by H. Clinton and M. Arbuth-
not, the British generals :
*¦ Article 4th. — ' The militia now in garrison shall be permitted to
return to, their respective homes, and be secured in their persons and
property ; ' — demanded the Americans.
Article 4th. — ' The militia now in garrison shall be permitted t6
return to their respective homes as prisoners oh parole : which pa
role, as long as they observe, shall secure them from being molested
in their property by the British troops ; ' — answered the British.
In the caprice and insolence of victory, and in the malignant spirit
of martial taw, these paroles were almost hnmediately revoked un
der the most frivolous and insulting pretences ; When Colonel Hayne
flew to arms again, and perhaps too hastily. Mr. Garden remarks
further, and with becoming indignation, that 
'The Duke of Richmond called the attentipn of the: House of
f2

68 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
Lords to the inhuman execution of Colonel Hayne, the particulars
of which had been forwarded to him by Mr. John Bowman. Lord
Rawdon arriving in Europe, denied the charge, threatening to call
on the duke for personal satisfaction, Unless an immediate apology
should remove the stain from his injured honour. The duke knew
full well the justice of the charge. He was personally acquainted
with Mr. Bowman, had often sought information from him relative
to American affairs, and had never any cause to question his veraci
ty ; but his courage at the moment must have been at a low ebb.
He hesitated indeed on the consistency of his conduct ; but ulti
mately averred, " that he had received his information from one
Bowman, who he knew nothing about. He was, he confessed, rash
in his charge, and solicited pardon for having made it."
Shame to the lack-Lennox heart of the Duke of Richmond in
thus shrinking from the encounter, and in a cause so good and
honourable, and so exceedingly justificatory of a duel, though never
so mortal. The English accounts agree in the main, with this anec*
dote of recreancy and rank cowardice, while they go a little more
legitimately to work in other respects. They introduce the Lord
Chancellor of the day, evading in the House of Peers the Duke of
Richmond's motion, and explaining with legitimate effect, that Lord
Rawdon could not possibly be wrong, because it was absolutely
necessary for the good of his majesty's service, to hang Colonel
Hayne ; by the same token his lordship inferred that necessity in
state matters is paramount to the ' evidence of facts.' This was
briefly the ground "of his argument, in a speech much too long to
insert here. The same ground had doubtless been taken by the
same Lord Chancellor, were he to have had a voice in the Sanhedrim
at the Crucifixion ; and there are other Lord Chancellors, who
would not have scrupled to have reasoned even so, if state necessity
had commanded it. I
There was, however, among the peers, one leading nobleman to
second, and vigorously, the Duke of Richmond's motion, and that
was Lord Shelburne ; but Whitaker's ' most amiable government
in the world' got rid of the- question by evading it/ — the surest
sign of guilt, short of instant death by the visitation of God. To
the eternal disgrace of the Duke of Richmond, it is recorded on
the journals, that in a feW days after making this motion, he stood
up in his place and declared, that ' he did not intend any personal
attack on the justice or humanity of Lord Rawdon, in the speech
by which he introduced his motion respecting the execution of Col.
Hayne.' Good God ! that the smell of powder, or the sight of a
piece of polished cold iron, could so turn a man from his honest
and honourable purposes and resolutions ! A brave man is shocked
and disgusted when he reflects upon it.
If it were true, as alleged, that Colonel Hayne had no bad faith
to complain of,' but on the contrary had broken his parole with the
British, and had then committed the outrages which the Lord Chan
cellor in his speech found it necessary to charge him .with, then the
whole of these enormities could have been easily substantiated in

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 69
a proper and lawful court ; where, if found guilty, death might haye
followed upon the sentence, in the true spirit of law and justice, and
nothing more would have been said or thought about it.
Now for a short word with that incomparable charlatan, Harry
Barry, on the immutable opinions of an insolvent lord, and the fiat
of a petty despot. It was the pride of old George the Third to
make up his mind to a thing, and stick to it "with what he called
dignified firmness, to all eternity. It was the laugh of his subjects,
that this same dignified firmness was no other than the most bigots
ted obstinacy that ever entered into the brain of man. Out of the
same bigotted obstinacy grew that wretched Tom-foolery of immu
table fiat, so complacently lauded in Lord Rawdon by Harry Barry
of pleasant yielding memory, who suffered himself to be disarmed
and taken prisoner by Mr. Manning, without making the least shew
of resistance ; and then* and there to be held up in derision as a
shield against the bullets of his friends.
Out of this same bigotted obstinacy also grew the hard-headed
martinetism of General Crawford, who in the Peninsular war said
to his commissary, ' I want so many bullocks for the army to-mor
row morning.' — ' To-morrow morning, general ? they cannot be
had, sir.' ' If they be not provided, I will hang you to-morrow
morning, sir.' The commissary, highly indignant at such cavalier
language, flew to Lord Wellington with his complaints. ' And did
he say so to you ? ' ' Yes, my lord,' ' Then let me advise you to
procure the bullocks, for rest assured that General Crawford is a
man of his word.' It is almost unnecessary to add, that the bul
locks were procured, and Wellington humoured this foolery well,
and not without a spice of wit in it.
Even our great novelist has given in to this trumpery, but as'he
also gives interest to whatever he touches, so shall his opinion of
dignified firmness be recorded. ' It is impossible that Allen-a-Dale
can have thus treated a man of your reverend bearing, said Locks-
ley ? It is true as the gospel of St. Nicodemus, said the prior. He
swore with many a cruel north country oath*, that he would hang
me up on the highest tree in the greenwood. Did he so in very
deed ? Nay, then, reverend father, I think you had better comply
with his demands, — for Allen-a-Dale is the very man to abide by
his word, when he has pledged it.' Thus in two or three Instances.
has the proverb been verified to the full, that one fool makes a many,
pnly be it knqwn and always excepted here, our great novelist.

THE PREFERMENT OF FOOLS AND KNAVES.
It had long been a source of mortification to the colonians that no attention
had been paid to native talents, and that, as often as a post of trust or emolu
ment became vacant, that, instead of being filled up by a choice from the can
didates for distinction, with which both the courts and legislature abounded,
some needy adventurer or parasitical sycophant was seen to arrive, whose only
merit consisted in the art of .bowing humility to his superiors, or whose favour;

f Q RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
was derived from th,e faspinating influence of some pTetty relative who bad
skill to impress on an influential minister, the eonviction that he was qualified
to support the dignity of Britain in her colonies. Twice had the respectable
Lieutenant-governor Bull been insulted, by a cruel departure from the regu,
lar routine of succession, having men of the very meanest capacities put over
him. It is certainly no scandal to say, that the' two last governors under the
royal administration, were deficient even in common understanding; owing
their promotion entirely to their rank and the powerful interests of their fam-
ilies. It has often been said of Chief Justice Skinner, that he never opened
a law book until he was actually on his passage to, America.— Garden.
It is scarcely possible to read a single page of Mr. Garden's book,
without discovering some deep wrong done to the colonists at the
hands of the mother country. It should seem, that the old govern
ments of Europe can no longer be carried on without the glaring
injustice of their pristine formation, — great privileges and indul
gences to the few, at the expense of the many, and to the manifest
disparagement of all.
The loss of America was no warning to our hopeful legitimates,
to abstain from this vile insult to worth and talents ; nor until they
read a page or two out of the Book of Fate, as written at Nasebj
and confirmed at the Revolution, it is. easy to foresee that they never
will. The proscription of talent, when not of the governing party
Ui politics, has now so long and sq unhappily prevailed in England,
tlmt it amounts to an actual usurpation of every place of honour,
trust, and profit, which the vast influence of the ' powers that be,'
obtains to uphold this villainous exclusion. Our colonies — east and
west, and north and south— yet have to complain of the same neg-.
lect which is so truly pourtrayed by Mr. Garden : and not only om
colonies. It has upon all occasions been the system, of Toryism, to keep its
small share of talent at home, to defend its corrupt measures, and
to, appoint Dunderheads to the numerous situations abroad, which
ministers have continually in disposal. Thus are in part provided
fps, the noodles and doodles, which, laterally and collaterally, belong
to parliamentary interest, as branching from all sides of the oh-:
garchy, mixed up with a thousand other interests much too num
berless, to name, which all and altogether partake of the blessings
of social order and good government, as understood in England.
Talent in our colonies, beyond a confidential satrap or two, might
be dangerous ; hence, combined with the aforegiven causes are to he
seen, — as hath been said of certain of the members of the Royal So
ciety with F.R.S. at the end of their names — hence are to be seen
among the British authorities throughout our foreign dominions,
such an influx of ' Fellows of Remarkable -Stupidity.' Right well
does this account for the blunders and absurdities which hourly oc
cur in our transactions abroad with our wiser neighbours, who in
variably depute knowledge and talent to negociate with us, and, to
regulate all matters of trade and commerce.
I>t should seem from the negociations with France, relative to the
late invasion of Spain, which were principally carried on in London,
that we retained at home a greater portion of blockheads than

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 71
usual, or we could not have been so palpably outwitted in a matter
so very straight-forward, so scarcely to require more abilities than
those of a decent mediocrity. Nevertheless, I will not for one so
lower their wits, while their honesty stands in my estimation so
anything but high, and am of opinion, that our hopeful legitimates
Were then, and yet are, in secret understanding with the impioUs
Holy League, and that they are at this moment inwardly rejoicing
in the success of their Machiavelism. Wherever Castlereagh was,
nothing but evil to the Freedom of Nations could come of it, in so
far as his means extended ; and wherever Canning is, there is not
written upon the face of his transactions as a statesman, that ' Hon
esty is the best policy,' — and there never will be.
At home, it is the insidious cant of Toryism to attribute our op
position to its measures to disappointment, and indeed we are dis
appointed ; but not of the loaves and fishes, not of garters and
ribbons, not of feathers and fine coats, but are truly disappointed in
the fruits of all our exertions and those of our ancestors for more
than a century. Truly disappointed in seeing all the good fruits
blighted by the bad which were unhappily permitted to remain upon
the tree of the British constitution. Truly disappointed in the un
pardonable Stuartism of the B. family, in the Oligarchism of the
nobility, the » Toryism of the gentry, and the Arminianism of the
clergy : moreover, in the apathy of many, the corruption of very
many, and the thraldom of all the people.
This is the true ground of our opposition and grievous disap
pointment. Of little consequence is it to us, whether despotism be
direct or indirect, while it is despotism. When a government by
King, Lords, and Commons, is administered well and wisely, with
even-handed justice to a hair, it is not possible to divine a happier
constitution ; but where bribery and corruption become the Ways
and means to carry it on ; where State Necessity holds the beam,
and existing circumstances balance the scales of Justice, it matters
not who reigns and who rules, for well and wisely are entirely out
of the question. The domination of the Great Turk, or of the Au
tocrat, or of such as are here supposed, are all, and each, and equal
ly, destructive of comfort and happiness, and abhorrent to the mind
of man,
A stranger, to hear our host of Stuartism, Oligarchism, Toryism;
and Arminianism, speak of those opposed to them in state affairs',
would conclude that in these powerful and wealthy bodies of men,
the alleged divinity of the crown were inherent ; that allegiance and
fealty were exacted from us entirely and unconditionally ; and that
our resistance to their insolent claims, were seen as an act of down
right rebellion. We have it on good authority, that the opposition,
in doors and out, of Charles the Second's reign, were called Muti
neers, and in these times, so frequently likened to those times, we
have seen this doctrine practically followed out, by the abominable
massacre at Manchester.
The insubordination which Toryism now so feelingly laments,
hath grown out of its own bigoted obstinacy of misrule,-^-that dig-

72 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
nified firmness in a bad cause, which we have so recently estimated
at its full value. Had it, with the commonest of common sense
and honesty, have yielded to the light of the times, all things had
approached to a happy renovation and improvement in a mild and
wholesome gradation. This growth of all good would scarcely
have been felt as an innovation upon old habits, but by the most
irritable and malignant, who might have fumed and fretted by their
own firesides, and nothing would have come of it. This were wis
dom, therefore not Toryism ; for Toryism is to resist.by every man
ner of means, by the coarsest language and by force and arms,
everything that looks like Reform and Redress of Grievances :
yelling and howling innovation, innovation, dreadful innovation.
Toryism is to trench upon every good old rule of government and
customary right and privilege, under the meanest pretences, which
pretences were endless to enumerate, and disgusting to recite.

FRANKLIN CLUBS.
When compelled by painful duty, Lieutenant-colonel Lee informed Mrs.
Jacob Motte, that in order to accomplish the immediate surrender of the Brit-
ish garrison,. occupying her elegant mansion, its destruction was indispensable,
she instantly replied—' The sacrifice of my property is nothing, and I shall
view its destruction with delight if it shall in any degree contribute to the
good of my country.' In proof of her sincerity, she immediately presented
the arrows by which combustible matter was to be conveyed to the building.
Garden.
It is as weaving ropes of sand to talk of grievances only, for that
will never be means of having them redressed ; heart and hand
must do it, for never will the tongue,— sacrifices must be made, and
dangers must be braved. The aggrieved must speak by their actions
to the great and powerful, and say that they will no longer do their
bidding for filthy lucre and this world's accommodations. Equal
rights and equal justice are the component parts of the British con
stitution, and the people have only to intimate this, all and alto
gether, accompanied with their determination to maintain it at all
hazards and personal sacrifices, when all the host of corruption ¦will
be seized with horror and dismay. This simultaneous effort will of
itself grow out of brief straight-forward consultations by means of
small clubs diffused throughout the kingdom. Such preceded the
victory over the usurping great and powerful in America,, half a
century since, and such are now, by existing circumstances, impera
tively called for. Those in America were instituted by Doctor
Franklin, and were denominated the Franklin Clubs.
Brissot de Warville informs us, that Dr. Franklin, persuaded that
information could not be extended but by first collecting, and by
assembling men who were likely to possess it, was always ardent to
encourage literary and political clubs. In one of these,- which he
founded, the following questions were put to the candidate. Do

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 73
you love all men of whatever religion they may be ? Do you be
lieve that we ought to persecute or decry a man for mere specula-
five opinions, or for his mode of worship ? Do you love truth for
its own sake ? and will you employ your efforts to discover it, and
to make it known to others ?
Other questions upon the like subjects, were. propounded, and
these clubs obtained in all the large towns and inhabited districts
throughout the colonies, much to the dissatisfaction of their rulers
and governors, — but they could not help themselves. Unity, peace,
and concord, with a general knowledge of their chartered rights,
resulted from these clubs, throughout the wide and extended popu
lation of America, — and mighty were the consequences. Let us,
the people of England, follow the great example, and forthwith
band ourselves together by means of such clubs as these, and let
the main question be to every member, ' Will you advocate, by
every manner of means, a Reform in Parliament, agreeable to the
British constitution ? ' Even as the quakers collect and diffuse their
information, and arrange all matters relating to their social compact,
at quarterly arid yearly meetings, so let us deliberate, arrange, and
regulate our matters also, but without the secrecy of the quakers.
If a government spy be near any one of these clubs, let him be
called into the room, be invited to see and hear what passes, and
permitted quietly to depart to his employers, and teU them all that
he has seen and heard, — for our cause is too good to be worked in
holes and corners.
I would call them Whig Clubs, under the deepest conviction, that
a true Whig and a true Radical are one and the same. The eccen
tricities of either party must be renounced ; the whigs must give
up their rotten boroughs, and the radicals commute their universal
suffrage and annual parliaments into the franchise embracing only
those who pay scot and lot and taxes : whilst election by ballot
must be the sheet-anchor of the undertaking. Triennial parlia
ments will not, with such members as this mean will produce, be
found an hour too long, while their dignity in the trust confided to
them' will be' greatly enhanced.
Our encroaching enemies will perhaps attempt to interfere with
our clubs, alleging an act of parliament against them. There may '
or there may not be such a let on the statute book, for aught I
know or care, but this I know and care, that if there be, it is not
legal. Bishop Burnet, when speaking of the debates upon the
Exclusion Bill, which occupied and called forth the talents and
learning of the nation, instances, that it was held, that all lawyers
have great regard to fundamental laws, and that it was a maxim
among our lawyers then, that even an act of parliament against
Magna Charta, was null of itself. If our lawyers were actuated by
such a noble maxim in the reign of Charles the Second, we trust
that'they have not degenerated from it in the reign of George the
Fourth. Indeed, in the late reign, one of our lawyers, Mr. Fergu
son, sustained the maxim in court before Lord Kenyon, by success
fully contending, that ' the rights and liberties of the people weae

74 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
a part pf the constitution, and he who said anything against them,
was guilty of bringing them into contempt, and was liable to punish
ment by the act, (viz.,) the Bill of Rights.' ,
These are the grounds we go upon ; it is our constitutional rights
we seek, and there is no lawful law on earth to gainsay it. Thus
we must rationally repel the hostility of our enemies, and vigilantly
maintain the principles of our purpose. Confidence is good only
where vigilance is, for without it the best and strongest cause is
undermined : disappointment is the result, and apathy follows upon
that, and indolent endurance of every wrong. ' It is the common
fate of the indolent,' said the eloquent Curran, ' to see their rights
become a prey to the active. The condition upon which God hath
given liberty to man, is eternal vigilance; which condition, if he
break, servitude is at once the consequence of his crime, and the
punishment of his guilt.'
Half mankind are voluntary slaves, and half the other hsdf com
pulsory so ; the remaining portion are tyrants and usurpers. If
among that voluntary half, the spirit of liberty is awakened by the
genius and perseverance of a few among the oppressed moiety, the
detested portion of tyrants and usurpers must fall, fall, fall, only to
rise again when corruption, apathy, and indolence, pave their way,
The clubs here proposed, if established in every quarter of the
kingdom, will dispel the apathy and arouse the indolence which so
unhappily pervade, even where oppression is so manifest. De
Lolme eulogizes the spirit of Liberty, as * a sacred principle, which
neither injustice nor ambition can erase ; which exists in every
breast, and, to exert itself, requires only to be awakened among the
numerous and oppressed classes of mankind.'
These clubs, in their unity, peace, and concord, would work worn
derg against the oligarchy, and. all who elect the majority of the
House of Commons ; that assured majority without a will of its
own, which is so essential to toryism, and the system of corruption
so long established in England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland* If
an assured majority be necessary, then was the Revolution false in
principle. Had the minister then a majority sure, so sure would
not James the Second have been sent away, nor William the Third
have been set up to reign in his stead .- it, therefore, remains to be
suspected, that the now meaning of the necessity of the minister
having an assured majority is, that the game of the Revolution shall
never be played again.
The fearful combination that provides the minister of the day
with this majority, has been styled ' The Colossus which bestrides
both Houses of Parliament, legislating in one ; ' and very descrip
tive is the expression in every point of view. Indeed, the power
ful individuals that compose this combination, seek, by means of
their assured majority, to usurp the blessings of the constitution to
themselves, as much too good for the body of the people, and as
tending only to make them troublesome and insubordinate. Mr.
Fox once thundered this into the ears of Pitt's assured majority,
' Say at once,' exclaimed that greatest of great men, ' that a free

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 75
constifuthm is no longer suitable to England, Conduct yourselves
as the senators of Denmark formerly did. Renounce your liberties
and accept of despotism, but do not mock the understandings and
feelings of mankind by telling the world you are free. Can a meet
ing under such restraints as the bill imposes and requires, the sedi
tion bill of 1795, be called a meeting of freemen ? Will the people
of this country suffer their feelings to be thus insulted ? Or is it
possible they can regard this measure in any other light than as a
total extinction of their liberty ? He trusted, that the people would
be alarmed at the prospect of the state preparing for them, and
that they would assemble while they might, to concert the means
of averting a stroke so fatal. Those who failed to do so he pro
nounced traitors to their country-.' Mr. Fox might as well have
thundered to the winds as to Pitt's assured majority. As mutes
and slaves of the huge colossus, they did its bidding and received
in a corner their exceeding base rewards. The huge colossus hath
ever since, by these, assured means, been hourly grasping at all
which our ancestors bequeathed to us, as sacred heir looms never
to be- alienated but in death. Rights and privileges, laws and cus
toms, prejudices and traditions, are all gone and going, with no re
sistance but in a few warm words and many humble petitions.
These warm woirds have been malignantly misconstrued ; and these
petitions have been scouted and despised, and the petitioners have
been insulted, vilified, and abused, nay, have been even slaughtered
in the act of petitioning.
It now behoves the people to declare their resolution to resist this
mighty usurpation of this huge colossus by every lawful mean, and
that they will no longer petition its majority as a matter of grace
and favour, but as of Right ; and that they will maintain this posi
tion in unity, peace, and concord, among ourselves, and by war,
eternal war, against corruption and usurpation, until the blessings of
the constitution are restored.

BISHOP OF CLOGHER.
When General Arnold apostatized and attached himself to the British' stand
ard, Baron Steuben, the inspector-general of the army, to shew his perfect
abhorrence of the traitor, commanded that every soldier who bore the name,
should change it, or be immediately dismissed the service. Some days after,
finding a soldier of Connecticut, who had paid no attention to the mandate,
he insisted that he should be instantaneously expelled from the ranks.
' I am no traitor, my worthy general,' said the soldier, ' and will willingly re
nounce a name that, the perfidy of a scoundrel has for ever tarnished, if al
lowed to assume one which is dear to every American soldier. Let me be
Steuben, aftd: be assured that I will never disgrace you.' ' Willingly, my
worthy follow,' replied the baron, ' Be henceforth Steuben, and add to the
glory of a name that hath already acquired lustre, by the partial adoption of
a brave man.' The soldier, at the conclusion of the war, kept a tavern ih
New Engfeud, exhibiting a representation of his patron as a sign, and, as long
as the baron lived, received a. pension from him as a reward for his partial at-
tachmeu I — G ab.de k.

76 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
The; abhorrence and disgust of all denominations of men of this-
nation at the abomination of Jocelyn, Bishop of Clogher, was cer
tainly not exceeded by any feeling whatever on the part of the A'
mericans, on the defection, desertion, and foul treason, of General
Arnold. Far be it from me to insinuate that there is another man
in the King'3 dominions, of the name of Jocelyn, who could be
guilty of the bishop's enormity ; on the contrary, I know good and
honourable men that bear it,^-nevertheless, I should greatly rejoice
to find that every Jocelyn, of whatsoever rank, or caUing, or. degree,
were taking lawful steps to renounce it for another as foreign to it
as possible, and as popular in England as was Steuben's in America.
I would not wear the monster's name for half an hour, nor would
I succeed to his see, if a clergyman, unless the namp of it were also
expunged from the King's books, and another substituted which in
no manner resembled it, for all this world, its wealth, and honours ;
and am most indignantly amazed at the want of feeling and christian
independence of that man who has accepted of it, under its former
most hateful designation.
No transaction in our time, nor perhaps in the old time before
us, has more insulted the best feelings of all his majesty's subjects,
than the connivance, on the part of the magistracy and the govern
ment, at the escape of the Bishop of Clogher. It was sufficiently
disgraceful to permit Lord Courtenay to get away as he did get
away, but that vile wretch was not in hold ; whereas the bishop was
caught in the fact, and taken before a magistrate forthwith; the
witnesses were present, and were ready and willing to give their
evidence to his conviction. Under this blazonry of circumstance,
to allow him to be bailed and screened away, was worse than trea
son ; and let all concerned therein take warning, that the day is fast
approaching when they shall be brought to question for it.
Mr. Welby, who seldom says more for the administration of just
ice in America than where he draws some inference against it, in-.
forms us, that while he was at New York, a young man, in the open,
street, stabbed another with a concealed cane dirk. He fled, but
was pursued and taken. When brought before the magistrates,
twenty thousand dollars1 were offered as bail for his appearance,
' which,' says Mr. Welby, ' has not been in this case accepted j
though I am told it is not at all uncommon here to take bail m
cases of murder, or rather manslaughter, to speak technically.' It
may be so ; but the fact himself relates is sufficient for me, and I
will have nothing to do with the hearsay. The fact is highly hon
ourable to the even-handed justice of Ne^v York, while the hearsay
only throws over it a passing cloud.
Twenty thousand dollars was an immense bail to offer, and which
begat a noble refusal, while nothing is mentioned by our traveller
of the wealth of the parties. Mark the contrast in England :— a,
Bishop commits sodomy for years in continuance, with impunity on,
the part of the great ones, whose suspicions amounted to almost a
certainty, — suspicions which would soon have gone to the hanging
of any poor devil not a bishop, not a man of rank, not even the.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 77
meanest curate of the church establishment. This worse than
beastly bishop becomes silently protected, and a defenceless man
who charged him- with the crime a few years preceding was unre
lentingly punished, only that the charge was made against a bishop,
and that bishop of a noble family in support of ministers. The
Right Reverend villain retains counsel to plead before a court-sala
ried justice, that the crime he was detected in the commission of,
not being yet worse, he was therefore bailable, and that in a sum no
greater than one thousand pounds : a drop in the ocean in compari
son with his wealth in personal property and the revenue of his
bishopric, amounting to twenty times one thousand pounds, and
never failing year by year. The crime of stabbing is indeed inde
fensible, but that of sodomy has no punishment too bad for it.
Merely hanging a sodomite of any description, may be deemed al
most a matter of favour, being so disgraced in the eye of all hu
manity ; but when that sodomite is a bishop, and detected in the
fact, as Clogher was, hanging up immediately should have rejoiced
his friends, and have been most thankfully and gratefully endured
by himself.
Every woman, gentle and simple, was cruelly and odiously in
sulted in the bailing and screening away of the Bishop of Clogher ;
and had it not been for the manifest indelicacy of interference, the
magistrate that bailed the holy miscreant, and all concerned in
screening the holy miscreant, all that evaded the law and cheated
the gallows of the holy miscreant, all, all would have rued this un
paralleled abandonment of their duty to God and nature. Although
compelled to silence, the ladies do not forget the cruel and odious
insult that has been passed upon them, — neither do they forget by
whom, nor for what, and for why and wherefore. Are state conve
nience, staining of the cloth, discomposing a noble family, and, not
the least of the humbug, upholding the great in the eyes of the
small, — are all these to balance against the purity of justice, and
the best and truest interests of all society ? Are the ladies so meek
as to endure all this, and are the small so blind as not to see through
all this, and is not the day fast approaching when each will com
bine with each to amend all this ? Indeed it is.
The Queen, poor hapless Caroline, had she have lived to have wit
nessed all this ! Driven by these bailers and screeners of the hideous
Clogher, from her crown and dignity, and then from this life, for a
but supposed offence, — and which, were such supposition true, so
venial, under all circumstances, that any man's wife were justified ;
an offence, without the hundredth part of her excuse, of which
hundreds of the women of quality in and about town are nightly,
daily, and hourly guilty, yet roll in all the luxuries of life unques
tioned and unmolested : — the Queen to be so treated, and this mon
ster of all iniquity and nastiness to be rescued from a halter by her
infuriate enemies, the identical bailers and screeners of him ! O,
shame, where is thy blush ? O, devil, where is thy hell ?
The church, the government, the family of Jocelyn, and all the
friends of all the parties, ought to have been most anxious and

78 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
solicitous to have had Clogher hanged and thrown to the dogs ;
but ought has become a discarded word from the language of high
life and state concernments. Who discharged the bail, and who
received it ? the same who did the like good turn for the accom
plice soldier. The people know who it was that went through
these forms, for they were but forms, but they do not know who
discharged the soldier : very necessary to be known, for the first
only hoodwinked justice, the last defeated her purposes entirely.
Doctor King, in his Anecdotes of his Own Times, relates, that
the Duke ' of Orleans, who was Regent of France during the mi
nority of Louis the Fifteenth, was most debauched in his life and
abandoned in his morals, and yet he appeared to be a prince of
great humanity, and a lover of public justice- When Count Horn
was sentenced to be broken on the wheel, Duke D'Aremberg and
the whole family of Horn, applied to the Regent for a pardon.
Not succeeding in this attempt, and finding the Regent inflexible,
they requested that the count's sentence might only be changed,
and, to avoid an ignominious death, which would be a lasting stain
in the whole family, that he might have the favour of being be
headed. This likewise the Regent refused, and made this answer :
' Count Horn is my relation, as well as yours : but the infamy is
not in the punishment, but in the crime.'
I will abstain from all reflections upon debauched lives and a-
bandoned morals, and confine myself to lament that this deathless
lesson was last year forgotten in the case of the Bishop of Clogher'.
That it should be unknown is scarcely to be conceived, as the se'arca
for Stuart relics must have developed it. Everyone interested in
the fate of the Stuarts, their merits and their demerits, dwelt upon
Dr. King's Anecdotes of his Own Times, and among them is this
deathless lesson from the lips of the Duke of Orleans. O how ex
cellent it were that this deathless lesson had met our royal eye,
when in search of Stuart relics ; then last year had Jocelyn, Bishop
of Clogher, been flayed alive, and Jephson, of St. John's, the chosen
tutor of many of our young noblemen, been this year hung up by
the heels : and, what were even yet more excellent, sodomy would
depart from out the pale of the church, as no longer a sanctuary
for such abomination.
Impartial, even-handed justice, is the brightest jewel of every
King's crown, and the delight and admiration of every good sub
ject. Our present secretary of state for foreign affairs was once
the editor of a legitimate newspaper, which he entitled the Anti-
jacobin, and he delighted the church and king's men, even as doth
the knave who now conducts John Bull. Mr. Canning told his
readers, and desired them to tell it to everyone else, that ' the peo
ple are enough alive to their own real interests in the constitution,
to know, that Justice, done impartially upon the highest as upon
the lowest subject of the realm, is a valuable and vital principle of
sound government.'
No man can turn a period better to suit his purposes than Mr.
Canning, and no man can so cleverly untwist it to serve those self-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 79
same purposes. Mr. Canning was then in office, has since been,
and now is so ; yet in all this time, neither in parliament nor at the
council board, has he once in his own proper person, influenced his
colleagues to consider this fine and manly sentiment in any other
light than that of an old woman's rockstaff. One of our greatest
monarchs felt and knew the full force of what Mr. Canning only
wrote. Firm as the Duke of Orleans, and a much better man, his
administration of justice had every good effect that justice is in
tended to have. Camden mentions, that ' when John, Earl of
Athol, had with others murthered John Comin, he was apprehended
by King Edward the First, and some intreated for him ; the King
answered, " the higher his calling is, the greater must be his fall ;
and as he is of higher parentage, so shall he be the higher hanged : "
which accordingly was performed, for he was hanged on a gallows
fifty foot high.'
Blush, blush, ye every one, from the highest to the lowest, who
bailed and screened away the Bishop of Clogher instead of hanging
him on a gallows fifty foot high. It is to the eternal disgrace of
these legitimate days, that such an assembly as the belching, drunken
Louth Pitt Club is applauded by all ' the powers that be,' and all
their numerous adherents, when they drink with three times three,
' May the British government in its present form and the world
fall together : ' that identical government in church and state, which
bailed and screened away the infamous Bishop of Clogher last year,
and this year hanged at Lincoln three defenceless wretches for the
selfsame crime ; — thus teaching the people to disdainfully repeat
the old Spanish proverb of,
Liga nunca, coje grandes poxoros,
which meaneth, good, my friends, that,
Birdlime never cateheth great birds.

RED BANK.
The laurels gained by the young Chevalier Duplesis Mauduit, one of our al>
lies, the French, in" the defence of the fortress of Red Bank against a powerful
detachment of Hessians, led on by Colonel Donop, were most hpnourable to
him. So certain were the assailants of victory, so confident of their own su-
fieriority, both in discipline and valour, that on their approach to the American
hies, one of their officers advancing, in- front of his troops, exclaimed, ' The
King of England orders his rebellious subjects to lay down their arms-; and
they are warned, that if they stand the battle, no quarter whatever will be
fiven.' 'Agreed,' it was immediately answered, ' the challenge is accepted !
'here shall be no quarter given on either side ! '
It is unnecessary to detail particulars of the action that immediately followed.
The defeat of the Hessians was com plete. Their leader and a large proportion
of the detachment fell. It might have been expected, after the threatening
denunciation of vengeance held out, that in just retaliation, indulgence might
have been given to resentment : but with victory humanity regained; its be^.
nign influence in every American bosom, and the vanquished experienced
every kind and benevolent attention that could' soothe their misfortunes aha

80 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
teach them more highly to appreciate the courage and forbearance of an ene
my, against whom they were prepared to exercise such deadly animosity.
The unfortunate Donop, who fell mortally wounded, turning when nearly in
the agonies of death to M. de Mauduit, said, with great expression of feeling,
* My career is short ; I die the victim of my ambition, and of the avarice of
my King : but in dying in the arms of honour, I have no regrets.'  Gardes.
An old ruffian ! no regrets indeed ? To hire himself at the will of
a recreant Landgrave of Hesse Cashel, whose hereditary and divine
right he asserted, was to sell the blood of his subjects to the best
bidder in the worst cause. No regrets ? Without an atom of Pa
triotism and Love of Country, he carries arms, even to the sangui
nary diabolism of no quarter, against a people with whom his mas
ter hath no more interest, for or against, than with the people of
China, yet dies in the very act of his defeated atrocity — with no
regrets. It was the opinion of no mean philosopher, — and I have
scarcely met with the man that held not with him, — that ' every
one owes his life to his country, which therefore he should not risk
in the service of those princes to whom he is in no way indebted ;
much less is he at liberty to let himself out to hire, and turn the
noblest profession in the world into that of a vile mercenary.'
It is either a mistake of our author where the word King is used,
or that of Donop himself in the agonies of death, as the avarice of
the Prince of Hesse was evidently intended to be condemned;
with whom the British government contracted at the commence
ment of the American war, for troops to wage it. An indignant
Englishman has stated, that ' In our contract during the American
war with the Prince of Hesse, we not only gave him an exorbitant
price for the assistance of his living mercenaries, but we also paid
him twenty pounds per head for all who were butchered in that
unnatural conflict ! what a charming thing it is,' continues he, ' to
be a German prince ! he can never want a guinea till passive obe
dience goes out of fashion.'
The historian of all most deserving the esteem of every Patriot
and Lover of his Country, records what passed in parliament upon
the occasion of the grant of supply to meet this turpitude. He
informs us, that the treaties recently entered into by his majesty
with the Landgrave of Hesse and the Duke of Brunswick, for
hiring large bodies of their troops for the American service, amount
ing to about 18,000 men, having been laid before the house, and a
motion made by the minister for referring them to a committee of
suPPly» a vehement debate ensued. ' Great Britain, it was said, was
now disgraced in the eyes of all Europe ; she was to be impover
ished, and, what was still worse, degraded by an humiliating appli
cation to the petty princes of Germany, for succours to enable her
to subdue her own subjects." ' There were no limits to the extor
tion of these princely butchers, who sold their subjects like so
many beasts for the slaughter. They were to have levy-money;
they were to have a subsidy ; their corps was to be kept complete ;
they were to be paid till the troops returned to their respective
countries, and the subsidies were to be continued two years after

AND, LOVE OF COUNTRY. 81
the performance of the service.' With Tory ministers of a Stuart-
ized King, and their bribed majority,— to the colossus bestriding
both houses and legislating in one,— these appeals were of no force.
Some of the Bobadils who were afterwards thumped into better
opinions, ' intimated that these troops would have little more to do
than to show themselves in America, and return : that there was
every reason to believe that the war would be terminated in a single
campaign, in which case the terms would be found very advantage
ous : if indeed it should be protracted to a distant period, it was
allowed that the expense would be enormous, but this was so im
probable as to merit little consideration.'
These legitimate arguments were used in 1775, in defence of the
measure, yet in 1777, but two years after, we find the Americans
Using arguments of a far more convincing and imposing description
in defence of Red Bank Fort, against a considerable body of these
ferocious mercenaries. The same question was discussed in the
House of Peers, in consequence of a motion of the Duke of Rich
mond for an address to the King, * That his majesty would be
pleased to countermand the march of these troops ; ' and the Duke
of. Cumberland, as well as the Duke of Gloucester, ' lamented that
Brunswickers, once the advocates of liberty in Europe, should now
be sent to subjugate it in America.' Even though defeat and dis
grace, and the final loss of thirteen fine provinces, such territories
as the British crown will never again possess, followed upon this
Tory crusade against Freedom and chartered rights, yet were these
visitations of no warning afterwards to Pitt, who then so strenu
ously condemned them. Himself, the apostate of all iniquity, did
the very same in 1793, when precipitating the nations and countries
of Europe upon the French revolution. In the name of the pioust
King of England, does Pitt enter into a treaty with the Landgrave of
Hesse Cashel, wherein Great Britain again engages to pay to the petty
despot butcher, a sum of money for each Hessian that is slain, so that
th» more of them were killed the more money he would get by it.
It is only with such degraded and dishonoured troops, that such
orders as those delivered by the officer in front of his detachment,
- previous to the storming of Red Bank Fort, purporting to be those
of King George the Third, — can be attempted to be executed. The
- ten or twelve years afterwards Brunswick manifesto, was but a
lengthened- out copy of these royal orders ; out of which have
grown the legitimate decrees of the Holy League against the Libe
rals of the continent ; and such will be issued against the Reform
ers of England as opportunity presents itself,-— Manchester to wit.
Had success crowned the efforts and intentions of Donop, the
garrison would have been put to the sword, and the atrocity had
been represented in the despatches to England, in all the language
of triumphant villainy, when rebellion subdued is the theme.
Numbers of the friends of government, who would have shuddered
at the bare thought of human slaughter, individually, would here
in concert have applauded the damnable deed, as an evil arising out
of ' just and necessary war,' at the instance of ,' the best of kings,'
G

82 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
in the best of causes : an evil called down by the rebels upon their
heads by defying heaven in their disobedience to their King, whose
arm against them was strengthened by the God of Battles. This is
the cold-blooded, heartless, impious cant of Toryism and legitimacy,
— the language of all old governments, when wreaking their ma
lignant vengeance, and pouring out the vial of their wrath, upon
the heads of the rebels they have made by their tyranny, extortion,
and oppression ; corruption and abuse, injury and insult, misrule
and lawlessness. The terror of all tyranny had these things in his
eye when he said that ' Examples are not wanting to show how
dreadfully vindictive and cruel are all Old governments, when they
are successful against what they call a revolt.'
Revolt ! commend me to the Kings and rulers of all time for
their definition of revolt. What they have in all time branded with
revolt, hath done away racks and tortures inflicted at their capricious
will or savage vengeance ; hath done away blazing faggots and
loathsome dungedns and bastiles ; hath done away hanging men up
alive by the throat Upon a tenter hook, for but whispering half an
opinion of their bad doings, — to say nothing of the thousand other
ills and vexations towards their defenceless subjects, whose royal
masters and their councillors have been in all time, with the fewest
exceptions, greater nuisances and evils on earth, than all the plagues,
pestilences, and famines that have visited the earth.
It was in this malignant view of revolt, that the King of Eng
land and his ruler North, issued the orders to Colonel Donop, which
his officer thundered' to the Americans previous to the storming of
the Red Bank Fort ; but ' as pride goeth before destruction, and a
haughty spirit before a fall,' so went the defeated Donop to the
<}evil, and his royal master for the time being to Bedlam a few years
after. It was in this malignant view of revolt, that the King of
England and his ruler Pitt fell foul upon the French republic ; but
as ' pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a
fall,' so died the apostate Pitt of a broken heart, and his royal mas
ter went a second time to Bedlam a few years after. It was in this
malignant view of revolt, the coercive system yet continuing, that
Castlereagh in remorse cut his throat ; yielding testimony of that
which had before been ten thousand times testified, — ' that pride
goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.'

HOLY WAR.
A certain day being appointed, after which none but protection men were al
lowed to exercise in Charleston either trade or profession, a poor mechanic
humbly solicited that a protection might be allowed' him, though the hour of
demanding it had gone by — ' God knows,' he added, ' that my intention was
to have asked it, had it not escaped my memory.' ' Retire, sir,' said Ham
Barry, ' you had ample time given you for repentance, and you refused to
embrace it. You call God to witness your intention. Jesus Christ thought
it no disgrace to receive a certificate from the bands of John the Baptist, of
his faith in the utility of baptism to salvation. You should not have felt

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. o3
ashamed to receive from the hands of Nesbit Balfour a certificate that would
do away the remembrance of your political sins, and renovate your faith in
the talents and virtues of your neglected master George the Third. Gaudex.
Herb, ye legitimates, here is a church and state reprobate of the
true breed and creed of Toryism. Here is a leaf out of Clarendon's
book, who, speaking of Charles the First, only said, that ' the pro
nouncing of the horrible sentence upon that most innocent person
in the world, and the execution of that sentence, by the most exe
crable murther that was ever committed since that of our blessed
Saviour,' was so and so. Pretty well, to be sure, is this, but Charles
was a Stuart, and lost his head for tyranny and lawlessness, while
George became the successor of the sons of Charles, because of all
this. If George had lost his head, as did Charles, for misrule, it is
very possible that Harry Barry, and such as Harry Barry, would
have sunk the murder of St. Peter and St. Paul, and all the.apostles,
and have placed that of George the Third in enormity next to the
crucifixion of our Saviour.
A Sir John Dalrymfle was so kindly disposed towards the prin- ,
ciples which placed the house of Brunswick on the throne of Great
Britain, that he set forth, during the American war, a whining Je
suitical piece of Toryism, falsely styled, ' The Address of the Peo
ple of England to the Inhabitants of America,' wherein was at
tempted to awe the colonists into submission by the description of
the pomp and vanity of a court and a King, and that King in char
acter really and truly drawn, no other than their recently renounced
lord arid master, George the Third, and the ' rare gang of rogues '
that surrounded him. The Rockingham administration were then
in office, upon the disgrace and ruin of that of the North and Gerr
maine ; and the people of America were pleased therefore, and the
King and Court of England were displeased.
' If you are inclined to pay compliments to an administration,"
saith Sir John, ' which we do not complain of, it is very unfair in
you to withdraw them from that prince by whose NOD ALONE
they were permitted to do anything.' The people of England were
doubtless very much obliged to Sir John Dalrymple for mixing them
thus up with the mighty nod of old George ; and Sir John unques
tionably found his account in it, at the people's expense, while the
Americans laughed heartily. The Terror of all Tyrants, however,
did not laugh, but in turn, on the part of the American people, thus
1 addressed the bamboozled English people : — ' This is Toryism with
a witness,' he exclaimed. ' Here is idolatry even without a mask ;
and he who can calmly hear and digest such doctrine, hath forfeited
his claim to rationality — an apostate from the order of manhood,
and ought to be considered as one who hath not only given up the
proper dignity of man, but sunk himself beneath the rank of ani
mals, and contemptibly crawls through1 the world like a worm.'
Thus did the Terror of all Tyrants and slaves attract the attention
of the people of England to an obsequious, time-serving, passive-
obedient courtier, and the principles avowed as those of a King,
o 2

84 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
who filled the throne of the banished Stuarts, and banished only on
account of this NOD ALONE.
The piety of men is continually outraged by the blasphemous sy
cophancy of such men as Clarendon, Dalrymple, and Barry, when
Kings are the object of their fuLsomeness ; but we can reason other
wise, and be just as loyal subjects as them and all their kind. If
war and furious slaughter, such as of the war against the Americans,
were the act and deed of Kings alone, we would say that they were
as the wild beasts of the forest, who were ferociously preying upon
mankind, merely that they were permitted so to do by mankind, the
ways and means not yet being in full force to exterminate them.
This does not apply to England, where her kings are frequently
instigated to war, not only by their own ministers, but by those of
the King of Kings, and whether the war so commences or not, they
cry all hail to the King that declares it, and shout havoc, fall on to
the warriors that wage it. God is implored to sanction the legiti*
mate carnage, and O be joyful is sung upon every advantage. From
the first victory to the last shot fired, this blasphemy is revelled in,
and more particularly if the dispute have arisen from the breach of
chartered rights and privileges on the part of the rulers, as arose
the American war. Out of the spirit of this crusade grew a designa
tion of it which hath at all times shocked almost all men of well-con
ditioned minds that then existed, that have since been born ; and will
continue so to do for generations to come, down to a long posterity,
unless the British people become entirely changed in their nature.
Lord Westcote was the man who boldly 'avowed from the Trea
sury Bench in the House of Commons, that the American war was
a HOLY WAR, and the Tories cheered him most delightfully.
Mr. Pitt, afterwards such a furious holy war man himself, censured
in very strong language the turpitude and depravity of the expres
sion. Mr. Fox, with his wonted eloquence, most indignantly repro
bated this flagrant departure from the very life and soul of the
Revolution of 1688 ; for if the war against America were holy,
how came the Brunswick family on the British throne ? He deeply
lamented that this assertion of holiness to the war, was not new, -
and stated, that when in Paris, in 1776, Dr. Franklin had informed
him that the Tories had already christened the crusade against the
colonies, holy war ; and he compared the future consequences of it
with those ruinous effects of the ancient crusades. Tbe results, he
said, would be similar in almost every respect ; and so it turned out
Perhaps there never was and never will be a Holy War ; much
less can be so designated one so eternally infamous as was this a-
gainst the colonies. Very few wars have ever been truly just, on
either side. Defence of country, its rights and liberties, against
invasion, whether by lawless power at home or abroad, comes a9
near to the mark as the bad passions of human nature will permit,
and affords an excuse for the violence of bloodshed and all the hor
rors and miseries attendant upon war. The wars of the Kings and
governments of Europe, from the establishment of Christianity to the
present hour, have gone more to the digrace of Christianity, than all

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 85
which their zeal hath done in honour of it ; and have impeded the
propagation of the gospel throughout the world. Of all the wars,
those of religion, waged even unto this day between catholics and
protestants, were and are the most diabolical, being in decided rebel
lion against God and the Saviour. So subversive have they been at
all times, of the gospel, that a sincere and faithful follower of Jesus,
devoted to the mild tenets of his religion, hath not much difficulty
in believing that the devil was the umpire of every battle. In some
few instances, it may that thejinger of God was seen ; but so bad
in general have' on both sides been their principles of action, al
leged and real, that the Almighty appears to have left them to pur
sue their infernal animosities, as a punishment for their mutual im
pieties, their perfidious "dealings, and their blasphemies towards
Him, by carrying them on in his holy name.
If in modern time England hath been engaged in a war where
anything sacred was ftiixed up with it, it was the war which the
Prince Regent waged against Algiers, and it was said, that a most
remarkable manifestation attended it. When our ships were moving
out of the bay of Algiers, with a light air from the Iand<very slow
ly, a most unlooked-for storm of thunder and lightning, arose ; in
the midst of which, the flames from an Algerine frigate ran up her
mast and spread along the yard which runs across thus t — present
ing a burning cross so vivid and conspicuous as to appear the most
prominent object of the night.

A STANDING ARMY.
In the battle before New Orleans with the British, in 1814, under General Jack
son, Colonel Reuben Kemper, of GeneralCoffee's brigade, found himself al
most surrounded by the enemy. Perceiving his perilous situation, and that
^ his only chance of escape was in stratagem, he exclaimed in an audible voice
to a groupe of the enemy, ' What the devil are you doing there ? Where is
your regiment ? Come nlong-with me immediately ! ' and they all followed
him into the American lines, and were made prisoners  Gakden.
The contemners and vilifiers of the Americans are fain to tell John
Bull that the troops of the United States are only sharp-shooters,
merely irregular bush-fighters, that have no tact, little discipline, and
less science ; all of which is but a poor compliment to that portion
of the British army which was engaged with them before New Or
leans. Be it known, that an American army would not have run
open-mouthed upon New Orleans, one of the strongest military po
sitions in the United States, to a certainty, not until the navy had
silenced the forts which flank and command every movement of the
assailants. An American general would have waited quietly until
the rocket went up, announcing that event ; would not have been
found in the unhappy condition of utter defeat and full retreat, at
the moment of the rocket ascending which announced the service
performed by the navy : no, indeed, ye contemners, and vilifiers , of
the Americans.

