YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE BOOK of NEW YORK Forty Years' Recollections of the American Metropolis BY JULIUS CHAMBERS, F. R. G. S. Reporter, Special Correspondent, City Editor and Managing Editor of the New York Herald and Managing Editor of the New York World Author of "A Mad 'World and Its Inlmbitants," "On a Margin," "The Rascal Club," "Missing, A Tale of the Sarga.iso Sea," "The Destimj of Doris," "Tlie Mississippi River," etc. THE BOOK OF NEW YORK COMPANY .Sll 329 TRIBUNE BUILDING, NEW YORK CITY JULIUS CHAMBERS, Editor M. M. MARCY, Manager Copyrighted 1912, by JULIUS CHAMBERS New York City J. J k Contents CHAPTER I. First Impressions op the American Metropolis 9 CHAPTER II. Revolt Among thh Citizens 23 CHAPTER III. B usiEST Year op My Lipe 35 CHAPTER IV. A Change op Base 42 CHAPTER V. Alert, at Home and Abroad 47 CHAPTER VI. Across the Atlantic in Quest or News 52 CHAPTER VII. Nine Presidents I Have Known 58 CHAPTER VIII. City Editor and Foreign Editor CHAPTER IX. An Era op Wonderful Development 82 CHAPTER X. Among the Forgotten 89 CHAPTER XI. A Crusade to the Quaker City 92 CHAPTER XII. Speakers of the House 1 Have Known 107 CHAPTER XIII. Sudden Chani;e of Fortune II.3 CHAPTER XIV. Editing Newspapers in Paris and New York II7 CHAPTER XV. A New World 123 CHAPTER XVI. Some Captains of Industry 130 CONTENTS— Continued CHAPTER XVII. Comedy of Journalism. 157 CHAPTER XVIII. First American Daily Newspaper in Colors. 161 The First Bryan Campaign. CHAPTER XIX. 16-1 Two Palaces for Books and Art. CHAPTER XX. 173 Echoes of Three Wars. CHAPTER XXI. 209 Evolution of the Legal Profession. CHAPTER XXII. 213 Cristmas and the French Ball. . . CHAPTER XXIII. 321 Marvels of Surgery and Medicine.. . CHAPTER XXIV. 326 Development oi' the Railroad Business. CHAPTER XXV. 331 Development of the New York Playhouse. CHAPTER XXVI. 341 BOHE.MIAN NlOHIS, CHAPTER XXVII How Good Cooking C.vjik to U,- CHAPTER XXVIII. ¦¦wr, The (iiiEAT Metropolis of To-Day. CHAPTER XXIX, 372 Selling Real Estate is a Fine ,\ut. CHAPTER XXX. 405 CHAPTER XXXI. A National Wave of Reform "l-H Inde.v. 445 * 5<^^^^'^»'^//<7?^?%^ FOREWORD GREAT Frenchman, Theophile Gautier, once said: "Let me write the preface, and I don't care who writes the book." Evi dently, he meant he would exhaust any subject with which the volume dealt. Aside from the vanity of the boast — which he al most confirms in the preface to "Mademoiselle de Maupin"— custom sanctions an introductory page which the reader can avoid, if he prefer. Delay in the publication of this work has been due, somewhat, to serious illness, but in a much greater degree to obstacles cast in my way for obtaining material for sketches of friends and distinguished persons I desired to include in the volume. My illness was acute, and, at one time, grave. The tension under which I suffered was relieved not so much by medicine as by a cold-blooded des patch from Mr. Marcy, couched in this language: "For God's sake. Chambers, keep alive until the book is finished; after that, use your own discretion. That message came to me at St. Augustine, Fla. , where I was in bed under orders to remain there; but it galvanized me into action. It had the effect of bringing me back to New York on the first Clyde steamer from Jacksonville. Publishers, as well as corporations, are soulless: but I always have respected the man who drives. I was a "driver" many years, myself. When I set out to write my recollections of an active life in this city, the task appeared easy. All I had to do was to turn to my stenographer and say, "Begin!" But I soon discovered that a large part of my intimate knowledge of political and professional men, especially of my employers, was contained in privileged conversations and written communications. Among more than a thousand letters on my files, many were barred by professional ethics. Not a confidence has been violated. Some incidents herein set down may jar the feel ings of friends or enemies, but the fault is not mine. In a personal narrative, the writer is unavoidably prominent; but many events that did not make for the progression of this one have been omitted. These include several brief trips to Europe, in one of which I re-visited Spain and glorious Grenada, roamed about the Alhambra castle as in my early twenties; thence, going to Morocco, I heard at Tangier the ever-consoling "Yerg-a' song, coupled with "the return" to the Alhambra that has been chanted nightly in its coffee-houses since the Moors were driven across the Strait of Hercules. A winter was spent in Egypt, a veritable temple and tomb bazaar, during which the canon called the Nile valley was ascended to the Soudan. Likewise unrecorded are countless runs to Washington, in quest of special information for which I happened to possess an "open sesame!" Never did /shake a fist at "the great, white Dome" on Capitol Hill, as did Coun sellor Cromwell, because thereunder lay my treasure-house of news. Several friends have joined "the throng invisible" since this work was undertaken. As this page, the last, goes to press, the horrors of the Steamship Titanic disaster occupy every mind. Among the lost passengers, who willingly gave their lives that women might be saved, was a friend of many years. Colonel John Jacob Astor. Like other men on that ship, he died as do the brave. "Everything in good humor" has been the rule throughout this volume. The breath of malice does not taint a single line. Not a grievance, real or fancied, has been aired. J. C. New York City, April 20, 1912 THE BOOK of NEW YORK THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER I aHERE is only one New York. It is the dream town of the American boy, who, at play or at work in remote parts of the Great Republic, counts himself a New Yorker in his visions of the future. New York owes its transcendent commercial majesty to the sea! Deep-laden argosies from wonderlands afar unload their treasures at its wharves. For all mankind, here's welcome haven and assured market! A splendid harbor attracts the ships of the world; but ninety million money-earn ing, money-spending people of the United States outside its city gates are what justify their cargoes. There are other ports upon our ocean shores, but New York is monarch of them all! This majestic volume of trade, representing product of hand and brain, creates ceaseless demand for new mental and physical vitality. Imperial New York issues a royal summons to the American youth, and he responds from the North, the East, the West and the South as though he heard a call to arms. Mainte nance of this proudest possession of the Repub lic must not be in doubt for a single hour, even if every home tie be sundered. 10 THE BOOK of NEW YORK This annual tribute of the hinterland to the gluttonous metropolis exceeds 25,000 young men and an uncounted number of young wom en — a contribution one thousand times greater than that of Athens to Crete! Innocence, hope, talent and, occasionally, genius come hither to grapple with that heartless monster, Competition. "Only the fittest survive!" is the song of the battle. The year at which these intimate recollec tions begin is aptly chosen, although its selec tion by the writer was accidental. He came straight from college, a stranger and with a capital of thirty dollars. He had not a letter of introduction or a friend. The failure of his father in business had necessitated the abandonment of an education, or working his own way through the third and fourth years of a university course. This alternative had been accepted and a diploma attained. The Evening Post Building stood at the corner of Nassau and Liberty streets; seeing its sign, the stranger climbed to the "editorial rooms " and sent his unknown name to Charles Nordhoff, managing-editor, with whom, in after years, he was closely associated in Wash ington and whose chief he finally became on the New York Herald. That talk was very memorable. Mr. Nordhoff had no place for a new man, but he gave some advice that, for impracticability, rises superior to any that has earned the dignity of print. "Every time you walk up Broadway, young- man,'" said he, " and every time you walk down Broadway, something occurs that never has happened before and never will recur. Now, if you have but the eye to see and the faculty to describe this unusual happening, your suc cess is assured." This dictum was uttered in a grave and im pressive manner; and, at its conclusion, the rosfs managinrr-editor bowed, as he swung back to his desk. The youngster, barely turned nineteen, was much impressed and backed out of the holy-of-holies trembling with gratitude. That he did not fall over the office cat was a miracle. Surely, thought he, nobody but a mirabile, a wondersmith in words, can suc ceed in journalism. During the four years that followed under severe, almost savage, city editors, he learned that writing is but a small part of the art of making a newspaper. He realized the value of legs over gray matter, of attrition with mankind over mere book knowledge. A similar ascent was made up three of the longest flights of stairs in town to the edito rial rooms of the World, a newspaper I was to manage long years afterwards, and whose editor, William Henry Hurlbert, two years later, wrote to me an invitation to join his staff. But on this occasion. City Editor Israels told me frankly that he did not want any "kid reporters." His words were not complimentary to the brood, and the descent of the long stairways landed the stranger on Park Row once more. Not a face in the passing throng was friendly or familiar. The old, slate-hued, brick building at Spruce and Nassau streets was crowned with a sign five feet high containing the single word, "TRIBUNE." As I gazed at it, I recalled a time of my life, long before I could read, when I had sat for hours at a time upon the floor staring at the pages of "Greeley's Tri- bune," never absent from my grandparents' home in Ohio. Suddenly a weird figure emerged from the throng and headed for the Tribune'.^ only front door. There could not be another such a man on earth! Familiar with portraits of Greeley, "the staunch Aboli tionist," I would have recognized him had I been only six years old, instead of nineteen. Hardly had he disappeared before I was ask ing myself, "Why not apply to Mr. Greeley .?" I knew so little of the internal organization of a newspaper office that it appeared best to seek a reporter's job at the top. After a lono- wait, I was taken behind the counter and climbed a single flight of iron stairs to the door of the quaintest den imaginable. An attend ant, whom I afterwards came to know as "Sullivan," pointed to the big, white-haired man, seated at a desk literally piled with all sorts of clippings, scraps of letters and, pre sumably, "copy." Standing untfl spoken to, the situation became so embarrassing that when a shrill, squeaky voice asked: "Well, young fellow, what is it.^" I looked about the room for another speaker than the idol of my boyhood's dreams. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 11 This was the first time the voice of Horace Greeley had ever reached my ears ! It was so harsh, so broken, so unsympathetic that when the kindly face, round as the Moon's on her thirteenth night and, with its aura of silken, white hair, turned toward me, I managed to stammer : "Mr. Greeley, I have called to ask for a place on your newspaper. You are a trustee of Cornell University, and I have just been graduated ' ' "I'd a damned sight rather you had been graduated at a printer's case," was his com ment. I didn't have a chance to tell him that I had been foreman of a composing-room at fifteen, and that I had taken myself through college by work at a case. The great man HORACE GREELEY 1S72 "Fame is vapor; popularity an accident; riches take wings; the only earthly certainty is oblivion; no man can see what a day may bring forth; while those who cheer to-day will often curse to-morrow; and yet, I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, being guided by a larger wisdom, a more unerring sagacity to discern the right, though not by a more unfaltering readiness to embrace and defend it at whatsoever personal cost ; and that the stone which covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, ' Founder of The New York Tribune.' "—Recollections of a Busy Life, 143. forgot me then and there; and, although I subsequently met him on two occasions, I am sure he did not identify me with the youngster to whom he had administered a savage rebuke because a boy had assumed he possessed the rudiments of an education. In time, I came to know how incomplete the best university education is, but I had hard-earned respect for a diploma at that time. Whether "Sullivan" helped me or threw me down the stairs, I never knew. I got back into the street, somehow. Wasn't it terrible to be young! What wouldn't I have given for a few gray hairs or for whiskers upon my beard less cheeks. I felt old, but, blessed be youth, I wasn't discouraged! I had been working at a trade since I was eleven years old, had prepared for college by night study, had hammered through four years of work and study, had secured Phi Beta Kappa and other so-called college "hon ors," all for nothing! But a boy's thoughts are long thoughts ; life is so very real that rebuff' and discouragement are not associated in his mind. I do not remember whether I applied at the Times or not; if I did, it was a frost. No, I hadn't any letters, or experience, or knowledge, for that matter — only hope. I didn't dare confess that I was a college man; I was not to be caught twice in that excuse for a rebuff. The following afternoon, I was again in the neighborhood of the Tribune corner and dis covered the entrance to the editorial rooms on Spruce street. "If ^Ir. Greeley hasn't sent for his chief editor and specifically told him not to employ me, another trial will do no harm," thought I. "If he has, and the man I meet is anywhere my size, there'll be some satisfaction, at least, in a try at getting even." Having climbed the stairs, I landed in a room in which several young men were seated. Through a door, silhouetted against the light on Printing House Square, stood a chunky man, his back toward me and the sheen upon his trousers resplendent. He was Bronson Howard, although the fact was not known to me any more than was that exchange-editor's 12 THE BOOK of NEW YORK true place in literature, which was not fixed for many years thereafter. I had learned enough to ask for the city editor, but he was at lunch eon. I was about to go away, when "Sul livan" entered. He recognized me, at least: there was a deal of gratification in that. For what he did, after he had carried a bundle of letters and manuscripts to an inner room, I never have been able to decide whether I owe to him thanks or blame. When he reappeared, he said to me: "Mr. Whitelaw Reid is alone in his office, I'll take in your name and he'll see you." Here was an unexpected opportunity to meet "Agate," whose war correspondence, in the Cincinnati Gazette, had thrilled my boyish blood during the Rebellion. "Sullivan" was back in a half minute and led me into the presence ! WHITELAW REID "Agate" Here was a man of very different type from any I had met. He was very formal when I said I wanted to learn the newspaper business. He did not give to me the slightest encourage ment, explaining that the staff was already too large and that in the summer every reporter who could be spared was "let go." I remem ber that phrase, because it was the first time my ears had heard it. At any rate I would have to see the city editor Turning to go away, Mr. Reid saw a pin of the Delta Kappa Epsilon college fraternity upon my vest. He sprang to his feet. He ex tended his right hand, the "grip" was given and returned. At that instant, "Sullivan" re appeared and mentioned the return of E. B. Moore, the city editor. "Come! "said Mr. Reid, with boyish enthu siasm, still holding my hand. "I'll introduce you to the City Editor and ask him to give you a chance to show what you can do." In less time than I can speak it, I was "on space," with the prestige of an introduction by the managing-editor! It did not mean a great deal, but it was the start I had been seeking. It was followed by two and a half years of severe, merciless training, and the acquirement of a style of composition that re quired years to overcome — a method of setting forth news best described as the Grocer's Bill style. Facts, facts; nothing but facts; so many peas at so much a peck, so many beans at so much a quart! To a beginner, opportunity is everything. It came to me, unexpectedly, only a few days after I had been so dramatically attached to the Tribune. On the morning of July 12th, the City Editor said: "Go to Elm Park this afternoon and give me a quarter column about the picnic of the Orangemen." The assign ment was not believed to be important, or it would not have been given to a novice. Elm Park was on the high ridge of land between Central Park and the Hudson, about West Ninety-second street. St. Agnes's church now stands upon its site; but at that time neither Columbus avenue nor cross streets had been opened. The only means of access was by the Eighth avenue horse-cars; more than an hour's ride. I was young; the Orangemen took me to their hearts, because I was the only reporter sent to them. I danced with the girls and played ball with the boys. Suddenly, the wooden gate was broken in and a gang of men, who had been working at aqueduct pipes on Eighth avenue, rushed mto the grounds. Stones were thrown and clubs freely used. Many people were struck by the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 13 flying missiles. One man of middle age, seated with his family, was hit on the head with a paving stone and killed. Half an hour elapsed before a squad of police appeared and drove off the intruders. "The Elm Park Riot" is a memorable event in metropolitan history. I knew I had a highly sensational piece of news. Gathering the names of the injured men and women, and THE EVENING POST BUILDING, 1S71 securing from friends of the dead man all ob tainable information regarding his trade and place of abode, I hurried to the Eighth avenue cars and reached Printing House Square be fore an announcement of the disturbance had €ome from Police Headquarters. The City Editor comprehended that he could "beat the town" if he could get the best out of the only reporter-eye-witness! He despatched men in several directions. Those sent to the scene of the riot, like reporters from other journals. found the grounds closed and the picnickers gone, sorrowfully, to their homes. Attentions were showered upon the young reporter that night. He was given a desk in a private room. He was told to "Write! Write ! and keep writing ! " Experienced work men laid out the "story," telling the novice how to keep on but warning him not to quit. Crudities in the copy were trimmed out; parts were re- written and expanded; and next day "the new man" received credit for nearly four columns at $10 per column. "This is the finest job imaginable!" I com mented on payday, when my first success and "follow-up" articles, including the murdered Orangeman's funeral swelled my bfll to $100. Poor innocent! I assumed I was about to be come "a star man"; but, alas (with one exception, when I saved the report of a yacht race), I was rarely permitted to earn more than $10 a week for the next six months. Here we leave the worker and return to the hive! New York was shaking herself loose from the enthrallment of the Civil War. Garbage, in the shape of deserted barracks, broken forage wagons that had been left where they stalled, and posters, calling for volunteers at large bounties, encumbered parks and streets and defaced dead walls. The southern end of City Hall Park was surrounded by a fence. Barnum's Museum, a boy-haven prior to "the cru-el war," had gone uptown to be burned out a second time. The marble struc ture of the New York Herald stood partly upon its original site. The grim, gray Astor House impressed me most of any building in the city. Years after ward, standing before the Cheops Pyramid at Gizeh, I recalled my first impression of that old hotel. Remembering what Charles Nordhoff had said to me about Broadway, I walked much upon that thoroughfare; but the profitable suggestion made by the editor advantaged me naught. I wrote many paragraphs about its happenings, but they were dropped into a basket, or I was cruelly told that newspapers were not printed for grandmothers or simper ing idiots. This phrasing is far inside the mark. An attempt at the pathetic was char- u THE BOOK of NEW YORK acterized as "writing for grandmother"; an effort at description was assumed to be writ ten by or for an idiot! The Grocer's Bill was the proper model: "John Brown, aged 56, married, was thrown from the fire-engine he was driving and instantly killed. Body at the morgue." A suggestion to visit the home of the dead man, to describe the grief of the widow or to foretell the wants of the children was dis couraged. The dead fireman was or was not a hero; he had or he had not turned his team to avoid killing a pedestrian. A score of sug- ¦^j-^ r ^ 1111 fill lllll :\c- ^ ri i III ;-»»«. I("»5fi!!? ' THE TRIBUNE BUILDING AND NEWSPAPER ROW AS IT APPEARED IN 1871 gestions that made for "the good story" of the present day were deliberately ignored! New York was awake; but it was in the clutches of a gang of unscrupulous politicians, the first consummate "grafters," but not the worst or the last. Broadway, above Thirty- fourth street, was, literally, "as crooked as a deer's hind legs." Central Park was already a place of beauty, but every other bit of open ground, even the Battery, was filled with debris of the conflict. Tents had disappeared from the southern end of City Hall Park and a proposition that the City grant the site to the general Government for a federal building was favorably considered. At that time New York needed public buildings. Its post-office structure was a wretched brick affair far down Nassau street, where now stands the ]Ntutual Life Insurance Company's edifice. Much talk is heard about "the dear old times of the early Seventies." The city then contained a trifle more than a million inhabi tants. Its markets were filthy and infested with rats ; not one stall keeper in ten possessed an ice-box for preserving his meats or butter. Cold storage was unknown. Stages were un- heated in winter; so were the street cars, hav ing in addition a mass of wet, filthy straw upon their floors. The cushioned seats of all public vehicles were alive with vermin.^ A paid fire department had just been organized, but it was ridiculously ineflficient. The police force was an undisciplined mob of decrepit foreigners, owing their places to politicians rather than capacity, and imbued with the duty of protecting crime instead of honest householders and tradesmen. The vilest cor ruption in public office prevailed. The city tax-rate was higher than now. There wasn't any Board of Health; 1,400 citizens had died from cholera as late as 1866 and small-pox epidemics occurred each winter. During February of 1872, I rode in a Third avenue car several miles with a small-pox patient, the pustules upon whose face were unhealed. Butchers slaughtered cattle under any condi tions that suited them. A Society for the pre vention of Cruelty to Children did not exist. Juvenile delinquents were committed to jail in company with incorrigible criminals. Prior to the opening of Mouquin's French restaurant on Fulton street, there wasn't a good eating-house down-town or one at which real French wines could be obtained at reason able prices. The saloons and " sample rooms " were dives, generally with sand or saw-dust upon their floors, and the bar- keepers were ruffians. Most people encountered in cars or stages neglected their teeth. Elevators were unknown, long flights of stairs had to be climbed to offices. These were heated by coal or wood stoves and the bins for fuel encum bered the halls. After the extinction of Bar num's (1868) the city hadn't any museums, art galleries, or kindred educational influences. Good driving roads did not exist and the parks, excepting Central and Prospect, were jokes. Wallack's was the only well-appointed theatre on Manhattan Island. Others were located THE BOOK of NEW YORK 15 over shops and were veritable fire-death traps, with narrow and crooked stairways, sure to jam in cases of panic. Coney Island was four hours' ride in horse-cars and was an unsafe place to visit, being infested by thugs, three- card monte and nut-shell gamblers. Except ing Beecher and Chapin, there wasn't a min ister in any pulpit worth hearing; several imi tators of Beecher, who wore their hair long, had temporary vogue. No rational amuse ment was to be had and, all things considered, the city was dismal, dark and damnable. Newspaper Row as it appears to-day showing the changes of forty years comparedl with the view on page 14 taken in 1871. The Sim building remains the same. Ihe rnftttnejhas grown into a modern skyscraper and the World Duilding has arisen .on the site of the old French Hotel. 16 THE BOOK of NEW YORK The original one-legged elevated railway had been opened on Greenwich street in 1867, its original inventor, designer and patentee being Charles T. Harvey. The cars were operated by a cable that originally ran atop the structure and returned underground; but in 1869, when the road was extended up Ninth avenue as far as Thirtieth street — the passen ger station of the New York Central at that time the cable was run in a continuous circuit over the tops of the pillars. When I first saw these cars, they were of curious construction. To keep the centre of gravity close to the rails, the centres of the cars were depressed between the forward and rear trucks. The cars Avere like a two-humped camel, the place between the humps reached by a descent of two steps. The cable was not satisfactory and dummy engines were substituted. The so-called Gilbert road did not appear until 1870, and many people were not aware of its existence for many months. It was erected inconspicuously on West Third street, between Sixth avenue and South Fifth avenue, and is still standing. Upon that little bit of steel superstructure, all the elevated railroads of the Avorld are based! During 1873-74, it was extended southward to Rector street and northward on Sixth avenue to Fifty-eighth street. On an invitation from George jNI. Pullman and General Horace Porter, I made a trip on the first passenger train from the yard below Rector street to Fifty-eighth street station. Time, 11 minutes! The Third avenue line was undertaken in 1876 and the Second avenue road soon fol lowed. An extension of the Ninth avenue line to INIanhattanville came some time after. Remembering, as I did, when John Foley, the gold pen man, had extended the Fourth avenue horse-cars up Madison avenue, then nothing but a succession of mud-holes, I real ize the progress in transit facilities now afford ed by the Subways and the East and Hudson river tunnels. The substitution of four splen did bridges between various parts of Long Island and INIanhattan for ferries, will be con sidered elsewhere. A deplorable feature of the city was the filthy condition of its streets. A Street Clean ing Bureau existed, but money appropriated was only sparsely used for the purpose. True, the sum was small compared with the amount spent at the present day, but the conditions were such as to breed disease. During the win ters, Broadway was a reeking mass of filthy, steaming slush, through which horse-drawn stages floundered. Snow was banked at the sides of this and nearly all other thorough fares and remained there until Spring sunshine melted it! Avenues upon which car lines ran had the tracks cleared by sweeping-machines, drawn by long lines of horses. If laws ex isted for keeping street gutters open, they were not enforced, and Spring floods, filling cellars in all parts of town, Avere annual incidents. Recalling the non-provision for the public health, it is not remarkable that the city was annually swept by an epidemic of some sort. Hospitals were few; the New York on Broad way, opposite the northern end of Pearl street, and Bellevue, far away, as then seemed, on the East river, were the only public institutions for emergency patients. Chambers street hos pital, that became a great boon to people in jured in the business section of New Yom, was not opened at that time. Police stations served the purpose of emergency hospitals. Immorality flaunted its various trades before the eyes of young and old. Chatham street, as Park Row was then known from Printing House square to Chatham square, was a pro cession of low dives and second-hand clothing shops, each class having its "barkers" upon the sidewalks, soliciting custom. In Greene and Mercer streets, signs, with letters a foot high, announced the infamous character of certain establishments. Pompeii was not a whit worse, as a subsequent visit to "The House of the Wolf," in that long buried city, proves. Familiarity with nearly every large city of Europe, since that time, justifies me in declaring that New York of 1870 was the vilest city east of Suez ! Gambling-houses were running openly in all parts of the city. Shortly after my engagement on the Tribune, that journal published a list of several hundred such places and was laughed at for its pains. Later, when Kelso was Chief of Police, this same journal, striving to attract attention and cir culation, rented from "The" Allen a "badger" house and ran it for a fortnight, with the con- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 17 nivance of bribed police. The two men who undertook that task were Arthur Pember, an Englishman, and E. Y. Breck, now a distin guished lawyer of Pittsburg. It was "a good story" and made talk; but not a reform was effected. Those were the days of "scarlet journalism" for that publication! The so- called "yellow journalism" of thirty-five years later was only mildly "sensational" by com parison.* William M. Tweed was a man of Herculean physical dimensions. Like most active re porters, I formed his acquaintance, as well as of other city oflScials. Tweed rarely held any public office, but was recognized as the local Warwick who "made" and "unmade" candi dates. In the line of reportorial duty, I fre quently visited him in his offices. Never to my recollection did I see him at the City Hall. If he wanted to talk to Mayor Hall, he sent for him. One of his offices was in Duane street, near Broadway; the other in the brownstone building at the southern corner of Park Place and Broadway, over the Broadway Bank — the site now occupied by a skyscraper. He was always accessible to reporters and talked with utmost frankness before them, when his under lings happened to come in. Whatever may be said of Tweed, and there is little else credit able that can be said of him, he was not a hypo crite. He was a "grafter" and did not make a secret thereof. Social conditions in a city that was shaking itself loose from the entanglements of the Civil War, the Draft Riots and the wretched mis-management under which its people had suffered for a generation, were even more curious. Families that had been enriched by the war, and professional heroes, who had clung to the real heroes of the Federal Army, were striving to crowd themselves into the small and exclusive social circles already formed by Knickerbocker descendants or earlier tradesmen who had made fortunes be fore the conflict and had invested their money in acre property already coming into market as city lots. Jay Gould was remembered as a seller of railroad tickets at No. 1 Astor House, and although he became associated ?Anybody desiring to compare the "scarlet" journalism of 1871-72 with the "yellow" of the present time can find the panel-house article in The Tribune of March 16, 1872. with James Fisk, Jr., about that time, Fisk was supposedly the stronger mind. Gould encouraged that belief; he used Fisk as a mask and did it so effectively that the man of real power in the combination was not sus pected until after the Colonel's death.* The great public balls, of that period, whether given for "charity" or to entertain a scion of Eurojiean royalty, such as the Russian Grand Duke Alexis, were exceedingly miscellaneous, despite efforts to the contrary. The annual French ball was a drunken orgy, such as never has been exceeded by students of the Latin Quarter or of Montmartre. Were I to accu rately describe almost any one of these affairs that occurred between 1870 and 1880, the mails ought to be denied to this book. The progress of the Franco-Prussian war in Europe did not interfere with the sport- loving Americans during the late summer of 1870. Commodore James Ashbury, of the Royal Harwich Yacht Club, first challenger for the "America" cup, won in English waters by Henry Steers in 1851, was here with his schooner " Cambria" and raced unsuccessfully, as other contestants have since done. When August 8 arrived, I determined to see my first yacht race. I asked for the day off and early in the morning boarded the "Sylvan Glen," an excursion boat, at Peck Slip. As it hap pened, that particular boat got alongside the stern of the lightship, which was the turning point, and became a menace to the racing yachts. I saw every contestant round the light ship and took the time with my watch. When I returned to the office that night, I heard "Pop" Chadwick, the sporting editor and al ready known as "The Father of Baseball," complaining that the tug assigned to reporters had got aground on the Southwest Spit and had thus prevented the scribes from witnessing the turning of the stake boat. The Herald, he said, had its own steam tugs over every yard of the course, and would have a complete "story," but the Tribune was sure to be beaten ! With considerable courage, as I thought at that time, I stated my experience of the day to City Editor Aloore and offered to supply "the missing link." First, correcting my watch with that of the sporting editor, whose *I have fully dealt with this period of New York in "On a Margin," published by Mitchell Kennerley 18 THE BOOK of NEW YORK time-piece had been set with that of the official timer, I sat down and "ground out" about 2,000 words of stop-gap copy. Bad as I al ways realized it to be, the time set down was within a second or more of the time officially given, the order of rounding was correct, and whether the boats had "gibed" or "rounded" made little difference. "Rotten" as the tech nique must have been, I had "saved the night" for my paper and was the City Editor's pet for several days. As a reward, I was sent on the annual cruise, up Long Island Sound to THE LATE JOHN HAY At that time a prominent member ot the Tribune staff Newport, and enabled to make the acquaint ance of nearly every vacht owner in the fleet. Most prominent was James Gordon Bennett, Jr., then barely 29, to whose service I was later to give the best years of my life. When we realize that Mr. Bennett opened Africa to the civilized world, his commanding place among the great men of his time must be con ceded. The qualities that make him different from other editors are those that most com mand respect and admiration. The first meeting with an epoch-making man generally leaves an indelible impression. The writer encountered Mr. Bennett on board the "Dauntless," in the summer of 1870. His schooner yacht lay at anchor in Newport har bor one beautiful August morning. The waters of that land-locked bay sparkled in the first rays of the rising sun as a small boat carried Captain Roland Coflan and me from India Wharf toward the "Dauntless." It was to be a race day and we had been invited to sail with ^Er. Bennett. Far apart from any an chored craft, we saw a swimmer whose head and shoulders were moving at racing speed. His brown hair was cropped short. His shapely head turned now and again, as, in using the English stroke, he vigorously "reached" with his right hand. The skill of the swimmer indicated the athlete. His face we did not see. The guests were welcomed aboard the "Dauntless" by Sailing-Master Samuels. A few minutes later, the swimmer, who proved to be Captain Bennett, came on deck over the side — a tall, lithe man, robed only in Nature's pink morocco and covered with sparkling drops of brine. He extended a hand, not less hospitable because it bore the ocean's chill. Mr. Bennett was then one of the prominent figures in American life, be cause it was universally recognized that, on the death of his father and Mr. Greeley, he would become the chief of American journal ism. Captain Bennett, soon after chosen Com modore of the New York Yacht Club, was a deep-sea sailor who crossed the ocean in his own boats. He was the "enthusiasm" of every seaman m the pleasure fleet then in Newport harbor. American yachting has never been the same since he ceased active participation therein. The slightest sugges tion of a race was sufficient for him to offer a prize cup. His own cabin was adorned with golden and silver trophies. Every piece bore an inscription that chronicled better seaman ship than that of a rival. There were enthusi astic yachtmen in those days, and Bennett was captain of them all. The elder Bennett died in the summer of 1872. Prior to that event, the son had Ijegun the active management of the Herald which he has retained every hour since. Stanley THE BOOK of NEW YORK 19 had been sent by him to Ujiji (in 1871) and had found Livingstone. Like many of the best things done in journalism, the execution of this task was not nearly so splendid as its conception. Stanley had his troubles. The trail from Bagamoyo, on the mainland oppo site the insular city of Zanzibar, to Lake Tan ganyika is now as well known as the National Road from Washington City to Cumberland, Md. Anybody can make the trip to-day; but it was not so in 1871-'72. Stanley's return was a memorable event in American journal ism. It marked the dawn of a new idea. The discovery of the missing missionary created the news! Correspondents had served on battle fields as early as Xenophon, but the making of legitimate news was a stroke of genius. And the idea was Mr. Bennett's. Up to the moment of Stanley's return, nobody outside his immediate family had felt any special in terest in Livingstone; but Mr. Bennett gave to the missionary a grave in Westminster abbey. Later in the Fall of the year 1870, about October, in a match race between Ashbury and Bennett off Sandy Hook light-ship, I was appointed time-keeper aboard the light-ship and passed thereon a night of horrible illness. It was my first and only experience with sea sickness, and the assurance from Captain Cosgrove that pilots came aboard the anchored craft and became desperately sick did not comfort me. I remember to have met William B. Astor, grandfather of the two heads of the Astor family of to-day, August Belmont, Moses Grinnell, whom I was afterwards to know as Collector of the Port, and William P. Douglas, a handsome young man who owned the "Sappho." A humorous incident of the day was that Lawrence Jerome, universally called "Larry," exchanged his gold stop-watch for my ticker and when I had to climb the " Jacob's ladder" at the stern of the light-ship, I was fearful his valuable watch might drop from my pocket. It was my first experience with a swinging rope ladder and I had not learned, as I have since, to climb both sides thereof. The ladder doubled up on me and nothing but my training in college athletics saved me from a ducking. Meanwhile the battle of Gravelotte (Aug. 18), had occurred and the Tribune, owing to its combination with the London Daily News, scored a great beat. The French under Bazaine had been shut up in Metz. Bayard Taylor, who had been a lecturer on German literature at Cornell University and was there fore known to me, came in one afternoon and we renewed our acquaintance. Among other things he predicted the surrender of Bazaine, which seemed incredible, and the early over throw of Napoleon III. But President White had made the same prophecy about the Empire a year before in his class-room lectures on France. While Taylor and I were talking,fa New York Tost Office forty years ago. The Mutual Life Building now occupies that site. big man, wearing long hair and a black soft hat, slouched through the city room, en route to that of INIanaging-Editor Reid. I had seen the figure on the platform in Ohio three years before and knew it to be that of Theodore Tilton. "There goes the most solemn ass in Amer ica," said Bayard Taylor. "Mark my words, he'll prove it before he is much older." How often that remark recurred to me when sitting, for days at a time, at the trial of the case known to legal history as "Tilton vs. Beecher," more than four years later! The great crime of that year had been the 20 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Nathan murder, which occurred in the large brovvm-stone mansion of the banker on Twenty- third street, west of Broadway on the south side. Jordan was Chief of Police and although the crime had occurred in July, it continued to crop up as a news feature during the Fall and Winter. The mystery, like that of Dr. Bur- dell at 31 Bond street, many years previous, never was cleared. The assertion was often made that the burden of a belief which he could not prove caused the death of Superintendent Jordan. Best opinion was that the killing was done by a relative of the housekeeper and that a son of the dead man suffered under very un just suspicion. It was a very busy winter. Communication with distant parts of the city was arduous, owing to the snows, and, as may be imagined, the "kid reporter" was not spared. He, and those like him, got all the unremunerative, heart-breaking assignments. I was out in all sorts of weather and laid the foundation for an attack of pneumonia that nearly cost my life. One of the assignments handed to me that Winter was an order for an article on the river thieves. I went to Brooks Brothers, then on the water front at Catherine street, and fitted out in deep-sea togs. After a few nights' browsing 'round the sailors' resorts, mean ing saloons, I was taken to the "Catamarket Club," a dingy second-story room on South street, north of Catherine. On my second visit, I saw a tall, cadaverous man, with strangely white cheeks, — due, I afterwards knew, to "prison pallor." His face appealed to me. His fine gray eyes had in them a look of hopelessness and lament I could not resist. I talked to him; but he was shy. He read me right. He told me I was not a sailor or a tough, like the men and youngsters about me. He refused to drink, — said he never again would touch "the dam nable stuff." I invited him to Dorlon's, at Ful ton Market, to have supper. He accepted, with anxious reluctance. A novice could see he Avas hungry, but he still distrusted me. We went and I gave to him all he could eat. He admitted it Avas his first food in twenty-four hours! I then made a confidant of him. I told him I Avas a Tribune reporter, but did not mention the character of my assignment. He admitted to me he had been a river thief; was recently out of prison, after a long term. He was tired of a career of crime; he thought he could be of use to Avretches like himself, hunted by officers of the laAv and repudiated by re spectable people. He said he had recently visited a mission and had there aAvakened to faith in the Saviour of Men who had died on Calvary. I had heard considerable talk of that sort and was not sure of my man. He did not act like a hypocrite, yet I misjudged him. After we had met several times, I told him AA'hat I sought; he proved to be a mine of in formation. He had a thief's honor, however; he would not " peach ' ' on former " pals . " One day, I Avas sent to Wall street to assist the chief of that bureau, and was introduced to A. S. Hatch, a banker on Nassau street at the present site of the Hanover Bank building. Mr. Hatch was known as a patron of the Oliver Street Mission and an all-round lover of humanity. I told him of Jerry McAuley, and sent the redeemed river-thief to him with a note. Thus began McAuley's remarkable career of regeneration. Other activities prevented the completion of my article for many weeks but, when printed, I divided the money received equally with McAuley, then installed as the head of the Mission at the corner of Oliver and Water streets. He was reluctant to take the amount, small as it was, but said it was the first honest money he had earned in years. McAuley's judgment of men was marvellous. I remember he said to me one night, after a famous parson had prayed: "There's a false note in that man's voice!" And history vin dicated his opinion. But McAuley's life was resplendent in good works. He remained steadfast unto the end; years afterward, he founded the Cremorne Mission in the "Ten derloin" region and saved many unfortunate girls from the streets, — sending them to homes m the far-away country Avhere Hope AAclcomed them. He was my friend unto the end : I Avas a mourner at his bier. For more than thirty years, I held a r « . xl for the only intervicAV with John D. Rocke feller. It occurred in March, 1871, Avhen the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 21 whole Titusville region was at fever heat over the differential rates allowed to the South Im provement Company by "Commodore" Van- derbilt and Thomas A. Scott. After all the expressions of Titusville and Oil City had been secured, I was advised to go to Cleveland and talk with a Mr. Rockefeller, associated with Harkness and a few others in a general commission business — "incidentally oil." Mr. Rockefeller was found at his warehouse, an unpretentious place, and as he was on the point of going out, he asked me to walk with JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER him. We tramped through the crisp air for more than half a mile, and he gave to me the impression that he did not take a greal deal of interest in the oil business. He was absolutely truthful, because crude oil was then shipped in tank cars and the profits were not large, even with such rebates as were allowed by the two railroads that reached the region. But the South Improvement Company blazed the way to the Standard Oil Company! During years that followed, Mr. Rockefeller and his associates piled up the greatest accumulation of wealth history ever has known. Now, the problem confronts him of knowing what to do with this money. The wisdom of giving most of it aAvay dur ing life can be recognized Avhen the inheritance tax is mentioned. I haven't time to calculate what the State of Ncav York, or of Ohio — if that be Mr. Rockefeller's legal residence — would exact upon a fortune of one billion dol lars. It would be something enormous. There isn't the slightest obligation on Mr. Rocke feller's part to surrender such a large sum for the benefit of legislative grafters. He does wisely to disburse the money himself. Almost everything will depend upon the hands in Avhich this great trust is placed. Means should be devised to prevent the direc tors of the Rockefeller Foundation from be coming a self-perpetuating body. Unless that objectionable feature be prevented, the Rocke feller Trust will become like the Girard Trust of Philadelphia, Sailors Snug Harbor Trust of this city, or the Water Power Corporation of Lowell, Mass. The latter institution is, per haps, one of the most curious specimens of self -perpetuation in this country. Although it absolutely owns the splendid water power of the Merrimac at Pawtucket Falls and distri butes river water to a score or more of cotton mills and bleacheries of Lowell, its ownership is a secret that not a citizen of Lowell can solve in entirety. There are sixty or eighty stockholders, but even the individual share owner is not allowed to see the books and may not learn who is the holder of another share. A close corporation, composed of president, treasurer and auditor, possesses this informa tion and declares dividends. This serves to indicate the dangers to which any created "foundation" similar to the Car negie or the proposed Rockefeller funds are prone. When as able a lawyer as the late Samuel J. Tilden failed to draAV a will that could not be broken, how can Mr. Rockefeller hope to steer clear of the pitfalls into which nearly every well-intentioned benefactor of smaller but similar character has fallen. Let us suppose this glorious Rockefeller "founda tion" eventually to drift into the clutches of a few men of strong will who would dominate the other twenty trustees; there is no telling what misuse might be made of so enormous a fund. It might defy the government itself! It could lock up money, or it could depreciate 22 THE BOOK of NEW YORK the currency. Such an enormous sum of money will necessarily have to seek investment in the best of raihvay securities. What is to prevent it from creating "corners" or form ing "pools" ? The Rockefeller thought is splendid! A trifle of fifty or a hundred millions ought to suffice for the heirs of the master mind that gathered this vast wealth. The transfer of the enormous remainder to other hands, Avith explicit dii'ections for its use, should be done in a practical manner that never will leave a loop-hole for disappointment, or for the per sonal enrichment of a single trustee. Front Palmer^ s Victus, Citizens of New York of lorty years ago will remember this bridge over Broadway at Fulton Street, erected with the idea that it would relieve the traffic at that point. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 23 CHAPTER II REVOLT AMONG THE CITIZENS ^HE utter collapse of the French defence abroad was celebrated by a German Peace Jubilee on April 10, 1871. Nothing exactly like this carnival ever occurred in New York. Nat urally, it was confined entirely to German-Americans and for the first time citizens of the metropolis awoke to the fact that there was an enormous body of foreign- born people beside Irish in New York ! From that hour, the German element commanded and received recognition at the hands of leaders of all parties. Out of this celebration developed one of the most graphic and sensational narratives I have ever encountered. In making my rounds of the East River shipping, on a dull day, I met a priest who told me of the abduction of a Swedish girl, daughter of one of his parish ioners. He accompanied me to the home of the parents of the missing girl. I found the mother in tears. While I Avas listening to her brief recital of the girl's departure to see the parade, ten days before, the door opened and the missing daughter entered. After the re joicings Avere ended, this tall, beautiful, blue- eyed young woman told to me the most re markable, circumstantial, coherent, improb able tale of her experience in the hands of a procuress that ever was put on paper. Not a detail was wanting. She said she had been induced to take a drink of water by a middle- aged woman who sat in a carriage and remem bered nothing more until she awakened in a luxurious apartment. She denied that she knew its locality. She was told that she had been taken there in the carriage occupied by the woman who had addressed her. After a fortnight's cogitation, the Tribune printed the three-column narrative. It certainly did make "good reading" and got the town by the ears! On the day following publication, I took the girl to Captain Thorn, then in command at the City Hall station. Thence, I conducted her to the District Attorney's office, where I first met Algernon S. Sullivan, then an assist ant. As had been the case with Thorn, the girl impressed Mr. Sullivan. Mayor Hall offered a reward of $5,000 for the arrest and conviction of the woman AA'ho had drugged the complainant. Shadowed by a detective in plain clothes, unknoAvn to the girl, she and I "did" the then "white light district" thor- oughly, hoping to see the woman or to locate the house in which the girl had been kept prisoner. Cross-examined times Avithout num ber, this Swedish beauty never dcAuated from her original story in the slightest degree. She ansAvered laAA^ers and detectives with equally ready frankness, staring into the faces of her inquisitors from her large, pale-blue eyes. After giving almost a month of unpaid time to the solution of the mystery, I began to lose faith in the girl and her story. That re markable narrative, as written by me from the young Avoman's lips, will be found in the Tribune of May 5, 1871. To this hour, it holds the blue ribbon for a right-off-the-reel narra tive of a 17-year-oId girl! I have written hun dreds of "interviews " since that day, but never one that quite equalled that one in all respects. Among my friends at that time was Judson Jarvis, a son-in-law of Michael T. Brennan, afterward Sheriff". One day, Jarvis and I were at BroadAvay and Chambers street, about to cross to Delmonico's, then at the northAvest corner, for luncheon. A man AAhom Ave had knoA\Ti as "Page," Avhen he Avas in the Board of Aldermen, Avas standing near us. This fellow had been elected to the Assembly the preceding November, since which time he had called himself Page, using an acute accent oA'^er the final letter of his name. Quick as thought, Jarvis exclaimed: "Hello, Mr. Page. Waiting for the stage T ' 24 THE BOOK of NEW YORK In June, 1871, I Avas transferred to Wall street. Mr. Cleveland, Horace Greeley's brother-in-laAv, AA'rote the financial article but I made a daily round of forty brokers' offices, visited the Custom House, ]Merchants' Ex change, Assay Office and Stock Exchange. Thomas Murphy was Collector and I saw him nearly every day. Whenever he could not give me information I sought, he referred me to Deputy-Collector Thomas Lemuel James, who had the instincts of a ncAvspaper man because he had been an editor for ten years at Hamilton, N. Y. Very soon, I realized the needlessness of seeing Collector Murphy or Chester A. Arthur, AA'ho succeeded him, and AA^ent direct to Mr. James. What he did not knoAV about the customs service Avas not Avorth seeking. He had entered the department in 1851 as an inspector, had become a weigher in 1864 and a deputy collector in 1870; but the career of my long-while friend really be gan in 1873, when President Grant made him Postmaster of Ncav York. He soon attracted the attention of every citizen of the metropolis who sends or receives maiil! Whatever the impression may have been regarding the dis patch of letters prior to Postmaster James's time. New Yorkers realized that a man had been installed as the director of an expeditious service. He put mail cars on the Third avenue line; and as soon as the elevated roads were open had sacks carried thereon by special mes sengers to the various stations along their en tire lengths, thus saving hours in time over former horse-draAAn vans. The Department of Posts was originally established for the sole use of monarchs and their administrative systems, and it is regret table that in the earlier days of this republic a feeling prevailed that "any old time" would do for the delivery of a letter. Of course, I Avas an early caller on the ncAv Postmaster. One of the first things he said Avas, "I find much inconvenience occasioned to the busi ness community by careless people Avho forget to put stamps upon their letters. I am going to try an experiment. The regulation is that all unstamped letters, not bearing direction for return, go to the 'Dead Letter Office' where they are opened and returned to the sender. Now, I have put up $100 of my own money to supply stamps for the benefit of the recipients of such letters, — not the senders. 1 have had a small paster printed AA'hich Avill be affixed to each letter so forwarded at our ex pense, stating the facts and asking for the return of the postage. We haA'e met Avith encouragement in some directions, although a few people to AA^hom we have rendered this gratuitous service pay no attention to our suggestion. This is partly due to careless secretaries who open mail; but, on the other hand, here is a letter from a grateful citizen, saying that the delay of a certain letter for warded by us would have entailed heavy financial loss. He incloses one dollar for the fund!" The carrier system was enlarged and the number of daily deliveries greatly in creased. Mr. James introduced the dictum: "A letter must be kept in motion; it must not lie dormant at any branch office!" When Mr. James was made Postmaster- General in President Garfield's Cabinet, March 5, 1881, he merely expanded the same idea until it embraced the service of the coun try! When transferred to Washington, Mr. Pearson, who had enjoyed thorough training under Mr. James, succeeded to the post. This was the era of development for special mail trains on most of the trunk lines, in which Theodore N. Vail was an efficient coadjutor of the hustling Postmaster-General. At Gar field's death. General Arthur succeeded to the Presidency. Mr. James remained in office until January, 1882, when he accepted the Presidency of the Lincoln National Bank in New York City. This bank is the custodian of the Vanderbilt millions. Under the James regime, its deposits have multiplied; its build ing has been quadrupled in size and its busi ness has doubled on itself over and over again. Mr. James comes into town every week-day from his pretty home at Highwood, N. J. ; he served as Mayor of Tenafly in 1896. He is a Director in the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Although not a college graduate, he has been given the honorary degrees of A.M., by Hamilton College, and of LL.D., by Madison University, St. Francis Xavier and St. John's Colleges. The sturdy traits of this man have commanded my constant respect for forty years. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 25 Still travelling on the reputation as a yacht ing expert acquired at the first aquatic event of the kind I ever had witnessed, I spent much of the Summer of 1871 upon the water. Re porters of metropolitan newspapers were al ways welcome upon the yachts of the New York fleet, and although, at Newport, we lived at the Ocean House, we were constantly invited aboard the competing yachts during a series of races that occurred off that port. During that summer, a remarkable instance of the value of memory occurred. After a yacht race off Sandy Hook, I was returning to the city aboard the steamer "Seth Loav," work ing at my copy in the pilot house. As we passed Quarantine, after nightfall, I noticed several steamers being lightered. Great flambeaux burnt holes in the night! " What does that mean .? " I asked, turning to Captain Bloodgood, in command of the boat. "It is Quarantine fraud!" he replied. "Must be a big story there }'" I suggested. "Indeed there is; and the man who can give it to you is Harry S. Miller, a commission mer chant on South street. In another moment I realized that I had several thousand more words to write and re turned to work. But the name of "the man who laiew" must have lingered in one of mem ory's lockers, as the sequel Avill show. Late in October of that year, I was called into the Managing-Editor's room one after noon and told the following: " We have information that gross impositions are practiced upon the commerce of this port, several hundred thousand dollars per year be ing extorted from the merchants. I have had Mr. Pember at Staten Island for a month seek ing information on the subject, but he has utterly failed. Now I am going to try you! See what you can do ; I do not make any sug gestions or give to you any orders." Leaving the august presence in a bewildered mental state, seeing slight prospect of success in an undertaking at which one of the most experienced men on the staff had failed, the incident on the "Seth Low" recurred to me. A city directory gave me the address of the ship chandler. Bounding down the iron stairway, I ran through Ferry street to Peck Slip and not far above that point found the man I sought. He Avas opening a keg of mackerel as I entered his warehouse, but when told I came at the suggestion of Captain Bloodgood of the "Seth Low," he led the way to his private office. There he agreed for $200 to give all informa tion about Quarantine in his possession, to the Tribune. This he did that night at his house in Cranberry street, Brooklyn, where George E. Mills, then a stenographer in the Supreme Court, but for many years thereafter secretary to Collis P. Huntington, took down about 8,500 words regarding the Quarantine pirates. I subsequently obtained the books of the pirat ical company, known as "The New York Stevedore, Lightering & Towing Company," from Clark Mills, its secretary. I prepared and printed forty-odd columns of evidence and figures, upon the strength of Avhich Governor Hoffman removed the Health Officer of the Port. The Legislature appointed an Investi gating Committee which went to the root of all the extortions. The house of E. D. Morgan & Co. had been severe sufferers and Solon Humphrey, its manager, was anxious to raise a fund among benefited merchants as a pres ent to the Tribune reporter; but as I was re ceiving the munificent sum of $25 per week, the testimonial, which I was assured would equal $5,000, was declined. What could I possibly want with more money "? Another important journalistic triumph scored by the Tribune in 1871 was the capture and publication in advance of all rivals of the Treaty of Washington, providing for the ar bitration of the Alabama claims. The means by which the text was obtained has been a well-guarded secret. As matter of fact, a printed copy had been left in a committee room by a Senator, where it was found by a janitor cleaning the room and was sold for a price. The importance of the "beat" is secondary to the journalistic dictum which it called forth when White and Ramsdell, the Washington correspondents, Avere arrested by order of the Senate. The editor of the Tribune took a high stand for the rights of journalists, using these words: "It is the business of the Government to keep its secrets; it is the duty of our correspondents to get us the news." This dictum may have been in contempt of 26 THE BOOK of NEW YORK court, but it has been invoked and has been sustained in many cases. Highly as this lan guage may be commended, I must in candor mention that when, in the heat of the Conkling- Garfield controversy, the Herald "indirectly" obtained and printed a long telegram from the editor of the Tribune to the late John Hay, advising as to Garfield's course in the appoint ment of Robertson to the Collectorship of this Port, this same editor, forgetting his dictum, became very angry and called ^Ir. Bennett bad names. As a printer's boy, I had been taught to "folloAA' copy, if it Avent out the window"; but I had some sense knocked into my green head that Spring by a suspension (my only one in thirty-five years' experience) because I obeyed Avritten orders ! Furthermore, the pun ishment Avas absolutely just. I was rushed off on an assignment in Connecticut. I intended to get my "story" and to return with it. As I was entering a cab, to drive to the railroad station, a note from my editor Avas thrust into my fingers directing me to stay over at New London and to send my copy down by the baggage master of a train on the Shore Line leaving there at 7:30 p.m. I Avas particularly ordered not to telegraph the matter — because the horrors of the Paris Commune laid a terri ble embargo on the expense account at the time. The facts were secured, the article Avritten, inclosed in an office envelope and personally delivered into the hands of the baggage master. Outside the envelope was the usual order, "Pay $2 to bearer for prompt delivery." I had misgivings, but at that stage of my ex perience "orders AAcre orders." That "copy" did not reach the office for tAvo days ! Then a rum-soaked chap presented it and tried to collect the $2. For the first time in many years, the baggage master Avent on a spree that particular night! I Avas "beaten." Another man Avas sent to replace me. I said to my chief, Avhen I returned: "I am 'beaten' because I followed orders, liter ally. IneverAA'ill again. My suspension of one week, without pay, is deserved. There is no ex cuse for losing a piece of news. I have none to offer." I was recalled after a few days. But the lesson was of value to me Avhen I Avas promoted to executive work. Never did I give an "or der" as to the method of getting a feature; the term "suggestion" was always employed. _A special correspondent, dispatched on a crucial undertaking of prime news importance or of extra hazard, should be left to his own best judgment. He is responsible! I should have disregarded orders and brought the "copy," or telegraphed it, in face of orders to the con trary. "First of all, the news!" During this winter, I attended a memorable operatic performance at the Academy of Music. It Avas a matinee and the opera was // Trovatore. Herr Wachtel was the Manrico; Mme. Parepa-Rosa Avas the Leonora; Ade laide Phillips was the Azucena and Santley, the English baritone, was the Count. It was such an exceptional cast that $5 a seat Avas charged at the afternoon performance, a price that evoked a storm of protest. Carl Rosa, AA'ho conducted, told me years afterward in London that the performance showed a loss. Wachtel Avas at that time the premier tenor of the musical world. The tall, slender figure of Henry Bergh, surmounted by its straight-crowned, French silk hat,Avas to be seen on the streets. He en countered ridicule at first, but he finally se cured the enactment of laws that gave him power to stop the brutality of the human toward the animal creation. One vivid recol lection of Mr. Bergh comes to me: An aged miser living on West Houston street in a hovel died, leaving $65,000 to Mr. Bergh's Society. Bergh was a philanthropist as well as a lover of animals, and out of his own pocket defrayed the cost of a decent funeral for the old chap Avho had starved and gone without fire for years to save his money for the benefit of the brute creation. I happened to be first to convey information of this bequest to Mr. Bergh; AA^hen I told him how the giver of the money had lived, he said of the man's self- sacrifice : "Benevolence is a trait that must be born in a human breast. One cannot acquire it; it must come naturally. I am sorry this man denied himself the necessaries of life to make this bequest. I'd much rather, Avith such a noble impulse in his breast, he had lived more generously to himself and left the Society less fe^^t»Ri^ftAW OAKEY -fiAbL "xcg] f&><^ ,-riAITj^ E.LV -^x^j ^>,^ EDWARI) ClGOPER "^-^-cl ^WIbL>IAM RUuTt/EL, (gRAdg^ t>X" FRAIiKI^HI EPJOn ""^^ [P^ABRAj>l .S'TOVBN J -HE,WITT. LL,P>^ t>.^^ -HUaa gj (g-RA-HT ^-^53' g>^TfiQMAvl' FKAMCU ^ ^i'/II,BIAJn Za. t-T'T-RGWQ ^V^l 28 THE BOOK of NEW YORK money or none at all; but we must not judge him harshly. He probably found more de light in accumulating, — rather, hoarding, — his money for this specific purpose than he would have secured by spending it upon him self. Every dollar of this fund shall be placed where it will accumulate. Who knows but this bequest may have been inspired by some noble act on the part of an animal and that this money is a memorial thereto ?'' The last sentence was highly romantic! Mr. Bergh didn't appreciate how deeply he stirred a young heart. Suppose he were right! Had the recluse been a scout on the plains, and had a faithful and tireless horse fiven his life to save him from the scalping- nife ? Had a noble dog, faithful as Gellert, defended him from danger Avhen a child ? Had some other animal, to Avhich he was deeply attached, suffered at the brutal hands of man ? Speaking of animals, I am reminded that during my second Spring "the learned hog, 'Wicked Ben,'" made his appearance in Wall street. The shoAvman took a basement on Broad street, at the present site of the Broad Exchange building, and it became quite a fad for brokers, after the close of the Stock Exchange, to congregate at the place to play cards with the educated animal. One after noon, Avhen I Avas in the office of Osgood Brothers, AA'here the Blair edifice is to-day, a party was made up to "play the hog." Each man contributed $1 and there were ten of us. I recall Franklin and William Osgood, Charles Osborn, Cammack, Chapin, Peabody, and Ed. House. A committee of three, of which I was one, was appointed to do the plaving for the "pool." The porker stood upon a raised dais, car peted Avith a rug. He appeared to be as 'intelligent" as any other hog one meets in the street-cars or restaurants. The committee proposed two tests, of $5 each, — one in euchre, best two games out of three, the other in poker. The manager agreed to back the animal for equal amounts, and the three of us took charge of the entertainment. The manager was to deal for the porker, turn and turn about; but as soon as the cards were laid out, back up wards, upon the carpet, he Avas to stand aside and a member of the committee Avas to shoAV the face of each card (five in number) to the hog. This agreement was carried out. The hog Avon the first game — his memory of the location of the card he Wanted to play being perfect. With the tip of his snout he would turn over the right card, whether he followed or led. Never once did he make an error. The committee won the second game, due to remarkable cards. The third was easily taken by the hog. One of the hands played by him was very intricate. We settled. The poker game followed, best three in five hands dealt, with privilege of a draw to win. In the technique of the game it was to be a "freeze-out"! When my turn came to handle the cards for the animal, I was amazed at the accuracy of his discard. His hand was with out a pair; he took five cards. Twice he might have drawn to a flush, but he would not. He would keep a pair of deuces and discard an ace and king. Of course, this is rudimentary, but I have seen human players foolish enough to discard deuces and keep ace-king. Seven hands had to be played to decide, vbut the hog got the money — rather his master :did. The elation of the animal over victory remind ed me of the self-applause of "Blind Tom" for his own music. The hog literally capered about the platform. Taken altogether, it was the best dollar's worth of experience I ever had. I was taught to respect real hogs and to have a greater dis like than before for humans who ape their manners, without possessing their natural in telligence. An audacious attempt by the Tammany cabal to continue its servile Boards of Alder men and Assistant Aldermen in power for one year longer than the term for which they were elected first served to open the eyes of the peo ple of New York to a realization of the lengths to which Tweed and his fellows were inclined to go. This incident, preliminary to the tre mendous popular uprising that later occurred, was so minimized by the appalling disclos ures that folloAved that hardly one citizen of to-day living at the time will remember it; and yet it was the one event that prepared the public mind for what was to follow. Briefly, it may be stated thus: THE BOOK of NEW YORK 29 Exercising complete dominance over the Legislature, Tweed had procured the passage of an act extending the term of the New York City Aldermen and Assistant Aldermen elected in 1870 for one year, for an additional twelve months! The threatened revolution, which had taken definite shape in the creation of the Committee of Seventy, rendered it im perative to the Tammany cabal that their crea tures in the Municipal Legislature hold over, so that further plans for defrauding the tax payers might be carried out prior to "the del uge." It was the most daring coup the ring- sters had yet tried! It proved to be the most impolitic. Honest members of the Democracy had joined with a small group of their parti sans, known as the Apollo Hall element, and had nominated a city ticket. These candidates were endorsed by the Republicans and by the Committee of Seventy in October, 1871. This fusion ticket was elected in November, despite stuffed ballot boxes, but the conspirators who had grown to believe they owned New York were only partially disillusioned. Admittedly, the act of the Legislature ex tending the Aldermanic term was unconstitu tional. A scheme even more amazing than the original one was at once concocted to retain power; it included the sacrifice by Tammany of Mayor A. Oakey Hall! The plan agreed upon was to have a special meeting of the two Boards of Aldermen in the forenoon of Jan uary 1, 1872. A vote would then be rushed through both bodies impeaching the Mayor, so that Thomas Coman, President of the Board of Aldermen, would become acting Mayor. When twelve o'clock struck, it was the inten tion to have all members of the old Board tender their resignations and to have the acting Mayor immediately appoint the same men to the vacant offices. Nothing more revolutionary was accomplished by Napo leon III in the coup d'etat of 1852 or was attempted by President MacMahon of France, in 1879. This high-handed outrage was defeated by Henry Lauren Clinton, a distinguished laAA^er of his time, who assembled the reform Alder men in the Governor's Room of the City Hall, served writs of prohibition upon each member of the old Boards and when their terms had legally expired stormed the assembly chambers and took possession of the seats. The sensa tion throughout New York City was profound. The newspapers of that afternoon and of the following morning stated the facts with ap proximate clearness; organs in the pay of Tammany did not dare to omit the sensational occurrence. I was present at that scene and never shall forget the resolute expression on Mr. Clinton's face on that momentous occa sion. He was fit to lead a forlorn hope! Blood shed was threatened in the corridor; dethroned slaves of Tweed and his coparceners acted as if they were submitting to injustice and AA^ere being deprived of their laAA'ful rights. At this distance of time, it is customary to say that the overthrow of the Tweed cabal dates from the formation of the Committee of Seventy, but that distinguished body contained many im- practicables, men without energy or moral courage, lacking in initiative and far too timid to have sustained their really strong co-adju- tors. Besides, the citizens in general were in different and went about their business as usual, smiling at charges of peculation. Theft was one thing; but an attempt of the cabal to seize the law-making bodies of the municipality and to retain power indefinitely savored of nothing but absolute monarchy ! As long as a pretense existed of electing the city officials, however corrupt the means employed, the people endured wrongs that they believed to exist. From that hour events moved rapidly. Mayor Hall was put on trial in the following March upon a charge of neglect of official duty. Henry L. Clinton managed the prose cution and the testimony presented for the first time laid bare the appalling extent of the public robberies. Several creatures of the cabal turned State's evidence, notably A. J. Garvey, and exposed the methods by Avhich nearly all bills for supplies or work Avere in creased from one hundred to three hundred per cent. Raising of money for corrupt use at Albany was proven. The evidence against Mayor Hall Avas grave as shoAving negligence; actual criminal connivance and participation in the spoils of robbery were not brought home to him. The death of a juror, as the trial was approaching its end, brought this celebrated 30 THE BOOK of NEW YORK case to an abrupt termination. ^Ir. Hall Avas subsequently acquitted. The exposure of TAveed had been due to accident, not entirely to "Jimmy" O'Brien, as asserted at the time. "Steve" Lyons, at the head of the county finance department and a faithful Tweed henchman, was accidentally killed and ]MattheA\' J. O'Rourke, county auditor, took charge of the books. Casual examination revealed thefts to the extent of $10,000,000! There were doubtless many other embezzlements never disclosed, because, after the first exposure, a glass door of the County Treasurer's office Avas broken one night and vouchers of all paid bills carried away! O'Rourke imparted to his friend, O'Brien, the find he had made. O'Brien pur- suaded him to turn over all his evidence to the New York Times, Many curious stories Avere in circulation re garding the publication of the evidence against the Tweed ring. One tale declared that a certified check for $1,000,000 AAas laid upon the desk of LcaaIs J. Jennings, then editor of the Times, He AAas to have the money if he would cease publication of the TAAeed ex posures. Years afterAAards, in London, I asked Jennings about this yarn and he denied that anything of the kind had happened to him. He appeared to believe, hoAvever, that some sort of an attempt had been made to "reach" Mr. ^lorgan, of Auburn, AA'ho, AA'ith George Jones, practically owned the ucaas- paper. If so, the scheme failed. Those men Avere not to be bought, — their honor Avas above any price. "Jimmy" O'Brien lived on. He witnessed the downfall of Tweed, A\hom he detested. He seemed to be in favor with John Kelly, but AA^hen Richard Croker came to poAver, as chief of Tammany Hall, he tackled him. Here was a man of quite different mettle. Their enmities culminated in a shooting aft'ray on the West side, in Avhich a local tough Avas killed. O'Brien sAvore he had seen Croker fire the shot. A trial folIoAved but the jury disagreed. O'Brien then became "a promoter of Democratic factions." At every election, city or state, O'Brien came out Avith a "new Democracy" of some sort. His business Avas the building up of organizations for sale to the highest bidder. Oftenest, he found the best market with the Republicans. He and " StcA-e " French understood each other. Ches ter A. Arthur, also, in those days, Avas an ad mirer of O'Brien — about election time. All "Jimmy's" old allies in the two parties died. His only remaining, implacable enemy, Croker, A'oluntarily expatriated himself in Ire land. O'Brien had saved money but he seemed alone in this big city. As age claimed him, his face grew angular; his gait altered, — no longer having the swagger that character ized it in the days of "storm and stress." He had fine eyes. Changeable as his political creed may have been, there wasn't anything shifty about his steel-blue eyes. He lived until March, 1907. The fate of the Tweed ring proved the ca pacity of the honest members of a community when thoroughly aroused to protect their com mon interests. The office of the modern news paper never was more clearly demonstrated than during that long struggle. One day's temporizing by Manton Marble destroyed the influence and financial standing of the World — making possible Joseph Pulitzer's acquire ment of the property, after tAvelve years of a moribund existence, in 1883. Municipal "grafters" of later years have avoided the crude methods of the Tweed "Pillagers," if I may so seriously reflect upon a tribe of Chip- peway Indians, dwelling on Cass and Leech lakes, ^Minnesota. The United States is a republic, in name; but in large cities, like Ncav York, Philadel phia, Chicago and others, dictatorship has been vested in one man, as a rule, Avho has named the :\Iayor and all the city officials, and, as matter of course, members of the Leo-- islature and House of Representatives Avithin the confines of the city over Avhich he held dominion. In instances such as TAveed, Kelly, Croker and :\Iurphy, Ncav York state came under the control of these local muni cipal "bosses." The same thing AA'as true of Philadelphia. "Boss" McManes Avas too shrcAvd to "go up against" the "Clan Cam eron" in that CommouAvealth, but he Avielded a power in the "Quaker City" equal to that of a Persian Satrap or a Roman Tetrarch and Avith greater opportunities for "graft." It was possible for the "boss" of any of these large cities to "acquire" one million dollars per year in tribute! I could go into this, if necessary, down to the lowest collection of the "wardman" from the unfortunate pros titute who walked the streets and had to pay for the privilege of hunting her prey! Under this despotism, not a merchant could receive a box of goods or a bale of cloth upon the pavement that he owned without rendering something to somebody for the " priA'ilege. " In New York, the citizens wriggled free from the clutches of one "boss," only to fall into the grasp of another. After Tilden, Peck- ham, O'Conor and Clinton had defeated David Dudley Field, John D. Townsend and other clever lawyers and sent Tweed to jail the new regime became about as unsatisfactory as the old one. In this year of 1871, I had my first detail on an important murder story. It occurred on a dull night, when those of us held on "Avait- ing orders" were droAvsy, owing to inaction. A messenger entered from Police Headquar ters with a note. It was before the days of the telephone; a printing telegraph that ought to have served was out of order. When the Night City Editor opened the envelope, he became a mitrailleuse in action. A big ncAvs story in sight! A glance at the clock; the hour is 11! He calls his "star" reporter, James Connelly, and says: "John HaAvkins, Wall street banker, has been murdered in his Fifth avenue home, near Tenth street. Body found in parlor by his nephew and his daughter on their return from theatre. Noav, Connelly, take two men with you; hire a double team and get the story! Kase has left Headquarters and he'll meet you at the house. This murder is worth every line Ave can get ready for first edition by 2.45, and avc will make as many editions thereafter as necessary." "Here, Mr. Johnson and Mr. Chambers, you will assist Mr. Connelly; absolutely under his orders. Connelly, I hold you responsible for the 'story'." Then and there the learner gets his first experience in a really important case, — here narrated Avith slight changes in the names for personal reasons. He feels the responsibility THE BOOK of NEW YORK 31 reposed in him: he comprehends that the sole feature of the morrow's paper Avill be this sen sational crime right here in New York. All happenings in other parts of the world become insignificant, owing to the prominence of the victim and the mystery of his death! By this time the three men are in the car riage which an office boy has secured. The horses are headed up Broadway, then a de serted thoroughfare, literally on a run. Con nelly plans his campaign. Mr. Johnson Avill be dropped at the Ncav York Hotel to secure another cab for his own use. Connelly keeps the novice Avith him, for "leg work." "Kase Avill have a diagram of the floor on Avhich the murder Avas done," begins Connelly, authoritatively. "We must trace Hawkins's movements, from the time he left his office this afternoon to the moment of his death. His clubs must be visited. If robbery has oc curred, Ave have a motive: if no theft, we must seek a motive. It will be your duty, Mr. Johnson, to bring the banker up-town; you must secure every detail of the trip, when he started, Avhere he stopped and at what club he dined. He is a Avidower and usually dines at the Union Club. Call on his partner. Radish, at 9 East Eleventh street, 'round the corner from HaAA'kins's house. He may knoAV Avith Avhom the deceased man started up-town ; If so, find that man! Then hurry to the office and AA-rite every line possible. Here we are at the scene of the murder, — tAventy minutes after elcA^en!" Kase is aAvaiting us; he has made and sent to the office a floor plan, Avhich will be con structed of labor-saving rules. From the cap tain of the precinct, on the ground, the story of the crime is learned. Additional details are few, except that the house is in perfect order, not an article missing, and that the killing was done Avith a piece of lead-pipe, left by a plumber only two days previously in a corner of the hall. Therefore, this is not a premedi tated crime but one of necessity, oAAang to dis covery; or of sudden impulse, suggested by sight of the deadly bludgeon. This presup- Soses that the blows Avere struck in the light! Fobody knows, as yet. "It is the crime of an amateur!" comments Connelly, after he has examined the body. 32 THE BOOK of NEW YORK verified the identity of the victim and ascer tained that the bloAv Avas struck from behind, crushing the skull. "The man fell Avithout a cry!" declares the Coroner's physician. "The body AA'as still Avarm, Avhen found," he adds. When the nephcAv and daughter came home, the front door Avas "on the latch," — that is, unlocked, — and the light in the hall had been I'll turned off". Not until the gas was relighted was the body seen in the drawing-room. This from the nephew; the daughter is hysterical and unable to be interviewed. "At Avhat theatre Avas young George Haw kins.?" asks Connelly. "The Union Square," is the reply of Kase, Avho has seen the nephcAv. "What were the old man's clubs .'^" Con nelly asks Kase. "The Union and Union League, I am in formed by the nephew." "Good!" commented Connelly, which meant that he had instructed Johnson cor rectly. Then turning to Kase, he gave final instructions to him in this wise: "Go into the house, get a complete talk with the nephew. Ask particularly between what acts of the play he left the theatre. Then jump into a cab and get to the office." "Now, youngster," he said to me, "get into my carriage. Go first to the Union Square theatre; rouse the watchman by ringing the bell at the stage entrance on Fourth avenue. Ascertain precisely Avhen the curtain fell at the end of each act, and the length of each intermission. Look over the crowd in the hotel at the BroadAvay corner, Avhere you'll find some member of the Union Square com pany. Ask if anybody saw young HaAvkins in the playhouse, or saAv him leave it! Re member, nothing that serves to corroborate or to discredit George HaAA-kins's statement is too trivial to mention. Then, drive to the office." Connelly then re-enters the house of the crime. Coroner has not arrived; body lies Avhere discovered. The reporter has already identified the face. He begins a search of the floor. Carpet is moquette of dull brownish shade. With his hands, Connelly feels every inch of the floor covering. Ah! inside the sliding-doors, in the dining-room, is a damp spot! Blood! The body was moved after death! Why .? Obviously, so that it may be seen by the first person to enter the front dpor. Would a murderer, fearing interruption, do so foolhardy an act.? Isn't it rather the act of a person who knew members of the family to be absent and Avanted the crime discovered ? And, Avhere is the banker's hat.? The butler points to it, hanging in the hall. In a moment Connelly knows that in addition to the body being moved from the dining-room to the draAving salon the banker's hat has been hung upon the rack after the crime. Its binding upon one side is red with blood: it has rolled across an ensanguined spot! Yes, and an other discovery; the lock of the front door has been "thrown off" by bloody fingers! Why should this murderer wish to leave the door unlocked unless to create the theory that a night prowler, a human vulture without home or purpose, had wandered into the banker's house, been surprised and had com mitted murder to escape ? Mr. Connelly keeps his own counsel: he has discovered all these mysteries in eleven precious minutes. He is working against time. He is not a "detective" but a news gatherer ! Mr. Kase reappears from upstairs with notes of an interview with George Hawkins, nephcAv. The statement is full, clear and ex plicit. The young man was at the Union Square theatre to see Charley Thome's latest play, accompanied by his cousin. Miss HaAv kins, daughter of the deceased banker. Be tween the second and third acts, he had gone around the corner of Broadway to "The Shakespeare" for a drink, and Avhile there had spoken to Henry James, Barry Montres- sor, Sam. Caruthers " "Caruthers is 'in the box' at Wallack's theatre and lives at the big red brick hotel, the Ncav York. Stop there on your way down. If you don't find him in the bar-room, go right up to his room and rout him out. It'll be all right. Ask him what young Hawkins said to him Avhen they met in 'The Shakes peare,' but don't give him a hint about this crime." THE BOOK of NEW YORK 33 Indications point to the nephew as the mur derer! Connelly thinks so, and Avhen he reaches the office at 1.30 o'clock (having Written 1,500 words in the library of the dead man until a reporter arrived to relieve him), he has facts sufficient to hint at that belief; but he dodges the libel laAV by defending the accused in an artful way. He feels safe, for these reasons: 1. — What Chambers learned: At the thea tre: That the second act of the play ended at 9.40; the interval was eighteen minutes, oav- ing to an elaborate boxed-in scene that had to be set. Time, 9.40 to 9.58! Had met actor Leonard, in the cast, AA'ho assured the reporter that he knew young Hawkins and had dis tinctly seen him "in front." Fortunately, Leonard had stopped Robert Horn, ticket- taker at the Union Square theatre, Avho knows Hawkins and says he Avent out at the end of the second act but did not return until middle of the third act, being absent fully forty-five minutes! Positively cannot be mistaken. 2. — What Johnson learned: That banker Hawkins had dined and passed the evening at the Union Club, Fifth avenue and Twenty- first street. He had left his bank at 4 o'clock, walked as far north on Broadway as the Astor House with his partner. Radish. There they had a pint of champagne, bec'ause Haw kins appeared greatly AA^orried. No; couldn't have been about business. Radish thinks it concerned the marriage of his daughter to her cousin, George, of whose habits the old man did not approve. Radish returned to Wall street, because he had forgotten to lock up a bundle of bonds left in his desk, first seeing Hawkins enter a cab for his club. There he dined, played a few rubbers of whist until "NoAV, be explicit!" interrupted Connelly, driving his pencil and listening meanwhile. Well, the doorman of the Union remembers that old man HaAA^kins passed out as the clock chimed half-past nine. How does he fix the time .? Because his relief was due at 9, hadn't arrived and he Avas, literally, watching the clock. "His relief didn't come at all, so still on duty. Much more important was a state ment by John Brandon, fellow-clubman, who encountered the deceased stumbling along the western pavement of the avenue, bound south ward. He was in a preoccupied manner; didn't speak to Brandon. This was the last sight of HaAvkins alive! "Going home to be killed!" commented Connelly. "Actually seeking Fate!" 3. — What Kase learned: That Caruthers rememl)ered George HaAvkins entering "The Shakespeare" saloon. His manner was hur ried. First glancing 'round the place, as if looking for a clock but not finding one, had drawn his Avatch and said: "Why, it's a quar ter to ten! Hello, Sam; come take some thing." When Caruthers declined, Hawkins appeared to have forgotten about the drink and left abruptly. He had not said he Avas at the theatre; but looked warm and excited. A fcAv moments later, Caruthers had occasion to glance at his own watch and found the real time to be half-past ten instead of a quarter to that hour. Caruthers had not returned to the box-office that night, but left his assistant in charge after "counting out." Star-reporter Connelly has heard the nephew's statement from Kase and knoAvs that the banker's daughter is prostrated, — either with grief or by a suspicion of the iden tity of the murderer. He has a mental pic ture of the interior of the Fifth avenue man sion and has before him a proof of the dia gram showing the arrangement of the rooms and the two places in which the body of the dead man lay. The Index bureau has done its part and re-AA-riters have supplied tAvo col umns of an obituary, and a catalogue of the corporations with which the dead banker was associated. The eight and a quarter column account of the crime comes together into one harmonious Avhole, as if Avritten by a single hand: Statement of crime; who -sactim is; commercial gra-idty of his sudden death. (Copy reader, \ col.) Narrative of crime's discovery, in words of Hawkms, Jr. (Kase, 1 col.) Description of interior of house, to accompany diagram. (Kase, i col.) Exploration of parlor-floor; discoveries, deductions. (Connelly, licols.) How Hawkins came up-to\vn, omitting Radish's reference to troubled mind. (Johnson, f col.) iVt Union Club; -who saw him and precise moment of lea-ving. (Johnson, J col.) Last sight of deceased by Brandon. (Johnson, \ col.) What probably occurred in house, based on theories of detectives 34 THE BOOK of NEW YORK and Connelly's own discoveries. Could assassin have entered at request of victim .* (Connelly, i col.) Yomig Hawkins at theatre, statements of people who saw him. (Connelly, J col.) Here Radish statement about worry and engagement of j'oung people. (.Connelly, | col.) History of Hawkins's career and vast enterprises. (Index and office, 2 cols.) Famous murder cases of the past. (Index, i col.) Thus the paper went to press at half-past tAvo Avith a nine-column account of the mur der (including the head), Avritten and com piled by seven artisans, — no breaks, no con fusion. In a second edition, the arrest of the nephew by Superintendent Kelso Avas announced; heading and opening paragraph being changed to chronicle the very startling fact. Young Hawkins had strolled over to Fifth avenue, during absence from the theatre, had acci dentally encountered his uncle, and had been asked to Avalk the four short blocks Avith his prospective father-in-laAv. Entering, at the elder man's request, George had seen the bludgeon and Avas seized Avith an uncontrol lable impulse to kill the old man and thus silence opposition to the marriage. After the bloAv, he dragged the body AA^here it would be seen, hurried back to the theatre, stopping at "The Shakespeare" to create an alibi, — the act that first directed suspicion toward him. I had been entrusted with little, because of inexperience; but I had learned much that night. Mr. Connelly said a few encouraging words as he rapidly ran over the wet proofs. Then he put on his coat and hat, lit a cigar and bade us "Good morning!" THE BOOK of NEW YORK tlj CHAPTER III BUSIEST YEAR OF MY LIFE N MANY respects, the year 1872 Avas the most active I haA^e known: it assuredly sup plied more varied experiences than any other. A severe cold, contracted during the Avinter, had left me, in the Spring, with symptoms of pulmonary trouble: physicians told me a Summer in the Avoods, close to Nature, Avas imperative. While at Washing ton, in January, I had examined all records of research at the sources of the INIississippi, therefore I decided to spend my outing upon the great river. I ordered a Baden-Powell canoe from Waters, of Troy, and set out for Minnesota, in May. That long voyage, by canoe 9.nd steamer, from Elk lake to South West Pass, is recorded in a large volume.* At Saint Louis, I Avas introduced to Joseph Pulitzer by a card from Carl Schurz. This young man, afterwards the pioneer of a dis tinctive school of American journalism and whose Managing Editor in Ncav York I Avas afterAvards to become, Avas then 23 years old and city editor of the Westliche Post, a Ger man ncAvspaper. On my return to New York, in August, I was asked to undertake the hazardous task of exploring a private mad-house. I knew noth ing of the risks entafled; but, securing admis sion to Bloomingdale asylum, I remained there a fortnight. My personal counsel was John D. Townsend, a faithful friend, who procured my release on habeas corpus. This experience, also, has been fully recounted in "A ^Nlad World and Its Inhabitants." f It was my last notable work for the Tribune; but because it subsequently brought to me an offer from Mr. Bennett, of the Herald, a promised reward never was paid to me, and my letter of resig nation was not accepted because I was going * "The Mississippi and Its Wonderful Valley," G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1910. to another newspaper. The Avork of rescue (I secured the release of tAvch^e sane patients) received the commendation of Charles Reade, the English novelist. His "Very Hard Cash" had for leading motif the unlaAvful detention of its hero in a private asylum for the insane. During a subsequent visit to London I Avas invited to the Reade home at Knights bridge, Avith its rear on Rotten Roav, Hyde Park. The breakfasts and luncheons were very enjoyable. Mr. Reade hated many of the features of mod ern life. He spoke Avith sorrow of his failure to gain admission to a certain club, although Collins had proposed him and Dickens had seconded his nomination. Gas Avas not used at that social organization! He added, with a sigh: "I do like to read by a good sperm candle." He was a terrific tea drinker. Mrs. Seymour, Avho always poured tea, was the charm of that house. The platonic relation of those two people never Avas questioned by their friends. The tact of this handsome, prematurely Avhite-haired Avoman was delight ful. During one of my visits, Mr. Reade shoAved to me the ingenious methods by which he "evolved" or composed his plots by shift ing a series of large cards upon which Avere written catch Avords or brief scenes and dia logue. I made a tour through former Ncav England whaling ports that Fall, but was told, "in mournful numbers," that the romance of whaling had come to an end. Reference was not had to the private schools in which the birch is still used but to the time-honored search for Avhale oil. The leviathans of the -f "A Mad World and Its Inhabitants," Sampson Low, Marston, Searl & Rivington, London, 1876; D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1877. A month after the publication of my articles, I received the fol lowing letter: "Albert Terrace, Knightsbridge, London. Dear Sir: Your's is the way to work. A great battle is not to be won without self-sacrifice. Accept a tribute of respect from a brother writer in terested in the same good cause, and may Heaven prosper your efforts. I am, sir, Your very faithful servant, Charles Reade." 36 THE BOOK of NEW YORK deep have been driven out of business as articles of commerce, by the petroleum dis coveries of the past fifty years. "Oil that wfll burn in lamps" had been found deep doAvn in the bosom of Mother Earth and a few men got control of it. At Ncav Bedford and in other harbors of New England, one saw old whaling ships of the prosperous days of America's supremacy upon the sea, going to rot, because whale oil had become a thing of the past. Electricity has since contributed its part to the relief from persecution that the Avhale had suffered from the earliest days in Avhich men went to sea in ships. However grateful this change to the largest of aquatic mammals, a splendid and romantic industry that gave vigor and romance to such ports as Gloucester, Salem and New Bedford has ceased to exist. Naturally, most of us who lament destruc tion of life of any kind are with the whale! Such is the thought in the mind of the writer. Much as he may deplore the rise of a mon opoly that makes the need for whale oil in significant, and, as a consequence, the search for it hardly necessary, there is a bond of sympathy between any man who has to struggle for the right of existence and the whale, — a creature that only wants to be let alone in harmless pursuit of happiness and subsistence. We are confidently assured that the days of Avhale hunting are gone! Are we not to have any more of those marvelous tales of the sea, in Avhich the catching of whales has played so large a part .? Heaven forbid that this new inhibition should be placed upon the already narrowing horizon of earthly joys! Long ago the buccaneer of fiction was taken from us. Then came "Buffalo Bill" and ravished us of the bison of the plains and of the Indian, wait ing for an opportunity to die to make a good story. Now, alas, we are to lose the whale! The memorable local incident of the Novem ber election of that year was witnessing the final appearance of William M. Tweed before a political assembly. A stand had been erected in the small triangular plaza at East Broadway and Canal street. The Shanley Association occupied a building facing the platform on the first-named thoroughfare. Its windows were aglow with light and its roof sprouted like a portulaca garden, with rockets and balls of colored fires. I had a seat on the platform with half a dozen other reporters. There Avas a large gathering, made up of the previously cowed and tractable population of the locality. That night, however, there were mutterings among that standing audience that ought to have been ominous of trouble. But had not "The Great Boss" asked, only a few weeks earlier, "What are you going to do about it .?" — meaning the stealing of the city's money. The presiding officer, a local tool of the Ring, spoke a few moments and then intro duced "the captain of us all." Tweed came forward from the back of the stage and hap pened to stand on my side of the platform, not one foot away. There was some cheering, but it was mostly from the stand and a claque that had gathered directly in front, where the Boss could see its members. Tweed had a naturally melodious voice and handled it well. My eyes were fastened upon that flabby face as it overtopped me. The eyes sparkled like a serpent's with malice and indifference. His first act was to place the thumb and fingers of his left hand upon the counter before him. His right hand was thrust into the bosom of his vest. He straightened himself into a posi tion of self-assumed dignity, smiled again, bowed to the presiding officer and began: "My Fellow Citizens, I am proud to be here to-night and to see that the outburst of calumny sweeping over this city has not caused you to lose confidence in your real friends. I am a proud man to know that you still believe in my integrity " From the crowd came hisses and cat calls. A moment later, a burly chap, not ten feet from the platform, shouted: "Jail for you, old thief!" He then drew from his blouse a cabbage and hurled it at the speaker, missing him. Tweed actually smfled. Raising his right arm with the hand open, a favorite ges ture, Tweed good-humoredly said: "Don't be rude, my friend. If you're in need of a job, I'll see you get one." At that moment, somebody threw a potato that struck Tweed squarely on the chest and burst, pieces of the vegetable falling upon the reporters' table. The "Boss" was of such THE BOOK of NEW YORK 37 enormous bulk that he was not staggered ; but he lost his temper and shouted : "There are blackguards among you, ene mies of the honest and upright administration that now rules this city " These were the last words "Boss" Tweed ever uttered in public, until he rose to plead to the indictment framed by Samuel J. Tilden and Charles O'Conor charging him with com- mon, or uncommon, thieving. Quicker than it can be written, garbage, refuse, stones, sticks and cans Avere pouring upon that plat form. Lanterns were broken and the place was in darkness. Swearing like a baffled pirate Bill Tweed was helped down the steps. He had a cab waiting at the nearest corner in Canal street, but the mob followed him, jeer ing and insulting him. When the big man tried to get into the vehicle, the crowd attacked it and broke everything that was perishable. A trace was cut. Tweed got out, and was hur ried across the street by a policeman. He took refuge in a private house. A platoon of police arrived and formed in front of the discredited "boss's" refuge. It was easy to see that the policemen had no sympathy with the man, but had it not been for the presence of that posse, Tweed would have been killed that night by men who had been cheering for him when the campaign began a week before! A remarkable revulsion of sentiment had oc curred. Within five minutes, not one board of the stand remained in place. Urchins were carry ing away some of them and other people, less frugal, formed a heap of the debris and lighted a bonfire! It was a far more savage demon stration than I had witnessed a year before in the square behind Brooklyn Navy Yard when a meeting in advocacy of the removal of the naval station to another city was broken up. Tweed was indicted in two hundred counts before Christmas and in January, 1873, Ly man Tremain and Wheeler H. Peckham brought him to trial. I was in the court on many occasions under special orders to get interviews or work up features developed by the testimony. Especially was I present (then serving the Herald) when Judge Davis closed his charge, and I had every opportunity to observe Tweed after the jury had filed out. He entertained such contempt for public opinion that he did not appear to fear disaster, yet he was Avithin tAventy-four hours of the end of personal liberty, — if I except the brief period of his flight as a fugitive from justice! A re markable fact was his utter lack of competent legal advice ! The offences Avith which he was charged were only misdemeanors; he was on moderate bail and after the jury retired, he could have crossed over to Ncav Jersey AA'here he A\'^ould haA^e l)een safe in the event of an adverse verdict. No requisition upon the Governor of that state Avould haA-e been recog nized for the offence for Avhich he Avas con victed. Henry L. Clinton afterwards told me that TAveed Avas advised to do this very thing, but he laughingly retorted: "Don't worry about me; I'm all right!" I have been as sured by a man close to TAA'eed that he had paid a large sum to "fix" one of the jurors. If so, some scoundrel cheated Tweed and kept the money. Next day, I saw the jury return and heard the verdict: "Guilty!" Tweed was present. He turned ghastly pale, from astonishment rather than fright. He was a convict and a prisoner! A man Avho for years had wielded more absolute power than half the monarchs of Europe collapsed into a vul gar crook! I watched particularly to see who would approach to condole with him. Harry Genet was the only one; and although mat ters went very harshly with Genet, when he was subsequently tried and convicted, I al ways harbored a kind thought of Avhat was at the time a gallant, as well as courageous, act. It was much like Ruy Lopez whispering the solution of a difficult chess problem to Don Guzman, Prince of Caltrava, as the latter was mounting the scaffold! Assistant District Attorney Allen had sug gested to his colleagues of the prosecution the Eossibility of a cumulative sentence, and Judge >avis, taking the Tichborne case as a prece dent, and after hearing elaborate argument, ruled that the court had power to inflict such punishment. Tweed was convicted on two hundred and four counts for "neglect of duty, as a member of the Board of Audit, in respect to claims against the county of New York." Judge Davis sentenced Tweed to one year's imprisonment, successively, on each of twelve 38 THE BOOK of NEW YORK counts, a fine of $250, on each in addition, and upon other counts to additional fines bringing the total to $12,500. It Avas a staggering blow! After TAveed had escaped, been recaptured and had served a year at BlackAvell's Island and paid his first fine of $250, the question of the legality of the continuous sentence imposed by Judge Davis was attacked by laAvyers in Tweed's interest. A habeas corpus Avas set aside by the Supreme Court at General Term, but AA'hen the appeal Avas carried to the high est court of the State that tribunal (June, 1875) decided unanimously that all the sen tences, except one year's imprisonment and one fine, were illegal.* This brought forth one of the most remark able letters from the late Charles O'Conor ever written in criticism of the Court of Appeals. Only four years ago, a President of the United States cast reflections upon the Supreme Court of the United States ; but had he known of or had read the letter of O'Conor to Judge Noah Davis, dated June 30, 1875, he Avould have felt at liberty to go as far as he liked in criti cism. While Tweed was on Blackwell's Island, new suits charging him with obtaining city money by means of a fraudulent issue of $6,000,000 Audit Bonds Avere instituted against him and on his discharge after the Court of Appeals' decision, he Avas immediately re-ar rested and lodged in Ludlow street jail, his bail being fixed at $3,000,000. On Dec. 4, 1875, Tweed left the jail in company with three of the Sheriff"s deputies, drove to the house his family occupied (on the east side of Madison avenue, near Sixtieth street) and dined there. After Tweed had seated the deputies, he excused himself, saying he Avished to talk Avith his family. After the dinner, the officers began to look for their prisoner. He was gone ! The escape Avas a sensation ! After hiding in Ncav York for several weeks, TAveed went to Santiago de Cuba, where he Avas recog nized and threatened with blackmail. Thence, he slipped away on a sailing vessel to Vigo, Spain, Avhere the authorities were Avatching for him. He Avas arrested the moment he arrived and spent several Aveeks in the Vigo fortress, AA'here he Avas not permitted to see anybody. This AA'as in July, 1876. * Readers curious to look up this opinion will find it in 60 New York Reports, page 559, Case of People ex rei. Tweed vs. Liscomb. A curious story exists of his stay, incom municado, in that fort. He could not talk Avith the Spanish prisoners, because of his ignorance of their language; but for diversion, he made a set of paper dominos, Avith AA'hich he played games. When TAA'eed Avas returned to this country, his yellow-paper dominos were sent to the Secret Service Bureau of the United States Treasury for decipherment, a theory being that they were a code by which he com municated with his former colleagues in New York. The extradition treaty with Spain did not cover Tweed's case; but General Caleb Cushing, the American Minister, Avas suffi ciently potential to have the "Boss" sent back to the city he had robbed. He died in Ludlow street jail on April 12, 1878. I have anticipated time in relation to TAveed, because I wished to dispose of him. But, arch "grafter" as he was, it is impossible for the New Yorker of to-day to drive along the Riverside, more beau tiful than the famed Cornice road that skirts the blue Mediterranean from Marseilles to Genoa, and not to remember that it was Tweed's idea! He did more for the embel lishment of Central Park as we know it to-day than anybody who has come after him. The straightening of Broadway, mentioned earlier in this book, Avas another claim made upon posterity. His misfortune, from a "grafter's" viewpoint, was that he was ignorant of a sys tem for getting the money of other people, utilized tAvo decades later by cleverer men. One Saturday night (Nov. 8, 1872), as we Avere going home, a large fire Avas reported in Boston, but not until the following day did the serious character of the conflagration be come apparent. The Avay in which the news was handled is interesting as shoAving the value of a resourceful man like City Editor Shanks, who had succeeded Mr. Moore. It Avas a beautiful Sunday morning \A'hen all Ncav York learned that Boston, the pride of the nation and the cradle of American lib erty, Avas in flames. Sunday morning journals of the metropolis contained reports of a dis astrous conflagration. But it Avas not until church time of this charming day — a day so beautiful that every newspaper man then in harness remembers it Avell, — that the appallino- character of the calamity was learned. The THE BOOK of NEW YORK 39 fire burned all of that Sunday. Each New York journal sent its best correspondents to the crumbling city. Arriving, they found the telegraph service utterly disabled. ' No matter how cleverly they described the ravages of the flames, their despatches could not be sent. In New York, anxiety in every newspaper office was maddening. Every Managing Edi tor was asking himself, "Who will have the best report on Monday morning .? " There was no disputing the universal interest in the dis aster. Every mercantile firm that sold goods to Boston was vitally interested, and the in surance companies of this city could realize that dividends for years to come were going up in flame and smoke. Besides, a deeply rooted sentimental regard for Boston existed in every household of the New World. Chicago had well-nigh suffered obliteration the year before. Now the curse had passed to Boston! "Do we come next.?" thought every New Yorker. The primal idea was that a city sacred to the American heart was doomed. The eastern part of the Conti nent responded. Fire bells were rung in every town between Portland and Providence. Spe cial trains carried fire engines from Albany and Hartford. The whole country awaited news of Boston's fate. Preachers spoke of the impending blight in their Sunday sermons: Beecher, with tears in his eyes, lamented the fate of the doomed city. People stood in groups on the streets of every American town solemnly discussing in whispers an impending national calamity. Must they give up the old State House, Fan- euil Hall, the "old South Church," State street, in which occurred the "massacre," Christ Church, from the spire of which glittered the lantern that Paul Revere saw, and, seeing, "galloped off into the night to summon Amer ica.?" These buildings and streets were not treasures of Boston alone: she was only their custodian ! They belonged to the whole coun try. All were menaced ! The ground on which stood the birthplace of Franklin, the church of Channing, the famous Roman Catholic cathedral had already been swept by the flames. Who could do justice to such a theme in a ncAVspaper article.? But, conceding every capacity in the human mind to describe what he saw, Avho could get his written matter through to NcAV York Avhen the wires Avere down .? Ah ! it is one thing to gather news and another to get it printed! From a commercial viewpoint the informa tion most desired Avas a list of the business firms destroyed. To get that seemed utterly hopeless, until the managing editor of the Tribune put his mind to the problem. He readily solved it. By nightfall of Sunday, the limits of the fire had lieen accurately as certained to be Summer, Washington, Milk, Broad and State streets. The entire city staff, thirty men in all, were summoned and sat at their desks. Boston Avas two hundred and fifty-six miles away! A large map lay upon the managing-editor's desk. With a red pencil, the fire area was outlined. A list of the streets and parts of streets destroyed Avas easily prepared. Two men expert in the use of a city directory and acquainted with Boston were able to decide what numbers the houses bore in each of the destroyed thoroughfares. Every one of my readers who has had occasion to consult the street index at the back of our New York directory will comprehend the method. The fire was confined to the business por tion of the city, therefore the harrowing scenes common to burning tenements or dAvellings, with thrilling rescues of women and children, were not present. Loss of life was small but loss of property was enormous! Every New Yorker Avho did business Avith Boston was in terested in pocket! The latest Boston business directory had been obtained at an express office by the rank bribery of a night watchman. The precious volume Avas torn into thirty equal sections and apportioned among as many reporters. On long thoroughfares, like Washington street, although they extended far beyond the fire limits, it Avas easy to select the houses in the burned section. But the really artistic Avork Avas done on streets burned only on one side; it is quite easy to locate, from a directory and Avith the aid of a map, the side of the street on which are the odd and the even numbers. For example, only one side of State street was burned: it Avas quite easy to pick out from 40 THE BOOK of NEW YORK the directory the names of the banks, insur ance offices and lawyers that lined the burned side of that thoroughfare. A complete list of streets inside the fire-area was set up and a proof slip furnished to each man. They may have read like this: Jmiiper street, from Xo. 281 to 3i'2. Both sides. Puritan street, even numbers only, from No. 84 to 126. State street, odd numbers only, from 19 to 97. Devonshire street, odd numbers, 353 to 671 ; and so on. With these proof -slips before him, each man Avent through his ten leaA'es of the directory and selected all names and occupations on any of the prescribed streets, Avithin and including the numbers set down. There Avere forty thoroughfares more or less injured. Alert re porters placed a blue cross before each name as they detected it by its tell-tale address. These pages went direct to the printers, who set only the names that had the Morgiana's cross upon them! Then the sheets AA'here re turned to the reporters who marked with a red cross any ncAv names to be added owing to a spread of the conflagration. Classification by trades was necessarily al phabetical, because arranged by the directory; and under each business subdivision the list of names was likcAvise alphabetical, therefore ready of access. Excepting in cases where firms had failed or moved since the publica tion of the directory, there were no errors! This list of commercial sufferers as prepared in New York Avas more accurate than could have been compiled in Boston amid attendant excitement. It made a whole page of valuable information. It was a Managing-Editor's night ! One cold night, in December, 1872, I en countered Cesar Celso Mareno, an adven turous Italian, Avho gave to me the first ex posure of the padroni system as practiced in New York. I wrote the first article on the subject and brought the matter to the atten tion of the Emigration Commissioners. For a time, the importation of Italian children as musicians and flower sellers was checked; but those Avere the days of the "Do-Nothing Presi dents of the United States" and the infamous traffic Avas ere long resumed. Not having any Napoleons to isolate, the British Government recently decided to with draw the detachment of troops that had gar risoned the lonely, desolate island of St. Helena for nearly a century. This announcement re calls an incident of the period with which I am noAv dealing: A newspaper associate, MacKnight, broke doAA'u physically from overwork. Physicians agreed he had brain fag and insomnia, attend ed by other disorders that are supposed to bridge the gulf from neurasthenia to violent mania. Rest was imperative! He must culti vate lassitude. The St. Helena consulship was suggested, and General Grant, then President, who had known MacKnight's father during "the cru-el war," appointed him to the post. MacKnight came to me for congratulations and received them. In effect, I told him if St. Helena was the kind of a place he was seek ing, it was just the sort of an island for him. Ascension, the nearest land, was 700 miles distant. It was 1,200 miles to Africa, by grapevine telegraph, and 1,800 to Brazil by the most direct pilot-fish route. The news papers at Nemguela, South Guinea, were not sensational. A ship from Pernambuco might touch once a year with a few newspapers, printed in bad Portuguese. He'd find a real rest cure there. Four years later, to a week, I was City Editor of the Herald. One afternoon a tall figure of a man darkened the door. His visage was antagonistic — like that of an angry husband of a soubrette whose name had not been men tioned among the leading characters in a first night's performance. Had I ever seen him before? I didn't like his appearance, and was about to tell him that I was only the office boy, occupying the city editor's chair while that person was at luncheon. Heaven be praised, it was Henry MacKnight! He was back and looking for a job ! He was " cured " of desire for isolation. But he had returned, alive, a fact that appeared to astonish him more than me. The unfortunate Napoleon had lasted at St. Helena almost six years (1815 to 1821), but MacKnight "could not understand how the old man stood it so long." Four years and six months were enough for any reasonable mor tal — one who had only ten or a dozen mental troubles to wrestle with. Managing editors THE BOOK of NEW YORK 41 who reach a mental stage when they have to sit in corners of darkened rooms for hours daily, cutting paper dolls, might find St. Hele na's "silence treatment" salutary; but for an ordinary "star" reporter, such as he had been classified, four and a half revolutions of the earth 'round the sun were ample. I heard a story of exile, compared Avith which Alexander Selkirk's marooning on Juan Fernandez (dis guised by Defoe under the title of "Robinson Crusoe") is airy persiflage. Tavo years' pay had been consumed in getting himself and wife to Jamestown. MacKnight didn't sleep any better, although the silence on the island Avas of a sort one could literally feel. He soon longed for the clank of a street car or the noise of a morning milk cart "rattling o'er the stony streets." He wanted little old Ncav York as child never wanted a mother. That's why he returned. An episode associated with the defeat of the Orton-Colfax crowd, who tried to buy the Tribune after Greeley's death and to oust Whitelaw Reid, is a dinner given by the tri umphant managing editor at Delmonico's on the night of December 28, 1872. Although the name of his financial backer was unknown at the time. Jay Gould had furnished the money to buy the paper. The dinner was an interesting affair. The two Greeley girls were there. Also, William Winter, I. N. Ford, J. B. Bishop and Greeley's brother-in-law, Cleve land. Kate Field, of jolly memory, sat near to me and directly opposite was John Hay. "Jim Bludsoe" had been printed, inconspicu ously, on an inside page of the ncAvspaper to which we were all allied; but on that night Hay recited "The Mystery of Gilgal," and on a recall gave "Little Breeches." I recall, likewise, Henry F. Keenan, afterwards the author of "The Money Makers, a Social Problem," which completely estranged him from John Hay, because the latter thought an incident therein referred to the death of his father-in-law, Amasa Stone. During this period of Mr. Hay's editorial AAork on the Tribune, he wrote a quarter column one night that made talk in every part of this country. It was entitled "Did We Escape a Napoleon .?" He briefly sketched the career of Col. Ells worth, shot at a hotel in Alexandria Avhile removing a Confederate flag. Hay described the marvellous popularity and personal mag netism of that young New Englander, who came to New York a stranger and raised a regiment of Zouaves in three Aveeks. It is impossible for me to pass through West Forty-fifth street between Fifth and Sixth avenues, without having strange recollections awakened. Horace Greeley Avas buried from a narrow, cream-colored house in the middle of the block, on the north side. The body Avas taken from the dwelling of Samuel Sinclair, then publisher of the Tribune, to Dr. Chapin's church, at the lower corner of the avenue, where a jeweler's shop is to-day. At the serv ice, Clara Louise Kellogg sang "I Know That My Redeemer Liveth." In the same block dwelt George Wilkes, who more narroAvly escaped being a great man than any one of his New York contemporaries. He also had a fine bachelor's apartment in Twenty- first street, three doors east of Broadway, where I used to visit him. Forty-fifth street Avas far uptov^Ti. New York and New Haven trains were drawn by horses, one car at a time, along Fourth avenue, from the station at TAventy-seventh street (where until recently stood the Madison Square Garden), to an open road at Forty-second street. There trains were made up. There wasn't any Madison avenue line. John Foley, of gold-pen fame, organized that later. Nearly all the country between Fiftieth street and Yorkville was open land. Not all streets were opened; where they were graded and sewered, vast holes indicated the squares, utilized as skating ponds during winter. 