86 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
An old Tory of the last century, well read in the royal, noble, -
and gentle portion of mankind, speaks of but three of all he knew
who were eminently possessed of presence of mind ; Lord Stair,
Bishop Atterbury, and Dr. James Monro. These were all men of
his own kidney in politics and social intercourse through life. Had
he looked downwards, grade by grade, from the station of these
, even to the lowest of Burke's swinish multitude, he had assuredly
met with remarkable instances of it ; and having given them to
the world as pleasingly as he did those of his favourite trio, not
quite so many of his kind and kidney now existing would feel the
surprise they appear to evince when the anecdote of Colonel Reu„
ben Kemper is mentioned. As it is, the circumstance of a Yankee .
being endued with the presence of mind of this officer, is almost
incomprehensible to them, and at all events not loyal to believe. •
It was in the true spirit of this Tory contempt of the Americans
and then* troops, that the Generals Pakenham and Gibbs attacked
their formidable position before New Orleans on the morning of
the eighth of January, 1814. In this spirit they despised the little
preparatory cautions which go so far to secure victory, and the re*
suit of this legitimate Tom-foolery was defeat and' death and loss
incalculable. The bke was the case at sea, where, , in loyal com.
tempt of the Americans and their navy, we sent out feeble ships
with short complement, and with no more than usual discipline, to
meet their powerful men of war, with full complement, and a strict- ,
ness of discipline of which John Bull at home has scarcely an idea, '
Had not the gallant Broke put a stop to this mischief by disciplining
as they did, and by fighting as Nelson did, it is not to be surmised
where the calamity would have ended.
Still, even now, at this hour, our Tories are as infatuated as be*
fore. They see a navy of the most formidable dimensions and
warlike equipment growing up every day in the American dockyards
and harbours, yet, supine as ever, not an effort is made to prepare .
against such serious preparation to meet England upon her own ""
element. That there shall be no mistake, Congress, as in the in
stance of the Franklin, occasionally sends into the British'harbours
a specimen of the means, and an intimation of the intentions of
America against our naval power and glory, might and dominion.
L: treason, which God forbid, infected our councils, her purposes
could not be so surely furthered as in the cold neglect of the navy,
the true and lawful force and the natural guardian of our commerce
artd existence as a free and independent country. If treason, which
God forbid, infected Our councils, those councils would neglect the
navy, and set up in its stead a standing army in time of peace,
which, as a commercial, free, and independent country, England
hath no more occasion for, than hath a toad for a side-pocket : to
say nothing of the bad designs in such standing army against such
freedom and independence, which are as manifest as the clouds
above our heads, and as* big with storms and tempests.
A navy is born in commerce and nursed in freedom. It grows
with their growth and strengthens with their strength, and becomes

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 87
at all times their mighty champion. Where the navy of a com
mercial country is neglected, freedom is decaying, for a navy always
shrinks from barren despotism. Charles the First had to grieve the
defection of his navy, and James the Second, who took no warning
from his father's fate, was left in the same defenceless condition,
when the people rose up against his misrule. There are, so unad
vised even now, to prefer a standing army to a royal navy ; — but
when the day of mourning comes therefore, there are, who will cry
aloud in the agony of their grief — ' Why were we so advised ; ah !
why did we listen to the treason ! '
May thrice damned) and infamous be those who advise a standing
army and the deliberate neglect of the British navy, — the wooden
walls and the gallant. tars that man them. Admirals and post-cap
tains there will always be in employ, and plenty of them ; the sea
men need but anything like encouragement to be in readiness when
wanted, while in the mean time, as commercial seamen, they can
earn their bread, and very good bread too : but what are the suffer
ings of the masters and commanders, the lieutenants and the mid
shipmen — unemployed and freezingly set aside, ungratefully left to
subsist upon a pittance ! If it be that the departed spirits of Hawke
and Rodney, Howe, Duncan, and Jervis, the hero Nelson, and all
that have fought and bled and died withal ; if it be that they can
behold what now is passing, can see and know that their midship
men have of hard necessity become tavern waiters to honestly ob
tain their daily bread, and can hear the lieutenants and the masters
arid commanders, in the poignant feelings of neglect and disappoint
ment, cursing, the hour they were born : if they can see and hear
all this, the mansions of peace will scarcely contain them, and yet
preserve their promised blessedness ; — so appalling will such sight
and hearing be to such gallant spirits.,
Even in the same ineffable scorn of what the satellites of power
and the minions of the hour may say and think of this, or any other
maledictory review of their system of things, a system that first
tore America from the crown of Great Britain, and hath ever since
visited the separation by the most unstatesmanly hatred, and hath
shewn that hatred upon every occasion by wanton acts of vexation
and insult : so do we say and think upon their neglect of the navy,
and the setting up of a standing army to watch the motions of lib
erty, and check them, when not in accord with holy league legiti
macy. Out of this system grew another war with America, whence
the burning and destroying of Washington, the seat of the govern
ment of the United States, — the newly-erected city in honour, and
bearing the name of, the revered commander of the American armies
during the struggle for independence, and the president afterwards
of the republic.
This wanton act of vengeful legitimacy emanated out of all doubt
from Castlereagh's hatred of freedpm, and, as like him in every
other act, from a double motive. To chastise democracy, and in
this deep-seated insult to cause the Americans to hate the English
more bitterly than before, in the hope of staying the plague of

88 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
emigration by the angry reception the discontented here might meet
with upon their arrival ; and this hope our courtly travellers tell us,
was founded in truth and foresight, and his characteristic wisdom.
Of a certainty it has against us, as a country,
* Raised such a conflict, kindled such a fire,'
as scarcely a thousand future good offices will be able to quench
and extinguish. As, under the present system of things, not one of
all this thousand good offices will ever be made forthcoming, the
sooner we prepare our gallant navy the better ; for the more formi
dable there, the more lasting will be the political friendship and
commercial relations, which now exist between us.
Surely it were well and wisely considered of every Briton now
passing and repassing the Atlantic, to discontinue that abuse of the
American people in which they have of late so unboundedly in
dulged. To prolong even the calculating, cold, and watchful con*
nexion that now exists between the two countries, will tend much
to the commercial prosperity of either and both, as also to the
conjunctive cause of freedom all over the world. The late decry-
ers of American manners, habits, customs, laws, and government,
cannot, in conscience and common honesty, mean or hope in their
aspersions to breed a new war : in decency, in the least spice of
manliness, cannot design to curry favour with such a congregation
of dotards, braggarts,, and pickpockets, weepers and whiners, and
pensioned passive obedients, as are the present pilots and storm-
weatherers of this devoted land. No, it is impossible ; — but. what,
can they mean ? Surely not, overrun as is their own country, more
especially Ireland with poor and population, they do not seek to stop
emigration to America ?
If these travellers be persons of historical knowledge and of en
lightened understandings, and who shall gainsay it, they will at once
reflect, that all nations in their infancy are anything else than pol
ished, and long after their infancy the fastidious may pick a hole in
their coat on that score. Even England, until past the reign of
James the First, was very coarse and rude in her general habits,
and, to this day, if it were necessary to point them out, large com
munities might be found with not more manners than the Americans
in general are said to present to the Englishmen that aristocratically
stalk among them. Something tells, that if they did not so aristo
cratically stalk, they would witness manners of quite another cast.

THE TORY.

Before I more particularly speak my own sentiments, I will present an extraot
from the oration of Mr. Benjamin Elliot, prqnounced before the 76 association, ,
on the fourth of March, 1813, which strikingly evinces, that, however highly
excited the resentments of the nation, its magnanimity was still superior to
them : — '
' The passions and the ignorance of the people, it is thought, have fated a short
existence to our freedom. ' This opinion is not based on the American charac-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY, 89
ter. During our revolutionary calamities, when hope was beat down, and in-
. juries were most unkind, a heartless gang of domestic felons, under the appel
lation of Tories, rose against the People. There was no atrocity they did
not perpetrate, no aggravation they did not add to distress. Did you see the
cinders of the poor man's dwelling, — who destroyed it ? The Tory ! Was
- the rich man pillaged because he preferred his country to his wealth,  who
stole his property ? The Tory ! Was the stern patriot insulted, — who in
flicted the indignity ? The Tory ! Yet, after the success of Liberty, it was
advised, that wrongs should be forgiven, and this justly execrated enemy
! viewed as brethren. The American people acquiesced, and have enforced
every provision of that godlike amnesty. The Patriot does not enjoy one
benefit from the revolution, which has not been extended to the Tory. Fact,
therefore, and not speculation, has determined, that there is no animosity,
however obstinate, no passion, however powerful, which the American people
• will not vanquish, when demanded by their country's good.' — Garden.
All this was a truth unquestionably received in England at the
time, and ought not to be forgotten how. It was then said, that
if on earth were to be found one villain greater than another, it was
in the person of the American Tory. The brand which raised the
conflagration of his neighbour's house and premises, was at the
hands of the American Tory. If a position at midnight were to be
forced, its least tenable quarter was pointed out vto the enemy by
the American Tory.* If a town were to be taken, the American
Tory was always within it to give signals to the British of the most
advantageous time and place for the attack. Were a magazine to
be destroyed, who so foremost with intelligence towards its destruc
tion as the American Tory ? If the British line of march were in
tersected with woods and wildings, who so ready to point out the
Way, nay, to direct and guide its route, that his countryman might
be fallen on unawares, as the American Tory ? If a battle were
gained by the enemy, who shouted so loud and so malignantly as
the American Tory ? If an unfortunate -gentleman fell into the
hands of Rawdon, Cornwallis, Howe, Clinton, Bitrgoyne, or Tarle-
ton, and was at their fiat to be executed, who the hangman but the
American Tory ? When ultimate defeat was held almost to a cer
tainty to be the, fate of the colonies, whoso rejoiced in the general
hanging-day consequent upon it, as did the American Tory ? Yet,
when the tide of victory flowed into quite another channel, when
every American Tory was at the mercy of every American Patriot,
what was the result ? Mercy, in so far as not retaliating ; Con
tempt in every instance, while of Pity, in their neglect by the Brit
ish, there was none at all.
No time, nor any clime, changes the nature of a Tory. It is a
wild beast that may be tamed, — civilized is the legitimate word, —
but can never be cleansed of the leaven of his iniquity. The Man
chester slaughter has entirely shown the late American Tory and
the present English one, to be much nearer relations than are cou-
sin-germans ; and if it were possible to suppose him eventually the
victor in the present struggle for Reform, the poor Radical may
then make his will, and peace with God, for no more mercy will be
shown than was shown at Manchester.
A hireling scribe, whose pen in six hundred years would not be

90 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
worth so many farthings, yet receives six hundred pounds a year for
his apostate effusions in the Quarterly, not long since produced an
article entitled ' The Opposition,' which he grounded upon some
fulsome, impertinent Letter to the King. It is for such abortions
as the following that the prostitute receives his wages. The oppo
sition, ' We speak of it in its usual character — as formed for the
purposes of opposing indiscriminately all the measures of the min
isters, without reference to their merits ; and of driving them from
office, whatever may be their ability, and however disastrous the
consequences may prove to the nation. It struggles not for the
good of the country, but for the virtual sovereignty of the country
— not for public benefit, but for personal profit and aggrandizement,
at the public cost.'
Indeed — how much obliged to this driveller must his employers
- be for this delectable sidewind at their own virtual sovereignty of
the country for the last sixty years, not for public benefit, but for
personal profit and aggrandizement at the public cost. Here is the
confession of what was not to be divulged on any account whatever.
Instead of the old theme of an opposition being one of the com
ponent parts of the British constitution, and, there being none, the
wheels of government would cease their wonted round : or, there
being none, power uncontrouled would induce a revolution : instead
of these wholesome sentences, a hireling scribe is instructed to say
to the People of England, that the Tories have got possession of
the virtual sovereignty of the, country, not for public benefit, but
for personal profit and aggrandizement, at the public cost, — and,
having got possession, they mean to keep it, by means of their,
standing army. That there shall be no mistake, the wretched hire
ling gives us a duplicate of the legitimate doctrine : ' Were the
present ministers as imbecile as they are able, they must still be
kept in office, for they would still be infinitely preferable to men
Solemnly pledged to make the most comprehensive and fearful
changes in the constitution and the state of society.'
On the part of the hireling scribe, this tirade could only emanate
from the apostate who libelled the People of England a short time
since, by declaring them to be half Luddite, half Lazzaroni ; on
the part of the Tories, his employers, it is positively a declaration of
war against them, and the People of England accept the challenge
and return their scorn and defiance. God always blinds the eyes of
wicked rulers preparatory to their destruction. In Russia, one de
scription of men may be kept in office for six hundred years without
exciting any surprise, but that one description of men in England
should have remained in possession of office, place, power, and
patronage, for sixty, and challenging to retain them for sixty more,
is most alarmingly marvellous, and betokens that events of the first
magnitude will ensue upon it.
In proud defiance of all the Tories upon earth, the People of
England placed the Brunswick family on the throne upwards of an
hundred years agone, and now the Tories, in defiance of the People
of England, take that family into their holy keeping, which in re-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 91
turn cheers and cherishes every Tory upon earth against them.
All history tells, that if this enormity continue much longer, the
Tories will irreparably ruin the House of Brunswick, as they did the
House of Stuart. They have already lost, and torn America away from
the crown, in which the Brunswick family found it, and Ireland is all
but gone, as went the invaluable provinces of America,- — by the bad
councils and treasonable acts and deeds of the abandoned Tories.
Seven years since, when the standing army was about to be Increased,
the People objected to such an unprecedented measure, being at peace
with aU nations. Lord Palmerstohe told them that the additional ten
thousand men were only commensurate with the increased turbu
lence of the People. It was well for him that the People were not
turbulent ; for, had they been as he libelled them, of a certainty his
lordship had been led out of the house and thrown over Westmin
ster Bridge, to feed the fishes. The wretched hireling scribe of the
Quarterly, also, , in allusion to the passing of the Six Acts, is in
structed by his masters to say, that in consequence of that alleged
turbulence, the liberties of the People were necessarily abridged.
Tories only, with an increased standing army at their elbows, could
be found to use such audacious language. The liberties of the
People are held by Magna Charta and the Bill of Rights, and it is
treason to touch them. The King does not wear his crown by a
better title than do his People hold their liberties, and whoso trench
upon either, are equally guilty of High Treason, and become amena
ble to Impeachment in common with other traitors : so look to it,
ye .geBtlqmten all that had any hand in passing those acts.
Had the opposition of the .present day kept up the old play game
of almost ever since the Revolution ; had the opposition yet con
descended to perpetuate the delusion of the contest of the great
Whig and Tory families in parliament, under the veil of Patriotism
and Love of Country ; all had been well enough. Now that it is
found that the People have an unyielding party upon the opposition"
benches, which impedes the playing of the old court cards as here
tofore, they are roundly given to understand, through the impudent
medium of the Quarterly, that such an opposition cannot be tolera
ted. Tolerated! Britons, did ye, ever hear the like ! Did it ever
enter into the imagination of man before, that the party of the Peo
ple of England was not to be tolerated in the House of Commons !
Why this is, if possible, a more heinous instance of Toryism than
that of Dalrymple's NOD ALONE ; and who but the apostate eu
logist of Wat Tyler, would dared to have given it ? Britons, strike
home ! at the Toryism of the times, and, by every lawful and con
stitutional manner of means, crush it, if ye can. In the cause of
the Queen you shew to the Tories, to their great dismay, the power
you possess, when with right and justice on your side ; now shew
it in the cause of your Country, and the Toryism of the times must
as inevitably be crushed, as were her enemies assuredly defeated.

92 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM

EMPLOYMENT OF THE SAVAGES.
The terror excited by the Indians, who wore their war dresses, and wantonly
displaved the instruments of torture with which they were accustomed to
aggravate the sufferings of their prisoners, created the most appalling dismay.
It could scarcely have entered the heads, and even, did it so, the
hearts of any men but those of the Tories, would have revolted at
the employment of the wild and barbarous savages of the woods in
war against their christian brethren, and hitherto fellow subjects ;
but Tories partake as much of Christianity, as do the devil and his
angels, and who, in common with the internals, have continually
scripture in their mouths to suit their purposes. I do not class the
numerous adherents of the Tories, however I may disapprove of
their servility, with these lords temporal and spiritual of misrule
antl bloodthirstiness. On the contrary, I know, that many thou
sands, for worldly reasons, are in unison with the Tories, who in
secret condemn their almost every act and deed ; but cannot help
themselves, for the same worldly reasons, so chained and wedded
are they to the pomps and vanities, and the more substantial good
things of this wicked world.
Unfortunately for the Freedom of Mankind beneath their rule
and governance, there are among the Tories many learned men, of
deep and classical research in ancient and modern history, so that
events which may further their ends and objects but seldom escape
them. Tacitus has informed them, and Gibbon has repeated the
information, that the Arii, a fierce and numerous people inhabiting
what is now known in Europe as part of the frontiers of Poland
and Silesia, studied to improve by art and circumstances the innate
terrors of their barbarism. Their shields were black, and their
bodies were painted black. They chose for combat the darkest
hour of the night. Their host advanced, covered, as it were, with
a funeral shade ; nor did they often find an enemy capable of sus
taining so strange and infernal an aspect. Of all our senses, ob
serves the historian, the eyes are the first to be vanquished in battle.
The Arii receded as Christianity advanced, and are happily re
moved from the face of the earth, otherwise the Tories, in their
system of making the most of circumstances, had certainly brought
these demons against the Americans ; for no means are too damna
ble to attain their ends. However, as they could not have the
original, they determined upon the best copy, so entered into holy
alliance with the wild and barbarous savages on the banks of the
Mississippi, and Colonel St. Leger, who had been sent through the
woods to General Burgoyne, writes a letter in terms of high delight
at the success of their first operations. He acquaints the general,
* that on the 3rd of August, 1777, he had invested Fort Stanwix :
on the 5th had laid an ambush for 1,000 militia/ that were marching

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 93
to relieve the fort, over whom the Indians had obtained the com-
pletest victory, laying above 400 dead on the field, among whom
were almost all the principal movers of rebellion in that country.'
Colonel St. Lege'r is prudently silent upon the horrors attendant
upon this completcst of victories ; silent upon the ferocity and
havoc of the hatchet, the tomahawk, and the scalping knife ; silent
upon the death shout, the yells, and terror-striking woo-whoop, and
all the appalling heart-rending scenes of an Indian ambush : but he
will not eternally be silent upon it. The first break of his silence
will be at heaven's bar, but how long after that dreadful scene, he
will be permitted to remain silent upon it, is not for mortal man to
contemplate. It was pretended by some of the court party at home,
that the horrible excesses of the Indians were endeavoured to be
restrained, while others were even careless of excusing them.
Does the world get worse, or were the old Bourbons better chris
tians, and men more endued with humanity than the new Guelphs.
One of the weakest, if not the wickedest of the kings that have
swayed the sceptre of France, Charles the ninth always excepted,
was perhaps Louis the fifteenth ; yet if the following circumstance,
related by the Chevalier Courdray, can be credited, we find that
prince magnanimously preferring manly honourable warfare, to the
. infernal barbarity of lurking devastating destruction, as it were, at
one fell swoop. A native of Dauphiny, by name Dupr6, who had
spent his life in the cultivation of the science of chemistry, invented
a kind of fire so rapid and so devouring that it could neither be
avoided nor extinguished : water, instead of destroying it, gave it
new force ; various experiments were tried with it on the canal of
Versailles, in the presence of the King, which were repeated at the
arsenal at Paris, and in several of the sea ports. The most intrepid
soldiers trembled at the effects of so diabolical an invention, and
considered it with the same horror that the ancient knights felt on
the discovery of gunpowder. Being convinced that one man,
assisted by such an art, could destroy a fleet or burn a city, the
King commanded Duprd never to communicate his secret, and paid
him for his silence. His majesty, however, continues the chevalier,
. was at that time engaged in a ruinous war. The English braved
him in his harbours, and every day he suffered new losses and dis
grace. He could easily have-destroyed his enemies, but he preferred
to suffer rather than to augment the -evils Of humanity. Dupr£ is
since dead, and his dangerous secret lies buried with him.
We are not quite so nice on this side of the channel. Sir Wil
liam Congreve, during half the last reign and the whole of this, has
yearly visited the tomb of Dupr6, and has every year brought frag
ments of this fearful secret away. He never fails to consolidate his
acquisitions, nor is it probable that he will desist from his visits
until he has possessed himself of the whole arcanum. The posterity
of Louis the fifteenth, may in coming time find to their sorrow,
that his majesty's conscientious scruples square not with the max
ims here of making use of every manner of means which God and
Nature, according to Tory cant and malignity, have placed in our

94 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
hands. Of a certainty, — all doubt entirely out of the question-
shall the People of England pursue at all events and hazards their
rightful cause of Root and Branch Reform, they will find that the
rockets, in their full and satanie perfection, will be sent among them
and their habitations with tenfold fury, in comparison with what
they are ever likely to be used against a legitimate holy-leagne
enemy : when once more will they hear of it being a weapon placed
in the hands of the Tories by God and Nature.
The genuine villain Tory of all countries, seldom, to gratify his
tyrannic vengeance, sticks at anything; but at nothing against the
rebels, that his misrule and oppression have driven into rebellion.
When the news of the hellish atrocities of the savages against the
colonists reached England, even the feelings of the adherents of the
Tories were shocked, while the Whigs were inflamed with the high
est indignation. Both houses of parliament resounded with their
anathemas, and few, very few, of the court party were found to
openly defend the atrocities perpetrated by the Indians. Lord Suf-
• folk, however, was one of the few ; and he ventured to declare, in
defence of the association of the tomahawk and the scalping knife
to our arms against the Americans, upon the principle, that it was
perfectly justifiable to use all the means which God and Nature had
put into our hands. This moving, saith the historian, the indigna
tion of Lord Chatham, he suddenly rose and gave full vent to his
feelings in one of the most extraordinary bursts of eloquence that
the pen of history has recorded. ' I am astonished,' exclaimed his
lordship, ' shocked to hear such principles confessed ! to hear them
avowed in this house, or even in this country. My lords, we are
called upon, as members of this house, as men, as christians, to
protest against such horrid barbarity. That God and Nature put it
into our hands ! What ideas of God and Nature that noble lord
may entertain, I know not, but I know, that such detestable princi
ples are equally abhorrent to religion and to humanity. What, to
attribute the sacred sanction of God and Nature to the massacres of
the Indian scalping knife ! to the cannibal savage, torturing, mur
dering, devouring, and drinking the blood of his mangled victims !
Such notions shock every precept of morality, every feeling of hu
manity, every sentiment of honour. These abominable principles,
and this more abominable avoWal of them, demand the most decisive
indignation. I call upon that reverend and this most learned bench,
to vindicate the religion of their God, to support the justice of their
country. I call upon the. bishops to interpose the unsullied sanctity
of their lawn ; upon the judges to interpose the purity of their
ermine — to save us from this pollution. I call upon the honour of
your lordships to reverence the dignity of your ancestors and main
tain your own. I call upon the spirit and humanity of my country
to vindicate the national character. I invoke the genius of the
constitution. From the tapestry that adorns these walls, the im
mortal ancestor of this noble lord frowns with indignation at the
disgrace of his country.'
Not ' all the blood of all the Howard*,' Howard as he was, could

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 95
' in all his life Wash away the disgrace of this expression, to which
Lord Suffolk, in the malignancy of his Toryism, gave utterance, and
it will remain a stain upon his memory, so long as are remembered
the enormities and abominations of the American war ; but Lord
Suffolk stood not alone in his iniquity ; he was of the hopeful gen
eration of Bible and Crown men that have vexed mankind before
and after, and yet continue so to do, even unto this day. The spirit
of Toryism being inherent of the devil, is always the same. The
execrations of the cavaliers in the war which Charles the first waged
against his people, is but an early and most faithful portrait of it in
principle and action, ever since. ' They raved,' says Pendens histo
rian, ' like fleshly devils, when the mist shrouded from their pur
suit the wandering. Whigs.' One gentleman, according to the MS.
Account of the Presbytery of Penpont, ' one gentleman closed a
declaration of his vengeance against the conventiclers with this im
precation — " Or may the devil make my ribs a gridiron to my
soul ! " A gentleman ! Good God, to let fall from his lips such
an expression as this.
Fortunately, the people defeated these infernals, these cavaliers,
these gentlemen, or what but almost universal slaughter had fol
lowed upon Tory victory. The people, after the war, only shot a
couple of the most malignant of them in Colchester Castle-yard,
and what a hubbub there has been about it ever since. The stone
upon which they kneeled is shewn with a solemnity that implies a
martyrdom. It may be so ; but what was the sacrifice of Sir Charles
r Lucas and Sir George Lisle on that occasion to the thousands upon
thousands of the friends of Freedom that have been immolated at
the shrine of Tory diabolism on every occasion and at all times
since Tories havehad existence and a name : and to this may all
the people of America, in the plenitude of their victory, say amen,
amen, amen.
Bad as the Tories were and raging in Charles the first's detested
reign, they did not employ the savages of North America against
their brethren and fellow subjects. It may be said, that they could
not : this we will not dispute, it is enough that they did not.
However, the King was charged, and proof was brought home to
his dissimilating majesty, with endeavouring to bring over, through
the means of Lord Glamorgan, an army of Irish catholics against
the people of England, — and savages they certainly were, if the
rising up as one man in one night and murdering every protestant
that fell in their way, — man, woman, and child, — partake of savage-
ism. -To be sure, in the open field these were anything than formi
dable as warriors, which Cromwell afterwards made appear, yet the
kind intentions of Charles and his Tories in the transaction, were
not less manifest on that account.
Lord Suffolk's blasphemous doctrine was brought forward also
in defence of Charles, as was likewise, Mr. Pitt's of state necessity
and existing cirumstances, and it served the rogues for their season
of clamour, as the same do ever when state villainy is at work.
God and Nature, State Necessity, Existing Circumstances, John

96 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
Bull's Bible and Crown, were all invoked by the Tories to justify
the Manchester massacre ; and at all times will be whensoever the
Parliamentary Reform question presses inconveniently home to their
places and pensions, sinecures and donations, .and all their Ways and
Means of Corruption, iivHoly League, to vex and subdue the spirit
of Freedom, — which notwithstanding is every day growing in its
growth and strengthening in its strength.

MRS. THOMAS HEYWARD.
Mas. Thomas Heywaud, in two instances, with the utmost firmness, refused
to illuminate for British victories. An officer forced his way into her presence,
and sternly demanded of Mrs. Heyward, — ' How dare you disobey the order
which hps been issued ¦; why, madam, is not your house illuminated ? ' — ' Is it
possible for me, sir,' replied the lady, with perfect calmness, ' to feel a spark
of joy ? Can I celebrate the victory of your army, while my husband re
mains a prisoner at St. Augustine ? ' ' That,' rejoined the officer, ' is of but
little consequence ; the last hopes of rebellion are crushed by the defeat of
Green at Guildford. You shall illuminate.' ' Not a single light,' replied the
lady, ' shall be placed with my consent, on such an occasion, in any window
of my house.' ' Then, madam, I will return with a party, and, before mid
night, level it with the ground.' ' You have power to destroy, sir, and seem
well disposed to use it ; but over my opinions you possess no controul: I dis
regard your menaces, and resolutely declare — I will not illuminate ! '
Gardes.
In what a devil of a stew would be one of .our English ladies of this
passive-obedient period of apathy and delusion, were the messenger
of power to announce, that if she did not immediately comply witjh
some despotic command, alike insulting to her as a woman and a
wife, as revolting to her inmost principles, — that her house forthwith
should be razed to the ground. So much accustomed to comforts,
and those comforts approaching- so close to luxuries, and those lux
uries becoming from habit, as it were, almost necessaries of life,—
that, were the messenger of power to force his way into her pres
ence and say, ' Madam, if you do not immediately display every
form and visible sign of rejoicing at the enactment which abolishes
the use of tea, you will be compelled so to do by the strong arm of
authority.' . Would she comply ? Yes, she would. She would
grumble a little at the loss of the dear nectar of her morning and
evening hours, and at the additional cruelty of insisting upon her
outward show of rejoicing at it, yet she would comply ; I know her
well ; she would comply.
Such have been ever since the French Revolution the raw-head
and bloody-bones stories set forth of that memorable resistance ' to
all in authority ; ' such have been the alleged disgrace, the imputed
disloyalty, the everything to be condemned in the least demur to .
the fiat of rulers and governors, that the gentlewomen of England
are absolutely silenced, even though once so formidable in spirit
and array against despotism. Such tales of ravishing of ladies, and
killing of gentlemen, and sending of priests about their business)

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 97
of setting up the Goddess of Reason, and proclaiming atheism in
the room of passive obedience to kings and rulers, and the worship
of the True God according to our happy establishment, — that the
poor dames are entirely subdued into the tranquil and pious belief,
that all is at home just as it shpuld be.
Were it not that these delusions have been unceasingly reiterated
in all the seductive and glowing colours of interested description,
in every language that poetry and prose could devise, — by all the
host of * Princes, Placemen, Pittites, Priests, and Peers,
Fulsome Addresses, Sermons, and Couriers,'
the cause of Reform and Redress of Grievances had long since been
strengthened in the devotion of the gentlewomen of England. The
taxes, which eat up everything, will, it is to be hoped, in time open
their eyes ; but ladies little understand these things. Because a
moiety of the assessed fleecery is dispensed with for the present,
the ladies are instructed to sing ' O be joyful,' and to talk to their
children, and, as occasion may offer, to their household, about the
most amiable government in the world, without reflecting, that, if
not debarred the nectar of their morning and evening hours, their
dear delicious tea; yet they have it as a boon scarcely worth ac
ceptance from a high English spirit, upon the terms it is granted.
The tax upon it before it leaves the India House is one hundred per
cent. ; which doubles the price to the wholesale dealer, who never
fails to profit by the hint, and charges accordingly. This is not all
the mischief; for in consequence of the price being so exorbitant
in retail, the tax is frequently evaded in the debasement and adulte
ration of the article, and it is supposed that double the quantity of
what leaves the India House is sold to the consumers, which can
only be in the creation of that immense addition by a preparation
of tree leaves, broad grasses, and other vegetable productions at
home. Thus isthe whole corrupted and rendered not only ungrate
ful to the palate, but unwholesome to the stomach and destructive
to the nerves, and none suffer so acutely from this adultery as the
ladies. To the inordinate tax alone must be attributed these evils,
whose mischiefs are incalculable ; for this wretched preparation,
under the name and semblance of tea, has become a necessary of life.
Glass, the pleasure and comfort of a lady's habitation, is taxed in
every form and in every way. That by which she attires and adorns
her person, and that which gives such splendour to her drawing-
room, are taxed even to extortion. If, saith one of our eminent
fruiterers, the heavy duties upon garden glass were relinquished, we
should soon have African gardens of great extent on the banks of
the Thames, and pine apples would be cried through our streets,
two for a crown. The late Sir Joseph Banks enumerated the deli
cious fruits of every clime, which would yet more distinguish the
usual elegance of her table ; and, last not least, the light of heaven
through her windows in the form of glass, is taxed to a most inor
dinate amount. Brandy, which no mother of a- family should be
without, in a medicinal point of view, independent of it being the

98 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
life and soul of her made wines, is modestly taxed at two hundred
per cent, above its prime cost. Sugar, which sweetens her tea, and
preserves her summer fruits for winter use, pays a duty so near to
one hundred per cent., that a pin's point could scarcely be passed
between ninety-nine and the cool hundred. The malt which fur
nishes the wholesome beverage for her own table and maintains the
hospitality of her kitchen, is also charged with between fifty and
sixty per cent, of the price of the raw material, yet is she insult
ingly told that the malt tax has been taken off. From her deceased
father she cannot receive her fortune without the impious legacy
tax being imposed upon it ; neither can she be united to her heart's
dear choice, without a tax upon the ceremony. From the hat, cap,
and bonnet on her head, to the shoe, slipper, and sandal of her foot,
she is enormously taxed ; but it comes, I believe, from fathers,
husbands, or brothers paying all, that mothers, wives, and sisters
think so little about it.
These pay-all gentry have aforetime been told, that ' everything
they take into their mouths is adulterated, to elude the tax with
which it is charged, to pay the interest of the national debt ; as,
but for the duty, every such article would be so reasonable in price,
that the hazard and trouble of evasion would not be compensated,
whilst the disgrace and crime of debasing the good things which
God hath given to human industry, would not alone attach to this
country. Everything that they wear and tear and manually use, for
the like cause, is reduced in substance and diminished in quality.
The commonest necessaries of life, their daily bread, the light of
heaven, nay, their inheritances, and the endearing bequests of kin
dred friends, all yield an unhallowed tribute to the indirect despotism
and direct rapacity of a den of thieves.'
The taxes must be paid, cry the knaves that have an interest in
them, and the fools who believe that the debt was fairly contracted :
which leads every sensible person to ask whence this wide waste of
property, this profligate expenditure, and why ? To which may be
answered, that the real motive in so doing was to uphold the loy
alties, nobilities, and dignities of the land, against the best interests
of every other description of all society. The first excessive weight
of the national debt was felt after the HOLY WAR which dismem
bered America from the empire. Another HOLY WAR followed
upon this against the French republic, out of which hopeful hostility
grew a giant in arms, who cost us three hundred millions to raise
up to the topmost round of ambition's ladder, and- four hundred
millions more to pull him down again. These seven hundred mil
lions, in addition to the amount before the best of Kings and men,
before the father of his people reigned over them, will determine
the precise weight of the millstone which at this moment hangs
round the necks of the
' Princes, Placemen, Pittites, Priests, and Peers '
of England ; and if they do not soon devise some happy mean to
get rid of it, will sink them all.
The bankruptcy and distress which the huge national debt with

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 99
its consequent poor rates are so rapidly accelerating, will of neces
sity bring about that Reform which wisdom and justice, reason and
argument, entreaty and petition, begging and praying, writing and
speaking, abusing and scolding, have failed to effectuate in fifty
years of unabated and zealous pursuit. In the absence of that
timely Reform so frequently and so strenuously advocated by one Of
the greatest of the truly great, the ' Reform with a vengeance,' once
so solemnly assured to be the fatal consequence of withstanding the
declared sense of all the People, will ensue, and a season of violence
may be expected. The standing army will be employed to preserve
social order and good government, and if the privates will do what
the social order men call their duty, a civil war is the inevitable re
sult. The People, in the early stage of the business, will be cut
and mangled and dispersed, as they were at Manchester, but this
legitimate triumph will not last long, for the People of England are
never to be beaten.
' The gentlemen of England that live at home at ease,'
and the gentlewomen too, will no longer remain in the distance,
When the People of England are attempted to be crushed by baronial
arrogance and malignancy ; but as those in America, wjll, in all the
fervour of Patriotism and Love of Country, ' turn, turn upon their
enemies,' and soon become disciplined and invincible. So was it in
the days of Charles the First, who lost his crown and his life in his
lawless contest with his People of England. So was it with George
the Third, who lost his provinces and his senses in his lawless con
test with his People of America ; and so it will be with Charles or
George anyone, who enters into a lawless contest with their sub
jects, provided those subjects be composed of the same brave un
yielding materials as heretofore, and who can doubt it ?

LIEUTENANT MOORE.
A few days previous to the evacuation of Charleston, a very rash expedition,
suggested by General Kosciusko, occasioned the loss of Captain Wilmot and
Lieutenant Moore, two of the most distinguished partizans in the service.
The object was to surprise a party of wood-cutters from Fort Johnstone,
working in view of the garrison of Charleston. The party found their enemy
prepared, and received so deadly a fire, that Wilmot and several of his men
tell lifeless, while Moore and many others remained on the field covered with.
wounds. Kosciusko, although a spontoon was shattered in his hand, and his.
coat pierced with four balls, escaped unhurt. A British dragoon was in the
act or cutting him down, when he was killed by Mr. William Fuller, a very
young and gallant volunteer, who had joined the expedition.
This was the last blood shed in the revolutionary contest. The British buried
Wilmot with the honours of war ; and shewed the greatest attention to
Moore, who was removed to Charleston, to receive the best surgieal assist
ance. The amputation of the limb, in which he received his principal wound,
being indispensible, it was performed within a few days after the evacuation
by our own surgeons ; but mortification rapidly followed, he died greatly and
universally lamented. When first brought into town, great pains were taken
by the British surgeons to extract the ball, but without success. Mrs. Daniel
n 2

100 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
Hall, in whose house he lodged, and who had watched over him unremltting"-
' ly, being apprised of the business which brought the most distinguished sur
geons together, entering the apartment of Moore, as soon as they had retired,.
said, ' I am happy to find that you have not been subjected to so severe an,
operation as I had anticipated ; you appear to have experienced but little
agony. I was constantly in the next room, and heard not a groan.' ' My
kind friend,' he replied, ' I felt not the less agony ; but I wou-Id not have
breathed a sigh in the presence of British officers, to have secured a long and*
fortunate existence.' — Gauden.
Well was it that this occurred a few days before the British evacu
ated Charleston as defeated usurpers, for had it been a few days
after their entry of it as outrageous conquerors, Wilmot's body
might have remained for the kites and crows, and Moore might
have sought assistance from the dragoon farrier, and perhaps in
vain, or been glad to have taken up with the cowleech and left to
die in a ditch. Such was the raging fever of the angry and venge
ful passions of the British at the commencement of their HOLY
WAR, and such their calm decorum at the finish of it. They were
positively beaten and shamed into good manners, or rather some of
them, for Rawdon and Tarleton, Johnson and others, were savages
to the last. This inhuman HOLY WAR began in Toryism and
injustice, and naturally ended in defeat and disgrace. Because we
might not tax a people who had no representation to see justice
done towards them, yet who had a charter of their own to tax them
selves, they must be fallen upon without mercy by the armies and
navies of their hitherto King and protector, and cursed to the bot
tomless pity for resisting such abomination.
The war on the part of the King, flagrantly unjust in the outset,
and was at no time necessary, became, in pursuance, a cold-blooded
navigation against wind and tide ; on the part of the court and its
adherents a furious, malignant, oligarchical denunciation of ven
geance of ho wrong, and in the very face of all history and all ex
perience : and each met accordingly disgrace and discomfiture. By
the general muster at New York prior to the embarkation home of
the defeated remnant, it was found that the number of men killed
in the British service, amounted to forty-three thousand, six hun
dred, and thirty-five men, rank and file, exclusive of the officers
which fell in the field, or lost 'their lives either naturally or acci
dentally. It was insolently held, at the commencement of the cru
sade, to be disloyal to doubt in the least that the troops need only
shew themselves across the Atlantic, and all would be over in a
trice. — What a blockhead is John Bull ; take him all' in all, what a
blockhead he is.
After the surrender of Cornwallis's army, Charleston in course be
came untenable ; and himself, who under the shallowest suspicions
and the most tyrannical pretences, broke the terms of the capitula
tion of that city, was now under the necessity of capitulating at
York Town in Virginia. He had to reflect through life, that his
late abused, contemned, and basely treated enemy, abided by every
stipulation there, v> ith a punctuality and high sense of honour that
contrasted deep disgrace upon himself in sending the gallant General

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 101
Gaddesden and thirty-two other gentletrien inhabiting Charleston,
to the dungeons of St. Augustine, besides loading the prison ships
with very many more of the citizens. In the hanging of Colonel
Hayne, as also in the execution of several of the military of the
capitulating garrison, which the haughty Tarleton so rudely boasted,
it is hoped and trusted that his lordship took no part ; for if he
did, he died a murderer.
A very good sort of a man, with very many old woman's notions
in the loyalty way, after lamenting the horrors of revolutions in be
coming expression, and deploring the success of them, turns short
round upon the Tories and tells them that he is far from wishing to
check the genial current of the soul that aspires to liberty, — saying,
' It is the true state of nature, the genuine spirit of life, the health,
beauty, and support of society. We cannot even,' continues he, -
' extend our ideas beyond the sphere of this world and raise them
to another, without supposing that perfect freedom is the basis of
immortal felicity. A despotic heaven is a contradiction in terms ;
indeed, the generous struggles of human beings for liberty, when
wanton cruelty no longer debases lier cause, hre but assertions of
the divine part of our nature.' The man who committed to paper
these sentiments became the patronized friend of three of the most
determined and hostile enemies to American freedom, — King George
the Third, Earl Cornwallis, and Lord Rawdon, — and, as pretended,
only on account of these sentiments, and sentiments such as these.
This brazen instance of royal and noble inconsistency, bamboozle,
and chicanery, is a just specimen of what is continually passing in
England under the most amiable expressions, emblems, designations,
and denominations ; and to chime in with it, is a sort of loyalty and
social-ordership, that never does a man any harm.
A triice with such trumpery when better things are in view.
One ounce of sincerity tried by the touchstone of pain and sufferings
is worth a ton of it. The heroic firmness and endurance manifested
by Lieutenant Moore becomes ' a fine trait of character, and well
became him as an American officer, so adversely situate. The
British of late, however, had witnessed other instances of undaunt-
edness on the part of their hitherto contemned and reviled oppo
nents, which tended somewhat to open their eyes and clear their
understandings as to the certainty of prevailing against them : nay,
the probability was every day becoming weaker, while themselves
furnished not one example of Mr. Moore's constancy and greatness
of soul. Indeed, it is astonishing how bravely and patiently some
men can endure agony and torment, when full of philosophy or am
bition, and when rich in ' the golden metal of the mind.' Be they
Christian, Heathen, Turk, or Jew, it mattereth not. Epic'tetus the
stoic, was originally the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedman of
Nero. This hrute of a master tortured the leg of his slave, who,
smiling and not at all discomposed, said, ' You will break it. : ' and
when it was broke, he said, ' Did not I tell you that you would
break it.' — Seeing that he could not resist or avoid the ' suffering,
he stoically endured it ; yet it must not be ranked so high an ex-

102 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ample of patience as the one relating it so anxiously would infer,
but which hath no relevance here.
Major Garden has related of Major, afterwards General Thomas
Pinckney, that at the battle of Camden he was desperately wounded
and made prisoner. His patience and fortitude, continues, the Ma
jor, remained unshaken. Conveyed into the town, it was night
when he reached Mrs. Clay's house, — then by the fiat of power
converted into an hospital. The family had retired, and he was
placed on a table in the piazza, where he lay till morning, suffering
under a compound fracture of both bones of his leg, as he would
not permit the rest of an oppressed and patriotic female to be dis
turbed. This calm and happy temper of mind contributed in no
small degree to the preservation of his life ; for an exfoliation of
the broken bones followed soon after his removal to quarters, and
no surgical aid being at hand, he was obliged to direct the dressing of
his wound, and point out to his anxious and intrepid wife the splinters
that occasioned the greatest agony ; while with tenderness she re
moved them. The trial indeed was a severe one to a lady of uncom
mon sensibility ; but there is no exertion to which the female heart,
under the influence of its affections, is not equal, — remarks the gallant
recorder of the heroic sufferings and achievements of his country
men and women during that war of Patriotism and Love of Coun
try against the King and government and Tories of England.
The playful endurance of a gallant heart under acute pain and
suffering, where the evil could not be avoided, was also exemplified
in a French officer, the Marquis de la Tour, and since one of Louis
eighteenth's minister. He lost his leg in consequence of a severe
wound by a musket ball in the thigh, in one of the many battles
preceding the restoration of the Bourbons. He bore the amputation
with much indifference, and when the operation was over, he con
versed jocosely with those around. Perceiving his servant in tears,
he said to him, — ' You affect to cry, but you cannot deceive me.
I know you to be an idle fellow, and that you are secretly glad to
see me in this state ; because hitherto you have had two boots to
clean, and now you will only have one.'
These are fine traits of mental exertion over bodily misery, and
Well deserve recording ; but of all to be admired is that of one of
Napoleon's private soldiers, ' faithful and true,' and loyal to the
core. Had it been on the legitimate side, Chateaubriand would
have composed an epic upon it, and Southey a doleful ditty, or at
best a rhapsody. As it was, the public journals only had the hon
our of celebrating the sublime exclamation of so humble a warrior.
A gentleman who has been the means of handing down to posterity
a thousand interesting things of Napoleon and his enthusiastic
friends and followers, for which the Tories would hang him if they
could, relates from Simpson's Visit to Flanders, that —
' A singularly wild and almost poetic fancy was the form in which
a French soldier, wounded at the battle of Waterloo, displayed his
enthusiasm. He was undergoing with great steadiness the opera
tion of the extraction of a ball from his left side, when in the mo-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 103
ment of his greatest suffering, he exclaimed — " An inch deeper, and
you'll find the Emperor ! " '
Never, surely, at any time, was the inmost loyalty of a bleeding
heart, so beautifully expressed. What a courtly uproar there had
been, had so fine an instance of pure unmixed attachment transpired
from the lacerated breast of a private soldier of our own army.
What a sickening parade would our fulsome addressers have made
about ft, as would all their tribe and reptile generation. Indeed,
we are so pestered and overrun with cant and mock-loyalty, that
the ' faithful and true ' shrink from this blazon and display, and
scarcely anything is more difficult than to discover where is the real
feeling of love and affection for the monarch so eulogized and ad
dressed : but of a certainty, it is no where so deeply seated as to
require the surgeon with his probe and forceps to find it.
Very many other anecdotes might be given of the unbounded
loyalty and attachment of the French army and the French people
towards their fallen Emperor. When a century hence these little
things are collected into one great impassioned story, the eventful
relation of Napoleon's rise and fall, his dethronement, his exile and
untimely death, — and men of feeling, sense, and judgment read it,
— my God ! what a poor and pitiful figure will the victorious Prince
and King of a free people, who became his gaoler, display in the
very head and front of it. To so become the slave of passion in its
undignified forms of fear and anger, hatred and revenge, as that
victorious Prince and King did become ; — to so become the tool of
the despots of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, as that victorious Prince
and King did become, will, a century hence, excite feelings unutter
able-.' Language presents not the mean of expressing the degradation
of any event, only half so unmajestical. Something as near it, as per
haps ever will be, was hit off by a spectator of one of the grand
reviews of the allied armies in 1819, at Valenciennes.
Mr. Ormsby, an English clergyman, mentions in his visit at that
period to Aix la Chapelle, that on his return from the review, he
was accompanied by an old Frenchman. After expressing his ad
miration and astonishment, he remarked that this was a proud day
for Buonaparte. I was at a loss, says Mr. Ormsby, to understand
his meaning, when he continued — ' The sovereigns are magnanimous,
your general the greatest captain of the age, — the armies the finest
the world ever saw ; — and yet they are so afraid of that one man,
that they chain him upon a barren rock, lest he should defeat them
all.'