42 THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER IV A CHANGE OF BASE 3HE year 1873 had opened au spiciously for me. An offer from the Herald, made in the midst of Avork on the Bloom ingdale expose and condition ally declined, for the reason that I could not honorably leave a task incompleted, Avas renewed. It had originally come from Mr. Bennett, per sonally, who had appreciated my position, and upon his return from Europe in the last week of January, 1873, I received an invitation, written upon one of his cards, to call upon him. I did so and A\'as engaged. Earlier in this narrative, I have recounted the treatment received from my original employer when the announcement was made to him. The inci dent was not of importance but my young feelings Avere sorely hurt. A remarkable man, about my age, joined the Herald's city staff from the Sun the same Aveek, Albert Pulitzer. He was a handsome chap, and destined to create a Avholly new type of the American Sunday newspapers, in connection Avith the Morning Journal. We had often met on similar assignments and I always found him "square"; he never be came popular Avith other Herald reporters, however, owing to an air of mystery given to his Avork. He and I remained friends until his death, in Vienna, four years ago. INIy first out-of-town assignment Avas a pecu liar one. The "Credit Mobilier" scandal at Washington had convulsed the country. ^Nlr. Oakes Ames's red note-book had destroyed half a hundred Congressional characters. Hardly had the Pennsylvania Legislature as sembled, however, Avhen tAvo prominent mem bers of that body joined in an uncalled-for and disgraceful attack .gxc^^^x,... ....c.^.. upon the editor of the Herahl. in Avhich the name of the elder Ben nett, Avho had died the previous Summer, Avas joined. The Herald, as the one great metro politan journal of that period, had many ene mies and the slanderous remarks Avere sent far and wide and much printed. My recollec tion is that only one newspaper in New York quoted any of the language. Several decent members of the Pennsylvania State Senate, Col. A. K. McClure taking the initiative, had the language expunged from the records; but the publicity elsewhere justified a reprisal. One morning I received a message at my boarding-house from Tom Connery, manag ing editor, directing me not to come to the office but to meet him in a room he named at the Astor House. His first words were: "Are you known to anybody at Harrisburg, — town or Legislature .? " I assured him to the con trary. Then he told me the story, gave me the names of the two offending members of the Senate and said: "Go over and buy those men; and a fcAv others, if they come easy! I leave the method entirely to you, but get them. You can go as far as $10,000 and all necessary expenses." Thus was a bilk to incorporate the "Con sumers' Gas Company of Pittsburg" sprung ten days later upon a guileless Legislature, hungry for "graft." I Avent to a friend in Pine street, famous for organizing companies; secured the text of a charter, had some excel lent copies engrossed (substituting the name I had chosen and using three of his relatives who lived in the CommouAvealth of Pennsyl vania and the requisite number of dummies (clerks) in his office, as incorporators. I Avas on the list under the name of "Arthur Pur- cell." When all Avas ready here, I Avent to Harrisburg, registered at the Lochiel House and hunted up a lobbyist. He managed the matter so adroitly that I was on intimate terms Avith the men "A\'anted" in four days. Events favored me. The Pennsylvania Rail road had a bill before the Legislature to in crease its capital stock to $100,000,000. This THE BOOK of NEW YORK 43 was regarded as a lot of money in those days, and Thos. A. Scott, who was "looking after things" himself, AA'as inclined to be liberal. After losing a few dollars at cards Avith my new acquaintances, — not because they "out- drew" me but because I did not want to Avin, each man did me the honor to call at my room for a first payment. They got some cash, but I was waiting for the moment in Avhich I could give to them checks ! The lobbyist must have been a constant spender, because he Avas "tap ping me" once or tAvice daily. A member of the Committee on Corporations, Avhom I didn't need, was brought in. I thought money thrown away on him, at the moment; but the fellow finally achieved my success by carrying checks to the two men I really desired. I had casually referred to a very sick rela tive at a sanitarium in Philadelphia, and when the bill was ready to report, I received a tele gram (a copy of which I had forwarded to the Herald correspondent in the Quaker City) commanding my presence. It was so timed that the bank in which "Arthur Purcell" kept his account was closed. (I had been introduced at the bank by my lobby-man, who was per sona grata.) I drew two checks for $500 each to "my two coons" and one for $100 to the order of the committeeman. I hurried to my hotel. I had hardly begun to pack my grip when Mr. Committeeman entered. I pointed to the open telegram on the table and said I would return at the earli est moment. He was satisfied. Then I ap peared to recollect the checks. I told him I had promised his friends (all had been together in the rooms and talked frankly about what they expected for supporting the bfll) their money that night and meant to keep my word. I had no recourse but to give checks to them. I hoped to be back before the following Thurs day, when the bill would be reported, at which time, if our friends didn't Avant to put the checks through, I Avould take them up for cash. Next, I handed to him his check, with which he appeared satisfied. I had hired a Pittsburg lawyer to come on as an opponent to granting a charter to the "Consumers'," and his presence made my ob jective men greedier to get their money early, so they could be bought also by my "false- alarm" attorney! My checks reached their respective destinations. The supposititious rel ative grew steadily Avorse for five days, until I Avas notified by Avire that my checks had been cashed. Suspicion Avas disarmed at the bank by a fairy tale sent by mail to the cashier about a very costly surgical operation being necessary Avhich rendered a statement of the amount of my cash balance imperatively de sirable. My relative "passed away" that same afternoon and I reached Harrisburg at midnight! I "sat in" at a club-room over a drug-store and, I am ashamed to admit, won $250. One of my "friends" AA^as there but he was "bucking" faro-bank: I didn't get any of his money. Next day I secured the checks and disappeared. Everything was ready, even to engraved /ac- similes of the checks; but the reason that expose Avas not made is another and a separate story, possessing elements of pathos and hu manity. Its suppression did credit to a gener ally misunderstood man. The cost of the escapade, reduced as it was by my credit of $250 won at poker, amounted to $1,500. The charter for the "Consumers' Gas Company" never emerged from committee, but I had the men I wanted tight and fast. An outbreak of the aviation mania occurred in the Summer of 1873. Aeronauts King and Donaldson were much in the public prints; that they did not occupy a large field in the public eye Avas due to the fact that they made few ascents. They "promised" well, but their performances were moderate. Professor King announced that he Avas ready to cross the ocean. As the only newspaper of cease less enterprise, the Herald arranged with King to take one of its correspondents Avith him. There Avas a clever reporter on the city staff named James Coulson. Tom Connery, the managing editor, sent for him one day and said: "I want you to get ready to leave for Europe at 4 o'clock this afternoon. "HoAv do I go.?" asked Coulson. "By balloon," retorted the editor, not look ing up from his desk. "I'll be ready," said the reporter. "What shall you want.?" asked Connery. 44 THE BOOK of NEW YORK "A pair of blankets and a medicine chest." "Correct." "And my return steamer fare," suggested Coulson. "That's right; here you are!" The editor wrote an order to the cashier ! When " Jimmy" glanced at the memorandum, he saw it was good for $250. Returning to the city-room, Coulson selected a few trusted confidants and the crowd ad journed to "Tommy" Lynch's, a "sample- room" in the International Hotel, upon the present site of the Park Row buflding. After half a dozen drinks, Coulson boarded a Third avenue horse-car to travel as far north as Jones's Woods (near East river and Sixty- sixth street) , from which point Professor King and his companion were to ascend. The air-ship Avas fully inflated when Coulson arrived. He had forgotten the blankets ; what medical supplies he carried were stored within his own anatomy. Prof. King entered the car and assisted the correspondent to a place by his side. The balloon was released and rose gracefully; but a strong breeze carried the big gas bag into a tree, the limbs of which tore a hole therein so large that the balloon collapsed and the basket, with its occupants, came to the ground, ingloriously. The men were unin jured and the projected European trip was abandoned. Half an hour after reaching Jones's Woods, Coulson was on his way back to Ann street. The situation to him was quite appalling. He had $246.85, which would have to be accounted for. He summoned a council of experienced mathematicians, including Dan. Kirwin, Jerold McKenny, and others; AA-hen "the bill of ex penses" Avas rendered there was money coming to Coulson. It was a masterly afternoon's work. One morning a policemen who had been leading "a double life" shot his mistress and himself in dingy lodgings on the upper West Side. Suicides make the dullest sort of read ing and city editors never give them any space. A reporter was sent to get this "story." On his way to the scene, he noticed in the window of a shop a papier-mache figure of the Devil, stained red. It stood ten inches high. When the reporter entered the room where the two bodies lay upon the floor, he was conscious something must be done to "make a story." He noticed a small altar in the bed-room. He hurried to the stationer's, bought the "red devil" for a quarter, returned Avith it under his coat and, unseen by anybody, planted it at the top of the little shrine, before which the infatuated woman had been wont to kneel in prayer ! When the Coroner and other reporters ar rived, special attention was called to the Imp of Evil. The man Avho had placed it there wanted all his companions to mention the object, but he Avas sufficiently ingenious to make a three-column narrative of "Devil Worship" in the metropolis, tracing the mur der and suicide to the influence of the "little red Satan." It made excellent reading and that reporter won a prize. Several weeks passed before the facts came out. Tammany Hall, under the reign of Boss John Kelly, was modest as became an organi zation that needed a character. The Americus Club, at GreeuAvich, had been sold out. Mr. Kelly had his office in two rooms at the rear of 117 Nassau street and could only be seen by politicians at "The Hall" at certain hours. Years later, Richard Croker established the National Democratic Club on Fifth avenue, near Fiftieth street, having for neighbors the Vanderbilts, Astors, Goelets and Mills. R. T. Wilson, who had inherited a few millions made in cotton by the Confederacy but never claimed by it, dwelt in Tweed's old house, at the corner of Forty-third street and Fifth avenue. General Ryan, a tall, cadaverous Irish sol dier of fortune, came to see me on July 10, 1873, with information that the filibuster steamer "Virginius" had safely landed a cargo of arms and munitions of war on the Cuban coast for use of the insurgents. He gave the following history of the ship, which differs essentially from that afterward told to me by Caleb Cushing at Madrid. As this vessel oc cupied so large a place in the history of the country, and her capture followed by the exe cution of about half the crew (General Ryan among the latter), I reproduce the Ryan nar rative : THE BOOK of NEW YORK 45 "The side-wheel steamer 'Virginius' was bought from the United States Government in 1870. Manuel Quesada sailed on her from New York to Venezuela October 4th of that year; a cargo of arms was landed in Cuba the following June, after which the 'Virginius' returned to Colon. There she was blockaded for a year by a Spanish cruiser. In 1872 she left under convoy of the United States cor vette 'Kansas.' She ran away from a Spanish cruiser and went to Puerto Cabello, where she was blockaded by seven Spanish vessels until September, 1872. A bribe of $10,000 was offered the captain of the 'Virginius' to run her ashore but he refused." Then followed the Bolivar expedition, and the last one that so nearly involved Spain and the United States in war. The capture of the "Virginius" gave to me a winter in the West Indies and a subsequent mission to Mad rid, each of which furnished its full quota of experiences. Perhaps "adventure" were a better word — for everything Spanish is an ad venture. The most amusing story of that Cuban in surrectionary period belongs to New York, — an episode of the Comedy of Journalism: "I wish you would see this man in the recep tion-room and get his story," said City Editor Edward T. Flynn, handing to me a card bear ing the name "Capitano Henrique Cantaro." He wants $100, and it appears worth the money, if verified. You must decide." A typical stage villain was awaiting me in the ante-room. He rose as I entered, placing a hand with noticeable caution upon a brown- paper parcel upon a table. "I'd prefer to talk to you in private," said he. I took him to the council-room, where we would not be interrupted. "This is better," commented the visitor, as we faced each other across the council-table. "You comprehend, I hope, that my recent life has involved much personal hazard, and I have no wish to disclose my identity.?" "That is understood," was my reply, as I glanced at the card in my fingers. "Of course, that's not my name," the stranger admitted, smilmg. "Very good; now, what's your story.?" "For the past year, I have been engaged in delivering dynamite to the Cuban insurgents," he began, like a heavy tragedian. "The peo ple I represent have shipped many tons of the deadly material into Cuba. Not only has it gone to the 'Liberating Army' in the field, but much has been sent to Havana, hidden in fruit jars, boxed as 'groceries'." "This is interesting," I admitted. "We pressed the high explosive into cylin ders, for the cans, or into blocks like this," continued the mysterious visitor, unwrapping the package he guarded so closely. A cube of inky blackness was disclosed, at which its OAvner gazed with awe. "Is that dynamite.?" I asked, breaking the silence. "Yes; the most deadly agent employed in modern warfare. It is harmless, unless sub jected to shock; but were I to drop it upon the floor, detonation would occur and this room and contents would utterly disappear. This building would be rended apart!" Say ing which, this strange man, obviously inured to danger, took up the cube and offered it to me for inspection. In my hands the block had a greasy, crumbly feeling. I examined the solidified agent of death with grave caution. "It resembles a compressed block of coal dust," I commented. "Naturally," Avas the reply. "Coal dust and charcoal are used to give consistency to the dynamite, — to make it safe for transpor tation. The particles of carbon furnish flame for the deadly explosive and add a thousand fold to its destructive qualities. It might be possible for a half-pound of dynamite (the quantity absorbed into this cube) to detonate without setting fire to a house ; but the carbon supplies flame that will ignite all woodwork, torn to splinters as it will be. We experi mented for months before deciding on the most portable shape in which this destructive agent could be handled, and, rejecting all others, chose this form. It lends itself to many kinds of death. Realize how easily a hero of our cause can mix one of these blocks with coal that goes into the bunkers of a Spanish cruiser!" "Surely, you wouldn't do that.?" I ex claimed. 46 THE BOOK of NEW YORK "Why not.?" in affected astonishment. "You recall what General Sherman said about war.?" "Yes." "He kncAv Avhat he was talking about; we make it exactly AA'hat he described it to be!" This was said with a scoavI and a fierceness worthy of a pirate blood-drinker of the Span ish Main. For an hour this dreadful man spun his yarn of deeds of desperation. He told how he had replaced paving stones in front of the Tacon theatre, Havana, with cubes similar to the one before me. They had exploded the first time a horse trod upon them. He ran on, — "^Moral effect is the result aimed at. Death lies in Avait for the Spaniard, everywhere! But a friend was braver than I; he actually placed two of these blocks in the court-yard of Captain-General Jovillar's palace, so that if his carriage happens to pass over the spot he will be blown to the four winds of — " Suiting action to his Avords, "Capitano Can taro" Avaved his left arm so vigorously as to sweep the cube of dynamite from the table! I was first upon my feet. The fall of the black cube had not produced even a jar! A small mound of coal-dust lay on the hardwood floor. The patriot never looked in my direc tion. He moved toAvard the door, but there he halted to ask: "It ivas a good story, wasn't it .? And cheap at a hundred, if I hadn't dropped that brick." Then he vanished. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 47 CHAPTER V ALERT, AT HOME AND ABROAD ^HOSE were the days in which "star" men got their assign ments at noon, wrote articles of prescribed length, attached the heads and sent the "copy" up the pipe to the composing- room. Not until I became City Editor, in November, 1876, Avas there any copy reading on the Herald except that done by the Night City Editor. J. I. C. Clarke was then given the job of reading city copy. An active reportorial existence was inter rupted by the capture of the "Virginius" by a Spanish cruiser, the summary execution of her captain and twenty-odd members of the crew and passengers. Among the latter was my friend General Ryan, and I have since stood at the spot in Santiago de Cuba where these men were shot. I was hurried to the West Indies, war being apparently inevitable. The "Virginius" was "returned" to the United States government, although she was not entitled to fly the Stars and Stripes, and, taken in tow by the "Ossipee," was sunk in Florida strait. It has been a well-guarded secret that orders were issued at Washington to have the "disaster" occur. That winter in Havana and Key West Avas crowded with experiences. The most inter esting man I met Avas Commodore Foxhall Parker, Flag Officer during the naval drill in Florida Bay, in which I wasted about five weeks of my life. Those evolutions now seem very crude. Torpedoes were fired from spars a hundred feet long, supposed to be poked under an enemy's hull. When one thinks of the steel battle-ship of to-day that does effec tive work at a distance of three miles, the evo lutions of the United States Navy in Florida Bay, in the Spring of 1874. were ridiculous. Rear-Admiral Kase was intolerably jealous of Commodore Parker, and resented any men tion of his name in the ncAvspapers. Because one of the headlines in a New York journal announced the evolutions as those of "Com modore Parker's Fleet," every correspondent was sent ashore. It was idle to explain to Kase that the correspondents did not tele graph the headings. Ashore Ave all went, one day, on the arrival of the New York news papers. On my return to New York, after the "Vir ginius" episode, I was hurried to the wilderness of Elk County, Pa., to get an "interview" with one Harry English, a notorious desperado hidden somewhere in the mountains. He had been living Avith his family in a small village near Driftwood, when a sheriff's posse from the county seat had opened fire upon his house, in the middle of the night, and had wounded his wife and one of his children. English had returned the fire with a Win chester and had hit several members of the assaulting party, most of whom were loaded with backwoods courage. English was "a bad man" beyond dispute, but the obvious intent of the special sheriffs was to assassinate him first and to deliver his body to "justice" after ward. That most charming trait of the American newspaper, the Philanthropy of Journalism, was aroused in the breast of Tom Connery, of the Herald, and he directed me to give to the hunted, obviously persecuted, man a "square deal." At the village of Clairmont, I hired a guide to take me to the lair of the outlaw. Sympathy Avas with English. When he fitted out next morning for the long climb, I was advised to replace my pumps with cowhide boots, the legs of which reached to my knees. Much of the route lay through trackless forest and over hills, "alive with rattlers." I did not believe all that I heard; but one "rattler" to a square mile was sufficient to cause me to give $6 for the boots. 48 THE BOOK of NEW YORK When the "pack" Avas being made up for the journey I noticed that the outfit included a pint bottle of sweet oil and one gallon of whiskey. "Do we need that much AA'hiskey .?" asked I. "Sure!" exclaimed the guide. "It's the only antidote for rattlesnake bite! If you are 'struck,' I cut a 'cross' in the wound, like this " — and he suited action to speech by draw ing out a large "Billy Barlow" knife, sharp as a razor, and making a "cross" upon the top of the shopkeeper's counter. "Then, I suck the wound. Next, I rub the cut full of sweet oil. Then, I give you one quart of the contents of this jug!" "I hope to God I don't get bitten! The cutting and the sAveet oil I wouldn't mind; but if that whiskey is anything like the stuff I tasted at the bar, half a glassful ought to neutralize any snake poison — even to that of a cobra or of a Gila monster. If you give me a quart of that liquor, I am a dead man ! " "It's the only remedy!" said the guide, shrugging his shoulders, to express his con tempt for a "tenderfoot." "It's thet; or you go back to New York in a box, ef you're 'struck' by a diamon'-back!" "And suppose you're bitten .?" I asked, al though I soon learned not to use any word for a snake bite but "struck." "I'll do the same, with your help," he an swered. "On'y watch thet I don't take all the whiskey. I bin 'struck' five times, an' nothin' but whiskey an' plenty of it saved me. The las' time, my right arm swelled bigger 'an thet demijohn, and turned purple, in spots." We set out, after my credentials had been re-examined and I had submitted to search to prove that I Avas unarmed and was not a deputy sheriff, masquerading as a newspaper correspondent. On my part, I took the pre caution of leaving what cash I had with the postmaster of the village — a consumptive chap, who disliked to take the responsibility and positively refused to give me a receipt. English's hiding place was reached after a nine hours' painful walk in boots that did not fit me. At the "shack," where the bandit and two companions were "intrenched," Eng lish's first act was to take a long pull at the snake antidote. He then shoAved to me four of the ugliest Avounds I CA-er saAV. He had been hit by bullets from the sheriff"s posse when escaping from his house, as prepara tions were making to set the miserable dAvelling on fire. The version of his persecutions told that night saved English's life. The guide and I made the return journey Avithout any "antidote." Every drop thereof had been consumed by the "bandits," or rubbed into the wounds on English's body. When the last sAvallow had disappeared, English turned to my guide, and, in a peculiarly rhythmical voice — a voice with tones like those of les courriers des bois of the forest primeval — asked : "Say, Bill, why in did you bring so much sAveet oil .?" In the Summer of 1874 occurred the myste rious disappearance of Charley Ross, a four- year-old son of a Market street merchant of Philadelphia. I Avent to the Quaker City the day following the announcement and for three weeks sent to the Herald from tAvo to five thousand AVords every night. On the day of my arrival, I Avent to the Ross home, in Washington lane, GermantoAAn, and Avalked from there to the point in Kensington Avhere the boy was last seen in company Avith two men. The subject was then fresh, but in quiry at every house and shop along the many miles of roads and streets failed to elicit the slightest clue. According to the story of Walter Ross, elder brother of Charles and aged seven, the two boys had been playing in front of their home when two men passing in a light Avagon asked them if they wanted a ride. They did. They Avere driven to a street corner seven miles distant, in the old part of the city, where the elder boy Avas given money and told to enter a candy store to buy sweets. When he returned to the street, the wagon, the men and his younger brother Avere gone. A great deal of time, energy and money were expended by the Ncav York and Phila delphia newspapers in seeking that unfortu nate child. An entire volume could be Avritten on the theme Avithout exhausting its mysterious THE BOOK of NEW YORK 49 features. Conduct of certain relatives of the distressed family remains inexplicable to me. Letters from alleged kidnappers began to be received by the parents of the boy, but they were jealously guarded from inspection. I was shown one of them, without being allowed to read it, and saw a small double sheet of note paper, the water-mark in the corner of which had been torn oft". The handAvriting was very memorable. I was authorized to offer $1,000 for the letters, but a much larger sum was demanded by the custodian of the correspondence. I then put an advertisement in the Herald reading as follows: PERSONAL. — A man of large wealth, whose wife has become a nervous wreck from brooding over the abduction of little Charley Ross, will pay the sum demanded for his return, pro-vided the boy be delivered to him, alive and well, so that he may retiurn the child to his parents. No questions will be asked. Send your lawyer to John D. Townsend, 256 Broadway, my counsel, who will communi cate with me and arrange a meeting. Money will be in cash. A. P., Box 205. As expected, this advertisement brought one of the curious letters by first mail. After unsuccessful attempts to bring about a meet ing, I had the letter engraved and printed in facsimile. Mr. John Norris, an editor of Philadelphia, worked for several years on this case. His quest extended as far West as Ohio and resulted in many strange incidents. "Charley Ross" became a bugbear to the police of every city in the land. Ncav York's Chief of Police ended the hunt for the missing boy by "planting" the crime upon tAvo bur glars killed by Judge Van Brunt and a relative, as they were in the act of entering the home of the former at Bay Ridge. Mosier and Douglas were notorious thugs. One of them was shot dead; the other lived a few hours and was reported to have stated that he and his dead companion had carried off the Ross boy. He added that the child had died while in their custody. This seemed to close the book for ever. The Winter of 1874-'75 I spent in Wash ington. The press gallery of that time con tained some men of great ability, as I, its most inconspicuous member, fully appre ciated. I personally recall Melville E. Stone, W. S. Walker, White and Ramsdell, of the N. Y. Tribune, who had covered themselves with glory by securing the text of the Treaty of Washington exclusively; George Adams, of the N. Y. World, afterAvards to become a large owner in the Washington Star; General H. V. Boynton and a score of others. The echoes of the Credit Mobilier scandal had not died away, and the Pacific Mail inquiry soon fol lowed; but the feature of the Session was the passage of the Civil Rights Bfll. During the final hours of debate on that measure, I happened to be in the House Gal lery Avhen an historic attack on Benjamin F. Butler was made by John Young BroAA^n, of Kentucky. Beck, of the same state, and Cox, of New York, evidently abetted. It came un expectedly to the assemblage. Speaker Blaine Avas signing bills. Brown obtained the floor and in a clear voice that commanded attention began : "In England, once upon a time, there Avas a man who earned a living by selling the bodies of the dead. His name was linked to his trade, AA'hich is known to this day as 'Burking.' Now, jNIr. Speaker, I Avould Avish to coin a ncAV Avord for our language, — one that will comprehend all that is pusillanimous in peace, cowardly in Avar, and infamous in politics. That AVord is 'Butlering!' " The House was in uproar! It Avas easy to see that Blaine was iuAvardly pleased. The burly figure of James A. Garfield came tum bling doAA-n the first aisle on the Republican side, with tAvo fingers raised like a buyer upon the floor of an exchange. Blaine never lost an opportunity to snub Garfield; he paid not the slightest attention to him on this occasion. Dawes, of Massachusetts, made a formal motion that "the language be taken down and read for the action of the House," — the usual form when a member is to be haled before the bar. Garfield hurried to Butler's side, but the latter literally pushed him away and got the Speaker's eye. He shouted: "As the person most interested, I ask the gentleman from Ma,ssachusetts [Dawes] to withdraw his motion. I will, in that event, move for an immediate vote upon the bill before the House." That speech was BroAvn's first and only appearance in Congressional vaudeville in a star part. He never would have been heard of had he not attacked Butler: the diatribe made him Governor of Kentucky. Butler 50 THE BOOK of NEW YORK had been tried in a hundred posts of danger demanding courage and tact, and had ahvays extricated himself. He possessed some traits of character not altogether admirable; but his individuality was the strongest that wide and varied observation ever presented to me. He could be the calmest of men amid general ex citement, and a most violent, ill-tempered creature at times of popular rest but personal annoyance. I have recited this incident about General Butler for the purpose of shoAving a practical use to Avhich I put it not long after, during a visit of the Essex statesman to New York. The General arrived in New York from Washington, one afternoon, and I was sent to get a talk Avith him on a current ncAvs feature. Having met him several times, at the Capital and at his LoAvell home, I felt confident of at least partial success. He Avas at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. When I asked the clerk to send up my card, he advised me against doing so. He explained that the General was in bad humor and would not see me. I insisted, how ever, and Avent up-stairs with the bell-boy. The boy knocked. In ansAver to a gruff " Come in!" I opened the door and stepped into the room. The General glared at me, furiously. I didn't give him a chance for a word, but blurted out: "Close study of your career. General, has taught me that the man Avho does things must be aggressive. The clerk advised me against sending up my name, so I came personally to ask," etc. And, Avithout delay, I delivered my orders from the city editor. General Butler's face was an interesting picture. When I had finished, a smile began to pucker one side of his mouth. He used several words that would not look well in print, but ended by telling me exactly Avhat I Avanted. He didn't sit doAvn; I could not make any notes. But when I es caped into the corridor, I Avent to a writing- room nearby and wrote out his language. As I subsequently learned, other reporters who sent cards to the General's room were turned down. My experience at Albany began with the Tilden period, when the Legislature sat in the brown-stone capitol. Congress came to an end on March 4, 1875. I was hustled to Albany. Governor Tflden had sprung the Canal Ring investigation, which came as an echo of the Credit Mobilier and Pacific Mail scandals at Washington. In the Assembly chamber echoes of Timothy Campbell's voice were still heard, enacting the same drama under Speaker Jerry McGuire that he had played so successfully during the easy days of "Boss" Tweed. The latter "statesman" \A'as in jafl and the Court of Appeals Avas getting ready to declare Judge Noah Davis' cumulative sentence unconsti tutional. John Kelly, at the head of Tam many, Avas reaching for control of the state. Speaker ]\IcGuire was annoyed at Kelly's ac tivity in the upper part of Ncav York. He and "Old Salt" Alvord Avere forming a com bination to "do" both Tflden and Kelly. McGuire Avas pounding his desk and threaten ing Kelly Avith "lex talionis!" It was a pet phrase of Jerry's and everybody had looked it up in the dictionary — "the law of revenge." When the exposure of the canal ringsters was sprung, Jarvis Lord, Wood, Woodin and others assumed an injured innocence defense. "Tilden has destroyed the great Democratic party! " said the members of his political faith; but Democratic and Republican ringsters held their heads aloft and feared no evil. Tilden did not appear to be a man of force. When the ncAvspaper boys went to see him he was generally standing in his office Avith his back to a log fire and his hands under his coat-tafls. He Avas so diminutive in stature and so guileless in face that nobody could mark him as a man of stern resolution. Like Benjamin F. Butler, something was wrong with one of his eyes and he carried on much of his conversation with that defective optic. In all my experience with public men, I never knew one who would talk so readily as Governor Tilden. He adopted the Bismarck policy of telling so much that his hearer never believed all he heard. The more the Senate and Assembly stormed, the stiffer Tilden's backbone became. There were as many "crooked" members of one party as the other in that Legislature. The Tweed system was still in vogue. Tweed was a "fair divider," and Republicans, like Wood- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 51 in, had been "let into good things," because there were enough good things to go 'round. While the legislative body was rending itself asunder in attempts to nullify Tflden's canal attack, the Governor tossed into the scrambling bunch what he described to me as "An Exege sis on the Historical, Phflosophical, Moral and Mechanical System of Home Rule." His mes sage of May 12, in which he aired at length his fancies regarding municipal government, was a remarkable document. It was "a tough job," according to Virgil, to establish the Roman state ; but Governor Tilden showed wherein lay the difficulties. Members of that Legislature did not read the message, having other anxieties to deal with; but it contained fully forty yards of first-class (clipping) editorial matter for coun try editors who dislike to write, and they gave it ample circulation, week after week. Tilden, like a true Knight of the Leopard, seized on the cry of "Municipal Independence" that echoed through the streets of New York City. At the close of the Legislative session at Albany, 1875, I returned to grapple with re porting. William H. Wickham was Mayor and reformation in city politics was complete. Several members of the Committee of Seventy had used it to climb into office; the organiza tion had worn itself out and had disintegrated. 52 THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER VI ACROSS THE ATLANTIC IN QUEST OF NEWS }Y NEXT Step, in the line of advancement, was to the Lon don bureau of the Herald, Avhich occurred in July, 1875. At QueenstoAA'u, I learned of the "clean sweep" made by the oarsmen of Cornell Univer sity at Saratoga Lake while Ave had been on the sea. It Avas the first of a long series of aquatic triumphs for my Alma Mater. The original Germanic made an eight-day voyage to Liverpool, regarded as fair time; the steamer train by the Midland railway landed me in London late at night. Reporting for duty next morning, I was sent to Aldershot, to report the rifle match betAveen the American team that had Avon a few days before at Dolly- mount, Ireland, and a team selected from the Army. The Plerald was very enterprising at that time. A facsimile of the target was divided into squares an eighteenth of an inch in size; each square was numbered and each number had a code word. By this means, the location of every shot Avas reproduced in New York next morning! It seemed natural for the Herald to do extraordinary things in those days. Next day, I had an interview with Mr. Bennett at Long's Hotel, a quaint old place on Bond street, only recently closed. All that recommended it was its high charges. While I was waiting to be summoned, a "B. and S. " cost me two-and-sixpence, in addition to a tip. A curious interview followed. Mr. Bennett was leaving for Ncav York. He said to me, without ceremony: "I want you to Avrite a personal letter to me every week. In it, you are to tell me what your associates are doing; what you suggest and what they suggest — all the news of the office, you understand.?" I had heard of espionage, but never had given it serious consideration; therefore, the suggestion that I was to play the spy upon my felloAV Avorkers gave to me a shock. I asked if I Avas to inform Mr. Jackson, Mr. Huyshe, Mr. O'Conner (T. P.) and others of Avhat I had Avritten, so they could explain .? That inquiry discomfited my chief and, tug ging at his mustache, he retorted, "No; not at afl." "I'm not suited for this job, Mr. Bennett," Avas my slow reply. "If a part of my duty is keeping watch and reporting upon my com panions, I had best return to New York." The fact was not mentioned, but I had taken the precaution to buy, with my oAvn money, a prepaid return ticket. I had heard of men being arbitrarily discharged on the other side and left to get home as best they could. My employer abruptly closed the interview: I expected discharge. Since then, I have learned that it was one act in my career that attracted me to my chief — AA'ith Avhom I re mained fifteen years and then left, of my own accord, while occupying the highest position in his gift. "The Commodore" felt the same contempt for employes who would serve him in the capacities of spies that I did. In later years, when occupying posts of authority, this incident taught me to deal with frank fairness to subordinates. If an editor or reporter had to be suspended, discharged or reported to his employer for dereliction of duty, my invariable rule was to send for the offending man and say to him: "Here is what I am writing to Mr. Bennett about your con duct (or failure)." After the text had been read, I always added: "This letter wfll go by to-morrow's steamer. If you desire, you can send an explanation by the same mail; or you can hand it to me and I wfll inclose it with my letter. In fact, you can do both." During all the time I was in London, not a sneaking letter crossed the sea from me! When John P. Jackson returned to the Continent, I was placed in charge of the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 53 Bureau. J. A. MacGahan, who in 1873 had crossed the Kizil Kum desert — over the cara van route east of the Aral Sea — to overtake General Kauffman's army, returned from the Arctic seas, where he had been on the "Pan dora" with Captain Allen Young. This steamer had penetrated into Peel Strait, hop ing to discover traces of the lost expedition of Sir John Franklin. Nothing of value Avas added to Arctic research; but MacGahan's book, "Under the Northern Lights," was the outcome. I had met this remarkable young man at Key West, during the "Virginius" episode, and was afterwards to encounter him in Madrid, under curious circumstances. Dur ing his stay in London, we were much together and at one of the dinner parties Ave were fond of holding at the Cafe Royal, on Regent street, I met ' Jack" Burnaby, Avho imitated and repeated MacGahan's "Ride to Khiva." Burnaby admired the American as devotedly as did General Skobeloff. Among the incidents of that Summer and Fall was witnessing Captain Webb's first attempt to swim the English Channel, from Dover to Calais. He was unsuccessful, but subsequently performed the remarkable feat. I attended a celebration of the fiftieth anni versary of the first trip of Stephenson's loco motive, at Darlington, and saw the original engine, raised upon blocks, in operation. Among other interviews secured Avas one with Benjamin Disraeli, then Premier; Glad stone, leader of the Opposition; Commander Cameron, R.N., on his return from a walk across Central Africa, and C. H. Spurgeon, who resented the title of "Reverend." Moody and Sankey, the revivalists, were convulsing the British capital and I had talks with them. The most valued of all my acquaintances in London was Charles Reade, whom I came to know well and at whose house, in Knights bridge Terrace, I had luncheon and dinner several times. Although I often attended the Houses of Lords and Commons, the most memorable recollection I have of the chief man of the Empire was seeing him emerge afoot from DoAvning street, in the company of Earl Rus sell, bound for Parliament House. Disraeli, with his stooping shoulders, was much the less impressive of the two men. They had just left "No. 10 Downing," where a meeting of the Ministry had occurred. In Downing street, the "Commoner" was master, there he could create noblemen; but in the corridors of Westminster Palace, Earl Russell separated JAMES GORDON BENNETT (The famous caricature in -Vanit-y Fair) from his chief and proceeded to the House of Lords. Downing street is the smallest and yet the most important street in all this world! It is a dark, alley-like passage; but "No. 10" is 54 THE BOOK of NEW YORK the official residence of the Prime Minister of the British Empire and has been since the time of Sir Robert Walpole — 200 years. This building more resembles a middle-class board ing-house, such as usually kept by widows of army officers, than a place of national im portance. Many Americans respect this dingy almost repellant lodge of diplomacy and national ambition, because Sir George Down ing, who laid out the street and built the house therein, was of American ancestry; his mother belonged to the Winthrops of Massachusetts Bay Colony and he is the second graduate on the roster of Harvard College! After getting an American education, he went to England and, seizing opportunity AA'hen it offered, be came Oliver Cromwell's ambassador at the Hague. He grew so rich that Charles II did not displace him. Those were the days in which "graft" was permitted to public of ficials. He invested his money in a strip of land on the western side of Whitehall and built houses on two sides of the short street that cuts through it. One often reads in the letters of Americans making their first visit to Lon don that the tall Nelson monument, in Trafal gar Square, is the center of the great British Empire. They mistake the point from which all distances are calculated for the strategical center of the English world. Were they to walk down Whitehall, toward Westminster Abbey, a few hundred yards they would pass the entrance to Downing street, absolutely the most important place in London. When one speaks of "the official residence" of a foreign minister of state, he is not to be understood as intimating that the personage lives there. It is the place to which his mail should be addressed; the location of the council room at which, surrounded by the members of his cabinet, he decides upon the national policy. No. 10 Downing street is the place, so far as the destinies of Imperial Britain are concerned. England has gone through many political upheavals, not to mention its changes of dynasty, since Sir George developed the street that bears his name; but No. 10 does not exhibit any improvement. I never fail to take a look at the old house when in London, and on my last inspection its external appear ance indicated that the woodwork of its doors and windows hasn't knoAvn fresh paint for a quarter century. When one inspects the low and narrow doorway he is bound to feel that he is rubbing against about all the history (except Japanese) that has been made in the past 200 years. His ears may hear the echoes of the footsteps of Walpole, Pulteney, Pelham, Grafton, North, Pitt, Fox, Perceval, Liver pool, Canning, Wellington, Grey, Peel, Mel bourne, Aberdeen, Palmerston, Russell, Derby, Disraeli (commoner and earl); Gladstone, Rosebery, Marquis of Salisbury, Balfour, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and Asquith, the latest premier. Naturally, hundreds of other men have passed and repassed that portal who were known to the world. Meanwhfle, complications growing out of the "Virginius episode" had developed new phases. Spain had not paid the promised indemnities to the wives and orphans of pris oners shot at Santiago de Cuba and General Caleb Cushing was directed to "put on the screws." In November, I was rushed to Madrid. A brief stop was made in Paris, during which Mr. Ryan, Herald representative in the French capital, took me to call on Emilio Castelar, ex-President of the brief Spanish Republic, then in exile. I found him a most genial man. He gave to me six letters of introduction to his friends in Madrid. Here is a copy of the only one undelivered, owing to the absence of Senor Carvajal from the city: Paris 27 de Noviembre de 1875. Exmo. Sr. Dr. Jose Carvajal: Querido Amigo Mio: Le recomendo k V. vivamente al dador, M. Julius Chambers, joven publicista Americano, corresponsal del New York Herald, primer periodico hoy quiras de toda la tierra y que pasa p esa con animo de informar k suis pais sobre nuestra politica. Fraterlo V. con toda atencion y todo carino, pues sin duda alguna lo merece y tenga V. la seguridad de que cuanto haga en su obsequio lo considerari como un favor personal. Sabe V. que le quiere mucho su amigo. Emilio Castelab. General Cushing received me cordially and, after my official call, sent to me the following letter : Fuente Castellano, 7, Madrid, 30 Nov., 1875. Dear Mr. Chambers: Pray come and dine with me to-day at 6.30 o'clock, that we may talk over your plans at ease and see what I can do in aid of them. C. Cushing. In December, 1875, Secretary Hamflton Fish sent through General Cushing, to all the governments of Europe (except Spain), a THE BOOK of NEW YORK 55 circular note asking if the American govern ment would be justified in intervention in Cuba. It was one of the monumental, tactical blunders of the second Grant administration. Of course, Spain was soon supplied with a copy of that note, and, through the aid of a woman in Madrid, I secured the gist thereof, mailed it to my friend, Leopold A. Price, then Consul at Bordeaux, who wired it to New York. To save General Cushing embar rassment, I dated the cablegram from Vienna — incidentally causing Minister Kasson serious trouble. An urgent request had been added at the end of the news message that Secretary Fish be asked about the "circular"; and, if he denied its existence, that Representative S. S. Cox, of New York, offer a resolution calling for all papers in the "Virginius" case. As an ticipated, Mr. Fish denied that such a letter had been sent. Mr. Cox introduced his resolution; three days later the text of the "circular" was read to the House. It was printed next morning, with Mr. Fish's denial in black letter at its top, and the "leader," written by John Russell Young, was entitled "Lying and Diplomacy." Thus did a young correspondent, with a powerful journal at his back, "get even" with a Secretary of State. (See page 58.) Spain was sure to make rejoinder and I devoted my energies to capturing its text. Engaging a clerk in the Foreign Office, under the pretext of teaching me the language, I had him breakfast with me daily until one morning he brought to me a "brief" of the anticipated reply. I had in my possession the most val uable current news in all the world! But, how could it be ^ot out of the country, past the censor.? I might take train and steamer for Bayonne or Bordeaux; but during the interval the Spanish Minister would be likely to give out the rejoinder. The risk of delay was serious! It must go that night! But how .? The Prince of Wales (afterward Edward VII) was about starting on his return from India. Much had been printed in the Madrid newspapers about a visit to Spain en route. The interest was intense. Seizing upon that slender subterfuge, I prepared a code and sent the following message to the London office of my journal: Add letter mailed about Prince of Wales' -visit to Spain. Prospec tive coming Wales received with great public favor. His return from East adds interest to special private advices from Alexandria regard ing re-opening of diplomatic controversy between Italy and Egypt. Have just ascertained Italian government has issued rejoinder to Egypt's circular regarding Suez question, repljang in unmistakable language to propositions stated by Egj^itian minister of state that continued troubles at Suakim necessitate Egyptian intervention in name of humanity. In tone, reply is quite belligerent; takes high ground on question raised. Impression at Alexandria is that it com pletely counteracts effect produced by previous docimient. In sub stance it declares existing commerce between Egypt and Suakim has not suffered to appreciable extent by troubles in Abyssinia. Instead of trade having diminished, it has actually prospered and is grow ing. Therefore, no grounds of complaint and no tenable justifica tion for proposed drastic action. Statement is also boldly made that Egypt's commerce is not her o-wn, and little prospect of any in future. Attention is asked to fact that many citizens of British India and Arabia, as well as of Egypt, have established themselves at the com mercial center of Suakim, where, unmolested by the government, they have amassed large individual fortunes, adding no wealth to country, because trade is in foreign hands. Further asserted that Arabian territory is constant refuge for outlaws from Suakim, who are there permitted to hatch conspiracies to detriment aud injury of home government, thus outraging law of nations. Besides, all just and equitable claims between Egypt and Abyssinia have been ami cably and fully satisfied, or are before courts for adjudication. There fore, no just complaint exists. Style of paper is argumentative, yet fully dignified, as becomes occasion. Alleged to have been written by Minister of War. Don't forward this imtil letter arrives, but acknowledge receipt immediately. John P. Jackson, at the London office, wired back: "Prince of Wales' dispatch ar rived safely." The code, hastily prepared, had been arranged in triplicates for greater diversity and here's a copy of it from my notebook, as written that night: Cuba Suakim, Suez, Abyssinia. United States India, Arabia, Egypt. Spain Italy, England, Tunis. Madrid Alexandria, Rome, Calcutta. Havana Cairo, Bombay, Naples. Washington Madras, Aden, Venice. As will be seen, many of the words were unused. I then prepared the following mes sage, which W. E. Addis, an agent of the Winchester Arms Company, resident at my hotel, sent to Jackson's private address in order that it might not be identified with my previous message: Jackson, Dane's Inn, London : In letter forwarded regarding Prince of Wales in East, cancel first twenty-six words. Then correct India, Arabia, Egypt to United States; Italy to Spain; Suakim and Abys sinia to Cuba; Alexandria to Madrid. Answer, if understand. Several hours of anxiety followed, until this telegram was put into my hands : "Prince sailed for America to-night, in perfect health." This message can be found in the early part of January, 1876 (N. Y. Herald). Behold 56 THE BOOK of NEW YORK how clear it becomes, beginning Avith the twenty-seventh word: Private advices from ^Madrid (are at hand) regarding the reopen ing of the diplomatic controversy bet-vveen Spain and the United States. Our Madrid correspondent has just ascertained that the Spanish Government has issued a rejoinder to Secretary Fish's cir cular letter regarding the Cuban question, replying in immistakable terms to propositions set forth by the Secretary of State of the United States that continued troubles at (in) Cuba necessitate American "intervention in the name of humanity." In tone, reply is quite belligerent; takes high ground in the discussion. The impression at Madrid is that it completely counteracts effect produced by pre-vious document (the circular letter of Secretary Fish, called for in the House of Representatives by S. S. C'ox, of New York, two weeks ago and finally sent to ("ungress, despite many denials of its existence). In substance the rejoinder declares that existuig commerce between the United States and Cuba has not suffered appreciably owing to troubles in Cuba. * * * Attention is asked to fact that many citi zens of the United States have established themselves in the com mercial centers of Cuba, where, unmolested by Spain, they have grown rich — adding no wealth to the country because they are aliens and send their money to the United States as fast as accumulated. The rejoinder further asserts that United States territory is a con stant refuge for Cuban outlaws, who are there permitted to hatch conspiracies (to fit out privateers like the"A"irginius," tohuy andship arms to insurgents), lo detriment and injury of the Spanish Govern ment, thus outrageously violating the law of nations, etc. According to W. F. G. Shanks, a long-Avhile special correspondent and editor, this Avas the first time in the history of journalism a code message Avas sent in advance of its key. Its success Avas complete. One rainy night in the British capital, after my return from Spain, the bell of the Herald bureau, 46 Fleet street, rang violently. A moment later, an attendant ushered in a slender brunette; she Avas young and pretty, but her eyes Avere filled Avith tears. I Avas preparing my cablegram of the night; but the sight of a young Avoman, in trouble, caused an interruption of my Avork. She carried a copy of The Sun, which she had received from friends in Ncav York. It contained on its front page an attack upon the conduct of a Miss Emma Abbott, of Avhom I never had heard. The stranger explained that she Avas ]Miss Abbott and that the article would ruin her career, unless disproved. I read the two columns, which denounced Miss Abbott be cause she had married and abandoned a musical career, upon which her American friends, in Dr. Chapin's church, had spent a lot of money. The article charged that the beneficiary had been untrue to her trust and ungrateful to her patrons. Most prominent was an allegation that Miss Abbott's chief European patroness, the Baronne Rothschild, of Paris, had disproved of the marriage and had rebuked her protege for taking the step. When I asked for all the facts, the visitor said: "I was ill and in despair in Paris, due to the loss of my voice. I couldi\'t sing a note; my voice Avas gone — I feared, for ever! This calamity Avas so appalling to me that I dared not confess it to my closest friends. One day, in utter Avretchedness, I threw myself upon the mercy of the good Baronne, told to her the terrible truth and closed by recounting Eugene Wetherell's devotion to me and my rejection of his offer of marriage. I then added that Mr. Wetherell had counselled me to call upon him, should misfortune overtake me and he Avould renew his offer. The sweet lady com forted me; she advised marriage, in the hope that I Avould find in a ncAV happiness solace for my bitter disappointment at the Avreck of a professional career. I cabled Mr. Wetherell that night; he took a steamer the next day! So Ave Avere married in Paris. "A month's rest in Northern Italy restored my health. One glorious morning, my voice came back to me! I could sing! The first train carried us to Paris. I was heard at the Conservatoire, and on the strength of that performance secured an engagement with Carl Rosa in New York, AA^hich I am about to fill. This article will ruin my prospects. It is unjust and bears the ear-marks of a jealous rival's inspiration. Can you set me right .^" "These charges stand or fall upon the alle gation that the Baronne Rothschild regarded your marriage as a breach of good faith to her and to your American friends, Avho, by their pecuniary aid, enabled you to attain a musical education," I replied, conservatively. "What proof have you that this charge is untrue.?" "I have here a letter from the Baronne saying far more strongly than I have done that she advised me to marry, had met my husband and approved my choice." As she spoke. Miss Abbott opened a reti cule and began a search therein. "Please let me see it!" I demanded. In another moment, the letter was in my hand. The Rothschild crest was there ! In forty lines of dainty French script, the pa- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 57 troness of this American girl said everything that a tender, sympathetic heart could ex press. A complete vindication! "Your act in handing to me this letter to read, Madame, constitutes a legal 'publica tion,' under the English common law," I ex plained, speaking with enthusiasm, because I recognized the power of the document, if properly used. "The vindication of your course by your noble patroness has been published in London to-night. I shall at once cable its substance to New York; it will be on the breakfast-tables of your friends and ene mies to-morroAV. Your career is saved!" The lady was shown to her cab and re turned to her hotel, much relieved in mind. What I predicted occurred, and Emma Abbott began a career of remarkable financial success. She died in Salt Lake City fourteen years later worth a million dollars, which she left principally to small Western churches^^ failing to endow even a single free bed in a hospital for afling members of her OAvn or the newspaper profession. 58 THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER VII NINE PRESIDENTS I HAVE KNOWN INCE going to Washington in December, 1874, I have per sonally knoAA'n every President of the United States after Lin coln. Although General Grant was serving his second term at that time, AndreAv Johnson came to Washington as a Senator from Ten nessee. I Avent to his hotel, on Pennsylvania avenue, as a Herald correspondent, to inter- vicAv Johnson and Avas received by him in his room. He Avas in his shirt-sleeves, but wel comed me without apology and gave to me a cordial shake from a damp hand. Before I describe what to me was one of the most dra matic and historic incidents witnessed during many long years' experience at the Capital, namely, Johnson's reentrance to public life, among a body of men containing many of his bitterest critics and enemies, I will speak of President Grant as he appeared in those days. Conditions at that time Avere not favorable for a Plerald representative to meet the Presi dent. Mr. Bennett was agitating the subject of "Csesarism" in his usually vigorous man ner. Indications had appeared of a desire by the large army following of the Grant fortunes to renominate him for a third term. Mr. Ben nett Avas bitterly hostile and never allowed his paper to go to press Avithout a leading article denunciatory of the cabal then urging a second reelection upon the incumbent of the White House. There Avas no proof at that time that General Grant seriously entertained such a desire, although in 1880 he yielded to senti ment and Avould have Avelcomed another term. One of my first experiences Avith a member of the Cabinet had been a call upon Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, who had treated me with rudeness, because I came as a Herald representative, although he had the impudence to say that I "appeared to be a gentleman, although in the employ of a blackguard." As has been seen in these "Recollections," I squared that account AA'ith Secretary Fish from Madrid, one year later. OAving to this and other incidents, I Avas quite disinclined to call upon General Grant, although I had seen him several times and had been formally pre sented to him at one of his receptions. One afternoon, it became imperative for somebody in the Plerald's Washington office to see the President. I Avalked from the F street office to the White House, climbed the steps to General Babcock's room and laid the matter before the President's Secretary with the best grace I could summon. Babcock on several occasions had been extremely cour teous to me, but he balked at sending in the card of a Herald man. At that moment, John P. Foley, then editor of the National Republican, the official organ of the President, entered. He greeted me warmly and Avhen I told him I Avas trying to see President Grant, he said, "Come AA'ith me!" Almost before I could comprehend Avhat had occurred, aa'c Avere in the Cabinet Room and I had been presented to the Chief Executive. General Grant held an unlighted cigar in his teeth, and Avhen I stated the object of my mission, he motioned me to Avalk Avith him to a Avindow overlooking the White Lot and told me every thing I Avanted to know. Of course, I Avas informed regarding the etiquette on such occasions and kncAV that the President must never be quoted as giving information to a correspondent. The friendly relations estab lished at that time continued up to the last. I met the General many times thereafter, es pecially at Long Branch, at the house of George W. Childs, of Philadelphia, and, at the General's suggestion, once rode at his side from Philadelphia to New York, hearing for two hours, his vivid memories of the Mexi- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 59 can War and frontier soldier life. Never at any time did I hear him utter a sentence about friend or foe in connection with the Civil War. Grant's position in history as a commander is unalterably fixed. What place he will have in the political chronicles of his country is difficult to determine. The opinion of future historians will probably be that the defeat of his Santo Domingo annexation scheme, under the conditions then inevitable, — namely, the possession of the acquired territory by a band of hungry Federal "grafters," — was a fortu nate event, although the sincerity of its oppo nents, such as Sumner and Stevens, was doubt ful. General Grant belonged to the Do-Nothing Presidents, was founder of the dynasty! He was not corrupt but he was surrounded by a gang of the most unscrupulous political scoun drels this country has known since the days of Aaron Burr. The two Houses of Congress were domi nated by Malice and Money! The persecu tions heaped upon the Southern people, still staggering under direst misfortune, although self-invoked, were continuous, vindictive, re lentless and intended to repress instead of uplift. General Grant was dominated by Congress; and was ruled by a few political tyrants as heartless as Persian satraps. Had he not said, "Let us have peace!" No doubt he meant what he uttered: but fresh in mind must have been the treatment his predecessor, Andrew Johnson, had received at the hands of Congress. The influence of that example doubtless was potent! History wfll censure Grant for the Reconstruction period and the heaped-up miseries of a defeated people; but the course of the Legislative branch of the Government was abhorrent to Grant's own views. Hero worship was repugnant to him; but he lacked sufficient firmness to antagonize a few strong men, in the Senate and House, who would have destroyed him had he opposed them. He had not forgotten what they tried to do to Johnson ; many of the same men had shown their fangs in 1872. Sumner and "Thad." Stevens were dead, but there were many of the survivors left, as I shall show when I speak of Andrew Johnson. When the Marine Bank failed in 1884, it carried doAvn Avith it the firm of Grant & Ward, the head of the house being a son of General Grant. The latter borrowed $150,000 from William H. Vanderbilt to avert the col lapse and lost it, Avith all his savings. The Grants had much sympathy. The General mortgaged all his property, declining Mr. Vanderbilt's offer to cancel his loan. The "frenzied financiers," AA'ho had brought on the disaster, James D. Fish, president of the Marine Bank, and Ferdinand Ward, active member of Grant & Ward, Avere arrested for fraud, tried, convicted and each man was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment at hard labor at Sing Sing prison. It Avas a crushing blow to the methods of Ward, but similar prac tices were revived after a fcAv years and trusts bloomed in the State of Ncav Jersey, — a forc ing house for more than a hundred such or ganizations. The last hours of the Forty-third Congress (March, 1875) were approaching, — a session made historic by the enactment of the Civfl Rights bill. Senators, as Avell as Members of the House, were chiefly intent upon the final passage of bills in AA'hich they were personally interested. Under such conditions, a short, broad-shouldered and aged man entered the main door of the Senate Chamber one after noon, alone. He gazed about the room; then, with a sneer upon his shaven face, he Avalked to a sofa at the rear. Nobody appeared to know this stranger. Obviously, he had a right to the floor. I had seen him for the first time on the preceding night at his hotel. Therefore, I recognized the Senator-elect from Tennessee, — a man who had sat in the Lower House in the forties, had presided over the Upper House and as President of the United States had been arraigned before the bar of this same Senate, charged with high crimes and misde meanors ! By the narrow margin of one vote, he had escaped becoming the victim of a political persecution as vindictive as any since the time of Warren Hastings. Here was the small, stoop-shouldered man who had the nation by the ears in 1868, Andrew Johnson! A hurried glance about the Chamber dis covered Senators who had voted to degrade 60 THE BOOK of NEW YORK this man, types of unbending will or slaves to party. Hoav many, many things had happened in seven years ! The revolt of the Independent Republicans in 1872, for example, led by the denouncers of Johnson, — statesmen who so soon forgot their OAvn intolerance. And public opinion, too, had reversed itself. The Ameri can people had mentally effaced the Johnson who uttered Avild harangues and "swung . . . 'round the circle," and had installed in their hearts the face and figure of him who had been a sturdy, steadfast loyalist when the Federal Union needed friends. The presence of that neglected old man, at the rear of the Chamber, conjured up a pic ture of that same legislative hall on March 13, 1868 (not Avitnessed by me), when the social and diplomatic Avorld assembled to see the baiting of a President Avho had become useless to his party. In that very room, the menace of impeachment and eternal disgrace had been confronted. The indictment was prepared by seven partisans, every one of Avhom, remain ing alive and in Congress, afterwards par ticipated in filching $1,250,000 from the American people under the pretext of "back pay." The summons and complaint Avas signed by Schuyler Colfax, AA'hose character, on investigation, disqualified him for passing judgment even upon an habitual criminal. The presiding Chief Justice was plotting for the presidency, assisted by a "reptile fund" as vile as any ever got together in France or Germany: the names of newly rich members of the Whiskey Ring, who supplied the money, and of the corrupted newspaper correspond ents who received it, were known to the silent man. Was it strange that he Avas cynical .? Could he forget the undue haste Avith Avhich his case Avas forced to trial. Never Avas felon given shorter shrift! His counsel, Stanbury, Black and Evarts, asked forty days to prepare the defence; they Avere grudgingly allowed ten, tAvo of Avhich Avere Sundays. The trial AAas a farce, a mockery of legal procedure. The Senate Chamber was a scene of social carnival, like an intellectual debauch of "profane history." Women of high estate intrigued, coaxed and fought for tickets. Am bassadors were not then accredited at this court; but the ministerial spy of every petty monarch was present to gloat over the final disgrace of a Republic that had barely sur vived a bloody Civil War. There wasn't any White House coterie; therefore, a daughter of the chief justice and wife of a Senatorial juror monopolized the Executive box, to enjoy the humiliation of its rightful occupant. The Montague-Spragues and the Capulet-Antho- nys, two rival Rhode Island families, head ed the social factions and reigned at different ends of the Senate gallery. The crush was tremendous. Historians, artists, diplomats jostled one another. The sergeant-at-arms made proclamation, as if he Avere garter king- at-arms. The respondent appeared by attor neys. He did not come in person to bend the knee before the high chief justice A\^ho was scheming for his job, or Senator Wade, who, as President of the Senate, expected to fill out the Presidential term. He continued to scorn the Fortieth Congress. Then the charges Avere read, — eleven articles that soon simmered to tAvo! Three sets of speeches made by Johnson at Cleveland and St. Louis Avere offered in evidence. None of the reports agreed in text. A violation of the Tenure of Office act Avas made out, because Johnson had removed Stanton, Avho, with Chase, Avas scheming against him. A very grave accusation (at the time) Avas Johnson's veto of the Freedmen 's Bureau bill, — a bureau that afterAvards became so corrupt that the very men Avho had condemned Johnson abol ished it! And so on, to the end. Intolerant, contemptuous to counsel for the respondent, the mock tribunal held fifteen sessions. Then it took a vote on Article XI (the ousting of the insubordinate Stanton), and the verdict was: Guilty, 35; not guflty, 19. The impeachment failed because the prosecution had not secured the requisite two-thirds. Charles Sumner, after violently opposing all expressions of personal opinions by Senatorial jurors, talked thirty-four printed pages of a report in explanation of his own vote. A calm reading to-day shows its insufferable egotism. George H. Williams, afterwards known as "Landaulet" Williams and dismissed and dis graced by Grant, concluded five pages of talk with the assertion: "I believe Andrew John son to be dangerous to the country." THE BOOK of NEW YORK 61 Whfle thinking of all these things, I had been watching the old man on the sofa whose mind probably had been following a similar channel. He beckoned to a page and sent the boy to the only Senator present among the nineteen who had voted "Not Guilty!" The moment Mr. McCreery was aware of Senator-elect Johnson's presence, he hastened to welcome him. The fine Kentucky gentle man was arrayed in immaculate linen and a swallow-tafl coat of perfect fit. The greeting was frank and hearty. By this time, people in the gallery "took notice," and the incident became the dominating one in the Chamber. The big Kentuckian toAA^ered head and shoul ders over the stocky, stooping, tailorman from Tennessee. Still clasping hands, they turned and overlooked the Senators between them and the rostrum upon AA'hich Vice-President Wilson was enthroned. And Wilson had voted "Guilty!" An eye-stroke of the Chamber showed John son that of the thirty-five who had condemned him, thirteen Avere still there ! Senator Brown- low, whom Johnson was to succeed, kept out of sight; the Senator-elect was not on speaking terms with his prospective colleague, Mr. Cooper, because of alleged duplicity in the legislative election at which Johnson had been defeated two years previously. Johnson tried to appear unconscious of the glances directed upon him from all parts of the Chamber. Morton, of Indiana, had a front seat on the main aisle. A look of defiance blazed in his face; lame as he was, he thought himself Sir Brian de Bois-Guilbert of the Senate, always ready for the lists of oratory. His long black hair crackled with magnetism: but the man near the door took no notice of the menace of the "War Governor." Mr. Anthony's face assumed a far-away look. Simon Cameron, just returned from the glamour of Russian court life, began to totter about, affecting to be unusually busy. Mr. Cragin kept his eyes on the floor. Mr. Edmunds, known as "St. Jerome" in the press gallery, was making an objection to a ruling; but when he caught sight of a group of Democratic Senators gathering about the former President, he abruptly sat down. In his abstraction, like the barber's brother in the Arabian tale, he kicked over a row of laAV books on shelves at the front of his desk. His colleague, Mr. Morrfll, of the "moral tariff" was travelling afar on a train of thought! Senator Morton glanced at Morrill and sneer ed. When I asked him, days after, why he had done so, the Indianian answered: "Be cause Morrfll thinks he looks like Charles Sumner, but he doesn't." Roscoe Conkling's flgure AA'as one that never could remain out of a picture. His desk AA'as on the left side of the main aisle, in front of that occupied for so many years by StcAvart, of Nevada. Conkling was aAvare of Johnson's presence, and taking up a letter pretended to read. In reality, he Avas watching from his left eye the attention bestowed upon the re habilitated politician. A deep hush fell upon the Senate Chamber. Mr. Johnson, on the arm of Mr. ^IcCreery, began to move doAvn the centre aisle towards the high altar Avhere sat Vice-President Wilson. Mr. Cooper appeared at the top of the centre aisle, boAved stiffly, and attended his colleague. Amid impressive silence, the three men walked down the broad steps. Johnson had grown much paler. Several of the younger members, memorably Carl Schurz, rose to do honor to Johnson's former greatness, — as the House of Commons uncovered to Warren Hastings on his final visit. Mr. Frelinghuysen, one of "the thirteen apostles of reform," was on his knees, seek ing a book or — a hatchet .? Morrill, of Maine, and Ferry, of Connecticut, pretended to be chatting together and affected a sympathy for the man they had once condemned. John Sherman stared the newcomer frankly in the face! I was watching them closely from the front row of the press gallery. Their eyes met; in his glance, Johnson forgave Sherman. The two men afterwards became friends. Senator Hamlin, who hadn't censured John son, nudged Boutwell and pointed to the ceil ing. The Massachusetts man didn't appre ciate this reference to his speech in the House, during which he had described "a hole in the sky" through which alone the (then) Presi dent could escape punishment. In a grave and sonorous voice, Henry Wfl- son read to the man before him the obligation 62 THE BOOK of NEW YORK of a United States Senator. Wflson was stand ing, an unusual thing for him. I wondered whether the act was a tribute to the candi date, or an atonement for wrong .? On every side, recognition of irreparable injustice was shown. The scene suggested one in which a jury had condemned a man to death and afterward repented of its action. Half an hour later, I met Senator Johnson in the corridor, still walking on the arm of the sturdy McCreery. There were tears in his eyes as I lifted my hat and greeted him and in answer to my inquiry regarding his absent friends, he said Avith the frankness of a child: "I feel very badly. I would Avish to shake hands Avith Bayard (meaning the father of the then Senator from DelaAA'are), Buckalew of Pennsylvania, Davis of Kentucky, Doolittle of Wisconsin, Dickson of Connecticut, Fessen- den of Maine, Grimes of loAva, Fowler of Tennessee, Hendricks of Indiana, Johnson and Vickers of Maryland, Norton of Minne sota, Ross of Kansas, Saulsbury of Delaware, Trumble of Illinois and Van Winkle of West Virginia. I cannot forget that they were steadfast when — Avhen my own party had repudiated me and I needed friends." President Hayes had served in the House of Representatives before I went to Wash ington and although I Avas a native of Ohio, I did not meet him until near the end of his first year at the White House. Governor Tilden, whom he had defeated, technically, was well known to me, — first from his con nection with the Tweed trial and, later, at Albany when he Avas Governor. Tilden, small as he was in stature, possessed a distinct per sonality; but the countryman from Ohio, Hayes, who got the White House job, travelled entirely upon his record as a capable soldier. Nothing discreditable could be said about his career in the army. He never had been trapped, although he had encountered several of the cleverest tacticians of the Confederacy. I was told by men AA'ho had been in Congress at the time that Hayes was rarely listened to with attention. Entering office with a clouded title, since universally believed to have been purchased corruptly (probably without his knowledge). President Hayes should have devoted sleep less nights to squaring his dubious position by specific performance of great deeds. Instead, he supinely took his place as second of the Do-Nothing Presidents. Already large cor porations were grabbing everything in sight! Railroads were putting bills through Congress giving to them many hundred thousand acres of public lands, at the same time that they were defaulting in payment of interest upon money already advanced or bonds guar anteed by the Government. Nine men out of every ten in politics were so occupied for the purpose of enriching themselves, or giv ing public money to other people who would divide Avith them! President Hayes heard nothing, saw nothing, did nothing! True, his Secretary of the Interior, Carl Schurz, who had left his native land for the cause of liberty, had fought valiantly in the Federal army for the salvation of the Union, did strive to check thefts of vast timber regions; but his efforts AA'ere abortive. President Hayes was more interested in a patent incubator he daily visited in a corner of the White House con servatory than he was in the welfare of the masses of the American people. Garfield I had come to laiow well during heated days of the Civil Rights Bfll debate. General Butler, "the Holy Terror," domi nated the House at that time so completely that it is well-nigh impossible to think of any body else in connection therewith. One of his favorite pastimes was belittling Garfield. Whether the latter ever thought himself an orator or not is difficult to say. He dressed like a parson and swaggered like Don Caesar de Bazan ! Garfield was a victim of indolence, bad advice and physical infirmity. That he was without moral principle as regards his fellowmen was proven by the Rosencrans correspondence with Secretary Chase, which was given to Charles A. Dana by John W. Shuchers, Chase's private secretary, and pub lished in The Sun. His futfle effort, as President, to curb the dictation of Senators and Representatives was merely part of a plan to secure control of the Empire State for James G. Blaine, in order to select its delagation in the next Republican National Convention. The issue upon which Conkling and Piatt THE BOOK of NEW YORK 63 went down, apparently forever (true in the case of Mr. Conkling), was what is variously termed "the Congressional Rule" in the House and "Senatorial Courtesy" in the Chamber. Although an unwritten code, it had been recognized since the days of Presi dent Jackson and was so firmly established that Senators and Representatives of the domi nant party insisted upon its observance. An drew Jackson had uttered the dictum, "To the victor belongs the spoils" and he always lived up to it. The right of individual mem bers of Congress to be consulted by the Presi dent regarding all appointments made in their states and districts owed its origin to this claim. Although Garfield pretended a desire to overthrow it, subsequent disclosures indi cated that he merely Avanted to overturn the party machine in the Empire State and to pave the way for James G. Blaine's nomina tion in 1884. Whitelaw Reid became the President's chief advisor and a long telegram that he sent to the late John Hay, to be read to the President, found its way into the col umns of the Herald by some mysterious chan nel and precipitated a national split in the party. The perils of telegraphy never were more obvious. It is doubtful if a despatch so filled with personalities ever Avent over the wires between New York and Washington. Robertson, an up-state politician, was ap pointed to the Collectorship of this port, in opposition to the wishes of the two Senators, causing their resignations. The acrimony and fevered condition that followed developed a crank, Guiteau, who shot the President and who was hanged for the infamous act. From that time untfl the second term of Theodore Roosevelt, no attempt was made by any Chief Magistrate to challenge the monstrous usurpa tion that had well-nigh destroyed the appoint ing power of the President, — except of a few cadets to West Point and Annapolis. To the hour of his death, in health or in suffering from his wound, Garfield was a Do- Nothing President and will be so taken by posterity. Of General Arthur, I would wish to speak with affectionate kindness. We had known each other at the Custom House on Wall street, when he was Collector, — had together eaten pumpkin pie, made by an aged Vermont woman who kept a stall in one pf the corridors. Arthur came into the presidential office under a very different cloud from that which had enveloped Hayes. He was a politician of nar row vision; easy in his views on politics, re ligion and morality. During his encumbency of three years and almost a half. Congress did exactly as it pleased. There were no great scandals, simply because there were no serious Congressional investigations. The "Trusties" were "sawing wood," just as they had been under Hayes and Garfield. The name of Grover Cleveland first came to my ears in a peculiar manner. I was sent from New York to a hanging in Pennsylvania and the sheriff whose oath compelled him to execute the condemned man was in such a state of hysteria that he told me he had sent to the sheriff of Erie County, New York, a man named Cleveland, to engage the services of one of his assistants who had had experience in hanging people. This imported executioner showed to me two nooses he had brought with him from Buffalo. This Avas during the winter of 1873. The next mention of Grover Cleveland was made to me in the winter of 1881 by Governor Alonzo B. Cornell at a dinner of the New York Alumni of Cornell University. "There is a remarkable man in Buffalo," began the Governor. "His name is Cleveland, and although he is mayor of the city, he re cently came to see me in a legal capacity on behalf of a convicted murderer, under sen tence of death! His appeal to me for execu tive clemency was totally unlike any I hereto fore have received. It was without sentiment. It was a cold, dispassionate presentation of the unfortunate circumstances under which the killing was done, the provocation and the shadow of presumptive justification, from the view-point of the man who committed the act. Although the brief which he left with me con-^ tained numerous citations of precedents, I was so impressed with the sincerity and the legal cock-sureness of the man that I commuted the sentence. I hope some of my successors wfll pardon him." He was talking about his own successor, although he did not know it! Many years afterwards, at another Cornell 64 THE BOOK of NEW YORK PRESIDENT CLEVELAND, IN 1895 (A pen and ink sketch given to me by Valerien Gribayedoff) dinner, attended by ex-Governor Cornell and ex-President Cleveland, I publicly repeated this episode, much to the astonishment of both guests. After the dinner, Mr. Cleveland confirmed the story to me. He did not pardon the man; one of his successors did so. Daniel S. Lamont had been known to me as a member of the Albany Argus staff. As happened, I was not sent to Albany on any mission during Governor Cleveland's term, but I was present at Washington on March 4, 1885, as one of the Herald staff, to report the Inauguration of the ncAV President. From the stand at the south side of the capitol, I saw President Arthur drive up Avith his suc cessor by his side, heard the oath administered by Chief Justice Waite, saw Mr. Cleveland kiss a small, ribbon-tied Bible (said to have been a gift of the President-elect's mother), and I listened with rapt attention to the inau- fural address. In December of the same year, returned to Washington as Herald corre spondent and remained until the close of the session the following Summer. Col. Lamont, owing his title to service on the staff of Governor Cleveland, was the Presi dent's private secretary and through him I had easy access to the Chief Executive. Wil liam C. Whitney, aacII knoAvn to me when in the Corporation Counsel's office, at New York, Avas Secretary of the Navy, and Avas a valu able friend. An army officer (on May 17, 1886) whis pered to me that President Cleveland had bought a country place on the Green Mill road. The real estate broker's name was un- knoAvn to him. Going to the White House, I asked Lamont if my information were true. He looked me straight in the eye and said, "No, it is incorrect." Further, he would not speak. The President could not be seen. It was a complete throwdown! I was leaving the White House, believing the rumor unfounded. On the stairs, I encoun tered Secretary Whitney. He remarked about my dejected look. I told him what had hap pened; I had hoped for a "scoop," but Lamont had disillusioned me. A merry twinkle appeared in the Secretary's eyes as he cross-examined me, lawyer-like. "Tell me exactly AA'hat you asked him.?" said he. "'Has the President bought a country place on the Green Mfll road.?' was my language," I replied. Whitney laughed heartfly. "He told you the truth, because the place is on the Tennly- town road. See Bennett, a broker on F street, opposite the Masonic Temple. Good luck to you!"_ I hired a team, drove to the real estate office, got the address of the President's new property, "Red Top;" drove the five mfles, entered the grounds, gave money to the care taker, thoroughly explored the building, made plans of its two floors, returned in the car riage, caught "the Congressional Limited" for New York at 3.50, wrote my "story" on the train, delivered the copy at Broadway and Ann Street about eleven o'clock, took a soda water Avith old John Graham, at Hudnut's, jumped into a hack, caught the twelve o'clock ferrvboat at Cortland street, went to bed in THE BOOK of NEW YORK 65 a Pullman at Jersey City and woke up in Washington next morning. The trip to New York was necessary, for two reasons: one cannot telegraph diagrams and wires have been known to "leak. " It was a fine "scoop." From a professional view-point, the most important event in President Cleveland's first term was Miss Folsom's marriage to him on June 2, 1886. I was held responsible for the Herald's account of the wedding. It proved to be a difficult assignment, involving labor necessary to produce six columns of printed matter, in addition to securing the informa tion. The Rev. Dr. Sunderland, who offi ciated, gave to me the original text of the service. This curious paper is still in my possession. Ralph Meeker, who had known the Folsom family, Avas sent to the honeymoon retreat in the Blue Ridge. I attended the reception given by President and Mrs. Cleve land on their return from the mountains. The unfortunate incident of Mr. Cleveland's first term, — for which he was loudly praised by the "Interests" at the time, — was the sending of United States troops to quell a strike in Chicago. Had he been appealed to by the Governor, he would have been within his prerogative. Governor Altgelt, like men since his day who have regard for the many in stead of the few, Avas described as "an anar chist," by corporation-controlled Senators and Representatives. He was misunderstood, just as were western farmers who revolted against exactions of the raflroads. He was quite ca pable of handling the situation. Interference of the Chief Executive at Washington and the subsequent calumny heaped upon Altgelt crushed his sensitive nature and caused his death. I knew Governor Altgelt reasonably well, understood his views in opposition to the growing monopolies and thoroughly credit ed his sincerity. While it is hardly fair to class Mr. Cleve land with the Do-Nothing Presidents, be cause he tried to accomplish some things, his achievements were not equal to his courage and the disasters that grew out of the Wilson tariff legislation set back the cause of tariff reform a generation. Senator Benjamin Harrison was well known to me in 1886, when I was at Washington. I frequently met him at Charles Nordhoff 's house on K street. Once I was invited to his modest residence, adjacent to the large property of R. R. Hitt. The Harrisons were simple- minded people; the Senator's Avife kept a cow, which she milked. I remember telling a ghost story at Nordhoff's one night about which Senator Harrison expressed much in terest. At another time, when I reminded the Senator that his grandfather had been an Indian fighter and President of the United States, he said: "I never felt much interest in my ancestors. I never received anything from them except an education and that was sufficient. ^Nly father died poor. I married young and my Avife and I lived in a house of three rooms. We had six knives, six two- pronged forks and six plates. Mrs. Harrison did her OAvn work and never since have we been happier." After Benjamin Harrison became Presi dent, I met him probably fifty times. De spite the fact that he was always courteous, duty compels me to assign him to a niche in the gallery of Do-Nothing Presidents. He had a fine legal mind, was inclined to be in dependent, and had in the person of James G. Blaine the most brilliant and far-seeing co adjutor possessed by any President since the days of Jefferson. Much was possible for Harrison. He was a Avorker, un entangled by any alliances; as he told Ingersoll, he believed himself a selection of Almighty God; he had been a soldier and had won a brevet for bravery in the face of the enemy at Atlanta; he knew of the methods employed by lobby ists and their masters to influence legislation, although his OAvn hands were perfectly clean. Unlike his predecessor, he did not lack ex perience in Washington methods. He could have put his medical finger upon every dis ease that infected national affairs! Alas, he did nothing! He hampered Blaine; was jeal ous of him. The broad views regarding reciprocity and especially the development of South American trade held by his Secre tary of State were repudiated by Harrison. I know these facts to be true, because of con versations had with Mr. Blaine at Cape May Point and later at Bar Harbor. Harrison believed what he said to Ingersoll, but the 66 THE BOOK of NEW YORK latter's retort was what made the incident immortal. "I have said some pretty hard things about the Almighty, but never anything equal to that," was IngersoH's rejoinder. As I was about to enter a train for New York at the old Sixth street station in Wash ington (1891), I saw ex-President Cleveland's face at a window of a Pullman car and stepped in for a moment to pay my respects. He was coming north from Louisiana, where he had been visiting his friend, Joseph Jefferson, the actor. Jefferson's plantation was in the parish so admirably described in George W. Cable's "Bonaventure." Mr. Cleveland did not travel in a private car, but nobody intruded upon his privacy. He volunteered to me the infor mation that the fishing and shooting were of the best. I was about to proceed to the far end of the parlor car, where my seat was located, when Mr. Cleveland asked if I played "California Jack." I confessed it Avas my enthusiasm when in college. The porter produced a table and a pack of cards, but the Ex-President's memory was so far superior to mine that I Avas outclassed. He played a really superior game. I desire to say little about Mr. Cleveland's second term. The Venezuela message Avill be referred to elsewhere. Mr. Cleveland was sound on the money question, but he did not, in message or speech, utter a protest against the constantly increasing arrogance of the "protected " monopolies ! He placed one very large loan in Wall Street that gladly would have been taken by the people of the United States. Proof of this assertion was furnished, near the end of his term, when Mr. Pulitzer forced the President to throw open the sale of a second bond issue to public subscription. The proprietor of the World took a million dollars' worth of the bonds himself. The issue Avas greatly over-subscribed, at much higher prices than Wall Street would have oftered. William McKinley made his first appear ance in Washington as a Representative in December, 1877. He was a gawky, pink- cheeked, serious countryman from Ohio. He attracted little attention. He was generally addressed as "Major." And, to the day of his death, he preferred that title to any other. I first met him in the second session of that Congress. At first, he didn't appear to have any "long suit" to play; but he began to study the tariff and had the courage to make a speech thereon before adjournment. He was soon given a place on the Committee of Ways and Means. Ultimately becoming chairman of that com mittee, he reported, in 1890, the tariff bill which has gone down in history associated with his name. It was the beginning of ex travagance on the part of Congress, because it supplied much more money than was needed for the Avants of the country. Although "The Billion-Dollar Congress" did not occur until Thomas B. Reed became Speaker and the Dingley Tariff had taken the place of that ascribed to Major McKinley — actually framed by each branch of the corporate in terests in manner that best suited its wishes, — money floAved freely into the treasury in such large quantities that it was squandered by Congress. President McKinley delivered his address of acceptance to the notification committee on the front porch of his Canton home late in July, 1896. I AAas present and heard him read the paper in his solemn, eloquent voice. After the Chicago Convention of 1896, which had nominated Bryan so dramatically, I had gone to Lincoln Avith the successful candidate so suddenly sprung into prominence; but I arrived in Canton the day before the Notifi cation Committee. I remained there untfl the following March, when the President-elect came to Washington to be inaugurated into office. During all those months I saw the candidate and after his election in November, the President-elect, two to four times every day. Major McKinley was very sociable with the newspaper men. Late at night, when he had a strong cigar well aglow, he talked about everything except his part in the Civil War and the struggles of the Cubans for freedom. Never at any time did President McKinley evince any sympathy with the Cubans. Sev eral curious incidents occurred during that Winter. The President-elect frequently wrote editorial articles for a Cleveland newspaper. The theme generally was the Cuban insurrec- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 67 tion. Before long, I established underground means by which I was able on the following morning to distinguish the prospective Presi dent's work in the Cleveland newspaper. Two years later, when General Weyler had created his inhuman reconcentrado camps in Cuba, I visited that Island and with the as sistance of Mr. Bryson and others had about 500 photographs made of starving Cubans, which were enlarged and personally shown to President McKinley. Those pictures AA-^ere sufficiently pitiful to have drawn tears from the stony heartedest specimen of mankind. President McKinley was not impressed; no action was taken. Children and adults were dying in the various camps at the rate of a thousand daily. Bubonic plague existed in all parts of Cuba. The Battleship "Maine" was blown up on February 15, 1898, but even then war was not declared until April. McKinley AA^as a "Do-Nothing President," the last, let us hope. He had entered office with so many obligations to repay that two full terms at the White House, had he been spared to fill them, would hardly have sufficed to wipe off the slate. His liabilities, largely incurred by his faithful friend, Mark Hanna, were as far-reaching as notes given for money loaned to pay off debts of $100,000 incurred in business enterprises that turned out badly. Marcus Alonzo Hanna Avas in most respects the most creditable associate with the McKin ley regime. He became a politician late in life, but he was a firm believer in the power of money and purchased delegates, just as he would have bought votes had it been neces sary. He was not a hypocrite. Rev. Dr. Henry C. McCook, of Philadelphia, has written a book paying proper tribute to Senator Hanna as an associate. I made a trip with Hanna in his private car through the State of Ohio and a more amiable traveling compan ion I never knew. Mr. Bryan was his equal. Mr. Hanna directed the McKinley Admin istration as absolutely as any Mayor of the Palace ever conducted the affairs of a Mero vingian King of France. President McKinley did not possess sufficient political acumen to foresee the coming revolt against trusts and other vast corporate interests; but Senator Hanna scented the coming upheaval and was getting his house in order to separate from the so-called "Old Guard." Were he alive to day. Senator Hanna would be in line with La Follette and his party. The death of President McKinley was de plorable; but Theodore Roosevelt, his suc cessor ex-qfficio, committed a regrettable error when he undertook to temporize with the cor porate interests during the rest of the period that would have belonged to McKinley. He had said he would "follow McKinley lines" and this is an explanation for the acceptance of campaign contributions from E. H. Harri- man and large corporations. McKinley had acceded to the same sort of thing by Hanna. Politically, Roosevelt was shrcAvd, because three years of radicalism, such as he subse quently developed with sublime heroism, when past occurrences were considered, probably would have caused his defeat for renomina- tion and deprived him of the four years' leader ship in an active reform campaign that char acterized his second term in office. It is an undeniable fact that many men close to McKinley grew rich out of the Span ish-American War. To my personal knowl edge, there Avas a certain series of offices on Broad street through which most of the trans ports procured abroad were bought. Names of all the members of that firm did not appear upon its front door. Very few visitors ever reached the rear suite — a far away, mystical, generally unattainable goal, Avherein sat a gross, flabby-cheeked, old man, always chew ing a cigar, whose word was final regarding most of the ships and equipment purchased abroad. The rise of Theodore Roosevelt was not due to luck but to persistent activity in his own interests. He felt himself destined for a brilliant career and never lost sight of that hope. He believed himself capable of being useful to his fellow countrymen in a way not wholly selfish. When recently asked how he would be classified, as to his livelihood, Roosevelt is said to have replied, "Ranchman and author." Apparently, the Twenty-sixth President of the United States has little desire to go doAvn in history as a "politician," in the general acceptance of the word, although he lost no time in getting into political life after 68 THE BOOK of NEW YORK his graduation at Harvard. He left college in 1880, and entered a contest for Assembly man in the fall of the following year. His services in the New York Legislature were earnest but not remarkable; at the close of the second session he went to his ranch in North Dakota, stopping at Chicago, en route, to serve as a delegate to the Republican National Convention that nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency. Two years of open-air life folloAved. His health never had been good up to that time and the young man, then about 26, — for he Avas born in New York, Oct. 27, 1858, — passed aaIioIc days in the saddle. This brief period of ranch life had a marked effect upon his subsequent career. He became fond of hunting and whenever a few Aveeks of vacation offered during later years he hurried to the Rocky ^Mountains to shoot big game. The ranchman had just married his second wife and the experience of frontier life was exceedingly novel to husband and wife. The Republican nomination as Mayor of New York was offered to Theodore Roosevelt in the Autumn of 1886 and he returned to make the canvas. The contest was a remark able one in several ways. Abram S. Hewitt was the regular Tammany candidate, but Henry George accepted the nomination of the Labor party. Hewitt Avas elected. For six years, Roosevelt served in the tiresome and humdrum office of Civil Service Commis sioner, when another turn of the wheel landed him as President of the Police Commission in the City of New York. One of the remark able peculiarities about the career of Theodore Roosevelt is that on several occasions he has found himself in a political cui de sac from which further progress along the road toward distinction seemed absolutely impossible. His defeat for the Mayoralty was well-nigh crush ing and ended his avaflabflity, from the view point of any party leader. His isolation in the Civil Service Board was complete, — he was in a fair way to have the procession pass him. So in the Police Department, he seemed to be out of place engaged in the suppression of crime. The next step, into the post of Assist ant Secretary of War, under McKinley, ap peared to be the finishing blow to his ambi tion. And yet, in that position of duty, as in others, he rendered the most valuable services given by any subordinate official connected with the executive arm of the Government. He it was who secretly prepared for the equipment of the United States Asiatic Squad ron by despatching two trainloads of powder and shell to San Francisco, whence the mate rial was shipped direct to Hong Kong and stowed aboard ship before the official declar ation of war. When the Spanish Avar burst upon the country, Theodore Roosevelt stepped out of the narrow environment of the Navy Depart ment and called about him men of the open air, — the "rough riders of the plains!" The response Avas immediate. When the First Volunteer Cavalry regiment Avas raised, he asked Dr. Leonard Wood to take command, and served under him as Lieutenant-Colonel. The first noteworthy event of the campaign was the recognition of the utter incompetency of the commissary and medical departments of the Army service. The tainted food fur nished to the soldiers was denounced by Roosevelt in a letter sent over the heads of his superior officers to President McKinley direct. Two years in the Police Department of New York had taught the volunteer officer that "tainted money" was back of rotten food. Had Generals Miles, Brooke or Shaffer acted with the same energy, several men at the head of the Beef Trust aaouM have gone to prison. Gen. Miles knew all the facts and his negli gence in bringing the criminals to justice formed the basis of an enduring displeasure toward him on the part of the man who was to succeed to the Presidency and who lost no time in showing his contempt for a timid Lieutenant-General. The landing of the First Volunteer Cavalry upon the Cuban coast east of Santiago was immediately followed by the sharp skirmish at Las Guasimas, in which several of the Roosevelt troopers were kflled. Although few members of the "Rough Riders" had ever been in battle, most of them had been "under fire." The exigencies of life on the plains as cow-boys, deputies-sheriff and administrators of frontier justice had made them fearless. The participation of the "Rough Riders" in THE BOOK of NEW YORK 69 THEODORE ROOSEVELT IN 1897 (From a steel engraving) the general engagement on San Juan Hill was unimportant, and nobody connected with the troop ever has claimed any glory for that day's event. Theodore Roosevelt was promoted to be Colonel of his regiment for gallant service, and returned with his men to Montauk Point. His name was upon every lip and as early as August of 1898 he was suggested for the Governorship of New York. He had escaped from the cui de sac in which he constantly ap peared to find himself! While at Montauk Point and a member of Colonel Roosevelt's mess, I attempted to ren der a signal service to the "Rough Riders" and their commander. Mayor Van Wyck had distinctly declined to invite the body to parade in front of the City Hall that he might review it. Knowing the Mayor, I undertook to ob tain his consent. At my own expense, I came to New York and saw Robert A. Van Wyck. When I mentioned the object of my visit, he said: "Do you think I am going to help Roosevelt to get the Republican nomination for Governor.?" I answered that such a con tingency had nothing to do with my request. I suggested that more depended upon Mr. Piatt than on any act of the Mayor. I en larged upon the desire of New Yorkers, with out regard to party, to see the "Rough Riders." Van Wyck would not consent. Despite the opposition of Mr. Piatt, the Republican "boss" of this state, who had other plans, the popularity of Colonel Roose velt compelled his selection by the Saratoga convention and he was elected Governor. The plurality wasn't as large as expected: 70 THE BOOK of NEW YORK its smallness Avas due to bad blood engendered by the miscarriage of prearranged plans for the party "slate" caused by Roosevelt's can didacy. Taking office on January 1, 1899, Governor Roosevelt began to play national politics seriously. He did several remarkable things during his chieftainship at Albany. What kind of man is this Roosevelt .? Na poleon tells in one of his letters of a ramble, incognito, among the hills near Tarare, a manufacturing town not far from Lyons, dur ing which tramp he met an old woman climb ing a steep stretch of road with a bundle of fagots on her back. The First Consul re lieved her of her load to the top of the hill and then asked: "And this fellow Napoleon; he's a tyrant like all the others, isn't he.?" "It may be," answered the crone; "but the others have been the kings of the nobility, while he is one of us. We chose him our selves !" This little story describes the career of Theodore Roosevelt. He was schooled in both elective and appointed office. Inclined as he was to prove unruly and to take the same measure of Congressional integrity as do most citizens, Ave, Democrats and Repub licans, chose him to be President by an over whelming plurality. He was not made Presi dent by politicians. He Avas the first Repub lican since Lincoln to be chosen over the heads of cabals of railroad managers, bankers, " Cap tains of Protected Industries" and political bosses. Roosevelt's last four years Avere in such contrast to the McKinley administration that this period of his career must always be re garded as typical. Every hour thereof ex hibited sturdy eft'orts to break the fetters that custom and tradition had forged upon the Chief Executive. A trust-OAvned Senate Avas defied, although such contention for the masses as against the fcAv were folloAved by cloak-room threats of impeachment and humiliation. The resolute man at the White House went straight ahead. He made mistakes; but the people trusted him, if politicians did not. The old fagot gatherer stated the situation: "He was one of us; aa'c chose him ourselves!" My first meeting Avith Theodore Roosevelt was during the heat of the mayoralty cam paign of 1886. He looked much younger than he really was, almost boyish. After that dis astrous experience, young Roosevelt became a plainsman. Our next meeting was at a dinner given to WhitelaAv Reid at the D. K. E. Club in the fall of 1889, AA'hen Ave sat together. He made a speech possessing the elemental vigor characteristic of his subsequent addresses. Thereafter, he again disappeared from public view for a brief space. When the troops returned from the Spanish War to camp at Montauk Point, I Avas spe cially engaged to intervicAV General Shaffer on his return, — the troops having preceded him. Through the acquaintance of Major Jerome, who had campaigned with "Pecos Bill," as Shaffer was knoAvn in the Army, I became a member of the mess of the First Volunteer Cavalry. I slept in a tent provided by the New York World, but took my meals at the same table with Colonel Roosevelt and Lieut. - Colonel Brodie. As my stay lasted a week, before the arrival of the "MohaAvk" with Gen. Shaffer, an acquaintance of twelve years' standing was renewed. I OAved my success in getting aboard the "MohaAA'k" and securing an exclusive full front page intervieAV Avith General Shaffer to my friend. Captain Wflliam H. Stayton, a former United States Naval officer then in command of one of the despatch boats, who put me aboard with General Shaffer's mail. Stayton was too modest to permit me to acknowledge the obligation at the time, as I wished, and this is the first opportunity I have had to express my gratitude. Mr. Stay- ton left the service for the legal profession — as did a comrade of the "Virginius" campaign, the late "Jack" Soley — and is now a success ful member of the New York bar. One episode of those Montauk days is very memorable. Anxiety regarding the success of my assignment made me a poor sleeper. One beautiful morning, soon after sunrise, I arose and in my pajamas set out for the beach, to take a plunge in the ocean. Far away, I heard reveille sounded! Turning my gaze shore ward, I saAV a figure in khaki, mounted upon a horse running at full gallop, coming toward me over the sand dunes. The horse and rider THE BOOK of NEW YORK 71 appeared and disappeared at intervals. Not within the range of my vision was there a mov ing object, except this horseman. He was Theodore Roosevelt, bound toward the beach for his morning dip! He was in the water almost as soon as I was. Already at Montauk, the young Colonel was addressed as "Governor"; but he treated the matter as a joke. It was not thought that Mr. Piatt would sanction his nomination. He was, however, chosen Governor of New York, not by a thrilling majority but by a sufficiently large vote to show that he was the only Re publican who could have been elected. While at Albany, Governor Roosevelt ma terially assisted in the agitation I started for the return to this country of the body of John Paul Jones. I had drawn a joint resolution which Senator Boies Penrose introduced in the Senate and Representative Harry H. Bingham presented to the House. The text of that resolution was as follows: For the removal of the bones of Jolm Paul Jones from Paris, France, and their reinterment in the United States : Whereas, the bones of John Paul Jones, our first great sea cap tain, rest in a neglected grave in Paris, the locality of which is now established; be it Resolved, That the Ambassador of the United States to France be directed by the President to promptly secure necessary permission to open the grave and to have the remains of the naval hero of the American Revolution properly prepared for removal to the United States. Resolved, That a ship-of-war be detailed to receive the remains at a French port, with all the honors due to the body of an Admiral, and they be brought to the port of New York, or such port as the Secretary of the Navy may designate. Resolved, That a sufiicient sum is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to meet the expenses of disinterment in France, transfer to the United States and final entombment. These resolutions Avere introduced on De cember 4th and 6th, 1899, were adopted soon after and received President McKinley's sig nature. The agitation that followed this prop osition swept the country. This honor to Paul Jones had been one of the dreams of my life, somewhat on a par with my trip to the headwaters of the Mississippi. At my per sonal expense, I had employed a friend in Paris to search the Parisian newspapers con temporary with the funeral of Admiral Jones, and had located the grave beyond question in the Protestant cemetery as it existed in 1792. On the corner nearest to the Gare du Nord, a four-story brick tenement stood, the base ment of which was a wine shop. To the right thereof was a two-story stucco and wooden structure occupied by a frame maker. It covered the original entrance to the ancient cemetery and the body of the first Admiral of the United States Navy Avas located at a point forty feet inside the pavement line. I sent Charles Heikel, a photographer at No. 136 Faubourg Saint