JUDGE BURKE.
Judge Burke, returning from a circuit in the interior, happened on one occa
sion fo fall in with a long train of waggons near Nelson's Ferry, conveying
produce from North Carolina to Charleston. With their conductors he im
mediately engaged in conversation, and, wishing to ascertain their opinions of
passing events, asked if they thought the recently adopted constitution of the
United States would prove' useful and acceptable to the people ? The reply

104 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
was unanimous — ' By no means ; — we abominate it, and to such a degree,
that, should the President think proper on any Emergency to call us into the
field, we would refuse obedience to a man.' ' Tell that,' said the judge, ' to
some one that does not know you. Refuse to obey the call of your chief ma
gistrate, when your country is in jeopardy, — impossible ! Look to the disci
pline which every mother's son of you keep up on your farms, when you wish
to know the extent and condition of your stock. Do you not blow your
. conches, and do not your cattle and your sheep, your pigs and your poultry,
gather about you, as it were, to ask your commands ? and when danger
threatens, and the President blows his conch to call you to your duty, would
you have me believe that you would be more insensible than the beasts of trfe
field ? The protection which the government he administers affords, is, to
you, what feed is to your hogs ; and at the first blast not one of the swinish
herd would be more nimble in seeking h^s rations, than you would be in re
pelling aggression.' ' You are a very free-spoken man,' said one of his auditors,
' and may perhaps be a clever one ; but for your want of civility in comparing
us to our hogs, be pleased to pass to the rear ; you cross not this river till the
last of our waggons has reached the opposite shore.' The judge was forced to
comply ; but, recollecting that his presence was required by a particular time
in another quarter, he, at the risk of his life, swam his horses and paddled
himself across the river, admiring the independency of character of men who
would not tolerate incivility, even in a judge. — Gahden.
What, in England, would so many farmers in such a situation have
said and done, after hearing such things addressed to them by a
judge returning from a circuit in the interior ? They would have
said, ' Yes, my lord, it is very true ; ' and, stopping their waggons,
would have assisted the ' great gentleman-' over the river, paying
no more attention to his allusion to the swinish multitude, than if
it had not been made. I can deduce the malignant expression so
rancourously applied to the people of England in 1792 by another
' great gentleman ' of the name of Burke, from the time of Charles
the First, or should certainly believe, that he took the hint from his
namesake's conversation at Nelson's Ferry with the sturdy and most
independent American. I would yet believe so, if I had the means of
knowing whether our apostate and the American federalist were
scions from the same stock and parentage : and why not ? they
both were Irishmen, each bore the same name, and were about t! e
same age.
Again I ask, what, in England, would so many farmers in such
a situation have said and done ? and again I answer, they would
have said, ' Yes, my lord, it is very true,' and then have assisted the
judge over the river. To be sure, in America there are none or
scarcely any renting farmers, and consequently the farmers there
dare say that their souls are their own ; as can, thank God, the
farmers in England who till their own freehold and do not shackle
themselves with a rental upon the estate of some ' great gentleman.'
I do not think that any portion of all the community are more in
chains than the renting farmers of England, but they never were
very wise in their generation. Tell an English farmer that you
will turn him out of his farm if he do not so and so, or vote so and
so, and the blockhead is thrown into consternation, as though a
good tenant were not equally valuable with a good landlord, and
that the master is not quite as unwilling to part with the man, as
the man with the master. I am sorry to say, and, when saying it,

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 105
have no wish -to offend them, that they are a race of Englishmen,
timid and blind, and it were well that they made a tour through the
manufacturing districts, and, when there, be cut for the simples.
The late strictures of an English traveller to America, dwell upon
the judges there wearing no great wigs, and of the barristers no
gowns, nay, of one even taking off his coat to plead ; under an
impression of the traveller that the solemnity and gravity of justice
require imposing appearances. For my part, I think very little of
it. Justice is of herself so pure, that she needs no aid from quack
ery. Jeffries wore a large wig, as also did another judge, now no
more, thank God. His wig was of preposterous dimensions ; which,
beheld once upon a time by a Lincolnshire farmer, he declared to
his friends, on returning home, that the Chief Justice had a wig on
that would ' todd two ! ' A judge, now living, who fined a defend
ant on his defence, actually while pleading his own cause in court ;
in the very cant of mock-loyalty fined him because his words were
not legitimately placed : — this judge also wears a devil of a wig.
Not a much less wig was worn by the judge who about five and
twenty years since struck off a magistrate from the list, and that
magistrate a clergyman, for having failed in some point of exami
nation of a culprit ; and, when Mr. Judge found that he had trenched
upon the province of the chancellor, who alone, under the King,
can break a magistrate, he trembled and atoned to the lord upon the
woolsack, but left his victim beside the bench to pocket the affront
of being so displaced. All. those judges who grant new trials, two
or three times over, to court lords and time-serving minions, against
inoffensive villagers, — wear monstrous wigs. Old Bags is a great
wig man, and never once DOUBTS of the utility of it ; while to a
very pretty purpose did  the other day, at Cambridge, ex
hibit his wig. .To be sure, his concern was not upon quite so large
a scale, but from the probationary ode he there recited upon mercy
and doubt of reverend guilt, his wig, in coming time, if the game
of humbug last, will of a surety ' todd two.'
Our English traveller was rather surprised at the circumstance
of a little shabby bare-footed boy telling him that his father was a
' squire ; ' and that a ' squire in America attends sessions trials and
hears causes ; ' but when he added, that his father ' at other times
assisted Mr. H-  at the tavern there, in the bar,' aristocracy was
thrown off its. centre, and departed not well pleased with this sample
of republican magistracy. Now, with the exception of assisting in
the bar of a tavern, our 'squires employ their leisure hours in much
the same way of those of America : they ' attend sessions trials,
and hear causes : ' and if in all cases even the tavern exception can
be taken, it is well. Not much less than five years since a culprit
was taken before the chief magistrate of Grantham, the alderman,
not the mayor,-^-Grantham has no mayor. The prisoner was charged
with a misdemeanour, and on his conviction the learned alderman
, thus addressed him :
' By the act of parliament, I see that this offence is punished with
six months' imprisonment, on conviction before two magistrates.

106 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
Now you may think yourself a nation lucky fellow 5 for if more
than one magistrate had been here, you would have had the whole
six months, but as I am alone, I can of course only send you to
gaol for three months ; and before you go, let me give you a little
advice. Take care of your conduct in future, and avoid bad com
pany, which has brought you to this situation ; for if you had not
done that there, you wouldn't have come to this here.'
Permit me to ask the fastidious contemners of American juris
prudence, how much less fit the squire of Patterson in the Jersey
state was to sit in judgment, than the sage and eloquent personage
of the borough and town of Grantham, in the county of Lincoln.
I do not, upon reflection, think, that the alderman stands on the
' vantage ground,' even in the tavern part of the story, for he had
an opportunity of exhibiting in that department, in common with
the American justice, and of which he doubtless availed himself.
Know we not, that at that time, a neighbouring Peer of the Realm
was an Innkeeper, and this magisterial lump of worship might oc
casionally assist at the bar of the Angel, in honour of his noble
patron, and his noble patron's customers. That he was very fre
quently in the bar during the time of my lord keeping the inn, is
fact undeniable ; and what he was doing there, may easily be con
ceived without any great stretch of the imagination.

MAJOR ANDRE.
It is certainly a very singular circumstance, that Andre" should, in a very satrrf
ical poem, have foretold his own fate. It was called the ' Cow Chase,' and
was published by Rivington, at New York, in consequence of the failure of
an expedition undertaken by Wayne, for the purposes of collecting cattle.
Great liberties are taken with the American officers employed on the occasion :
— with ' Harry Lee and his dragoons, and Proctor and his cannon ; '
but the point of his irony seemed particularly aimed at Wayne, whose enure
baggage he asserts was taken, containing
' His congress dollars and his prog,
His military speeches ;
His cornstalk whiskey for his grog,
Black stockings and blue breeches ; '
and concludes by observing, that it is necessary to check the current of satire,
' Lest the same warrio-drover Wayne,
Should catch and hang the poet.'
He was actually taken bv a party from the division of the army immediately
under the command of Wayne.-^GARDEN.
This poem is now, out of all doubt, a great curiosity, and if any
good-natured American will furnish a copy of it, he shall have an
Englishman's thanks, — things somewhat scarce as times go. More
generals than Wayne, perhaps, are mentioned in it, and why not
General Washington ! Wayne and others lashed by Andre', might
be upon his court-martial, and dwell the while upon the Cow Chase.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 107
Washington, who so strenuously persisted in the sentence, might
also think upon the Cow Chase ;— such things will fleet across the
mind, be that mind never so great.
Upon the grave of poor Andre- were planted two or three cedars,
in token of his transient green age, and in memory of his ever
green virtues. These were cut down two or three years ago, after
growing nearly forty, and sent to England, to be manufactured into
some articles to be presented to the surviving friends of the unfor
tunate soldier, in eternal and heir loom remembrance of him. I
saw them in London, but they were good for little or nothing, and
I believe that scarcely anything better than walking sticks were
made out of them ; whereas, there is that connected with this poem
of the Cow Chase, which may endure to future ages, and attract
many a tear to his memory.
Not all the magnanimity and high-mindedness, not all the unim
peachable intentions and sterling honesty of General Washington,
shall ever Win my assent to the expediency of executing Major
Andre. True, he was convicted by a general court-martial of being
found as a spy within the American lines, — but Was that court-mar
tial sufficiently divested of the angry passions inseparable, more or
less, from the minds even of the most honourable men ? When the
execrable .traitor Arnold proposed to negociate with General Clinton
for the betraying of his important post "at West Point, Major Andr6
was employed to carry on the affair with every secrecy. He was
landed on the beach at midnight, and, as every one knows, remained
so long that morning surprised him, and, after a few contrivances
to escape, which failed, was taken, with the papers containing the
strength and numbers of the American garrison, concealed in his
boot. All bad enough, certainly, but it was Arnold the traitor vil
lain, who got safe over to the enemy, that filled every mind with
indignation. Could this boiling rage have vented itself upon him,
Andr6 had been saved ; but he had eluded pursuit, leaving the un
fortunate young man to encounter the brunt of it, who was conse
quently condemned. The old European laws of war were doubtless
with the court-martial, but the Americans, who were hourly shed
ding their blood in resistance to feudal tyranny and inhumanity, had
done well to have taken reason and justice for their guide, leaving
prejudice and inhumanity to their aristocratic enemies, who inherited
both from the warlike ruffians that ' came in with the conqueror.'
General Washington, himself but a man, and though a very good
one, was equally under the influence of all the feelings which Ar
nold's defection had excited in others, and which can only account
for his confirmation of the sentence, and the obdurate stand which
he made against every mediation in the prisoners favour. Colonel
Hayne, to be sure, had been hanged at the furious fiat of a British
general, without any trial whatever ; but that general was Lord
Rawdon, and surely the Washington of the western world was not
to be influenced by a haughty brat of nobility, with a red rag upon
his bjtck, a feather in his hat, and a King's instructions in his
pocket to hang, burn, and destroy the REBELS, wheresoever he

108 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
found them : oh no ! the comparison were odious indeed, and in
sulting beyond all measure.
Mr." Faux; tells us, that two old German gentlemen who were
with him on board the General Wade Hampton in 1819, stated that
they knew the unfortunate and accomplished Major Andre\ Both
sides, they said, regretted, and were unwilling to witness his death ;
and the American government would have saved him if the British
would have given up the traitor Arnold. He was fairly tried, they
said, and no precipitation was evinced towards him. He thanked
the court-martial for their gentlemanly treatment of him. Three
months elapsed between his apprehension and his execution ; but
when he was led out and saw the gallows instead of the rifle, his
firmness in some measure forsook him. He was elegantly dressed
in his martial suit, and on giving his cravat to his waiting man, only
said, — ' I die for the honour of my King and country : ' — at which,
General Green, the American commander who presided in the midst
of the surrounding army upon this sad occasion, shook his head and
observed, — ' No, you die for your cowardice, and like a coward.'
I heartily wish, for the honour of General Green, that when he
so shook his head, he had shaken a more humane and soldierly
expression out of it. I have not language strong enough, even at
this distance of time, to convey my abhorrence of it, and notwith
standing all his military glories, so long as this unfeeling taunt is
remembered, it will leave a stain upon them.
The necessity of making an example is but a poor plea, where
otherwise there was plenty of room for mercy ; and, that denied, to
refuse poor Andre" the death of a gentleman and a brave soldier, he
being confessedly both, was disgraceful in the extreme. It was
found necessary, say the Americans, to visit Andre's offence with
infamy, and therefore his earnest request to be shot, and not hanged,
was denied. I will not assent to their position : to go over to the
enemy's camp in disguise, is nothing more or less than a stratagem
of war, and if the laws do doom a detected military spy to death,
they cannot attach infamy to him. The infamy of espionage is in
civil society, where, as by the cold-blooded, reckless Castlereagh,
and the wretched mealy-mouthed Sidmouth, the villain Oliver was
here in England, sent in the character of friend among the Luddites
and others : he gained their confidence, brake bread with them, and
drained their hospitable cup, only to entice them into crimes which
the law calls capital. Many of these deceived, misguided men,
were after conviction hanged by Oliver's employers in complacent
triumph, as examples to the general community, as the can't of le
gitimacy hath it. This spying was indeed infamous on the part of
the employers and the employed, and if they had all been hanged
in a string, the general community had been the better for the ex
ample, and, not doing so, is ' one good reason why ' the people of
England are at this moment infested with spies in every direction.
Every large city hath five or six of them, every market-town two
or three, and every* village one ; and more unlikely things have
come to pass than their hanging day.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 109
Our ' most amiable government in the world ' is very chary of
hanging great folks and reverend preachers, for example's sake, be
they never so deserving ; it is the poor defenceless devils that must
go to pot, as is the case in all countries, —
' Where little villains must submit to fate,
That great ones may enjoy the world in state,'
or the Bishop of Clogher must have been hanged, for example's
sake ; but the bishop had birth, rank, family, and friends, to uphold
him ; moreover, the cloth would have undergone a deep stain, that
not all the mysterious purity of the establishment could have eradi
cated, and therefore also the Cambridge sodomite was so palpably
screened from justice. In like manner the Reverend H  of
Peterborough, W  of Sleaford, W  of Stamford, L 
of near Lincoln, and many others of the cloth immaculate through
out every diocese. Among the great sodomites of the laity per
mitted by legitimacy to escape, may be instanced Lord Courtnay,
Who at this moment disgraces America in his residence. Also
Lord E — '— — , who travelled in Egypt some twenty years since,
and who at length returned in a very pretty plight, and entirely
unquestioned. About forty more might be mentioned, but lest a
mistake occur and the feelings of an innocent man be wounded,
I desist ; and after placing the beast late of F  at the head of
the numerous wealthy commoners so shielded and screened, who
had all been hanged ere now if the gallows had its due ; if the
most unnatural of all crimes were not openly protected, and heaven
thus offended, only to further some vile ends and schemes of worldly
policy. ,
A deep sense of the deplorable impunity, through the connivance
at great crime, when committed by great people, was the cause of
this digression from my subject, and this dwelling in condemnation
of such doing : but I will now return to Major AndrtS. Amilitary
spy, who braves the danger without violating hospitality or abusing
domestic confidence, is surely no more deserving of death, than are
the soldiers of an ambuscade, or those of a rifle corps ; the first,
rising unawares from a wood or other hiding place, and bringing
hundreds of brave fellows down, without a chance of their striking a
blow in return ; the last, standing behind a tree, or lying concealed in
the long grass, singling out victim after victim, until sometimes the
best leaders of the opposing force are all killed or disabled, without
even having the satisfaction of seeing their enemy. These are all
stratagems of war to overcome, and the like were Andre's negocia-
tions with Arnold in the American lines. Alfred was a spy in the
Danish camp, but no one ever presumed to speak of it as infamous
or even as deserving of death. It was a stratagem of war, which
that great monarch followed out to the utter, ruin of the enemy, —
to which treachery was never applied," and where infamy was at no
time attached.
After all, it may, that Major Andre" did not suffer so much as a
spy, as in retaliation for the life of an American officer who was
hanged at New York by Sir William Howe soon after the action at

110 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
Long Island. This was Captain Hale, who was detected in the ef
fort of gaining intelligence of the British in the same clandestine
manner, and with the same frankness and liberality of mind that
marked the character of Andre", acknowledged that he was employed
in a business that could not be forgiven by his enemies. It is true,
that the British had no bowels of compassion or forgiveness for an
American, where there was the least Colour of martial law to shed'
his blood ; nay, the shadow of a shade would do : neither had Hale
the chance of trial, — that were much too much of a good thing, —
but was tucked up as a dog on the instant. Hale was Washington's
young friend, and he deeply felt the injury, and to his last hour
blamed himself for sending him into the jaws of the lion. Indeed,-
the world blamed him also, as ' it did Clinton too, for so hazard
ing Andrei, being both such fine young men, on a business that any
foolhardy blockhead could have executed just as well.
At all events, Andre" paid dear for his jest upon ' Harry Lee with
his dragoons, and Proctor with his cannon,' upon Wayne's ' military
speeches, his whiskey and blue breeches,' arid the sneer upon his
soldiership, when he styled him a warrio-drover. Sooner or later,
these things are brought home to arrogance in power, and all that
appertaineth thereto. If hireling slanderers and lickplate scribes
may be held in comparison with so brave and honourable a man as
Major Andrei, we would remind certain editors, publishers, and pro
prietors ; certain aiders and abettors of certain Cow Chaise perform
ances, which are continually seen in the columns of such papers as
the Courier, Post, and New Times ; in the pages of such reviews as
the Critic and the Quarterly, not forgetting Blackwood's stinkpot,
which is monthly tossed into our faces; and above all, in that ec
clesiastical firebrand which issues forth weekly under a name, that
ever until this villainous assumption of it, had been the honest pride
of the people of England : we would remind all these, that more
unlikely things have come to pass, — than their hanging day.

LORD CORNWALLIS.

When the power to shew mercy is unlimited, its exercise cannot be withheld
without guilt. The sentiment was in no manner congenial to the heart of
Lord Cornwallis. Forced, for the preservation of their families, to solicit
British protection, he, by an increase of severity and unlooked-for exactions,
compels his converts to fly to the hostile camps for security ; and then, in a
letter dated August 18, 1780, thus addresses Colbnel Cruaer, the command
ant at Ninety Six :—
' I have given orders that all the inhabitants of this province who had submitted^
and who have taken part in its revolt, shall be punished with the greatest
rigour. That they shall be imprisoned, and their whole property taken from
them or destroyed. I have ordered, in the most positive manner, that every
military man who had borne arms with us and afterwards joined the enemy,
shall be immediately hanged. I have now, sir, only to desire that you will
take the most vigorous measures to extinguish the rebellion, and that you will
obey in the strictest manner the DIRECTIONS given in this letter.'— Gab-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. Ill
From the violence, rapine, devastation, and shedding of blood, on
the part of the British, during the whole of the atrocious war
against the colonies, one would have supposed that old Harry the
Eighth had been King of England during all that time, rather than
the good-natured George the Third. As a man, George the Third
was truly good natured, and greatly esteemed on that account by
friends innumerable. As a private gentleman, he was the genuine
Sir Roger de Coverly which Addison drew, as it were, in foreknow
ledge of him : but as a Tory King, good Lord deliver us all from
such another. The Toryism of the Stuarts, which himself restored
to this crown and government, after its virtual abolition at the Re
volution, has involved the country in difficulties almost insurmount
able. It may require another revolution to repair the disastrous
occurrences of his reign, and even that not entirely ; for the loss of
America, the first fruits of the mischievous restoration, is irrepar
able. Not one event can be referred to, of that tyrannical and impoli
tic inroad upon liberty, life, and property, which is not floating in
the blood of his American subjects, or blazing in the conflagration
of their substance. Passive obedience was not to be enforced at
home, for reasons cogent and strong as banishment and the block
could make them ; so the experiment, forsoofh> was to be tried upon
America. In conformity with the infernal doctrines of Toryism,
wherein ' Killing is no Murder,' when they are to be accelerated
against a subject people, who hold by the divine law of God and
Nature quite another creed ; and who therefore stand at bay against
the assumed Divine Right of Kings, whether openly declared, or
craftily masked by the acts of a corrupt and venal parliament. Lord
Cornwallis, though not distinguished in particular for ability and
clearness, did however manage in two or three periods to condense
the principle of ' Killing no Murder,' and in language and sentiments
that ought continually to be held in remembrance by those who,
happily for their country, are not Tories. ,
Protection from the British ! What business had the British there
in arms, to make such protection extraordinary at all requisite ?
The law and the chartered liberties of the colonists ought alone to
have been their protection, and not an arbitary slip of paper, signed
by a general at the head of an army, to subvert that law and those
chartered liberties. Protection from the British ! while all around
the Americans, on every side, was one scene of conflagration and
devastation at the hands of these barbarian protectors, who them
selves so recently had violated the capitulation of Charleston, so
solemnly entered into, and signed in all due form, by the contract
ing parties. From this moment, the Americans saw no safety in
British pledge and promise,- and therefore flew in self-defence to
arms again on the side of their countrymen. No faith with rebels
when convenient to break, it, is a Tory maxim of the first magni
tude, and is never departed from ; while, be it known, that I do not
acquit the following out of the faithless example by the Americans,-
which the haughty, self-approving,. and scornful British had set them,

112 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
— I only condemn the diabolical barbarities with which it was visited.
Engagements must not be lightly broken ; but if anything can jus
tify the departure from a pledge, it must be self-defence, and in so
far I palliate the conduct of the Americans who took up arms again,
and no further.
Had they not so strong a plea, the crime, under all circumstances,
does not call down the Goth and Vandalism which Cornwallis and
his associates in command evinced. There was a Colonel Urrey,
who served in the parliamentary army against Charles the First, hut
from some disgust, or thinking to better his fortune, he repaired to
Oxford, and offered his services to the King. Not contented with
. simple desertion, to make himself yet more esteemed by his new
friends, he grafted treachery of the deepest dye upon his original
crime. He passed with his train in his way to Oxford, through
Reading, in the vicinity of which place lay scattered and unappre
hensive of danger, two regiments of cavalry, and one of infantry,
of Lord Essex's army. The horses were most of them out at grass,
and the men were idling about. Urrey observed this with a soldier's
eye, and told the royalists of it with a traitor's tongue. To take ad
vantage of this defenceless state of the Parliamentarians, Prince
Rupert drew out a sufficient force from Oxford, and, stealing down
to Reading, fell suddenly upon these dispersed bodies, when havoc
was the word, and reckless was the deed. Not only the butchery
of these unarmed men was the loss on that unfortunate day, but the
chief of all Patriotism and Love of Country yielded up his gallant
spirit also. When Rupert's sanguinary feat of arms was done, he
hastened back to Oxford, but not without being overtaken by some
of the Parliament's horse, who had escaped from the slaughter and
recovered from the alarm. These were unfortunately joined in the
pursuit, as a volunteer, by no less a personage than the renowed
Hampden. They came up with the enemy in Chalgrove field, and
in the charge, as is well known, Mr. Hampden was mortally wounded,
and expired six days after, in great agony.
Here was an accumulation of villainy scarcely to be paralleled in
the annals of crime. A host of friends not only deserted, but their
assailable weakness was most malignantly betrayed to the vengeful
swords of an infuriate enemy. Simple murder were a virtue in com
parison with this sanguinary wickedness ; and that the. loss of the
head and front of one of the best causes in which soldier ever drew
a sword, should be consequent upon it, dyes the iniquity yet more
diabolically black, if possible. Now, this arch traitor was not hanged
after the entire defeat of the King and his cavaliers; we never heard
that he was killed in the field, or that he ever took the trouble to get
out of the way, and are therefore left to conclude that he walked
about entirely unmolested among those friends whom he had so
basely betrayed, as though nothing had happened. Had he met his
deserts, his descendant, the editor and biographer of Chaucer,, a
doctor of the university of Oxford, had doubtless loaded Cromwell
and his victorious party with a learned diatribe bf loyal malediction,
which Doctor Urrey did not. How light the offence of the poor

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 113
Americans, when weighed against the miscreancy of this second
Judas Iscariot, yet Lord Cornwallis, with the hearty concurrence
and unfeigned applause of the King and his friends, caused them to
be hanged and despoiled, without mercy.
It must not be said, that Cornwallis did not write that letter to
Cruger, for even himself corroborates and confirms it in his dispatch
to Germain only three days after, being dated August 21, 1780.
He there concludes with saying — ' The rebel forces being at pres
ent dispersed, the internal commotions and insurrections in the
province will now subside ; but I shall give directions to inflict
exemplary punishment on some of the most guilty, in hopes to de
ter others in future from sporting with allegiance and oaths, and
with the lenity and generosity of the British government.' The
LENITY and GENEROSITY of the BRITISH GOVERNMENT !
Hear him, hear him, hear him, even those who are given to this
cant of Toryism and Legitimacy on other occasions ; and then listen
to the British historian's comment upon it, drawn from the most
undeniable documents and authorities of the time.
' In the circuitous- march of eleven hundred miles, from Charles-
town to Williamsburg, every place through which the British passed
had experienced the effects of their rapacity : and, instead of en
deavouring to conciliate the minds of the inhabitants by acts of
lenity, they alienated even those who were most friendly, by their
relentless and systematic severity. Yet was Lord Cornwallis, as an
individual, generous, disinterested, and humane ; but the favourite
and avowed maxim from which the military commanders seem not
to have thought themselves at liberty to depart, was, "that the
extreme of rigour, by making the war intolerable and resistance
hopeless, was in effect the greatest mercy, and the mode of all others
to be adopted, therefore, by the PARENTAL AFFECTION of
BRITAIN for reclaiming his majesty's DELUDED SUBJECTS of
America." '
These are sentiments far more adapted to the King and Court of
the Infernal Regions, than to a pious monarch of a christian coun
try, his bench of bishops, his ministers, and all his private and con
fidential friends in rule and governance. ' Such is the delusion,'
says an excellent friend of humanity, ' of these great politicians,
who consider what they term STATE INTERESTS as paramount
to all -other duties, human or divine, that, while their whole life is
a series of oppression, of troubles, of deceit, and of cruelty, their
STATE CONSCIENCE finds nothing to reproach itself with. Of
any other conscience it seems absolutely necessary that they should .
be divested. Cardinal Richelieu on his death-bed made a solemn
protestation, appealing to the last judge of man, who was about to
pronounce his sentence, that he never proposed anything but for the
good of religion and the state.' All history tells of the sinister
means which this church and state charlatan practised to maintain
the power which he attained by every political deception. Ingrati
tude to those who raised him, and the destruction of those who in
the slightest opposed him, were prominent features of his rule ;
while those concomitants of despotism, grinding taxation and a

114 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
military force to uphold it, went to complete his character, to fit
him for the death-bed, and assure his salvation. With this church
and state conscience at life's last breathing, went North and Ger
main to Heaven's bar, as also did Cornwallis, and all their coadju
tors in the HOLY WAR against America.
Gracious powers ! Eleven hundred miles of country ravaged
with fire and sword and the halter. If in that extent of population
all were enemies, Lord Cornwallis with half an eye must have seen
his ultimate ruin, and have desisted ; as it was, destruction hung
upon his footsteps, and at last overtook him. It could scarcely be,
that all were in hostile array against him ; then some were conse
quently friends, and many perhaps were neutrals, and either might
have protections. Of a certainty, where such Goths and Vandals
came, the protection of a slip of paper was little to be relied on ;
while the flying to the tents of their countrymen, with the brave
determination of dying with arms in their hands, was the crime
which called forth the vengeance which Lord Cornwallis denounced
in his letter to Colonel Cruger, and which his own ' ruffian hand of
conquest ' inflicted in every direction, right and left, and front and
rear, in the long circuitous line of march from Charlestown to Wil
liamsburg, of eleven hundred miles !
' Ye gentlemen of England that live at home at ease,'
reflect upon these things, place them in your mind's eye, submit
them to your unbiassed consideration, and then justify Cornwallis if
ye can. Think what an account is standing against him in Heaven's
chancery, where nor Toryism and IntolerableWar, nor Kings' instruc
tions, will in aught avail him : thelmngman's plea for carrying the
sentence of the law into execution, were better there.
Mr. Garden speaks of his lordship's change after his surrender,
saying, with our immortal bard,
' Sweet are the uses of adversity,'
and that from a Vandal he -became a christian ; became • as much
distinguished by gentleness and amiability, by justice and generosi
ty, as he had been previously characterised by an unbending haugh
tiness of demeanour, and a severity that neither the powei-ful solici
tations of the oppressed^ rendered eloquent by their sufferings, nor
the imperious calls of mercy and humanity, could ever subject to
controul : ' and, what is yet better, he adds, that this goodly change
remained with him always. In India, where his power knew scarcely
any limit, and in Ireland also, when sent with an army against
rebels, as the Tories always ¦ call their political opponents. Here
as Lord Lieutenant, with martial law to back his fiat, he still was
influenced, says Mr. Garden, by the goodly change effected at York i
Town in Virginia.
Napoleon declared him to be a very honest man, and gave a
very decided instance of it. Thus then, therefore, Lord Cornwallis's
chance of salvation rests upon the assurance, which the ministers of
God give every Sunday morning preparatory to prayers, that-
' When the wicked man turneth away from his wickedness, and '
doeth that which is lawful and right, he shall save his soul alive.'

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 115

BRITISH ATROCITIES.
When General Provost invaded Carolina, a considerable British force occupied
the house and plantations of Mr. Robert Gibbes, on the Stono.river. At the
period of their arrival there, Mr. John Gibbes, a respectable gentleman worn
down by age and infirmity, was on a visit to his brother. His usual residence
was on a farm called the Grove, where the race^ground is now established.
In addition to numberless exotics, he had a Green-house and Finery in the
best condition. A Major Sheridan, arriving from the army on the Neck, at
Mr. Gibbes's, was asked by an officer in the presence of the brothers — ' What
news ? Shall we gain possession of the city ? ' 'I fear not,' replied Sheridan,
' but we have made glorious havoc of the property in th.e vicinity. I yester
day witnessed the destruction of an elegant establishment, belonging to an
arch-rebel, who, luckily for himself was absent. You would have been de
lighted to see how quickly the pine-apples were shared among our men, and
how rapidly his trees and ornamental shrubs were levelled with the dust.'
Mr. John Gibbes, who was a man of strong passions, could hear no more, and,
regardless of consequences, with indignation exclaimed, ' I hope that the Al
mighty will cause the arm of the scoundrel who struck the first blow, to wither
to his shoulder." ' How is this, sir ? ' said Sheridan, ' dare you use such language
to me ? ' ' Yes,' said Mr. Gibbes, ' and would repeat it at the altar ! ' —
' The provocation,' said the commanding officer present, ' sufficiently justi
fies the anger of Mr. Gibbes; for your own credit, Sheridan, let the "matter
drop.' The catastrophe was dreadful. To banish thought, Mr. Gibbes, un
happily driven to an intemperance before unknown, retired to his bed, and
rose no more. — Garden.
This is another atrocious instance of Intolerable War, on the part
of the British against their colonies, and is cited by the Major as a
corroboration for the twentieth time corroborated, of the political
depravity of the King and his government, and ' all in authority '
under them, throughout that infernal crusade. At all time of the
dispute, even at the very outset of it, atrocity marked the conduct
of the British authorities. So early as the year 1775, Lord Dun-
more, governor of Virginia, in consequence of his violent conduct
towards the people, found it expedient to seek refuge from their
vengeance on board the Fowey man of war. He would from the
cabin have still governed them, had not the Legislative Assembly
divested him of all authority. Upon this he ' carried on a sort of
predatory war against the province, proclaimed martial law, and
immediate emancipation to all negroes and indented servants, able
and willing to bear arms in his majesty's service ! ' This is pre
cisely the crime for which the National Convention of France, at
the breaking out of the Revolution, have been so loudly anathema
tized by our hopeful Tory faction here at home, not caring to re
member, that it was one of our own true and lawful governors, fif
teen or sixteen years before, who furnished the example : nor did
the French follow it all out, for the item of the indented servants
was even too bad for them. At length an event took place, which
completed the alienation of the Virginians from the English gov
ernment. I have extracted this account from Belsham, one of our
very best Whig historians, and being so, the least read in England,
not so much from dislike as from the indirect yet assured suppres-
1 2

116 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
sion of the work by the confounded Tories and their renegado ad
herents. He has recorded the demand which was made by the
shipping in the bay of Chesapeak to the inhabitants of the town of
Norfolk, for provisions and other supplies for his majesty's service ;
which being peremptorily refused, a heavy cannonade was by order
of the governor commenced against the town, the richest and most
flourishing in the province, and in a few hours it was reduced to
ashes — the loss being estimated at three hundred thousand pounds.
This unpardonable villainy was perpetrated before the war had ac
tually commenced agreeable to state formalities, for it was even a
few days before the battle of Bunker's Hill.
This wide waste, this reckless ravage, this HOLY principle of
Intolerable War, on the part of the British, continued from the
savage destruction of the rich and flourishing town of Norfolk, to
that of the beautiful plantations of Mr. Gibbes, and thence to the
last minute of vengeful power- to do such deeds. Three or four
years after Lord Dunmore destroyed Norfolk in Virginia, Sir George
Collier and General Mathew burnt the town of Suffolk, in the same
province ; as also the vessels, provisions, and stores, found there,
and the same at Gosport, Jenner's Creek, and various other places
in that quarter. Another expedition under Sir George and Governor
Tryon, commanding the land forces, was projected against New-
haven in- Connecticut, which was plundered ; when these heroic
commanders proceeded to Fairfield and Norwalk, which they laid in
ashes ; and also the buildings and farm-houses, to the compass of
two miles round. At the same time, a proclamation was issued by
these ruffians, declaring ' the existence of a single house on the
coast to be — a striking monument of British mercy.'
Our historian, Robertson, whose every page is conscientious
truth, and whose every sentiment is condemnation of despotism and
state atrocity, who never fails, as enumerating any of the many acts
of the wanton, infuriate barbarities of the British, to curse them as
he goes along ; only confirms what all history tells, — that, had the
King and government been endued with the least feeling of human
ity and, justice, — had the one referred to his coronation oath, had
the other been any other than a horde of traitors to the constitu
tion, America had been saved to the British empire. Dr. Robertson
assures us, that in 1775, when General Gage, ' glad to quit the
thorney field, bade adieu to a country he had not the ability, and
perhaps not the inclination to subdue, the command of the army
devolved on Sir William Howe. General Oglethorpe, his senior in
office, an experienced veteran, grown old in military fame, had the
prior offer of this command. He agreed to accept the appointment
on condition the ministry would authorize him to assure the colo
nies that justice should be done them. He declared, that " he
knew the people of America well ; that they never would be sub
dued by arms, but that their obedience would be ever secured by
justice." '
On Oglethorpe declining, or rather upon the minister's shrinking
from his rectitude and disinterested sense of justice, the command •

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 117
was given to Howe ; who in the outset of it published a proclama
tion, condemning to military execution any of the remaining inhab
itants of Boston who should attempt to leave the town, compelling
them to form themselves into bodies under officers he should ap
point, and to take arms in case of an attack : nor was this all.
The most memorable event that took place while he presided in the
province, previous to the evacuation of Boston, was the cannonade
and destruction of Falmouth, a flourishing and well-built town in
the eastern parts of the Massachusets. One Captain Mo watt, who
had recently, says Dr. Robertson, been a prisoner there, notified to
the town, that ' he would give them two hours to remove the hu
man species, at the period of which term, a red pendant would be
hoisted at the main top-gallant mast-head, and that, on the least
resistance, he should be frepd from all humanity dictated by his or
ders or his inclination.'
Three gentlemen repaired on board his ship, continues Dr. Robert
son, to enquire the reason of this extraordinary summons. Mowatt
replied, that ' he had ORDERS to set fire on all the seaport towns
from Boston to Halifax, and that he supposed New York was al
ready in ashes.' He then prescribed the most peremptory conditions
- of obedience, assuring them, that on their refusal, he should lay the
town in ashes within three hours. Unprepared for such an attack,
and intimidated by the roar of the cannon, which began to play on
the town, the people supplicated a suspension till the morning, be
fore they replied to the proposal. They improved the short re
prieve, which with difficulty they obtained, in removing their fami
lies and effects, after which they made no further resistance.
Lo, after many, and in the midst of some of these montrosities and
inhumanities, and upon the immediate dread of the French alliance,
Lord Carlisle and other commissioners were sent over with concili
atory propositions. Good God ! attempt to conciliate a once wil
lingly subject people after such doings as these ? Doings of
which the Wild beasts of the forest had been ashamed : doings
which only appertain to the human savages of the wilderness, and
the twice savage Tory christians in church and state enormity and
unity, in blasphemy against God and the peace and good will of the
gospel : doings, hi fine, which belong entirely to the treason of the
Kings and governments of Europe against the indubitable rights of
all mankind L
It was in the earliest period of this Intolerable War, that the
Duke of Grafton, Bloomfield's ' good Fitzroy,' after remonstrating
with Lord North upon the flagrant injustice and marked impolicy
of it, and that proving ineffectual, demanding an audience of the
King, which was equally unavailing, — it was at this period that he
threw up his situation of lord privy seal with becoming indignation.
Coercion, the coarse wisdom of ' our most amiable government in
the world,' he found was unalterably resolved upon. Lord North
frankly told him so, and his majesty entered into a dissertation upon
the justice and necessity — the assured royal cant, whenever war is
determined on — of the sanguinary measures then in mefditation and

118 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
preparation ; and the result was, the loss of thirteen invaluable
provinces, and the disgrace of all the people of England of the time
being, in permitting his majesty so to fall away from the sacred and
solemn conditions of his crown and dignity.
Let me counsel the people of England of the present generation,
and of the generation now rising into manhood, that whensoever
their King is a Tory, the same hardness of heart, and contempt of
all contracts, conditions, and engagements, will be in full force
against them while resisting encroachments upon their chartered
rights and liberties. I do not say that the reigning monarch is a
Tory ; such unhappiness cannot be, for his majesty took Mr. Fox
to his bosom as his early friend, and imbibed the Whig principles
of that ever- to-be-lamented and most revered patriot. His majes
ty's father took Lord Bute in the like manner to his heart, and drank
of the bitter cup of Toryism which he presented to him, and sucked
in the poisonous principles of Stuart rule, and cast into the shade
those generous ones which enthroned his family. It is for the best
interests of us all, that his present majesty live long and govern
well ; for I hesitate not to say, that the next Tory King that reigns,
will lose even more than thirteen such provinces as were lost by
George the Third.
To be sure, in the civil war which such another reign will ine
vitably produce, our towns will be burnt by the Tories, as in Amer
ica ; our country will be devastated by the Tories, as in America ;
but likewise, as in America, themselves will be ultimately subdued
and ruined, for not all the Tories on earth can cope for seven years
together with the People of England. Indeed, if comes the tug of
war, after the first burst of their vengeance upon a resisting people,
— rebellious, they will yell, — their dear self-interests will a little a-
bate their enormities. Our beautiful shrubberies and plantations
may not all come under Tory ravage ' at one fell swoop,' lest re
taliation, that keen return of like for like, shall teach them a litUe
moderation. Their palaces, and parks, and woods, and pleasure-
grounds, are upon so large a scale, that while they cut us but
scarcely skin deep, we can penetrate to the heart and wound them
mortally. The Americans had not this to balance against Tory in-!
fliction, three thousand miles of ocean dividing them from the plea
sant habitations and splendid residences of their ruffianly oppres
sors ; but we give them to know, before the fray begins, that we
have this lex talionis within our reach, and by the God that made
us and who placed it there, we will use it upon the first aggression.
Trees are delightful things : they fill the mind with fine reflec
tions, and they generate and nurse a thousand agreeable sensations.
Colonel Moncrief, who so brutally cut down General Pinckney's
beautiful oaks, and the villains that destroyed the shrubs and trees
of Mr. Gibbes, were utter strangers to the rural enjoyments of a
well-conditioned mind, and for these outrages only deserved gibbet-
ting alive. The ravages of the British in America continually rer
mind us of Rufinius, Claudian's old man, who, at the hands of Alaric
the Goth, endured the like devastations. ' His pleasures, his de-.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 119
sires, his knowledge, were confined within the little circle of his
paternal farm ; and a staff supported his aged steps on the same
ground where he had sported in his infancy. Yet even this humble
and rustic felicity, which Claudian describes with so much truth and
feeling, was still exposed to the undistinguishing rage of war. His
trees, his old contemporary trees, must blaze in the conflagration of
the country ; a detachment of Gothic cavalry might sweep away his
cottage and his family ; and the power of Alaric could destroy the
happiness, which he was not able to taste or bestow.' Mr. Gibbon,
the author of this elegant passage, avails himself of the opportunity
to commend Cowley's translation of Claudian's verse, adding, that
perhaps he is superior to his original, where of old Rufinius he says—
' A neighbouring wood, born with himself, he sees,
And loves his old contemporary trees.'

MRS. CHANNING.
Shortly after the commencement of the war, the family of Dr. Channins, then
residing in England, removed to France, and sailed in a stout and well-armed
vessel for America. They had proceeded but a little way when they were at
tacked by a privateer. A fierce engagement ensued, during which Mrs. Chan-
ning kept the deck, handing cartridges, aiding the wounded, and exhorting the
crew to resist until death. Their fortitude, however, did not c6rrespond with
the ardour of her wishes, and the colours were struck. Seizing the pistols and
side-arms of her husband, she threw them into the sea, declaring that she would
rather die than see him surrender them to the enemy. — Garden.
A Roman matron had been honoured in the sisterhood of Mrs.
Channing. With such women to inspire the men, and in such a
cause as the Americans engaged in, a nation becomes unconquera
ble. She was but one of many, — some of which have been named
and others shall be,— while, from the Patriotism and Love of Coun
try evinced by all, these- spirited acts and deeds were of daily occur
rence ; and not being therefore particularly recorded, are lost and
forgotten. From these fine examples of enthusiasm, the British
were not long left undeceived as to the resistance they had to en
counter ; and the Bobadil boast of over-running America in one
short campaign soon vanished from the proud imaginations of their
hearts, and begat some cautious reflections and prudent arrange
ments. The action at German Town in 1777, I believe, first opened
their eyes ; they perceived with malignant vexation and disdainful
chagrin, that the Americans were not only beaten into discipline, but
had become no mean proficients in the art of war.
These fits of scorn would occasionally return after any partial
success, and in one of them, the British became cocksure of the
impregnability of the posts of Stoney Point and Verplanks, and
vaunted not a little about it. Not until General Wayne carried
them at the point of the bayonet, were they thoroughly convinced
that the word impregnable is one of many meanings. The resistless

120 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
intrepidity of the assailants, was only equalled in their clemency,
which was as conspicuous as their undauntedness : seeing that quar-,
ter in the like cases had frequently been refused by their foes, and
sometimes under circumstances most disgracefully ferocious.
Colonel Gansvoort, the intrepid defender of Fort Stanwix on the
Mohawk river, read the British another lesson of the kind, which
was not thrown away upon them. What force could not effectuate,
rude intimidation attempted. Colonel St. Ledger surrounded the
fort by a large body of British troops, in conjunction with a formi
dable appearance of Savages, yelling in the environs and thirsting
for blood. At the same time he threatened Gansvoort, that unless
he immediately surrendered the garrison, or if he delayed until it
was taken by storm, they should ALL BE GIVEN UP TO THE
FURY OF THE INDIANS, who were bent upon the massacre of
every officer and soldier. St. Ledger, by letters, messages, and all
possible methods, endeavoured to intimidate the commander of the
fortress. He observed, that the savages were determined to wreak
their vengeance for the recent loss of some of their chiefs, on the
inhabitants of the Mohawk river ; and to sweep the young planta
tions there, without distinction of age or sex. He made an ex-:
aggerated display of his own strength, of the power and success of
Burgoyne, and the hopeless state of the garrison, unless by a timely
submission they put themselves under his protection.
Dr. Robertson proceeds to record to all posterity, that Colonel
Gansvoort, instead of listening to any proposals of surrender, replied,
' that, entrusted by the United States with the charge of the garri
son, he should defend it to the last extremity, regardless of the con
sequences of doing his duty.' This was no gasconade, for he re-:
pulsed St. Ledger and his savage allies — those arms, which Lord
Suffolk affirmed in the House of Peers, were put into our hands by
God and Nature. The christian and heathen barbarians alike inter
mingled, with precipitation took flight, leaving their tents, stores,
and artillery behind them, and their camp-kettles on the fire. The
savages became untractable, and were with difficulty prevented from
turning their Natural and Godlike arms against their blasphemous
and diabolical employers.
It was General Burgoyne who dispatched Colonel St. Ledger upon
this infernal errand, and his eyes were opened also upon the failure
of it. His own disgrace at Saratoga followed immediately upon it,
and he was fain at last to do justice to the basely insulted bravery
of the Americans. On his return home, he in his place, as a mem
ber of the House of Commons, while endeavouring to defend his
own reputation, bore manly witness to it, observing, that ' the
tribute of praise duetto such troops, will not be wanting in this
generous nation ; and it will certainly be accompanied with a just
portion of shame to those who have dared to depreciate valour so
conspicuous ; who have their ears open only to the prejudice of
American cowardice, and, having been always loud upon that courtly
topic, stifle (he glory of their countrymen, to maintain a base con
sistency.' He also added, with regard to his own defeat, that, ' if

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 121
there can be any persons, ,who, after considering the circumstances
of that day, continue to doubt that the Americans possess the qual
ity and faculty of fighting, call it by whatever name they please, they
are of a prejudice that it would be very absurd longer to contend
with.' It may be advanced in objection, that Burgoyne declared this to
palliate his own discomfiture, yet there was truth in it, as event
upon event sufficiently shew. The surrender of Cornwallis and his
army confirmed it true, and the King and government of England,
with all their host of knaves and slaves and parasites, were at length
convinced, that something very serious, and to which their eyes had
long been blinded, was now the matter. Indeed, not to have now
believed in the bravery of the American army, had impeached the
gallantry and have argued the cowardice of our own, — the last of all
feelings that can ever enter into the hearts of even such wretched
beings as composed then and yet do compose the corrupt and aban
doned Tories of the Court of England. Such a sentiment, to be
indulged by any other description of Englishmen, were entirely out
of the question.
All chivalry teems with the heroic courage with which castles and
cities, forts and ships, have been defended against an enemy. From
time immemorial to the present hour, has the trumpet of Fame been
in full occupation ; and the nature of men must greatly change if it
ever remain idle. To enumerate all, or half, or even the five hun
dredth part of them, were almost impossible, so just to instance one
or two, to fill up our Record, is all that must be expected. Ma-
chiavel highly applauds the heroism of Biagio del Milano, who was
captain of the castle called Montepetroso, which, being not only be
sieged, but set on fire by the enemy, ioOking over the walls and
finding no way to escape or preserve the castle, he caused straw and
bedding and what other clothes he^had, to be thrown over where he
saw the fire was not yet come ; and then letting down two of his
children upon them, he cried out to the enemy — ' Here, take such
moveables as God and my fortune have given me ; it is in your
power to force them, and not in mine to preserve them : but for the
treasure of my mind, in which my glory and honour consist, you
eannot ravish that from me, and I will never surrender it.' The
enemy, amazed at his gallantry, ran presently to save his children,
and presented him ropes and ladders, to have preserved himself ;
but he refused them, and chose rather to die in the flames, than to
be saved by the enemies of his country.
Such fine anecdotes as these; read volumes to minds endued with
Patriotism and Love of Country. A Mussulman's gallant heart shall
furnish another, and not inferior to that of the christian : ' When Sir
Robert Fletcher had attacked and defeated, in the East Indies, Suja
Dowlas's army, and made himself master of an advantageous fort
on the top of a hill, — the governor of which, after three practicable
breaches had been made in the walls, delivered up the keys with
tears in his eyes, and with these affecting words .
¦' I have endeavoured to act like a soldier, but, deserted by my

122 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
prince, and left with a mutinous garrison, what could I do ? God
and you, — laying his hand upon the Koran and pointing to his sol
diers, — are witnesses that to the faith of the English I now trust my
life and fortune." ' My narrator-of this trait of faithful soldiership
with admirable feeling exclaims, — What a noble behaviour ! be
coming the bravest and most polished European ; and adds, that his
troops had been without pay for six months.
The soul of hereism is of no sex or gender, nor i9 the human form
which contains it any impediment, when called into action by events
and circumstances : be it displayed in wisdom and learning, art and '
science, religion and virtue, honour and worth, constancy and friend
ship, generous courage and highmindedness, still it is heroism in
man or woman. The truly great are all of one family, from remote
antiquity to recent time, the only lineal descent in which a wise man
interests himself. The right honourable members of it are planted
and distributed pretty equally through the world ; and as like begets
like, it is a natural consequence, that from such heroines as Mrs.
Channing of America and those ladies who, in unison with the kin
dred spirit of their lords, saved their country/have sprung others of
their kind; but, born to peaceable times, they ' blush unseen ' in
social fellowship and domestic quiet.
It is morally impossible that the present race of Pew-wews which
Mr. Welby describes in his ' Visit ' as the women of America, can
have any 6"f their mothers' and grandmothers' blood remaining in
their veins, or of their spirit in their hearts. He must have been
unfortunate in his introductions, and therefore not have seen and
associated with the best.
' Light and darkness,' he declares, • are not more opposite than
the Roman matron and this modern female republican, who is e-
qually destitute of the sedate, retired manners, so attaching in my
own countrywomen, as of the lively wit and fascinating manners of
the French females ; though, covered with the finery of the latter,
the poor things are taught to believe they must be as engaging;
possessing forms, too, not all, or the least possible en bon point.
Brought up entirely ignorant of every real domestic duty, the
method taken to remedy this error, previous to their marriage, is
truly laughable. They are sent to some cook and confectioner as
pupils to learn economy and to make pastry ! and after a practice
in tarts, cheesecakes, bon bons, &c, for a few weeks, are declared
fit to undertake the important concerns of a wife and a mother !
Receiving from nature but little apparent warmth of constitution,
they neither excite interest by intrigue, nor respect by the domestic
virtues, and become completely insipid beings. Is it then surprising,
that with minds so prepared for frivolity, they should be bent alone
upon extravagant and childish decoration of their persons, which,
together with their total ignorance of domestic economy, is for ever
bringing their husbands to bankruptcy ! '
Surely to ' suckle fools and chronicle small beer' could only have
been the purpose of nature in bringing to birth such a community
of insipidities ; and to suckle them very badly too, according to one

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY 123
part of the story. However, I will here repeat, what I have said
aforetime, that it is for the Americans to set these dissonancies
straight, for with them it remains to confute Mr. Welby's book in
all its positions : if they do not, the statements it contains to the
disparagement of their country, and to the dishonour of themselves,
will, upon the principle of silence giving consent, be implicitly be
lieved in England. Let them look to it, and look well to it, for he
feels confident that his account of them is ' faithful and true ' to his
motto, and that he
' Nothing extenuates, nor aught sets down in malice.'