Ilonore, to make a picture of the site as it is to-day. Elsewhere, in talking about Mr. Piatt, I describe the nomination of Roosevelt for the Vice-Presidency and the strong disinclination he had to accept it. Had he not done so, his political career probably Avoiild have ended with his Gubernatorial term. President Mc Kinley was assassinated in September, 1901, and therefore, Vice-President Roosevelt never presided over the Senate. During his incum bency of the White House, President Roose velt was readily accessible to old friends. I Avent to New Haven on the final day's celebration of Yale's 200th anniversary in October, 1901, to witness the conferring of honors upon President Roosevelt. Youth, in colleges as in men, may be joyous, but age is grand and glorious! Around Old Eli were gathered her children of the last half of her second century to rejoice with her. Alma Mater welcomed them and the world beside. Atmosphere of a college town was gone; one might believe a national convention to be in session. Medals of bronze and rosettes of deep azure silk adorned every coat in sight. The day began with the arrival of President Roosevelt and his party from Farmington, among the Connecticut hills, where he had passed a restful night aboard his private car. President Roosevelt was in fine spirits. He had climbed the stone Avails and crossed the meadows afoot. Most characteristic of all, he had helped a strange farmer, far from the village, round up his herd of cows at milking time. After its run down the valley, the special train of two Pullman cars had arrived on time. The President sprang lightly off the rear platform, which had been surrounded by a squad of blue jackets. A national salute was fired somewhere in the neighborhood. Two companies of State militia immediately sur rounded the cars. The President was the Roosevelt of old; 72 THE BOOK of NEW YORK the broad smile and laughing eyes, the rosy lips and glistening teeth. He was a picture of good health and happiness. He looked young er, if anything, than during the campaign. The presence of the armed militia was clear ly repugnant to Roosevelt but he passed at once to an open landau in waiting and seated himself at the rear, right hand. Mayor Stud- ley got in beside him, because the President was the city's guest until he Avas landed at Phelps Hall gate, on university territory. The front seat was occupied by President Hadley, of Yale. The President had dressed for the ceremony aboard his car. He Avore a long walking coat and silk hat. It Avas the first time I have ever seen him A\'ear gloves. They Avere of tan. When the carriage moved off to the music of a band, a grand popular demonstration occurred. The streets along the route had been packed with people since early morning. Curiosity to see the young President appeared to be universal. When turning into Chapel street an incident caused the President to spring to his feet and raise his hat. An aged veteran appeared in an upper windoAA', Avearing the uniform of '61 and holding an old army musket at "Present arms!" It was like a picture from an old print; but Roosevelt recognized its genuine ness. He stood proudly erect, waved his hat as if to cheer, and the crowd promptly gave voice to his suggestion. A similar incident, though not so dramatic, occurred at Trinity Church, on Chapel street. As the carriages approached, the chimes in Trinity tower were playing "My Country, 'Tis of Thee." The instant the notes caught the President's ear he again rose and reverently stood uncov ered until the ivy-clad church was passed. It was a graceful and evidently an impulsive act — an incident thoroughly Rooseveltian. A few moments later the first carriage entered the college grounds and drew up at the gate way to Phelps Hall. This portal is a groined arch of Gothic architecture. Its material is old red sandstone. Roosevelt sprang from the landau, up a slight acclivity that rose from the curb and, with President Hadley on one side and Colonel Bingham on the other, passed into the Yale campus, where at least five thousand people had formed in double line to greet him. Again the silk hat was raised; again that typical smile that has become a part of our national life! Cheer upon cheer arose. The college men were assembled in classes; their greetings were in old and familiar form. " Breck-kekekex, Brekekex; coax, coax!" was the xVristophanean welcome; "Rah! rah! rah! Yale!" the coflege cry of Old Eli. Between this double line of boisterous stu dents the President's party passed rapidly afoot across the breadth of the campus to Alumni Hall. Handing his hat to a relative, Avho stood near him, the President donned his mortar-board cap and his black silken gown. The cap was of black, Avith a violet-colored tas sel. The gown bore three broad black velvet bars across each sleeve. No sooner was His Excellency gowned than many old friends pressed forAA^ard to greet him. "Who could have dreamed that the blue of old Yale would ever Avave in honor of me .?" said Roosevelt, in my hearing. He spoke of his own Alma Mater, Harvard, with loving pride, but evinced every sign of delight at the honor Yale was about to bestow. It was a pretty episode and served to pass a pleasant quarter hour. Then the procession toward the gatcAvay through Vanderbilt Hall to the Hyperion Theatre was quickly formed. Police cleared the path. Here and there secret service men in broadcloth and duly rosetted in blue fell into the line. It was a mistake of them not to have worn the mortar board; the tall silk hats made them look like English mutes at a funeral. The rapid tramp through Durfee Gateway and past old South College to Vanderbilt Hall was a scene of continuous ovation. Cap and gown had so transformed the young and sprightly President of the United States that his best friend would hardly have recognized him. His hands were gravely clasped across his stomach, and the eyes, that are oftenest alertly cast upward and everywhere. Were solemnly upon the ground. He was as grave as a monk from the Abbey of Eli in the time of King Canute. In the Summer of 1905, Theodore Roosevelt induced two great nations at war, Japan and THE BOOK of NEW YORK 73 Russia, to send commissioners to Portsmouth, N. H., where a peace was arranged that brought to an end the bloodiest conflict in all history. The morning sun of sincerity and fact dispelled the fog of personal detraction and political jealousy then rising over the President's conduct as a radical. He has been described as "the man militant"; he loomed up before all the world as a practical peace maker. My acquaintance Avith William H. Taft began while he was Secretary of War. I had seen him before but had not met him. When he became President of the Red Cross Society of the United States, he took an active part in extending the work of that splendid organi zation and his name was a tower of strength thereto. At the Ohio Society dinner in New York, after his election to the Presidency of the United States, I heard him reiterate his pledges to carry out "the Roosevelt policies," as he described the correction of abuses under which the country was suffering. That he has tried to keep that pledge, no one can doubt. His administration is one of great promise, although he has not escaped criticism. It is too early to take the measure of his activi ties. Next to Roosevelt's, his name Avfll be indissolubly associated with the creation of the Panama Canal, the pacification of the Philippines and the inauguration of a Colonial policy for the United States. Forensic abflity has secured nominations in badly divided national conventions ; but never has a man famous as an orator attained the White House. Not going beyond our own memories, most of us can recall Stephen A. Douglas. He was a much more finished orator than Lincoln. He had studied Webster and Clay, who had staked their fates on oratory. They had fafled of success in their ambitions. EdAvard Everett had tried for the Vice-Presidency. But the plain " rafl-splitter " of his own state swept Douglas out of public life. A. K. Mc Clure said that "Lincoln was nominated by a convention in which two-thirds of the dele gates were for Seward." In Lincoln's second contest, McClellan wasn't an orator. In the struggle between Grant and Seymour, the oratory of the Democratic candidate was of a mild character; but he had a fine pres ence on the rostrum and spoke with readiness. Horace Greeley would have been a fine orator had he possessed a voice; but the high falsetto key in Avhich he always spoke at first amused and then annoyed his hearers. The sflent man of Appomattox was elected. Tilden was a fine speaker before a court of judges sitting in banc, despite his insignificant figure. Whether or not be thought himself an orator Avould be hard to guess. But a country man from Ohio, named Hayes, got the White House job from him. He was rarely listened to with attention when in the House of Rep resentatives. Ben. Butler, "the holy terror," dominated that legislative body most of the time Hayes was there, and long after. He "sat upon" Garfield and Hayes as if he didn't know they were there. Blaine had been suggested at Cincinnati, by Ingersoll, but failed of nomination. Garfield thought himself an orator, but he wasn't. He could talk, as could Benjamin Harrison ; but there were half a dozen cleverer men on the floor of Congress. Hancock was a soldier and never made a speech during the campaign. The New York Sun disposed of him by announcing his weight as 250 pounds. The Cleveland-Blaine contest of 1884 brought to the front the most magnetic orator in public life this generation has knoAvn. Webster may have been more ponderous. Clay may have been more logical and schol arly; but Blaine had a voice that delighted the ear. He was keen at fence, quick to divine a thrust and to anticipate it; popular in the same sense as Clay — an all-round bril liant character. And yet he was defeated on the very ground where he ought to have been invulnerable. A lot of fussy parsons secured an appointment for an audience ; their spokes man interjected into his "few remarks" a gassing reference to "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion" which Blaine didn't hear. A World reporter was the only scribe who caught the words and printed them. That the language Avas used never was denied; but Blaine was caught napping and fafled to denounce the speaker's attack upon a faith to which his ovvn famfly belonged. He could and would have rebuked Burchard in a way 74 THE BOOK of NEW YORK that would have made capital for the candi date had he been up to his usual mental alertness; but splendid oratory during that campaign didn't save Blaine. Cleveland, who couldn't be described as an orator by his wild est admirer, was chosen President by a narrow popular plurality of 23,005. The Electoral College stood 219 to 185. But the orator was bowled out, which is what I set out to show. Benjamin Harrison probably Avas the near est approach to an orator of any man who has gone to the White House in our day. He Avas not regarded as a brilliant talker in the Senate, for he was overshadowed by the tra ditions of the place. Conkling had left the Chamber, yet he Avas remembered. So Avas Ingalls. But Harrison while in the Senate never attempted an oratorical flight; he did not "raise his voice" or speak Avith impas sioned fervor. He Avas cold, calm, calculating as a ratchet wheel! He was the same when President, and after his retirement to private life. Ingersoll understood him and told Har rison the steely truth about himself. Thur- man, who was on the ticket AA'ith Cleveland, had a record for oratory of the old school, but he went down to defeat. Candidates were reversed in 1892, when Cleveland Avas chosen over Harrison, renominated, but oratory, such as it was, got a black eye that time. William INIcKinley Avasn't an orator in any of the senses that Ingersoll. Blaine and Conk ling Avere. He prepared his speeches with elaborate care and when addressing the House ahvays clung to his notes. In my press gallery experience between 1877 and 1896, I probably heard ^McKinley speak at length a dozen times. He ahvays impressed a listener Avith his earnestness and that is the best to be said for his oratory. But opposed to him AAas a born orator. This country hasn't knoAvn, in our generation, anything exactly like Bryan's Avonderful mas tery of the human voice. Ingersoll had spurts of eloquence; Blaine had much of the sym pathetic quality of voice as Bryan, but neither man could stand comparison with the orator of the North Platte. I listened to the "Crown of Thorns" speech at Chicago — a memorable outburst from a dull sky that drove nearly every delegate in the Convention Hall to him, as a shower in an open field sends a crowd scurrying to the nearest shed for shelter. x\nd yet, during a trip made Avith Bryan in his car, I heard many finer specimens of true and emo tional oratory than was that wonderful and compelling rampage at Chicago. I would prize as one of my choicest possessions a stenographic copy of a ten-minute speech Bryan made from a store box at Logan, O., — a AA'retched mining toAvn in the southeastern section of the Buckeye State. It touched the heart of every man, AVoman and child in the crowd. But Bryan the orator has thrice walked the political plank! President Roosevelt is a speechmaker, be yond question; but it is improbable he'd call himself an orator. He speaks Avith extreme, energized force. His gestures are tremendously forceful. His speech at Philadelphia, second ing McKinley's nomination, was marred by the fact that he read most of it. Had he mem orized it, that address might have been de scribed as oratory. The list of orators who aspired to the Presi dency hasn't been exhausted by any means; but Avith the exceptions of Clay, Webster and Lincoln, I have only talked about men I have heard speak or have personally known. To this class must be added the ponderous, jolly, aggressive Thomas B. Reed. Reed thought he could hammer himself into the White House. He didn't give dinners to get votes, — as did Mce-President Fairbanks eight years later, — because he hadn't any confidence in a culinary campaign. But Joe Manley never could convince him he couldn't get delegates by dragooning the House of Representatives or by putting another man in his Speaker's chair so that he might go upon the floor and "slam things" Avith his ponderous voice and not less terrifying fist. Reed got his lesson at St. Louis, on June 16, 1896, when Warwick Hanna "allowed" 64^ votes to l)e cast for Reed, after McKinley's nomination on the first ballot was assured. It is doubtful if Reed ever knew hoAv Hanna did the McKinley trick. Oratory didn't do it. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 75 CHAPTER VIII CITY EDITOR AND FOREIGN EDITOR N MY return from an assign ment one afternoon, I was notified I had been appointed City Editor. This was in No vember, 1876, and I was not 26 years of age. One never was astonished at good or bad for tune on the Herald: all came "in the day's work." I took charge at once, succeeding Edward Flynn, with W. J. C. Meighan as my assistant. The Brooklyn theatre fire occurred that night, an event I am never likely to for get. It serves to illustrate the difficulties of gathering news at that time, compared with the present day — when telephones, taxicabs, bridges, subways and rapidly-moving trolley- cars are at the serAdce of a city editor and his reporters. The fire had been burning an hour before I could learn AA'here it Avas and judge its importance. From the roof of the Herald building — unobstructed in view by skyscrapers — the conflagration appeared to be in one of the warehouses on the opposite side of the river. The Williamsburg man, who had come to the office on a ferry-boat, corroborated that assumption. If he were right, the Brooklyn staff Avas competent to take care of the fire. Finally, owing to personal anxiety, I sent my assistant, Mr. Meighan, across to Brooklyn. The ferry ran at quarter-hour intervals and thirty precious minutes elapsed before Mei ghan reached the scene. Gathering what facts he could, he hastened back — knowing, by experience, that the important use of news is to get it printed. His two-column report was masterly. Although the police assured him everybody had escaped, he wrote his ac count in the subjunctive mood, so that if dead were discovered he would have predicted the calamity. I made the heading and ventured a line "Sad Loss of Life!" Next day the discovery came that more than three hundred people had been burned or suffocated! City Editor Shanks, of the Tribune, who lived in Brooklyn and was bound homeward, Avas first upon the ground and had rather the best re port in any newspaper. He had an hour longer to work but did not positively announce loss of life ! Meighan's work that night caused him to be appointed my successor, Avhen I Avas transferred to the Foreign Desk, on the break ing out of the Russo-Turkish Avar, in the fol lowing year. It Avas a just reward to him. The World's Fair at Philadelphia Avas of inestimable benefit to New York. It brought a million visitors during that Summer, — Western people who never had seen the East. It marked the first impulse toward the cultiva tion of a national taste for art. Although rude "hayseeds" mutilated valuable statues in their curiosity to see AA'hether they were stone or plaster, and a few holes were poked in rare canvasses by equally crude human atoms, the paintings and marbles in Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, had an enduring in fluence upon the American people. At that time, there was nothing like a serious collec tion of art work anywhere in this country. Boston had an art museum and New York had the quaint Venetian building at Fourth avenue and TAventy-third street, where a few good pictures Avere to be seen; the Metropoli tan Museum of Art, on West Fourteenth street, was a joke, although endowed with statuary and canvasses from the private collections of John Taylor Johnson and Henry Marquand. It occupied a buflding adjoining the present site of Salvation Army Headquarters. Mod est as was its beginning, it was the progenitor of the splendid museum in Central Park, which promises to develop into one of the great institutions of the world. Another artistic impulse that the metropolis received from Philadelphia in that year was the general use of Avail papering. Interior walls of the houses of the wealthy had been 76 THE BOOK of NEW YORK painted or covered Avith satin ; but New Yorkers found the homes of the Quaker City, poor and rich alike, decorated AA'ith paper. There are many qualities of wall paper; some of the decorative attempts Avere failures; but the eternal Avhite Avails to Avhich New Yorkers Avere accustomed gradually disappeared. The poor of Ncav York began to paper their oavu Avails, a reform that extended even to the tenements. Per sonally, I have ahvays believed painted Avails and ceflings are best for tenants not naturally cleanly, because they can be Avashed and germs of contagious diseases removed. Hoav- ever, in 1876, comparatively little Avas known about parasitic diseases, — not until 1883 did Dr. Koch discover the bacillus of consumption and the spirfllum of cholera. Among the many incidents of my city editor ship, a fcAV may be told. One evening my assistant Avas late in arriving. The hour Avas seven and I Avas alone at the city desk Avhen a tall figure appeared and gazed at me across an iron railing. "Do you recognize me .? ' ' the stranger asked. "Yes; you are Henry B. Hyde, President of the Equitable Assurance Company." " Correct; you can do me a favor. I require identification at the advertising AvindoAv, down stairs, where a young man Avill not take my check." "I will go down with you," I replied. In the counting-room, a chunky, red-headed clerk refused to take Mr. Hyde's check for a half -page advertisement — something like $300 ; but he concluded that he "avouM take a risk if Mr. Chambers would indorse the check." He reasoned that I might be discharged the next day and if the check came back he might have to pay it. Thus did I, on one occasion, make one of Mr. Hyde's checks current ! In later years, 1 Avas a guest of James H. Hyde, son of the founder of the Equitable, on a coach run from Ncav York to LakcAvood and heard him tell of the episode. Mr. H. B. Hyde wrote all his oAvn advertise ments and personally attended to placing them; the Herald in those days gave credit to nobody and a clerk Avho received a check in payment did so at his OAvn risk.. To me, as I mentally recur to it, the incident is de cidedly humorous. Times have changed. Another incident of my incumbency of the city desk was the re-publication by Appleton of the London edition of "A Mad World" and the bitter controversy its appearance pro voked Avith Dr. Brown and the Asylum man agement. In this matter, JNIr. Bennett came to my support as valiantly as St. Clair McKel- way had done in the Eagle four years pre viously. He authorized me to print a re joinder under my official title — an unmistaka ble evidence of good Avifl. During this period, I became acquainted with Theodore N. Vail, then taking his first interest in the Bell telephone, of which he is to-day the master spirit. If Professor S. F. B. Morse and Judge Alfred Vail "put all the Avorld on the wire," Theodore N. Vail, by developing the telephone of Prof. Bell into a commercial magnitude that compelled a consolidation therewith of the largest tele graph corporation of this country, has put most of the world on speaking terms. He Avas recently made President of the mightiest commercial corporation in the Avorld, with the single exception of the United States Steel Company. Here's a man I like to talk about! Two generations of Vails have witnessed and cooperated in the creation of the most profit able and ingenious scientific means of making capital earn dividends that the human mind has devised. Second only to the development of the steel industry, the telegraph-telephone wizardry must long remain the symbol of Aladdin's lamp for conjuring fabulous AA'ealth from an idea. Theodore N. Vafl, at the age of 62, absolute master of this second mechanical industry of the world, had the humble beginning of an Ohio farmer's lad; but he enjoyed an excellent academic education and his preeminence has been attained by gradual but never uncertain steps. The secret of triumph in whatever he attempted Avas that he early comprehended that his mind had a mechanical, rather than professional, bent. Whatever he did was ex ecuted with enthusiasm, as if existence depend ed upon his efficiency. The Vails originally came from New Eng land, but there Avas a colony of the family at Morristown, N. J. Theodore's parents sep arated from that group and migrated to Carroll THE BOOK of NEW YORK 77 county, Ohio, where, on a farm miles from town, July 16, 1845, this boy Avas born. The Morristown Vafls thought so highly of the public schools in their OAvn aristocratic com munity, among the beautiful New Jersey hills, that they induced Theodore's parents to send the youngster from Ohio to gather what edu cation was to be had. After a subsequent academic course, Theo dore began reading medicine under the direc tion of an uncle; but Judge Alfred Vail's in fluence upon the young man caused him to abandon medicine and enter upon the com paratively new branch of electrical science. In the same Avay in Avhich young Judge Vail had been of service to Morse, Theodore N. Vail was destined to aid Bell and Hubbard at a time when help was needed. Sornewhat similar to the careers of Carnegie and Edison, we next hear of young Vail at work as telegraphist in New York. So effi cient was he that when the Union Pacific rail road began business, he Avas offered a position as station master and telegraph operator at one of the toAAiis on the ncAV line. It Avas not anything to turn the head of a man of 20, but Vail Avent West. When the Government began to utilize the ncAv mail route to the Pacific coast, transition from telegraphic work to raihvay mail service Avas natural. For six years, Avith his home in Omaha, young Vafl made the run as mail clerk between the Mis souri river and Ogden. The efficiency of his work attracted attention at Washington. Mail by this route was often delivered one or tAvo days ahead of that sacked by other clerks, because Vail thoroughly informed himself regarding the proper places at Avhich to put it off his car for best connections. He Avas taken into the office of the General Superin tendent of Raihvay Mails and in a year's time rose to be chief assistant. During this period, in November, 1874, I first met Theodore N. Vail in the office of Postmaster George Fairman, at Philadelphia. He was engaged on an investigation of im portance; but my long- while friend Fairman made us acquainted and friendship has ex isted ever since. The Phfladelphia Exposition proved to be the turning point in many an American career. Mr. Vail saAv the interesting device of Prof. Bell, just as a mfllion other visitors did; but, unlike nearly everybody else, he compre hended its future possibflities, if its mechan ism could be perfected. Herein appeared the value of his inherited passion for electrical science and he began a serious study of the imperfect "toy," as it Avas then playfully described. Several men in this country, especially in Boston and Loaa'cH, literally stumbled into vast fortunes by "taking chances" m Bell Telephone stock about 1876, when its shares THEODORE N. VAIL Avere going begging; but ^Ir. Vail Avas not one of those persons. He studied his subject carefully. He foresaAv the boundless possibili ties of such an invention; he invested CA^ery dollar he had saved in the West and held on to his shares Avith grim determination. One of his earliest purchases, for about $2,400, Avas a block of stock for AA'hich he Avas ultimate ly offered tAvo round million dollars! Much courage Avas required to hold on. He asso ciated himself Avith Bell and the inventor's father-in-laAv, Hubbard, and increased his holdings in the parent and subordinate com panies. He left the Railway Mail service. 78 THE BOOK of NEW YORK after introducing numerous improvements in the handling of letters en route, ^fany fea tures in use to-day are due to Mr. Vail's thor ough study of the demands, carried out before he Avas thirty years of age. First among other things, the postal clerks were made to study geography. Examinations Avere held, every little Avhile, and ignorance was folloAA'ed by dismissal. Mr. Vail disclaims credit for the introduction of the first fast mail trains be- tAveen Ncav York and Chicago, but there is good reason for crediting him Avith the aAvaken- ing that ultimately developed special trains, exclusively of mail cars, making the distance inside 24 hours. "The Limited White Mafl" it was called, because all its cars Avere AA^hite. When the experimental stages Avere past, and a reorganization of the Bell corporations was effected in 1878, Mr. Vail undertook the general management of the company. His duties chiefly involved the installation of ex change service in a score of the larger cities of this country. The exchange system was un developed and nine years of such Avork sprin kled Vail's leonine head Avith gray hairs; but, at the end of that time, the telephone became a commercial success, although the mechan ism left much to be desired. Connections, few as the calls were, in comparison Avith to-day, Avere sIoav and often indistinct. During this time, a discovery Avas made that copper could be draAA'n into Avire cold and its conductivity greatly increased thereby. Mr. Vail imme diately adopted the use of copper instead of iron Avire and reached the turning point in the problem. Emile Berliner, AA'ho first used induction coils; Thomas B. Doolittle, discov erer of the possibilities of cold draAvn copper Avire, making "long distance" feasible; John Carty, of the "bridging bell, "and Prof. Bell himself all contributed to the development of the marvellous device noAA' so familiar to every man, woman and child. Personally, I can remember that Avhen in Paris, in the summer of 1887, one had to talk against a thin pine shavingforatransmitter. All these discouraging obstacles had to be and were overcome. By 1890, the Bell telephone had acquired reliabil ity and constancy; it had ceased to have freaks of non-transmissability, alternating Avith com plete satisfaction in Avholly unaccountable Avays. The story of the Bell Telephone for the first tAA'cnty-five years is wholly one of build ing and re-building; of pulling down machin ery not Avorn out to set in its place something better and more expensive. The entire New York plant Avas rebuilt three times m sixteen years. By 1887 there was no difficulty in securing the necessary capital. It responded easily, A\'hereas in the early days it Avas dif ficult to find. As late as 1896, Avhen an ap parently final type of apparatus Avas in use, an entire revolution in the methods of oper ating appeared. The common battery switch board was installed; one central battery super seded hundreds of tiny local batteries, but the art of operating had to be relearned! In 1887, New York had talked to Boston over a $70,000 line of co})per Avire; by 1892 talking Avas in progress betAveen Chicago and the metropolis over 1,000 miles of Avire. To-day the average number of daily calls in Greater Ncav York is 1,500,000! Theodore N. Vail, Avho had become presi dent in 1885, Avas the first efficient organizer of the telephone business. To him more than to any other man is due the creation of the immense Bell system Avith its 7,000,000 'phones and its 11,000,000 mfles of Avire. In New York, he established the first successful com pany, raised the capital, developed the suburbs and put the Avires under ground. The value of the telephone to business had been demon strated. It noAv became a question of building machines with sufficient rapidity and expand ing the exchanges. Trade had monopolized its use, but society began to demand its in stallation in residences. Having an ample fortune, vast beyond the Avildest dream of an Ohio farmer's son, Mr. Vail retired from the general management and devoted several years to travel. Especially was he delighted Avith a long stay in Italy. After enjoying Europe thoroughly, he crossed the Atlantic at its narrowest point to Buenos Aires, and, then visiting, en route, the chief cities of Brazil, returned to New York. Whfle in Argentina, however, he had done two characteristic things. His mind naturally saAV everything through eyes of electrical pos sibility. Visiting the inland city of Cordoba, he beheld an immense reservoir built by THE BOOK of NEW YORK 79 damming up a valley, for the irrigation of an arid plain; but over the crest of this dam thousands of tons of water power were run ning to waste every hour. Mr. Vafl had no difficulty in leasing the use of the waste Avater and, installing turbines sufficient to consume it, he built a station for dynamos at the reser voir. In a fcAv months, he was supplying light, traction and power for manufacturing uses to the neighboring city! This Avas one of the earliest revelations to South Americans of the capacities of "white coal." Their minds comprehended that AA'hat they had been Avast- ing Avas sufficient to light their houses and streets, to draw their street-cars and to turn the wheels of their manufactories! When he returned to the capital of Argentina, Mr. Vail bought a wretched little horse-car line, tra versing some of the principal thoroughfares. He secured it for a trifle, to him, but he could see that it was the key to the entire future trolley system of Buenos Aires. As a matter of fact, he forgot this purchase for nearly two years, so completely satisfied Avas he Avith the Cordoba experiment. He bought a farm near Lyndenville, Vt., on his return to the United States, and settled down to enjoy the life of a country farmer. Thus did early environment assert its influence over a brain of unusual activity. He kept adding to the original 700 acres, until to-day the Vail ranch is nearly 11 square miles in area and contains 7,000 acres. But that is another story. The retired capitalist had three years' ex perience raising corn at $5 per ear and keep ing cows that gave milk worth a dollar a quart. He enjoyed it, and often drove his fine horses across the Canadian frontier as far as good roads lasted; but one night, seated in his library reading "On a Margin," the "old feeling " came over him. He remembered the little horse-raflroad in Buenos Aires ! Next day he was on a train for New York. He sent for a few friends. A pool was arranged, and on the steamer which safled for the River Plate, a week later, was Theodore N. Vafl, full of enthusiasm of youth. He arrived un ostentatiously. He appeared not to have any business on his mind; but in a month's time he had either bought, or effected a traffic agree ment with, ten other small roads in the big city. These he consolidated and electrified. Time was necessary, but it passed pleasantly. Mr. Vail formed the acquaintance of all the financially strong Britons in the city, having in mind a future utilization of their Avealth. All the dynamos, rails and cars Avere ordered by cable from sources that could supply them with greatest promptitude. In eighteen months, the traction system of Buenos Aires had been revolutionized. The earning capa bilities of the consolidated companies Avere ob vious. Their manager did not have to wait long until he Avas approached by English capi talists, and at a big, round profit to all original stockholders, especially to the promoter, they were alloAved to purchase. Again back to the farm, Avith three-quar ters of a million more funds than before leav ing. This time he Avas bound to stay out of business! Everything that mortal man could desire was his. But sad days Avere in store for him. His only son, Avho had completed a course at Harvard and Avas the pride of his father, sickened and died. In 1904, the de voted Avife who had married him in 1869, AA'hen he Avas a station agent at a desolate post on the North Platte, and had shared his travels as Avell as his successes, was taken from him. These tAvo blows shook the strong man ter ribly. When, therefore, the American Tele phone Company, in which Mr. Vail's interests Avere large, had become so overgroAA^n that complete overhauling was necessary, the direc tors and stockholders, headed by United States Senator Crane, of Massachusetts, asked Theodore N. Vafl to again take the laboring oar. He exacted many conditions. One of his earliest coups Avas a consolidation of many telegraphic and telephone interests into one gigantic corporation, which in amount of capital is only exceeded by the United States Steel Company. There he is to-day, dividing his time betAveen the Ncav York and Boston offices and his Vermont farm, — Avith Avhich he is connected by a special copper wire that hasn't a "cut in" anyAvhere in its 400 miles. Who can say that the telephone doesn't make talk .? A special report issued recently by the Bureau of the Census shoAvs that in 1910 about 14,500,000 miles of telephone wires in the United States Avere used in the transmis- 80 THE BOOK of NEW YORK sion of more than 12,000,000,000 messages or talks . ' ' The growth of the telephone has been the most prodigious spectacle in modern science. In 1880 there were in use only 34,305 miles of telephone AA'ire; in 1890 the mileage had increased to 240,412. These fig ures are approximate only. Improvement in mechanism and the demonstrated usefulness of the now familiar and indispensable instru ment resulted in an increase in Avire mileage to 4,900,451 in 1902. Five years witnessed a growth to 8,098,918 miles. The number of communicating instruments in use, 1907, Avere 6,118,578. A near guess estimates the amount paid by the American people alone for the use of telephone service last year at $235,000,000. Of the six mfllion 'phones in use in 1907, 685,512 Avere in Ncav York State. That number has been increased 50 per cent. Avithin the past four years. This shoAving does not represent the extent of the use to AA'hich the wonderful machine is put. Thousands of systems are installed in hotels, apartment houses, clubs, factories, offices and large private houses, for use exclusively Avithin their confines. Police telephone boxes are familiar objects upon the streets of most cities. Many railways are operated by tele phone orders instead of by telegraph. Thirty- five years ago the telephone was regarded as an interesting scientific toy; to-day it has be come a commercial and household necessity. The combination of the American Tele phone Company Avith the Western Union Telegraph Company was a very natural one. Electricity is the active agent in both enter prises. No student of electrical science in this country can give instruction to President Vail in this marvellous branch of modern science. He has been nurtured on that cur rent since boyhood. The aim of President Vail is to supply uni versal service. As a first step he is bending every energy toward giving Transcontinental communication, that is, speech betAA'een Ncav York and San Francisco. The New York- Denver circuit, opened about two years ago, has a length of over 2,000 miles; that is to say, it is more than tAvice the length of the line to Ncav York or St. Louis. When the Denver circuit Avas opened, it Avas regarded as the limit of telephonic communication; but to-day the human voice can be distinguished as readily at that distance as between this city and Washington. It Avas a long step from Chicago to Denver; an even longer stride of 1,350 miles is required to carry the service into the city at the Golden Gate. Mr. Bennett's yachting experience was of value to him, as an incident will show. "What's the most important news to night.?" he asked, one evening, Avhen I AA'as on the city desk. "A National Line steamer has arrived Avith the captain, crcAv and passengers of 'L'Amer- iqiie ' — nobody lost," I replied. "What are the circumstances.?" he asked, AA'ith animation. "The engines of the French boat broke down; Captain Lamaria, her commander, hoisted signals of distress, and, when the Brit ish steamer came along, abandoned his ship. Captain Queen, of the British boat, put a prize crew aboard the derelict with orders to sail her to Queenstown. Then the French man wanted to return to his ship and resume command; but the Britisher Avouldn't permit him to do so. So 'Frenchy' is hot mad and sAvears he'll have the Englishman's commis sion taken from him." "That's a good story!" exclaimed Mr. Ben nett, having listened, attentively. "Noav, AA'hat do you think about it .? Did the Englishman do right in stopping Lamaria's return .? Will he be sustained .?" Here Avas a perilous question of commercial as well as international laAv, but I took an even chance and boldly replied: "Captain Queen is undoubtedly right; the sea belongs to no man, and property once abandoned thereon goes to the finder." "You're right!" exclaimed Mr. Bennett; "and I'll tell you Avhy I knoAA' " and he told the following characteristic story: "I had a party of friends on the 'Dauntless.' Becalmed off the Isle of Wight, we drifted on a bar. Tide Avas at the ebb and we were due to stay there for several hours. Somebody suggested we could shoot snipe ashore; and, taking guns, aac left the yacht in the cutter. The sailing master asked to go ashore in the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 81 dingy also, as he wanted to make some pur chases. The yacht was virtually in charge of the steward. This fellow thought a lot of me and wanted to do me a good turn; so, when he saw a tug coming up the Solent, he hailed her, took a line and had my boat pulled off the bar into deep water. The captain of that tug at once libelled the yacht for salvage; the good intentions of my stcAvard cost me 1,200 pounds! That's why I knoAv your opinion is correct. The Herald must stand by the Englishman, because he's right. Have an editorial written saying this " and he out lined the leading article for the night. It is impossible to omit mention of the encounter between Bennett and May. A young Marylander, named Fred. May, nursing a real or fancied affront, lay in wait for the editor in front of the Union Club and AA'hen Bennett appeared, struck him with a whip. Mr. Bennett's valor on the occasion never was questioned. A meeting was arranged, but accurate detafls of the affair did not be come public until many months later. I was city editor at the time, and after the managing editor, Tom Connery, had declined to give any orders, I reported the arrest and trial of the seconds, exactly as if the editor of the journal had not been concerned. With that encounter at Delmar, on the Delaware and Maryland line, Mr. Bennett's American career terminated. He returns to his native land occasionally, but his life is lived in Paris, Avhere he is universally popular with the French people. A few days before the final preparations for bloAving up the Hell Gate reef, I visited the workings under the river with a party of en gineers. At the completion of the trip, a group of wet and chilled enthusiasts assem bled in the office of Chief-Engineer Newton at Hallet's Point, Astoria. Several kinds of restoratives Avere offered. General Shaler stood at one side of me and General McClellan on the other. As happened. General Newton set a bottle before me and I was about to pour out a dose of medicine Avhen the former Com mander of the Army of the Potomac spoke: "Put the cork in the bottle and turn it up side doAA'n; then shake it!" "Wherein is the phflosophy?" I asked. "The best Avhiskey has some fusfl ofl," answered General McClellan. "It is a poison and floats upon the top. Unless you shake a bottle that has been standing, as this one has, you get most of it. If you shake it, you divide with the next man." When the great mass of Avater and rock rose high into the air, on the memorable Sun day of the blast, I Avitnessed it from the lower end of Ward's Island. A tremendous Avave Avas created that I narrowly escaped by run ning to higher ground. Many sightseers were thoroughly wet. 82 THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER IX AN ERA OF WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT HE acquisition of money is the business of the Avorld. Wall street Avas well knoAAU to me. I had served an ap prenticeship there, as a Tribune reporter, during Avhich time — by a most unusual courtesy of the Board of Governors — I Avas given a card that admitted me to the floor of the Stock Exchange. Due to this experience, in the years that followed, upon the Herald, I was assigned to describe nearly all the panics that occurred in the financial centre — beginning Avith the Jay Cooke failure of 1873 and includ ing several that Avere AA^holly local in their effects. Nearly every prominent broker of that period Avas personally known to me. When Summer came I received invitations from yacht oAvners like the Osgoods, William Garner, William P. Douglas, Captain Loper, and several others to make the annual cruise on their boats — all impossible to accept. I recall the Harriman of those days and did not foresee that he Avould become even a mightier financial giant than Jay Gould or Henry N. Smith. The introduction of the stock ticker, a crude affair at first, revolutionized the busi ness of Wall street. The stock list, as printed in the daily papers, began to increase in length, but i t grew downward, like the rank and noxious upas tree. Daily transactions rarely exceeded a quarter million shares. With the ticker, as finally developed, record of sales were simultaneously conveyed directly into a hundred brokers' offices, Avhere cus tomers could see them and make their Avagers. The banks Avere developing strength. They loaned money to brokers, taking listed stocks as collateral for repayment. The Ncav York Stock Exchange celebrated its centenary on ^lay 17, 1892. Twenty-five residents of Ncav York had met on that same day, 1792, under a tall buttouAvood tree, stand ing where 60 Wall street now is and agreed thus: "We do hereby solemnly promise and pledge ourselves to each other that we will not buy or sell from this day for any person Avhat- soever, any kinds of public stocks at less than one-quarter of one per cent, commission on the specie value thereof, and that Ave Avill give a preference to each other in our negotiations." The price of a seat on that exchange in 1823 Avas $25; in 1863, $3,000; in 1892, $35,000; and in 1909, $90,000. During the Summer of 1877, a slim, healthy skinned man of medium height, alert and Avary, if one might judge from his eyes, came across the Continent in a private car. He was 39 years of age and had been born in England. when 14 years old, his parents had taken him to California, Avhere he had grown up amid the excitement of the days succeeding the gold fever of 1849. Whether the journey to the Golden Gate Avas made by Panama or across the plains, I never have known, but young James Robert Keene early developed a pas sion for commercial life. He tried practical mining in California and Nevada, but the early Seventies found him employed in a brokerage house of San Francisco. What capital he had accumulated as a miner and as a speculator, he held in readiness for the great coup that offered when the Bonr.nza mines Avere discovered in Nevada. With the same courage he has ever since displayed, young Keene, then little more than 30, hazarded his entire capital on Virginia, Hale & Nor- cross and Ophir shares. When these stocks began to soar toward high prices, Keene dis regarded all advice to take moderate profits. Not only did he hold on, but borrowing upon his already appreciated possessions, bought more shares. He closed out very near top prices and found himself the possessor of more than $6,000,000 cash. He then rested for a time, making a voyage to Japan, by way THE BOOK of NEW YORK 83 of Hawaii. On his return, he Avas chosen President of the San Francisco Stock Ex change. When he thought the time ripe, he transferred his money to New York, and, barkening to the call of the American metropo lis, took train for the East. Remarkable success achieved by this man, previously unknown to New York, made him an object of exceptionable solicitude. He Avas "interviewed," wflly nflly, at every large city through which his train passed. His efforts to escape publicity Avere ignored, because, in 1877, six millions in cash were tenfold greater in amount than they would be thought to-day ! With the exception of the Astors and Vander bilts, few men in the East possessed anything like such an amount of money. Eight years after that time, when Moses Taylor died and left $10,000,000, the commercial world stood aghast. One can easily understand, there fore, why this comparatively young Anglo- American was an object of interest. The large operators of Wall street, men who had amassed big bunches of money by "doing" each other, regarded the new comer as laAvful prey. Several of them said so. Others, less talkative, were not less hopeful or Avilling to relieve him of his money. Things went smoothly for the man from the Golden Gate at first. He made several fine "turns" that would have done credit to Henry N. Smith or Mr. Gould. For ten years, Mr. Keene held his own against the cleverest of his rivals on that "Barbary Coast." Some times he grappled with them single handed; at other times he met them in echelon or in platoon, — euphemisms for "cabal" or "syn dicate." In May, 1884, a combination of nearly a score of the wiliest financial buc caneers on the coast, — said Avithout intentional offence, — caught Keene in a grain deal and "trimmed him proper," according to the ethics of the locality. About this time, I came to know James R. Keene. By curious fatality, although I had been well acquainted with "bare-headed" Harriman, as the afterward monarch of the Street was known during the Seventies, be cause he rarely wore a hat when "hustling" between the board-room and his office, I had not encountered "The Man from California." I met him in the days of his adversity. I had laiown StockAvell Avhen he was the heaviest trader in the market and after he had been "done." But here was a very different kind of man. If ever any human creature, deceived by false friends Avho gloated over his downfall, were entitled to inscribe as his motto, "felix adverso" (happy in adversity), that man is James R. Keene. No mortal creature kncAv exactly how badly he Avas crippled. Most JAMES R. KEENE people thought him "doAA-n and out." His former cronies, for many of Avhom he had made moderate fortunes, had no further use for him. I have seen him sitting alone in the BroadAvay corner of the Delmonico cafe, then at TAA^enty-sixth street, Avhen not a man Avho had known him appeared to be conscious of the fact. Those must have been terrible years. 84 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Once or tAvice, when I had the candor to ap proach and sit AA'ith him a few minutes, I left Mr. Keene Avith a doubt as to AA'hether my sincere good Avill was desired or understood. But he became to me an ideal hero of com mercial life. During this darkest period I published a column describing the courage necessary for a Fabian policy such as this man obviously was playing. Without men tioning him, I told how his schemes had been ambushed by misleading information; how the bugle had sounded for the charge, Avound by a close associate that afterAvard claimed a personal triumph. I told hoAv this man had ridden into the valley of financial death, only to escape alive Avith the utter destruction of his fortune. Every operator in the Street understood the metaphors and the allegories. I received a note from Mr. Keene expressing sincere appreciation. A tie Avas formed that no in fluence has been able to AA'eaken in the twenty years that have folloAved. Another human bond between us cropped out in the discovery that I had been Avith Commodore Foxhall Parker during the five Aveeks' Naval drill in Florida Bay, Spring of 1874. Commodore Parker Avas Mr. Keene's uncle; his only son is named Foxhall in honor of that distin guished officer. James R. Keene began his ncAV and far more brflliant career about 1896. His com manding genius as a manipulator of the market brought to him several of the mightiest financial combinations in America. The Standard Oil Company employed him to sell its copper properties. J. P. Morgan called upon him in some of his greatest emergencies. While other large operators Avere buying stocks in thousand share lots, Keene Avould trade daily in fifty to one hundred thousand shares through a dozen brokers ! I used to call at his office occasionally, to find him in a darkened room on the sixth floor of the Johnston build ing giving cipher orders over half a dozen telephone wires. A glance at the tape, from time to time, serves to keep him thoroughly informed regarding the course of the market. If his bloAv is not being properly delivered, the ticker Avarns him. It speaks a language he understands. Then the lover of literature becomes a man of action. Orders to buy are doubled, or doubled again. If he be " a bear," stocks are poured into the Exchange as from a hopper! Such is the story of five hours of five days in the week. Saturday is almost no day, being only two hours long, commercially. But the time to enjoy meeting James R. Keene is in the evening, after he has dined and AA'hile he is converting a large cigar into smoke. Then he is as thoroughly divorced from business as if he Avere on a yacht in midocean. In a room on the tenth floor of the Waldorf-Astoria, surrounded by every luxury that money can supply, and with direct tele phonic connection to all the centers of trade and information, sits this remarkable man, Avhose name is upon thousands of tongues every day and Avho is credited Avith influencing the most enormous financial policies. He is in accessible to those unknown to him, but al ways within reach of people he trusts. Mr. Keene loves speculation as a bull-dog loves fight. He handled the gigantic Amal gamated Copper coup for the Standard Oil speculators; and on that desperate day Avhen Harriman and Hfll fought for control of the Northern Pacific and Wall Street Avent mad, it Avas J. P. Morgan AA'ho threw Keene into the inferno and brought out a victory for the Hill forces. Mr. Keene more than regained his fortune in that famous "bull panic" of May, 1901, Avhen the titanic struggle for the control of the Northern Pacific occurred be tAveen E. H. Harriman and James J. Hill. Shares of the railroad that had "broken" Jay Cooke & Co. in 1873, and had sold in open market as Ioav as $3, soared to $1,000. The "Bonanza" experience Avas repeated! Mr. Keene had plenty of long stock and did not hesitate to let it go. But this financier has a very human side. One Winter, when laid up in his apartment at the Waldorf- Astoria with a broken knee-cap, he conducted a good campaign. The day was bitterly cold and the whistling winds at times drowned the sound of the ticker. He looked out his win dow and saw a poorly clad woman shivering on the street. Turning to his secretary he said, abruptly: "Spend $20,000 m the next twenty-four hours on people who are cold and hungry!" THE BOOK of NEW YORK 85 He then added: "And tell the boys not to ask any fool questions when they give the money." Mr. Keene is intensely fond of politics, an ardent admirer of President Roosevelt and a believer in the future value of the Philip pines. Speaking of the results of the war in the Far East, he said among many other things : "The triumph of Japan over Russia in Manchuria will change commercial and finan cial conditions throughout the civilized world. Japan will ultimately become one of the wealthy nations of the earth. Having risen in two years to the place accorded a power of the first class, her Mikado and Counsellors know that eternal vigilance alone can maintain the splendid preeminence achieved by their Army and Navy. Their energy will not abate. "Naturally, the Japanese are intoxicated with ambition. They will extend Japan's sphere of influence along the entire Asian coast. Japan will solve the problem of China's future. Although the density of the popu lation in the Flowery Kingdom may be ex aggerated, there are more than 200,000,000 Chinese. In its large cities are stores of wealth that have been accumulating for cen turies. These riches will now find outlet, and a large share of the money received therefor will be employed under Japan's direction, for China's betterment. Railroads, cotton- and woolen-mills will be built by Japanese en gineers and architects and machinists. Be fore many years, a lethargic, moody race of mankind will be converted into a nation of manufacturers, tradesmen and mechanics. The possibilities of agriculture in the Middle Kingdom are endless. Almost every name- able cereal, fruit and vegetable can be grown somewhere in the broad expanse of the Chinese Empire. Cotton, coffee, tea and rice flourish in the southern provinces. China will not need any prompting from Japan to ask: ' Why should our people buy cotton or woolen goods from England or the United States .? ' That's what the 'Boycott' we hear so much talked about means. China has already awak ened. The example of Japan's rise to a posi tion of dignity among nations has not been lost upon the teeming millions of China. If a 'Yellow Peril' ever develop for us, owing to our ownership of the Phflippines, it will be equally grave to France, England and Ger many, because of their possessions upon the eastern coast of Asia." Love of the thoroughbred horse has been one of James R. Keene's most marked char acteristics. When the racing season was on, he would leave a rising or a falling market to hurry to Sheepshead Bay, Gravesend, or, later, Belmont Park to witness performances of his horses. For more than a decade, he main tained the largest racing stable in the United States. He was Vice-President of the West chester Racing Association that managed Morris Park, before it was abandoned to the growth of the city. To this day Mr. Keene has a splendid stud farm at Castleton in the "blue-grass region" of Kentucky, which he frequently visits for rest and recreation. Mr. Keene has owned several monarchs of the American turf, among them probably the great est horse ever bred in this country, the un- forgetable Sysonby. This great animal, with an unbeaten record of tAVO seasons, died of a sudden illness. Other famous horses belong ing to the Keene stable were: Foxhall, bred in Kentucky and bought as a yearling for $650, sent abroad and Avon the Grand Prix at Long- champs in 1881. In the same year, this horse ran second in England to the great Ben d'Or at the City and Suburban ; also in the Cezare- witch, carrying 121 pounds. Domino won $191,780 in 1893; Mr. Keene's stable wm- nings that year were $279,458, an amount un precedented on the American turf. Also may be mentioned Disguise, Cap and Bells, Com mando, Charconac, Colin, Peter Pan, Super man, Celt, Pope Joan and Veil. In his early racing days, Mr. Keene owned Spendthrift, Dan Sparling and Dutch Roller. During the year of the war in the Far East, Mr. Keene named his colts after Japanese warriors and diplomats. "Kuroki" was one of the yearlings. "Togo" was another. There was sentiment in this matter. Few people knew that Mr. Keene had lived about a year in Japan and found his stay beneficial to his health. The visit was made after his amazing coup in Bonanza mining stock and before he came East to live. In other respects, beside his love of horses, Mr. Keene is exceptional among Wall Street men. He is a great 86 THE BOOK of NEW YORK reader, I might say, a constant student. Calling at his hotel suite during the Russo- Japanese War, I found him immersed in a study of Russian history. He felt a deep interest in the tAvo countries, then at each other's throats, beyond any effect the conflict might have upon the stock market. He followed every step of ^Marshal Oyama's advance into Manchuria on a large map, fixing the locations of each division of the tAvo great armies by Avhite- and black-headed pins. A bull movement of 1894 never has been explained until now. The Cherokee Nation sold its lands to the Government, in order that they be throAA'n open for settlement; the Cherokee Strip, as this reservation Avas known, was purchased for $8,000,000, payable in tAA^enty-year bonds. A committee of their people brought these bonds to New York to convert them into cash. The Cherokees, dAvindled under the drastic erosion of civiliza tion from a mighty nation to a few thousand, became homeless! They were poor in land, but Avondrously rich in pocket ! In the future, the chase would be a thing unknoAvn; the tepee and the Avigwam only a nebulous men tal vision. The Cherokees, literally driven into civil ization, were better prepared for such a fate than any other native people; they had been a self-governing nation for a century and a half. During all those years, in their native sim plicity, they escaped the sordid side of human life, never kncAv the sleepless nights entailed by anxieties of trade. Their's had been a quiet, peaceful