GEORGE THE THIRD.
How little the unfortunates who had accepted British protections were to be de
pended upon, with what apathy they offered up their petitions to Heaven for
the prosperity of their sovereign, and success of his arms, may bejudged from
an incident that occurred in the parish church of St. James's, Goose Creek.
The Reverend Mr. Ellington, in the course of service, praying, ' That it may-
please thee to bless and preserve his most gracious majesty, our sovereign lord,
King George,' a dead silence ensued, and, instead of the usual response, ' We
beseech thee to hear us, good Lord,' a murmuring voice pronounced, ' Good
Lord, deliver us.'^— Garden.
Some four or five years after the death of our sovereign lord, King
George the first, now nearly a century since, an inquisitive gentle
man enquired, through the medium of one of the public journals,
' How long time must pass after a King's death, before it may be
lawful and safe to publish his true and impartial character ? No
thing is more abused,' he observed, ' than that old saying, de
mortuis nil nisi bonum ; it should rather be verum,— nothing but
truth of the dead.' Not receiving any answer, he concluded that si
lence gave consent, and so went to work, and pretty slashing work
he" made of it. Now, we do not purpose any such thing, but mere
ly, without any slashing, to dilate upon a dead King's character, and
the woeful events of his rule and governance, with not the slightest
allusion to a certain other reign, which no prudent man would think
of alluding to, for yet sometime to come, perchance.
We speak of George the third, and the Toryism which grew with
his growth and strengthened with his strength, as may be inferred,
to wit :  *
Ere his grandfather George the second was cold in his grave, the
name of the Duke of Cumberland, ever dear since the memorable
day of Culloden, was struck out of the liturgy. To make room for
Lord Bute, a Stuart by name and blood and nature, the rangership
of Richmond park was taken from Princess Amelia, the only nn-
married and highly favoured daughter of the late king ; and were
nominated twelve additional lords of the BEDCHAMBER — an of
fice, remarks the historian, of worse than Turkish or Persian servil
ity : and I will add another word to that, — a nasty degrading office
for a Peer of the Realm to fill. Well might the heads of all the

124 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
great families of England turn their backs upon the favourite Bute,
and compel his resignation. Well might the indignant Amelia leave
every shilling of her ample property when she died, away from the
King and his children ; and well might the people exclaim, when
himself was dead, that he was a good and worthy private gentleman,
but, as a King, the worst of all the Guelphic line that had yet
reigned over them.
His majesty had not worn the crown very many years before it
became a received opinion throughout the nation, that he was a man
of but little feeling. . For the horrors of war, he certainly possessed
none, nor did I ever hear or read of any King endued with such hu
manity ; but the total loss, under every aggravation, of his fine do
minions in America, having produced insanity, determined feeling to
be somewhere. It is idle to call the disorder with which he was
visited, a disorder of the family, for we know not of any of his an
cestry being before so afflicted ; and if any of his progeny have ex
perienced its effects, those about them have kept it very snug, for it
is a secret that has not yet transpired to the world, and, until it does,
it is not for us even to surmise it.
I always consider the reign of George the Third to have virtually
ceased in 1788, for after that period he never was for three months
in succession in a sound state of mind to the end of his days. So
soon as Dr. Willis released his majesty from the strait-waistcoat,
Mr. Pitt took charge of him ; upon whose death, Castlereagh, in
unison with that redoubted personage by the Louth Club styled the
Lion of England, took him into their hopeful keeping, — and as it
was in the beginning, they chaunted, now and ever shall be, world
without end, Amen.
One of our historians, when coming to the period of his final loss
of the brightest jewel of his crown, digresses from his story for a
page or two, in order to sketch an outline of his majesty's charac
ter. The monarch had now swayed, he says, the sceptre of these
kingdoms more than twenty years, and, in the course of a long and
variegated series of events, his character, both personal and political,
was completely matured and developed. After remarking that the
province of history is sacred, he pays no courtly compliments to his
majesty's abilities, natural or acquired. He then proceeds with great
justice to assert, that in his conduct upon all occasions, an invinci
ble pertinacity was discoverable, which it would be easy for the
flatterers of a court to dignify with the appellation of firmness ;
and that his acknowledged rectitude was clouded by the absence of
the nobler sensibilities of humanity. Never, he continues, was it
suspected, that the contest by which an empire was rent asunder,
by which every political, civil, and social tie, was dissolved, that can
unite and endear nation to nation, or man to man, cost this monarch
a sigh or a tear.
Upon the subject of religion, this excellent painter of a living
King's character, says, that, attached to the forms of the church with
a degree of zeal more nearly allied to bigotry and superstition, than
to an enlarged and enlightened morality, he regarded all sects which

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 125
diverged from.it in different directions, with a fixed suspicion and
dislike, leading, by easy and imperceptible gradations, to dread and
detestation. The reverse of the medal will indeed discover a life
passed without any remarkable deviation from the rules of decornm,
and much less any direct violation of the higher and more serious
obligations of morality and religion. The historian concludes with
the declaration of a great truth which should be engraven on brass,
— that the virtues of the man, were they such as to entitle him to
the honours of canonization, afforded a very inadequate compensa
tion for the errors and imperfections of the monarch ; under whose
reign it may be justly affirmed, that from the almost perpetual pre
dominance of evil councils, the people suffered all that could be in
flicted under the restraints of a constitution, radically excellent.
Here endeth the character of George the Third in the twenty-first
year of his reign, drawn with the masterly hand of a Clarendon, and
with thrice that noble historian's candour and true colouring.
It must be confessed that the King had not always fair play, for
there was the overawing spirit of a devil incarnate at his elbow, by
his side, in his presence, and remaining with him always. Sufficient
for the day was the evil thereof, and commensurate was the effect
with the cause, to the grief of us all ; to the shame of many who
saw it continually, and, because it was dangerous to cope with, they
basely truckled to its secret power, and zealously upheld it.
The Queen did not so much govern his majesty, as manage and
mould him to her purposes, and very bad purposes they commonly
were. Her influence over him became, cemented by time, almost
unbounded. To his cold, invincible dislike of the democratic por
tion of our constitution, she added fury and flames and passion un-
tameable: Fierce as the virago Queen Elizabeth, she possessed not
an atom of her wisdom and greatness ; yet was it discovered, at the
conclusion of the American war, that her and Bute behind the cur
tain had ruled the empire in the person of the King and his minis
ters : and the people hated her ever after, nor was any love lost
there, for she heartily detested them in return.
The King was the" reverse of this, for he had a sort of parental
affection for his subjects, and to drink their health after his dinner
in a full glass of wine, had almost grown into a custom with him.
His conversation, be their station and situation what it might, when
brought in contact with them, was that of friendship and kindness,
without any of the insolence of Stanhopeian greatness, or the freez
ing affability of modern condescension; — and his subjects much
esteemed.him in return.
The Queen had always sour looks and stern rebukes ready cut and
dried for every-day use in all her social intercourse ; consequently
the courtiers and,. all those in attendance upon her liked her as the
devil loves holy water, yet dare not say so, — but gave out to the
world that she was the most amiable woman in existence : notwith
standing it has been known to escape them, and they have been
heard to murmur, with the American patriot at St. James's church,
Goose Creek — Good Lord deliver us,

126 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
The King, when dwelling upon the unhappy circumstance of the
Americans in arms against his fiat, yet spoke of them with decorum ;
his deluded subjects of America was a customary expression ; while
the Queen scarcely ever held any other language towards them than
that of villains, traitors, felons, and every other malignant appellative.
The oposition members of parliament fared very little better, and to
the revered and eternally to be esteemed Mr. Fox, she has been
heard to apply all and every of these blackguard epithets, without
taking even the decent precaution of privacy. In short, she was at
the bottom of every disastrous event of her husband's eventful
reign, and held, by the greedy hand with which she seized upon
patronage, her sway immoveable in the hearts of the selfish and
Worldly minded. The disposal of the riches and honours of the
church became entirely her own, and she grasped at almost every
thing else, to the great grief and annoyance of the ministry, who are
equally greedy of patronage, and must have it, or have no majority.
Such was old Charlotte of mean unblessed memory, who died worth
a million and a half of money, which legitimate amassment her heirs,
we are told, have, someway or other, never enjoyed. As there has
long been a Goose Creek, St. James's, in England, as well as in A-
merica, it probably became immersed in it, and, having floated down
to sea, is for ever lost. This is the most natural way of accounting
for it, particularly as all enquiry and search that was made for it
proved fruitless, and which being discountenanced by authority, has
now entirely ceased.
The reverse of the medal also here will discover, that, as a wife
and a mother, the Queen was deserving of praise, and the courtiers
never lost sight of those qualities to blazen her royalty to the peo
ple. This was a fine. theme to dilate upon in the same breath that
they vilified poor Caroline, who, as a mother, was equally affection
ate, while, as a wife, she could not be known, so great were her
sorrows in wedlock. Had Charlotte been otherwise than faithful
and true, and I do not say that Caroline was not so, she had been
worse than a devil incarnate ; for HER husband was most affection
ately kind, and invariably polite and friendly to her at all times.
His whole dominions could not furnish his superior in the domestic
virtues. Lord Godolphin took great pleasure in relating a conversation that
passed between Lady Sunderland and his grandmother the Duchess
of Marlborough. ' Amongst the torrent of abuse poured out on
your grace,' said Lady Sunderland, ' your worst enemies have never
called you a faithless wife.' ' It was no great merit,' said old Sarah,
as she was turning over the papers afterwards sent to Mallet for her
husband's history ; — ' it was no great merit, for I had the hand
somest, the most accomplished, and the bravest man in Europe, for
my husband.' Now, if his majesty did not quite possess all these
fine qualities, if he were not so good a general as the Duke of Marl
borough, he was a much better stallion, which goes a precious long
way, I can assure ye, my masters, with all the illustrious ladies of
the Brunswick family.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 127

EVE AND HER BLACKS.
Thebe was in the Legion of Pulaski, a young French officer of singularly fine
form and appearance, named Celeron. As he passed the dwelling of Mrs.
Charles Elliot, a British major, whose name is lost, significantly pointing him
out, said, ' See, Mrs. Elliot, one of your illustrious allies, — what a pity it is
that the hero has lost his sword.'
' Had two thousand such men,' replied the lady, ' been present to aid in the de
fence of our city, Charlestown, think you, sir, that I should ever have been
subject-to the malignity of your observation.' At the moment a negro, trigged
out in full British uniform, happened to pass : — ' See, major,' continued she,
' one of your allies ; — bow with gratitude for the service received from sucb
honourable associates, — caress and cherish them, — the fraternity is excellent.'
Garden.
I have met with this anecdote somewhere else, but rather differently
related. It was there stated that this insulting worthy's name was
B  r, a captain in one Of the regiments of Burgoyne' s army.
He had commanded a detachment of British troops among the sava
ges who murdered Miss M'Crea, and was so employed when the
general surrendered at Saratoga. Having in this honourable absence
, escaped the capitulation there, after continuing with the Indians
sometime longer, and learning the use of%the tomahawk and the
scalping knife, and loyally using them when master of the art, he,
with his detachment, joined Clinton's army, afterwards commanded
by Cornwallis. This redoubted general, for his faithful service in
that HOLY WARFARE, — for the dexterous use of those weapons
which, according to Lord Suffolk, God and nature put into our
hands, appointed him acting brigade major to the garrison of
Charlestown. Mrs. Elliot's retort upon the ruffian's alliance \yith the negro,
merely as a negro, was not, in my estimation of things, a happy one.
There is a prejudice yet prevailing throughout America against the
Blacks, that fills me with astonishment. Mr. Fearon relates some
incidents to that effect, which in England excite every indignation,
especially as occurring in the only land of liberty under the sun. I
have heard it as Mr. Welby' s opinion, that the Blacks and the peo
ple of colour, are, generally speaking, the finest- portion of the popu
lation of America ; and even in the slave states are the most athletic
and manly in appearance,- — the most cheerful and free from care, and
the most likely, in time to come, to make a fearful impression by
arms upon that country : — but this is only hearsay. Mr. Welby may
not have given so decided an opinion, and he certainly has not writ
ten in his book three words of it.
Whenever I reflect upon the marked disdain and rooted dislike
evinced by the Americans towards the negroes, I am induced to
suppose that they are under the influence of the tradition of the
Devil begetting, on the body of Eve, the Blacks in the person of
Cain, leaving father Adam to be only the parent of the Whites in
that of Abel. Ham, the lineal descendant of Cain, preserved in the

128 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ark, it should seem, to perpetuate the breed, was, after the deluge,
cursed by his father Noah for exposing his nakedness when lying in
his tent, overtaken by the rich juice of the grape of the vine which
the patriarch had planted. If this be the case, if the Story be true,
if it be possible that the mind can receive it in these enlightened
days,— it follows, that the Americans of the nineteenth century, who
hold' themselves disenthralled from superstition, nursery tales, anti
quarian dreams, and. old women's rockstaves, stand in so far excused
in their marked disdain and rooted dislike of the Blacks, but no
farther. One of our poets hath sung not long since, that, — ' The fiend-like
negro, should resume his chain,' and his verse was much applauded.
The old King thought that it was the best thingever said or sung
upon the subject, and quite mortaised in with the joists of his bigot
ted understanding. Unquestionably this was one of the nice points
in theology whereon much is to be said on /both sides. The devil
asserted original freedom in justification of his rebellion against
God ; so did a negro named Alfred not long since in the West Indies
against the fiat of man. On his trial for this legitimate offence he
asserted his unconquerable aversion to labour. He had been a free
man in his own country, he said, and ill brooked slavery in this.
This noble-minded black had not the name of Alfred for nothing ;
it never but once was half so well bestowed. Robert Sutcliffe, a
Quaker, soon after the American revolutionary war, published a book
of ' Travels in Part of North America.' He there instances a manly
negro at Richmond Virginia, in full possession of
' The golden metal of the mind,' —
one of many others who was charged with an intention to rise against
their masters. A lawyer, says Mr. Sutcliffe, who was present at their
trials at Richmond, informed me, that on one of them being asked
what he had to say to the court in defence, he replied in a manly
tone of' voice, ' I have nothing more to offer, than what General
Washington would have had to offer, had he been taken by the Brit
ish, and put to trial by them. I have adventured my life in endea
vouring to obtain the freedom of my countrymen, and am a willing
sacrifice in their cause ; and I beg as a favour that I may be imme
diately led- to execution. I know that you have fore-determined to
shed my blood, — then why all this mockery of trial ? ' I cannot but
quarrel with good Robert Sutcliffe for not transmitting to posterity
the name of this heroic negro ; and if to be fiend-like is to be like
him, I would not be ashamed that the devil were my father. This
fine fellow must have put his judges to the blush, uidess they were
of the frontless generation of certain other judges of a certain other
country, who hold Star-chamber to be the common law of the land,
and passive obedience and non-resistance as parts and portions of
the constitution.
Early in old George's reign, and without it seems consulting with
his majesty, — ' at an ordination of priests and deacons at the chapel
royal at St. James's, by the honourable and Reverend Dr. Keppel,
Bishop of Exeter, a black was ordained, whose devout behaviour

(I

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 129
attracted the notice of the whole congregation.' Further sayeth
not as to who he was, or what became of him ; but probably find-
ing-that there was no preferment for gentlemen of his complexion,
hands were a second time laid upon him, and he returned to the
fiend-like habits of his brethren, and resumed his chain in the West
Indies. Be that as it may, the precedent of ordaining a negro has been
followed out elsewhere, and to judge, by the first sermon he de
livered, that the fiend of black hell was perceived in every sentence
of his creed. I speak of the sermon of the Archbishop of Hayti,
which in September, 1819, was preached to the Black Emperor of
Hayti and his Black Nobility, the church and state text of ' all in
authority,' was, handled most legitimately. With not much of the'
cant and flummery of a church of England discourse, from so courtly
a scrim of holy writ, the spirit of his grace's prototype was displayed
in all its power and might, majesty and dominion.
This is all legitimate enough, for the devil is the saint of legiti
macy ; but it is highly whimsical what Mr. Faux relates in his Mem
orable Days, on the subject of black hierarchies. An Irish gentle
man, says he, from the Missouri, states, ' that he met on board the
steam boat, a black archbishop, and several of his inferior clergy.
This most, reverend father in God was endeavouring to prove, that
Adam, Noah, and all the prophets and patriarchs, down to Jesus
Christ, were Blacks, and that a small portion of mankind, and that
the worst, are Whites, of whom Cain is the progenitor." Most
unique and excellent is this of Blackee turning so neatly the tables
upon their massas, and shews, as the Americans would say, with
Shakespeare, that the devil can quote scripture to his purpose ; and,
as a certain reverend free-thinking, free-speaking divine of this coun
try did say, that the Bible could furnish arguments on either and on
any side.
Whether the negroes were naturally engendered of Adam and
Eve, or were legitimately begotten of the devil upon her ladyship,
is of not much moment here ; for agreeable with the mild princi
ples of Christianity, they cannot by man be made slaves. There are
who would not that even a fiend were enslaved, so abhorrent to
their minds is slavery. It is here that Miss Wright bears such hon
ourable tribute to the. manly disinterestedness of Mr. Coles. At
present, in the state of Virginia, she says, the sons of Africa, when
restored by some generous planter to their birthright of liberty,
they forfeit the protection of a- master without securing the guar
dianship of the law. To exonerate herself from the increasing
weight of black pauperism, Virginia has imposed a restriction upon
the benevolence of her citizens/by a law which enacts of the citi
zen who emancipates his vassals, that he shall remove them out of
the precincts of the state. In obedience to this law, Mr. Coles, a
native of Virginia, and for some years secretary to Mr. Jefferson,
lately removed a black colony into the state. On the death of his
father, this gentleman found himself in possession of seventeen
slaves, valued at from eight to nine thousand dollars. His property

130 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
was small, but he hesitated not a moment to relinquish his claims
upon his negro vassals. He purchased a tract of land near the set
tlement of Edwardsville, in Illinois, where he supplies his former
bondsmen with employment, encouraging them to lay Up their earn
ings until they shall have realized sufficient to enter upon their own
farms. We will leave this digression and return to observe, that it were
far more honourable and humane to be in alliance with the Blacks,
nay, even with the Devil himself, than with the yelling, infuriate,
blood-thirsty savages, as were this insulting British major and his
general, Burgoyne. To the pious humanity of the King, and to
the mildness of his government, may be attributed the supercession
of Sir Guy Carleton, who remonstrated against the employment of
the Indians, and the appointment of Burgoyne, the hero of Sarato
ga, to the command of the Canadian army, in his stead. This legi
timate general approved of this HOLY ALLIANCE, and in his own
courtly language informs us, that he ' had thrown himself at his
majesty's feet, to be employed in any way that be thought proper : '
and his majesty thought proper to send him to command the Cana
dian British army in HOLY ALLIANCE with the yelling, infuriate,
blood-thirsty savages, against his christian subjects in America. O
rare JOHN BULL ! here's Bible and Crown for you, to vapour a-
bout until you are tired of it.
My invaluable historian remarks upon this throwing at his majes
ty's feet, and the effect it wrought, that ' this is such a mode of ex
pression as might become the mouth of a Persian Satrap, in address
ing a Sha Abbas, or a Sha Nadir ; unworthy of a mind ennobled by
the conscious sense of freedom, virtue, and dignity !
' Go, vassal souls ! Go cringe and wait,
Bend when he speaks, and KISS THE GROUND;
Adore the follies of the Great,
• Ye base-born minds ! But as for me,
I can and will be free :
My soul grows firm upright :
Let slaves and asses stoop and bow ;
I cannot make this stubborn knee
Bend to a meaner power than that which set it free.'
A right and true and well-bred Tory, is always, when in power,
of himself a savage, and in subjection a wretched slave. General
Burgoyne exhibited to view both these positions most decidedly.
We have seen the abject manner in which he obtained command,
and we have now to behold him in authority. After whetting the
ferocious appetites of the infernal Indians, against the rebels, as he
loyally styles the brave assertors and defenders of their birthrights,
h.e issues a Proclamation, as follows : 
? The forces entrusted to my command, are designed to act in
concert and upon a common principle with the numerous armies
and fleets which already display, in every quarter of America, the
thTKin and' WhCn proPerly S0USht' the MERCY of
6*
' The CAUSE in which the British arms are thus exerted, applies

AND LOVE OF CQUNTRY. 131
to the most affecting- interests of the human heart ! ' — Then, after
a tedious.string of assertions without proof, in bamboozle, and Boba-
dil cant, he proceeds' :
' In consciousness of CHRISTIANITY, my royal master's CLEM
ENCY, and the honour of soldiership, I have dwelt upon this invita
tion and wished for more persuasive terms to give it impression.' —
We will now present a legitimate specimen of the terms of persua
sion with which the general used to bring back the Americans to
what he called their duty.
' I have but to give stretch to the Indian FORCES UNDER MY
DIRECTION, and they amount to thousands, to overtake the har
dened enemies of Great Britain and America, — I consider them the
same wherever they may lurk. If, notwithstanding these endeavours
and sincere inclinations, the phrensy of hostility should remain, I
trust I shall stand acquitted, in the eyes of God and man; in de
nouncing and executing the vengeance of the state against the wil
ful outcasts.'  ' The messengers of justice and of wrath
await them in the field ; devastation, famine, and every concomitant
horror that a reluctant but indispensible prosecution of military
duty must occasion, will bar the way to their return.' June 29, 1777-
Were a Bengal tiger to find this proclamation in a jungle in In
dia, and, could he read it, what would be his sensations ? Would
he not think himself belied by man, who denominates him a wild
beast, savage and merciless ? Indeed he would, and, without hesi
tation, hurl back the slander into the teeth of this conscious chris
tian, and howl with indignation, and in disdain of his royal master's
clemency. He would rejoice to hear that this denouncer and exe
cutor of the vengeance of the state, this threatener of devastation,
famine, and every concomitant horror, was in less than four months
from this diabolical effusion, himself defeated, hemmed into a cor
ner, and compelled to surrender to these identical outcasts ; while
he would lament to hear, that not a hair of his head was touched,
, but that these self-same outcasts most generously permitted him to
return home and make the best of his story, and to end his days on
a bed of down. Thus would reason and reflect a Bengal tiger upon
such atrocities of men, — of men who call themselves christians.
Although Burgoyne died on a bed. of down, he probably did not
die in peace. We know that he did not live so, — for the Saratoga
disgrace was ever a load upon his mind, the reckless barbarities of
the Indians, the FORCES amounting to thousands, which he so au
daciously boasted of having under his direction, dwelt upon his
conscience ; while the cruel murder of Miss M'Crea by them, with
all its accompanying horrors, damned his fame and name to all
eternity. ' This beautiful young lady,' says Dr. Robertson, ' dressed
in her bridal habiliments, in order to be married the same evening
to an officer of character in Burgoyne's own regiment ; while her
heart glowed in expectation of a speedy union with the beloved ob-
j-ect of her affections, was induced to leave a house near Fort Ed
ward, with the idea of being escorted to the residence of her in
tended husband, and was massacred on the way in all the cold-
k 2

132 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
blooded ferocity of savage manners.  The helpless-
maid was butchered and scalped, and her bleeding corpse left in the
woods.' Little was it to say that Burgoyne was shocked by the tragic cir
cumstances that attended the fate of this lovely, unfortunate girl ;
for we know, that h6 could attempt to palliate the crime, while he
could not, durst not bring the perpetrators of it to justice. He
could denounce horrible vengeance against his fellow-subjects, be
cause they would not submit to lawless despotism ; could cry havoc,
and let the infernals loose upon theto, and, when their outrages
gave the lie to his proclamation of their being under his direction,
and so inhumanly tomahawked and scalped the beloved mistress of
his gallant friend and fellow-warrior, he shrank from the loud cry
of justice, and added to his degradation by pardoning the two well-
known demons Who murdered her ; suffering them vet to remain
under his DIRECTIONS, to the scandal of all the army. These
were the fruits of his war-feasts to the savages, his consciousness
of Christianity, his royal master's clemency, and his own worse than
savage denunciation of vengeance on the heads of the Friends of
Freedom in arms against ' the ruffian hand of conquest,' as General
Gates so truly styled the British inroad.
Now there was another charge against another person, which
goes, if true, to damn HIS fame and name to all eternity also.
General Burgoyne, as a prisoner, was received, upon delivering up
his sword, with respect, and dined with General Gates ; but for most
part of the time was rather reserved and seemed much dejected.
The accounts of that period say, Jhat some of the New England
gentlemen were not so polite. They asked him, how he could find
in his heart to burn the houses, and lay waste the country through
which he passed ? when he answered, that it was by the King's
orders. Here's Bible and Crown for ye again and again, my mas
ters of the JOHN BULL faction and conspiracy.

MAJOR EDWARDS.
Major Evan Edwards was of the baptist persuasion, and originallv designed,
for the ministry, but, imbibing the military spirit of the times, entered the
army and appeared at the commencement of the war as one of the defenders
of Fort Washington. A brave and stubborn resistance could not save the
post, which fell into the hands of the enemy, and Edwards became a prisoner.
I havwoften heard him make a jest of the whimsical and fantastic figure which
he exhibited on this occasion. It was not to be wondered, said he, that, starch
in my person, emaciated as an anatomy, with a rueful countenance, rendered
more ghastly by misfortune, my dress partly military, but shewing much of a
clerical cut, that the risibility of the conquerors should have been highly ex-
One of the leaders, however, of the successful assailants, anxious to excite a still
higher degree of merriment, ordered me to ascend a cart, and, as a genuine.
specimen of a rebel officer, directed that I should be paraded through the
principal streets of New York. It was at the entrance of Canvass Town that

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 133
I was much amused by the exclamation of a Scottish female follower of the
camp, who called to a companion, — ' Quick, quick, lassie, rin hither a wee, and
divarte yoursel ; they've cotched a braw and bonnie Rebel, 'twill de ye guid
to laugh at him.' Hooting and derision attended my whole career, and at the
conclusion of the farce I was committed to prison — Garden.
In every position in which Toryism is exhibited to view, it always
appears unamiable, and very frequently brutal and disgusting in the
extreme. What a woeful instance is this now before us. To hold
up an enemy like Major Edwards, or any enemy indeed, in the
moment of defeat, to hooting and derision and foul mockery, puts
chivalry to the blush and degrades humanity. It will be seen in
another Record, that in the joyful nay of American victory, this ras
cally leader, who so cowardly" insulted this gallant gentleman, re
ceived at his hands that which would have cut any other than such
a blackguard to the soul : he received at the hands of the cruelly
hooted, derided, and outraged Major Edwards, a generous, magnani
mous forgiveness.
Early in the contest it should seem that this foul treatment of
Americans taken prisoners, was not unusual, and was only discon
tinued when the British became themselves captured by thousands,
and thereby presented a full retaliation. One of our hireling critics
was pleased the other day to entertain corruption and venality here
at home, with nearly such a story. ' A trooper of the Connecticut
¦ Light Horse, whose services had been declined by the commander
in chief, by some means or other found his way to Long Island, and
was taken in the battle of the 27th of August. The British officers
made themselves very merry at his expense, and obliged him to
amble about for their entertainment. On being asked what had been
his duty in the rebel army, he answered, that it was " to flank a
little, and carry tidings." '
This is related by one who became apostate to the cause of Amer
ica, his country, and published in England for filthy lucre his Judas
Iscariotism ; and it is a loyal reviewer who thus gives it at second
hand, accompanied with his own remarks. ' This story is of one,'
saith he, ' who was an actor during the season of hope, but in that
of realization, was one whose patriotism cooled" as he advanced in
life ; one who preferred Burke's reasonings to those of Tom Paine,
^-one who has at length subsided into a belief that England has
long been and still is fighting the battle of the civilized world,'
The short and the long of all this oneing is, that it is the story of
one whose wits are gone a wool-gathering, and his principles to
the devil, and there may they eternally remain.
Insult, derision, and mockery of their opponents, have long be
come the weapons of the servile adherents of corruption and arbi
trary power. A valiant soldier of the old school observed, that
Fortune may tempt men of no bad dispositions to injustice, but in
sults proceed only from . black and rancorous minds, and have no
temptation to excuse them : and the celebrated Junius said, that
irijuries may be atoned for and forgiven ; insults admit of no com
pensation — they degrade the mind in its own esteem, and force it

134 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
to recover its level by revenge. If this be true, and who denies it,
—what will become of the editors and proprietors of certain news
papers, reviews, and magazines, in town and country, who have so
long been in the habit of insulting and abusing the Friends of Free
dom in language that can only apply to felons and cut-throate.
This has not certainly gone unmarked, and themselves and their
employers and paymasters, for secret service money Is at the bottom
of it all, can have nothing more to expect at the hands of a ma
ligned and insulted people, than a halter, nor less than their own
favourite tread-mill. So let them look to it, for every foul expres
sion is weighed in the balance, and every movement of the mis
creants is watched in the background. Had they not better retreat
in time,— withdraw from their work of lies and their wages of sin,
and voluntarily expatriate themselves, — to Russia perhaps, where
legitimacy reigns triumphant ; or to Portugal, where church bigotry
flourishes to their heart's content, and where the cry divine of Long
live the absolute King, resounds through the streets and re-echoes
in the mountains.
It was not a little fortunate for Major Evan Edwards, that the
tread-mill, had not then got into vogue, or he certainly would have
exhibited there also, after his parade through New York. Our ho
lies and reverends now resort to it on all occasions, although it is
no more lawful than their own rule and governance. When young
Las Cases challenged Sir Hudson Lowe for ill-treating his father at
St. Helena, and horsewhipped him because the knight did not like
the smell of powder,— the Bible and Crown gentry called out lust
ily for the tread-mill to cool the young champion's filial courage ;
but he happily got away and spoiled their game of insult and ma
lignity, and, when among the lively Parisians, posted Lowe as a
poltroon, and laughed his legitimate friends of the Bible and Crown
to scorn.
When Drakard's News came out in the year 1809, all the bending
cringing slaves to the worst government in the world that has any
pretensions to Freedom, much less one which pretends to nothing
else ; — all the host united to vilify, abuse, and cry it down, if pos^
sible. ' A venal scribe of the law,' at Boston, fell foul upon the
readers of it also, and declared that every one of them ought to be
tarred and feathered. Good God ! how were the freeholders and
freemen of this great county fallen from their once independent
eminence, to suffer a Jack-weight, whose only utility in this world
is to balance and screw and wind up the righteous accounts between
John Doe and Richard Roe, — to talk of tar and feathering them ! !
This effusion of mock-loyalty, was not, I apprehend, generally
known, or of a surety the servile had ere this been tossed in a
blanket upon the iron bridge. The time has too long passed by to
now visit the offence, but verily, if he repeat it, he shall not again
¦ escape. I am proud to say, that I was one of the original subscribers
to that indefatigable paper in the cause of Freedom, and had the
honour to be black-booked for it ; nay, a double line was passed
under my name, because I was a soldier, and a triple one has sinCS

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY 135
been added for patriotic-offences yet greater, blessed be God. In
return, our tar and feathering friend shall from this very day be
black-booked, when he had better repent in time and reform in
earnest, lest, in addition to the blanketting, he do the honours of
the tread-mill. A tread-mill with a Jack-weight appended to it,
will go round, and round, and round, merrily ho ! merrily ho ! mer
rily ho ! i
How soon unmerited contempt and loyal abuse recoils upon the
heads of the venal or arrogant maligners. How sublime, after be
ing absolutely driven out of America, must the expression of a ' va
grant congress ' appear to the world ! of ' one Hancock,' and ' one
Adams,' and ' their crew.' These were -the disdainful epithets of
the courtiers in parliament and out of parliament; in the outset of
the dispute with the colonies. In this scornful spirit Major Ed
wards was paraded through New York, and in the same bad spirit
America was lost. Mr. Fox, some years afterwards, when this same
spirit was working against the French Revolution, reminded the
court of this disdainful language, and with as much effect as had he
spoke to the winds. Could it be forgotten, he asked, that Dr.
Fianklin, after suffering the grossest abuse, was the very person
with whom we were compelled to negociate the Independence of
America ? Sooner or later, continued that great man, we must ac
knowledge the republic of France,— and he might as well have
spoken to the winds ; yet, ten years afterwards, in spite of their teeth,
the court were fain to send Lord Cornwallis to Amiens, to negociate
a peace with the French consul, and acknowledge the republic.
All exultation over an enemy, grounded upon supposed power and
might, or even right and positive victory, is unmanly and most un
dignified. ' A published letter from Edinburgh, dated June 4th, 1746,
announced, that fourteen colours, taken from the Rebels, at the
battle of Culloden, were brought in procession under a detachment
of Colonel Lee's regiment ; the Pretender's own standard carried
by the hangman, and each of the others by chimney-sweepers, from
the Castle to the Cross, where a large fire was lighted for the pur
pose. The Pretender's son's own colours were burnt first, with
three flourishes of the trumpets, amidst loud huzzas ; and then the
rest of the colours separately, the heralds proclaiming the names of
the traitors to whom they belonged, and the ceremony 'concluded
with burning Lord Lovat's camp colours.'
While I most decidedly condemn such ungentlemanly triumph
over a fallen enemy, yet, as an entire Whig, tho spirit of hostility
here displayed to Stuart rule and governance, is very grateful ; and I
deeply lament that the same hostility to such rule, is not now in equal
activity. As deeply do I lament that Prince Charles did not leave
a son behind him, and that another Pretender, who having already be
come a protestant, now resided at Calais with a proclamation in his
hand, saying : that he would govern according to the constitution
in its simple, plain, unvarnished meaning. Then should we see
wonders worked instanter. He need not trouble himself to come
over, for his presence there in terrorem would be amply sufficient,

136 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
Then should we behold the DEBT in a rapid state of liquidation
by some ways and means or other. Then should we see the navy
rise from legitimate neglect into all its native glory, and hear our
gallant tars sing O be joyful. Then would a standing army cease
to be the palladium of corruption to the core. A few regular bat
talions tp guard the colonies, with a regiment or two of horse and
foot guards for splendid purposes, would be all that we should re
quire. The NECESSITY of adding ten to eighty thousand men, to
compete with the TURBULENCE of the people, would not then
fall from the traitorous tongue of a secretary at war. Triennial
parliaments would then of themselves return and prepare the way
to a full, fair, and free representation ; and Bob Southey, in his
Quarterly, would not then tell the world, that such was the licen
tiousness of his ' half Luddite and half Lazzaroni,' of Burke's
swinish multitude, of the parson's rabble and of the ladies' mob, —
that the liberties of England were necessarily abridged by six
acts of parliament ' at one fell swoop.' Indeed he would not ; —
the apostate would again, apostatize back to his Wat Tyler, and to
his whining widow ; the last of which personage was her that his
NOW friend Canning so dextrously wedded to HIS needy knife-
grinder. Our vicars of Bray would no longer take their texts from ' All
in authority,' and the Beast of the Revelations, but would preach
the plain and never-to-be-mistaken commandment of ' I am the
Lord thy God,, thou shalt have none other Gods but me ; ' — would
also enforce the mild benediction of the Saviour, of peace on earth
and good will towards men. Finally, as a sincere earnest of a re
turn to the truth and justice of the constitution, the Manchester
murderers would be hanged and gibbetted on the field of Peterloo,
and the stinking carcase of Castlereagh be dragged out of West*
minster Abbey, and thrown upon the dunghill, whence it came.
Then all the knaves and slaves of power and the hour would laud
and applaud to the skies these things that were done ; for,, as a
great casuist in these matters said on another occasion — Bless their
hearts, we know them very well, and what they are all about.

COLONEL TARLETON.
The haughty Tarleton, vaunting his feats of gallantry, to the great disparage"
ment of the officers of the continental cavalry, said to a' lad v at Wilmington—
' I have a very earnest desire to see your far-famed hero, Colonel Washington.'
' Your wish, colonel, might have been ftillv gratified,' she promptly replied,
' had you ventured to look behind you, after the battle of the Cowpens.'
It was in that battle that Washington had wounded Tarleton, which gave rise
to a still more pointed retort. Conversing with Airs. Wilev Jones, Colonel
Tarleton observed—' You appear to think very highly of (Colonel Washing
ton ; and yet I have been told that he is so ignorant' a fellow, that he can
hardly write his own name.' ' It may be the case,' she readily replied, « but
no man better than yourself, colonel, "can testify, that he knows how to make
his mark.' — Garden.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 137
Colonel Washington disciplined and brought info the field against
the British, the finest regiment of dragoons the Americans pos
sessed; and wherever with them he came in contact with the
haughty Tarleton and his fierce legion, he left them but little to
boast of. This created rage untameable in their breasts, and in
that of Tarleton in particular, as may be discovered in his language
to the two ladies who so elegantly chastised him. Washington,
with his own sword, cut off Tarleton' s finger by a terrible blow
through a highly tempered basket-hilt, which, but for it and a skil-
• ful guard, had shortened him by the hand.
It cannot be denied that Colonel Tarleton was a most promptly
brave and enterprizing officer, but being engaged in civil war, and
that on the wrong side, the malignant spirit of loyalty instead of
the amiable feeling of it, took possession of his soul, and dashed his
vaunted heroism to the ground.' His skill and conduct in the com
mand of irregular troops, especially cavalry, in the American war,
, highly distinguished him in the estimation of the British army ;
while, next to the Indians, he was to the half-armed and ill-ap
pointed OUTCASTS, as Burgoyne denominated the Americans in
the outset of the contest, a continual terror, and dismay attended
upon the bare mention of his name. Indeed, he all along carried
himself towards them as a proud undaunted savage, far more re
sembling a Mohawk chief on horseback, than a rational and reflect
ing British officer.
It should seem, by an impartial review of his conduct, as per
ceptible throughout his own Memoirs of his Campaigns in America,
that he was not endued with the dignified feeling of true chivalry.
He paints himself, rather, as a patrole or police-officer, at the head
of a band of thief-takers employed against freebooters, brigands,
and banditti, — and, having infused into his followers the fury of in-
fernals,— cries havoc, and falls on ; and hunts and bloodhounds his
victims night and day, with a ferocity that beggars all soldiership,
out of the ranks of sheer barbarians.
Tarleton crossed the Atlantic under the decided impression that
the Americans were destitute both of power and of courage to use
power, if they possessed it. Because Lord Sandwich had asserted
in the House of Peers that ' they were neither disciplined, nor ca
pable of discipline ; and that, formed of such materials, and so in
disposed to encounter danger, their numbers would only add to the
facility of the defeat,' — because the first lord of the admiralty said
this to flatter the King's strong prejudice and confirm his delusion,
Colonel Tarleton, forsooth, must stedfastly believe it. This mawk
ish, seccind-hand loyalty, was the touchstone of all his ferocious,
merciless broad-swording of the Americans, before they had attained
the discipline of which time and circumstance evinced them so fully
capable, as he found, to the sorrow of his proud heart, when they
so completely beat him at the Cowpens. It was by such false and
arrogant assertions and expressions, as that made use of by Lord
Sandwich, and which the court were continually using in and out of
parliament, that much wiser men than Colonel Tarleton were de-

138 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ceived 5 but who' staid at home and only talked about it in strains
of eulogy and adulation in the presence of the Lord's anointed, and
to the satraps of the Lord's anointed.
No man more cherished this language of arrogant confidence than
the King himself; for it was he who willed the war, and no sub
ject was to doubt of its justice, necessity, and final success, without
suspicion of a taint, and the frown of proscription. His will was
to be law with his ministers, and their repetition of it, in any form
or manner, way or mean, was to be received by his subjects as their
test of loyalty ; while the promulgation of the mighty fiat in the
colonies must command implicit obedience, or the crime was
REBELLION ! and thus was America lost. History records, that
' the encroachments of the crown had gathered strength by time ;
and, after the successes, the glory, and the demise of George the
Second, the sceptre descended to a prince bred under the auspices
of a Scotch nobleman of the house of Stuart. Nurtured in all the
ideas of kingly prerogative, surrounded by flatterers and dependents,
who always swarm in the purlieus of a palace, the sovereign, in the
morning of youth, and in the zenith of national prosperity, con
sidered an opposition to the mandates of his ministers as a crimeof
too daring a nature to hope for pardon.' Thus, even as in a mir
ror, veluti in speculum, we view the Tory King and his tutor Bute,
and thus, through both, we behold thirteen rich and fruitful provin
ces rudely torn from the British empire.
Here was the master-key to all the atrocities committed in Amer-
ica from first to last, — from the brutal invasion to the merited de
feat. The King was the life and soul of every one of them ; and
his abject ministers in rule and officers in command, did not fail
to profit by his instructions. We have given General Burgoyne's
woful confession of the fact, which Governor Hutchinson of the
Massaehusets unwarily confirmed. This man, in the earliest period
of the tumults in opposition to the stamp act, and its aftermath the
insidious duty on tea, . never failed to secretly add fuel to fire and
insult to injury. It stands upon record, that he refused an applica
tion which the captain of the Dartmouth East Indiaman, lying at
Boston, had made for a clearance, — saying, that he could not grant
a pass consistent with the laws and his DUTY to the KING, unless
the vessel were properly qualified from the custom-house. Upon
the instant of this reply, an immense crowd repaired in haste to the
quay, and a number of the most resolute, in the disguise of Mo
hawk Indians, boarded the vessels in the harbour, and in about- two
hours broke open three hundred and forty-two chests of tea, and
discharged their contents into the sea. So soon as the news of this
event arrived in England, war was resolved upon, that INTOLERA
BLE WAR upon which we have already dwelt with every indigna
tion. Governor Hutchinson, in a subsequent declaration, assigned
as one of the reasons of his refusal of the clearance, ' that, by*
compliance with the demand of the people, he should have rendered
himself OBNOXIOUS to his SOVEREIGN.'
Full of this sovereign incitement to Intolerable War, Tarleton

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 139
pursued his infuriate career. When he came up with Colonel Bur-'
ford at Wacsaws, after a march of one hundred and five miles in
fifty-four hours, for such was the rapidity of his movements when
scenting American blood, — he sent to him conditions of surrender,
insolently prefaced, and concluded the summons—' If you are rash
enough to reject them, the blood be upon your head.' Colonel
Burford, with little chance of success, yet indignantly returned de
fiance, and lost no time in a long letter. ' Wacsaws, May 29, 1780.
' Sir, — I REJECT your proposals, and shall defend myself to the last ex
tremity. 'I have the honour to be, &c.
' Abr. Burford, Colonel.'
The attack was immediately commenced with Tarleton' s charac
teristic promptitude and fury. A very feeble resistance was made,
and by far the greater part, says one account, immediately threw
down their arms and begged for quarter : but a few continuing to
fire, the British cavalry were ordered to charge, and a terrible
slaughter was made among the unarmed and unresisting Americans ;
and from this time TARLETON'S QUARTER become proverbial.
His own account in the history of his campaigns, is, that his horse
falling in the volley,, the only one the Americans fired — and, before
he could get another, the slaughter had commenced ; the legion
supposing their commanding, officer to be, killed, ' which stimulated
the soldiers to a vindictive asperity not easily to be restrained.'
Ingeniously enough is the story made out, and the period happily
turned ; from which we infer, that this fierce colonel could not only
fight, but write.
This determination of Colonel Burford, to fight it out at all
hazards, rather than surrender upon conditions arrogantly couched
and peremptorily demanded, is the track to be pursued by all who
are by oppression and every state villainy driven into resistance.
As Tarleton's cavalry slaughtered Burford's detachment, which had
thrown down their arms, "so did the yeomanry cut down the people
at Manchester, who were not in arms, nor even harboured an idea
of hostility, much less of resisting the charge of troops of horse ;
and thus by some future. Tarleton will be assailed the Reformers, —
for I believe Intolerable War is already resolved upon, rather than
Parliamentary Reform shall be granted : and with the same decisive
effect will they be assailed, until time and circumstance produce
discipline, and discipline confidence, and confidence the ultimate de
feat of the assailants.
Thus went Colonel Tarleton on performing one ruthless .exploit
after another, until General Morgan at length checked his sanguinary
career at the Cowpens, It was here, as said the witty lady to him
at Wilmington, that he might have seen Colonel Washington if he
had ventured to look behind him ; and it was here where that
' bold dragoon with his long sword ' inflicted the. mark which he
carried to his grave, and occasioned Mrs. Wiley Jones to apply the
caustic of her fine wit to the wound : yet the ladies of America, we
8re loyally told, have no wit, but are one mawkish mass of insipidi-

140 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ty, — fie, O fie ! upon those that tell us so. After the overthrow of
the haughty Tarleton and his legion at the Cowpens, he was guilty
of very few more brilliant exploits, as the Tories in England called
them ; his achievements appear to have been confined to those of
the poor trooper taken prisoner at Long Island — ' to flank a little,
and carry tidings.'
The panic, and consequent confusion, and rabble flight of the
once formidable legion, appears to have added to Tarleton's former
Indian qualities, those of moroseness and want of gallantry to wo
men, and that when they were most in need of it. The disloyal
replies to his reflections upon Colonel Washington, it seems, did
not tend to sweeten not the best of tempers. When the principal
houses in Charleston were empty of their native lords and masters,
some having escaped to the army before the capitulation, and others
being exiled by ' the ruffian hand of conquest ' to St. Augustine,—:
the British general distributed them among his principal officers, of
which Tarleton in course was one. The rightful mistress of the
house of which he took possession, was driven with her family into
the back rooms, while the haughty colonel lived in front. She po
litely by letter requested some accommodation in her own house,
which was sullenly refused. If my memory serve, for at the mo
ment I have not Major Garden s volume to refer to, the substance
of the reply was, that he had long suspected the whole of the in
habitants of being inimical to British interests, and that now he
knew it : his eyes were open, and, in full conviction of their incor
rigibility, he should certainly retain the apartments which the gen
eral had assigned to him.
' What a charming thing's a battle,' for opening the eyes of self-
inlitled heroes, more especially when that battle's lost, utterly, irre
coverably lost, as was that of the Cowpens by the haughty Tarleton
and his legion, — whose asperity otherwise ' was not to be restrained.'

THE HAUGHTY GREAT.
Till- the last hour that the British kept possession of New York, independent
of custom-house forms, they obliged the captains of American vessels, bringing
in articles for sale, to dance attendance in many instances for days together,
seeking passports to prevent detention by the guardships. An unfortunatem
Yankee, who had sold his not ions, and was impatient to depart, having been
repeatedly put off with frivolous excuses, and bid to ' call again,' indignantly
exclaimed, — ' Well, I vow, for a beaten people, you are the most saucy that
I ever met with.' ' Make out the fellow's passport immediately,' said the
superintendant to an officiating clerk, ' and get rid of him.'  Garden.
This vexatious tenacity of a little brief authority, is truly charac
teristic of English Toryism. ' Its votaries, whenever withstood in
their desires, or defeated in their measures, by the powerful voice
of the people, or their yet more powerfid arm, legitimately insolent
to the last, they cling to the tailpiece of what they once head and

And love of country- 141
front enjoyed, yet have now for ever lost. For instance, the clergy's
convocation, now a mute remain of once every mischief; — our style
of King of France, so long persisted in, and but yesterday, as it
were, abolished ;— ¦-the Lord Mayor's Tom-foolery of permission for
the King to enter the city, who the while is laughing at the mum
mery; — the rotten borough forms of election, with their patron's
lash uplifted to whip them if they hesitate ; — and last, not least, the
insolent and vexatious claim of the right to search American ships
after being so utterly driven out of the country, which produced
another war that ended in a second driving out not much less dis--,
graceful than the first, the Americans having no French allies to
share the honour.
Precisely in this little spirit acted Sir Guy Carleton, who was left
at New York to bring away the remnant of the British army. In
the outset of the war, and all through it even to the last, so long as
there existed a chance to save America, he was crafty and politic ;
always affable, occasionally accommodating, and sometimes allowed
his calculations to rise into generosity.- No sooner, however, did he
perceive that all hope was gone, than he threw off the mask, and
like a peevish blockhead, raised up every vexatious let and hindrance
and petty tyrannical impediment, to enjoy the last moment of power
and to keep off the bitter hour of embarkation home. Indeed, this
unlaurelled return was no common mortification to the army, the
commanders of the army, the King and government that employed
the army, and all the host of worldly greatness that supported the
! employers of the army.
Proud as was the carriage of the great towards the people before
, this revolting event, it was condescension, nay, humility itself, in
comparison with their. freezing arrogance and aristocratic insolence
ever since ; while the subsequent revolution in France has gone to
cpnsplidate these legitimate feelings into an uncontainable hatred
for every one who is not either a tyrant or a slave or both, as cir
cumstances demand. In their eyes it was treason of the blackest
dye for the Americans to unite and combine, cor unum via una,
against the rule and governance of England, comprising, in their
estimation, mitre, crown, and coronet, in holy alliance against the
voice of all the community out of the. pale of their legitimacy; but
when the people of England clapped their hands and sung the song-
of loud approval of all that the Americans had done, it became a
thing twice told intolerable. • It was and yet is an offence never to
be overlooked or forgiven ; and it works its way and sinks deeper
and deeper in the hearts and minds of the great, year by year, and day
by day, even to the present hour, and will continue so to work its way
to the last moment of legitimate rule. The people see all this, and
know it well, and sometimes feel it to their cost ; yet, strong in the
truth and justice of their cause, they every day band themselves
more firmly together, and, like, the Americans, unite and combine,
one heart one way, to recover their constitutional rights and liber
ties from the insolent usurpations of the great.
I shall speak generally of the great, and he it always premised

142 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
and throughout understood, that among them some very excellent
persons are to be found, whose private lives are examples of honour
and worth ; and indeed among so many it would be very extraordi
nary if it were not so. These, notwithstanding, in their public ca
pacities and political sentiments are more or less tainted with the
feeling of aristocratic dislike of the people, though with never so
much address they may suceeed in partially disguising it. Others
of ' the great there are in the united kingdom of England, and not
few of both men and women, so immeasurably proud, and so truly
disdainful of all beneath, them, as to feel a sort of something like
anger that God should have formed them after their kind, and have
made people of quality liable to the same operations of nature with
the multitude ; and, as hath been admirably said, — * the haughty
aristocrat, who, while he bawls against blasphemy, could almost
spit in his maker's face for creating plough-boys and artificers of
the same flesh and blood with himself.'
The great, as commonly called, do feel most poignantly 4his e-
quality of the species, and have just sense enough to know that it
is a law immutable. If it were not so, gracious heaven ! what
would they not think and say and do in scorn and hatred of us ? If
diseases and casualties were not mutual, and that humbler of the
pride of their imaginations, which leads them to believe that they
are ' something above the common level of their kind,' — vulgar
perspiration ; and that yet more humiliating drawback in every
point of view, the imperative calls and necessities of nature :— if
exempted from these, gracious heaven ! what would not they think
and say and do in scorn and hatred of us ? If to this, their exalta-
tation, they could add the degradation of their disdained inferiors,
by depriving them of the pleasures and enjoyments of love ; — if it
were ordained that they should propagate their kind by any mode
less felicitous than it is, or that themselves were privileged to be
get princes and dukes and lords in some manner, mode, or way more
delightfully than they do beget these precious things, the men al
ways in high feather, the women never out of tune, — gracious
heaven ! what would they not think and say and do in scorn and
hatred of us I
This dispensation of things would at once go to complete the
happy distinction for which the hearts of them all do so anxiously
yearn ; but God in his wisdom hath ordered it otherwise, and hath
placed all mankind upon a natural equality, leaving to adventitious
circumstances and political regulations, rank, station, and degree,
which those high up on the rounds of ambition's ladder assure us
are so conducive to order and good government in this world, and
salvation in the next. Thus Nature only appears to have power
over the great ; they must submit to Nature : she. is continually
mortifying their pride in some way or other, but when she laughs
in their faces and gybes them with the natural equality of ' ashes
to ashes, dust to dust,' she brings them at once to their senses :
while the poor neglected starving poet exultingly sings in derision
of their insolence, —

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 143
' The greatest man the sun can see,
Springs from the dust, like you or me;
The proudest wretch that wears a head,
Goes with a sexton's spade to bed.'
I have no hesitation in avowing, in the very teeth of the proud and
heartless great, that it is with unmixed delight that I read of their
deaths in the newspapers. It consoles many a sensation of the poor
man's breast that is easier felt than described, and it is a practical
lecture upon the pomps and vanities of this wicked world, worth all
the sermons in existence ; and I always measure the great by the
sovereign contempt in which they are thus held by Nature. Robert
Burns, in his happy days of rural independence, disclaimed all cow
ardly dependence' upon, and heart-sinking in the presence of the
great. ' To shrink,' said he, ' from every dignity of man, at the
approach of a lordly piece of self-consequence, who, amid all his
tinsel glitter and stately hauteur, is but a creature formed as thou
art;-— and perhaps not so well formed as thou art ; — who came into
the world a puling infant as thou didst, and must go out of it as all
men go out of it, a naked corse.' Such sentiments as these, such
sterling opinions of this world's greatness, did not tend, as may be
easily conceived, to raise the poet in the estimation of the partakers
of it. When Pitt was applied to for an appointment above the hard
earnings of manual labour, that he might have leisure to devote his
genius to his darling muses, the minister took an objection to the
poet's principles, and to correct them, in conjunction with his cold
contempt or political dread of poetry, made him an exciseman.
Thus was held out to the immortal bard of Tam o'Shanter an in
sulting temptation to drink that in the evening which he had guaged
hi the morning, to the almost utter neglect and distaste of the pure
Heliconian stream in which he once so much delighted.
Whoso- ventures to remind the great how little they really are,
Will surely rue it, sooner or later, unless he repent and becomes si
lent ; even then he is not forgiven, for the great never forgive. Be
cause, in a drama lately published were found such passages as the
following, and not very thinly strewed, it became inadmissible.
Lowly, reverent, and obedient tools of pomp and pride disclaim a
work wherein is said of the great, that
' Offences deeper in their hearts .make way.
Revenge and hatred more corroding gnaw,— .
And opposition, to their wishes stings,
And racks their self-love ten times more acute
Than those beneath them have conception of:
Rankle all these more bitter and more fell,
Beyond comparison than such are wont
In humble state and low.'
Here is enough in all conscience without any more of the like in
discreet vituperations to prevent the exhibition of the piece. A
London audience is not yet sufficiently moulded into servility, not
yet subdued into the cant of legitimacy, as to render it quite safe
to trust them with such things : not sufficiently drilled into the
good manners of letting these sentiments pass without the clap of

144 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
loud applause. A London audience hath not yet enlisted under the
banners of the Holy Alliance which eternally subsists between des
potism and slavery ; while for the sins of mankind they are the only
allies that never disagree, that never weaken their mutual means by
jealousies and separations, but go hand in hand from age to age, to
the latest hour of power and to the last acre of dominion ; as did
Carleton and his myrmidons at New York when the indignant
Yankee so happily retorted upon their vexatious tenacity. One can
only guess what the notions were that the poor fellow had so recent
ly sold, but we feel assured, from the nature of his reply to the
petty tyrants, that he had not disposed of them all, but had yet some
very good notions left.
A very laconic sententious reverend gentleman has recently told
us, that ' those who value themselves merely on their ancestry, have
been compared to potatoes, all that is good of them is under ground1;'
and it might have been added, that upon examination the roots of
many of these would be found very indifferent. Were we to look
carefully in the origin of our oligarchs, it would in the persons of
some of them be rather disgraceful than otherwise, when in others,
perhaps, would be observed, merit in rags ennobled by merit in
royalty : while but too many would stand convicted of having at
tained their riches and honours by grants of the crown and grasp-
ings of their own. The researches of a skilful heraldist would make
sad work with the coats of arms of almost every one of our noble
families. He would detect the tools of their ancestor's trade in all ;
but skilful heraldists are such legitimate adorers of this world's
greatness, that such uncourtly scrutiny will scarcely ever form a part
of their avocations. Hence, the management of matters such as
these ; hence the twistings and turnings and bendings to the vanity
and pride of the noble wearers and bearers of coats of arms ; hence
the original trowel is converted into a spear-head, and the bodkin
into a spear, — the cleaver into a battle-axe, and the sledge-hammer
into a truncheon ; turbot and cod are the mullets and dolphins ;
the fool's cap is not unfrequently the helmet, while almost all the
numerous crests were once the signs over the doors denoting the
humble trades and callings of their original ancestors.
The late Duke of Bridgewater burnt many valuable family papers,
and bricked up more, which, when opened after his death, were
found to have perished. It is said that his declared object was,
that he did not choose thnt his ancestors should be traced back to
a person of mean trade, which it seems might possibly have been.
Disraeli says that Milton's maunscript of Comus was published
from the Bridgewater collection, for it had escaped the bricking up,
and concludes from that escape how many good things were lost.
If a man whose whole life was one admirable exertion of Patriotism
and Love of Country, — if such a spice of aristocratic littleness were
to be found in any nook or comer of the breast of the late Duke of
Bridgewater, where will it not be found, and where doth it not dwell ?
It hath been advanced, and apparently with sound reason, that the
lowliness of a great roan's origin is a sterling mark of his intrinsic

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 145,
merit. This is doubtless in some cases founded in truth, and has
furnished sometimes a happy retort and always turns a period well.
State services, the hot-bed of rank and title, are so very equivocal,
often so truly abominable, that real merit becomes the last thing to
ensure preferment and exaltation. Burleigh, to be sure, was from
the loins of a sieve-maker, but there have been very few Burleighs ;
while old George Rose, Pitt's most favoured treasury secretary, was
begotten by a coal-porter. When George Rose was once upon oc
casion requested to promote a young gentleman in his office, on the
score of merit only — with much simplicity and truth he replied,
Merit ! did merit promote me ?
Daddy Jenky, Liverpool's notorious sire, sprung, I believe, from
a cordwainer, but certainly his origin was illegitimately low ; Cas-
tlereagh from a packman, Eldon from a collier; and Canning abso
lutely from what his fellow Tories denominate ' ,the very dregs of
the people :' while a certain hopeful Lord Lieutenant derives his
blood from a Lincolnshire clown, overgrown with hair and rudeness,
and him from a satyr ; a pedigree recently made but to a nicety by
one of his lordship's highly obliged and well-beloved friends. Now
the intrinsic merits of these men being as light as thistle seeds, and
as mischievous in their generation, were well suited to the foul air
of a corrupt court which wafted them to their high places, and there
retained them to vegetate the curse of human industry. Were a
haughty Howard or a Percy, in the plenitude of their high descent,
to have disdainfully asked them, ' how the devil they came there ?'
poor indeed had been their answer : whereas had honour and worth
exalted them, two plain unvarnished words would have silenced
even greater scorners than a Howard or a Percy.
O it was a sublime chastisement -which one of the gallant heroes
of the dethroned Napoleon's host of heroes inflicted upon one of
those wretched lumps of imbecility and old nobility which returned
with the restored Louis, and pestered his court : — one of these hav
ing enquired somewhat contemptuously of the veteran, a new peer
of France, what his sumptuous habit had cost him ? — he answered,
turning his back upon his enquirer, FORTY BATTLES.

STANDING ARMY.
The conclusion of the war, though in the highest degree acceptable to a great
majority of the citizens of the United-States, proved far otherwise to the sol
diers or fortune, who sought not only reputation, but support, by their swords.
I remember full well, that when the army was reviewed for the last time on
James's Island, a feu de joie was fired to celebrate the return of peace, Cap
tain Zeigler of the Pennsylvania line, after saluting General Greene, signifi
cantly shrugging up his shoulders, and dropping the point of his sword, gave
vent to an agony of tears. The review ended, and, being questioned as to the
cause of this emotion, he feelingly said, ' Although I am happy in the thought
that my fellow soldiers may now seek their homes, to enjoy the reward of their
toils, and all the delights of domestic felicity, 1 cannot but remember that I
am left on the busy scene of life, a wanderer, without friends and without em
ployment; and that a soldier from infancy, I- am now, in the decline of life,
t

146 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
compelled to seek a precarious subsistence in some new channel, when igno
rance and inability may mar my fortunes, and condemn me to perpetual ob
scurity.
1 have given the purport of his speech in plain language. It certainly was not
his usual style of speaking ; in which the mixture of German and English
words formed a dialect not easily to be comprehended  Garden.
Wbat a novelty in military event it is to see a soldier of fortune
draw his sword on the side of Freedom and Independence. Be a
soldier of fortune never so worthy, his whole education, from infancy
to manhood, and his habits and thinkings ever after, are at variance
with civil liberty, while he is eternally enjoined by kings and courts
to view the asserted rights of mankind in the light of insubordi
nation, leading to anarchy and confusion. Thus the great body of
the people of all countries is seen by him, through this false vision,
only to contain the hewers of wood and the drawers of water for
their superiors, who, so far from having an opinion upon liberty
and laws, taxation and representation, are insultingly told that these
are state matters which concern them not, and that they have no
thing to do with the taxes but to pay them, with the laws but to
obey them. Scarcely aliywhere do these doctrines more obtain
than in England, and dreadful it is to reflect that they influence
almost all the officers of our enormous standing army, who, being
native Britons, and many of them possessing great property, cannot,
strictly speaking, be styled soldiers of fortune : but what of that ?
— it was the canting boast of King George theThird himself, in the
first hour of his reign, that he was born a Briton ; while to the
last hour of it, he governed as a petty prince of Germany, where
despotism, soldiers of fortune, and standing armies, are held sacred
as the altar.
As the American army is now constituted, there can belong to it
no soldiers of fortune ; neither can it remain embodied in time of
peace, and the officers can sheath their swords at the conclusion of
a war, and fall into the useful avocations of peace, — can recommence
the callings and professions to which they were originally bred,
Without in the least suffering disparagement therefore in the minds
of their fellow citizens. It is here where an American is reproached
by an English aristocrat, with not feeling the pride of a gentleman,
a reproach which common sense repels and the curse of God con
demns, as in holy writ it is recorded. This pride of a gentleman
is the soul of the aristocracy of Europe, her splendour and her tyr
anny ; the sometimes open, at all times the covert enemy of free
dom and civil liberty all over the world ; which it endeavours to
keep down under the pretence of sustaining them by standing ar
mies : and the standing army of England is upheld for no other
purpose, though the officers and men composing it may not be quite
conscious of this their legitimate, usefulness.
An aristocrat of the genuine, legitimate stamp, shrinks inconti
nently from the sight of a people happy and industrious as a hive
of bees. He has instinctively the sense to know, that liberty is the
basis and knowledge the elevation of this structure of cheerfulness
and enjoyment, and that the knee of an independent-minded man is

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY.

lii

only bent to God, and the head only bowed to his fellow creatures,
in the civilized feeling of friendship and good manners. This to
the descendants of the comers in with the Conqueror, and all their
kind, is almo worse than the evils of plague; pestilence, and fam
ine, in all the: dreadful unity." This darkling spirit pervades our
aristocracy from the highest duke and prelate, to the lowest village
squire and rector, with certainly some exceptions, but these so few
that it becomes lamentable to dwell upon the subject.- ' Two Eng
lish gentlemen happened some time ago,' writes one of our tourists,
to be in one of the Swiss cantons,, in which the sighs of prosperity
and happiness were everywhere visible. One of them Called the
other's attention to sO cheering a circumstance. The other, a gen
tleman of large property in a south-western county, observed in
return — " Yes, all are certainly very happy ; but still this is not a
country for a gentleman." ' Now this man spake volumes on the
feelings and sentiments of our aristocracy, and I therefore here re
cord it, that a happy people may not remain uninstructed as to their
debt of gratitude to a genuine, legitimate aristocracy.
With the exception of King William the Third coming between
our infatuated monarch James and his infuriated people, and thereby
preventing a civil war, — for which good service we gave him no
less than three crowns,— it is astonishing how little we owe to King
William. For my part, and taking 'my opinion from all that has
followed upon it, it is to be regretted that he ever set sail, that he
ever prevented that civil warwhichmusthave ensued upon thedespot-
ism of King James. The people would have fought him and his Tories
with the same determination, and of a certainty with the like suc
cess,, which crowned their Patriotism and Love of Country against his"
father Charles and his malignants ; and would also have cut off his
head at the end of the contest, as was the just fate of that faithless ty
rant on the like occasion. This is the true constitutional demeanor^
of the people of England towards a king of England who tres
passes upon their rights and liberties, and who, when remonstrated!
with, makes war upon them in the name of God to enforce the1
encroachment. - The bringing in of King William was of a certainty well intended,
and therefore I laud and honour our ancestors in the transaction j
but William's heart was Dutch, and his views entirely continental.1
He managed both parties in England so prudently, perhaps craftily,
as to bring them into his views elsewhere ; and in this we see, that
during all his reign, tlioughhe came decidedly to save the constitu
tion, not three of his measures were strictly constitutional: as
suredly not conducive to the welfare of England, whose crown WaS
the splendid retaining fee of entire devotion to her interests. At
the expense of England he carried his projects into execution against
Louis the Fourteenth, whom he not only rivalled in military re
nown, but personally hated, and left us an itch, which has beefi
ever since retained, for fighting France on the continent instead of
contending with her on the dark blue sea, our native element. —
Moreover his reign was the cradle of the funding system, the fruit-
l2

148 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
fill source of taxation, as the standing army which he entailed upon
us is of war ; and war being the game of kings, his successors
exulting in the example thus set them by a king of the people's
choice, have followed it out and played it with tenfold fury, until
revolution, the bitter fruit of excess and improvidence in state
affairs, is every hour ripening and falling and propagating itself:
which presently will become so imposingly predominant that the
standing army will rather tend to accelerate than impede its
progress. King William, in his endeavour to saddle us with a standing
army, went boldly, if not brazenly, to work, with the villain Sun
derland at his ear to prompt every mischief; but a RARE House
of Commons defeated them both for that time. On the conclusion
of the first war with France, he, under the assurance of his popular
ity, pronounced, in his speech to parliament, — ' the circumstances
of affairs abroad to be such as to oblige him to declare his opinions,
that, FOR THE PRESENT, England could not be safe without a
land force." This royal declaration threw the House of Commons
and the nation into the highest ferment, as plainly indicating the
king's intention of maintaining a standing army in time of peace.
They carried their address against his majesty's opinion, leaving one
hundred and sixteen scrubs of placemen in the minority, and glo
riously voted that the whole number of troops to be maintained
should not exceed eight thousand men. By that RARE House of
Commons, ' A standing army was affirmed to be inconsistent with a
free government, and absolutely destructive of the English consti
tution ; a STANDING ARMY ONCE ESTABLISHED, WAS
ESTABLISHEDFOR EVER: and the records of every country "
and of every age had shewn that the establishment of a military
force had been ever fatal to liberty. A people are no longer free
when the sword is wrested out of their hands, and transferred to an
army of mercenaries. If the people have not a power within them
selves to defend themselves, they are no free nation. It is an opin
ion professed by the famous Machiavel, and which he undertakes to
prove in form, that the prince ought not to suffer the people to
acquire the knowledge of arms. No writer, it was said, had ever
treated on the subject of a free government without expressing his
detestation of a standing army. " Whoever," says Lord Bacon,
" doth use them, though he may spread his feathers for a while,
will mew them soon afterwards." In a word, if a standing army
is once established, all that the nation has gained by the Revolution
is a precedent in favour of resistance, which they would never be
permitted to have the benefit of any more."
These were the chastening sentiments, and this was the castiga
ting vote of that RARE House of Commons, and so it has been
recorded to all posterity by one of the most valuable of the very
best of our historians. Never were affirmations more solemnly
true, never predictions more completely verified. The army now
on foot of eighty thousand men, in the midst of peace and plenty,
confirms the propbecied thraldom beyond all doubt, nay, not even

AND LOTE OF COUNTRY. 149
the shadow of a shade of doubt can exist in the mind of any think
ing man. Even our Tory ancestors disapproved of a standing army,
as not congenial with the best interests of England. Clarendon's
second son, in his dedication of the Oxford edition of his noble
father's history to Queen Anne — it the altar-piece of the Tories and
she the wet nurse of mother church — tells her majesty that 'the situa
tion of this country adapts it for advantages by sea: the trade of it
enables it to go on with a war by sea, and neither of them can long *
bear a great expense of a war in a foreign land. The experience
of former successes at sea makes the nation ever fond of employing
its vigour there : and the perpetual jealousy,, that, sometime or
other, endeavours may be used by the increase of land forces to
advance another greatness and another interest, will fix the genius
of the nation still to depend on its greatness and its security by sea.'
Well done, my Lord Clarendon's second son ; such good old English
sentiments make some little amends for altering your noble father's
work from the History of the Civil Wars, which he entitled it, to
the History of the Rebellion,* by which you distinguished it, to
curry favour with the Queen, and to gratify the malignancy of the
university ; which university, while it has been at all times in its
learning an honour, has also in its politics been the disgrace of
England. Saddled, for our sins, with a standing army we assuredly are ;
- and it remains to be seen whether it will act so promptly and de
cidedly against the people of England, in this century, as it did
against those of America in the last : perhaps not ; nothing to my
mind is more doubtful. That the parliamentary reformers here will
assert their birthright with no less vigour than did the patriots
there, is evidenced in the progression that the cause is making,
from the united conviction of its justice and necessity ; and it is
only that they have not yet agreed upon the manner of it, that the
irresistible force of OPINION hath not spoken with the VOICE of
millions. The experience of all ages hath shewn what Englishmen
are capable of, when united heart and hand in what they conscien
tiously feel and know to be the -cause of their country. In the
mind's eye it is clearly seen that the sword on the part of legiti
macy is more than half out of the scabbard against reform ; never
theless if it were all out, the reformers would not submit to the
oligarchical usurpation which so grieves and oppresses them. The
people of England were never yet subdued by any power, foreign or
domestic ; and the close reader of history continually remarks, that
even the Conqueror, as he is styled, did not conquer them : he only
defeated Harold's army. With them he negociated, and it was not
until himself and his ruffian followers had got possession of all the
strong holds, that he proceeded to confiscate their estates and tram
ple them down at will and pleasure. The' people of England, be
it known to all the world, have always been cheated out of their
rights and liberties by their kings and governors ; but have never
in the end been subdued when once provoked to the field in defence
of them.

1£0 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM

DESOLATION OF WYOMING.
An American soldier, flying from a party of the enemv, sought Mrs. Richard
•Shubrick's protection, and was promised it. The British pressing close upon
him, insisted that he should be delivered up, threatening immediate and uni-
versal destruction in case of refusal. The ladies, her friends and companions,
who were in the house with ber, shrunk from the contest and were silent,'
but, undaunted by their threats, this intrepid lady placed herself before the
chamber into which the unfortunate fugitive had been conducted, and reso-
lutely said: ' To men of honour the chamber of a lady should be as sacred as
the sanctuary ! I will defend the passage to it, though I perish. You may
succeed and enter if, but it shall be over my corpse.'
' By God ! ' said the officer, ' if musquets were placed in the hands of a few such
women, our only safety would be found in retreat : your intrepidity, madam,
gives you security ; from me you shall meet with no further annoyance.' Garden.
In that nefarious, malignant, and impious war, the blood of an
American seemed to be the prize of every officer or soldier of the
British army, who was so lost to chivalrous humanity as to take it
but of the field of fight ; and every regiment of every army ha3
concealed always among its numbers a portion more or less of sucji
ruffians. Before the Americans became disciplined they were in
course unable to stand Jong in the open plains against the regular-
troops of their enemy. They therefore carried on the war with
their rifles, shielding themselves behind trees or in ravines, and by
other concealments taking every opportunity of destroying without
being destroyed. In this manner they constantly intersected the fine
of march, and poured destruction into the enemy's columns. Enraged
beyond endurance were the British that death should thus be sent
into their ranks, but from no tangible quarter, for the fatal marks
men were changing and shifting in all directions, leaving one tree
only to slip behind another, and repeat the mortal mischief. If
sometimes remaining too long in a hiding place, until partially sur
rounded and pursuit were successful, the darkling assailants were
never spared, but even on their knees beseeching mercy and quar
ter, were instantly immolated at the shrine of vengeance. Nothing
is more probable, than that the American soldier so pursued into
MVs. S.hubrick's house, was one of these deadly shots, whose own
destruction was certain, had not that undaunted lady so opportunely
eayed him.
However highly provoked the British must have been, and their
pride mortified, by this desultory yet sanguinary warfare, their own
of extermination in return, was, to say the least of it, very impoli
tic. As a measure tending to weaken the number of the Americans,
it wa8 n0* conducive to the end proposed, as so few could be thus
cut off, whilp the ferocity of it but served to inflame yet more the
already inflamed colonists against them. It partook of the extir-
patory war which Edgar, our Saxon monarch, waged against the
Wolves that he had driven into Wales, without its success and pfc-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY, 151
triotic usefulness. It furnished a precedent of itself for the horrors
of the Vendean war against the Freneh republicans, — which unna
tural conflict, if Pitt and his atrocious colleagues did not kindle
and foment, we know that they kept up the blaze of it by adding
fuel to the fire, which was only quenched by the sacrifice themselves
offered up in the blood of the unfortunate emigrants whom they
sent in hecatombs to the slaughter at Quiberon. It became an ex
ample to be followed out by Lord Balcarras in Jamaica against the
Maroon Indians ; while it formed a part of the cold and calculating
creed of Castlereagh and Judkin Fitzgerald against the poor fleeced
and ground-down and at length resisting peasantry of Ireland in that
memorable stand which they made against the most abandoned
oppression on earth : a resistance, a stand, which all the host of
' Princes, placemen, Pittites, priests, and peers,' .
have audaciously blared, in the face of God and justice, to style a
rebellion. It was only in the avenging execution done upon the destructive
riflemen that the British had a shadow of an excuse for their ran-
courous thirst for American blood. Full many a sanguinary instance
is upon record of their reckless outrages upon the unarmed and
inoffensive, — swearing, ' If ye are not with us, ye are against us,' —
while of all the atrocities which branded their arms with indelible
disgrace, was the infernal desolation of the utterly defenceless
colony Wyoming, a young settlement on the eastern branch of the
Susquehanah. If the inhabitants had sent out their warriors to
join the continental army,- in the field they were to be found ; while)
themselves remaining at home in confidential security, and wrapt in
the bosom of peace, were but a defenceless colony, ' in that kind
of primitive simplicity, only enjoyed before the mind of man is
contaminated by ambition and gold.' In the summer of 1778, this
hapless settlement was assailed by a motley body of Indians and
half-blooded Englishmen, headed by one Butler. A treacherous
negotiation duped the few that could have made some effectual
resistance. These surrounded and taken, the fiends demanded the
unconditional surrender of the remainder. ' The demand was ac
companied,' says Dr. Robertson, ' by the horrid display of a great
number of scalps, just torn from the heads and yet warm with the
blood of their nearest friends and relations. When their leader, in
this situation of wretchedness, went out himself with a flag to ask
the terms of surrender, the infamous Butler replied, " THE
HATCHET," — and the unfortunate man returned in despair, and
bravely defended himself to the last : but another historian shall
relate the dreadful catastrophe.
' The garrison, though resolute to sell their lives as dear as pos
sible, were soon overpowered ; and the savage conquerors, after
gratifying their infernal, rage by a most bloody military execution,
shut up the greater part of the survivors in the barracks, to which
they set fire, and consumed the whole in one general blaze. The
entire settlement was now given up to all the horrors of Indian

152 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
barbarity, of which the detail is not to be endured. A terrestrial
paradise was in a short time converted into a frightful waste ; and
men, women, and children, underwent one common butchery, in all
the possible varieties of torture. A provincial officer of the name
of Bedlock, being stripped naked, and his body stuck full of sharp
pine splinters, and a heap of knots of the same wood piled around
him, the whole was set on fire, — two other officers also, Captains
Ransey and Durgie, being thrown alive into the flames.
' Such are the accursed consequences of that princely ambition
which is exalted so high above the level of common life as to ad
mit of no sympathy with human misery. Feeling deeply for the
honour of Britain, a veil has been perhaps too partially cast over the
enormities committed by the Indians employed in the northern ex»
pedition, and in other parts of the continent. There are indeed
degrees of human depravity and wickedness creative of sensations
which no tongue can express and no language impart.' This is the
humane and dignified recital of that neglected historian, whose
pages are destined to live in the hearts and minds of generations yet
unborn, — what time the tomes of the shameless screeners and eulo
gists of the villain Tory all over the world, shall have sunk into
their merited disgrace, or natural oblivion.
This expedition in conjunction with Butler, was conducted by
one Brandt, by birth half an Indian, who led on the savages, him
self thrice a savage. Induced by British atrocity, he headed his own
of the Mohawk nation, and many other Indian tribes, against the
province of Pennsylvania where was situate the colony of Wyoming. r<
Mr. Campbell, in the preface to his poem of Gertrude of Wyoming^
observes that ' the testimonies of historians and travellers concur m«
describing the infant colony as one of the happiest spots of human
existence, for the hospitality and innocent manners of the inhabi
tants, the beauty of the country, and the luxuriant fertility of the
soil and climate ;' and these were by British atrocity forsooth to be
desolated and swept away by means of the thrice-savage Brandt
and the blood-loyal Butler. This Brandt was a war-feast recruit of
Colonel Johnson's, Governor Johnson, afterwards for his pious and
humane services to the BEST of KINGS, Sir John Johnson, knight ;
who in the outset of the crusade presented to one of the chiefs of
the six nations a very large black war-belt, with a HATCHET
depictured upon it, inviting him and his brethren to banquet on a
Bostohian and drink his blood : — the selfsame Johnson who also
delivered over the war-belt with a HATCHET depictured upon it to
several other tribes, calling on them likewise to banquet on a Bos-
tonian and drink his blood.
It is mentioned in Wild's Travels as noted by Campbell, that this
Brandt with a considerable body of his troops joined the British
under the command of Johnson. ' A skirmish took place with the
Americans ; the action was warm, and Brandt was shot by a nms-
quet ball in his heel, but the American troops in the end were de
feated, and an officer with sixty men were taken prisoners. The
officer, after having delivered up his sword, had entered into con-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 153
versation with Colonel Johnson, and they were talking together in
the most friendly, manner, when Brandt, having stolen slily behind
them, laid the American officer low with his tomahawk. The in
dignation of Johnson was roused by such an act of treachery, and
he resented it in the warmest terms. Brandt listened to him un
concernedly, and when he had finished told him that he was sorry
for his displeasure, but that indeed his heel was so extremely pain
ful at the moment, and he could not help revenging himself on the
only chief of the party that he saw taken. Since he had killed the
officer, he added, his heel was much less painful to him than it had
been before.'
Colonel Johnson's indignation must have been momentary or very
evanescent, otherwise he would not haver retained such a fiend in
the service. It is more than doubtful whether any subsisting friend
ship was broken ; and many were given to believe that he knew
more of the desolation of Wyoming than he afterwards found it
prudent to boast of. Burgoyne pardoned the savage chiefs that
murdered Miss Rea for reasons best known to himself, and Johnson
passed over this enormity of the thrice-savage Brandt, only, if all
the truth were known, that he might commit greater enormities :
always perhaps having Wyoming in view. In what a dreadful con
dition must be the mind of that man, who could be induced by any
consideration to draw his sword upon young children, which he that
employed Butler and Brandt against poor Wyoming stands guilty of
in the highest ; for he must know, did undoubtedly know, that
savages in war spare not man, woman, or child. Whether Dun-
more, Burgoyne, or Johnson directly caused the desolation of Wy
oming I will not enquire, but do indirectly charge them all with it,
for employing the savages at all. The ministers at home were e-
qually guilty in empowering these heathen commanders to employ
them, the King that sanctioned their employment, as also that blas
phemous demon Lord Suffolk, who dared to declare in high senate,
that the savages were weapons which God and Nature had put in
our hands. The christian world is lost in astonishment, and finds
not language sufficiently strong to express its disgust and abhor
rence of such kings and ministers, lords and generals. /
The fiercest beasts have been known to spare young children, and
in the hottest of the battle an infuriated eovered-with-blood soldiery
have saved them. •' When Thurot effected a landing in Ireland in
the seven years' war, while the French and English troops were
engaged in the streets of Carrickfergus, a young child got between
the combatants, — which a Frenph soldier observing, quitted his
rank, and led it out of danger • and while he was employed in this
humane action, both parties suspended their fire.' What a sublime
lesson is this for the kings and ministers of the earth, the lords of
their courts, and the commanders of the armies. O for the honour
of the British 'Same then, now, and for ever, that a troop of such
heroines as Mrs. Shubrick could have stood between Brandt and
Butler and the utterly defenceless colony of Wyoming, as did that
intrepid My herself between the British officer and party and the

154 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
poor run-down American who implored her protection, and was so
undauntedly protected. Over their bodies they must have passed
ere the colony was destroyed, and had the barbarians thus paved
their way, all the grateful and admiring population of North Amer
ica, man, woman, and child, would have united in transmitting
their generous Amazonianism in the simple but impressive colloquy
by which those of South America are now handing down their
heroines to all posterity.
In South America it was not only the men who were conspicuous
in the revolutionary war against the no longer to be endured op
pressions of the mother country ; the wife of General Padilla, who
accompanied him to the field, was nominated a lieutenant-colonel
for taking with her own hands a Spanish colour. The women of
Cochabambo were stationed to defend a post on the attack upon
that town, and all perished. In upper Peru so long as the war
lasted, it was customary to enquire at every roll call if the women
of Cochabambo had presented themselves ? and the answer regu
larly given to perpetuate the exploit was, ' No, they have all per
ished in the defence of their country.'

RETORT COURTEOUS.
The enmity of the contending armies during the seige of Charleston, was not
confined to open hostility, but manifested itself in trie indulgence of irony too
pointed not to give increase to mutual animosity. Towards the conclusion of
it, the liritish, believing that the fare of the garrison was both indifferent
and scanty, a thirteen-inch shell was thrown from the lines, which passing
immediately over the horn-work, manned by a detachment of the ancient
battalion of artillery of Charleston, fell into a morass immediately in the
rear, without exploding. An officer of the corps, who saw it lodge, approach
ing it after some time, perceived a folded paper attached to it, directed ' To
the Yankee Officers in Charleston ; ' the contents of which expressed a wish,
' that in their known state of starvation, they would accept from a compas
sionate enemy, a supply of the necessaries they so much delighted in.' The
shell was filled with rice and molasses.
To return the compliment, a shell was immediately filled with hogslard and
brimstone, and thrown into the British works, accompanied by a note, ex-
Eressing thanks for the present received, and begging that the articles returned
y a considerate enemy might be appropriated to the use of the Scotch gentle
men in tbe camp, to whom, as they were always of consequence, they might
now prove peculiarly acceptable. It was understood after the seige, that the
note was received, but not with that good humour that might have been ex.
pected, had it been considered as a jeu d' esprit, resulting from justifiable
retaliation  Garden.
It is in the genuine spirit of Insolence to commit wanton, unpro
voked aggression ; and, when visited in return by the assured lex
talionis which aggression sooner or later never fails to attract, when
the tables are turned upon itself, as it were, what a volley of ma
lignant abuse and execration is the consequence. Pride is wounded
where it least expects a blow, and hath no remedy but in brutal

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 155
sulky hatred. The sending of the shell into Charleston crammed
with wretched diet, was not of much moment ; it merely went to
shew a mean spirit of insult, and met with its proper return. It
hath ever been, that when a real or supposed superior has practi
cally drawn the disdainful comparison, at the expense of the infe
rior, that ridicule or disgrace hath hefallen it. I knew a colonel of
dragoons who formed circle and addressed his men upon the vile
habit of swearing ; but being more zealous than discreet, he con-
eluded his oration with the most vulgar oaths, and profane execra
tions against this same vile habit of swearing. I also know a Tory
High-Church baronet of this redoubted county, whose favourite
bawl hath ever been against the blasphemy of the people, and their
Jacobinical neglect of religious observances ; — while himself has
been seen with his painted dandy scythe, on a Sunday morning,
during the hours of divine service, busily employed in, mowing
thistles in his pleasure grounds. We all know that Dean Sherlock,
at the Revolution, affected to stand out against King William, by
declining to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. Many
clergymen under the like scruples consulted with his very reverence
upon what was best to be done. He strenuously advised them to
hold out, for that James of a surety would recover his crown. In
an evil hour they relied upon the counsel of this Holy Devil, who,
on the latest day allowed by the proclamation for recusants to come
in, went to the council board and took the oaths himself: leaving
his poor dupes without bread, and with not even the consolation of
self-approval. The long and short of these instances only go to
prove, that, when a superior would influence an inferior to fall
into his views and wishes, before all things it is necessary that
he set him the example.
. Malignancy and insolence towards the handicraftsman, the me-
- chanic, and the peasant, have become of late a visible sign of kin
dred and clanship in church and state, and a bond of hatred, malice,
and all uncharitableness, which in due time, by the help of God,
Will find its own reward. It was once, and not very long since, a
wholesome and constitutional maxim with the rich, the substantial,
and the well to do, that ' It is a poor heart which never rejoices ; '
but since the events of the French Revolution, the unsophisticated
obstreperous joy of the poor and some few classes above the poor,
has been construed into something bordering upon sedition and riot :
hence so frequently does their every relaxation encounter the freezing .
grin of disdain, or the magisterial, scowl of disapprobation, followed
out by. hindrance and obstruction in every possible way.
The loud and joyous laugh of the hewers of wood and the draw
ers of water, once held so politically wholesome by the rulers of
our gymnastic population, is now by dunderhead anti-jacobinism
decried as turbulent or barbarous. The village feast and rural wake
are frowned down into mere insignificance, while balls and banquets,
routs and operas, are retained, with increased splendour and proflii
gate extravagance. The fashionable world has banished from its
diary that portion of light and sunshine the afternoon, which. three-

156 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
fourths of the year is so cheerful and so adapted to rural exercise ;
the ingrates denominating the sports of those beneath them at this
period of the day as vulgar, low, and democratical, and no decent
person forsooth is to be seen partaking of them. A long morning
is the genteel time of day for business or field diversions, cry the
hypocrites, and to lose no time for these things they travel on a
Sunday, and may be seen everlastingly on that day, rattling post
through the towns and villages, attended by their valets and grooms,
with every complacency. Shall a few individuals of the working
classes, who but seldom have another day in the week ; shall these
after divine service be found at football, leaping, wrestling, or play
ing at chuck-farthing, the constable, the stocks, the justice, or the
devil, are forthwith resorted to, in legitimate contempt of the once-
wholesome and constitutional maxim that ' It is a poor heart which
never rejoices.'
Stamford is one of the oldest towns in England, and out of its
antiquity hath grown an annual bull-rnnning, which, until of late,
was the delight of the inhabitants of the place and all round about
the place. The damnable cant of anti-jacobinism has succeeded in
crying down this ancient diversion of the people on the score of
cruelty. I am no bullard, but only the determined enemy of cant
and hypocrisy. To destroy the animal, whether he shews high
game and great diversion, or whether he be a sulky coward, is badly
judged : otherwise, the sport, though rough, is a manly one. There
are more men in England killed yearly by bulls, than there are bulls
baited and run to death by men, which at all events is some set-offisj;
against the alleged cruelty of the diversion : a set-off which lords
and gentlemen have not to plead in. mitigation of their cruelties.
upon horses, stags, and foxes, pheasants, hares, and partridges, and
many other animals which are the continual victims of their field
sports, their ennui, and their luxurious and lustful appetites.
Compared with bull-running, the field sports of those in England
who are neither poor nor industrious, are cruel even to cowardice;
for the objects of their pursuit can make no resistance. They do nei
ther toss nor gore, unless it be the stag, and that only under the pecu
liar circumstances of nature, nor even then with the dreadful force
and ferocity of a bull; while others.it maybe said, are utterly defence
less. An American gentleman takes his gun, and with his faithful
dogs pursues and hunts the wolf and the bear, with the full know
ledge, that while he is following this manly chase, he is liable to set
his foot upon the horrid rattle-snake. His hunting, therefore, is not
a diversion of impunity ; and cruelty is entirely out of the question.
A bear, when killed and bagged, 'stands for something, and puts the
shooting even of Lord Kennedy to the blush, and shames, if possi
ble, the wanton slaughter of from two to three hundred brace of
game in a morning, with no other motive in view than to shew the
guests at the great house that the despot lord of it had so many to
so cruelly destroy.
Is the bull-running at Stamford more cruel as a diversion than
the fox-hunting all round about Stamford and elsewhere, or in fact

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 157
the hunting of any kind and everywhere throughout the united
kingdom ? The fine, fleet, high-bounding stag, is hunted until he
cannot move another furlong, when he takes the water, and, if not
too scarce, is "never saved. When torn by the hounds to his last
gasp, a murderous falchion knife is presented as a high compliment
to the person in the field whom that day the noble owner of the
pack delights to honour ; who dismounts and cuts the throat of the
far more noble animal. This mark of honour is now in many stag-
hunts dispensed with, but the huntsman performs the bloody deed •
-before their eyes, which they complacently witness, while in either
case the cruelty is the same.
Is bull-running more partaking of cruelty than fox-hunting ?
where a small and most valiant animal unflinchingly lives for tWo
and sometimes for three hours before a pack of hounds in foil cry,
and a yet larger pack of horsemen in full whoop, when at length,
exhausted and overtaken, sets his teeth into the first dog that seizes
him, and never leaves his hold while life remains. Nay, not un-
frequently, when his sagacity has so far assisted to foil the fine
energies of the high-bred hounds, he gains no credit in his pursuers'
esteem ; but if, after gradually sinking) wearied and worn down, he
earths, — is it not, ye canting hypocrites, yet more cruel to dig him
out and throw him into the jaws of the ravenous hounds, than to
throw a powerful and savage beast as is a bull, over a bridge into a
river, after having run him down also ? If a bull possessed the
durable and unyielding courage of a fox, let me tell ye, my masters
in cant and hypocrisy, he never would be thrown alive over any
bridge whatever into any river whatever.
- What is hare-hunting but cruelty in every sense of the word ?
Nothing short of the want of scent upon the ground can save poor
puss. Her-remarkable speed serves only to stiffen her frame while
she stops to listen or to foil ; her foiling is never very sagacious,
and at last, with her heart bursting with terror and fatigue, she is
either worried by the dogs, or is induced to make some desperate
1 effort to avoid it. I once witnessed, not as a hunter, but as a casual
spectator, this" climax of her distress. Chased down to the shore
of the raging sea, she dashed into the roaring tide, and swam off
without a point of land to make, or an atom of rock to rest upon.
I saw a boat put off after this poor hunted drowning hare, which
having overtaken, returned with her to the beach : this poor distressed
and tortured animal, stiff with running, cold with swimming, was
CRUELLY INDEED turned up again before the dogs, and, after
i staggering less than a hundred yards, was killed outright for the
diversion of the hunters.
fy One would suppose that foxes, stags, and hares, were sufficient
it for our lords and gentlemen, who cry ciuel, savage, brutal, and
cowardly, when the people, their disdained inferiors, one day in a
year bait or run a bull ; while their legitimate sports last day by
I day and week by week throughout all time. Even summer is
pressed into their service, and the water for the scene of it. — Troll-
i ing for pike and angling for perch, become the amusement of the

158 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
easy or Indolent, while the active country gentleman Unkennels his
harriers and hunts the otter. It would be loss of time, and waste !
of ink and paper, to describe minutely the destruction of this aquatic
animal. Imagine the poor thing so exhausted in the endeavour to
evade his pursuers, as -to be unable any longer to dive, and scarcely
to make a swim of it ; imagine the poor animal to be at this point
of time transfixed upon a trident, a~ dreadful three-tined sp£ar, arid
held up writhing in agony, while the dogs below are loud in every
ravenous tone raging for their prey, — yet denied it by their masters,
who, to save the skin of our English beaver and thereby turn a
penny, thus hold the poor impaled creature up until he dies : now
what ye, my masters in cant and hypocrisy, is cruelty, if this be not
cruelty, even to the running of a thousand bulls ?
A certain Worldly-minded personage, in the private and confident
tial trust of a noble game preserver, whose slaughter-days are those
of a most wanton effusion of the blood of hares and partridges and
pheasants ;-^this worthy, when hearing the field-sports of the great
contrasted with the bull-running of the small, turns short rounif
upon his illegitimate opponents, saying, ' It may be so, but I ant1
no sportsman.' True, but he was once a bullard, and a keen one;
and would have been a bullard till now, had not the noble patron of*
his rotten borough, in unison with all that appertaineth thereto)
sought to do away with the diversion : that same noble patrow
whose breech this same trustworthy personage would kiss ten times
told, rather than disoblige him. The fiery anti-jacobin, Windham,
with all his faults, was a dear lover of "the gymnastic sports and
diversions of the people ; and if any more than other can be named
that he delighted in, they were bull-baiting and bull-nmning ; how
he would have disdained this kiss-breech subserviency, need not by
me be told. Mr. Windham not only advocated the rural manly
sports of our ancestors, in parliament and all other places, but be
at all times, where accident threw him in the way of them, became
for a few minutes one of the most joyous of the party ; and the
bullards of Stamford may rest assured, that, were he at any time
of his life, even when a minister of state, to have been passing
through their town on the thirteenth of November, they would
have seen him among them for the short period that he staid to
change horses, the keenest of the keen, and the bravest of the braVej
in facing the bull of all that had espoused it, since the bonny sport
began. Mr. Windham's biographer dwells upon this decided trait of his1
manly character. He, in the very face of cant and hypocrisy, de
clares, that his lamented friend ' deprecated all attempts which were1
made to deprive the peasantry of their accustomed sports and exer
cises. From the practice of those exercises resulted, in his opinion,
not only much of the personal bravery of Englishmen, but also that
hatred of bloodshed and assassination, and that humane forbearance
in victory, by which the British character is happily distinguished
from that of many other nations. Nothing roused his indignation
more than the vexatious spirit of interference with the holiday-***

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 159
joyments of the poor, which he thought some of our magistrates
had lately shewn a strong desire to exercise. The suppression of a
vjllage-hop, or horse-race, or even a boxing-match or buU-bait,
while the magistrate was quietly enjoying his own ball or hunting
party, he thought an act of the most scandalous injustice and
oppression.' In the course of a warm debate in the House of Commons, upon
Mr. Dent's bill to suppress bull-baiting, Mr. Windham maintained
these sentiments, which .greatly shocked the feelings of Sir Richard
Hill, who, working himself up to, the highest pitch of sympathy, ex
pressed himself with not his accustomed clearness, for on other
occasions he was a very eloquent speaker. A wit of the House of
Commons — for there were wits in those days in the^House of Com
mons — amused the town with the following epigram : —
' While St. Stephen's assembly were deeply intent
On the bull-baiting bill brought forward by Dent ;
Where Windham's experience was gravely relating
A singular pleasure attendant on baiting ;
Where Grosvenor declared that the animal's note,
Was more tuneful to some ears than Billington's throat :
Where Courtenay, in drollery's cause ever hearty,
Instead of a brute wished to bait Buonaparte ;
Sir Richard, of sympathy's softness brimful,
Got up and declared " that he felt as a bull :"
And the question being put with due care and precision,
The fact was agreed to without a division.'
I repeat that I am no bullard, but I will not quietly see bull-
baiting and bull-running put down by the rich and the great, on the
score of cruelty, while themselves are as crUel as cannibals. I have
already enumerated the barbarity of their diversions of the field, and
Will now but glance in the slightest at that Of their pleasures of the
table, and other sensualities. Luxuries, the lower classes cannot
have, nor scarcely do they want them ; but the higher and the
highest will have them, * whatever may betide it.' They feast with
expressed delight upon lobsters which they know have been boiled
alive, or roasted upon a wooden spit. Themselves place live oysters
between the burning bars of the grate, and greedily devour them as
they become brown and savory. Sucking pigs at their particular
instance are whipt to death, to make them yet more tender and de
licious : while the poor boar in feeding is constrained to one position
for many months, in order that the part of his neck denominated
the shield, may thicken and grow into what is called brawn-: a
standing dish and never out of fashion at their side-tables.
Codfish and skate, alive from the water, are crimped, that is, cut
into yawning gashes, to make them firm. Tench are thrown alive
into the stew-pan, and eels are skinned alive, with the inhuman jest
Of— that it does not hurt them because they are used to it. Ail
these delicacies, in their season, are served up at the tables of the
luxurious wealthy and great, Who cant upon the cruelty of bull-
running, not so much that it is cruel, as that it is a sport delighted
ih by the handicraftsman, the mechanic, and the peasant. Even
todies, much too fond of ' the melody of music:s note,' have added

160 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
to their imprisonment for life of a dear, sweet bird, the sorrow of
blindness, and have deliberately ordered the torture of a red-hot
knitting needle as the means of operation, by putting out'its eyes,
toimprove its song. Insects, by collectors of curiosities for museums,
are impaled on corking-pins, and aquafortis poured into their wounds
to preserve their colour ; their intestines have been pressed out be
hind, and the orifice has been filled up witli hot wax to preserve
their shape : and these are but a scantling of the manifold cruelties
of those who cant and bawl against bull-running.
Horses too, — gallant, generous, noble horses, — how they are bar
barously used and cruelly abused, by the selfsame canters and
whiners, who declaim against bull-running. The most ponderous
folio would scarcely contain the revolting facts and instances. In
war, the game of greatness, their sufferings need not be dwelt upon;
in peace these are every day before our eyes. Behold ' the gay
licentious proud ' transported from place to place in their cushioned
chariots, by horses often better bred than themselves, always too
good for such ill usage. Could the poor post-horse, sang the kind-
hearted poet, — ' Could the poor post-horse tell you all his woes ;
Shew you his bleeding shoulders, and unfold
The dreadful anguish Tie endures for gold :
Hired at each call of business, lust, or rage.
That prompts the traveller from stage to stage.*
The horses which Whitaker's ' most amiable government in the
world' run in the mails night and day, beyond fair travelling speed,
have woes innumerable, unpitied and untold ; as have all the poor
animals that are sooner or later jaded to death in the public stages :
and do not gentlemen in their own esteem, do not the scarlet-coated
fox-hunters most cruelly and not unfrequently kill their gallant
horses by shamefully riding them past their condition, strength, and
capability ? while, last not least, if not worst of all, behold the poor
miserably worn-down horses of the hackney-coaches in London !
Poor dogs, faithful dogs, beautiful dogs, have been by medical
students and lecturers nailed to a table and opened alive, to BENE
FIT MANKIND by improving the science of anatomy ! Hath the
frame of a dog the least resemblance to that of a man ? I wish,
from the bottom of my heart, that men in general possessed but
one half of the generous qualities of a dog. Beautiful, faith
ful, highly-valued dogs, have been brained or poisoned, hanged or
shot, by brutal slaves, and screened from justice by tampering knaves,
to gratify the pride and domination of titled game-preserving des
pots, who, flattered and eulogized by the sons of Belial that sur
round them, scarcely know whether they go upon their heads or
their heels.
In London, in Charles the Second's reign, a horse was baited.
Evelyn, who makes mention of it, was a most humane man, whose
mind dwelt upon rural objects in the simple elegance of nature,
and he consequently speaks of it as very revolting to his feelings.
It requires not this refinement to be greatly shocked at the brutality
and barbarity of it. ' There was,' he says, ' a very gallant horse

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 161
to be baited to death by doggs ; but he fought them all, so as the
fiercest of them could not fasten on him, till they run him through
with their swords. This wicked and barbarous sport deserv'd to be
punished in the cruel contrivers to get money, under pretence that
the horse had killed a man, which was false : I would not be per
suaded to be. a spectator.' Now here gentlemen must have been
concerned, for swords were used against the noble animal, and none
wore swords in Charles the Second's reign but gentlemen.
Evelyn, in his most entertaining Diary, tells another baiting story,
and bonny sport there must have been. In 1659, he notes that ' the
Old East India Company lost their business against the New Com
pany by ten votes in parliament, so many of their friends going to
see a tiger baited by dogs.' Rather than not have seen this exhi
bition, one could almost have endured ' the reproaches of the Old
East India Company for neglecting their interests. Perhaps, if all
the truth were told, some knowing ones of the New East India
Company kicked up the row with the tiger on that same day, in
order that the sporting senators, not in their interests; might be
better employed than in voting against them. This is what a cer
tain son of Mars of our time, with more spurs on his heels than
brains in his head, calls making a diversion against the enemy.
I have enumerated a portion of those cruelties which are an in
delible disgrace to the commofiest humanity, much less to an en
lightened and refined description of men, who call themselves
christians and gentlemen ; whose continual boast is of a greater
share of benevolence, charity, generosity, and humanity, than is
possessed by others of their rank and station in oftier countries ;
and who wind up their self-complacency with an hypocritical sigh
for the sorrows of a bull that is run or baited to death by dogs and
butchers ! I know the price of thus bearing witness against them :
it is hatred and vengeance as opportunity may offer, — saying, although
we abuse, we are not to be retorted upon ; and when we insult, it
is not to be resented. In this bad spirit was the shell thrown into
Charleston, — while, as in the just principle of tread upon a worm
and it will turn again, was the shell thrown out of Charleston.

MRS. WRIGHT AND GEORGE THE THIRD.
A.T the commencement of the Revolution, Mrs. Wright, a native of Pennsyl
vania, a distinguished modeller of likenesses and figures of wax, was exhibit
ing specimens of her skill in London. The King of Great Britain, pleased
with her talents, gave her liberal encouragement, and, finding her a great
politician and an enthusiastic republican, would often enter into discussion
relative to passing occurrences, and endeavour to refute her opinions with re
gard to the probable issue of the war. The frankness with which she de
livered her sentiments, seemed rather to please than to offend him ; which was
a fortunate circumstance, for, when he asked an opinion, she gave it without
constraint, or the least regard to consequences. I remember to have heard
her say, that on one occasion, the monarch, irritated by «ome disaster to his

162 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
troops, where he had prognosticated a triumph, exclaimed with warmth, — ' I
wish, Mrs. Wright, you would tell me how it will be possible to check the
silly infatuation of your countrymen, restore them to reason, and render them
good and obedient subjects.' * I consider their submission to your majesty's
government is now altogether out of the question,' replied Mrs. Wright:
' friends you may make them, but never subjects : for America, before a
King can reign there, must become a wilderness, without any other inhabi
tants than the beasts of the forest. The opponents of the decrees of your
parliament, rather than submit, would perish to a man ; but if the restoration
of peace be seriously the object of your wishes, I am confident that it needs
but the striking off of THREE HEADS to produce it.' ' O, Lord North's
and Lord George Germaine's, beyond all question ; and where is the third
head?' ' O, sire, politeness forbids me to name HIM. Your majesty could
never wish me to forget myself and be guilty of an incivility.'
In her exhibition room, one groupe of figures particularly attracted attention ;
and by all who knew her sentiments, was believed to be a pointed hint at the
results which might follow the wild ambition of the monarch. The busts of
the King and Queen of Great Britain were placed on a table, apparently
intently gazing on a head, which a figure, an excellent representation of her
self, was modelling in its lap. It was the head of the unfortunate Charles
the first — Gauben.
Every independent-minded Briton must detest and abominate the
reign of George the Third, if it were only for his conduct towards
America, and the loss of that country in consequence of it ; while
his ministers and the whole oligarchy in church and state, who fell
so decidedly into his views, stand unforgiven even unto this day,
e be they alive or be they dead.' The load of misery, mentally and
bodily, with which the King was afflicted at the hand of God, to the
end of his days, begets commiseration in, his earthly atonement. —
Search all history through that may be relied on, and no monarch
will be found to have been more decidedly visited for his falling
away from the declared principles which enthroned him. Loss of
America, accumulation of a national debt that will ultimately ruin
his  ; madness upon the reflection of these things, blindness
upon that, and a protracted duration of existence to the extreme
verge of entire uselessness. His ministers, counsellors, and advisers,
his oligarchy in church and state, his vast majorities in parliament,
and all the electors of these, may be damned to their own dearly
beloved hell flames nine thousand years and welcome, but it is hoped
and trusted, that his majesty's sufferings on earth may have worked
out his salvation : no unfriendly wish, by the bye, and with a little
more loyalty in it than was contained in all the humble and loyal
addresses he ever had presented to him.
The Tories and the remains of the Jacobites, were so delighted
with his marked and most undisguised renunciation of the princi
ples which set King William on the throne of Great Britain, that
they took his majesty to their bosoms as the child of grace, miracu
lously descended from their fallen Stuarts, and profited by it most
exceedingly. It was their private boast and public happiness, that
they could consistently revel in riches and royal smiles, without
sacrificing their own principles : like a coat laid aside as out of
fashion, which, to the surprize of the owner, many years after be
comes again quite the thing, ready cut and dried, and fit for wear,
without a farthing's expense.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 163
Mrs. Wright must surely have been the only person who spoke
unwelcome truths to a ruler of the land with impunity. The King's
natural good nature never was shewn to finer advantage than in
his endurance to Mrs. Wright's unwelcome truths. That lady ap
pears to have been a kinswoman of pretty Die Vernon, who, in
criticising her friend's poetry, said, that she ' belonged to the -
unpopular family of the Tell-truths, and would not flatter Apollo
for his lyre.' A Tory scribe, a little smarting under a box of the
ear which he got for once in his life, intimating a little truth to the
present King of widowed blessedness, — told his readers next day,
that ' unwelcome truths are perhaps the most unpalatable things
which can be presented to those who consider them as such, whilst
the person who administers them is sure to be soundly rated.' —
Indeed, nothing is more grating to the rulers ,of the land, be they
kings or governors, than truth. If received with a steady counte
nance, it but sinks the deeper in the heart, and there it commonly
rankles, to the ruin of the bold teller of it, when the time comes,
and then of all sins it is the first to be remembered.
At the very outset of the dispute with the colonies, ' the virtuous
Dowdeswell, who combined,' saith Belsham, our imperishable his
torian, ' the inflexibility of a Shippen with the liberality and gene
rosity of a Stanhope, called upon the House of Commons to recollect
that the province of the Massachusets had flourished for fourscore
years under their old democratic charter. It was granted in the
reign of King William, and breathed a spirit of liberty unknown to
modern times. They have increased their possessions and improved
their lands to an unexpected and unexampled pitch, and we have
reaped the benefit of their labour ; yet you are now, said this true
patriot, going to destroy that very charter which has subsisted to
the mutual advantage both for this country and America.' This, so
early in the business, from the lips of such a man as Mr. Dowdes
well, to the ministers of a Bute-instructed King, and their iniquitous
majority, was indeed an unwelcome truth ; for it told, that chartered
rights and British thrones were built of the selfsame materials, and
were cemented by the selfsame blood : but woe, woe, woe, to the
people of England, OR to the  of England, for George the
Third's was one continued reign of fierce war upon war, against the
chartered rights and liberties, not only of the subject, but of all
mankind. It was the senatorial admission of one of our sapient rulers the
other day, that ' our former wars were often occasioned by the per
sonal feelings of the sovereigns,' and when a member instanced
quietly across the table the American war — the right honourable
gentleman seemed to bow assent. Never until that hopeful hour,
just now about a year since, was it admitted by a Tory that, wars
arose out of the personal feelings of our sovereigns : which means,
if the expression have any meaning, murder, state murder, upon
the most enormous scale. The cant of 'just and necessary ' is
thrown by it entirely into the shade, while stands horribly forth,
murder, state murder, upon the most enormous scale.
m 2

164 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
Be it so, saith the unblushing Tory, — for know ye not that a
King of England has two consciences. When Charles the First
hesitated to pass the bill of attainder against Lord Strafford, as
contrary to his conscience, his council referred him to his bishops,
¦whom they made no question would clear the way there for him.
The Archbishop of York was at hand, saith LORD CLARENDON,
— who, to his argument of conscience, told him, ' that there was a
private and a public conscience ; that his public conscience as a
King, might not only dispense with, but oblige him to do that
which was against his private conscience as a man ; and by such
unprelatical ignominious arguments in plain terms advised him
" even for conscience-sake to pass the act." ' When Lord Claren
don, the backbone friend of kings and prelates and priests, thus
honestly lets fly his indignation against this two-conscience priest
craft and charlatanism, not a word need be added to it only to re
mark, that George the Third, in all instances of his rule, was so
advised and by such, had these two consciences, and that he re
sembled Charles the First in all things, even as one pea does
another, save and except that George died with his head upon his
shoulders, and Charles did not.
A homely witticism might be applied to his majesty, for he was
taught by Bute and fed by us ; which was exemplified in-his portly,
robust, and comfortable bodily appearance, and in his lack of un
derstanding in the principles of Freedom which enthroned his fam
ily. Plutarch was happy in repeating the apopthegm of Carneades,
that ' Princes learn nothing well but riding ; for their masters
flatter them, and those who wrestle with them suffer themselves to .
be thrown ; but a horse considers not whether a private man or a
prince, a poor man or .a rich, be on his back — for if his rider caanot
rule him he throws him.' I will not say that a horse should have
educated George the Third, but it had been well, more than com
monly well, for these kingdoms, if Bute had) not been his teacher,
and Porteus and other unprelatical men his advisers. ' Segrais,'
relates Mr. Seward, ' says that some young noblemen about the
person of Louis Fourteenth, were talking one day befoie him, when
he was about eleven years old, of the despotic power of the Em
perors of Turkey, and what great things they did in consequence of
it. " Aye," said the young prince, " this may be called reigning
indeed." The Marshal D'Estrees, who happened to be present,
said, " Your majesty perhaps does not know that even in the
course of my life, I have known three or four of these emperors
put to death by the bow-string." Marshal de Villeroi, governor
to the young King, immediately rose from his seat, went up to
D'Estrees, and thanked him for the excellent lesson which he had
given to his royal pupil.'
All history knows how little good was worked upon the mind
of Louis by these two honest courtiers of pretty Die Vernon's tell-
truth family, yet he might have been worse without them, as George
might have been better without Bute and his bishops. Voluntary
and meanly submissive as are the millions of mankind, yet even

And love of country. 165
they, unless lost in Asiatic reptilism, prefer justice to breast-law, fair
dealing to chicanery. Milton, in his letter to Salmasius, who defend
ed Charles the First, avers that ' there are but few, and those men
of great wisdom and courage, that are either desirous of liberty, or
capable of using it. The greatest part of the world choose to live
under masters ; yet they would have them just ones. As for such
as are unjust and tyrannical, neither was God ever so much an
enemy to mankind, as to enjoin a necessity of submitting to them ;
nor was there ever any people so destitute of all sense, and sunk
into such a depth of despair, as to impose so cruel a law upon
themselves and their posterity.' If George the Third had studied
the patriotic writings of Milton with the same attention that he
listened to the Tory sentiments of Bute, he would have been a King
that his PEOPLE would have delighted to honour jn the best and
truest meaning of the expression : nay, not only Milton, but all the
enlightened subjects of Charles the First, furnished a study both for
King and people, that even unto this day has not been exceeded.-—
Right well has it been observed, that ' so thoroughly was the sub
ject then examined, that modern times have not produced one ar
gument in favour of LIBERTY which was not repeatedly adduced
and enforced by the elightened politicians of Charles's reign.' In
deed, in a few years' history there of that period of event, may be
seen the tenure of obedience to kings, in all its patriotic truth and
law and justice.
I would not trifle with kings, nor with the heads of kings, nei
ther should themselves make a jest of, such tender concerns. In
1807, when King George the Third was advised to pass the bill
which Lord Howick brought into the House of Commons to eman
cipate the Irish catholics, he unhappily sate down and penned the
following note to that nobleman ;
' My lord,
' I am one of those that regard the sanctity of an oath. I can
descend from my throne and retire to a cottage. I have the firm
ness to lay my head on a scaffold, if my people require it ; but I
have not firmness sufficient to violate an oath which I made with
so much solemnity at my coronation.'
What human being but a king, and that king believing as was
counselled to King Charles the First, that he had two consciences,
would have availed himself of so Jesuitical a distinction. His ma
jesty in his private capacity was much too honesf a man not to
have blushed at such chicanery. His coronation oath went most
solemnly to the inviolable preservation of chartered rights and lib
erties ; for instance : ' Will you solemnly swear to govern the
people of this kingdom of Great Britain, and the DOMINIONS
THEREUNTO BELONGING, according to the statutes of parlia
ment agreed to and the laws and customs of the same ?' ' I will,'
answers his majesty, or no crown is placed upon his head. Had
the solemnity of the oath which he took at his coronation been
sincerely reflected upon, he never would have assented to those acts
which went to dismember the British empire, as it was dismem-

166 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
bered by the bills for taxing America in direct violence of her
charters ; he would not have so wantonly provoked that resistance
which so justly lost to his crown the finest colonies in the world,
and where the block might have been admirably resorted to : and
that it was not, generations yet unborn will have to lament, be they
never so loyal.
In the cant of laying his head upon the block rather than assent
to the bill to relieve the catholics, that identical bill which his son
passed immediately on coming into power, and which he has con
firmed since he took the coronation oath, his sacred majesty de
ceived' no one, while he most royally exposed himself. The
experiment, even as a state-trick, might have turned out contrary
to his expectation ; his head might have been whipt off before he
knew what the matter was, and the person employed to stitch it
on again might havfc wittily said with a brother wit on a like
occasion. ' Thomas Tropham was surgeon to the Lord Fairfax, and was
created bachelor of physic by the university of Oxford. After the
execution of Charles the First, he was appointed to embalm the
body, and sew on the head. This he did in the presence of many
spectators, and exclaimed to them afterwards, that he had been
sewing on the head of a goose.'
Of all men on earth, kings should most study history, and
especially court history. His majesty never read a book, but em
ployed a courtier or two to wade through libraries, and tell him in
easy fluent manner the contents of them. A most excellent method,
by the way, to gather knowledge if the commission were honestly
executed ; but what courtier would read the writings of our Re
formers, and impartially report their contents to the King ? What
courtier would in the American war have reported to the King what
Duplesis said to Louis the Thirteenth ? — ' Sir, it is always a mark
of weakness when a sovereign makes war upon his subjects. True
regal authority consists in the peaceable obedience of the subject :
it is established by the prudence and justice of him who governs.'
These things, and many others, to be gained if honestly and un. ¦
"flinchingly yielded up, would have an effect indeed upon kings and
the rule of kings. The numberless miseries and atrocities attend
ant upon civil war, would scarcely have an existence, beyond the
lamentation of the anxious and zealous peace-officer of Charles's
wicked war upon his subjects. This quiet man kept a journal of
the events of that period, wherein on one occasion he steps aside to
exclaim, — ' And there never was heard of such troublesome and
• distracted times as these five years have been, — but especially to
constables.' ' England,' said the Great King of Prussia, astonished at the mad
ness of the American war, ' England at this period had involved
herself in a war with her colonies, undertaken in the spirit of des
potism and conducted in that of folly. It was Bute who still
governed the King and directed the councils of the kingdom ; like
one of those malignant spirits who are perpetually talked of but

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 167
never seen, he enveloped himself in darkness, whilst, by means of
his secret instruments and emissaries, he moved the whole political
machine at his pleasure.  The English nation,' continued Fred
eric, ' DEGRADED by its SOVEREIGN, appeared to have no will
separate from that of the court. If this were not enough, the min
ister Bute engaged the King to attempt an arbitrary taxation of the
American colonies, at once to augment his revenues, and to estab
lish a precedent which might at a future time be imitated in Great
Britain. The Americans whom the court had not deigned to cor
rupt, opposed themselves openly to these imposts, so contrary to
their CHARTERS, their CUSTOMS, and to the liberties which
they had enjoyed uninterrupted from their first establishment. A
wise government would have hastened to appease these growing
troubles, but the court of London acted upon other principles.
The rigour and violence of their proceedings completed the aliena
tion of the Americans.'
Such were the sentiments of not only the greatest warrior of his
age, but of the greatest monarch, statesman, and philosopher ; and,
to use a simile of Horace Walpole's, ' all this happened while
England, like an infant, was delighted with having set its frock in
a blaze.' Not only the King of Prussia saw the folly and iniquity
of these things, but Holland entertained the same opinions also. —
The King of England, in a letter to their High Mightinesses, writ
ten by his own hand, signified his desire to have the Scots brigade
in their service, that he might employ them against the Americans ;
which met with a flat refusal. ' In what an odious light must this
unnatural civil war appear to all Europe,' said one of the Dutch
senators in debate upon the royal letter; — ' more odious would it
appear for a nation to take part therein, who have successfully re
sisted oppression, and fought themselves free. Superlatively detest
able must it appear to those who, like me, regard the Americans as
a brave people engaged in defending those rights which they derive
from God, and not from the legislature of Great Britain. For the
purpose of suppressing such a revolt, or, as some please to call it,
such a rebellion as this, I had rather see Janissaries hired, than the
subjects of a free state.' Whatever their motives mightbe, it is the
incontestable fact of all history, that throughout the war between
England and her colonies, not one of the powers of Europe declared
against America; but on the contrary, most of them, either secretly
or openly, espoused her cause.
Franklin augured so well of the sentiments which the King of
Prussia evinced in favour of the American cause, that he ventured
to solicit his majesty to lend him some assistance against the Brit
ish ; but the old despot was not to be caught napping there. ' The
King was fully sensible,' saith my informant, ' of the contagious
nature of Liberty. He knew that the spirit of Freedom was
epidemical, and he did not choose to employ his subjects in any
manner that would put them in the way of catching the disorder.
When Franklin applied to him to assist America,' — " Pray, doctor,"
asked the veteran, " pray what is the object you mean to attain ? "

168 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
" Liberty, sire," replied the philosopher ; " Liberty, that Freedom
which is the birthright of man." The King, after a short pause,
made this memorable and kingly answer : " I was born a Prince,
I am become a King, and I will not use the power I possess, to the
ruin of my own trade." '
Our haughty High Church of England men appear to entirely
deny the existence of a spiritual world. Next to the angels, in
their arrogant esteem, are bishops, priests, and deacons ; and the
invisible agency, under every denomination, as thought by the pious
to form a chain, link by link, even down to man, is held by them as
visionary and absurd. Omens are heathenish, dreams superstitious,
and signs and tokens are old women's rockstaves. Notwithstanding
this bloated pride, undisputed history tells, that with as much pomp
as existing circumstances would admit of, King Charles the First,
in person, with a small train, rode to the top of Castle-hill at Not- '
tingham, — Varney, the knight-marshal, who was standard-bearer,
carrying the standard, which was then erected on that place, with
little other ceremony than the sounds of drums and trumpets. —
This was according to proclamation, on the 25th of August, 1642,
about six o'clock in the evening of a very stormy and tempestuous
day. My old-fashioned authority goes on to relate, that melancholy
men observed many ill presages about that time. The standard
was blown down the same night it had been set up, and could not
be fixed again in a day or two, until the tempest was allayed. Now
this, to my mind and to thine, I ween, good reader, was a pretty
plain sign of his majesty's fall, the nation's rise, and of Charles the
Second's ultimate restoration.
When Dalrymple speaks of the abdication of James the Second,
he observes, that ' the populace, struck, and, according to their
nature, perhaps pleased, with the instability of human grandeur,
reminded each other how the crown had tottered upon the King's
head at his coronation ; pointed at the statue of James at White
hall, which was placed with its back to the palace and its face to
the river ; and remarked, that the day on which his throne was
declared vacant and the oaths of allegiance fixed to his successor,
was the anniversary of his accession.' This also, good reader, is
not without its meaning, notwithstanding the sneer at the populaee
by Master Sir John Dalrymple.
No fact is much better known and authenticated, than that, at
the coronation of George the Thir/l, the finest jewel of the crown
fell out of it at the moment of the archbishop's placing it upon his
majesty's head; and all England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland,
have emblemed this jewel with the loss of America, and very close
reasoning it is : which the Tories feel so far as they can feel any
thing, as instanced in their note of admiration on the death of old
Queen Charlotte, and expressed through the infernal agency of the
Morning Post, thus : — ' It is a curious circumstance, that a large
diamond dropped out of the Queen's diadem, which is deposited in
the jewel closet, on the morning of the decease of our late revered
¦sovereign.' The fate of poor Caroline, her successor, is the best

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 169
comment upon this, while the following out of all these events
becomes -the clearest illustration of the signs of the times.
Nevertheless, and notwithstanding, our self-willed, obstinate old
King, regardless of signs and tokens, omens, warnings, or anything
else, pursued his royal stiff-necked course against America, until all
was lost ; when he most complacently sits himself down and says
to North and Germaine, how UNFORTUNATE we are.
. Gibbon, the historian of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Em
pire, in the midst of the war publicly declared at Brooke's, that
' there was no salvation for England, unless six of the heads of the
cabinet council were cut off and laid upon the tables of the Houses
of Parliament as examples.' This was so much in unison with
Mrs. Wright's opinion, that she must have modelled him into it ;
but the wax soon was melted, — for in less than a fortnight after
this declaration, he took an employment under that same cabinet
council ; which occasioned the following verses, and, as believed,
'.by Charles Fox : — this Lord Holland denies, but without in the
least shaking the credence of it.
' King George, in a fright
Lest Gibbon should write
The story of Britain's disgrace ;
Thought no means more sure
His pen to secure,
Than to give the historian a place.
But his caution is vain,
'Tis the curse of his reign, i
That his projects should never succeed ;
Though he write not a line, -*
Yet a cause of decline
In the author's example we read.
His book well describes
How corruption and bribes
Overthrew the great empire of Rome ;
And his writings declare
A degen'racy there,
Which his conduct exhibits at home.*

GENERAL ARNOLD.
That treachery creates its own punishment, and to the detestation of the world,
adds the inward agony ' that passeth show,' is strikingly exemplified in the
history of the apostate Arnold. What were the results of his desertion ?
The fair fame acquired by his early exertions as a patriot soldier, was blasted.
Children that had learned to lisp his deeds of gallantry, now shuddered with
abhorrence at his name. Execrated by his former friends, despised by his new
associates, proscribed by his country, reluctantly obeyed, and by the meanest
centinel held in supreme contempt,— bis life was a constant scene : ot i appre
hension, misery, and remorse. A cloud hung oyer his fortunes ; that shaded
Ws countenance with the gloom of despair, and betrayed the increasing ago.

170 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
nies of his guilty heart. The contempt that followed him through life, is
further illustrated by the speech of the present Lord Lauderdale, who, per
ceiving Arnold on the right hand of the King, and near his person, as he ad
dressed his parliament, declared on his return to the commons, ' that, however
fracious the language he had heard from the throne, his indignation could not
nt be highly excited, beholding, as he had done, his majesty supported by a
traitor.'
On another occasion, Lord Surrey, since Duke of Norfolk, rising to speak in the
House of Commons, and perceiving Arnold in the gallery, sat down with pre
cipitation, exclaiming, ' I will not speak while that man,' pointing to him, ' is
in the house.' I myself witnessed a remarkable strong proof ofit. Sitting
in a coffee-house at Cowes, in 1792, with a British officer of high distinction,
he purposely turned the conversation on the blessings of the Americans, de
claring with earnestness, that he believed them happier and more to be envied
than any people in the world. A stranger, who sat near and who appeared
intent on these encomiums, rose hastily and left the room ; when my com
panion said, ' I- perceive that you are unacquainted with the traitor, once the
pride of your arm}' ; — the man who has just retired is Benedict Arnold.
The language which I used must have appeared extravagant. I spoke of
America with enthusiasm, to make him feel his degradation, as no one, in my
©pinion, so highly merits execration.' — Gabden.
If the British people do sometimes turn a little surly upon their
rulers and governors, when attempted to be trodden under foot by
them, they can, good easy souls, be most forgivingly kind to those
of their leaders who betray them. Pulteney's treachery is now
scarcely ever spoken of ; Pitt's apostacy is even celebrated before
their eyes by a band of canting hypocrites, belching out that at
tavern dinners in eulogy and praise, for which as Englishmen they
ought to blush ; — while Burke's desertion of the cause of Freedom
is esteemed by ' all the powers that be ' in church and state, and
all their corrupt retainers, as the true and lawful measure of a
gentleman's political principles. The people see all this and know
all this, as well as they see and know anything, yet, with an apathy
and indifference that can only belong to the terrible storm that is
brewing in the portentous black cloud which hangs over the united
kingdom, they bestow not a thought upon it. How well, when
reminded of the facts, thousands upon thousands recal to memory
that these three brazen unprincipled men, identified themselves in
early life with the best feelings and interests of the people, advo
cating their constitutional rights and liberties with the most com
manding eloquence, thundering state charlatanism into the ears of
state charlatans, while in loud acclaim their constituents responsed
in grateful approbation. How well they recollect that Pulteney
was the pride of his day, Pitt the hope of his country, and Burke
the terror of Toryism ; as well do they know that these were all
betrayers of liberty all over the world, were all descended from
Judas Iscariot in a line as true as that of the wild Arab from the
outcast Ishmaelite : they know that the whole and sole bent of the
philosophy of these men was pride and ambition, the recorded
virtues of the infernal regions, and the legitimate principles of the
rulers and governors whose rod they kiss and whose yoke they bear.
How decidedly do the affected to be despised people of America
differ with the people of England in matters such as these. It is

AND. LOVE OF COUNTRY 171
now upwards of forty years since Arnold apostatized from the in
estimable cause of his country, yet is the treason as deep in the
mind and as fresh in the memory of every American, and as remote
from his forgiveness as is the day of resurrection from the grave of
Adam: It was but in the summer of 1819 that Miss Wright, an
. English lady, was travelling in America, and came to West Point,
the scene of the villain's iniquity. Everything in substance which
she had heard and read of the transaction, was minutely confirmed
by the dwellers in and about the place, and every American else
where Was equally versed in every particular of it. The lisping
infant knew the story and told it with abhorrence ; the growing
youth had it impressed upon the very soul of his existence ; while
the man of years contemporary with the execrated deed, saw that
in the timely detection of the conspiracy, the Providence of God
was there to save his country.
The Tories of England say, and what is it that they will not say,
— that Washington, Franklin, Green, and many others of the great
leaders of the American revolution, have no longer a place in the
grateful remembrances 6f their descending countrymen. This
vague assertion without proof, I for one do not believe, nor do per
haps themselves believe it. If, as sages tell, contrasts agree, we
have no better evidence of its falsity, than in the known disgust
and execration in which the Americans hold Arnold's apostacy :
hence inferring that they remember the virtues of their great
patriots with undiminished gratitude and admiration.' Our amiable
countrywoman gathered the existing feelings and sentiments of the
Americans upon the spot, which are very little like those of English
apathy and indifference to apostacy here at home. ' It was,' she
says, ' in the fastnesses of West Point, that in the moment of his
country's worst distress the traitor Arnold planned his scheme of
treachery.' There is a moral that breathes a tale, most elegantly
observes Miss Wright, and that is thus pointed out by the historian ;
— ' it enforces the policy of conferring high trusts upon men of
clean hands, and of withholding all public confidence from those
who are subjected to the dominion of pleasure.' This she sets
forth, in allusion, no doubt, to his profligate mode of living when
in the high trust and confidence of his country. She points out
that the example of Arnold served as a warning to the American
people, and induced them to scrutinize the secret conduct of those
citizens whom they promoted to offices of public trust. In fine,
she writes upon Patriotism and Love of Country with all the fine
feelings of a woman, combined with the strong understanding of a
man. Intent upon the subject, and fervent in the good cause, Miss
Wright further remarks, — ' It is a proud and gratifying reflection,
that an arduous revolutionary struggle of eight years' duration,
brought to light but one such character' as. Arnold, and this single
exception indeed was an atrocious one. The romantic position,' adds
this fine-spirited lady, ' held by Arnold's detachment of the patriot
army, increases, if possible, the interest of the moment : it was

172 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
posted in a fastness, if not impregnable, yet such as to give to a
handful of men a superiority over thousands. Perched like an eagle
in his eyrie, the little army looked securely on its foes. Again,'
she continues to observe, ' had this treasonable scheme succeeded,
it is painful to calculate the consequences to the country and the
cause. West Point was perhaps of the most importance through
out the whole of the union. Not the least calamitous of the effects
that would have accrued from the loss of West Point had been the
blow given to public confidence by so nefarious a treachery. The
people might have seen in every officer another Arnold, -and the
soldiers have attributed every subsequent disaster to the treason of
their commanders. From these calamities America was spared,
and the traveller, in visiting this romantic pass, recurs to the tale
of Arnold as to that of some demoniac hero of a wild drama.'
Leaving Miss Wright to her truly excellent meditations on
Freedom and fidelity, we will refer to other accounts of Arnold,
whose life was a portrait of no common personage. It appears
that he was bred a surgeon, which profession he left to follow
commercial speculations at sea, first as supercargo and afterwards
as master of a trading vessel of his own. He carried live stock to
the West Indies, whence he passed in the estimation of his brethren
as a horsedealer. At the breaking out of the revolutionary war,
he was chosen captain of a troop of volunteers, and fought himself
up to the rank of brigadier. So much was he in the personal
esteem of congress, that, when in the action at Redsfield he had his
horse shot under him, and only saved his own life by shooting as
he lay on the ground the soldier that was about to bayonet him,
they presented him with another horse. When the British evacua
ted Philadelphia, he was appointed to the command of the American
garrison. Here he lived expensively; and supported his extrava
gance, as well as he could, by privateering ; but that becoming
unsuccessful, he, to repair his shattered fortune, set up a claim
against the American government, which their commissioners, upon
examination, disallowed ; when he blackguarded them, and used
violent language towards the leading characters of the revolution,
which occasioned his being tried by a court-martial and repri
manded. From this period treason lurked in his mind, and his ul
timate villainy followed upon the hourly increase of it. Prior to
this he had richly merited a visitation of martial law for his bad
conduct at the engagement on Lake Champlain in 1776. Brave as
a lion, as he assuredly was on land, he appears to have been very
careful indeed of his person on the water. General Waterbury,
who commanded under him, whose galley struck to Captain
Schank, since the able commissioner of our transport board, charged
him with running away with part of his fleet and burning it when
he was superior to the British in vessels and guns. This miscon
duct, which could easily have been proved, met with leniency, in
consideration of his military services, and the belief that the sea
was not his element.
When Arnold was apprised of the seizure of Major Andrei with

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 173
whom he negociated his treason, he was struck with astonishment
and terror, and in his agitation and agonies he called for a horse,
and rcrde down a craggy steep, never before explored on horseback,
—whence he got safe under the guns of the Vulture, a British sloop
of war lying off to receive him, and thence he escaped to New
York. Here he wrote to General Washington, in behalf of his
wife, left to the angry feelings of his deserted countrymen, and
urged the release of Major Andre ; which Washington immediately
noticed by demanding of the British no other than Arnold himself
in exchange, which the Tories, true to treachery wherever there is
a bit of loyalty tagged to the end of it, refused ; and thus was the
unfortunate Andre left to his fate and doomed to die that death
' which gives the brave the keenest wound.'-
What a subject for the pencil was the traitor villain Arnold s
rush down the craggy steep ! Where was Sir Joshua Reynolds,
not to perpetuate the terror, the astonishment, the agitation, and
the agony of the guilty wretch, in the very act of his escape ?
What a fine design had been the imp of darkness that guided the
horse, and the daemon that supported the miscreant in the saddle.
Alas ! the artist of eminence is seldom forthcoming to hazard his
present bread and temporary fame in the delineation of treachery
with a bit of loyalty tagged to the end of it ; for such is the legit
imate scowl of authority, that whoso undertakes to transmit an
event to posterity in hostility to its views, on canvas, marble, or
paper, in a country so corrupt and rotten as is England, must of a
certainty lose his present bread and temporary fame.
The vile traitor's bargain with Sir Henry Clinton was, to receive,
in consideration of giving up the post of West Point and the garri-
rison of it, the sum of five thousand pounds, employment against
his countrymen with colonel's pay and the rank of brigadier-gene
ral ; and in that rank he remained unpromoted, for his new friends
liked the treason, but, as is ever the case, hated the traitor. The
reputation of a soldier, held General Monk, was irreparable if it
once suffered a stain or a blot. ' War,' said he, ' the profession of
a soldier, is that of all others, which, as it conferreth most honour
upon a man, who therein acquitteth himself well ; so it draweth
the greatest infamy upon him who demeaneth himself ill : for one
fault committed can never be repaired, and one hour causeth the
loss of that reputation which hath been thirty years acquiring.'
Nothing can be more correctly defined than this delicacy of a sol
dier's character, and the general sat for a picture of himself, which
he drew to a hair. Had Monk been timely detected, as was Arnold,
in his intrigues when he deserted his cause, when he planned and
executed the restoration of Charles the Second unconditionally, he
must have fled, as did Arnold ; but his schemes having ripened in
his craft, he carried his army with him, and his memory remains m
his success with not more foes than friends. The balance, after
all, remains in an equality of vileness ; Monk was a successful
traitor, with thousands to uphold his treason,— Arnold, the solitary

174 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
Judas Iscariot, who had only to throw up the thirty pieces of silver
and hang himself on the, elder tree, to complete the similitude.
The British generals in America, not over nice, by the bye, as
we have well seen, in their knightly distinctions upon delicate
points, were ashamed of associating in command with a deserter.
In a dispatch of some consequence, of Clinton's, to ministers, dated
June, 1781, which related to that part of the seat of war where
Arnold was employed, he disdains to once mention his name, or to
even allude to him. Not so the feeling of ' all in authority ' in
England, — as made mention of by Major Garden. Our accounts
differ somewhat as to the circumstances which go to the effect of
Lord Surrey's indignation against — for we have it that it was him that
reprobated the indecency of General Arnold beingplaced at the King's
elbow — a man, he said, perhaps the most obnoxious to the feelings
of the Americans of any in the King's dominions : and this at the
moment of the House of Commons carrying up an address to his
majesty to put an end to the American war. This was a rap of the
knuckles for royalty not easy to be forgiven, and George the Third,
possessing the devil's memory and his own also, on matters of this
kind, my Lord Surrey; many years afterwards, when Duke of Nor
folk, had the compliment returned most legitimately.
After Arnold had deserted and sought to betray the strong hold
entrusted to him, he had the audacity to address his countrymen in
justification of his treason. There is scarcely a clearer evidence on
record, of guilt bewildering the understanding, than that which
appears upon the face of this address ; and it obtained the same
credibility with the brazen sonorous ' not guilty ' of the notorious
felon arraigned at the bar of justice. He went even more than a
step beyond such a state of reprobation, for at the moment of
writing, he was engaged in atrocities against the Americans, his
late deserted friends and brethren, yet more atrocious than British
desolation. In the absence of General Philips, his superior officer,
from illness, he details, in a- letter to Sir Henry Clinton, the devas
tation which they had jointly executed. On the 26th of May, he
informs the British commander in chief, that they had destroyed at
Petersburgh four thousand hogsheads of tobacco, one ship, and a
number of small vessels on the stocks. On the 37th himself
marched to Chesterfield, and burnt four ships, five brigantines,, and
a number of small vessels. On the 30th, at Manchester, he de
stroyed twelve hundred hogsheads of tobacco, and the same even
ing, returning to Warwick under the order of Philips, they together
set fire to a magazine of five hundred barrels of flour, and Colonel
Cary's fine mills were reduced to ashes in burning the magazine.
We also burnt, the monster reports, several warehouses with one
hundred and fifty hogsheads of tobacco, a large ship, and a brigan-
tine afloat, three vessels on the stocks, a large range of public
rope-walks and storehouses, and some tan and bark-houses full of
hides and bark.
Woe, woe unto the wanton triumph and destruction of war, in

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 175
any case and at all times, when they fall upon the sustenance and
comforts of man, obtained by the sweat of his brow from the earth
that he cultivates ; but for a traitor like Arnold to confess, and
revel in the confession, that he has thus destroyed the means and
substance of his countrymen, in conjunction with their ferocious
enemy, argues a depravity of mind, a deeply dyed infernal blackness
of soul, with which we do not often come in contact : and belongs
to the damnation and hell which priests so much find to their ac
count in preaching to mankind, and in that hell, if such a place
there be, the villain traitor Arnold must flounder. Not content
with these desolations, he at New London put to the sword the
Americans who defended a fort which the British under his com
mand had taken. Deep as this man's monstrous crimes had sunk
in the breasts of his countrymen, this last diabolical deed found a
place with the deepest. As the Americans were penning up Corn
wallis in York Town, it became necessary to storm two redoubts
occupied by the British. The word, or what in mighty language
is styled the war-cry, on marching to the assault, was, ' Remember
New London ! ' and on the forts being taken, although otherwise,
in vengeance for the slaughter at New London, it was the original
intention, the lives of the British were spared to a man. Being
afterwards asked why they did not carry their sanguinary purpose
into execution, as brave and gallant soldiers they replied, that
' they could not tell how to put men to death, while begging , on
their knees for quarter.'
Malignants, legitimates, apostates, renegadoes, and high priests
in political community, — collectively speaking, TORIES, with the
sword in their hand and the power to use it, seldom fail so to do ;
they take no warning, and a day of retribution is the last thing
they think of. If Arnold's atrocity at New London were not vis
ited in kind, that of Sir Ralph Hopton in Cornwall was dreadfully
remembered at Naseby. ' After the battle of Naseby the conquerors
'fiercely pursued the routed royal army, and killed, besides many
men, ladies, whose coaches were overturned in their hasty flight,
particularly in the south part of Farndon field, within the gate
place in the road between Naseby and Farndon. The Parliament
horse galloping along, as Morton, the author of the Natural History
of Northamptonshire, was informed by an eye witness, — cut and
slashed the women, with this sarcasm at every stroke, — " Remem
ber Cornwall, you whores!" Sir Ralph Hopton, as they said, hav
ing used their women in Cornwall in the like manner. In this
pursuit the enemy killed above one hundred women, whereof some
were the wives of officers of quality.'
I do not cite this at all in approval of the sanguinary unmanly
conduct of the Parliamentarians, in thus making war upon women,
but only to intimate what has a thousand times being intimated to
the Tories of the present day, that the savage slaughter of men,
women, and children at ' Manchester, will never be forgotten or
forgiven until justice be done upon the perpetrators of the infernal
outrage, or it be overtaken by revenge.

176 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
How unhappy it was for the ends of justice, that Arnold was not
among those penned up and subsequently captured at York Town,
but he had taken flight in time and escaped to England. After the
war he went to Nova Scotia, to take up a grant of land which gov
ernment had assigned to get rid of him, but was fain to leave it
on a charge .of perjury. Early in the French revolutionary war he
was found in the West Indies as a sort of spy-volunteer under Sir
Charles Grey, and was taken prisoner in that capacity by the Re
publicans, who would have made a proper example of him had
not his friend and protector on earth, the Devil himself, assisted
him in making his escape from the French ship. He got back to
London, where he resided until the month of June, 1801, when he
took his departure to the regions below, as agreed upon a long
time before between Satan and himself, for services rendered :
first, in assisting him to ride down the craggy steep at AVest Point,
and last, in aiding his escape from the French ship. Old Nick ,
need scarcely have been at the trouble of either, for in the theologi
cal nature of things, he had of a certainty been sent to him. Be
that as it may, to affront America, our ' most amiable government
in the world ' intrigued with certain knaves and slaves to attend
the outcast, in seven mourning coaches and four state carriages, to
his grave at Brompton : ' a most legitimate cavalcade, indeed, and
right well worthy and truly becoming all the parties concerned
and interested therin.

LORD CORNWALLIS.
Had Lord Cornwallis, as a chief commander of the British, exhibited a spark
of humanity, had' he soothed the afflictions of the wretched, softened the
pains of captivity, or with generous compassion assuaged the agonies of the
wounded spirit ; some grateful heart that had been cheered by his smile and
rescued from despondency — some parent, thankful for a child preserved, or
wife whose tears had saved the partner of her affections from unmerited per
secution, would have proclaimed the deed.and blessed his memory. In vain
do we seek such testimony of his worth. One universal sentiment towards
him is cherished in every bosom : — ' he but enjoyed power to abuse it.'
The flagrant violation of the capitulation of Charleston in innumerable in
stances, being considered a sufficient reason to deprive Lord Cornwallis of
the benefits of that which was granted to him at the surrender of'YorkTown,
it was moved in congress by the Honourable Arthur Middleton, a delegate
from the state of South Carolina, that, ' In order to prevent future contro
versy on the subject of an exchange, congress, who represent the feelings as
well as the sense of the nation, do declare, that Lieut-general Earl Cornwallis
ought not to be exchanged by composition ; not from any apprehension of
his influence or superior abilities, but because they look upon him, not in the
light of a British general, but a barbarian.' — Garden.
Already in these Records have numberless proofs been instanced
of the cold, deliberate barbarity of this genuine Tory of this HOLY
WAR. Indeed, atrocity is a component part of Tbryism all over
the world, and, lamentable it is to say, the most prominent, as all

AND L0VEJ3F COUNTRY. 177
events evince, and as all histories record. A more faithful follower
of all its tenets never graced the malignant councils and commands
of George the Third's inglorious, wicked war against his American
subjects. His desolating march of eleven hundred miles ; his re
peated orders to those acting under him to also desolate and destroy ;
his letters to Rawdon, Tarleton, and others, do sufficiently evidence
him to have been a barbarian in America, however in after life he
might have altered for,the better. His letter to Major Ferguson,
found in that officer's pocket after his defeat and death at King's
Mountain, is not exceeded in bad feeling and deep-seated ferocity
by anything of the kind not belonging to absolute barbarism.
Sir, Wacsaws, 23rd September, 1780.
I have just received yours of the 19th, and last night had the
SATISFACTION to hear from Lieut. Colonel Cruger, that he had
arrived in time to save Browne, and had retaken the guns and to
tally routed the enemy, who had retired with great precipitation ;
that the INDIANS had.pursued and SCALPED many of them.
' The general officer in high trust and authority, who could write
such a letter, — could so decidedly express his satisfaction at the
horrid execution here done upon the defeated Americans, declared
christians, by the chasing savages, reckless pagans, — could himself
do, and cause to be done by those in authority under him, anything
were it never so bad, never so blood-thirty and atrocious. By and
' under the directions of Lord Cornwallis, Major-general Grey, in the
autumn of 1778, surprised in the night, asleep and naked, a regi
ment of American light horse, stationed near the right bank of the
North River. Quarter being refused, and the men wholly incapa
ble of resistance,' a terrible execution took place, which the con
gress, in a subsequent remonstrance, scrupled not to stigmatize as-
" a massacre in cold blood." A similar enterprise,' continues my
historian, ' was undertaken with similar success by Captain Fergu
son, against a detached corps of Pulawski's legion of light infantry;
and the Americans were not a little embarrassed to conjecture what
those worse extremes of war could be, which the manifesto of the
commissioners menaced them with in the future conduct of it.
This Captain Ferguson was the same man to whom Lord Corn
wallis addressed the letter of satisfaction from Wacsaws, and this
General Grey, the father of the now Earl Grey, who inherits the
rapacious fortune which was afterwards made in the West Indies,
and the peerage, in consequence of his ' massacre in cold blood,' of
the defenceless regiment of American light horse, and other services
of the like nature, — but, thank God, he does not inherit the atro
cious principles which dictated the massacre, and which prompted
the rapacity. If I be not mistaken, he was also the father of a
Major-general Grey, who was reealled from the Cape or some post
contiguous, ' for tyranny of the most glaring description over the
officers and men placed under his command. No slight display of
Martinetism would induce our Germanized school of discipline to
recal an officer } therefore let it be taken of certain science, that he
N

178 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
was as bad as Prince Edward in Canada, as the Duke of Kent at
Gibralter, or worse.
From Sir William Howe, at the commencement of the war, to
Lord Cornwallis, with whom it terminated, all was atrocity. Our
historians, when dwelling upon the conduct of Howe, affirm, that
' the footsteps of the British army, in their route through the Jer
seys, were everywhere marked. The soldiery, and the licentious
officers, spread misery and despair indiscriminately through every
village.' Perhaps among all, and ruthless indeed many of them
were, it is difficult to find one that exceeded in diabolism the slaugh
ter in cold blood of the American light horse, by Major-general
Grey. Cromwell's sanguinary butchery at Tredagh, Suwarrow's at
Ismael and Warsaw, were scarcely more execrable than this
' slaughter of Grey's at North River : only that more hath been said
and written about them. How loud and passionate were our legit
imates throughout the late revolutionary war with France,; in
charging Napoleon and his armies with every atrocity, reviling him
therefore most abundantly, and Non-mi-recordoing the shameless
and revolting conduct of their own in America. How would one
of our inhuman commanders there, Cornwallis for instance, have
relished a challenge, as was sent into the French lines at Sarre in
1813, by General Sir John Downie, when in Spain, to General
Vilatte ? After retorting upon him the term, ' Chief of Insurgents
and Robbers,' — he calls him one of ' the leaders of a troop, which,
by its conduct in the Spanish war, ought to be compared to the
hordes of barbarians which in past ages desolated the same country.'
What would be the private opinion of such a home-thrust ? and
perhaps without the polite conclusion of Sir John to the French
general ; — which humourously enough runs after the pointed abuse,
* I have the honour to be with distinguished consideration, general,
your very humble servant, John DoWnie, knt. &c.'
It were natural to hope that the disgraceful and irreparable
catastrophe which ensued upon the atrocities of the American war,
would have had a tendency to a little humanize our rulers and gov-
erners, and all in authority under them, did not the annals of Ire
land disappoint the hope, and the wanton and savage slaughter of
our unarmed countrymen at Manchester confirm the disappointment,
past all denial. The dread of Reform and amendment is the assured
feeling which grows out of corruption, injustice, and abuse ; and as
the cry for Reform arose out of the American war, and continues
undiminished even unto this day, because the evils yet exist una
bated, it must at length be silenced, or the dreaded Reform must
take place. Hence the coercive and unconstitutional enactments
during the Pitt ministry, and hence, at the very conclusion of George
the Third's blood-stained reign, the Manchester slaughter.
With all the inherent principles of Toryism in their full force and
vigour, and with all the power in the hands of the Tories, what must
be the consequences to come, other than resistance ? and what the
result of that, other than the disgraceful and irreparable catastrophe

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 179
which they experienced in America ? for England is no country for
slavery long. English blood has already been spilled upon English
ground by Englishmen, and the commencement of a civil war may
be dated Manchester, August 16th, 1819. I will not throw all the
odium upon the magistrates, and say that they acted of themselves
on that fatal day ; on the contrary, I do believe, in common with
thousands and tens of thousands, that they were instigated from on
high ; not from Heaven, but from those who corruptly were seated
in the high places of Toryism and legitimacy. That sanguinary
transaction reads a lesson for Englishmen to study, and become
enlightened therefrom. It is- there laid down, in practical know
ledge, what our theory hath long forboded, that the standing army
is kept .on foot to subdue the spirit of Reform, by meeting in
deadly hostility the impetus of its operation. The yeomanry had
not charged the people on the 16 th of August, unsustained by hus
sars, artillery, and troops of the line ; neither had ministers advised
the Prince to approve of and thank them for the service, had they
not also been sustained by hussars and artillery and troops of the
line. We Tinow how forbearing the regular forces were upon the
occasion, and we feel assured that the greater portion of them ever
will be so when ordered to cut the throats of their countrymen ;
but this does in no manner alter the principle upon which they are
kept up by our rulers and governors.
Yet are the magistrates deeply implicated in the guilt of the
.^slaughter, and though they, ' in breathless haste,' were pardoned by
their Prince below, there is, they ought to know, a Prince above,
whose forgiveness is yet to be obtained. It will not be forgotten
by us all, that H — y and H — It — n attempted to ally their guilty
loyalty with the honour and glory of God, making their cause his
cause, to shade their blood^guiltiness and shield themselves. If to
H — It — n's share in the bloodshed be not added the. crime of per
jury, it may be better for him hereafter, for his evidence at the
Inquest was of the most unblushing description. It is truly in the
spirit of church and state worldliness, and has been reprobated as
such, — -' the affixing a sacred character to a bad act, which renders
the act so much worse, as perjury is a greater crime than simple
falsehood ; and to murder men under the pretence of justice, a
greater crime than simple murder.' This was the manly sentiment
of a friend of Freedom in the Stuart times, and boldly avowed by
him at every hazard.
We are arrived to a sad time of day, surely the eleventh hour, —
when murder is to be justified in loyal argument, where the minis
ters of God become the doers of the deed, and where the ministers
of the crown fly ' in breathless haste ' to thank them for it, and in
the King's name to pardon it. The. blood of the multitude is to
flow like dishwashings, and the matter is as nought in the eyes of
legitimacy, if a state object is to be gained. To be sure, the blood.
of tbeir betters is sometimes shed for ends the same, but great is
the lamentation thereof, not only for the thing itself, but for the
necessity of doing it. Lord Clarendon's pages are full of this feel-
2 N

180 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ing, and Sir Walter Scott, in his novels, whatever may be his inward
principles, is often whiggishly inclined to rally or condemn it. He
makes Morton say to Claverhouse and Balfour, ' You both shed
blood without mercy or remorse.' ' Surely, returned Claverhouse,
with the same composure ; but of what kind ? there is a difference,
I trust, between the blood of learned reverend prelates and scholars,
of gallant soldiers and noble gentlemen, and the red puddle that
stagnates in the veins of psalm-singing mechanics, crack-brained
demagogues, and sullen boors ; — some distinction, in short, between
spilling a flask of generous wine, and dashing down a can full of
muddy ale.' *
Here is the legitimate secret of the pardon dispatched under the
form of thanks by the ministers of the crown, in their Prince's
name, to the Manchester magistrates. It was enough that the
business was done ; stricture and enquiry into the nature of it were
needless. If it were not so melancholy a subject, we could almost
smile with the learned biographer, when he records the pardons
obtained by Cardinal Beaufort ofruurderous memory, if all be true
that is told of him. ' On Cardinal Beaufort's return to England
from France, in the reign of Henry the Sixth, he thought it neces
sary to take some precautions against the repeated attacks of the
Protector, the Duke of Gloucester. Wherefore he prevailed with
the King, through the intercession of the Commons, to grant him
letters of pardon for all offences by him committed contrary to the
Statutes of Provisors, and other acts of praemunire. This pardon is
dated at Westminster, July 19th, 1432. Five years after, he pror
cured another pardon under the great seal, for all sorts of crimes
whatever from the creation of the world to the 26th of July, 1437 !'
Would it not be good policy in the Manchester magistrates to ob
tain a pardon under the great seal, from August 16th, 1819, to the
end of their lives ?

AMERICAN VICTORY.
Dh. M'Caula, sometime since intendant of Charleston, who served with dis
tinction during the war of the Revolution, has frequently declared, that after
the surrender of York Town, while the continental troops were preparing to
receive the British, who were to march forth from the garrison and deliver
up their arms, he heard the commander in chief say, — addressing himself to
the division of the army to which he was attached, — ' My brave fellows, let
no sensation of satisfaction for the triumphs you have gamed, induce you to
insult your fallen enemy : let no shouting, no clamourous huzzaing, increase
their mortification. It is sufficient satisfaction to us, that we witness their
humiliation : POSTERITY WILL HUZZA FOR US !'_Garden.
For some time previous to this great event, the British had dis
covered that their enemy was no longer to be despised, even in the
article of generosity, which here indeed amounted to a magnani-
mous display. Even the haughty Tarleton concludes the history of

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 181
his campaigns in praise of the skill and foresight of the French and
Americans in the conquest of Cornwallis. The final victory of the
colonists worked a sense of decency in his mind, and his language
was commensurate with the change. General Washington is
highly complimented, at least as highly as Tarleton could bring
himself to compliment an American ; but, good Lord ! in doing
this justice to that great man, he turns short round upon Cornwallis
and makes him an arrant old woman.
What had been the fate of Washington in case the British had
prevailed ? The same as that of Riego in Spain but yesterday, at
the fiat of the base and infamous Ferdinand, whom the Spaniards
are now saluting as their Absolute King ! When this is considered,
yet more excellent indeed was the generous forbearance of Wash
ington and his Americans. The Kings of the old governments of
Europe know nothing of forgiveness ; their minister^ of God but
seldom care to instruct them upon this first and last principle which
their master laid down for the guidance of man ; and their minis
ters of state have no precedent for it. Mercy is continually in the
mouths of all of them, as are justice, magnanimity, and many other
of the amiabilities ; but they are only there, and woe betide the
man that puts an iota of confidence in them. At Saratoga the
conduct of the American commander, General Gates, was in the
true spirit of republican generosity, when he would not suffer a
man to leave the camp in triumphant witness to the humiliating
spectacle of piling the arms of Burgoyne' s defeated and surrendered
army. Not only in the aggregate was this forbearance shewn towards
an insulting, desolating, blood-thirsty enemy, but individuals were
equally guided by the magnanimous example. The disgraceful
manner in which Major Evan Edwards had been hooted and in-
» suited by the British, when made prisoner, has been with every
indignation dwelt upon in another Record. Major Garden informs
us, that ' in the eventful changes of the war, it so happened, the
very commanding -officer who had so ungenerously abused his pow
er, became a captive, experiencing the additional mortification of
yielding his sword into the hands of the man so lately treated with
scornful indignity. Struck with the singularity of the rencounter,
and thoroughly ashamed of his former behaviour, he with frankness
said : — " You are the last man, sir, that I wished to meet on such
an Occasion, for no one have I ever so wantonly, offended : from
you I have nothing to look for but merited retaliation." " Not a
word more on the subject, I beseech you, sir," was the reply of
Edwards, " the surrender of your sword destroys every recollection
of former animosity; rest assured, therefore, that while you remain
with us, it will be equally my pride and pleasure to sooth the pains
of captivity, and to render you every service in my power." '
I The taunting British, all in their turn, met with the proper rebuff
for their contempt of the Americans. The lords and sons of lords
$¦ in administration, declared from the first that the mother country
would never relax till America confessed her supremacy, and obe-

182 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
dienoe must be enforced by arms. Lord Gower, president of the
council in the earliest of the business, most insolently said, ' Let
the Americans, so long as these measures are enforced, sit talking
about their natural and divine rights, their rights as men and citi
zens, their rights from God and Nature.' Thus talk the Lord Gow-
ers and all the Tories of the present hour, — so long as our measures
are enforced, say they, the Reformers may sit talking about their
natural and divine rights, their rights as men and citizens, their
rights from God and Nature, — little thinking that the same fate
awaits them at home in this century, as that which annihilated them
in America in the last century : for the same causes must and ever
will produce the same effects. Even Lord North, who possessed
more understanding than did any minister, with the exception of
Mr. Fox, in George the Third's unhappy reign, — even Lord North
ventured to affirm in parliament, in the year 1775, that ' the DIS
PUTE with America was not so alarming as some people appre
hended : he had not the least doubt but that this DISPUTE would
end speedily, happily, and without bloodshed : ' so blind are the
clearest of the Tories, when bent upon their doctrines, their mea
sures, and their means to enforce them.
This confidence produced disdain and ridicule in every grade,
civil and military, enlisted under the banners of this HOLY WAR.
At home all was ballad singing in praise of unconditional loyally;
and the loud laugh at rights and liberties was the chorus of every
knave and slave throughout England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland.
In America, it was the wit and humour of the British, from the
batoon to the bayonet, to revile and turn into ridicule the courage,
the discipline, the manners and appearance of the Americans. This
was keenly felt, but commonly retaliated with good humour, as we
have seen in the shell thrown out of Charleston, and many other
facts of the kind which might be instanced. To appear as gallant
soldiers, men and gentlemen, was ever an object with the American
army, from the general officer to the poorest fellow that carried
arms. It frequently occurred, that from recent atrocity of the
British, the passion of anger was kindled in the highest throughout
the ranks of the suffering Americans, when it required all the per-"
suasive influence of the officers to preserve that chivalrous decorum
which gives such polish and metal to the sword. This laudable
ambition Major Garden humourously instances in the "person of the
gallant Captain Zeigler, who, he says, was ' an excellent and in
trepid soldier, and was particularly proud of the discipline and mil
itary appearance of the company he commanded. On one occasion,.
while conducting a number of prisoners to a British outpost, ad
dressing himself to his men, whom he was ambitious to shew to
the best advantage, he said, assuming an erect posture, and an air
of great dignity : — " Gentlemens, you are now to meet with civil
ity the enemy of your country, and you must make dem regard you
with profound and respectful admiration. Be please, den, to look
great— to look graceful— to look like de devil — to look like me ! " '
Poor gentleman ! his eloquence gave the will for the deed, for as

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 183
his friend hath before observed, his usual style of speaking was in
a mixture of German and English, which formed a dialect not easily
to be comprehended.
These and a thousand other matters of no moment, became the
theme of British derision at home and abroad, from first to last of
the crusade. To abase our enemy and exalt ourselves, is as strong
a feature in our English character as it is in that of any other na
tion, and stronger than in many ; but the abuse of the Americans
was at all times of all the most malignant. That giant of litera
ture, and at the same time that ruffian in temper, Dr. Johnson,
spoke of the Americans even so far back as the year 1769 with a
rancour which in these days would have earned him a pension of
five times the amount it procured him in those, though never so
welcome. He concluded a courtly tirade against them by declaring
with the voice of a stentor, that they were ' a race of convicts,
and ought to be thankful for anything we allowed them short of
hanging.' This man after the King's own heart, was delighted in
ah opportunity of telling the story of a governor of Virginia, who
was appealed to by two ladies at a ball on a question of preceden
cy, and who was pleased, in the plenitude of his wit and good
manners, to call for the Newgate Calendar, to see whose ancestor
was first transported to the colony. A gentleman at heart would
have blushed at so wanton a decision ; and the relator of it, had
he been a gentleman at heart, would have reasoned that it were
far, far better to be descended of convicts, not being themselves
such, than to spring from. a long line of ancestors, and become such
bloodthirsty, arbitrary, desolating ruffians as were all those lords of
the administration and lords not of the administration, who aided
and abetted, supported and carried on the American war.
Mr. Hollis, whos2 Study through life was perfect freedom, and
whose practice the attainment of it, always foresaw that foul play
towards the colonies was not very far in the distance ; and he em
phatically warned them of it. A gentleman of Harvard in Connec
ticut, writing to his friend in England, June 1, 1774, says — ' This
being the day when the Boston Port Bill took place, the same was
observed here as a day of mourning. The bells began to toll ear
ly, and continued to do so late ; the town-house was hung with
black, and the shops were all shut. The late worthy Mr. Hollis,
well known throughout the learned world for his love of arts and
liberty, in the frontispiece of a book presented to Harvard College,
inscribed with his own hand this prophetic admonition to the in
habitants of the rising province':
" People of Massachusets,
" When your country shall be cultivated, adorned like this coun
try, and ye shall become elegant, refined in all civil life, — then, if
not before, WARE TO YOUR LIBERTIES ! " '
How soon this prophecy was fulfilled, was evinced, first by the pass
ing of the Boston Port Bill, which invaded the chartered rights of the
colony of Massachusets Bay ; and secondly, by that which followed
immediately upon it, ¦ for the better REGULATING the govern-

184 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ment of the province of Massachusets Bay ; ' which went entirely
to subvert them, by* vesting in the crown the appointment and re
moval at PLEASURE of counsellors, judges, magistrates, sheriffs,
and every officer of every kind. A patriot Englishman, in a letter
at that time addressed to Lord Dartmouth, foreseeing the inevita
ble, result of these iniquitous and most impolitic measures, tells
him, as a minister of the crown, that ' the folly of government
may be sometimes forgiven, its injustice never ; but when folly
and injustice unite, it must be odious, weak, and contemptible.'
He concludes by repeating the opinion of every sensible honest
man then living, that the measures pursuing would end in ' dis
tress and humiliation ; ' which Lord Dartmouth, and the den of
thieves with whom he acted, saw not clearly until the surrender of
Cornwallis and his army at York Town ; who, in ' distress and
humiliation,' delivered up their arms, while their taunted, reviled,
and basely treated once fellow subjects, now their conquerors, most
generously refrained from taunt and insult in return, and magnani
mously leaving the loud huzza of exultation to the friends of free
dom down to all posterity.
To what tricks and chicaneries the Tories resorted, to first delude
England into a war against the colonies, and then confirm them in
it, because it was too late to recede. Lord Mansfield, in the chief
seat of judgment, whose every expression ought to have teemed
with law and justice, declared aloud to all the world : — ' We have
passed the RUBICON, and are not-now at liberty to consider the
questions of original right or wrong, justice or injustice.' To the
same effect cried out the chief priests and the rulers of the Jews when
they had nailed our Saviour to the cross ; and in like manner bawl out
all the church and state charlatans on earth, when they have some in
famous blood-stained measure to carry, and some vile end of worldly
policy to pursue. We cannot treat with REBELS, yells Lord
Stormont, another of the brood, and we will not, re-echo all the
gang, and in the name of God, my lord rejoins — '"The blood be
upon their own heads.' It were as well to have whistled to the
winds, as to have told these MISCREANTS that ' the guilt of civil
war, the miseries which it brings in its train, lie at the door of
those who provoked it by illegal oppression, rather than of such as
are drawn to arms in order to assert their natural rights and liber
ties.' In vain were it to have told them, that if an independent
republic followed upon their injustice and oppression, they would
have only themselves to thank for it. With equal effect the learned
and patriotic moralizer upon -Esop, in allusion to this future event,
reminded them that ' bitter words and hard usage freeze the heart
into a kind of obduracy, which mild persuasion and gentle usage
only can dissolve and soften. Persecution has always fixed and
rivetted those opinions which it was intended to dispel ; and some
discerning men have attributed the quick growth of Christianity in
a, great measure to the rough and barbarous reception which its
first teachers met in the world.' This, throughout the history of
man, hath ever been the case with Liberty : uf America it was so.

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 185
in England it hath aforetime been so, and so in England will it be
again : for out of the injustice, abuse, oppression, and usurpation
of our rulers and governors, and the oligarchy, of our elective
rights, will grow the People's day of Victory, and their oppressor's
• day of ' distress and humiliation,' as at York Town. In the very
nature of things it must be so, and cannot be otherwise.
The bad government by the English of their colonies, at all
times and places, has been strikingly pointed out by Carte the his
torian, who, in his life of the Duke of Ormond, takes occasion to
say, that ' the English never understood the art of governing their
provinces ; that they always treated them in such a manner as
either to put them under the necessity, or subjected them to the
temptation of casting off their government, whenever an opportu
nity offered : that it was a series of this impolitic conduct which
lost them Normandy, Poictoirs, Anjou, Guienne, and all the do
minions which they formerly had in France : that in the King of
France's Tresor de Chartres, there are an infinite number of appeals
and memorials for grievances which the inhabitants of the English
provinces suffered from the English government : that for these
reasons they, never appeared in arms to assist the English against
the French, according to the obligation of their tenures ; and whilst
one hundred thousand vassals under the like tenures served in the
armies of France, the English were forced to fight their battles
themselves : that from an abhorrence to the English government,
when Rochelle, Saintes, Angoulesme, and other towns in those
provinces, submitted to the Kings of France, they took particular
care to insert in their capitulations an express article, ' that in no
distress of the affairs of France, they should ever be delivered back
into the hands of the English,' A very sensible man remarking
upon this passage, says : ' Had Mr. Carte lived in our times, what
a melancholy addition he might have made" to his catalogue of
provinces dismembered from the British empire by the narrow and
illiberal policy of its government ! He would also have increased
the number of stinging remarks, by asserting, that even after the
loss of America, the concessions in favour of Ireland were not ob-
" tained from the generosity, but extorted from the fears of its
rulers.' The peace and quiet with which women so much affect in do
mestic life, requires a very strong feeling indeed to ruffle, disturb,
and do away ,• and he or they that excite it, are always impolitic
and unwise, and commonly criminal. The determined and most
enthusiastic manner in which the ladies of America entered into
the general feeling of indignation at their country's wrongs, was
remarkably striking. How many are enumerated by Major Garden :
how many he confessedly left unmentioned, only for want of an
acre of parchment to inscribe their names and their deeds and the
fullness of their Patriotism and Love of Country. In these
Records I have attempted to preserve a few of them, as a study
for the ladies of England, now so unhappily inclined to submit, in
common with their lethargic fathers, husbands, brothers, friends,

186 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
and relatives, to every fleecing oppression, every shameless robbery
and covert invasion of all that was once so dear to their fathers and
mothers of old. Fine names and courtly epithets, holy sophistry
and Jesuitical distinctions, now weave the delusive web which blinds
their eyes to what is doing ; while for their corrupt husbands, ar
guments are produced from the Mint and the Bank of England,
which support the luxurious extravagancies of living, corrupt the
understandings, and steel the hearts of all that give way to them.
When will a woman of genteel life in England be found to resist
the harsh mandate of Paul's ' all in authority,' and the parson's
' powers that be,' whom she must know are invading the freedom
and ruining the prosperity of her country ? when will one of these,
like Mrs. Thomas HeyWard, of America, decline to rejoice in" their
success, and refuse to illuminate for theii; victory ? Never ; no,
not one of them all, I fear, of the present generation, however
their daughters and granddaughters may conduct themselves, if
ever placed in so trying a situation. Rather would she cry with
the degenerate Spaniards, ' Long live the Absolute King ! and down
with the constitution.' When would she, as the lively Mrs. Brew-
ton, who walking in the Broad-street of Charleston in deep mourning,
according to the fashion of the Whig ladies for the sorrows and
miseries of their country ; when would she pick up the crape
flounce which was accidentally torn from her dress, and hang it
upon the gate' of an absent patriot, driven from his home by the
foul oppressors of her country, as did Mrs. Brewton hang the piece
of crape so torn from her dress upon the gate of the absent gov
ernor, Rutlege, whose house was then occupied by the brutal
Moncrief : exclaiming to one of the enemy standing by : ' Where
are you, dearest governor ; surely the magnanimous Britons will not
deem it a crime if I cause your house as well as your friends to
mourn your absence.' When, with the same lady, who, entering
Charleston with Major Hyrne, appointed to negociate a change Of
prisoners, and being asked by the British what news in the country?
replied, that 'All Nature smiled, for everything was GREENE
down to Monk's Corner ;' alluding to the recent conquests of that
distinguished general of her country. Rather would our legiti
mately, hoodwinked, voluntarily blind Englishwomen of this gen
eration, underrate the glad tidings and cry with the degenerate
Spaniards, ' Long live the Absolute King ! and down with the
constitution.' The numerous fine examples of the Whig ladies of
America, have no weight with her, for she is lost to every sense of
Public Freedom.
Some singular coincidences occurred in the course of and towards
the conclusion of the war, which passed not unobserved by thinking
men. When kings and ministers seize the scales of justice, short
weight to the people is the assured legitimate consequences ; but
when poised by the King of Kings, oppression kicks the beam, and
Freedom triumphs. So was the HOLY WAR of George and his
Tories found light in. the balance, when so weighed against the
rights and liberties of the Americans; for the finger of God was

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 187
there, and the sacred wisdom of fiat justitia was made manifest to
men, even as the church and state maxim of might overcomes right,
was humbled to the dust. No common occurrence, in illustration
of this, is related by Major Garden, who had the fact from Judge
Peters. ' On entering Philadelphia in June, 1778, after the evacu
ation of the British troops, we were,' he says, * hard pressed for
ammunition. We caused the whole of the city to be ransacked for
cartridge paper. At length, I thought of the garrets of old print
ing offices. In that once occupied as a lumber room by DOCTOR
FRANKLIN when a printer, a vast collection was discovered. —
Among the mass was more than a cart load of sermons on
DEFENSIVE WAR, preached by a famous Gilbert Tenant, during
an old British and French war, to rouse the COLONISTS to indis
pensable exertion. These appropriate manifestoes were instantly
employed, as cases for musquetry, were rapidly sent off to the army,
arrived most opportunely, and were fired away at the battle of
Monmouth against our retiring foe.' With a more interesting
anecdote than this, when viewed in all its relative points and bear
ings and situations, I confess myself to be entirely unacquainted.
It will be the impartial award of posterity that the efforts of herq-
ism, of both men and. women, were of no common stamp, to so
fight out of the fire as the Americans did fight out of the fire their
Independence. Our degraded Tory King and government, foiled
iri their attempt to ruin them, took comfort to themselves in dwell
ing upon the delusive hope, that a system of power so democratic
as that which the Americans proposed to erect, must necessarily
fall to pieces from the nature of the materials composing it. They
assumed, that either by being independent as provinces, they would
he weakened in their jealous watchings of each other, and thus
become an easy conquest, or that they would in anarchical confu
sion fall a prey to the powers of Europe in general ; in which
scramble, from our prior claim and powerful navy, a very large
portion must fall to the share of England. Under this Machiavelian
impression, the ministers advised and the King signed- the treaty
of peace, acknowledging the Independence of the United States;
and the result is, that America, to the utter chagrin of every Tory
upon earth, has become the nursery of freedom, the sanctuary of
the oppressed, and the terror in principle, of despot Europe.
So transported with heroic delight were the Americans at the
happy result of their exertions, that vengeance had no share in their
demeanour towards their late outrageous and destroying enemy. —
One of the 'most deliberately malignant of these, Lord Cornwallis,
was in their hands a prisoner. They merely offered him in exchange
for Mr. Laurens, who had been so long, and unjustly confined in the
Tower of London. Mr. Burke, saith our patriotic historian, with
his usual dexterity of combining and bringing into view objects the
most striking and impressive on the passions of men, observed, that
the British ministry had been brought to some sense of justice in a
moment. ' Warned by a star that had arisen in the west, which
had convinced them of the danger' of longer persevering- in their

188 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
rigid treatment of Mr. Laurens. This was no other than the news
arriving, that the son of Mr. Laurens, an accomplished officer in the
American service, had Earl Cornwallis in his custody : and that his ,
treatment of his noble prisoner was directly the reverse of that
experienced by Mr. Laurens's father, who was then locked up in
that Tower, of which Lord Cornwallis was the constable.' This is
another of those singular coincidences I have so recently alluded to.
Indeed, had congress insisted upon it, they might not only have
had Mr. Laurens for Cornwallis, but the traitor villain Arnold
would also have been forthcoming ; whom they then could have
hanged upon the highest gibbet ever erected, and upon the highest
mountain in America. The King would have inwardly rejoiced in
the riddance of Arnold, even as his heart yearned for his dearly
beloved gossip, Cornwallis ; and ministers would not have opposed
the arrangement. Instead of this act of simple justice, they gene
rously allowed this legitimate violator of the capitulation of Charles
ton, this loyal barbarian in a thousand other respects, to return
quietly to England upon his parole of honour. Mr. Faux speaks of
having met in America with a Major Young, who was entrusted by
General Washington with his discharge from his parole. His lord
ship received it from the major at his house in London, and was
much pleased that he was not compelled to return to America. — %
Verily, he must have been much pleased on many accounts : the
trouble, expense, and hazard of the voyage, being the least of them.

GENERAL JACKSON.
General Jackson, at a very early period of his life, aspired to obtain celeb
rity. At the age of fourteen he commenced his military career, and shared
the glory of the well-fought action at Stono. Made a prisoner in his native
settlement at the Wacsaws, shortly after the surrender of Charleston, his
manly opposition to the orders of an unfeeling tyrant who wished to impose
on him the duties of a hireling, gave superior claims to applause. Wounds
were inflicted and increase given to persecution, but without affecting either
the steadiness of his principles or the firmness of his resolution. He told his
oppressor—' You may destroy, but can never bend me to a submission.'
The severity of this treatment arose from his refusal to obey an officer who
ordered him to clean his boots. The spirit of the youth, which ought to
have called forth applause, excited no sentiment but that of unbridled re
sentment  Garden.
Without justifying in the least the conduct of the British officer,
whose name might as well have been given, yet there is something,
perhaps, to be said in mitigation of it. Not a word is mentioned
of the youth being an officer, or even a volunteer ; therefore, we
are left, if, we please, to understand that he was a private, or a lad
attached to his corps and carrying a musquet on fighting days.
This, so far as European manners and military aristocracy is con
cerned, takes something away from the wantonness of the tyranny

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 189
on the part of the officer, leaving him only in the unhappy plight
of an ungenerous man. Now, if young Jackson were an officer or
a volunteer, not even European manners would bear such treatment
out, and the officer stood condemned as a vulgar, low-lived, petty
despot in a little brief authority ; a mean character that belongs in par
ticular to no country, but is to be found, without much seeking, in all.
For my part, I do entirely impugn the conduct of the officer in
every point of view, it being altogether unsoldierly, unmanly, and
ungentlemanly, to strike or in any way ill use-and abuse a prisoner
of war. Again, the bad treatment of those Americans who by
the fortune of war fell into the hands of the British, proceeded
from many causes, and not the least was an overweaning confidence
in the ultimate subjection of the colonists, as Rebels and Traitors,
as they called them ; not dreaming of a day of account, when their
great and little despotisms were to be rendered up to a victorious
enemy. The conduct of the Jack in office who caused Major Evan
Edwards to be so grossly insulted, arose out of this base and re
creant sense of impunity ; who, so far from supposing that the
hour would arrive that he was to deliver his surrendering sword to
that generous gentleman, believed that nothing was so unlikely
to come to pass as the discomfiture and loss of two British armies
in the conflict : hence the servile and rascally sense of loyalty
evinced in the base contumely which he passed upon the braw and
bonny rebel, as designated by the Scotch lassie. Not only the
British were blinded by this imaginary feeling of all power and
might, but those wretched Americans who sided with them against
the chartered rights and liberties of their country, laboured under
the like delusion. Mr. Faux speaks of conversing with a General
Cantey upon this subject, who told him that he was a prisoner with
the English at that period, and, in common with others in that sit
uation, was very rudely treated. I once, said he, told Colonel
Rugely, one of the degenerate Americans adhering to the British,
that I thought we rebels should succeed ; — when he scornfully re
plied — ' What, they succeed ? Aye, you may as well expect the
• sky will fall to catch larks ! ' Just so are the Tories of England
now taking disdainful comfort to themselves upon the question of
Reform ; and from their might and power, under bribery and cor
ruption, and their standing army, believe that the sky will fall as
soon to catch larks, as that the Reformers will succeed : neverthe
less, be it known to all the gang of them, that the Reformers will
succeed in spite of the devil himself, with whom the Tories are in
HOLY ALLIANCE against freedom and good government, through
out the world.
The surest test of independent-minded men is their stedfast re
sistances at all hazards and events, of the lawless mandates of pow
er, in whatsoever shape they come, and from whomsoever they
may issue : and this with sterling inflexibility from their cradles to
their graves. A host of these are becoming banded together in
England now, and will work out their freedom, even as-did the

190 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
Americans forty years ago. Let the Tories look well to this, for
it will surely be ; and when the trying hour comes, shall they, like
the devils, their coadjutors, believe and tremble. A friend to the
cause once elegantly said, that ' a good bow springs from under
the hand that bends it : ' so sprung Mr. Jackson from the hand of
his tyrant — so sprung his brother heroes from the tyrants that op
pressed his country — and so will spring the people of England
from the Tories of England. It is an axiom, drawn from the in
most bosoms of men, that ' subaltern tyrants are ever most intole
rant and intolerable ; ' and it applies with unerring truth, not only
to the case of young Jackson, but at this moment to the people of
England. To see delegated authority in every department, of
church and state, grade by grade, from high to low, incessantly at
war with the best interests of man ; to see the magistracy intruded
upon by the priesthood, the elective franchise usurped by the peer
age ; to witness the bold objections taken by the learned judges of
the law to the inherent rights of the subject, and to hear the curses
loud and deep which are showered upon the heads of the hewers of
wood and the drawers of water, and the few friends they have, by
all the host of legitimacy, needs no tongue to tell that such is in
tolerant and intolerable, and will not much longer be endured.
The concession of a few odious taxes cannot seriously be intended
by the Tories as a sop for the Reformers, but rather as a state trick
to retain their always purchased retainers. It matters but Utile
what is conceded by them, so long as the grand constitutional ob
ject of the Reformers is to prevent a recurrence of fieecery and
despotism in future, under cover of bribery and corruption, and to
put it entirely put of the power of the few to levy imposts upon
and make laws for the many, without their representative consent.
In doing this, the hateful powers that be, and all their crew, may
curse the Reformers loud and deep until their tongues become dry,
and Hell's fierce oratory fails them ; — the Reformers care not, for
POSTERITY WILL HUZZA FOR THEM, while this world's
gear they know is forfeited in their disdain of subserviency.
It is the private opinion of one of our Tories who has lately
visited America, that the race of heroes which won the indepen
dency of the states is run out, and that, were the like question to
be agitated again, the present breed of Yankees could not stand
two campaigns. He was about to say but one, when recollecting
the decisive battle before New Orleans, subsequently to the burn
ing of Washington, he thought it was better to say two campaigns.
Castlereagh, whom this gentleman had latterly thought proper to
admire, was of the like opinion, and acted upon it, and, until that
rap of the knuckles, had been dreaming of recovering America or
the greater part of it. General Jackson, in the Revolutionary war,
was but a stripling, but in the fullness of his manhood it appears
to our cost that he found in the present generation some of the re
mains of the heroes to co-operate with him against the desolating
invasion of the common enemy. In the last war, which Castle-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 191
reagh and his gang so arrogantly provoked, it appears, that, as be
fore, the British employed the savages ; and it was General Jack
son's fortune not only to give themselves in the first instance the most
signal defeat they experienced, but afterwards to chastise, their
savages, almost to extirpation.
Can it be believed, that the acts of barbarity committed by the
savages in this short war, would fill a quarto volume ? At Bur
lington Heights,- at Meigs, at the Moravian village; at the black
rock of Buffafoe, their yells are described as most appalling, and
their cruelties most revolting to humanity : but their infuriate bar
barities at French Town exceeded anything of the kind that men
calling themselves christians ever witnessed or permitted. The
Americans surrendered upon - capitulation, on receiving a message
from the British commander, Colonel Proctor, that unless they im
mediately did so, they and their village would be delivered up to
the fury of the savages. On this they capitulated upon the hon
ourable terms x>f saying their village, taking care of their wounded,
burying of their dead, and the protection of the prisoners from the
savages then howling round them for their prey. This was no
sooner negociated and agreed to, than Proctor marches off his
troops, giving the poor prisoners in charge of the damnable sava
ges from whose ruthless barbarities he pledged himself to protect
them. The result was, that with the wounded and the dying the
greater portion were tomahawked, the remainder were reserved to
be roasted and tortured at the stake when they had dragged them
home, reviling, scourging, and otherwise tormenting them as they
passed along. ' Some of the British officers, indignant at the treach
ery of their commander, dashed into the woods after the infernals,
and, tracking the Indians for many miles, at length came up with
them, and succeeded in saving by purchase, at a high price, such of
the naked, fainting, and wearied Americans as were left alive.
Proctor is not yet hanged, and the gallant gentlemen who so glo
riously preserved the few unfortunate prisoners that were left alive,
have not yet been rewarded ; and, such is the quality of legitimacy,
that neither of these devoutly to be wished acts of justice will ever
be performed.
The Americans were not in any instance, during this short but
fierce and sanguinary contest,' unkind to their prisoners, which,
when once mentioned in the House °f Commons, the heartless,
cut-throat Castlereagh ascribed to FEAR ! In what a dreadful
state must this charlatan's mind have been, to have put so base a
construction upon an act of knightly humanity ! What an estimate
must he have made of the relative strength and weakness of the
British and the Americans ; and what a salutary lesson must have
been the signal defeat of Packenham and Gibbes before New Or
leans, by the troops of that nation, whose humanity to their prison
ers of war he attributed to FEAR ! General Jackson was the
American officer entrusted with the command in the state of Lou
isiana, of which New Orleans is the capital. He' met the British
army there, which, flushed with success and desolation, proposed

192 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
also to burn and destroy that emporium of the American corn-
market. With ten thousand men of a side the fight commenced,
when the British army was so decidedly worsted, as to entirely put
an end to all hopes of future success ; which having sobered the
intoxication of master Castlereagh and his legitimates at home, a
treaty was entered into, and this wanton predatory war of invasion
and atrocity was Concluded.
Mortified and confounded by the disastrous intelligence, the To
ries would have cast reflection upon the bravery and conduct of the
troops, but they could not with any feeling of decency, for they
were a portion of Wellington's victorious army, drafted on purpose
to chastise republican America ; and to legitimatize the only quar
ter of the world where Freedom remained unshackled by kings and
priests and oligarchs. It was in the true spirit of this ultra loyalty
that Colonel Drummond, at the attempted re-capture of Fort Erie,
repeatedly yelled out to his men to ' GIVE THE DAMNED
YANKEES NO QUARTER ! ' After this man had performed
prodigies of valour, he fell, and his troops retreated with unusual
loss, and the 'damned. Yankees ' generously returned evil for good,
by giving Drummond's wounded and prisoners QUARTER.
Had the officer who five and thirty years before so disgustingly
ordered Mr. Jackson to clean his boots, and maltreated him that he
would not ; had he been in the field with the British army before
New Orleans, when this youth, now grown up to General Jackson,
commanded the American forces which so decidedly defeated the
valiant Wellington ians, — what, good God, had been his sensations !
What but those so deservedly experienced by the officer that so
grossly insulted Major Evan Edwards, and was afterwards com
pelled by the fortune of war, to yield up his sword to him. In all
these eventful things I read the coming discomfiture and humility
of our Tories here in England, now so insolent, so lawless, so wan
tonly insulting, and so exultingly oppressive : and it is, of all the
lessons I do read, that which yields me the most heartfelt
satisfaction. General Jackson is known as the condign punisher and root and
branch castigator of the savages who had joined the British standard,
and committed such barbarities upon the Americans, when so un
happy as to fall within their power. At Tallushatches, Talledega,
Hillebeetowns, and Autosse, all Indian villages, " he defeated them,
and consigned their villages to the flames. They fought with the
fury of devils ; they gave no quarter, and disdained to receive any.
Many tribes combined and formed a fortress covering a hundred
acres of ground at Tallapoosa, on the southern extremity of New
Yonka ; the general assailed them there, scaled their rude defences,
and cut every man to pieces, with the exception of about twenty. —
He, in these sanguinary acts of justice, served his country most
essentially, and acquired the title of the Hero of the Wilderness.
In future, however inclined the British may be to employ the sav
ages, not a tribe will be found to accept their delusive offers ; for
they will not only never forget the example that was made of them,

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 193
but they will remember that their allies neither could nor would
render them the least assistance.
Here endeth, we hope to God, the employment of the savages.' —
This atrocity of the Norths anu Germaines of the Revolutionary
war, was renewed by Castlereagh, in the same diabolical spirit, and
with the same blood-thirsty doctrine of which Lord Suffolk was the
broacher, — that the savages were a weapon put into our hands by
God and Nature. It was a doctrine in which Castlereagh, from the
bottom of his heart, was truly orthodox, — by the same token that
he mortally hated the Americans, once our successfully revolting
colonists, and now a nation of rank republicans in the very teeth o£
the Holy Alliance and all conquering legitimate Europe. To be"
sure, of God he knew nothing, and only once in his life studied
Nature ; and that was, to find the vein which would most speedily
stream life away when he purposed to finish his legitimate career
by cutting his throat.
The republican principles of the United States will chasten the
revived tyrannies of Europe, daily and hourly in silent succession,
commencing with England and concluding with Russia; and do
they all unite and combine yet closer and stronger in their dearly
beloved Holy Alliance principles to invade America and destroy her
republicanism, the bayonets and rifles of her free population will
repel the blasphemous inroad, and in turn will chase back across
the Atlantic the invaders to their own doors, and revolutionize them
all. , Not even the sarcastic policy of the American officer during
this last war, will twice avail them, for humanity by despots is at
tributed to fear, and forbearance to weakness. Miss Wright tells
the admirable story : — A body of the American militia had repulsed
a party of the British, and were pursuing them to their boats, when
their officer recalled them. A zealous citizen, angry at losing so
fine and vengeful an opportunity of doing execution upon the in
vaders, observed, that ere they could have reached them two thirds
had been dead or prisoners. ' True/ replied his officer, ' we might
possibly, with the loss of a dozen men, have deprived the enemy of
some hundreds, but what would have been the dozen ? sons, hus
bands, fathers, and useful citizens : and what would have been the
hundreds ? men fighting for hire I which loss in the balance had
weighed the heavier ?' Britons, reflect, deeply reflect, upon this
teen sarcasm against standing armies, for machinery is in their for-*
mation and despotism is in their uses, and no country was ever free
that suffered itself to be saddled with one.
Far be it from me to reflect upon our truly gallant army ; let
their employers receive all that is intended, and pocket the affront
as well as they may. If we must keep up a standing force, let it
¦ rather be sent against the despotism of Spain, than the democracy
of America ; rather let it make an example of the degenerate Span
iards, who cry all hail ! to the pest of all- the earth, an absolute
King, than to subvert the Republic of America'; rather let them
gibbet the villainous, ignominious Ferdinand alive, than depose the
President of the United States— as was the object of its employers

194 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
when the draft was made from Wellington's victorious troops to.
cross the Atlantic : and never again let it be heard that a British
army became the instrument of enrobed and legitimately sanctioned
incendiaries, as were Castlereagh and his gang, when they ordered
it in imitation of the Norths and Germaines, to burn and destroy,
plunder and desolate, the maritime towns and cities .of America.
It was not a party assertion without proof, that the destruction
of Washington materially served the cause it was intended to in
jure ; and this is as apparent to those who can see things in the
distance, as are the clouds above their heads, and as big with storms.
.Toryism and atrocity are one and the same at all times and seasons,
and the Tory atrocity of England towards America, has been as
consistent as the winter in January and as the summer in June ; and
has kindled a never-dying flame of Patriotism and Love of Country
against our name and nation. The burning of the arsenals and
dockyards at Washington, however bad the policy, stand justified,
it appears, by the law of nations ; but when General Ross, upon
gaining possession of the city, set fire to the Capitol, the Senate-
house and House of Representatives, the Treasury, the War-office,
the President's palace, and the great bridge across the Potowmack,
he dishonoured himself and disgraced his country : and, yet more,
though he might not know it, fought the enemy's battle. From
that hour federalism was no more, and uprose unqualified democracy,
in gigantic unity, peace, and concord. In that atrocity alone the
oligarchy hath established the Republic of America on the surest
foundation, and hath shaken the legitimacy of England to its very
centre. When the better part of the people of England cried out against
this villainous warfare, the scribes of the ruling faction denied it,
and, as usual, had found some votaries, had not the exulting dispatch
sent home . by the general confirmed the fact, and this dispatch in
the moment of rejoicing been published in the Gazette*. — The same
was the case in regard to Alexandria, Baltimore, and other places
burnt and plundered. I have heard it said, that Ross Trevor in
Ireland, had the war continued, was marked down in the volume of
vengeance and retaliation, as one of the places to suffer for the
deadly insult put Upon Washington. Ross Trevor, the beautiful
village belonging to General Ross, the conflagrator, even though
he was killed, was yet doomed to the flames. A privateer was to
have landed a party at the entrance of Carlingford Bay in the night,
which, dividing, could have easily burnt and destroyed the house
upon the mountain wherein resided Mrs. Ross, as also the beautiful
village below, before the troops at Newry could have got under
arms, much less have advanced six Irish miles to save them. In
case of another war with America, let the descendants of General
Ross look well to this, for what has been once planned is ever sub
ject to be executed ; and as the burning of Washington will not
hastily be forgiven, it is not likely that the burner of it will be
much sooner forgotten.
On the fall of Napoleon, Russia attempted to mediate a peace

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. I95
between England and America, which Castlereagh, who possessed
nine-tenths of the wickedness of Machiavel without a tithe of his
judgment, very insolently declined ; as, forsooth, in his intoxicated
bram, President Madison was to be deposed, and the government
pf the United States was to be legitimatized upon the basis of those
of Russia, Austria, and Prussia . after which great work, it is said
that England was to undergo the like regeneration. If ever a
statesman were a curse on earth, to his own and to every country
to which as a statesman he directed his views, it was Castlereagh.
Possessing all the virulence of the serpent without its wisdom, all
the smoothness of the dove without its meekness, he was continually
involving the honour and compromising the best interests of his own
by his errors and crimes towards other nations. It was this man's
man's malignancy to suffer the seasonable moment of making peace
to be proudly neglected, when in a few months after he was compelled
to treat, from the vast expense of conveying fresh troops over the
Atlantic after the defeat before New Orleans, and from the dread of
the naval powers of Europe assisting America to establish her mar
itime rights : so the treaty of Ghent was concluded.
It was whimsical enough his pretensions to the province of Maine
on the Canadian frontier, because the Americans left it undefended
in their anxiety to meet more important circumstances, knowing
that^ at all events it must follow the fortunes of the war. The
British generals meanwhile had overrun it, and required by procla
mation that the inhabitants came in and took an oath pf allegiance
to his majesty. Require indeed ! why the Americans would rather
swear allegiance to his Infernal Majesty than to the King of Eng
land ; and this is a secret they never pretend to keep. The demand
of Maine was that of the frowardness of a spoiled child crying for
its rattle, but the making a peace without setting straight the con
tentions of the war, deeply reflects upon the diplomacy of both par
ties. This is a quality in peacemaking so truly legitimate and Eu
ropean, so much partaking of king-craft, which never permits a ,
treaty of peace without leaving a door open for another war, that
one is surprized that the American plenipotentiaries fell in with it.
The first article of the Treaty of Ghent declares that ' All discussion
of our maritime rights is waved on both sides!' — which meaneth,
that it suits neither of us to fight it out now, but so soon as one or
both have recovered strength and wind, we will go to it again. O
Jonathan, Jonathan, never again makepeace on our side of the water.
¦Castlereagh is gone to hell, thank God, and Canning rules in his
stead, thank the devil. Canning at Liverpool lately, in allusion to
. this war and this peace, carried himself like a blockhead, begging
" his pardon ; while Mr. Hughes from America, on the same occa
sion exhibited himself as any thing else than a prodigy of diplomacy,
begging his pardon also. It could only be to a turtle-feast meeting
of stupid ignoramuses, as are Mr. Canning's late constituents there,
that he durst have hazarded such bad history and such tasteless
metaphor. The parent angry with her child, God help the man,
and, after sometime retaining her resentment, a reconciliation takes
o2

196 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
place, and they, God help them both, are better friends than ever I
It is beneath contempt to seriously descant upon such fustian, such
cant, and such hypocrisy. Enough has been said in these Records, as
to my opinion how far such domestic friendship had followed if
coercion of the most brutal stamp had availed, — and, it not availing,
how much the parent hates and abhors the child therefore, and how
little love is lost between them.
This sea-saw of witless dissimulation, might have done very well
in a coterie of old women round a tea-table, or of men like old
women at a private party, over a bottle of claret ; but from the
mouth of the secretary of state to the King of England, at a public
dinner, where every sentence was intended, and if not intended,
would go forth into the world, it was unpardonable.

ABUSE OF THE AMERICANS.
The Harry Barry, so frequently mentioned in these anecdotes, while in public
he flattered with marked attention, was well known in the circle of his inti
mates to ridicule in miserable doggrel the females at the shrine of whose
beauty he affected to pay his adoration. After the war I heard a very re
spectable refugee declare, that, having been absent from England some time,
and on his return meeting in the streets of London with Major Skelly, who,
when in the garrison of Charleston, had been received in his family on the
footing of a brother, he began anxiously to enquire about the fortunes of
many of their former acquaintances, — when, laconically and with a very mag
nificent bow, he replied, ' Mr. R  , I am a man of candour and would not
wish to deceive you. My American acquaintances were altogether those of
convenience, and I have CUT them all.' — Garden.
The English, who so complacently flatter themselves, that in com
parison with every other nation, generosity and magnanimity are
personified in them, do never, even into this self-sufficient account,
condescend to include America; for they, God wot, are ruffians and
barbarians. The selfishness of outward loyalty, the pride of aristoc
racy, the hatred, not unmixed with envy, of a prosperous republic,
combined with the consciousness of the lesson of ' tread upon a
worm and it will turn again,' having been so dreadfully realized,
do all in all contribute to the torrent of abuse which continually is
rolling across the Atlantic from England into the very teeth of
America. The first moment that an English traveller lands in the
United States, he evinces his native, isolated, habitual haughtiness
towards the inhabitants, not always perhaps knowing what he is
about : without using one rude or even unpolite expression, his
every look and gesture, gait and manner, betray him. This is
quickly discovered, and if not keenly, is sneeringly resented ; which
makes the aristocrat intentionally offensive, and the democrat yet
more provokingly so, and so they pass on to the end of the chapter.
The one writes a book about it when he gets home, professing to
' nothing extenuate nor aught set down in malice,' which is read
with great satisfaction by the parsons, the old women, and the kiss-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 19T
breeches of Toryism, as their rulers wish it should be ; whose only
policy towards America is to impede every amalgamation of feeling
between the two countries.
To this description of traveller there will be found an occasional
exception ; and it may here that the bias may turn rather too par
tially in favour of the Americans : in this case both must be consult
ed, and common sense must decide as well as it can. Those who
have taken up their opinions against the people, of the United. States
from the publications of Parkinson, Ashe, Moore, Fearon, and Wel
by, will not lose their time in accompanying Mr. Faux and Miss
Wright over the same ground. Reflections upon countries have
seldom much philosophy in them, for every people hath its pecu
liar excellence, and every natipn its drawback ; therefore, reflec
tions upon countries must proceed from a lack of wisdom or an
overflow of the angry feelings, neither of which can long be dwelt
upon by enlightened men ; and to be enlightened, let me tell the
proud ones, does not require what is called a FINISHED educa
tion. When Anacreon Moore was in America, himself, or others in
some manner connected with him, soon made it known that Lord
Moira was his patron, which did him no good ; for his patron's
name was odious throughout the country, from end to end and side
to side, from centre to circumference. From what grew out of
this, we may bottom Mr. Moore's affected disdain of and real aspe
rity towards the people of the United States. Although they were
disposed to admire the elegant lyric poet, it is possible that some
dislike of the patron might have been displayed, which by a true
poet would not go long unresented. He passed through the States
into Canada, and, mixing with the British officers and principal in
habitants of Fort George, Quebec, and Montreal, amused them not
a little at the expence of the Yankees, forgetting their hospitalities
and numberless endeavours to please, It is not with the least dis
respect towards Mr. Moore, that I speak thus, but -only in defence
of the abused Americans. The elegant amatory bard of Erin's
Green Isle, is, as such, an honour to his country, but he must not
abuse the Americans ; and I hope he has long since regretted the
publication of such harshness as the following : —
' I went,' he says, ' to America, with prepossessions by no means
unfavourable, and indeed rather indulged in many of those illusive
jdeas with respect to the purity of the government, and the primi
tive happiness of the people,' which I had early imbibed in my na
tive country, where unfortunately discontent at home enhances every
distant temptation ; and the western world has long been looked to
as a retreat from real or imaginary oppression, as the elysian Atlan
tis, where persecuted patriots might find their visions realized and
be welcomed by kindred spirits to liberty and repose.
' I was completely disappointed in every flattering expectation
which I had formed, and was inclined to say to America, as Horace
says to his mistress, " intentata nites." The Tjide familiarity of the
lower orders, and indeed the unpolished state of society in general,

198 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
would neither surprise nor disgust, if they seemed to flow from that
simplicity of character, that honest ignorance of the gloss of refine
ment, whiph may be looked for in a new and inexperienced people ;
but when we find them arrived at maturity in most of the vices and
all the pride of civilization, while they are still so remote from its
elegant characteristics, it is impossible not to feel that this youthful
decay, this crude anticipation of the natural period of corruption,
represses every sanguine hope of the future energy and greatness of
America. ' That contempt for the elegances of education which the Ameri
can democrats affect, is no where more grossly conspicuous than in
Virginia. The young men who look to advancement, study rather
to be demagogues than politicians ; and in everything that distin
guishes from the multitude is supposed to be invidious and impro
per ; the levelling system is applied to education, and has had all
the effect which its partizans could desire, by producing a most
extensive equality of ignorance. In learning from them what Amer
ica can be, I but see with more indignation what Americans are.'
This morsel of aristocratic eloquence was penned about twenty
years since, and calls for little other answer than the present state
of the western world, which is always the best confutation of re
flections upon countries, when it fortunately is producible. Surely
the people of America are not to be thus contemned, even when
placed in comparison with many of the most enlightened nations of
Europe. It were well that Mr. Moore himself now took a dispas
sionate view of the gigantic strides which America is taking towards
wealth and power, and the consequent civilization of her people,
and he would, out of all doubt, hasten to attract the lightness with
which he has aforetime spoken of that extraordinary country. The
building of their ships, and the fighting of them too ; the cutting
of their canals, more especial'.v the late effort of human labour,
skill, and patience ; the population of their towns, the freedom of
their government, the toleration of their creed, and the cultivation
of their lands, would strike conviction to his breast and crimson to
his cheek, for the malignity of his politics, the badness of his taste
in such matters, and the weakness of his judgment in the sentence
which he passed upon them.
If the manners of the greater number were a little coarse and
rude, he had done well to have refk-cted upon the infancy of their
republic ; he might have known from his favourite classics, that a
nation is not less powerful, not less to be disdained, on that account,
and the march of events confirms it true. Their armies, though
but a militia force, are not, we know to our cost, to be trifled with ;
and into their navy is introduced the Roman discipline, and that par
taking of a severity not exceeded in any age or in any nation, while
it is divested of the brutality of all others. Merely to ingratiate
himself with so stately a beggar, with so vain-glorious a lord, as
Moira, he should not have committed himself in such abuse of a
people so peculiarly situate. There was then, there is now, scarcely
a man in all America who was not and w!.o is not, always except-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 199
ing felons and outlaws, a better man than Lord Rawdon was then,
Earl Moira was afterwards, and than the Marquis of Hastings is
now or ever will be. In America a cruel despot, in Ireland a speech-
maker to gain popularity, in England a profligate spendthrift, and
in India a sumptuous, magnificent, effeminate Great Mogul. His
prodigality and extravagance, at all times and in all situations, have
been boundless, and his debts are enormous ; and it may be truly
said, that he has spent more money and to less purpose, than any
man in England, alone and only excepting his royal master.
I will pass over Parkinson, Ashe, and Fearon, their abuse of the
Americans being so replete with prejudice as in so far to become
harmless and non-effective : not so as regards Mr. Welby, from
whose travels we gather all those things of the Americans which
are said to be written in brass, because they are bad. This gentle
man travelled over an immense space of country in too short a
time, so we never find him any where but upon the road, in board
ing-houses, or in log-taverns ; therefore, of choice or necessity, he
appears to have declined all private society, the most valuable of all
other. Mr.' Faux confirms several of the coarsenesses mentioned
by Mr. Welby, but accompanies it with many things which are said
to be written in sand, because they are good. He did not seem
pleased to paint the worst side only of the piece, but attempts to
delineate all sides and to extenuate all. He is never to be found
in a boarding-house or log-tavern, when he could get into private
society and become an American, His diary is valuable, and would
be yet more so, if we could gather from what state or city he dates
and writes, as he passes through the country.
There is another traveller, Miss Wright, worth them all put to
gether, and, until refuted by the degeneracy and falling away of the
Americans themselves, will be the most consulted and relied on ;
for it is the conduct of the Americans only that can falsify or con
firm her statements. At the first glance of them, she beheld a re
public that was conceived and generated and brought to birth in the
storms of civil war, nursed in Patriotism and Love of Country,
and subsisting in the exultation of victory over an enemy as merci
less and ferocious as the Mohawks which he employed against
them, and she felt and knew what time would do for such a people.
Mr. Welby, — who, by> the bye, was there at the same time with
Miss Wright, as was Mr. Faux also, though they do not appear to
have met, — expecting more than he found, fell foul of all, with
little exception, and reduced the scriptural phrase of our being chil
dren of wrath into practice, to the utter astonishment of all- his
friends. He took a dislike to everything, — the men were rude, the
women were nothing ; the meat was tasteless, and the drink
insipid ; but the horses were good, and the hewers of wood and the
drawers of water walked upright 'and erect, as conscious that they
were men, not worn down, bended-kneed, and stooping labourers, as
in England. Mr. Welby's friends have always known him to be a
man of strict veracity, and give him credit for putting down upon
paper only what he saw,' and what he felt, and what he believed to

200 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
be the case : but the prejudices of the aristocracy of England dis
torted his vision, and fettered his once much-admired understanding.
Volney, who was so liberally given towards all nations, charges
the Americans with being foul feeders, but I must say, when he
particularizes it, he makes one hungry. He was a Frenchman, but
an Englishman who looks over the bill of fare will not fail to pro
nounce it to be damned good-living, and to heartily hope he may
never fare worse. Had Volney but reverted to what the Germans
were in the trencher way but a short century before he wrote, he
would have held that the Americans were but eating hasty pudding
with a pin, in comparison with them. Not to rise from the table
until they had consumed all that was set before them, was a sacred
custom of their country never to be departed from. That they
should not be too long about their meals, in some of the principal
ities it was provided by law, that in their feasts they should not sit
more than five hours at table ; during which time, if by intempe
rance, either in eating or drinking, a man disgorged his foul stom
ach in his fellow's lap, or pissed under the table, it was no disgrace
to him, nor at any time taken notice of to his reproach. This hu
mour of gormandizing, continueth mine old unsophisticated author-,
ity, was not only cherished among the vulgar, but by their greatest
princes. Now i deduce from this, that Europeans should look about
them a little at home, before they abuse the Americans, apd they
will not be unprofitably employed.
Even in our own all-complacent, self-lauding country, aye, as late
as the commencement of the sixteenth century, our most powerful
and wealthy barons fed grossly enough. The household book of
the great Earl of Northumberland, of that period, states the diet of
my lord and my lady in particular, and their large establishment in
general, which confirms the asserted facts of the coarse, indelicate
manner in which our ancestors eat and drank, were they never so
grand and princely. As low down as the reign of Elizabeth, the
highest rank of her subjects were gross feeders, not in matter only,
but in manner. For example we will instance the queen herself,
as she describes it in a letter written from Kenilworth Castle, when
there feasted and entertained by the Earl of Leicester. ' A morn
ings,' saith old Bess, ' I rise ordinarily at seven o'clock ; then
redy I go into chapell : soon after eight I get me commonly intoo
my lord president's chamber. There at the cupboord, after I have
eaten the manchet served over night for livery, — for I dare be as
boiled, I promise you, as any of my friends the servants thear : and
indeed could I have fresh if I would tarry, but I am of woont jolly
and dry a mornings. I drink me up a goqd bol of ale ; when in a
sweet pot it is defecated by all night's standing, the drink is the
better ; take that of me ; and a morsell in a morning with a sound
draught is very noisome and good for the eyesight.' Now if the
Queen of England fed so grossly, it is reasonable to conclude that
her nobility ate no better, and her people worse ; and in this reign
we are told that the manners of the court and castles of Eng^
land were polishing into splendour, which, from the access to the

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY 201
continent, and interchange of the arts of civilization which the Re
formation afforded, it probably was so. Then what a hoggish diet,
and yet more hoggish manner of it, must have preceded this era of
boasted improvement ! In Elizabeth's reign, be it also known, that
herself and subjects, from high to low, fed with their fingers, not
only off their trenchers, but not unfrequently out of the dishes, un-
" less at great tables a carver was appointed to officiate for the com
pany ; wheii he having no fork was compelled to hold the meat with
the left hand which he carved with his right : but at all times
throughout that reign, they put their meat into their mouths with
their fingers.
Hence it was that our ancestors, when cleanly inclined, always
washed before and after dinner; which custom gradually declined
as the use of forks prevailed, which in England was not until the
reign of James the First, and introduced from Italy by Coryate, of
which that traveller gives a very curious account. Surely, when
such swineishness was luxury in England, an old royal establish
ment^ in the most learned reign, and one remarkable for great deeds
and distinguished personages, it little becomes our splenetic travel
lers to ridicule and malign the infant republic of America on the
score of diet and regimen. . Look at home to our rack-rent open-
field farmers' kitchens of but yesterday, and, thanks to legitimacy,
perhaps to day, where 'lumps of pudding andbariey bread,' seasoned
with fat bacon six inches thick without a hair's breadth of lean ;
and look to the cottages where there is scarcely that. Then let
them turn their eyes northward to the wretched crowdie of Scot
land, and westward to poor Ireland, where the filthy, disgusting diet
of her millions, the nasty stir-about, turns an Englishman's stomach,
though he be not splenetic, but on the contrary is most friendly dis
posed towards the partakers of such nastiness. The reverse of the
picture in America is, that the whole population live substantially
well, some very well indeed, and others, whose wealth and means
Will meet it, most sumptuously.
Mr. Faux regrets the leaving of the hospitable roofs of New
York and Pensylvania, ' where at almost every meal rich and pre
cious fruits garnished the ever-tempting -table and sharpened the
failing appetite. At Philadelphia,' he says, ' I find the roasted beef
equal to that of Old England ; and everything at Judd's good hotel,
fair, sweet, and cleanly— just what an Englishman loves and deems
indispensable to his comfort.' Mr, Welby docs not once make
mention of a dinner party at a private gentleman's house, leaving
us to conclude, if given to form hasty conclusions, that such tHngs
are not ; whereas Mr. Faux's makes one's mouth water in the pe
rusal of his account of American convivialities. It appears to have
been his happy fortune to have revelled in a continual round of
them, and he dwells in relation upon the rich wines and their plen-
teousness, as he seems to have done in the actual enjoyment of
them : and one man's authority is as good as another, until con
futed and contradicted. The mode of spending the evening among
the polished Americans, would do honour to the fashionable circles

202 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
of haughty, self-sufficient England. 'No cards,' says Mr. Faux,
' nor any species of gaming, are introduced ; but the ladies, as all
are connoiseurs in music, take in turn the grand piano, and play and
sing delightfully ; while conversation goes round in tete a tete
groupes, as though the voice of music were not heard.' Miss Wright
confirms these statements, and speaks of several other refinements
and most enviable comforts, the which our tories, legitimates, par
sons, and fools, serviles and blockheads, and almost all our women
in genteel life, angrily deny or disdainfully turn a deaf ear to.
Upon reading Mr. Welby's book, I enquired of a lady, by birth
an American, but who resides in England, if there were no well-
educated and accomplished women in America ? when she promptly
replied — ' NOT ONE ! Mr. Welby has truly pourtrayed them.'
This lady, though educated in England, had since crossed the At
lantic to the place of her birth, one of the largest cities in America,
respecting her property and fortune, so cannot stand excused as
only seeing her native iand in infancy. A gentleman who had pe
rused Mr. Welby's account of the Americans, said to me, that he
' rejoiced that at last one Englishman was found to paint in true
colours the brutality of those ruffians.' I made no observation
Upon it, for ' who can decide where doctors disagree,' as do Par
kinson, Ashe, Moore, Fearon, and Welby, with Faux and Miss
Wright. The English, when they speak of the coarseness of the people of
other nations, will always do well and wisely first themselves to
look at home. The men of Kent and the Kentish men are as blunt
towards strangers, as coarse and as conceited and self-sufficient as
you please, but I have never heard them abused for it, as the Amer
icans are abused. The rustic 6f Derbyshire is wantonly rude to
people of quality and condition when he finds the least opening, and
is quite an insolent fellow ; yet he is never so abused as the Amer
icans are abused, for whom a few excuses might be found in their
republicanism, if it be true, which I do not believe, that democracy
brutalizes the manners of a people. Is the atrocious Lancashire
kick so entirely done away with, that the rude rough and tumble,
and the brutal gouging of America, are to excite more general dis
gust ? Are our infamous hordes of trained pick-pockets, burglars,
cut-throats, sodomites, felons, rogues, and vagabonds of every de
scription, in London and other great cities, to be paralleled in A-
merica ? Has America any plunderers of wrecks, as on the coast
of Cornwall, or is she disgraced in such a generation of vipers as
the Deal boatmen, whose daily hopes and nightly dreams are, that
tempest-driven ships may strike upon the Godwins, that they may
plunder them: and who, appealed to in this emergency, extort from
the poor mariners of every country a shameless sum of money, to
pilot them safe into the Downs, which if not agreed to, will lie upon
their oars, until the dreadful catastrophe takes place.
No nation is considered by Europeans to be refined in its manners,
until distinguished for its politeness to women, and in this, if Miss
Wright and Mr. Faux are to be credited, America is remarkable to

AINU LUVE OF COUNTRY. 2U3
the very extreme. Husbands to their wives, brothers to their sis
ters, and every man with any pretensions to civilization to every
woman. This, to be sure, is not much like ruffianism ; but, with a
small measure of inconsistency, Mr. Faux turns short round upon
his reader and tells him, that ' an American, considered as an ani
mal, is filthy, bordering on the beastly ; as a man he seems a being
of superior capabilities. His attention to his teeth, which are gen
erally very white, is a fine exception to his general habits. All his
vices and imperfections seem natural, — those of the semi-barbarian :
he is ashamed of none of them.' This is such a clencher to all the
fine things which he says of them, that Mr. Welby may throw his
hat up in the air, and send a second edition of his book into the
world, and dedicate it to the manes of Castlereagh and the muse of
Anacreon Moore.
We need not in England be so conceited and so vain-glorions of
ourselves, our manners, and our ways. 'Elegant cleanliness ' has
not so long been a virtue among us, as to bear out the vituperation
Which we are so prone to bestow upon the rest of the world, and
more especially upon America. France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal,
have never been spared ; but it were just as well that the manners
of an infant republic as that of America, were scanned with some
little indulgence by the aristocratical travellers of an ancient mon
archy, like, that of England. It can be evidenced in the person of
one of the most accomplished men of the courts of Charles the
Second, James the Second, and William the Third, splendours of but
yesterday, — that elegant cleanliness was then and there unknown.
The court is considered in relation to the people over which it pre
sides, as ' The glass of fashion and the mould of form ; '
and this Grandison of his time was no other than Sir William Tem
ple, ambassador to the States General of Holland, and the personal
friend in succession of three English monarchs. He relates the
anecdote himself. ' Dining one day atMonsieur Hoeft's, and having
a great cold, I observed every time I spit, a tight handsome wench
that stood in the room with a clean cloth in her hand, was presently
down to wipe it up and rub the board clean. Somebody at table
speaking of my cold, I said the most trouble it gave me was to see
the poor wench take such pains about it : Monsieur Hoeft told me,
'twas well I escaped so, and that if his wife had been at home,
though I were an ambassador, she would have turned me out of
doors for'fouling her house.' This so unconcernedly related by him
self, marks well, that the beastly habit of spitting in a lady's ele
gantly furnished room, prevailed in England then, — a period of the
old and much-lamented scbool of politeness and scrupulous good
manners. I will not be so invidious as to understand by the ex
pression of the board, the table at which they sate, because Sir
William says that the wench went presently down to wipe his nasti-
ness up ; and quite sufficient it is, that the floor only is meant, which
the neat Hollanders kept polished and beautifully clean, without
carpets. The laconio and unconstrained reproof which the Dutch

204 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
gentleman administered to the British ambassador, is worthy of ob
servation ; and let an American ambassador congratulate himself,
for the honour of his country, that he has at no time so committed
himself in England, and be mindful that he never do ; for it will
not be left for himself to tell, so long as there is anything to be
gained in reality or in hope, from those who have to bestow for
so grateful a service as that of reviling the Americans.
Before the last war, such publications to provoke it as that of
'War in Disguise,' Were very attractive ; after its commencement,
every acrimonious newspaper paragraph and review effusion, fur
nished ways and means to carry it on ; and when peace returned,
the logic of contrast and comparison, conveniently drawn by the
Treasury scribes, combined with banter and ridicule, the legitimate
test of truth where reason and justice are inadmissible, — were re
sorted to, to impede emigration. The pensioned Quarterly has
continued to be the favourite vehicle of this commodity, from then
to now. As a specimen take the following, which was handed a-
bout in the circles of subserviency, as excellent in its kind : — ' The
glowing descriptions of trans-Atlantic paradise, the bright and al
luring visions of American happiness and liberty, with which the
restless, the miserable, and the idle, and the unwary, amongst the
lowest classes in Europe, are .entrapped into the voyage, may be
best conceived by a reference to those seducing pictures of Lubber-
land which used to charm our infancy ; where, among other satis
factory particulars, pigs running about the streets ready roasted,
with knives and forks stuck in them, inviting, as it were, the hand
of the hungry, or the luxurious to carve them.'
These excellencies of their kind were succeeded by the publica
tion of such travels as those of Mr. Fearon. This gentleman was
deputed by forty save one, to spy the land and ascertain the Uto
pian happiness pf America. The result was most unfavourable and
discouraging, to the great exultation of our Lubberland gentry of
the Quarterly and elsewhere. Mr. Birkbeck's flowery description
of the western territory now drew the attention of the British far
mers, who were groaning under every evil that fleecing taxation
never foils to bring upon the cultivators of the earth, when Mr.
Welby .proposed to personally examine the truth of things, and set
tle there if found satisfactory. This gentleman also returned,
equally disgusted with Mr. Fearon, and published an account of
America, east and west, north and south, yet more forbidding to the
meditating emigrant. This statement was met by those of Miss
Wright and Mr. Faux, who were in like manner engaged, and were
across the Atlantic at the same time with Mr. Welby, but whose
' evidence of facts ' are so diametrically opposite to his, that our
Lubberland gentry of the Quarterly and elsewhere, are in a mighty
quandary ; and it is said that their laureate is to go out and most
loyally counteract the effects of these disloyal ebullitions, by pro
ducing a book made entirely to suit their legitimate intents and
purposes. This audacious apostate never lost sight of the intima- i
tion which a certain secretary of state dropped at the feet of Peter

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 205
Pindar, but which that entertaining satirist never stooped to take
up. ' There are certain sums,' said this legitimate statesman,
¦ there are certain sums, Dr. Walcot, floating in his majesty's trea
sury, for those who defend the cause of the government : ' and the
abuse of America is the cause of the government, it should appear
by the manner in which Southey and other treasury scribes do con
tinually abuse America.
This disgraceful, undignified hostility towards America, is bot
tomed in her republicanism andthe practical freedom of her insti
tutions ; while it is rendered yet more rancourous by the recollec
tions of wounded pride and vexation of spirit which grew out of
the loss of the finest colonies in the world. This causticity remains
with Toryism always, and pervades every member of it. This sore
place called forth Skelly's base ingratitude to those Americans who
had befriended him in the day of misfortune ; which shameless man,
with his magnificent bow in London, very narrowly escaped a hang
ing in America, as a suitable reprizal for Lord Rawdon's butchery
of Colonel Hayne. Mr. Garden relates the fact : — ' Fortunately for
those British officers who had been designated as the proper objects
of resentment, no one of equal rank with Colonel Hayne was ever
after made a prisoner. I well remember,' continues he, when Major
Skelly of the 71st regiment was taken ; report had given him the
higher rank — he was called Colonel Skelley. When it was ascer
tained that he was really a major, General Greene, whose mind was
evidently extremely agitated, said, " I rejoice at the circumstance,
as he has the reputation of having always conducted himself with
humanity, and like a gentleman ; had he been a colonel, he must
have suffered." ' Had General (Greene been as little scrupulous,
and had been no more troubled with niceties, report had been be
lieved and Skelly had been hanged ; nay, were he never so nice and
scrupulous, could he have foreseen the impudence with which the
caitiff CUT his American acquaintances, now no longer of conve
nience, to a dead certainty the ingrate had dangled outright, without
further enquiry.
• It followeth not, because an Englishman prefers his own country
to another, that that other is a bad one. Early habits, family and
friends, the sod of his nativity, and many fine feelings in concate
nation with Patriotism and Love of Country, may and must induce
the preference : but there let it rest — one step further leads to no
thing that is good. Every man returning from his travels, sets foot
upon his native land with unmixed delight, be that land what and
which and where it may. Dr. Clarke's extreme eulogium of late
upon his own country, in preference to all others, was, like all
Mother extremes, very tasteless : from the style, it was evidently ad
dressed to those who have good things to give, by the same token,
that as he grows old he becomes less independent. I remember,
that, when his large volumes of travels appeared, he gave into some
very honest sentiments upon Russian rule and governance, which
were frowned upon by the serviles and corrupt partisans of things
then doing: for at that time the autocrat was our magnanimous

206 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
ally, and nothing true was to be said about him and his barbarians.
Now the case is a little altered, but not much ; but such as Dr.
Clarke has availed himself of to read his recantation by giving ' the
powers that be,' on that and every other question, to understand,
that he is their most obedient humble servant to command, in all
things. In like manner,' Mr. Welby returns from America and woos the,
good graces of his native land in language that well becomes an
Englishman, — but that he should also woo, and in strains legiti
mate, the notoriously corrupt and rotten rule and governance of
that same native land, speaks more to his friends True Blue, than
does all his book ; and compels them to say, with Tiberias Casar
to his slave, so busy in watering his garden when it in do manner
required the watering pot : — ' Hark you, friend, you might have
employed your time better elsewhere ; and therefore we must be so
free as to tell you, that you have mistaken your men, and that we
cannot afford you a box of the ear at so low a price as you bid
for it.'

PADDY LEVLNGSTONE.
A soldier of General Marion's brigade, named Levingstone, an Irishman by
birth, meeting with an armed party on a night profoundly dark, suddenly
found a horseman's pistol applied to his breast, and heard the imperious de
mand, — ' Declare instantly to what party you belong, or you are a dead man.'
The situation being such as to render it highly probable that it might be a
British party, he very calmly replied, — " I think, sir, it would be a little more
in the way of civility if you were to drop a hint, just to let me know which
side of She question you are pleased to favour." " No jesting," replied the
speaker, " declare your principles or die." " Then," by Jasus, rejoined
Levingstone, " I will not die with a lie in my mouth, — AMERICAN to ex
tremity, you spalpeen, so do your worst and be damned to you." " You are
an honest fellow," said the enquirer, •' we are friends, and I rejoice to meet
a man so faithful as you are to the cause of your country." — Gabden.
Every reader of this anecdote will, I think, rejoice in the escape
of poor Paddy, and delight in his heroic coolness and unflinching
honesty, while he will scarcely fail to condemn in the highest the
brutality of the fellow that put him to the extremity. Himself, ten
thousand to one, if placed in the like situation, had betrayed the
blubbering unprincipled eoward, andhad recreantly gone down upon
his knees, begging for mercy. Were I Paddy Levingstone, andhad
been happily so nerved and had done so well, nothing on earth should
have induced me to have been upon so far from friendly terms ; I
would not even have held civil acquaintance with the man that had
so wantonly put me to so cruel a trial of my courage and faithful
ness : for flinching here, a man's character had been ruined.
Without using intimidation, or any undue influence whatever, I
would that it were to-morrow put solemnly on oath to every man in
England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, the decisive question — Legiti-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 207
macy or Reform > Declare your principles in the name of God !
This would elicit everything that now hangs in suspense upon the
minds of men ; for the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth, must, of conscience and necessity, be told. Every man so
pressed, if honestly given and with the fear of God before his eyes,
would out of all doubt declare decidedly, without any mental reser
vation, his inmost principles ; and if fortunately they were those of
Root and Branch Reform, even though he were in the trammels of
all or any of the host of
' Princes, Placemen, Pittites, Priests, and Peers,'
he could save himself and family from ruin, by giving them his vote
at their bidding, but nothing more ; and while he publicly did the
cause no other harm, he privately might do it much good : thus
would he stand well in our esteem as a friend, to be sure unhappily
circumstanced, but as one ever upon the watch for a favourable
change, and ever upon the alert to avail himself of it.
We, the friends of Reform, we that have so long experienced the
insolent selfishness of the usurping great, and have seen it all times
with ineffable disdain ; and have seldom failed to denounce their
high pride and misdemeanonr against the small, and lash unsparingly
the creatures that creep and crawl around them, screening their
meanness and defending their outrages by subterfuge and chicanery ;
— we that so scorn their cant and effrontery, — we the abused, the
maligned, the proscribed, — we have not to fear the result of such a
solemn and unreserved declaration of principle : for it must be in
our favour TWENTY to ONE; for God is with us, and only the legit
imates and the unconstitutional laws which they corruptly enact, are
against us. A short sentence, to which one of our stern advocates for
equal laws and impartial justice, gave utterance the other day to one of
the learned judges of the law, ought never to be forgotten. Scowl
ing from under his huge big wig, the judge rebukingly asked the
patriot, how he dared to presume that the laws of his country were
not agreeable to the laws of God ? ' My lord,' replied he, • at the
bar of Heaven, it will be of no avail to plead an act of parliament
for your wrong doings ! ' His judgeship, struck home to the heart,
silently gathered himself up in all judicial dignity, and conducted
the proceedings of the day in a tone and manner which evidently
shew that he had been chastened by a better man than himself.
The middle rank of men, of which this gentleman was ¦one, are
now recovering from the self-wrought thraldom of the last genera
tion, and that now verging upon three score years and ten and fast
declining to the grave, — both of which have been the most rotten
and corrupt of all that have existed since the Revolution of 1688.
They threw themselves into the clutches of the great families, un
der the pretence of alarm at the French Revolution, for the filthy
lucre of appointment only, in reality and expectation ; and became
voluntarily enslaved, shameless, and unblushingly. Thus Birth and
Family and Parliamentary Interest, in aaherency to Toryism, filled
up all the offices of trust and profit under the Government, all the

208 RECORDS OF rATKJ.UT.USM
high ranks and dignities in the Church, the Law, the Navy, and the
Army, not giving a chance to merit without interest having the
benefit of any or of either. The best of these the great knaves
took to themselves and their kindred, and doled out the remainder
among their subdued trainbearers. It was this domination of cor
ruption that created the host of sabserviency that has so long op
pressed and degraded us as a free people, but which cannot subsist
much longer, if all English history may guide our judgment ; for
in every page it is there written, that Britons will never be slaves
while resistance to tyrants, foreign or domestic, will make them
free : and the future historian will have to record the silent work
of Resistance which has some time since commenced, is in progress,
and which will end in the resumption of our rights and liberties.
I well know how angry these subservients and dependents are
with us who will not bend the knee as they do ; — saying, ' What
manner of men are they, that these things cannot be submitted to
by them as well as by ourselves ? It cannot be thought that we
find it very pleasant to be subject to the caprices and meannesses of
the great, but as we make them yield us worldly compensation, we
endure the mental affliction as one of the evils of life which are in
evitable, and get on in peace and quiet as well as we can.' This
is the eternal argument of all voluntary slaves ; and the world has
always been full of such. It was but yesterday, that I heard the
factotum of an insolent Tory lord, whose domination over those in
his trammels is most ungracious, assert, that England never en
joyed more rational liberty than at this moment ; which assertion
the company of voluntary slaves around him as joyfully coincided in
as it had been ' true as holy writ.' It was such as these that drew
from the German philosopher the observation, that ' men might
very often be free if they pleased ; but they forge shackles for them
selves, still boast of their liberty, and render themselves ridiculous ;'
and another has said in high disdain, that ' it avails little to exclaim
against slavery, for it is an evil so natural to man that it is impossible
totally to eradicate it. Man will be a tyrant ; and, if he possess
an adequate strength, he will enslave whatever surrounds him.
Even the* slave himself requires to be attended by a slave. There
are slaves even with savages ; and if force cannot establish servi
tude, tbey employ other means to supply it. Servitude is some
times as pleasing to the slave as it is gratifying to the master ; and
can anything more strongly convince us, that the greater part- of
men are unworthy of tasting of the sweets of liberty ? It was thus
when the monarchs of France were desirous of despoiling the barons
of the authority they had usurped. The bondmen, accustomed to
slavery, were slow in claiming their liberty. To effect this, it be
came necessary to compel them by laws ; and Lewis Hutin ordered
that those villains, or bondmen, who would not be enfranchised,
should pay heavy fines.'
This sarcasm upon the votive millions who bend the willing knee,
applies more or less to every nation; and let not England flatter
herself in escaping it. Her despotism is no less inexorable in its

AND LOVEOF COUNTRY. 209
heing indirect, and her slaveiry is equally galling though her fetters
are of gold and' silver : while those of her sons who presume to
think for themselves, and who decline these fetters; possess just
eitough of positive freedom to make them feel the thraldom of
their country but the more acutely. Yet God is with them", and
let them ever bear in mind with the same German sage before
mentioned, that ' the identical crevice which despotism leaves
open, becomes the portal of liberty." Extremes must meet or last
not long, and in a few years we shall see it instanced in this coun
try. It were endless to recite the sayings of the wise and the sen
tences of the learned upon liberty, but some are so close to the
mark that they cannot be avoided : and the following dreadful les
son to- our arrogant rulers cannot but be read, and never too often.
'However the mind may be disciplined in after years, nay, abso
lutely habituated to a proscribed line of conduct, it is always liable
to revert to its early nature on. the slightest impetus being given to
it; as on hearing the first notes of a long-forgotten tune we in
stantly recollect the remainder of the strain.'
This may be in England in the twinkling of an eye, while tyrants
and traitors and usurpers of the people's rights, may, in confidence
of their power, be^asleep and dreaming of nothing but Legitimacy.
Too late they may" find what they have been early and repeatedly
warned of, the danger of trespassing on the Rights and Liberties of
the people. The Stuarts twice tried the experiment, and twice it
was fatal to them* and in the last effort, their defeat was irrecover
able. How willing was that last, too late, to relinquish what he
had weakly and wickedly undertaken; but there is a time, said the
eloquent Curran, ' when concession comes- toolate to restore either
public quiet or- public confidence, and when it amounts to nothing
more than an- acknowledgment of injustice ; when the people must
see, that it is only the screen' behind which oppression changes her
attack from lwce to fraud, from the battery to the mine,.' Then it
is that such monarchs as Charles and James, and all their kind, and
ail in authority under them; are taunted with the eastern proverb of
REPENTANCE COMES TOO LATE WHEN THE CITY OF
BASRA LIES IN ASHES.
It is good that Englishmen be governed by laws, and not by
men. Althusius- was a German lawyer of the sixteenth century,.
' who maintained at that time, that all power originated with the
people.' I daie answer for it, that this doctrine did not maintain
AlthusiuB, which, poor man, was his own concern, while it remains
with us to reap the benefit of the excellent seed which he sowed so
early in the season of dawning liberty. It enables us to combat
the assertion of knaves.and slaves, that the Majesty of the People
is a new doctrine, brewed in America and broached in France, and
greedily swallowed in England. A construction has been put upon
the expression by the enemies of the people, which it was never in
tended to bear, — the dethronement of Kings; Had George the
Third 'governed America with the commonest of common sense,
law, and justice, the people would hot have asserted their majesty

210 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM'
and erected a government of their own. Had Louis the Sixteenth,
after solemnly swearing at the altar of his God and Saviour to
maintain the constitution, so maintained it; — had he not have in
trigued with foreign despots to restore by force and arms his des
potic government ; had he not endeavoured to escape from France,
the signal of foreign armies to invade France, the people of France
had not cut off his head and erected a government of their own :
and let me tell certain, much nearer home, that if our representa
tive rights are not conceded in full measure, without cavil or trick
or chicanery, themselves will be in danger of the judgment.
In what an age we live, when a man of talent and knowledge
can with impunity be hired to tell the people, in laboured periods
and well-turned sentences, that an HONEST House of Commons
is not in accordance with the constitution. The doctrine of the
NECESSITY of CORRUPTION, once so cautiously disseminated,
has of late been spoken plain enough. The pensioned pen of Cum
berland the dramatist, was employed to contend for the influence
of the crown to counteract the effect of republican principles of
pride, envy, disappointment, and revenge ; wherein the cloven
foot appears in the addition of two other dangers, — Patriotism and
Love of Country. ' Suppose,' says he, ' for a moment — some may
think it a violent supposition — the members of the House of Com
mons to be all honest, intelligent, and incorrupt ; that no minister
could prevail upon them by place, pension, or artifice ; what is the
consequence ? Why the constitution is overturned : that constitu
tion which the wisdom and blood of our ancestors were exhausted
in establishing.' My authority adds, ' That is, which wisely estab
lished a balance to counterpoise the effects of wisdom and honesty,
and provided an antidote against the poison of virtue.' Ye people
of England, dwell upon this with more than common attention, for
it is preghant with everything that grieves, oppresses, and degrades
you. The members of the House of Commons are or aught to be
your representatives ; but*are they not, under this doctrine, a den
of thieves ? Fool as the old Duke of Newcastle was, he was knave
enough under this doctrine to see, and act upon that seeing, that it
was cheaper to buy the members when elected, than the electors
who elected them : and is it not possible, that in this view of the
case the crafty twi-tongued Burleigh said, that England never could
be undone but by her parliament.
It must not be inferred that the corruption in the House of Com
mons has much increased of late ; it has only become more appa
rent, and being point blank directed against the liberties of the
people, is only more seen to be more detested. The practice of Sir
Robert Walpole upon the venality of men, is an old story ; but a
letter, inserted in the life of the Marchioness of Pompadour, from
an English minister to Cardinal Fleury, details so striking a resem
blance to what is now going forward in that honourable house, that
it must not be passed over. ' I pension,' writes the minister, ' half
the parliament to keep it QUIET ; but as the King's money is not
sufficient, they to whom I give none, clamour loudly for a war.
It would be e?,yedient for your eminence to remit me three mil-

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 211
lions of French livres, in order to silence these barkers. Gold is a
metal which here corrects all the ill qualities in the blood. A pen- ,
sion of two thousand pounds a year will make the most impetuous
warrior in parliament as quiet as a lamb.'
, By the help of this anecdote, we are enabled to comprehend the
¦meaning of the lamb-like quietness with which members sit and
see and hear the rights and liberties, the properties and best inter
ests, of the people, voted away ; and not only sit and see and hear
this, but lend their dirty hands to the work, and their corrupted
breath to the voting. Their anxieties tend in no manner to the
faithful performance of the trust confided to them, for that, accord
ing to the pensioned Cumberland, and all his pestilent kind, would
overturn the constitution ; but as that white-livered wretch Bubb
Doddington recorded of them and himself in his brazen and most
audacious Diary, their whole attention is involved in their tenacity
to their places under measures which they not only do not approve,
¦but abominate, and dread the consequences of them'; — ALL FOR
QUARTER-DAY !
It was just at the period of this minister writing this shameless
letter to Cardinal Fleury, that the House of Commons was under
going some repairs ; was being white-washed, painted,- and beauti
fied, when the following appropriate epigram made its appearance :
' Our senate, like a common whore,
Worn out with, age and sin,
Paints and adorns herself the more,
The more she rots within.'
So very notorious had bribery and corruption now become; that
many men of honour and unshaken principles relinquished their
accustomed political concerns in disgust, and retired to private life.
One of these in high indignation exclaimed, — ' There are great
moments, when every man is called upon to exert himself : but
when folly, infatuation, incapacity, and profligacy, fling a nation
away, and it concurs itself and applauds its destroyers, a man who
has lent no hand to the mischief, and can neither remedy nor pre
vent the mass of evils, is fully justified .in sitting aloof and behold
ing the tempest rage with silent scorn and indignant compassion.'
This was the passionate exclamation of a man who had grown grey
rathe House of Commons, and was privy to most of the corrup
tions of it ; and seeing them continue reign after reign, and feeling
it was the unconstitutional measures consequent upon them which
kindled the American war, and those yet worse which carried it
on, he thus declared his sentiments. The angry retirement of
such men is just what the corrupt in rule and government rejoice
in, as in their absence can be wrested from the people their rights
and liberties one by one ; which'are relinquished thus by peacemeal,
nndenevery delusion and false alarm, under the hope, said one of
their .friends, himself now retired in despair, — of saving the re
mainder : like the crew of a sinking ship throwing overboard the
cargo. ¦ The hideous monster, Corruption, has been reared and pampered

212 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM
to the fearful size it has attained, to eombat, according to the ¦pen
sioned Cumberland, against republican principles, which the canting
knave describes as those of pride, envy, disappointment, and re
venge ! but to speak yet more plain, against the recurrence of what
took place in 1688. Whether, in so far as that event is considered,
the same causes will not produce the same effects, is not for me to
affirm or to deny, — time will shew ; but I will venture this one
sterling opinion,— that in the eye of God, an incorrupt republic
must be preferable to a corrupt monarchy : be the head of thai.
monarchy whom he may, it cannot alter the position. Let not this
be taken as an argument for a republic in England, for no such
thing is intended ; on the contrary, it goes to advocate a goperri-
ment of King, Lords, and Commons, as hath been established for
ages, and which is most suitable to the habits and customs and ge
nius of the nation : but this government of King, Lords, and Com
mons, must be incorrupt and incorruptible, — or any civilized gov
ernment, out of the pale of the Holy Alliance, is as good, and leas
tantalizing and insulting to the governed, whose freedom in such
case becomes a perfect mystery.
Milton's preference of a republic, went no further than revenue
and expence ; he said, and truly said, that the trappings of royalty
would maintain a commonwealth. To this may be traced the. ran-
courous hatred which all courtiers bear to his memory, for among
those trappings lies concealed all their loyalty. Cromwell was
doubtless an usurper of the supreme power, but Cromwell's rule
never cost posterity a shilling, and since the days of Alfred no prince
has ever reigned better than CromwelL Some of our kings have
reigned pretty well, and with some little fear of God before their
eyes, but for the sins of their people not many. The greater por
tion, so far from being in God's holy keeping, were evidently in the
guidance and under the influence of the devil and his angels. A
certain person said that ' Monarchy would not have continued so
many ages, had it not been for the abuses it protects. It is the
master fraud which shelters all others. By admitting a participa
tion of the spoil, it makes itself friends ; and when it ceases to do
this, it will cease to be the idol of courtiers.' This is unquestiona
bly what Milton meant by his preference of a republic, and it applies
not to kings in particular, but to ministers, and those vermin which
Rubb Doddington speaks of who are ALL FOR QUARTER-DAY.
My complaisance will not carry me so far as to compromise the
power of the people of England. The third share of the govern
ment belongs to them by their representatives, and this is their
right from all antiquity, however it may have been abused by ' the
ruffian hand of conquest,' by feudal usage, and by foul corruption.
With all due respect for what is called social order, discipline, sub
ordination, ranks and degrees, stations and gradations, I cannot
reconcile my old-fashioned notions to the legitimate system of fools
being put foremost in the world, and knaves placed next in prefer
ment. I am confident it is not of the British constitution to shut
the people out from all power as they are shut out. I am neither

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. 213
reysflist, aristocrat, or republican m particular, bat am all in gene
ral, and care not a straw who knows it. Were a pistol placed at
my breast, as at that of brave and honest Paddy Levingstone, I
would declare it. I would declare the imperative necessity of a
written constitution, that we might no longer lie at the mercy of
breast-law judges, crown lawyers, ambitious ministers, corrupt sen
ators, and servile eourtiers, who, to meet their own worldly views,
affirm this to be the constitution, and that to be the constitution,.
and the other to be the constitution, and to vary! from them all
twice in seven years as suiting with their selfish purposes.
There 1s scarcely a sacrifice that I would not make to obtain a
thorough Reform in Church ami State ; in the courts of law and
justice, and the magistracy ; and, more especially of all, as the soul
of all, in the ELECTIVE FRANCHISE; sparing nothing that is
erroneous and wrong because it is ;6ld, and no man that is corrupt
and unjust because he is great. I hope, that under this reforma
tion the government of England, of King, Lords, and Commons,
may flourish to the end is£ tone, and that the United States will
for ever remain a Republic, -as free as air in all her institutions, and
as such becoming an eternal check upon our kings and ministers,
and lords and priests.
Universal suffrage appears to be a stumbling block in the way of
Reform. By universal suffrage the main body of the Reformers
only mean She vote universal for the election -of the Commons in
parliament to be those who are freeholders, and who pay scot and
lot and taxes. Assuredly it doe's not embrace the suffrages of thieves
and cut-throats, irargiars, felons, and sturdy beggars ; all who prey
upon the fruits of industry and live upon the property of, olhers. —
Such have forfeited all rights of citizenship in their lawlessness, and
can have nothing to complain of— "while every other man of lawful
age has as much right to vote, as hath the King to his throne ; as
hath the haughtylord that would hinder him to his estate ; as hath
the proud priest to his benefice ; the crafty lawyer to his fees, and
the merchant to his wares : and, whether the knights and burgesses
he elected to serve one year or three, is of poor little consequence,
provided the people elect them, and have them under their controul.
In this declaration be it never flinched from on any account what
ever, — the paramount and absolute necessity of severely punishing
peers and all other persons of power and influence, who presume to
interfere and concern themselves with the election of the people.
I am fully aware of the malignant abuse that wMl follow upon
this unreserved confession of Reform, and the danger 5 but what is
it to the peril in which the faithful, gallant Levingstone was placed,
whose heroic conduct under it should be borne in remembrance by
every friend of freedom all the world over. I rest my loyalty upon
toy sense of liberty, and, if robbed of one, I will not yield the other.
These with an Englishman are a mutual compact. Upon this prin-
ple were our ancestors dispensed from their allegiance to James the
Second. He and his ministers sought to deprive them of their
chartered rights and liberties, which they resisted, and drove him

214 RECORDS OF- PATRIOTISM
from his throne. ' George the Third and his ministers did the same
by the Americans, and they followed out the example of their an
cestors ; and let any James or George, unwarned by what has been,
and seek to do likewise, he also shall be resisted as they were :
' And this is law I will maintain
Unto my dying day, sir.'
This political creed is deeply seated in the breasts of almost all
men where the doctrines and principles of freedom have gladdened
their hearts and enlightened their understandings. It has been
seen afar off a long time since by the piercing eye of wisdom, that
a great revolution was working its way in the world. ' From a
small spark kindled in America, a flame has arisen not to be extin
guished; Without consuming like the Ultima ratio regum, it
winds in progress from nation to nation, and c6nquers by a silent
operation. Man finds himself changed he scarcely perceives how.
He acquires a notion of his rights, by attending justly to his inter
ests ; and discovers, in the event, that the strength and powers of
despotism consist wholly in the fear of resisting it ; and that, in
order to be free, it is sufficient that he wills it.'
Attaching to the Reformers that usual odium of meanness and
poverty with which the early protestants were greeted, and in the
same bad spirit in which the Hollanders were nick-named when
they resisted the reckless tyranny of their haughty lords the Span-
• iards, ' Les Guex,' or the beggars ; the legitimates think our claims
are properly met, and our petitions well answered, in the charge of
mischievous intentions, — revolution, ruin, and destruction. The
Spaniards relied upon these calumnies until challenged to the field
by ' Les Guex ;' and were by them defeated and driven out of Hol
land. The same insolence established protestantism instead of re
forming the church of Rome, as at first proposed ; and the same
produced the same in the reign of Charles the First in England, and
in that of George the Third in America, and the same will -as cer
tainly bring forth the same in England again if Reform be so con
temned, the Reformers so belied, and if the question be rashly left
to the decision of the field. When a treasury journal is permitted
to whet the sanguinary appetite of the enemies of Reform by such
paragraphs as the following, no ghost need rise from the shades of
death to warn us of their foul intents and purposes :
' The rabbley when PROPERLY dealt with,' yells the Morning
Post, ' is not dangerous. The inhabitants of great cities are al
ways factious and cowardly. Louis the Sixteenth allowed his sub
jects to be threatened, but not struck. Napoleon fired grape among
them, and secured their applause and gratitude ! ' Where was the
attorney-general's cant of doing his duty when he permitted to pass
unnoticed so damnable a paragraph as this ? but we will not dwell
upon it, for the subject is too stale, and sufficient for the time- is the
evil thereof. Long before grape shot was in use, the principle of
coercing by bloodshed and death, the petitioners for redress of
grievances, was the policy of legitimate rulers and governors. The
practice, this proper way of dealing with the rabble, is as old as

AND LOVE OF COUNTRY. '215
despotism itself ; and despotism began with the patriarchs, has been
hallowed and glorified through all time, and chaunted in loyal
strains, while the church and state chorus has invariably been —
' Tender handed strolce a nettle,
And it stings you for your pains ;
Grasp it like a man of mettle,
And it soft as silk remains.
'Tis the same with common natures,
Use them kindly, they rebel ;
But be rough as nutmeg graters,
And the rogues obey you well ! '
In the true spirit of this legitimate burden of these loyal lyrics,
those organs of mischiefs, the treasury journals, occasionally treat
their friends, their patrons, and their paymasters, with pleasing, ac
ceptable,, and most grateful variations. One gives out a verse, when
another takes up the strain in a sort of opposing argument, only to
keep the flame alive, until the devoutly to be wished for hour pf the
burning. One congratulates his readers that ' Cannon cannot be
used.by an insurrectionary peasantry, or town populace, without long
practice, scientific men, and gun carriages.' Another, in reply, tri
fles with the already stirred up feelings of the people, by affirming
that ' A piece of cannon, on the contrary, is one of the simplest of
the instruments used by man for the destruction of men. In how
many instances have cannon been employed, perhaps clumsily but
effectively, by persons without previous discipline or use of arms.
The populace of Paris demolished the ramparts of the Bastile with
cannon taken from their opponents ; the peasantry of La Vendee
employed cannon without previous discipline ; the peasantry of the
Tyrol used them as far as the nature of their country would admit ;
and, to look nearer home, the peasantry of Ireland could use them in
the very beginning of the rebellion.'
Such Machiavelian for and against arguments as these, were used
by the treasury journals in Ireland, at the instance and under the
•guidance and patronage "of the detested Castlereagh, in order to
prematurely bring about the rebellion, so that it might with the
greater facility be crushed at a blow. If such incendiaries as
these journalists, such firebrands as their employers, do not choose
to give intimations that will always, God knows, come quick enough
of themselves, it were just as well and as wise to let these matters
quite alone. The people seek Reform, not civil war ; and assuredly
do not purpose by aggression to provoke grapeshot from the can
non's mouth ; and do sincerely hope' and trust that no persons bet
ter skilled than themselves will allow anything short of an actual
attack to ever induce them to fire grapeshot among the RABBLE,
as the scoundrel journalist so loyally designates them.
At the fearful time of the Manchester slaughter, the regular troops
read a lesson to their masters, which scarcely required the comment
of the late Queen's excitement of British sympathy in her sufferings
at he hands of oppression, to open their eyes. In the first ins ance
tSm^SSj.^ ««*« °e f°™d t0 draW bl°°d' to mi and

216 RECORDS OF PATRIOTISM AND LOVE OF COUNTRY.
wound an unarmed multitude, and that multitude their countrymen !
that multitude in the peaceable exercise of a constitutional right,
the right of petitioning for a redress of grievances. Thegenesous
forbearance of the army made manifest what in future is to be ex
pected in the like emergencies. In the next instance the Guards
were fain to be sent out of London; because they were not disposed
to musket and bayonet the friends of an unfortunate Queen, de
prived of her lawful rights and privileges by a conspiracy of
WHORES and ROGUES irrHIGH LIFE, such as hath not been
paralleled in any christian country.
If the officers of the army remain stedfast with their men, — and
who so recreant as to think they will not, — aR will end well ; a few.
of the breed of the Bobadils and blood-red loyalists of the American
war, who may yet remain among them, will doubtless fall into the
intervals of the drunken yeomanry and all their kind, and seek to
fire grape upon the people ; but who in turn will, so surely as there
is a God in heaven, take the hint which the treasury journals so,
kindly gave them, will, provide themselves with cannon, and return
the compliment : nor will they fail to copy the impressive inscrip
tion which Oliver Cromwell engraved upon HIS cannon — ' O Lord»
open thou my lips, and my mouth shall shew forth thy praise.'

Dtakard and Wllion, Printed, Stamford.

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

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