existence, but now, like other members of the Indian races, they Avere no longer to starve on reservations, to be de frauded by Government agents, robbed by post traders and physically injured by bad whiskey and other accompaniments of our civilization. They had had enough of these things. They did not kill agents or destroy homes of the Avhites, but sought retributive justice in a more potent and effective manner. Just as the Romans, at the end of the 18th century, set out to reconquer Gaul — as Napo leon Avith his Italian followers redeemed France from herself; as the artists, poets, litterateurs and statesmen of Southern France (nearly all Italian in blood and sympathy) invaded Paris, giving to French statesmanship Leon Gambetta, to prose literature Alphonse Daudet and Guy de Maupassant and to poetry INIistral — so came the Cherokees to the financial centre of the continent, loaded with AA'ealth and firm of purpose, to grapple with the commerce of the world! Would it not be a strange ethnological picture if the former owners of the Cherokee Strip, pushed to the wall and robbed of their rights, dominated the trade of the East and reestablished the supremacy of the red race on this continent .? Their AA'hole history has been marked by the courage of forbearance. Patience, in the supreme effort to maintain good felloAA'ship with AA'hite neighbors, has been the dominating characteristic of their history. Aye, they have a history Avhich is readily traceable as far back as the end of the thirteenth century. Dr. Brinton, the best living authority on the Indian races, identifies the Lenapes Avith the Cherokees. He declares that Cherokee history goes back to the IMound Builders. The Chero kees were driven from the Delaware to the Alleghanies, AA'here they dAA^elt about 1540; thence west to the Ohio, AA'hence they were forced in 1700; thence southAvard to North Carolina and Georgia, and then expatriated to a dreary reservation in the unexplored Western Avilderness. They left behind them, all along their trail, evidence of their gentle and relatively humane character. Their tumuli abound in soapstone pipes, shoAving that the Cherokees belonged to the noble army of smok ers — Avere the precursors of all followers in the wake of Sir Walter Raleigh. That they dAvelt in Central Ohio is evident from the fact that the name Cherokee is fastened upon many villages and streams therein. Perhaps this is one reason Avhy their fate and their future appeal so strongly to me. As a boy I knew their graves, I swam in a Cherokee creek and often visited one of the many villages named "Cherokee." The system of government enjoyed by the Cherokee Nation ahA-ays was democratic. As early as 1730, Sir Alexander Cumming, a special commissioner sent by King George, found the Cherokee Nation (then established in Georgia), a government of seven Mother Towns, each of which chose a chief to preside THE BOOK of NEW YORK 87 over its people. This local ruler was elected out of certain families by popular ballot, and the descent was always on the mother's side. These Mother Towns sent a deputation to London on His British Majesty's ship "Fox," in May of that year. With them went the crown of the Cherokee Nation, an emblematic evidence of their national organization, and it was tangibly laid at the feet of the British King in token of complete submission to the then Home Government across the sea. In June, 1830, one hundred years afterAvard to a month, another delegation of the Cherokees visited Washington to protest against the laws that the State Legislature of Georgia had im posed upon them. This body of intelligent native Americans consulted Chief Justice Marshall, Chancellor William Wirt, Justice McLane, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay — all immortal names — and Mr. Wirt took their case before the United States Supreme Court. He made one of the greatest speeches of his life on the Cherokee question, in which oc curred the memorable AVords, often quoted: "We may gather laurels on the field of bat tle and trophies on the ocean, but they Avfll never hide this foul blot on our national es cutcheon. ' Remember the Cherokee Nation ! ' will be answer enough by any foreign rival to the largest boast we can make." It is history that the Government treated these Indians just as it has other natives. It jockeyed them, just as a gypsy horse trainer might have done. The expatriation of the Cherokees soon followed, and on March 14, 1836 — against a written request signed by 15,000 out of the 18,000 Cherokees— this noble and peaceful people were sent far beyond the Mississippi to a land of desolation and star vation, so distant from all existing channels of communication with the rest of humanity that it was doubtful if they would ever again emerge. A great race appeared to have ended its career in despair and gloom! But the end had not come. With them they took a civilization infinitely superior to that existin'J- among the whites of the frontier. In their Georgia homes, which they had left in tears and under protest, they enjoyed the ben efits of schools ; they had set up a native press, and, as early as 1828, had published The Cherokee Phoenix, This journal Avas printed in a syllabic language, invented by one of their own people. We have only to read Foster's charming biography of this unlettered savage, Avho invented an alphabet and started the Cherokee people on the way to their present high state of civilization, to realize hoAV far in advance they were of the border ruffians and Mexican bandits among whom they were throAvn, to survive or perish as fate might decree. But the Cherokees did not perish! They became an agricultural people; they converted thousands of square miles of sage brush and sunburned heather into green and smiling meadoAvs and productive farms. They re established schools. Under the leadership of Boudinot and Bushyhead, they organized a thoroughly equipped representative govern ment, Avith its Senate and LoAver House, sitting at Talequah, and over it they chose the able Bushyhead as President Chief. The Phoenix rose from its ashes and Avas edited by Elias Boudinot, one of the most charming and lov able men it has ever been my fortune to meet. Every old Washington correspondent re members his tall figure, his beautifully mod eled features, his long and carefully kept hair. The late Edward King has made him a part of our literature in his delightful novel entitled "A Gentle Savage." For years, at regular intervals, he Avas a well-known figure at Wil- lard's, admired and respected by everybody Avho enjoyed his acquaintance. He was famil iar Avith all the methods of legislation at Washington, and so long as he acted for the Cherokee Nation its interests Avere thoroughly protected. Of the legislation culminating in the pur chase of the Cherokee Strip I dislike to speak. Beyond question, that peace-loving and in dustrious people Avere forced to part with their lands. It is an insufficient ansAver to this sad fact to assert that they received a fair price for their property, and to argue that the greatest good to the greatest number justifies the final extinction of this people as an independent nation. It is true that land can be bought in other sections of the West, notably along the lines of transcontinental travel, at a less price than $1.25 per acre, but the Cherokees AAcre 88 THE BOOK of NEW YORK virtually forced to take that sum or have their lands forcibly intruded upon by squatters, AA'ho Avould have maintained possession with knife and gun. For good or for ill, they finally accepted the terms offered by the Government. The sum in bonds was $8,000,- 000 for more than 6,000,000 acres! A depu tation from the Cherokee Nation discounted these bonds in New York for $6,800,000, most of AA'hich went into Wall Street. Notoriously, the natives were enormous winners; they nearly doubled their money. That vast sum is Avell invested, according to the romance- history of Wall Street, and will reappear in the market one of these days; handled by a mind like that of a Keene or a Rockefeller, it Avfll make of the defrauded Cherokees the financial rulers of this country. Ah! That would be an aboriginal re- conquest of the East! THE BOOK of NEW YORK 89 CHAPTER X AMONG THE FORGOTTEN jOW many of us have visited a poor farm in the country .? When I liA^ed in a traveling bag, so to speak, and Avas hur ried to all sorts of places at every hour of the day or night, I Avent on a rush order to Schoharie. There had been a revolt among the inmates of the poor-farm of that county — a paupers' rebel lion, almost. The forsaken dAvellers in that land of the forgotten had, in some manner, communicated Avith the State Commissioner of Charities and he had asked the Herald to investigate the complaints, instead of doing the Avork himself. (Only another instance of the manner in which the large-hearted editor is constantly made use of by the public official. Ye Gods! What a theme is "The Chivalry of the Press!") A night on the train to Albany, a forenoon's ride on the Albany and Susquehanna road and I was landed at Schoharie Station. The little town was nestled among hills, and a gurgling creek, that looked fish- wise, ran through it. To this day I can recall a quaint old bridge over which I was driven. The village was well supplied Avith churches, but T could not learn that any of their pastors ever visited the exiled paupers, three miles from the county seat. The distance seemed longer; a full hour was used in driving it. The ride was a pretty one — a traveler would have thought he was bound to a bit of Eden. There was water in the landscape, because the road skirted the brow of a range of hills, and, far below, was the creek that gives name to county and town. At last, we, the driver and I, reached the object of my quest. It was a two-story brick structure, fronting valley-ward. We drove through a gateless entrance into the Potter's Field, placed on the high road AA'here passersby could notice every newly-made grave and wonder Avhich of their former neighbors had gone to a more hospitable Avorld than this one! Not a headstone! Oblivion! How characteristic of cold charity to place the pauper's burying ground at the entrance to their last earthly home! Hoav Dante Avould have appreciated the thought had he ridden that road, even in spirit form. He AA^ould have revised the legend over the gate to hell! The thought of the Schoharie poor directors Avas more poetic and quite as ef fective as the words: "Abandon hope, all ye who enter here!" The deputy keeper Avelcomed me and asked me to make myself at home Avith a cordiality that implied the possibility of doing so. He told me Schoharie County fed her paupers at a cost of a dollar a head per week. He seemed proud of the economies he prac ticed. I spent an hour among the forlorn men and women Avaiting to die — the socially con demned! Not a particle of reading matter did I see, except a torn and greasy Bible upon the cover of which was the announcement in letters so large that the title to the Word of God AA^as over-shadowed: "Presented by the Schoharie Bible Society." Weren't there boxes at the post office or the railroad station in Avhich papers, magazines and books might be deposited for these lonely, friendless people .? Nobody had thought of that. The beds Avere terrible to look upon. Provisions made for midnight "drunks" in our city police stations are much better. Only one sad incident of many conies to mind. In an upstairs room were eight aged AA'omen. One of them, dod dering in a broken rocking chair, looked up as we entered and exclaimed: "Ah! are you a doctor.? There's some thing the matter Avith this poor old head of mine." 90 THE BOOK of NEW YORK I told her that there was much the matter with mine, also — that it ached for her. This appeared to comfort, much as did the assur ance of my grandmother Avhen I stubbed a toe: "It Avill feel better when it quits hurt ing." What a freemasonry is human Avretch edness! The Avoman Avas made happy by the thought that I, too, was miserable. When I had seen every nook and corner of the place, I was driven back to town — past the outcasts' graves, past the farmers' homes, over the picturesque bridge — and halted be fore a new county court house, the seat of justice. What a contrast to mercy's seat that I had left among the hills ! In front of the lat ter, a graveyard; behind the former, a jail. Alas! Mercy had been exhausted in temper ing Justice. It Avas a comfortable jail. Its keeper told me that the county paid $2.36 per week to feed his charges. Little enough; but why the contrast .? The ethics are easy to puzzle out. The law-breaker must be conciHated. Does not he come into court and has not he, by coun sel, the last word to a jury of his peers .? He is the ward of Justice ! But the broken of heart, of body and of mind. Whose wards are they .? Yes, one can hear the answer afar off. We've all heard it until it sounds sacrilegious to utter that Holy Name. But, on earth, God's creatures AA'ho have been stricken with misfortune dire are without judge, or counsel. Even the sacred writ of habeas corpus is not operative in their behalf. At the poor-house of Essex county, located in the hills beyond Whallonsburg, I passed through the wards for the aged men and women and crossed an open yard, deep with mud, to visit the children's quarters. Whfle there, a small, red-haired, bare-headed urchin attracted my notice. I patted him upon the shoulder and asked his name. He gave it promptly, told me he Avas 10 years old and mother and fatherless. He hadn't any rela tives, so had to live at the poor farm! I felt deeply touched by the boy's words. When I left the miserable shed in Avhich these children were herded and started across the muddy yard, I felt a tug at my coat. My little friend stood behind me. His eyes looked up to mine so pitifully that I asked: "What can I do for you, dear little chap .?" "I want you to kiss me," he ansAvered. Certainly ; but why .? ' ' "I never AA'as kissed in my life!" When I sat down to write that incident for the Herald, I developed its pathos, describing the friendless lad. As a result, the little fel low was adopted by a childless family near Saratoga: he has been well raised, given an education and Avill be heir to considerable property. His "ship came in that day." Hail to the Philanthropy of Journalism! During this Avinter of 1879-'80, Benjamin F. Butler, then Governor of Massachusetts, instituted a series of reforms in prison and asylum management in that state. At his request, I went to Boston in February, 1880, to address a meeting held in Tremont Tem ple. The hall was packed even to the rear seats of the gallery. To my amazement, on seeing a programme, I found that Wendell Phillips, the war-horse of Abolitionism and most famous of all living American orators, was to folloAV me. I thanked Heaven he was not to precede me! His presence on the plat form explained the packed house. The won derful old man showed his mastery over a crowd before the meeting had thoroughly got under way. A Boston lavvyer made the open ing address and uttered language that started an agitation at the front of the house. The keeper of a "private sanitarium" had sent a score of demented women with their keepers to the meeting in the hope of creating a scene. A mentally unbalanced woman got on her feet and began a rambling talk about a rela tive who had been unjustly locked up in a mad-house. The assemblage of more than two thousand people was in turmoil. Mr. Phillips stepped to the front of the platform and with a motion of his hand stilled the mur murs of insubordination aroused by the wo man's language. He said: "This good lady is quite right in every thing she says, I haven't a doubt; I have in mind a case exactly similar of which I might tell you." He "might have" told it, but he didn't. The Avoman sat down. The audience was hushed and Mr. Phillips at once turned the platform THE BOOK of NEW YORK 91 over to the next speaker. He put an inde scribable spell upon every listener. He sat down close to me and as he did so commented upon the size of the audience. "I am sur prised to see so many people here," said he. "Everybody has forgotten the Indians and the insane." His was the speech of the night and made me feel as if my poor effort Avere a school-boy's recitation. His methods showed the sublimity of that art Avhich captures un willing listeners and commands attention. Wendell Phillips had had an experience of more than a generation's length in dealing with turbulent assemblages. He had been hissed and pelted Avith bad eggs when ad vocating the cause of the negro. Therefore, I had the advantage of learning in five min utes what he had acquired by the hardest and most cruel experiences. Great as is the art of oratory, it leaves behind only a memory! Whfle the sculptor, painter or author be queathes to posterity something more or less enduring, the orator works not upon canvas. or Avhite paper or in clay, but upon himself to vitalize his thoughts. His statues fall with him! I have spoken of oratory elsewhere. Like the actor's art, that of the orator dies when he does. Mention of Wendell Phillips recalls one of the last acts of Horace Greeley's editorial career before he plunged into the mad vortex of a presidential campaign. Mr. Phillips had spoken slightingly of Greeley's acceptance of a Democratic endorsement. iV few Aveeks thereafter the Boston orator came to New York to deliA'er his famous address on "The Lost Arts." Mr. Greeley sent the best sten ographer on his staff to SteiuAvay Hall and printed the oration in full next morning, there by destroying its avaflabflity for further use on the lecture platform. Since that time, laws have been enacted that protect the rights of lecturers and dramatic authors. It Avas "a complete revenge in one act," as Dumas once said. 92 THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER XI A CRUSADE TO THE QUAKER CITY N the Fall of 1879 I Avas sent to Philadelphia Avith instruc tions from James Gordon Ben nett to expose corruption in the Republican organization that dominated that city. It Avas thought to be the Avork of a fcAv Aveeks, or months, at most. Political poAver Avas centered in "the Gas Trust," an organization invested AA'ith the management of the municipal plant for lighting the Quaker City. Its members AA'ere chosen by Select and Common Councils, a large majority of the members of Avhich oAved their places to the gas trustees. Having created the sources of their appointment, these trustees virtually chose themselves. Never in the palmiest days of Tweed was a small cabal of politicians so securely intrenched. Its members had the employment of more than 11,000 Avorkmen in various branches of gas production and sup ply. These men Avere chattels. They were moved about from ward to ward, Avhenever need arose to maintain dominance in any Particular locality. Not a ton of gas coal was rought to the city on which the railroads did not surrender a rebate to persons unknoAA^n. Not a foot of gas pipe Avas purchased Avithout an overcharge. Lime, coke, retorts, Avagons, machinery of all kinds were gorged with "graft!" The chief of this secret, all-power ful cabal Avas a tall, mild-mannered Irishman, far along in years, Avho came to this country as a weaver and began work in Philadelphia at a loom in a cellar. He wielded the power of millions when the Herald went up against him! A long fight developed. Not a friendly word did I have from any newspaper in the town. Rufus E. Shapley, AA^ho had fallen out with the ringsters, was a staunch coadjutor. He AA'rote a satire called "Solid for Mulhooley" that materially advanced the agitation. A young lawyer named Pattison, in the office of Lewis C. Cassidy, secured the demo cratic nomination for City Comptroller. He Avasn't Avell knoAvn and the fact that he was a Democrat caused the Republican leaders to ignore him; but the reform agitation Avas growing and to the amazement of everybody, Robert E. Pattison Avas elected. He began at once to perform the true offices of a City Comptroller by demanding vouchers for afl bills and throAving out those for which none existed. On November 6, 1880, E. Dunbar LockAvood sent out a call for a meeting at his office on the 15th, to organize a committee to grapple Avith the ring. Out of this meeting, to which I was invited, grew the Committee of One Hundred, — by comparison a far more effective and unselfish popular organization than had been our much-vaunted Committee of Seventy in New York. As time proved, there were less than half a dozen office-seekers in the Avhole bunch! In this fight, the Plerald led from the beginning. Frequently, when its issue contained an exposure of convincing character, Mr. Bennett sent 10,000 extra copies to the Quaker City and distributed them at his own expense. The crusade was a costly one and attended with much perplex ity, discouragement and perhaps some per sonal danger. Hardly a mail but failed to bring to me a threatening letter from some servant of the cabal. Although I never as sumed that these threats were inspired at headquarters, I afterwards learned that at tempts were made to reach my proprietor abroad and to convince him I was actuated by motives of spite or failure to obtain political favors demanded ! Non-possession of the fact that Mr. Bennett had inspired the campaign was the weak point of my enemies. I re ceived from him a letter dated at Pau, saying: "I approve of everything you have done and THE BOOK of NEW YORK 93 am not influenced by any letters I receive." A desperate character, affiliated with the Gas Trust, although a Democrat, "Bflly" McMul- len, was reported to me as SAvearing personal vengeance if the "persecution" of his friends did not cease. The cabal then tried another method to cause my removal. On an order from the Herald office to get an intervicAv with an adventurer, named Mantrop, for the use of a member of a Congressional committee in vestigating charges that certain Senators were connected with a scheme to compel payment of claims against Peru, I secured the material, forwarded it to Ncav York on the assumption that it Avould be transmitted therefrom to Washington. To my amazement, the matter was printed the following morning, OAving to the condition of the night editor on the pre vious evening. A firm of shyster laAvyers affiliated with the ringsters immediately com municated with one of the Senators mentioned by Mantrop, induced him to come to Phila delphia and cause my arrest on a charge of criminal libel. I avoided arrest by hurrying to a magistrate's office with a bondsman and giving bail. The Senator disclaimed un friendliness to me Avhen the facts were stated, but persisted in Avhat he Avas pleased to call his "vindication." The Gas Trust cabal Avas jubilant! Senator McPherson Avas not per mitted to be satisfied Avith a "vindication" in a magistrate's court, because an opportu nity offered to send the obnoxious Herald cor respondent to jail and thus to stop the ex posures. Like TAveed and his associates, the Gas Trust corruptionists "only Avanted to be let alone." The trial Avas unimportant and resulted in a fine, Avhich Avas promptly paid, and the campaign continued. Among all the men Avho came to the fore front in this crusade was S. Davis Page, a prominent lawyer and a member of the Com mon Council. He was elected from a doAvn- town ward. He lived in a fine old house on Fourth street, Avhere his father, an eminent physician, had resided before him Mr. Page was born in the Quaker City in 1840, was graduated from Yale in 1859, and, after read ing law in the office of Peter McCall, com pleted his studies at Harvard LaAv School in 1864. He at once began practice on his OAvn account and it was not until tAventy-odd years later that he formed the firm of Page, Allinson & Penrose. — the latter being the pres ent United States Senator. When corruption in the management of the City's gas-works became so evident that public action had to be taken, a committee of the City Council was appointed and on this committee Mr. Page soon took the laboring oar. Day by day the Plerald hammered aAvay, its correspond ent generally knoAving in advance Avhat Avit- nesses Avould be called and often suggesting the line of examination. An incident occurred one day that recalled the conduct of the TAA'eed ringsters in this city, Avhen they broke a glass door in the court house and abstracted many documents. Mr. Page carried a green bag, as does nearly every laAA'yer in the Quaker City. He placed it in front of him upon a table and Avhile he Avas conducting an exam ination of one of the gas trustees, some ser vant of the cabal stole his bag, supposed to contain incriminating evidence. The theft had no effect upon the investigation Avhich Avent straight along and was followed by a political upheaval the like of which never has been seen in so strongly partisan a community. The reformation spread throughout the state and with the assistance of an "insurgent" Republican, named Wolff", Robert E. Pattison, the faithful City Comptroller, AAas chosen Governor of Pennsylvania, — a Commonwealth with a normal Republican plurality of 150,000! Mr. Pattison's retirement from the Con- trollership Avas folloAA'ed in 1883 by the advent of S. Davis Page to that office. Although he served only one term, he fully completed the house-cleaning so Avell begun by his predeces sor. Having a large legal practice, Mr. Page Avas not desirous of continuing longer in politics, but Avith the advent of President Cleveland he was appointed Assistant Treas urer of the United States at Philadelphia and administered that office Avith entire satisfac tion until 1890. A year later he was one of the Commission appointed by the Governor to investigate the accounts of John Bardsley, a derelict City Treasurer, with the Keystone National Bank. I had knoAAn Bardsley when 94 THE BOOK of NEW YORK HARM AN YERKES THOS DEAVITT CUYLER V^/ k ? \ ^m .lOHN C. BELL P. F. ROTHERMEL, Jr. A Group of Prominent Philadelphians THE BOOK of NEW YORK 95 he was a common councilman and had re garded him as the least grasping member of the McManes cabal. He had played his cards so well that many thousands of staunch reformers were induced to vote for him when he received the nomination for City Treas urer, to succeed a weak occupant of that office who had risen on the reform wave. When the crash of the Keystone Bank came, Bardsley was found to have unduly favored it, because its vaults held more city money than they should have had in them. Exactly what was the loss to the city, I never knew. Counsellor Page brought out every fact and sent the wretched "Godly-good-bub" Bards ley to state prison. The personality of Boies Penrose, whom I knew in those days, is a delightful one. He has been everywhere, seen everything, always a creature of luxury but never of foolish wealth, and is, therefore, one of the best- equipped companions any man who seeks true sociability could hope to meet. Penrose possesses a most equable temperament. He is one of the best listeners ; his mentality is far beyond average. True, he lacks the divine gift of oratory. The man who can say the right thing at the proper moment more nearly belongs to the inspired of heaven than any human creature since the days of alleged prophets. When I first met Boies Penrose, son of the distinguished Dr. Richard A. F. Penrose, he was a young member of the bar of Philadel phia, associated with S. Davis Page. That was about 1883. Senator Penrose was born in Phfladelphia, 1860, and was graduated from Harvard in 1881. He was an athletic, healthy specimen of manhood when he re turned to his home city and began the study of his profession. He read law with Wayne MacVeagh and George Tucker Bispham, but after his admission to the bar he entered politics and was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in the Eighth Phfla delphia district. Two years later he was sent to the State Senate, was reelected in 1890 and again in 1894, acting as president pro tempore of that body in 1889 and 1891. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1900 and 1904; was Chairman of the Republican State Committee for tAvo years; was Pennsylvania's representative on the National Republican Committee, 1904. He was elected United States Senator to suc ceed J. Donald Cameron, for the term begin ning , March 4, 1897, and has twice been reelected, his term of service to expire in 1915. Although Boies Penrose is the inheritor of the mantle of the "Clan Cameron," never in any respect identified Avith reform measures, his own record began Avith brilliancy in a BOIES PENROSE memorable contest made by him in his native city as a candidate for mayor. At the request of Johns Hopkins University, and in collabo ration Avith EdAvard P. Allinson, an associate in the law office of S. Davis Page, he wrote "A History of the City Government of Phila delphia," a large octavo volume, which cut to the root of municipal corruption and showed how trusteeships like that Avhich operated the gas works of the city were abused. The AVork was intended as a text-book for university study in historical and political science and served its purpose so vigorously that it led to political agitation wherever it Avas used. Associated as Mr. Penrose was with Matthew 96 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Stanley Quay, his Senatorial colleague, he acquired by direct heritage from the Camerons all the arts of political finesse that had given to that family complete political domination of the great state for more than a generation. He is to-day leader of his party in the United States Senate, absolute chieftain of the second state in the Union and has before him a career of great prominence. Barely fifty years of age, Avith a small but ample fortune, general popularity, much suavity of manner, a fine voice and capacity to use it Avhen necessary, commanding the respect of the tremendous Republican majority in his state, there is no reason Avhy Boies Penrose should not retain to hale old age the distinguished position in national affairs he noAv occupies. He has de veloped Avith his years; has become an excel lent Constitutional laAAyer, a fair debater and an admirable political tactician. I have referred to his ability as a speaker, Avhich I am frank to say he has not displayed notably since entering the Senate Chamber. My opinion is based upon his speeches during an exciting municipal contest, in Avhich he formed so large a part. Many people marvelled at the forensic ability Senator Aldrich, a plain grocery-man, ultimately developed. Senator Penrose has a fine education, is well equipped in legal knoAvledge, and as the leader of his party in the Chamber, Avill rise to the demands of the place. He belongs to one of the old families of the Quaker City, and, as I have said, his father Avas a distinguished member of a profession that ranks preeminently high in Philadelphia, knoAvn as a city of doctors and laAA^yers. Another experience Avith a threatened libel suit occurred during my stay in the Quaker City. Although it belongs to the Comedy of Journalism, I relate it here as a foil to the McPherson incident. In searching through a mass of vouchers and letters that I had obtained in an underground manner from the office of the Gas Trust, I encountered the name of Cornelius Walburn, referred to in letters as "Coonie." I made mention of him, although he Avas not in any Avay involved in irregularity. Next day, a short, red-faced man of middle age came into the Herald bureau and announced his intention to bring a suit for libel against the ncAvspaper because his name had been mentioned in connection Avith "the rascals of the Gas Trust." A clerk Avas seated at the other side of the room and I pretended to give him some in structions. Then I returned to my visitor and asked: "Why have I libelled you by mentioning vour association Avith the people at the gas office.?" "Why.?" he fairly shouted; "because is a thief, I knoAV him to be. He Avanted me to certify a crooked bill for goods I supplied; AA'hen I refused to do so, he said: 'No matter, Coonie; Ave can fix the bill afterwards.' And I suppose he did. There's , he is just as much of a 'crook.' I can put him in jail. And, as for the boss himself, I don't fear him; I knoAv hoAv he got rich " "Please Avait a moment," said I, looking over at the clerk. "Have you got that all doAA'n, Joe .?" "Yes, sir," replied the young man. " What's that .? " exclaimed Walburn. "You don't mean you are going to print Avhat I have just said .?" "Certainly not; but we shall find it valua ble in the suit you intend to bring." "Oh! see here; I'll call that suit off if you wfll give to me those notes." "Just put them in the safe, Joe," I said, as the visitor departed. Many interesting incidents occurred during my stay in Philadelphia. From a small gath ering of journalists and theatrical managers the Clover Club, one of the most famous in stitutions of the kind ever knoAvn in this country, became a national aft'air. It had its origin at a dinner given to John B. Schoeffel, at the Continental Hotel, in the spring of 1880. The party included James H. Alexan der, Wflliam R. Balch, Royal Merrfll, EdAvard Bedloe, Erastus Brainerd, John L. Carncross, John Donnelly, Moses P. Handy, Albert H. Hoeckley, Thomas L. Jackson, Charles A. Mendum, Julius Chambers, William Ander son, Charles R. Deacon, and J. Fred Zim merman. Mr. Handy presided. Near the small hours, Mr. Balch, then fresh from Bos ton, proposed the formation of a social club. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 97 It was a Thursday night and the name of "Thursday Club" was chosen. The organi zation took shape at once and for many months the meetings continued. A year later the name of the coterie was changed to "Clover Club." When a dinner Avas given by this club, special trains Avere run from Washington and New York, bringing as its guests distin guished men of the nation. The Clover Club was the making of G. C. Boldt. While at Philadelphia I kncAv John W. Shuckers, AA'ho had been Secretary Chase's private secretary and inherited all his corre spondence. During the Civil War a strange code of military ethics had developed. The most notable instance Avas Garfield's conduct toAvard a superior officer. Gen. Rosecrans. On July 7, 1863, Garfield, Avho afterAvards became President, AA^rote from Nashville to Salmon P. Chase, then Secretary of the Treasury, a letter found among the papers of the dead Chief Justice in Shuckers' posses sion and by him given to Charles A. Dana, who published it in the Sun in January, 1880. That letter has fcAV parallels! During the entire Civil War, Chase and Stanton Avere marplotters in the Lincoln cabinet. I recall an entire afternoon passed in Shuckers' office (where he had a type-setting machine, many features of AA^hich are incorporated in the "Linotype" of to-day), during AA'hich I read half a hundred confidential letters addressed to Chase by prominent members of the then Republican party. Many of them were grossly slanderous, most of them Avere treacherous in the truest sense, because they criticised men Avho trusted them and Avhose friendship they courted. Many of those epistles belong to the history of that time. Especially do I recall a letter by Murat Halstead, then editor of the Cincinnati Commercial, saying to Chase, AA'ho sat in Lincoln's cabinet, "Lincoln is crazy" and "Horace Greeley ought to be hanged!" The birth of the town of Roanoke, Va., dates from the visit of a group of Ncav York and Philadelphia capitalists Avho made a trip of exploration in May, 1881, over the newly acquired Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, which extended from Norfolk to Bristol, Tenn., and which they had re-christened the Norfolk & Western. In that party were George T. Tyler, Clarence H. Clark, Frederick J. Kim ball, S. A. CaldAvell, all of Philadelphia, and Christopher C. BaldAvin, President and George C. Clark, director of the Louisville & Nash ville Railroad, W. B. Isham and James T. WoodAvard, of the Hanover Bank of New York. I Avas aboard that train as the guest of Clarence H. Clark, avIio had bought the road at foreclosure sale, re-capitalized it, placed its bonds and Avas making the tour of inspection of his ncAv pi'operty. That Avas one of the most remarkable four days' experiences of my life! The special train travelled only by daylight, and from ten o'clock until three, lay on sidings Avith direct Avire communication into scA'eral of the largest banks and brokerage offices of Ncav York. It Avas veritably a stock exchange on Avheels ! One evening, as darkness was falling, the train stopped on a siding at Big Lick. An hour before, aa^c had passed the point at Avhich the Shenandoah Valley railroad Avas to join the ncAvly named Norfolk & Western and thereby give to the latter direct connection, through Hagerstown and the Cumberland Valley railroad, to New York. Dinner had been served and every guest Avas in amiable mood. At this auspicious moment, a porter entered and announced that the mayor and toAA'n council of Big Lick aAvaited outside, de siring to express the gratitude and the good Avill of the villagers toAvard the iicav oAvners of the line. President BaldAvin Avas desig nated to go to the rear of the car and address to the group of a dozen men a fcAv Avords of thanks prior to sending "refreshments" to them. Mr. BaldAvin Avas confused as to the geography of the locality. He assumed that Big Lick Avas the point at Avhich the Shenan doah Valley road was to terminate. In a few florid sentences, he committed the direc tors of the Shenadoah Company to a change in their terminal plans! He spoke partly as folloAA's: "Here Avfll rise a great city, Mr. Mayor and Councflmen of Big Lick. Here Ave shall locate machine shops, round-houses and build hotels; here Avill rise seats of learn ing and vast commercial enterprises. In a word, the magic of northern capital Avill create for the Ncav South a business centre that Avill radiate its activities far and wide." The 98 THE BOOK of NEW YORK LUCK'S E. JOHNSON JAMi;s .McCREA "^1^" JOS. B. HUTCHINSON ALEXANDER C. SHAND Prominent Railroad Officials of Philadelphia THE BOOK of NEW YORK 99 applause was deep and heartfelt, although it is doubtful if the Mayor and Councilmen of Big Lick understood its tremendous import. After the reception was over, the people in the dining-car had a hearty laugh at the ex pense of Mr. Baldwin; but they smfled in a different Avay when he assured them that his promises must be made good and that the ter minal of the Shenandoah road must be changed to Big Lick! He admitted his error but said it must be corrected into fact. Some of the shrewd members of the party unostenta tiously dropped off the train and before mid night had secured options on all the acreage property they could buy within a mfle of the raflroad. Several Philadelphia millionaries were made that night! Francis J. Kimball, who was one of the party, was then President of the Shenandoah Valley railroad, and lived to see it one of the important branch lines of the Pennsylvania system. The present head of the Norfolk & Western Raflway Company is Lucius E. Johnson, born at Aurora, 111., 1864, and educated at the public schools of that town. At the age of twenty Mr. John son secured employment on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad as a fireman. He tells me that it was a matter of necessity with him to find work and points with especial gratification to the fact that he has risen from the ranks to the Presidencv of a successful railroad system. Not possessing a technical education, such as might have been obtained at college, he specially qualified himself for the higher branches of his trade by constant study of the mechanical features of locomo tive and train equipment. He remained in the locomotive department of that road until 1886, holding various positions, including mas ter mechanic at Aurora. He was then ap pointed Superintendent of the St. Louis divi sion, where he served two years; then of the Chicago division, where he remained an equal length of time; he was Superintendent of the Montana Central railway for three years; next he was Superintendent of the Michigan division of the Lake Shore & Michigan South ern for four years and, in October, 1903, be came General Manager and, in the following February, President of the Norfolk & Western Railway. Here is a story from real life of con tinuous advancement by sheer force of capac ity. When the Norfolk & Western Railway was extended up the New River Valley into the soft coal deposits of West Virginia, the commercial Avorld recognized the development of a previously unknown coal area in the United States. The outcome of that adven ture into unexplored fields was the formation of the Pocahontas Coal & Coke Co. The Norfolk & Western corporation built at Nor folk the largest coal chutes in America. They Avere located near the entrance of the harbor, Avhere Avater Avas deep, and, for the first time in the history of the American coal trade, regular lines of steamers carried the "black diamonds " of the Pocahontas Co. to Europe. Sturgeon and oysters took second rank at Norfolk to coal! Since 1904, when Mr. Johnson took charge, the permanent way and rolling stock of the Norfolk & Western Raflway have been vastly improved. Mr. Johnson has offices in New York but lives in Roanoke, — that dream- tOAA'n of the beautiful valley AA'hose origin I have described. He is a member of the Vir ginia Club of Norfolk, the Shenandoah Club of Roanoke and of the Queen City of Cin cinnati. He is a Democrat but has never mixed in politics. The Pennsylvania railroad has produced several of the most progressive men in Ameri ca's roll of fame. Among them are J. Edgar Thomson, who largely created the line to Pittsburg and secured the Ncav Jersey divi sion to New York; Thomas A. Scott, who extended the trunk line to Chicago; George B. Roberts, who added the Phfladelphia, Wil mington & Baltimore and with Scott's Bal timore & Potomac drove the road into Wash ington and through the Monument City and laid the great basis for its present financial credit; Frank Thomson, who, like the others, had given his life to the problem of improving the permanent way; A. J. Cassatt, AA'hose fore sight in providing freight relief lines and en tering the metropolis under the Hudson River by extending the steel highway to Long Island has been realized since his death; and James McCrea, the present head of the gigantic cor poration, under whose presidency that notable improvement which makes New York the Eastern terminus of the Pennsylvania system 100 THE BOOK of NEW YORK AV W ATTERBURY CHARLES E. PUGH henry .s. grove john s. bioren Four Well Knoavn Philadelphia Men THE BOOK of NEW YORK 101 SAMUEL REA has been completed, at an expense of $100,- 000,000. Every one of these men has done his part, but in each instance there have been masters of planning and execution, upon whom the burden of responsibility has actually rested and whose engineering genius has been called into service in a thousand unexpected crises. When the Pennsylvania Railroad Company determined to extend its system into the heart of Ncav York under the North River and be yond, under the East River, to Long Island, and to erect a mammoth station in the metrop olis, direct charge of these vast undertakings was committed to Samuel Rea, Second Vice- President of the Company. The magnitude of such responsibility can hardly be compre hended by the ordinary, unprofessional mind intent on other tasks. That every detafl of the work has been carried to complete suc cess does not surprise the associates of Mr. Rea, or those who believe in the Pennsylvania organization and methods. Thorough education in the railroad business, an excellent engineering experience and sublime confidence in his abflity to achieve apparently impossible results, guaranteed results. In recognition of Mr. Rea's achievement and the public benefit derived therefrom, the University of Pennsyl vania recently honored itself by conferring upon him the degree of Doctor of Science. I should add that as part of the tunnel exten sion the construction of the Ncav York Con necting Railroad, now building jointly by the Pennsylvania and the Ncav York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad companies, will in con nection Avith the tunnels form a through route for transportation betAveen Southern, Western and Ncav England states. The rise of Samuel Rea to such distinction as engineer and executive is not the result of anything but hard AVork and ability. He Avas born at Hollidaysburg, Pa., in 1855, at the eastern foot of the original Portage road, over which canal boats of the early part of the last century Avere dragged across the Alleghenies to JohnstoAvn on the AA^estern side. As a boy, he climbed those hills, through the rhododen drons, to Cresson and determined upon a life of service to the raihvay that Avas at that time solving the problems of the Horse-Shoe Curve and the Allegrippus grade. He did not Avait an hour after he was sixteen. He began engi neering Avork on Morrison's Cove, Williams burg and Bloomfield branches of the Pennsyl vania railroad in 1871, carrying chain or theodolite for tAVo years (serving under his present chief, Mr. James McCrea, then as sistant engineer). The great financial and commercial crises of the Seventies put a stop to all engineering Avork, so then he fitted him self for clerical Avork until 1875 Avith one of the large Hollidaysburg iron corporations, returning to the Pennsylvania in 1875 as As sistant Engineer and builder of the chain suspension bridge over the Monongahela river to Pittsburg. When this task was completed, he was assigned to the Pittsburg & Lake Erie, where he acted as Assistant Engineer for tAvo years. From this point, I cannot better indi cate the vast scope of Mr. Rea's experience than by summarizing, step by step, the prog ress of his interesting career: In 1879 he resumed his Penna. R. R. affiliation; an ex tension of the Pittsburg, Virginia & Charleston railway was decided on and he was directed to make it. That Avas the form orders always took Avhen given to him. Then duties came fast. From 1880 to 1883 he Avas engineer in 102 THE BOOK of NEW YORK charge of surveys in Westmoreland County, Pa., and revising and rebuilding Western Pennsylvania Road; in 1883 to 1888, Principal Assistant Engineer, Pennsylvania Railroad; 1888 to 1889, x\ssistant to Second Vice-Presi dent; then from 1889 to Aprfl, 1891, he became Vice-President, Maryland Central Raihvay, and Chief Engineer, Baltimore Belt Road, to abol ish the B. & O. ferry and run trains under and through Baltimore; Aprfl, 1891, to May, 1892, out of service on account of ill-health and European travel for recreation; May 25, 1892, to Feb. 10, 1897, Assistant to President, Pennsylvania Raflroad; Feb. 10, 1897, to June 14, 1899, First Assistant to President, same road; June 14, 1899, to October 10, 1905, Fourth Vice-President, Pennsylvania Railroad System East of Pittsburg and Erie; October 10, 1905, to March 24, 1909, Third Vice-Presi dent; March 24, 1909, to date. Second Vice- President; and in connection Avith his former duties Avas placed in charge of engineering and accounting departments; also second Vice-President, Northern Central Railway, Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington R. R. and West Jersey & Seashore R. R. Compa nies, and a Director of Pennsylvania R. R. Co. and many other corporations. Admiring the sturdy qualities of Samuel Rea as I do, I hope to see him one day carry out the dream of the late Frank Thomson, to drive a tunnel thirty-odd mfles under the Alleghenies, starting from his beloved Holli daysburg and ending at Johnstown, doing aAvay at one stroke Avith the natural barrier that impedes rapid transit between Altoona and the West. It is a theme I discussed on several occasions Avith Frank Thomson at his home in Merion. Mr. Rea is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers of London, New York Chamber of Commerce, Merion Cricket Club, Union Club of Ncav York, LaAvyers Club of New York, Phfladelphia Club, Metropolitan Club of Washington, Century Association, Pennsyl vania Society of Sons of the Revolution, Met ropolitan Museum of New York, Royal Auto- mobfle Club, London; Pennsylvania Society of Ncav York, Economic Club of New York and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. The mammoth Pennsylvania Railroad sta tion in Manhattan has been opened for more than a year. During its first twelve months, 112,500 trains passed in and out through the tunnels that reach it — 99 per cent, of them on time. Not a single accident occurred on the section that includes these tunnels! Such a record cannot be equalled above ground, in this country or in Europe — the latter boasting of low accident records. The traffic through the tubes rencAvs Avonder at the magnitude and success of the splendid undertaking of Mr. Rea and his engineers. This is an era of marvellous engineering feats; but nothing more Avonderful has been accomplished in any part of the world than tunnelling under an entire city and two rivers, and carrying a trunk line of active raihvay underneath the cellars of skyscrapers Avithout disturbance to the activities on the surface, and without accident in operation. Tunnelling under mountains may be more spectacular; the Panama canal may appeal more directly to the imagination ; but conquest of the wilder ness is free from complications that attend stupendous engineering undertakings in the heart of a compactly built city. Prominent among the many notable engi neers in the service of the Pennsylvania Rail road is EdAvard Brinton Temple, who is now Assistant Chief Engineer of that company Avith headquarters in Philadelphia. Mr. Tem ple graduated from Swarthmore College in 1891 and immediately became a rodman in the engineering department of the Pennsyl vania Company. His advance in his chosen profession was rapid and he was from 1892 to 1894 an engineer connected with the en largement of Broad Street station and Avas similarly employed in 1902-3 when the big improvements AAcre made at West Philadel phia. He also had direct supervision of the enlargement of the Schuylkill River bridges and the elevated railroad m 1910. Mr. Tem ple was recently appointed Chairman of the Board of Engineers on Philadelphia Terminal Improvements. He is a member of the Athletic Advisory Committee of his alma mater and was director of the Swarthmore Bank in 1910 and its president in 1911. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 103 AV. ATLEE BURPEE 'i;mimzsm^iimmm MAHLON W. NEWTON The secret of W. Atlee Burpee's success in the seed business is that he is an originator and is full of methods for creating and hold ing trade. He offers prizes for almost every thing that will help in the general aggregate and in consequence has created one of the greatest mail-order houses in the country, whfle he has at the same time improved the quality of his product so that his claim that "Burpee's Seeds Grow" is no misnomer. Mr. Burpee entered the seed business with two partners in 1876. He Avas then eighteen years of age and two years later he started alone under the firm name he still uses. His success was phenomenal from the start, so that he has noAV several mammoth Avarehouses and conducts the Fordbook Farms, the largest and most complete trial grounds in the coun try. In addition, Mr. Burpee publishes one of the most comprehensive annuals devoted to the industry. It is knoAA'u as "The Leading American Seed Catalogue" and the 1912 issue will be the thirty-sixth annual edition. Mr. Burpee is interested in many financial institutions, is a member of a score of clubs and national and international societies de voted to horticulture. To many a man who makes the city of Phila delphia in his travels, the knoAA'ledge that he has Green's Hotel at which to live and Mahlon NcAvton for a host makes his ap proach to that city a bright spot in the dull cares of life. There are few hotels in this country that carry a better name than Green's of Philadelphia; perhaps none gives better service for the amount charged its guests. Mr. Newton, who has made it one of the lead ing houses of the continent and a real feature of the Quaker City, was born in the neighboring state of Jersey. When he left his home and went to Philadelphia from Burlington County, NcAA' Jersey, in early youth, it Avas to fill a position in a Market Street hardware store, so that when he launched into the hotel business at Woodbury, N. J., in 1878, he was totally inexperienced and the success of the venture was by no means certain. Mr. Newton, hoAv- ever, had a genius for entertaining and the faculty of providing good service and an elaborate cuisine. His success was imme- 104 THE BOOK of NEW YORK diate and he later purchased the hotel at Wenonah, N. J., in a few years more becom ing one of three to purchase Green's Hotel. He eventually bought the interests of his partners and since 1898 has conducted the house alone. Each year Mr. Newton has added some improvement to the hotel. This year he is entirely remodeling it and the old house, Avhich is one of the most homelike in the city, Avill noAv have added charms for its thousands of guests throughout the country. While mentioning those AA'ho Avere prom inent in the social, professional or mercantile life of Philadelphia, Walter Hatfield must not be overlooked, although the Grim Reaper long since claimed him. Mr. Hatfield AA^as born in Phfladelphia, January 1, 1851, the son of Nathan L. Hat field, M.D. He Avas educated at the Univer sity of Pennsylvania, being a member of the class of '72, and upon leaving that institution of learning decided to enter mercantile pur suits instead of preparing for a professional career. He engaged in the iron business and became a member of the firm of Patterson & Hughes, proprietors of the Delaware Rolling Mills, and retained this interest until his death, in 1908. Mr. Hatfield was a man of attractive per sonality and had many friends in the social and manufacturing worlds, to whom his death came as a great shock. He Avas a brother of Henry Reed Hatfield, who is a prominent member of the Philadel phia Bar. There has never been a more forceful or commanding figure in the District Attorney's office in Philadelphia than George S. Graham, who for many years acceptably filled that arduous position. Mr. Graham Avas born in Philadelphia, Sep tember 13, 1853, and after a preparatory course entered the University of Pennsylvania from which he graduated and then took up the study of laAV in the office of John Roberts. He afterwards entered the law school and gradu ated Avith the degree of LL.B. Possessing rare oratorical ability Mr. Gra ham naturally turned to politics and Avas soon in demand as a speaker. He Avas elected to Select Council and subsequently District At torney and held the office for eighteen years, being Professor of Criminal Law in the University of Pennsylvania. Resuming pri vate practice in 1899, Mr. Graham organized the firm of Graham & L'Amoreaux, of New York City and has since been engaged in many notable cases. The Democratic party in Pennsylvania was in a demoralized condition in the '80's, owing to a feud between Senator Wallace and Ex- Speaker Randall — two strong, equally am bitious and incorruptible men. A state con vention of their party had been called to meet at Harrisburg, and the anxiety to know Avhat the Pennsylvania Democracy Avould do Avas general throughout the country. I was there to ascertain the terms of peace, if made. During the afternoon preceding Convention day, several correspondents like myself found difficulty in killing time. We visited the public institutions. Four of us hired a car riage and drove to the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, where aa^c witnessed a remarkable exhibition of a super-cultivated sense. A young woman, deaf and dumb, could write down what two of us conversed about by Avatching our lips! We made several tests — in one case standing 100 feet distant and talk ing in whispers. That night I learned from W. U. Hensel, afterward Attorney-General under Governor Pattison, that a reconciliation was to occur between Randall and Wallace, — to take place in view of the entire convention. A balcony at the rear of the hall, originally built for an orchestra, had been chosen as the place. This was announced in New York in the morning papers. I had come to know both those men at Washington. Although honest, they believed the spoils of office belonged to them. Therefore, an agreement about the offices in the state Avas inevitable. Wallace and Randall were to enter the balcony from opposite sides, have their conference alone and to clasp hands, in view of 1,200 delegates! A thrilling, picturesque scene, easy of de scription, was sure to occur; but who could learn what words were exchanged between the two men .? THE BOOK of NEW YORK 105 «:«:4-W-n^ RICHARD WALN MEIRS A well-known Philadelphian who is connected with the administration of the great AVeightman Estate JOSEPH H. KLEMMER Director ot Supplies tor the city of Philadelphia under Mayor Reyburn, who retired with that administration. My mind reverted to "the banner scholar" at the Deaf and Dumb Asylum ! The balcony was distant only thirty feet from the main gal lery. With the aid of a cab, persuasion and promises of liberal compensation, a demure woman occupied the nearest gallery seat to the balcony, when the convention opened. She was to write, by sight, upon a pad what the state leaders said! Nobody in the hall kncAV of her presence except myself. She was alert, but innocent of any political knowledge. The rush of the assembling mul titude did not disturb her — because she could not hear it. Suddenly, the vast crowd rose to its feet! A whirhvind of applause anticipated the appearance of the two statesmen at op posite sides of the balcony. It was a thrilling moment for everybody who understood its purport — it presaged the election of Robert E. Pattison, as Governor ! But a stolid little aa'oiu- an in the gallery, near to the chief actors, said nothing, heard nothing, and saw everything. Barring a few proper names that she could not read, because unknoAvn to her, she com mitted to paper the terms reached at that famous conference. Some of the blanks AA'ere filled by subsequent "hustling" and some Avere not; but she wrote an almost verbatim re port of what each of the two men said; the patronage they agreed to control, in the event of Mr. Pattison's nomination and election; and the attitude they would take in the ap proaching Democratic National Convention. The Democratic ticket named on that day swept the Commonwealth, for the first time in thirty years, and all pledges made in that balcony were carried out. 106 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Among the members of the Philadelphia junior bar Avho have made reputations in that city of excellent law-^rcrs is Charles H. Burr, Jr., a graduate of the LaAV School of the Uni versity of Pennsylvania. Upon graduation and subsequent admission to the bar, Mr. Burr Avas for a time asso ciated with his father, but his private practice grcAv to such propor tions that he organized the firm of Burr, Brown & Lloyd, Avhich has figured in prominent cases both in Philadel phia and New York City, and is now coun sel for many Avell-known individuals and firms. Mr. Burr is deeply interested in politics in his native city and has been in much demand as a speaker in several campaigns. He is a member of the University and LaAvyers' clubs and belongs to many other social and political organizations. His offices are located at No. 328 Chestnut Street, Phila delphia. CHAS. H. BURR, .In A branch of expert research commanding high rcAvard is that of a certified public ac countant, Avho is able to disentangle the affairs of a firm or corpora tion Avhen they become involved. In this class of experts, I especially Avant to mention Ed Avard Preston Moxey, at the head of his pro fession in Philadel phia. He Avas born of Scotch parentage in that city, August, 1849, and received his edu cation in its excellent public schools. At 15 he began as a clerk in the banking house of Glendinning, Davies & Co., where he remained 10 years and ultimately became cashier. In 1875 he established a stock brokerage firm and "bucked theThird Street tiger" until he organized the accounting firm of Edward P. Moxey & Co. He became a special United States bank examiner of the National Banks in 1891. He is an instructor in advanced accounting at the University of Pennsylvania. EDAVD. PRESTON MOXEY THE BOOK of NEW YORK 107 CHAPTER XII SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE I HAVE KNOWN ^ROM Philadelphia I Avent to Washington, again. This time my orders were unusual. The last column of the Plerald's edi torial page Avas reserved for me and I Avas expected to fill it every night with gossip from the Capital. This was an easy task for a fort night; but, by that time, sources of supply Avere exhausted and the stunt became a difficult one. Fortune often favored me, as, for example, I visited the National Museum one day, Avhen a secretary of a United States Senator — ^mistaking me for an employe — ac costed me to ask : "Is Senator Van Wyck's bald-eagle done .?" This led to the unearthing of unusual "perquisities," obtained by Congressmen of all degrees. Another Senator was having a collection of the birds of Kentucky stuffed and mounted at Government expense. I learned that taxidermy, in all branches, was performed free for statesmen ! Every time another West ern Congressman returned from his home, he brought as many specimens of the Avinged game of the locality as he could gather, to have then stuffed and mounted at the National Museum. While at Washington, on this occasion, I lived for several months in the "Dolly" Madi son house, at the corner of Jackson Square and H street. I slept in the bed chamber that had been occupied by the charming mistress of the White House, but never saw her apparition, as other tenants have claimed. The building is now the home of the Cosmos Club. The social event of that season (1886) Avas the marriage of Miss Folsom to President Cleveland. The burden of writing an entire page account of that event fell upon me and has been referred to elsewhere. When Congress adjourned, I spent the re mainder of the Summer at Long Branch, Narragansett, Cape May and NcAvport, doing a daily letter and a page Sunday article every Aveek. Thus events hurried me ouAvard to ward the sublime incident of my life. At Washington, I had many experiences that have no place in this narrative. Among them Avas a personal acquaintance Avith Thomas B. Reed, obviously the coming man on the Republican side of the House of Rep resentatives. He Avas a lover of Balzac and read him in the original, after a fashion — al though he persisted m calling the name "Balza," even after being set right. There Avasn't any doubt that Reed Avas the leader of the minority, although Cannon, as Chairman of the Committee on Appropriations, was very strong; but Reed, by sheer avoirdupois and brain tissue, over-rode everybody in his party. A London newspaper recently announced that "the Speaker of the House of Commons is suffering from 'listener's gout!' " It AA'as a Avholly ncAV phrase to me. I have personally knoAA'n every Speaker of the House of Rep resentatives, at Washington, since Schuyler Colfax, and I never heard any of them con fess to similar complaint. Doubtless, one sort of gout is as obnoxious as another. Years ago I gave up Burgundy because premonitory twinges in one of my feet were diagnosticated as incipient gout. All my life I have been a good listener, and the recollections of my forgetfulness Avould stand me in great stead were I sure of them. What is "listener's gout.?" I got "on the Avire" and called up several distinguished authorities on diseases of the nervous system. Not an answer was satisfactory — from a bill-poster's vicAV-point. I should explain that the bill-poster is a phi losopher who sincerely believes that an ansAver 108 THE BOOK of NEW YORK or an appeal is valueless unless it makes a distinct mental impression. James G. Blaine Avas the first Speaker of the House knoA\'n to me. His art consisted in playing General Butler against every other stormy petrel in the House! It Avas a com paratively easy solution of a difficult situation. Butler liked the job and it saved the Speaker a deal of trouble. The Essex statesman had been of invaluable aid on several critical oc casions and Speaker Blaine Avas "a square divider." Speaker Kerr never Avas Avell knoAAU to any body. He only lasted for one session (1875- 1876) and as a "listener" never attained a standing. When the ncAAspaper boys AAcnt to see him after each day's session, he ahvays talked a streak, but never supplied any in formation. Samuel J. Randall Avas the most respectful and considerate man who occupied the Speak er's chair since I began a study of such officials. There Avasn't any "cloture" under him. The youngest member Avas ahvays given a fcAv opportunities to "make good." He had to show ability, or he got a short shrift; but there wasn't any smothering of nascent genius. Randall might have contracted "listener's gout" had he knoAAU of the malady. Poor chap, he didn't learn he had cancer of the stomach until he ran against a too-talkative Shysician. Of all men lately in public life, landall probably possessed more sweet and lovable characteristics than any other. Never shall I forget a day passed Avith him at his farm, near Paoli, Pa., only a few months be fore his death, in Avhich he talked continuously about his career in Congress. He foresaAv the coming popular revolution, although this must have been about 1889, and regretted that his devotion to "protection" — oAving to his Pennsylvania environment — had contrib uted to the creation of gigantic monopolies. Remember, that Avas more than six years be fore the Chicago platform that first arraigned the trusts! J. Warren Keifer, Avho succeeded Randall for a single session, in 1881, Avas an excep tionally popular Speaker. He Avas truly a "listener." The hold of the Republican majority A\'as recognized as temporary; there fore, Keifer treated the Democrats in the House Avith as much consideration as a Speaker chosen from their oaau party could have shoAA'n. He made several rulings that stand to this day as marvels of impartiality, and in Avhich partisans like Reed or Cannon would have exercised "a reasonable discretion" — as Reed once explained an arbitrary decision to me — in behalf of his OAvn party. Keifer 's sit uation Avas difficult and he never received credit for the cleverness Avith which he ac quitted himself. John G. Carlisle was a wholly different type of man. He came into the Speakership on a Avave of popular revolt — the wave that, on its rebound, Avas to carry Grover Cleveland a second time into the White House. The keen, analytical mind he possessed never really showed until he attained a Cabinet position that came to him later. He kept his left ear to the croAvd all the time, and might have been a much greater figure in American history had he barkened to pre monitions that came to him. What his affilia tions Avith protection and gold-standard ele ments in the democracy were I never Avas able to fathom. He lost his opportunity, just as did David B. Hill, by clinging to driftwood that really belonged to the Republican party — its flotsam and jetsam! Hill could have buried Bryan at Chicago had he been a good "listener," conceded the trend of the sflver craze — almost as rampant at St. Louis as at Chicago — and proposed a compromise of 25 or 26 to 1 instead of 16 to 1. John G. Car lisle Avas the most ambitious man ever known to me in public life, — not even excepting Thomas B. Reed. His eyes were as confi dently set upon the White House as AA'ere those of William McKinley. But Carlisle weakened on half a dozen critical occasions while Speaker, and Crisp subsequently became the figure that Carlisle ought to have aspired to be, instead of going into the Senate. Natur ally, Avhen he accepted a place in President Cleveland's second Cabinet his career was run. Had Carlisle been a good "listener," "Old Faithful" geyser, Bryan, never would have appeared above the surface and Carlisle surely Avould have landed in the Executive Mansion, as it was called, until Theodore THE BOOK of NEW YORK 109 Roosevelt had the stationery changed to "White House." "Tom" Reed appeared in the House of Representatives like a big Roman candle that dazzled the eyes of Cannon, Payne, Dalzell, Bingham and Kelley. Had Reed not tumbled into the arena. Cannon would have "arrived" in the Speaker's chair ten years before he did. Of the two men. Cannon was much the better politician; Reed didn't make a single "touch down" that Cannon didn't make a kick from the 25-yard line! But Reed Avas absolutely fierce in "tackling" every player who shoAA^ed up. In that way, he became "captain" of the House team. Thomas B. Reed, never suffered from "lis tener's gout." His first term (1889-91) was administered with the mildness of a suckling dove. He was like a boy at school. Not a trace of subsequent imperiousness that de veloped during his second incumbency of the office! When the Democratic landslide of 1890 happened. Reed Avent to Rome and studied the careers of the Emperors. He came back from Italy in August, 1891. I went to Portland, to get an interview and passed much of two days Avith him at his big, square brick house, enjoying his treasures in missails and Venetian cameos, petting his big cat "Anthony" and listening to his predictions regarding the policies of the victorious Demo cratic party. He Avas anxious that Mills should have the Speakership; he was Avarni in praise of the Texan. Crisp had not appeared as a candidate. (This was on August 15, 1891.) Had Mills been chosen Speaker his career would have ended very differently. Charles F. Crisp came into office like a June morning. He was undoubtedly popular. He was too good a "listener" and made wreck of his two terms in the Speakership for the same reason that the Mfller and his Son failed to get anywhere when, according to iEsop, they set out for the mill. Here's another man who could have headed off Bryan had he risen to opportunity! Maybe, the explanation is "listener's gout!" I never heard one sug gested before. Mills Avould have got some where had he attained that Speakership; Crisp never got anywhere. My recollection of the brofling-hot days of the Chicago con vention is that while Bland, Mills and others were mentioned, the name of Crisp never agitated the air. Hope is that the career of Champ Clark will not end in simflar fashion. In Reed's two-term second occupancy of the Speaker's chair he effaced every tradition of his previous term and stood strong for in dividuality and bossism. He Avas ahvays im perious, but during a field-day in the House of Representatives, Speaker Reed for the first time, and amid continuous uproar, enforced his new rules. Although that body had put poAver in his hands, many members of his own party rebelled at the Speaker's dictatorship. I had sent a special correspondent (Henry L. Nelson) to Washington Avho Avired a graphic description of the scene. Mr. Reed's method of counting a quorum by including every member in the Chamber, Avhether or not he answered to his name at roll call, Avas set forth, accompanied by interviews denuncia tory of the Speaker's "despotism." On a small basis of fact. Nelson made a highly sen sational letter. Reed's domination over the popular body was generally pronounced un- republican — decidedly Russian in character. I Avas then managing-editor of the World. This despatch being the news feature of the night, I undertook the construction of its big head, as Avas generally my custom. For a top line, I wrote the AA^ords — REED, THE RUSSIAN The compositor did not follow my marks indicating the size of display type, but used another font; consequently, the letters over ran the line, and the proof came to me thus: "REED, THE RUSS." A ncAv catch line had to be invented, in stantly: the page Avas Avaiting! After several attempts, I hit upon two words that have be come a part of American political history. I went to Foreman Jackson and asked him to select the largest possible type that Avould ad mit the Avords, "CZAR REED." The title was a national hit! It Avas taken up by republican and democratic journals. Reed Avas immensely pleased — as he was at a later day Avith Homer Davenport's caricatures of his A^ast, round face and his Gargantuan 110 THE BOOK of NEW YORK body. The only protest came from the corre spondent. He sent a pathetic letter-telegram, Avhining that "the Czar Reed head has dAvarfed my entire article." I laughed at him over the Avire, in response; but he Avas right. The headline lived, Avhile his specious protests against "the Reed rules" AA'ere soon forgotten. I had knoAvn Reed since 1886, AA'hen he was edging toAvard the leadership of his party on the floor of the House. Especially do I recall a trip Ave made together from Washington to Ncav York. He Avas reading a volume of Balzac and I Avas correcting the proofs of an article on "Journalism," for the American Appendix of the "Encyclopsedia Britannica." Reed looked over the sheets and encountered this paragraph: — "Washington is the political ncAA's-center of the nation and the outlook of the correspondent sent there becomes as Avide as the country. The Capital interests him; its distances wear him out. Ncav members of Congress talk too much; old ones not enough. He encounters falsehood in all forms, and, almost daily, is shocked to hear laAvmakers admit it is uttered for political reasons. Wash ington is a solemn place to any young man Avho, until arriving there, has believed in the sincerity of human kind." "That's as true as anything in Holy Writ!" he exclaimed. "I hope to see the day AA'hen politics in this country Avill not be conducted according to the methods of the professional confidence man or the police 'grafter.' I am glad you put into permanent form a protest against Washington as it is." Then he re sumed "La Duchess de Langeais," His knoAA'l- edge of French Avas wholly academic. When at Washington in 1896, I often at tended ]Mr. Sj)eaker Reed's receptions at the Shoreham Hotel and delighted to observe the Avay in Avhich he satisfied members of the House Avithout promising them Avhat they asked. His methods Avere those of the lion- tamer — the eye-poAver. The Republican party had for its head, at that time, a man AA'ho hadn't been knoAvn to the American people a year earlier, Marcus Alonzo Hanna, and he had announced that William McKinley Avould be the next nominee of the party for the Presi dencv. Hanna Avas a CleAcland shipping mer chant, a millionaire and, as afterAvards devel oped, capable of making good. In that Spring of 1896, Reed looked fair as the coming man; but he didn't appreciate Hanna — as I learned to do, during several months at Canton and Cleveland, after the St. Louis Convention. I have referred to this ambition of Mr. Reed elscAvhere, in discussing Senator Piatt. Within a fcAv Aveeks of his death, I happened to meet Reed in a hall of the Broad Exchange building, Avhere he had an office, and he again expressed his warm gratitude to me for chris tening him — "Czar Reed, of the First Bfllion Dollar Congress." He Avas successful in everything, except his cherished one — a Presi dential nomination. He had antagonized so many people that his croAAiiing ambition Avas rendered impossi ble. In the meantime, the Cleveland shipoAvner Hanna had appeared above the surface as an exploiter of McKinley, a dead-broke Canton lawyer, AA'ho had been in the House of Repre sentatives for a space and as Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means stood sponsor for the stiffest, monopoly-favoring tariff' bfll ever shoved under the noses of the American people, — although it Avas framed for him by the various "interests." Hanna's opinion Avas that if the "protected interests" had received so many favors from the Repub lican party, in the name of McKinley, the least they could do AA'ould be to raise a "yel- loAV-dog" fund of $5,000,000 and to let him dispense it. That's Avhat happened. Reed had thought he could Avin the St. Louis nomi nation strictly on his merits; but Avhen Hanna told him exactly hoAv many votes he Avould alloAv him to haA'e (84J, if memory serves, and Hanna intended to emphasize his generosity by the half vote). Reed sickened of politics. He continued as Speaker for another term, but I have ahvays believed he did so because he hoped in that position to humble McKin ley and Hanna. Reed had learned much, but he had not comprehended the omnipotence of money in national elections. He had not realized that Hanna bought the Southern delegates, to be gin Avith, and then added Avhat delegates he needed in the Northern States by sentiment or promises of office to their bosses. Hanna THE BOOK of NEW YORK 111 "got away Avith" shrewd politicians like Piatt, Quay and others in 1896; but they outAvitted him at Philadelphia, in 1900, when they forced Governor Theodore Roosevelt upon his ticket. Reed's Presidential campaign bears inter esting comparison with the more recent one of Vice-President Fairbanks, Avho attempted to conduct it on a culinary basis. Charles W. Fairbanks thought he could make himself a candidate by giving a dinner once a Aveek to members of the Supreme Court and promi nent Senators of his party. It Avas the intro duction of the kitchen into politics — much as the late Sam Ward introduced the spit and Westphalian ham into lobbying! Reed's plan was not less disastrous than Avas Fairbanks'. They were not good "listeners." The incumbency of David B. Henderson as Speaker taught nothing. His Avife Avas a prom inent temperance agitator. She thought to score a "touch-down" one day by spilling many thousand dollars' Avorth of the family's wines into the gutter : but the effort Avas abor tive, because even temperance fanatics asked how the Avines happened to be in her cellar. Henderson became such a cad tOAvard ncAVs- paper men, upon whom he had forced his association when on the floor, that he was generally overlooked. One cannot say harsh things about a cripple or a dead man. Hen derson was "listening" all the time, but he never contracted "gout" or attracted public attention. Joseph G. Cannon and his eight years' Speakership fills a large niche in national his tory. What a pity he hadn't really done one little thing — had one little thought — for the great masses of the American people! He was one of the most popular occupants of the chair since my recollection — popular Avith the members. The procession is a long one and "Uncle Joseph" may be proud to lead it. The State of Illinois AA^-anted to make of him her "favorite son" for the presidential nomi nation of 1908. It Avas a deserved compli ment; but the Speaker Avould not listen to the suggestion. He insisted that he had been honored sufficiently. Whfle dealing with Washington, I Avant to speak of the relations between alleged states men and real ncAAspaper correspondents. German journalists recently did Avhat the American correspondents in the Senate and House galleries of the Capitol at Washington should have done on many occasions. A beer- full leader of the Center party during a Avild harangue in the Reichstag sneeringly referred to the ncAvspaper correspondents as "sAvine." With splendid unanimity, every managing editor in Berlin and throughout Germany ordered a cessation of reports of all delibera tions in the Reichstag. The reporters left the press galleries, and legislators Avho had shone in the reflected light of the ncAvspapers had to hire publishers to print their speeches, as AA'ell as to revise them. As every Washington correspondent knoAA^s, the value and amount of publicity bestoAved upon ungrateful Congressmen by the news papers cannot be calculated. An average member of the loAA'er House is incapable of uttering a dozen consecutive sentences that are grammatical or logical. Hardly a day passes in Avhich the language of some one or other of these gentlemen does not require the conscientious and Avholly unremunerative serv ices of men in the press galleries. In the Sen ate, naturally, the standard of education is higher and the vernacular is spoken Avith con siderable purity. Its members have been longer under the blue pencils of the clever men Avho edit their copy for the Congressional Record. In addition, many of them prepare their long speeches, Avith the assistance of their private secretaries — paid by the people — and actually read them! Such an infliction AA'ould not be tolerated in any other legislative body. Nothing is more common than to hear mem bers of Congress, Avho for years have fed at the public trough, make slurring references to ncAvspaper correspondents, AA^ho serve the American people at Washington quite as faithfully as they do. At a reception in this city, one evening, I heard Representative Hepburn, of loAva, sneeringly refer to "the lying correspondents at Washington Avho are ahvays misrepresenting Avhat avc (the Con gressmen, presumably) try to accomplish." This language Avas used in a party of ladies, but in such tones that I couldn't help hear ing. 112 THE BOOK of NEW YORK One lady came to me and begged that I interfere, but Avhen I told her that this critic of the Washington correspondents hailed from a little village in loAva and OAved everything he Avas in his party (AA'hich wasn't a great deal) to the notoriety bestOAved upon him by the same "lying" reporters, she agreed Avith me that notice of the remarks Avould dignify them. I then told her that this same man actually accepted invitations to dinners of the Gridiron Club, an organization of these same ncAvspaper correspondents, that cost the "lying reporter" AA'ho invited him $10 to $25 for his guest. No restrictions of the "Pure Food laAv" prevented this loAA-a critic from eating a Gridiron dinner, or smoking Grid iron cigars or drinking Gridiron wines. But the ncAA'spapers forgot him and he was de feated for re-election. I would like to see a boycott established against a fcAv senators and representatives who are constant and unjust in their criticisms of the American press. It has faults, as have present methods of legislation. Some people assure us that even executive power is abused, at times. But the good the newspapers of this country have done so far outAveighs all its injustices that its official representatives should be free from the sneers of public servants sup ported in part by the people they affect to despise. The action of the German reporters of the Reichstag will surely cause a wholesome change of sentiment throughout Germany, as Avell as in that body. No fewer than tAvelve deputies Avho had intended to speak on the colonial budget refused to address the Reich stag because their remarks would not attain publicity. They do not care for several hun dred hearers in the houses; they coveted the readers of newspapers throughout the Empire, — an audience counted by millions. The most gratifying feature about the Reichstag boycott was the absolute unanimity with which it was entered into. Within a week, the Reichstag passed a resolution of apology to the German reporters and begged its acceptance. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 113 CHAPTER XIII SUDDEN CHANGE OF FORTUNE 3T THE close of the Summer season, I was recalled to the office by a cablegram from Paris and detailed to Avrite editorial paragraphs; but Rev. Dr. Hepworth, in charge of that page, resolutely thrcAv them away, night after night. I should have com plained and asked a transfer to another de partment; but I made carbon copies of my matter and sent them to Mr. Bennett, at Paris. For six weeks, I went to my desk every night, and "ground out" twenty to forty paragraphs, most of which were sup pressed. Perhaps they were poor stuff. Hoav- ever, I learned that Mr. Bennett was coming over in October. He is a delightful chief when near at hand, but a terrible master when on one side of the Atlantic and his em ployee on the other. A few days after the arrival in New York of the proprietor of the Herald, he sent for me. He was standing at a high desk, looking up Park Row. I Avas in a dissatisfied state of mind and what he said Avas not calculated to put me in better mood. When we were alone,, he began: "I have been trying for several months to get the truth about the circulation of the World. I have had the business department working at the job, but its people tell me our circulation still leads. Noav, how can I get the facts .?" "If you cannot secure the figures from the World press-room, by 'underground,' there's only one sure method of ascertaining Avhat you Avant to know. A man must go to every news-stand on Third Avenue, betAveen here and Harlem bridge. He ought to Avalk, in order not to attract attention. Then Sixth and Eighth Avenues should be covered in the same way. Murray Hill and the Down town shipping sections, where the Herald is strongest, should be canvassed." "That's an excellent suggestion," replied the proprietor; "but it is open to the same objection I have made to the other method. Can I believe the reports .? I must have some body do that work who isn't afraid to tell me the truth! I want you to undertake it!" This order Avas a surprise; after a success ful Avinter at Washington, an assignment to spend days on the streets in a task of this sort appeared a humiliation — despite the im plied compliment as to my truthfulness. I left the room much chagrined. But, starting at Cooper Institute next morning at seven o'clock, I spent four days on the streets, afoot. Stands not connected with shops were closed by 11 o'clock, not to be re-opened until the evening papers Avere on sale; so I had less than half a day in Avhich to AVork. My plan was to buy a paper, engage the dealer in con versation and get the number of Heralds and Worlds sold. These figures I set down in a book, out of the dealer's sight, Avith location of purchase and name of dealer Avhen ob tainable. A day was required to compile and properly tabulate the results. The showing was unfavorable to the Herald. Although I do not choose to quote the figures, I worked out the percentage, showing relatively how much one journal led the other in circulation. When I presented the report to my proprietor, he AA^ent over every line, covering many pages of ledger paper. After half an hour's silence, — very aAvkward to me, because I had to stand as Mr. Bennett Avas standing at his desk, — the latter said: "Just as I expected! Your AA^ork is aacII done; I am much pleased." With a fcAv words of thanks, I started to leave the room, when Mr. Bennett asked: "What time is it.?" 114 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Glancing across the street to the spire of St. Paul's chapel, I replied, "Three o'clock." "Very aacII; I shall put you in charge of this office at four! Come back at that hour." Then folloAved the most thrilling sixty min utes of my life! A score of times, AA'hile trudging through the mud or rain, gathering figures for my report, I had resolved to re sign. Evidently my tAvelve years' faithful service Avas not appreciated. I was receiving a salary of $5,000 per year, but to be asked to perform menial labor such as that in Avhich I Avas engaged, hurt my feelings. Noav, as a rcAvard, I AA'as to be put in charge of the Herald, to be made its Managing- Editor — to have the Avildest ambition of my life realized. The top of my profession at 35 ! I descended the circular staircase to Ann Street, thence crossed BroadAvay to the corner of St. Paul's church-yard. That hour Avas spent in walking 'round that block, and Avhen the clock shoAA'cd a fcAV minutes of four. I returned to the Plerald office. "Jim my," Mr. Bennett's colored boy, Avas on watch for me. Taking me by the arm, Mr. Bennett con ducted me to the side of Mr. Flynn's desk and told him I was to take his place. Natur ally, I had supposed Mr. Flynn cognizant of the intended change; but the paleness upon his face shoAved utter surprise. I never have felt sadder in my life! Here Avas a man Avith Avhom I had been intimately associated for many years, against whom not a single act of meanness or unfairness could be charged. Utterly forgetful of the traditions of Plerald management, I stammered, "Oh! Mr. Flynn; I assumed you kncAv!" I Avas most untact- ful. That night, Mr. Bennett personally took me to the composing room and, in my pres ence, gave orders to "Jack" Henderson, the foreman, that I was to revise the editorial page. Whatever I cancelled, Avas to be left out. That gave to me supreme authority. Oh! Dr. Hepworth! But I had had too much experience to get brash. Next day, I sent a note to a stock-broker carrying three hundred shares of stocks for me on a margin to sell me out "at best." This Avas done, at a loss of $1,100 to me. Unlike some other managing-editors of Ncav York ncAA'spapers, I did not deem it proper to be speculating on the Stock Exchange AA'hen in a position to control the newspaper columns of a »tock report. I do not criticize several acquaintances Avho have retired from similar berths Avitli fortunes; they are Avel- come to them. Using the custody of another man's property for my own enrichment Avas, and is, repugnant to me. Mr. Bennett remained in Ncav York until after the stormy municipal election of that year (1886). Under his orders, money was literally squandered in getting ucaa's; but the infernal circulation didn't move! Mr. Ben nett went back to Europe, Avithout telling anybody. I didn't knoAv of his departure until midnight, Avhen I learned he was to sail on the French liner at 6 in the morning. He Avas disgusted — I do not say discouraged. I kncAv something had to be done to start the circulation upward. I always had been a believer in "freak features," if I may so describe them. There AA'as no "AA'ireless" in those days; but I knew something would happen if the circulation didn't rise. In des peration, affecting a jollity I did not feel, I scattered over the editorial page a dozen para graphs, paraphrased from college cries at the various institutions of alleged learning Avith which I Avas more or less familiar. Next morning, among the "non-committal" edi torials — using the language of Dr. Wallace, Avho had already joined the throng invisible — I inserted "freaks," of which this is a sam ple: "AA'e are the stuff, AA\= are the stuff! Who're the stuff ? The Herald's the proper stuff' — That's what the people say." Some of them Avere more audacious, going to the length of saying "the old Plerald has AA'aked up," or words to that effect. In do ing this, I burned every bridge behind me. Besides, I kncAv it meant a final fight Avith Dr. HepAvorth and I was not sure whether Mr. Bennett Avould sustain me. But, I had cast an anchor to windAvard. To every col lege man I knew Avithin the day's circulation radius, I had sent a Avhooping telegram, call ing attention to the college shouts and asking THE BOOK of NEW YORK 115 for a sentiment. Most of those to Avhom I appealed replied in laudatory language. This turned the guns against the afternoon papers of that day, Avhich said sarcastic things about the sanity of the Plerald's ucav executive edi tor. Result, an increase of 7,200 in circula tion in a week! The abuse heaped upon me by the other ncAvspapers aroused curiosity to see "the rotten sheet," as one of my critics described the "stuff" edition. Dr. Hepworth came to "protest." I Avas fighting for my life and made short Avork of him. If I went doAA'ii, I'd have my boots on! I do not believe he ever before had heard the word "circulation" or kncAv that I Avas re sponsible for it! He cabled Paris; but my message had been sent the previous night. Howland looked Avise as an oavI, and didn't understand what was intended. For ten days, the Herald, which had dropped out of the exchanges, was commented on far and wide. I reprinted the most critical notices. The local ncAA'spapers shut up, after the en dorsements of college men Avere published. The circulation began to move upAvard, slowly but steadily — the most encouraging kind of growth. That was a busy Avinter for me. I feel justified in speaking of a fcAV innova tions introduced. When I had time to think of improvements, I noticed that the baseball "averages" Avere only printed once a AA'cek. Sending for the editor of the sporting depart ment, I ordered the averages made up and published every day. He said he Avould have to engage another man to make the calcula tions, as it was a tedious task. "No; tell the baseball writer to do the figuring after he has turned in his account of each day's game." There Avas trouble at first; but I appointed Alfred Stimer sporting-editor and the "aver ages" appeared daily from that day to this. All competitors followed us. One night, 1 had an exceedingly dangerous story. The trustee of an estate Avas accused of embezzling funds; but no legal proceed ings had been taken. We had the charges and a statement from the accused, denying his guilt and putting up a fair answer. I couldn't print the accusations with an ansAver below them, because if the matter were set tled out of court, a libel would lie. I hit upon Avhat is noAv known as "the tAvin head." Placing the charges in the first column and the self-A'indication in the second, I bound them together, giving equal prominence to each, Avith a tAA'o-column head like this: Is he a thief.? No, he's an honest man." I also believe I Avas first to use a full-page head- JULIUS CHAMBERS 1887 ing. I never had seen one, at any rate. I tried all manner of "freak" headings, con firming my previous opinions about the men tal impressions they create. The first conflict I had Avith the staft' oc curred AA'hen I asked a pleasant chap who had been engaged to Avrite editorials on liter- 116 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ary themes to revicAv a book. He SAvelled up and said he had not been hired to do that, considered it "beneath his dignity," and much more. I Avas inclined to pass over the matter, because, calling a stenographer, I dictated the review myself; but the man made the error of telegraphing Mr. Bennett that he refused to obey my orders to revicAA' a book; he got "fired" by cable for his pains. The large daily cartoon, so popular to-day, Avas originated by Mr. Bennett in his Evening Telegram. Baron de Grim, an artist Avith a Avide European reputation, Avas imported to draAV them. The proprietor of the Herald had been cartooned in Vanity Fair, of Lon don, Avith other famous men of his time, and he kncAv that such caricatures do not leave Avounds. I reproduce that cartoon from a copy ]Mr. Bennett gave to me. Mr. Bennett has been a successful corre spondent himself on occasions. He witnessed the bombardment of Alexandria (July 11, 1882) from the deck of the "Namouna," and, steaming to Malta, cabled a full description to Ncav York. During the first insurrection in Cuba, the Plerald Avas in sympathy with the revolutionists; but in the early days of the Spanish-American troubles that culmi nated in Avar, he manifested a decidedly pro- Spanish sentiment — which was inexplicable, because his patriotism AA'as beyond question. It is not generally known that Mr. Bennett served as a volunteer lieutenant in the United States Navy during the Civil War. I possess a rare photograph of him in his uniform. Judged by the supreme test of what he has accomplished, Mr. Bennett is great in many Avays. But he is careless of fame. His official friendship is like a Avax taper — liable to ex tinguishment by the faintest breath of doubt or external influence. The criticism of a felloAV clubman, or of the masseur who rubs him doAvn at the "Hammam," often out Aveighs the mature judgment of his chief edi tor. He is a gentleman always; generous spas modically, to the limit of extravagance; again, in business, he is close as a Scotchman. His crest is "an oavI in the moon," but it might, with advantage, be changed to a thistle, with the motto lacessit. of Scotland — Nemo me impune THE BOOK of NEW YORK 117 CHAPTER XIV EDITING NEWSPAPERS IN PARIS AND NEW YORK pEVER was an employer more solicitous for the health of his employees than Mr. Bennett. I literally lived in his office, getting there at noon, as a rule, and rarely leaving before the paper went to press at 2.30. Except in Summer, I didn't take any days off. Of these facts, my employer appeared to be informed, for in many of his letters he cautioned me not to Avork too hard. He de tailed Mr. White to come early to assist me; but I found White ordered rafts of useless matter and asked that he be withdrawn. He was called to Paris. The winter of 1886-'87 Avas enjoyable, be cause the chief was on a cruise in the "Na mouna" in the Far East. He visited Java, the Straits Settlements, India and Ceylon. I had no trouble with anybody. The cablegrams from distant points were all kindly and en couraging. In the May of 1887, I received a message from Colombo, Ceylon, saying: "Take Sat urday's French steamer for Havre, await me Paris; put Meighan on your desk until re turn." Reaching Paris, I found a despatch from Aden: "Take charge of Galignani's Messenger; have bought it. Order plenty American news from home office. Shake up London; have Hall help." What followed the receipt of this second message really belongs to the Comedy of Journalism, which wfll be dealt with else where. That evening, I walked into the office of Galignani, introduced myself to Editors Fox and Robillard; told them of my orders, hung up my coat and sat down at a vacant desk. Sending for the foreman, M. Maignard, I in formed him I had taken charge for Mr. Ben nett, and ordered proofs of all "standing mat ter." He was also directed to give to me sam ples of all display type that could be used for headings. A cablegram Avas rushed to New York, ordering 2,000 Avords sent to "Gali gnani, Paris." London was told to double its service by the private wire. A., Oakey Hall, the Herald's London correspondent, Avas told to duplicate over the. Galignani Avire, matter prepared for Herald. In two hours, the dull place had the bustle of a New York office. Evening papers contained suggestions for tAvo "good stories." Galignani hadn't any re porters. So, I assigned myself to one of the articles and asked Mr. King to attend to the other. He was much shocked, but obeyed. We landed our articles and wrote them dur ing lulls in the receipt of telegraphic matter. Ncav York responded gallantly. London was behind America; the special wire worked badly. (It always did. Messages were re ceived on an old printing-telegraph machine.) Next morning a fifty-year reader of Gali gnani would not have recognized the sheet ! My editorial predecessor, William Makepeace Thackeray, Avould have been startled had it been delivered at his present abode, — Avher- ever that may be. From an American stand point, "spread heads" on the first page were highly temperate, but they gaA'e the purport of the matter underneath. Captions like "Lat est from Berlin," or "Yesterday in America" were missing. The editorial page was reduced to one column. A lot of "canned leaders," contracted for by the month, were thrown into the waste-basket. To express my disrespect for the "non-committal" English paragraph, I asked the office boy to Avrite a few para graphs. He was a London cockney; I told him to discuss a cabman's strike in the Eng lish capital, and a rise in price of meat at the Halls Centrals. With editing, Avhich amounted to re-writing, the boy's work was excellent. This charivari continued, nightly, for two weeks before the supposed proprietor reached 118 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Paris. I ncA'cr had so much fun in my life! The Paris bureau of the Ncav York Herald co-operated valiantly. jNIr. C. Inman Barnard Avas a whole team; Mr. C. Henry Meltzer Avas great on music, drama and art. A young Englishman Avas retained to do the horse- racing and professional duels. Miss Effie Evans visited the hotels, getting English and Aniericah gossip. The bills Avere large; but Mr. Bennett never did anything in a small Avay and I had no fear of a day of reckoning. MeauAvhile, I was acquiring information about the cost of producing a daily ncAvspaper of small circulation in Paris. I investigated the advertising, Avhich consisted chiefly of French and Swiss hotels. The books shoAA'ed that many of the accounts had been drawn against far ahead. Paris advertising amount ed to little. The Matin printed Galignani and appropriated all its special features, — an intolerable thing, because Ave got almost noth ing of a ncAvs character in return. Its editor Avas suffering from an incurable disease and I could not tell him hoAV I felt about his con duct; it savored of picking a quarrel Avith a baby in an incubator. One evening during June, I Avent to Les Ambassadeurs, a cafe chantant on the Champs Elysses, and heard Paulus sing "En Revenant de la Revue," It had "go." I bought a copy of the song and music, forAvarded it to Ncav York Avith orders to publish it on July 14, and to get Patrick Gilmore to march his band up Broadway playing it. This Avas done and "Boulanger's March," as it came to be knoAvn, took New York city by storm. W^hen, hoAvever, copies of the Plerald of July 14 reached Paris, Paulus learned that it contained his song. He secured the services of a process-server and seized all copies of the Herald of that date to be found in the Paris office. When told of the "outrage" by M. Giraud, the cashier, I decided to get some advertising out of the incident. Marking ink Avas secured and I covered the large AvindoAvs of the office Avith sheets of paper announcing a "seizure of the Ncav York Herald by the authorities." A thousand people soon assem bled in front of 49 Avenue de I'Opera. Lon don ncAA'spapers gave the incident half a col umn each. Mr. Bennett arrived in fine spirits. He had received bundles of the ncAv Galignani at Brindisi, Genoa and Nice and seemed to be pleased Avith the AA'ork, although he carefully refrained from saying so. An employee at Galignani s had asked me if the wfll of the founder of the ne\A'spaper had been examined; I spoke to Mr. Bennett about the matter. He called his avocat, Avho admitted that he had not gone beyond the statements of the Brothers Jeancourt, present oAvners and nephcAAs of the original M. Galignani. A visit to the Register of Wills, by whatever title he is knoAvn, re vealed an amazing clause in the Avill of the late M. Galignani, positively forbidding that the name of the paper should pass out of his famfly! What was to be done .? The American edi tor had agreed to pay a large sum for the property, assuming he Avas buying "lock, stock and barrel," namely, title, plant and good-Avill. On the contrary, he was getting only a lot of badly Avorn type and a collection of advertising contracts at Ioav rates, many of Avhich had been draAvn upon a year in ad vance. Characteristically, the American de cided to drop the matter. "If you are intent on having a journal in Paris," I volunteered, "start one." "What Avfll it cost.?" "Seven thousand, five hundred and sixty- six francs and seventy-five centimes per week," I answered, promptly. "Hoav do you know .?" I had expected that question and drew the following memoran dum from my pocket: "Composition, 1,560; Editors, 1,166 (this does not include Avork done by me or your Paris staff, charged to Paris office) ; Telegraph operator, 100; Tirage (printing), 500; De part (mafling and circulation), 410; Postage, 182; Paper (4,500 copies), 582.75; Counting room, 410; Cabling, 875; London wire, 917.50; Rent, 192; Gas, 170; Petty expenses (average), 60; and Gerant (publisher, who stands for libels), 12.50." And I passed the memorandum across the table at Avliich we sat. "Hoav much Avill a plant cost.?" "The type will have to be bought in Lon- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 119 don and shipped over; also the cases," I an swered. "Its cost installed, types 'laid,' Avill be $7,325. I know a place in a large impri- merie on the Rue Coq Heron that can be rented for 6,000 francs per year; the deposit and plumbing for the gas Avill cost 425 francs ($85). What the cost of heating in Avinter will be I do not knoAV. You Avill need a tele phone, say 300 francs annually. A complete set of all the Paris ncAvspapers, morning and evening will be — " "That Avill do! I'll wire Jack Henderson to come by first steamer. Hoav long Avill it take to get a special Avire to London.?" "That is not an easy task; but I should say two Aveeks. There's much red tape. I can go to London and buy the type, engage the printers — " "Very well; don't go to Galignani to-night. Tell Barnard and Meltzer to give the PLerald their whole attention." The old journal was very nearly not mak ing its appearance next morning! Ncav York did not send any ncAvs; Oakey Hall ceased. The clamor for copy was hard to satisfy. I ne\'er entered Galignani' s again. Instead, I had on my hands a contract to start a Avholly new enterprise. After I had secured the London Avire, rented an office, secured printers, bought the necessary outfit of type, cases, stands, and gas fixtures, Mr. Bennett handed to me a Aveekly credit at Rothschflds and jumped into a cab for St. Lazare railway station, en route to Ncav York — as John A. Cockerill Avittily said, "To edit his Paris paper by cable." When the excitement of departure had passed, I glanced at my credit Avith the great est banking-house in Europe. The checks were dated one week apart, for nine Aveeks, and each Avas exactly 7,566.75 francs! The first number of the Paris edition of the Herald appeared on the date promised (Oct. 10, 1887). On the previous afternoon, I had been authorized to distribute 2,000 francs among the kiosk keepers along the Boule vards; the paper Avas sold out. Although my hours averaged 18 out of 24, I enjoyed the Avork. My estimate was only exceeded on one pay-day, and that by 200 francs, — which I personally paid and said nothing about. OAv ing to an oversight by the firm that supplied the paper, the stock Avas short one night and Barnard and I had to drive to the other side of the Seme, aAvaken a night-AA'atchman, con vince him of our identity (Avhich was not easy) and bring the Avhite paper back in two cabs. Paris has not been the same to Americans since Robert and Lucy Hooper died. Mrs. Hooper Avas for a generation one of the best- knoAvn members of the American colony. The Hoopers were at the height of popularity dur ing 1887, AA'hen I lived in Paris. The family dAvelt in a large flat on the Rue des Petits Champs, in the heart of the bustling city. Their Sunday night receptions were delight ful features of a stay at the French capital. Many of the brightest men and Avomen of Europe Avere to be met there. Monet Sully and Sara Bernhardt Avere often guests ; Wynd- ham and Irving rarely visited Paris Avithout dropping in on a Sunday evening. This Phil adelphia couple created the only Amei-ican salon that endured a dozen changes of Min isters. One evening, Daniel Dougherty recited King Henry's advice to his son. A young actor from the Theatre Fran^ais stood before "the silver tongued" orator, who, being for the time a king, spoke seated. Dougherty talked the Avonderful lines of Shakespeare in such a natural manner that the scene became real. The actor "son" listened most respect fully, although he did not understand a AA'ord of the English language. "Bob" Hooper Avas not literary; but he Avas an epicure. He kncAv Avhere the best cafes could be found; he Avas a judge of Burgundy. I once drove Avith him to Old Paris, across the Isle of St. Louis, to taste delicious brands of Avines he had discovered. Where he procured his mint I never kncAV, but he could concoct a julip that feared no rival in the Blue Grass land of Kentucky or in the Piedmont Valley of Virginia. When the Paris edition was launched, I returned to the managing desk in New York. The memorable event of the folloAving year for Ncav Yorkers Avill always be the blizzard on March 11, 12 and 13. Ncav York was isolated for several days. One managing- 120 THE BOOK of NEW YORK editor got his Boston news by Avay of Ireland, sent orders therefor to Cape Ann by the Mackay-Bennett cables and received reply by the same route. All electric lights were out for tAVO nights. I slept on a table in the Herald office. The snoAV drifted to such depths that many people had to tunnel from the basements of their dAvellings. The day before that blizzard, dear old Walt Whitman sent to me a pretty little verse, entitled "The First Violet of Spring." I marked it for the editorial page and Avent home early. It Avas a beautiful night. When the paper Avas on the streets next morning, the joke Avas on me. ToAvn and country AA'ere in the grasp of the Storm King! Ten thousand gods of trouble were loosed! I didn't hear the last of "The First Violet" for many a day. Poor Walt felt badly about the mishap — as if he Avere to blame — and didn't Avant to accept the money I sent to him for the brief verse. When I last saAV him, shortly before his death, he apolo gized for the upset of the Weather Bureau. Again, Avhen I stood beside his tomb as a pallbearer, I tenderly recalled his self-abne gation and sorrow over the discomfiture of a poet and an editor by the PoAvers of all-potent Nature. An example of AA'hat I had to endure will suffice. The following poem, Avritten in mock Walt Whitman style, appeared in a contem porary : TO J. C, PERSONAL AND AFFECTIONATE. "The weather to-day in New York and its vicinity promises to be generally fair and cooler, preceded by partial cloudiness near the coast. To-morrow, it promises to be slightly warmer and generally fair." — Weather Report in the Herald, March 12, 1888. NO VIOLETS FOE HIM. Roaring, imperial beauty, Julius, icicicular, valvular, corruscating, diamond-sheened, sun-dazzling, Montana blizzard, Dakota blizzard — blizzard from Buffalo-land; Julius, weather-prophet, stormy-eyed, accurate. Arctic in sunshine, tropical amid the snows; Herald-governing, salary-raising Julius! Lord of the cable, the wire, the thin, clammy type, millions of spray like sheets: No bananas, nor oranges, nor feathery pines, nor odorous pine-cones; Nor mint-julips, fragrant with spices and fruit, cold with hurried, tumbling ice — But hyperborean night, sombre, deadening night! O .lulius, with the weather prophet's eye! AA'alt Whitman. Days afterAvard, Avhen I obtained the origi nal copy, I recognized the hanchvriting as that of my beloved friend, John Russell Young. This shoAA's the cameraderie and jollity that ex isted in the Herald office during the storm, Avhen most of the editors and reporters slept upon tables, under their overcoats. In the press-room "blankets" Avere taken from the presses for Avrappings. Never in the history of the metropolis has there been such a period of complete commer cial and social stagnation as lasted for the greater part of Blizzard Aveek. Stacks of snoAv, created betAA'een the car tracks and the sideAvalk, grew to incredible heights. A sin gle instance Avill suffice. In the autumn of that same year, 1888, I Avas standing at the second-story window of the Herald Building, corner of Ann Street and BroadAvay. At my side stood the OAvner of the ncAvspaper, AA'ho dAvelt abroad. I was attempt ing to describe the paralyzing effects of the "blizzard." "Would you believe that I stood exactly Avliere avc are and could not see even the hats of men passing in front of St. Paul's Chapel .?" I asked. The Franco-American didn't reply imme diately; he Avatched the throng of men and women hurrying north and south along the pavement, on the opposite side of BroadAvay. "It seems incredible," he finally said. So it did; but it Avas absolutely true and I could have secured corroboration from a score of men Avho spent days and nights in that building during that stress of weather. A mystery of mysteries in the newspaper world existed for several years regarding the means by Avhich the Herald scored its great "beat" in 1887 by printing President Cleve land's message in full on the morning of the day it Avas sent to Congress. I Avas respon sible for that "scoop," and in a long experi ence this is the only instance in Avhich I lit erally had an "exclusive" forced upon me. I kept the secret; but Charles Nordhoff, who happened to be in the office that night, over heard part of the conversation, divined the rest and told the story at a dinner party at Washington. Here is the explanation: From a source unknown to me, William Henry Smith, Ncav York manager of the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 121 Associated Press, received Avord that the Herald had surreptitiously obtained an ad vance copy of the President's message and intended to print it in full in the morning. As the Associated Press Avas custodian of the document, until its distribution to customers on the following day, Mr. Smith Avas greatly distressed. He sought to prevent premature publication! He hurried across BroadAvay, climbed a long flight of stairs and demanded an audience with the Herald's managing edi- T 1 • no tor. 1 saw him at once. "I understand the Plerald has obtained the President's message in an underhanded manner and intends to print it to-morroAv — before it has been delivered to Congress.?" "Indeed.?" said I. "Now, you mustn't do this!" Smith con tinued, gasping for breath. "The Herald is a member of the Associated Press, and the honor of this association is pledged not to circulate this document until to-morrow after noon." "Well, really," I managed to say, merely to await developments; "AA'hat you may or may not do is of no consequence to the Plerald, and AA'ill not influence it in the least." "But, sir, I am assured that you are at this moment setting up the matter and in tend to print it to-night!" "Suppose AA'e are; AA'hat then.?" I excused myself and walked into the library to catch my breath, for somebody had been imposing upon the Associated Press agent. We did not have and didn't expect to have the message ahead of its delivery by the association. "What wfll you do .?" demanded Mr. Smith, anxiously, on my return. "If Ave have it, Ave shall print it," I retorted. "This establishment doesn't change its plans at the Avhim or behest of anybody." "Very Avell!" exclaimed the visitor. "I'll defeat your little scheme; I will send out the message to-night ! All shall fare alike." And Mr. Smith flung himself out of the room in high dudgeon. Such had been my hope. Sending for Jack Henderson, the foreman, I directed him to be in readiness to set an extra page at a late hour, as the President's message Avas ex pected. Sure enough, in came the document about 1 o'clock! Result, the Herald had a page of the message set, corrected and in the stereotype-room before 2 o'clock; other pa pers, not being prepared to handle so large an article at that hour, could only use a few dis connected paragraphs — which they Avere ac cused of stealing from us! Thus Avas a fine "scoop" scored by diplomacy; but Mr. Smith congratulated himself, for years, at having "defeated the machinations of an enterprising but unscrupulous ncAVspaper." The Avriting of headings is an art in itself. Like the title of a book, the heading should pique the reader's curiosity, as aa'cII as set forth all the important facts in the article. There are rare occasions in Avhich it is ad visable to express editorial opinions in a head ing. The best example that recurs to me Avas the republication in the Herald of Jay Gould's scandalous attack upon James Gor don Bennett, July 6, 1888. That letter Avas put in type in the Tribune office, and proofs Avere sent late at night to every Ncav York paper, except the Herald. It Avas positively refused to that journal. Avhose proprietor AA'as assailed! The responsible editor Avas a very anxious man that night, but secured a proof of the offensive letter after one o'clock. The article Avas probably the most venomous and contemptible ever published. I have since learned that INIr. Gould did not Avrite it, but Avas induced to sign it Avhile in a condition of rage over a complication during a fight of the rival cable lines. Appalled as the editor Avas at the slanderous charges made against his chief, after a careful reading he decided to print the letter, Avithout the omission of a AVord, in Mr. Bennett's own paper. This Avas an aAvful responsibility, but he assumed it, for tAvo reasons : First, because he personally knew that the slanderous charges AA'ere false, and, second, because he wanted to utterly destroy the injurious effect of the Avhole article — to "scotch the snake" at once! Only one means remained in AA'hich to do this: — The heading ! The editorial page had gone to press, and I doubt if its use Avould have been so effective. While the article Avas going into type, the editor AA'rote the top line now famous in Printing House Square — "The Corsair 122 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Raves." Then folloAved: "Jay Gould, the Pirate of Wall Street, Signs an Infamously False Personal Onslaught on the Herald's Proprietor. — Honored by This Attack of a Sneak and a CoAvard. — Though Addressed to the Editor of the Herald, the Screed is Re fused Us for Publication: But We Secure It and Print It in Full to Show What Kind of an Animal Gould Is. — Isn't He a Skunk.?" That heading did the business. It Avasn't "nice," but it AA'as desperately effective. The letter Avas forgotten. The incident that caused me to leave Mr. Bennett is typical. An offer had been made to me to join the World, but had been grate fully declined. Weeks afterward, I received a long cablegram abusing me for a bad night at the office of the Paris edition. I Avas charged Avith having recommended Albert Ives as its editor, AA'hen the fact Avas I had journeyed from Paris to Vichy to protest against his selection. Of course. I Avas not to blame for a contretemps in Paris. Disgusted and sore, I AA'cnt to the x4stor House for luncheon. There I met Colonel John A. Cockerill and sat down beside him. After a fcAV minutes, he drcAv from his pocket a cablegram from his chief, Joseph Pulitzer, dated St. Moritz, that morning, directing him to see me again, to rencAv his offer and to increase the salary to $250 per Aveek, Avith a three years' contract. The proposition found me in a mood to accept the offer. When I retui'ued to my desk, a cablegram lay thereon announcing that Mr. Bennett had left for Ncav York. It Avas the part of honor to await his arrival. This I did. Although he was very civil and made no men tion of his unjust cablegram, I promptly noti fied him of my intended departure. He treated the matter as a joke and, after he had left the office that afternoon, sent his boy, Jimmy, to invite me to breakfast with him next morning. I returned my thanks but begged to be excused. This made the editor very angry; he Avrote and Avanted to print an obituary notice of me. He Avas dissuaded by a meddlesome editor — a man I had recom mended for City Editor. I have seen that manuscript and regret its suppression. Thus came to an end a devoted service of fifteen years, during AA'hich I literally occupied every desk in the Herald office. Mr. Bennett never shook hands Avith any employee; but since leaving him I have met him in several parts of the Avorld and he has ahvays held out his hand Avith cordiality. He is a splendid master to serve, Avhen near at hand; but Avhen far aAvay — influenced by suspicions and malicious reports from secret agents — his temperament l3ecomes so mercurial that praise is dangerous because it is ahvays folloAved by censure; the thought of the proprietor probably is that commenda tion is likely to enlarge the vanity of an em ployee. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 123 CHAPTER XV A NEW WORLD jHE first day in a strange office is something to be remembered. When I walked into the World office and Avas shown to the room assigned to the Manag ing Editor, I did not knoAv five men in the establishment. Col onel Cockrill, who retained charge of the editorial page, was merely an acquaintance. James A. Graham, the City Editor, who proved to be pure gold, AA'as unknown to me; likewise Mr. Fiske, the night editor. When I entered the editorial council that afternoon every man, except Cockrill, Avas a stranger. It was easy to see I Avas in for a hard task, until I learned something about the capacity of each man. My first surprise — shock is a better word — came when I sent for a reporter and told him to undertake a trip that involved considerable travel and some difficulties. To my amaze ment, he began to argue and to suggest that another correspondent, whom he named, could do better than he ! This Avas a ncAV experience, Avith my fifteen years' Herald training, AA'here declination to serve implied resignation. Of course, any man who went unwillingly at a task was likely to fail. I told this gentleman he must try it or resign. I saw an utter end of discipline if orders did not go. He went to Colonel Cockrill, but the latter told him my authority Avas absolute. He went on his mis sion and was entirely successful. But I made the discovery that "organization" and "dis cipline" were not favored by my chief. His idea was that he secured better results by playing man against man! First intelligence of the terrible JohnstoAvn flood, July of the following year, reached the office late at night. The flood had broken about dark, but destruction of all telegraphic communication Avith the stricken toAvn pre vented news of the disaster from reaching Ncav York until about 11 o'clock. Every available man Avas seized upon and sent Avest. Mr. Farrelly, on the copy desk, Avas appointed to take charge of the force. To gain time, a man in Albany on a special mission Avas sent to Pittsburg by the Central and Avas first to reach the news field; he Avas young and too inexperienced to improve his supreme oppor tunity, although he rendered efficient service subsequently under direction. Men Avere sent by midnight trains on the Erie, Baltimore & Ohio and Pennsylvania railroads. The extent of the disaster, Avhich sacrificed 4,000 lives, was not knoAvn until the folloAving day. A semi-humorous episode developed from that first night's Avork. KnoAving JohnstoAA'n, AA'hich I had once visited on the occasion of a strike, I took the Associated Press despatches, necessarily fragmentary, and rcAvrote them into a semblance of unity. One of the messages, clearh' imaginative, described a usual evening gathering at the post-office, AA'hile the black clouds were hovering over the eastern hills. One townsman Avas reported as saying to an other, "Big storm in the mountains ?" "Yes, looks like it; aa'c shall have a shoAver before long." Then I added, with a blue pencil, "but it had rained before in JohnstoAA'u." Two weeks later, AA'hen the ncAvs vane had veered to another direction, I received a cable gram from Mr. Pulitzer especially commend ing the first night's work and directing me to send his check for $200 to the man who Avrote the despatch containing the AA'ords, "It had rained before in JohnstOAvn." That money never Avas drawn and the circumstances are here stated for the first time. "Jersey" Chamberlain, of the Sun, beat everybody to the dam and had the first ex planation of the cause of the calamity. The responsible man of the World's corps had been telegraphed more than once daily, "Send or go to the dam!" He sent a weak vassal, who 124 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Avas scared by a ten-mile tramp through the Avoods. It Avas the only feature on AA'hich Ave Avere "beaten." In the face of positive order for one man's discharge, I smoothed the mat ter over and retained him. George W. Turner, publisher of the World, and I had one serious dispute, although avc afterAvards became staunch friends. The idea occurred to me, one night, to put an announce ment of the Aveather for the next day in the right-hand "ear" of the front page. [The "ears" of a ncAA'spaper, let me explain, are the small corners at the right and left of its heading.] It had seemed to me an admirable thought. Every l)iiyer of a World at a stand could see, by a glance, Avhat kind of Aveather the Washington Bureau had predicted. As readers Avill recall, I had had my OAvn expe rience Avith the Weather Bureau and did not "back it in the betting" — after "The First Violet " mishap on Blizzard Eve. ^Ir. Turner took the ground that the "ears" belonged to the business office. We had a Avarm conver sation. I couldn't prove my contention, any more than he could establish his. Mean- Avliile, every other newspaper in the country jumped into the ring, adopted the thought and put the World in Coventry. I Avish I had time to hunt up that innovation. The Plerald is the only neAvspaper in the United States, so far as my observation goes, that has not adopted my suggestion. The World had to trail after a thousand other ncAA'spapers had seized upon its idea. A man on the World to whom I was soon attracted by his frankness, demonstrated effi ciency and, above all, loyalty. Avas George Harvey. He had charge of the Ncav Jersey department — a large, iicaa's field of high im portance — and under his direction AA'ere twen ty-five local reporters in the principal toAvns of the state. Unlike many ncAA'spaper men, he fully understood the embarrassments of an ex ecutive editor in a strange office, before the special capacities of individual editors and reporters had been learned. I especially re call this generous trait of his character. Harvey was at that time an aid-de-camp on the staff' of Governor Green, of NeAV Jersey, but he did not use the title of Colonel. Later he held the same office under Governor Ab- Col. GEO. B. M. HARVEY bett, and his friends Avere rejoiced at this recognition of his fit ness. Subsequently he was appointed Insur ance Commissioner of Ncav Jersey, but re turned to journalism in the Avinter of 1891 as managing-editor of the World. He then en tered commercial life for a AA'hile, his most notcAA'orthy achieve ment of that period being the construction of various electric rail- Avays. in Avhich work he Avas extremely successful, financially. Col onel Harvey purchased the Metropolitan Mag azine, but sold it to buy the North ^Lmerican Review, of Avhich he has since been editor. Becoming editor of Plarper's Weeldy, in 1903, he Avas soon made president of Harper & Bros., and has since managed that historic publish ing house. He is a director in the Audit Company of Ncav York and the Windsor Trust Company. Col. George (Brinton McClellan) Harvey AA'as born atPeacham, Vt., February, 1864, and AA'as educated at the academy of his native toAA'n. He began his experience in journalism on the Springfield Republican, then Avent to the Chicago News and afterAvards came to the Ncav York World. The honorary degree of LL.D. has been conferred upon him by the University of Nevada and Erskine College. Recently he has been appointed honorary Colonel and Aide-de-Camp on the staffs of Governors HeyAvard and Ansel, of South Carolina. He is an Independent Democrat, takes an active interest in national politics, an admirable after-dinner speaker, as Avell as a popular orator, and is a member of many social organizations. He is also a trustee of the Stevens Institute of Technology at Hobo- ken. He is identified Avith Ncav Jersey, own ing a country home at Deal, Avhere he spends a large part of the year. Another man I encountered in the World office Avas Sereno S. Pratt, then representing the Philadelphia Public Ledger. I formed a THE BOOK of NEW YORK 125 high opinion of him, for he was a frequent visitor owing to the fact that George W. Child's newspaper was accorded all the re sources of the World establishment. Mr. Pratt is to-day Secretary of the Ncav York Chamber of Commerce, a position of high honor and of life tenure, for the duties of Avhich he is admirably qualified. We are felloAv members of Kane Lodge, 454, F. and A. M. He is successor to George Wilson, Avhom I had knoAvn intimately from 1870 until the time of his death. The greatest ncAvspaper sensation of that period Avas the trip of "Nelly Bly" 'round the world to beat the record of "Phileas Fogg," Jules Verne's hero in "Round the World in Eighty Days." The idea Avas George W. Turner's; but most of the details fell to me. I arranged the call of the young woman upon M.Verne at Amiens. On "Miss Bly's" return, I went to Phfladelphia in a private car to bring the tourist to Ncav York. A score of distinguished Ncav Yorkers were guests; quite a lot of speech-making and a luncheon Avere incidents. Great crowds had gathered at every station along the line. At Philadelphia the crush Avas so great that gates were broken down. The Sullivan-Kilrain prize fight Avas a "big seller." I sent Vincent Cook, a Philadelphia boy and good sparrer, to report the fight. A special wire Avas laid from the nearest toAvn to the ring-side and George H. Dickinson, an expert telegraphist, Avas there. When I re ceived Avord that the direct Avire Avas Avorking, I sent to Cook the following message: Cook, 'World correspondent: Every man is on post; editors, printers, pressmen stand by to serve you to night! Send one million words! God and the Devil be -with you. Chambers. With a wire from the ring-side in Louisiana into the office, aac received and printed a page account next morning. The introduction of electrocution occurred in 1889. A commission had been created in 1886, composed of Elbridge T. Gerry, of Ncav York City, Dr. A. P. Southwick, of Buffalo, and Matthew Hale, of Albany, to report upon the feasibility of executing criminals by elec tricity. Their report is a complete history of the death penalty from the earliest Mosaic age to date. It states that 10 countries at that time used the gufllotine; 19 the saaoitI; 3 the galloAvs; 2 the musket; 1 (BrunsAvick) the axe; 1 the cord, and 1 the garrote. It is a remarkable report. The laAv took effect Jan. 1, 1889, and publication of the details of any execution in this state Avas made a misde- OPENING OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE [A Drawing by H. Pruett Share] meanor. That part of the laAv Avas defied by the ncAA'spapers, as abridging the poAvers of the press. William Kemler Avas the first mur derer executed. I sent a piece of the electric cable connecting the condemned with the dy namo to the Whitechapel Club of Chicago. A curious outcome of the agitation in favor of the death penalty was the formation of the American Execution Company, in Chicago, "to destroy persons convicted of capital 126 THE BOOK of NEW YORK offenses." Its motto Avas "No bungling!" The great local event of the year Avas the Washington Centenary celebration, April 29, 30 and May 1. To tell the history of the first inauguration in readable shape, I sent W. L. Crounse, from Washington, Avith an artist and in a four-horse stage, to Mount Vernon. He started from that point at the hour General Washington had departed (100 years before) and drove to Elizabethport, over the same route the first President had folloAA'ed, stopping Avhere he stopped. It made four- days' interesting reading. President Harrison completed the journey, leaving Elizabethport at the hour Washington had departed. The parade on Fifth Avenue Avas one of the most national in character ever seen. Nearly every state sent a delegation, headed by its Gover nor, AA'ho rode horseback. James G. Blaine sent his famous letter from Florence, Italy, refusing to be a candidate for the presidential nomination on January 25, 1888, giving the job to Harrison. In the fall of 1889, I AA'cnt to Europe on a six AAeeks' vacation. My intention Avas to rest in Paris and to take the treatment at Wiesbaden. The first morning in the French capital, I received a "pointer" from a friend, returned from Milan, that a Dr. Fornoni of that city had said Mr. Blaine AAas "out of his mind for a month Avhile in Italy." The old reporter's feeling came over me and that night I Avas in a "Avagon-bed," bound for Milan. Morning overtook me at Basle; a delightful ride across Switzerland brought me through the St. Gothard tunnel to Como and Milan, at dark. I drove to the Hotel Cavour and after dinner Avent to bed to summon Dr. Fornoni, Avho came and diagnosticated my case as pneu monia! After he left, I dressed and Avent to the opera at La Scala. The physician came next morning and at the end of three days, having gained his confidence, he described to me poor Mr. Blaine's madness. But he kncAV nothing of the "Florence letter." The states man had been a patient of a Dr. BaldAvin, at Florence. I forgot vacation and need of rest. Florence for me! I reached that prettiest of Italian cities next day, going (as I had in Milan) to the hotel at Avhich Mr. Blaine had stopped — Hotel Florence et Washington. A cab took me to Dr. BaldAA'in's vflla. He Avas absent at a consultation AA'hen I arrived, but I Avas told to Avait. Taking a seat at a windoAv that gave upon the approach to the front door, I soon saw the host arrive. I studied him as he came briskly up the gravel Avalk and in that brief space decided upon my method of approach. He looked the personi fication of professional dignity — a man likely to stand by the ethics of his felloAA's if I sought information in the usual Avay and for the avowed purpose of publication. It was neces sary, therefore, to dissemble; but I desired to do so Avithin the lines of truth. The instant the physician appeared at the doorAvay of his draAving-room, I rose and, speaking as rapidly as possible, demanded: "Am I addressing Dr. BaldAvin.?" "You are." "Well, Dr. BaldAA'in, I am an American; also, a Republican and a long-while personal friend of Mr. Blaine. Like all his other ad mirers, who have supported him in the past, and those AA'hose future depended upon Mr. Blaine's continuance in public life, I Avas chagrined and heart-broken at his letter of declination sent from this city, literally throw ing aAvay the presidency to Mr. Harrison. Noav, sir, I have recently learned it Avas by your advice that Mr. Blaine Avrote that fool ish, needless and dreadfully disappointing letter that Avrecked his political career, as well as destroyed the hopes and ambitions of his friends throughout the United States! This matter is so amazing to me, that, as a representative of the staunchest friends of Mr. Blaine — men Avho have known him in and out of Congress and appreciate his grand qualities better than a mere casual acquaint ance like yourself could have done — I demand to knoAv Avhy you advised the Avriting of that declination .? Friends of Mr. Blaine have a right to know your reasons, that they mav, if possible, mitigate their Avrath toward you Avhen they learn what has just come to my ears — as they certainly shall on my return to Ncav York. Tell me, sir. Avhy you assumed this tremendous responsibility.?" "I saved Mr. Blaine's life by so advising him." THE BOOK of NEW YORK 127 "That, sir, is a purely Hippocratic assump tion!" "Sit down, and I will convince you that I acted for the best," said Dr. Baldwin. "Of course, not being a politician, I did not com prehend the far-reaching effects such a course would have upon the vast following of Mr. Blaine. I see your point and it is only fair and proper that I state my side of the case. I will tell you everything, beginning with Mr. Blaine's arrival and my first summons to his hotel." The narrative lasted for an hour. Not a detail was omitted. During the recital. I maintained a gravely serious and injured ex pression. Whenever the physician halted, I prodded him with questions, in a semi-indig nant tone. I got a page "story," Avhich caused me to overlook the ruin of my vaca tion. In reply to a copy of the printed matter sent to him. Dr. BaldAvin Avrote a courteous letter, saying he Avas glad the facts were out. I had returned to London when Wilkie Collins died. I passed an afternoon Avith Blanche Roosevelt, who understood the nov elist better than any of his new friends. Dickens, Reade and other intimates had passed aAvay. It Avas generally knoAvn that Collins became a slave to drugs during the latter part of his life. Miss Roosevelt assured me that the character of Obenreiser. in "No Thoroughfare," was the absolute creation of Collins. I then repeated to her a little dis tich I had heard Kate Field utter, sponta neously, about the time of Dickens' death, when she exclaimed, as if in answer to an inquiry : Who wrote "No Thoroughfare.'" Surely not "Boz." Collins it was. He -wrote "No Thoroughfare.' Such has been the verdict of posterity. The story is always omitted from sets of Dickens and ahvays included in editions of Collins. The clock-lock incident AA'as so im probable as to cause the story to be classed among the "penny dreadfuls." To-day, every bank has time locks upon its safes. The end of November found me back at my desk in New York. The important event of 1891 Avas the crea tion of a Rapid Transit Commission, origi nally composed of William SteiuAvay, John H. Starin, Samuel Spencer, John H. Inman and Eugene L. Bushe. That was the starting- point of the splendid system of subways Avith which Greater Ncav York is blessed. The city debt Avas actually decreased during this year by over half a million. Much was made of the fact by Mayor Grant's friends, although an increase of $1,116,399 occurred the follow ing year. A decision was reached in the Til den Avill by the Court of Appeals. It was against the city receiving the gift; but one of the heirs generously surrendered his entire portion of $2,000,000, to make good his uncle's promises. This assured the construction of the Tilden Library, designed by Carrere & Hastings and opened to the public in 1911. The Carnegie Music Hall Avas opened May 5, and the rose Avas chosen as the Ncav York State floAver by a vote taken on Arbor Day, May 8; the rose won by 294,816 votes over golden rod's 206,402. As has been stated, five years after the World passed under the management of Joseph Pulitzer, I became its managing editor and "held doAA'u the job" for two years and eight months — a record as yet unbroken in that office, I am told. During that period Col. George Harvey, AA'ho succeeded me and ought to knoAV, assures me the high-water mark of 2-cent circulation Avas scored. Naturally, the output at the present price is immeasurably greater. My World experience Avas. in many respects, the most remarkable of my life. I had served under two other journalistic chiefs of the period whose methods were so different from those of Mr. Pulitzer that I Avas amazed at the fertility of this newcomer's imagination and the keenness of his news sense. White- laAV Reid, for example, ahvays decided ques tions of policy by precedent; he reasoned out a problem with extreme care. James Gordon Bennett, Jr., on the other hand, decided in tuitively. He lacked the inventive mind of Pulitzer, but I have always regarded his news sense as something beyond rivalry. He had opened Africa to civilization — starting with the Livingstone expedition and ending Avit 128 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Stanley's Congo exploration. These exploits Avere newsmakers of high quality! If a ucaa' project Avere proposed to ^Ir. Bennett, he de cided instantly; the man Avould start on his quest that night or never. His policy ap peared to be spontaneously intuitive; but don't forget "L'Amerique" incident! Especially do I recall the occasion on Avhich Senator Blaine rose in the Chamber and at tacked Hayes. The Herald had been in dulging in caustic remarks about the President; but Mr. Bennett cabled from Nice: "Stand by the President, as against Blaine."" I could cite numerous instances to prove the spon taneity of the "Commodore's" decisions. ]\Ir. Pulitzer had the news]:)apers read to him, even before his eyesight failed; he said he could think more rapidly while listening. He poured forth a stream of suggestions, Avith out interrupting his reading secretary. An other scribe took doAvn his ideas. Often these directions had not the remotest relation to Avhat he had heard — proving that his mind Avas capable of Avorking along tAvo or more lines simultaneously. In the fall of 1889, I passed three Aveeks Avith him at Wiesbaden and on one of our Avalks he saAv upon the front of a building in that Spa the caryatides, copies of which adorn the front of the World Building. He had a remarkably clever man for secretary, Claude Ponsonby, a nephcAv of the private secretary to Queen Victoria. At times Mr. Pulitzer, believing himself a sufferer from insomnia, became hypochondriacal and imagined he did not sleep. One afternoon Ponsonby and I Avalked him ten miles through the vineyards toAvards Schloss Johannisl)erg, having a car riage to folloAv, and Avhen Air. Pulitzer Avas seated in the vehicle to return to Wiesbaden, he slept soundly from sheer exhaustion. Dur ing that stay at the German Spa, the chief planned a score of political crusades that were carried out during the folloAving six months. He looked far ahead: unlike Mr. Bennett, he could wait! Mr. Bennett knoAVs no word but " Noav ! " Bennett has Avonderful capacity for imparting enthusiasm to an employee when he despatches him on a difficult or hazardous mission; Pulitzer never attempted anything of the sort. He always strove to improve upon suggestions made to him, but never exclaimed, "Excellent! Jump for it!" Success with Bennett justified any expenditure. Liberal as Avas Pulitzer, he kept strict Avatch of the Aveek- ly totals. That was natural — he hadn't in herited his fortune. To the men in his employ, Mr. Pulitzer Avas ahvays considerate. He rarely praised; JOSEPH PULITZER but censure never Avas imposed until he had heard an explanation. In this respect he differed from Mr. Bennett. He kncAV, by experience, that circumstances more often affected an executive editor's judgment than that of men placed in posts of responsibility in other professions. Frequently an editor has to decide in a minute of time whether or not to print a piece of news that is apparently THE BOOK of NEW YORK 129 dangerous. Nothing but intuition can guide him in such a crisis. One of the most impetuous workers I ever met, Mr. Pulitzer Avas in constant fear of over-zeal. "Activity and accuracy" AAcre tAvo words most frequently upon his lips; and yet, he seemed to dread men Avho Avere too active. This is paradoxical. When the moment came for decision regarding a feature article, Mr. Pulitzer's judgment Avas infallible. I never kncAV him to make a mistake. At his com mand, I set in motion the machinery to expose the mysterious disappearance of the millions of A. T. Stewart and his Avidow. Several of the most careful and experienced newspapermen in this country Avorked for months on that task. The first article, tAVo pages in length, entitled "The Fall of the House of SteAvart," was Avritten by John K. Mumford and is a classic. It does not resemble Poe's "Fall of the House of Usher" or Balzac's "Decline and Fall of Cesar Birotteau," but is equal in literary merit to the former masterpiece. All the information gathered Avas sifted and collated by John P. Foley, former editor of the National Republican Avhen it was Presi dent Grant's organ, of whom I have spoken in my first meeting with Gen. Grant. A suit for libel Avas brought under an old law, but, like a recent Brooklyn case, was Avithdrawn. It Avas a great disappointment that the case Avas not tried, because a multi tude of facts could have been brought out in court that never have or can appear in print. The utter Avreck of the A'ast StcAvart fortune Avas one of the sublime tragedies of the end of the last century. A fcAv summers ago I met Joseph Pulitzer on the porch of the Louisburg Hotel at Bar Harbor. He drove up Avhile I A\as sitting there, evidently to make a call upon a guest of the house. When he emerged he took a chair and Ave talked for an hour about past events. I learned many things concerning certain gentlemen with Avhom I had been associated Avhen in Mr. Pulitzer's employ that would have been valuable knoAvledge to me had I possessed it at the right time. The death of Joseph Pulitzer in October, 1911, Avas little short of a calamity to journal ism. He had been ailing for more than tAventy years, had completely lost his eyesight, Avas in an extremely nervous condition and slept irregularly, but his gigantic physical frame gave little indication of the general distress under Avhich he suffered. Loss of eyesight had strengthened his keenness of memory and sharpened his marvelous poAvers of cross-examination; he Avould have been one of the remarkable jury laAvyers of this country had he gone to the bar. Great as AA'ere his afflictions, he bore them philosophically; physi cal troubles did not Avarp his gentle nature. To his three sons ultimately Avill fall the great property he has created. 130 THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER XVI SOME CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY ^CONTROVERSY that threat ened to become serious oc curred between the Carnegies and their employees in 1881 and I Avas sent to Pittsburgh. My first visit was to Carnegie Brothers. There I first met Andrew Carnegie, Avho was very cordial but insisted that his brother Henry, since deceased, could present the situation more clearly. He personally conducted me to another room, where a long intervicAV folloAved. I next met AndrcAv Carnegie, in the Summer of 1884, at the Mountain House, Cresson. He came to me, remembering my Pittsburgh visit, and ex pressed the gratitude of the firm for the man ner in Avhich a threatened strike had been averted by the Herald's article. He was liv ing in a cottage upon the grounds and invited me to accompany him there to meet his mother. I saw a clear-eyed lady, far ad vanced in years, who spoke with a broad Scotch accent. The meeting Avas recalled tAvelve years later, when President-elect Mc Kinley, in Canton, Avalked Avith me from his home to that of his mother, that I might hear from her lips an account of his boyhood. The Avhole country was astonished, at a much later date, to learn that AndrcAV Car negie's annual income from his steel proper ties Avas $35,000,000! He suddenly loomed up as one of the very rich men of this country — ultimately worth half a bfllion — and accom panied the announcement Avith a declaration that he intended to distribute his money dur ing lifetime, in order that he be not AA'orth a dollar at his death! By this pronunciamento, Mr. Carnegie established a iicav philosophy of human existence. He has kept his Avord, hoAvever, and during the second half of a strenuous life, he has been as busy giving away his money as he Avas during the first half in accumulating it. He has set a new task for the AA'ealthy man, and like Peter Cooper, Mr. Rockefeller, Baron Hirsch and Cecil Rhodes, he practices the doctrine he preaches. He calls it a criminal act to die wealthy! Such an opinion is so radical that curiosity is natural regarding the manner of man AA'ho voices it. Andrew Carnegie Avas born in Scotland, November, 1837, but Avas brought to this country by his parents at eleven years of age. He began work as a AA'eaver's assistant in a cotton factory. He Avas one of the earliest telegraph messenger boys; but, unlike most of his successors, he delivered with remarkable promptitude the telegrams that arrived at the Pittsburgh office of the Ohio Telegraph Com pany. He lost no time in learning telegraphy, entered the service of the Pennsylvania Rail road and became Superintendent of the Pitts burg Division of its telegraphic service. Then it AA'as he met T. T. Woodruff, "a farmer- looking man," AA'ho had a model of a sleeping- car Avhich he had been trying in vain to induce railroad managers to adopt. Carnegie tells the story of this initial speculation in his admirable volume, "Triumphant Democ racy." As a rcAvard for laying the Woodruff plans before Thomas A. Scott, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, he Avas allotted a small block of the sleeping-car stock; but Avhen a first instalment was to be paid thereon, Carnegie says he hadn't the $217.50 demanded. He Avas receiving $50 per month. He Avent to a bank and borroAA'cd the money on a note. The great Ironmaster has often declared that the proudest moment of his life was that in Avhich he made his first note and got it cashed. Dividends supplied money for the subsequent payments. When petroleum Avas discovered on Oil Creek, Carnegie Avent to the locality and made several fortunate investments. He disposed of his sleeping-car stock and invested in oil lands. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 131 When the Civil War burst upon the coun try, Andrew Carnegie rendered valuable serv ice to the Federal Government as Superin tendent of Military Railroads and Telegraph Lines in the East; but as soon as the conflict closed, he began the buflding of his first iron furnace. When intelligence of the invention of the Bessemer process for making steel reached this country, Carnegie hurried to Europe and secured the American patents. While other large iron manufacturers Avere deliberating, he acted. All old plant was dis carded and the new machinery installed. From that hour (1868) the Carnegie iron and steel business has groAvn until it Avas merged (1901) with the United States Steel Corporation at nearly half a billion dollars. Mr. Carnegie took his pay in bonds and re tired from business. His career as a philanthropist had begun years before. As a patron of music, he had built the Carnegie Institute in Ncav York — sufficiently endowed to be self-supporting. As a patron of letters, he had given a fund of $10,000 to the Authors Club and quarters in the Institute in perpetuity. For the develop ment of scientific research, he gave $10,000,- 000 to the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh; a similar sum to the Carnegie Institute of Wash ington City, and a like amount to Scotch Universities. He started a benevolent fund for employees of the Carnegie Steel Company by a subscription of $5,000,000. Mr. Carne gie's total benefactions exceed $100,000,000, including $40,000,000 for about 1,500 muni cipal library buildings. One of his latest acts has been the creation of a ten-million dollar fund to pension aged college professors. Mr. Carnegie thus explains his vIcaa's re garding the duty of rich men to make sure that their money is properly used by disposing of it Avhile they are alive. In "The Gospel of Wealth," he says: "The mfllionaire is only a trustee for the poor, entrusted for a season with a large part of the increased AA'ealth of the community but administering it for that com munity far better than it could or would have done for itself. The best minds Avill thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in AA'hich it is clearly seen that there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into Avhose hands it floAvs, save by using it year by year for the general good. This day already daAvns. Men may die without incurring the pity of their felloAVs, stfll sharers in great busi ness enterprises from Avhich their capital can not be or has not been withdraAvn, and Avhich is left chiefly at death for public uses, yet the day is not far distant Avhen the man Avho dies leaving behind him millions of available AA'ealth, Avhich Avas free for him to administer during life, Avill pass away 'uuAvept, unhonor- ed, and unsung,' no matter to AA'hat use he leaves the dross that he cannot take with him. Of such as these the public verdict Avill be: 'The man Avho dies thus rich dies disgraced!'" Unlike some very rich men Avho made for tunes by falsehood and deceit and at their deaths strove to buy Paradise and the for giveness of their felloAV-men by bequests to churches, Carnegie, who made his millions in legitimate trade, strives to give them back to science and education for the betterment of other people, instead of trying to purchase an exclusive heavenly ticket for himself. His name never has been found upon the direc tories of the criminally managed life insur ance companies, over-capitalized banks or other modern corporations promoted for the deception of the public. The rise of the Carnegie Steel Company from small beginnings and fostered by the protective tariff, is a living history of Ameri can industrial development. Mill after mill Avas built, interest after interest was added, until Carnegie became the directing genius of the mightiest industry of the Western Conti nent. Among his business associates, he created a score of millionaires. Before his company Avas merged Avith the great United States Steel Corporation, Carnegie gave em ployment to 15,000 men, Avho received $1,250,- 000 in Avages every month. Although Mr. Carnegie's opportunities for early education were meagre, he has schooled himself in that greatest of universities, the AA'orld. He has been a patient student; he is a constant reader of books and a keen ob server of men. As an after-dinner speaker, he excels; and his lectures at various colleges mark him as a competent instructor. He has 132 THE BOOK of NEW YORK published several delightful books in addition to those already mentioned, namely: "An American Four-in-Hand in Great Britain," "Round the World," and "The Empire of Business." College honors haA'e been shoAv- ered upon him; he Avas chosen Lord Rector of St. AndrcAv's University, Scotland, in 1903. Mr. Carnegie makes his permanent resi dence in New York, but he oavus Skibo Cas tle, Scotland, and makes a visit thereto every Summer, to enjoy the shooting and fishing on his preserves. He is an American, heart and soul, — although he glories in the fact that he Avas born in Dumfermline, the tOAvn in Avhich Robert Bruce Avas buried. Charles AI. SchAvab, although 50 y^ars old, is, Avithout doubt, the most interesting figure among the iicav millionaires. Of the thousand millionaires made by oil and steel, SchAvab is the most human. His instincts are natural. He is neither treacherous to opponents nor false to friends. His love for the members of his family is a fine trait. He Avas born among the Alleghenies and at the age of five Avas taken by his parents to the hamlet of Loretto, a desolate hermitage, about five miles back of Cresson Springs — Avhere the Pennsylvania's fast train stopped Avhen that company OAvned the Mountain House. It Avas the seat of a school, founded in the eighteenth century by Prince Galitzen, Avho left the splendors of the Russian court to hide himself amid the fast nesses of the Alleghenies. Galitzen's log hut Avas standing Avhen I visited Loretto. My first recollection of meeting JNIr. ScliAvab was at a Republican State Convention in Harris burg in the nineties, Avhen he Avas a delegate from Homestead; but he insists that he re members my visit to Loretto and drove the carriage in Avhich I saAA' the place. That was ten years before the meeting at Harrisburg. Loretto is a shrine toAvard Avhich all Chris tian hearts, no matter Avhat their creeds, must turn Avith aft'ection. The place is almost as revered as is the Canadian shrine of St. Ann de Beaupre, near Quebec and the Falls of Montmorency and within sight of the turgid St. Lawrence. But it is a very different kind of a sanctuary. If miracles ever have been worked at Loretto, Air. Schwab is chiefest of them! The story of Prince Galitzen is that of a penance, and it gives luster to the "Endless Hflls," said to be the meaning of the Indian name for this part of the Appalachian range. The place is halloAved by his bones that rest inside a marble tomb, surmounted by a tall white cross. Religion hadn't formed any part of Prince Galitzen's early education. His father Avas an enthusiast in the school of Gallic infidelity; a personal friend of Voltaire and Diderot, and special care Avas taken that no minister of the Christian faith ever entered the study room of the young man. He Avas on the sure high av ay to riches, earthly happi ness and glory. But one day, like Hercules, as Xenophon described him. he stood par leying Avith A^irtue and Vice ! As did the fabled demi-god, this prince chose the path that Vir tue pointed out. He declared openly for the Faith, at 17, and joined the Church of Rome. With his religious convictions, his mother, the Princess Amelia, secretly sympathized. She covertly gaA'c him a copy of "The Confession of St. Augustine," — the same precious volume that may be seen as a holy relic at Loretto. After enduring Avhat amounted to persecution, Galitzen made his escape to the young Re public on this side of the sea. As a humble novice, he entered the Sulpician Seminary at Baltimore. He cast aside, for ever, the glori fication of man and put on the livery of the Holy Faith! During many long missionary excursions, he traveled for days through the forests and slept under the stars. He assumed the name of "Rev. Air. Smith." He never allowed anybody to make him a "doctor of divinity." In that respect, he resembled Henry Ward Beecher. In such name and guise, he traveled alone to Loretto and in that desolate place began his work. The locality was Avithout a name until he gave it one. It Avas a vast Avilderness ; there wasn't any trunk- line of railroad sending its trains thundering over those hills every hour of the day and the night! There Avas a silence like the aAvful stillness of the desert that Pliny de scribes. But, it Avas a place for meditation. prayer and repentance. If, as modern meta physicians claim, there is vast power in Si lence, Galitzen found it atop the Alleghenies ! SloAvly, folloAvers began to gather about THE BOOK of NEW YORK 133 him. Some came in Conestoga Avagons. Others stopped en route to the valley of the Ohio, but remained, won by the magic charm of this strange man. He had mastered the English language, and spoke German and French. Through the influence of Henry Clay, Galit zen obtained a small share of his patrimony, most of which had been absorbed by his rela tives. A Avarm friendship existed betAveen the Whig statesman and this servant of God. Their correspondence exists in the Clay archives. Mr. John Fenlon, of Ebensburg, has asserted that he read many of Clay's let ters to Galitzen. When the priest's father died, the prince's mother earnestly urged him to return to his native land. Galitzen rode to Baltimore, consulted the bishop (Carroll) and after many prayerful days, in "retreat," decided to return to Loretto. For forty-one years, he toiled Avithout ces sation and often Avithout means. Many times did the little colony knoAv privation and want. In small sums, during that time, this prince obtained from his estates $140,000, every cent of which Avas expended in sustain ing the struggling enterprise. He Avas often the victim of deception. On one occasion, he relieved an apparent case of great distress, only to learn subsequently that the money so generously bestowed had been squandered in a carouse at a tavern in a near-by village. Galitzen said: "I gave it not to that poor mortal; I gave it to God!" Galitzen's disinterested nobleness of char acter was shoAvn in the severe winter during which he died. SnoAV fell to an unusual depth and fire-wood became scarce. The priest sent word to his neighbors that they should keep their fires going from his scanty stock. He remained in bed, or Avrapped in blankets, — to do without fire for the benefit of others. This equals the beautiful tale about Sir Philip Sid ney, who gave his last drink of Avater to a soldier dying at his side upon the field of battle. There is a noblesse oblige in the Avell- born man or AVoman! Good brother, good felloAV, Charley Schwab. He has the finest home in Manhattan, but he hasn't forgotten the old nest at Loretto. The history of the Astor family, since the arrival of its first member in 1783, compre hends the groAvth of this city. The half billion of money noAV in possession of the descendants of the original John Jacob Astor has been accumulated by the appreciation of real estate; not one dollar of it has been garnered in speculatiA'e enterprises. Col. John Jacob Astor, son of William Astor and great-grand son of John Jacob Astor. the founder of the family in America. AA'as born at "Ferncliff," Rhinebeck, N. Y., July, 1864; AA'as educated at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and graduated at Harvard University. Unlike the sons of many rich men. Col. Astor has de voted his mind seriously to mechanical in ventions, somcAA'hat to authorship and dur ing the Spanish AVar raised and equipped a battery Avhich he accompanied to the front. Although he is an enthusiastic yachtsman, he does not permit the Ioa'c of sport to inter fere with the management of the vast estate committed to his care by inheritance. He has enriched the metropolis Avith several of its handsomest hotel structures. That part of the Waldorf-Astoria, knoAA'n as the "Astoria," he completed in 1897; the Hotel St. Regis, under Air. Hahn's management, Avas opened in 1905 and the Hotel Knickerbocker in 1906. Always a diligent student of science and one of the first champions of the automobile, as Avell as an early believer in the feasibility of aerial navigation, he published in 1894 an exceedingly scholarly volume entitled "A Journey in Other Worlds." GoA'crnor Mor ton appointed him a member of his staff Avith the title of Inspector-General; but he was unwilling to nominally hold any such title as Colonel, to Avhich his staff appointment entitled him, and fully equipped the battery of artillery for use against the Spaniards in Cuba. He AA'as present at the battles before Santiago de Cuba and Avas detailed by Major-General Shafter to deliver the official terms of capitula tion to the Secretary of War! He Avas mus tered out of the Volunteer service November 1, 1898, AA'ith the rank of Lieut.- Colonel U. S. Volunteers. Col. Astor received a first prize at the World's Columbian Exposition for the in vention of a pneumatic machine to remove 134 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Col. .JOHN JACOB ASTOR Avorn-out material from roads before the laying of ncAv stones. He is also the inventor of a practical turbine engine and other mechanical devices. The utilization of vast peat deposits in the temperate zones has long presented a baffling problem. Here is a valuable fuel, if the Avater could be economically extracted — a thing heretofore impossible! Col. Astor has in vented and presented to the public a solution of this difficulty. He has devised Avhat he calls a "vibratory disintegrator," Avhich utflizes the expansive force of the large quantities of gases hidden in the peat to disrupt the cakes of fuel, so they may be uniformly dried. This disrupting result is attained by a gas engine, driven by the gas derived from the peat! Its simplicity equals its effectiveness. The same may be said of a chair for use on steamers that Col. Astor has invented. He utflizes the principle of suction upon the feet of the chair, produced by pressing a small handle at its back. This Avill do away with the necessity of bolting to the floor chairs on ocean steamers and AA'ill greatly add to the comforts of sea voyages. He is a patron of the fine arts, a lover of arboriculture and his country home at "Fern- cliff"" contains some of the finest trees upon this continent ; Avhile there are several larger places on the Hudson, Col. Astor 's Rhine- cliff' estate is far and away the most beauti ful in the United States. Mr. Astor Avas one of the first steam yacht owners and for years his "Nourmahal" AAas one of the most expensively equipped steamers belong- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 135 ing to the N. Y. Yacht Club. His new boat, "Noma," is the latest Avord in steam yacht building. The Newport home of the family, "Beech- Avood," is on Bellevue Avenue, and overlooks the cliffs. It has been the country seat of the family for three generations, and although not showy, like some of the more modern villas, is commodious and surrounded by one of the finest laAvns in that beautiful Summer city. Of late years. Col. Astor has made all his trips between the metropolis and NcAvport on the "Noma." The Astor toAvn home is not ex celled by any in this city. It occupies a corner on upper Fifth Avenue, facing Central Park, and is one of the fcAV establishments on that thoroughfare having a driveway. It contains the largest ballroom of any private house in New York and its art gallery has many splen did specimens of the modern schools. Throughout, the building is a treasure-house of art. Col. Astor is a director of more financial institutions and railway corporations than any other American. A list of them is too long to enumerate. The part he has taken in the development of the Niagara Falls PoAAcr Company is especially Avorthy of mention — he and fl. C. Frick having been the strongest supporters of Mr. Tesla in that gigantic enterprise that has been brought to such triumphant success. At Harvard, Mr. Astor AA'as a member of the Delta Phi fraternity. A list of the social organizations to Avhich he be longs would include every one of importance in this city, London and Paris. Perhaps the one local club that gives him greatest pride in its membership is the Authors, the semi monthly meetings of which he 'frequently attends. Thomas Collier Piatt was unlike any other politician bearing the Republican brand Avho attained supreme poAAcr in the Empire State. His methods were those of Samuel J. Tilden, but in some respects he was cleverer than the "Sage of Greystone." Although he made no display of the fact, Mr. Piatt Avas a highly educated man, fond of books and at times even thought himself a poet. He was born at Owego, Ncav York, 1833, prepared for college at the academy of that toAvn and entered Yale, but was compelled to leave be cause of ill health. He returned to his native toAvn and engaged in mercantile life; was one of the first to become interested in lumbering in Michigan. After serving three years as clerk of Tioga County, he Avas elected to Congress in 1873, serving three terms. I first met him in 1876. He did not attract attention in de bate, but he Avas an efficient Avorker on com mittees and in January, 1881, Avas sent lo the United States Senate by the Ncav York Legis lature. The differences that arose betAA'een Senators Conklin and Piatt and President Garfield in May of 1881, leading to the resigna tion of the two Senators, have been dealt Avith elsewhere. When the Legislature refused to send the tAvo Senators back to Washington, the opinion was that Mr. Piatt's political career had ended. He resumed his position as President of the United States Express Com pany, and became President of the Board of Quarantine Commissioners. Above all, he began the task of regaining the Republican leadership of the state. AVhen all his plans Avere made, he secured a reelection to the United States Senate in 1897, and retained the place for twelve years. He died full of years in Alarch, 1910. Senator Piatt made his actual reentrance to the political arena at the St. Louis Conven tion of 1896, where he forced upon an unwill ing assemblage a plank of the platform com mitting the party to the gold standard of money. McKinley, the candidate of the party chair man, Mr. Hanna, had been wobbly on the silver question and the Republicans of the West and Middle West were, in many cases, out spoken in advocacy of bi-metalism. The gold plank elected McKinley! Mr. Piatt was at that time in complete control of his party in the Empire State and his return to the Senate only awaited a vacancy. A large volume could be written about his last twelve years in the Upper House of Congress. In his day he had been an apothecary, a mill oAvner, presi dent of a railroad, of a mining company and of an express company and a Representative in Congress; but after March 4, 1897, he became a veritable Warwick. Before McKinley's nomination, Piatt had been opposed to him, but after the election of the Ohio man, and 136 THE BOOK of NEW YORK their simultaneous induction into office, the President sent for the Ncav Yorker and re gained his friendship to such an extent that Avhen they separated Piatt had tears in his eyes and said to the first friend he met: "AIcKin- ley is a real human creature, he grasped my hand Avarmly as he exclaimed : ' Let us forget everything, Mr. Piatt; I need your friendship and you need mine.' " McKinley possessed hypnotic poAvers or he could not so easily have regained a friendship that had been utterly lost. At Philadelphia, in 1900, Piatt and Quay decreed the nomination of Theodore Roose velt for Vice-President. McKinley didn't Avant Roosevelt, preferring Elihu Root, then Secretary of War, with Cornelius N. Bliss as second choice. Chairman Hanna Avas reso lutely opposed to Roosevelt; but Senator Piatt Avanted to rid himself of Roosevelt as Governor of Ncav York and the artifice by Avhich he forced his candidate upon the unAvilling Hanna is one of the neatest in American history. Hardly had the convention come to order, Avhen a resolution (Avritten by Piatt) Avas pre sented by Quay, calling for a reduction in the number of delegates from Southern states in all future Republican national conventions. The idea Avas not a ncAv one and the better elements of the party favored it, because Southern dele gates Avere notoriously purchasable. Hanna saAv that it Avas a direct thrust at him and as soon as the resolution Avas read, the Hanna people shouted for an adjournment until the following day and got it. I Avas one of sev eral correspondents who hurried to ask Senator Piatt Avhat the resolution meant. "It means that Papa Hanna Avill throAV up the sponge to-night and come out for Roosevelt as AIc- Kinley's running mate. You don't suppose that old rooster Avants his organization in the South cut to pieces, do you ? Quay and I knoAV Avhat avc are about. We have the votes to pass that resolution, for avc have taken a poll of the delegates." Hanna Avithdrew his opposition to the Governor of Ncav York. Al though Air. Piatt Avas suffering from a broken rib, he Avalked into Roosevelt's room that night about ten o'clock and in the presence of a score of alert ncAA'spaper men, myself among them, offered the nomination to Roosevelt. Piatt gave to Quay credit for having suggested that resolution. He Avas a great admirer of the Pennsylvanian and once said: "I Avish I had been Quay's office boy for six months!" The manner in Avhich Mr. Piatt relegated to obscurity and totally eliminated all the men Avho had gloated over his doAA'ufall in 1881 marked him as a political tactician of the shrcAvdest kind. He had the memory of an elephant and the adroitness of a Machiavelli. Piatt had been a strict Presbyterian all his life, but Avas very fond of Robert Ingersoll and ridiculed Warner Miller most sarcastically for AvithdraAving the agnostic from the stump during Miller's campaign for the Governor ship. The Senator never tired of telling an incident that occurred under his notice. A prominent theologian, being introduced to Ingersoll, asked: "Colonel, Avithout irrever ence, Avhat would you do if you Avere God Almighty.?" Ingersoll instantly replied, "I'd make health contagious instead of disease." Mr. Piatt could have nominated himself Governor in 1896, but his eyes were focussed on the Senatorship Avhich he expected to land in the folloAving January. I delight to Avrite of Thomas C. Piatt as a Avit, a satirist, a stoic, an optimist and a sincere believer in friendship, although many times disappointed therein. Taken all in all, he Avas one of the most interesting men Avho filled a large place in public life that I have ever known, and Louis Lang's life of him is very readable. On visits to the White House during Presi dent Cleveland's second term, I met a slender. light-haired, alert young man attached to the office of the Secretary of the President as a stenographer. He was ahvays courteous, ex ceptionally rapid in his work and AA'ithal ex tremely modest. This Avas in the Avinter of 1895 and '96. Avhen George Bruce Cortelyou Avas about 32 years of age. He had had extensive experience as stenographer in New York prior to that time, reporting in the courts and be fore referees. He had been principal of pre paratory schools in Ncav York from 1885 to '89 and had served as private secretary to various officials, including the Post Office Inspector of Ncav York, Surveyor of the Port of Ncav York and the Fourth Assistant Postmaster General at Washington. From this last posi- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 137 tion he was drafted to the White House to become stenographer to the President, Novem ber, 1895. There I first encountered him. Mr. Cortelyou, who has left an indelible mark upon the political history of this country as organizer of the Department of Commerce and Labor, was born in this city, July, 1862. i^^S'- n^^^^ ||^^W. ' ¦L}. ^j^jx ^^^fet ^^^^^^^^^^^Hn^ '' %^ 1' >~ s W'/' ' ^^^'^^" -^1 *, J Hiiip ^^^^Hf'W'^ Hi^p, ^^^^^^W^^ A r^H ^r ' K MM ^^^^^^^^^^ES^^Ih^^^^^^I 1 GEORGE B. CORTELYOU His preparatory studies AAcre at the Hempstead Institute and the State Normal School, West- field, Mass. He then received instruction in law at Georgetown University and finished at the Columbian (now George Washington) University. Therefore, we find him Avell equipped for the rapid and brilliant rise that followed the advent of President McKinley. A Hartford editor, Addison Porter, was the first secretary to McKinley and wisely chose the assistant secretary who had served so credita bly under President Cleveland. This event occurred in July, 1898, prior to which time Mr. Cortelyou had been acting as executive clerk to the President. In the spring of 1900, the death of President McKinley's secretary, Mr. Porter, was followed by the advancement of Mr. Cortelyou to the place. On most of the President's tours, the amiable assistant secretary had accompanied him. I especially recall a fortnight at the Hotel Champlain, where the President and the ncAVspaper cor respondents fraternized. During the McKin ley administrations — for Mr. Cortelyou Avas reappointed — this faithful service continued, and when Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the Presidency, one of his first acts Avas to reappoint the acting secretary. When necessity for the creation of a new department, devoted to the interests of the laboring classes as Avell as of their employers, Avas recognized by Congress, President Roose velt chose Air. Cortelyou as the first Secretary to create and organize it — a task involving infinite details. The choice did credit to the President's judgment of his Secretary's origi nating capacity. To create an entirely new executive branch of a national government is not an easy task; but the success of Mr. Cortelyou was unequivocal. In a few months he had its various bureaus and special agents actively at work. The publication of a daily consular report Avas projected and soon put into effective operation. When the campaign for President Roose velt's election in 1904 approached. Secretary Cortelyou was chosen Chairman of the Re publican National Committee and conducted the campaign against Judge Alton B. Parker Avith complete success. As in previous under takings, Mr. Cortelyou displayed a remark able grasp of details. As an evidence of ap preciation and further confidence. President Roosevelt appointed Mr. Cortelyou Post master-General in March, 1905, a position he filled creditably for Iaao years. During that time a thorough investigation was made of the department; many irregularities AA'ere erad icated and improvements in the service intro duced. Especially AA'as the transportation of foreign mails and the domestic special delivery system accelerated. As a final recognition of splendid public service, Mr. Cortelyou was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, March 4, 1907, continuing in office during the re mainder of the Roosevelt term. This post is one of such transcendant responsibility that no word from me is needed to emphasize the height of George B. Cortelyou's rise. His administration Avas fair to all interests. On one occasion, by prompt action, he averted a 138 THE BOOK of NEW YORK panic by going to the rescue of the banks. In 1909 he was elected President of the Con solidated Gas Company, of New York, the largest corporation of its kind in the Avorld, and despite a decrease of 20 per cent, in price, he so conducted the company's aft'airs as to shoAv an increased rcA'cnue in 1910 of $4,724,- 849. To my mind, here is the best known example of the rise of a man in public life who did not owe the attainment of his am bition to politics. Charles Adolph Schieren, born in Rhenish, Prussia, Germany, February, 1842, Avas edu cated at public schools of his native land until the age of fourteen, Avhen he was brought to the United States. His father was a cigar- maker and dealer and the boy assisted his parents in the business in Brooklyn untfl 1864, Avhen he became a clerk in the leather belting factory of Philip F. Pasquay in Manhattan. He established himself in the same business, with a small capital, in 1868, from av h i c h grew the firm of Clias. A. Schieren Company in New York, AA'ith branch houses in this country and Hamburg. Although the scene of Air. Schieren's entire business career has been in Manhattan, in that locality familiarly knoAvn to the leather trade as "The SAA'amp," his residence has been in Brooklyn and Avith that borough his social and political interests are closely identified. In politics, a Republican, he AAas for three years president of the Brooklyn Young Re publican Clulx He introduced the election district system that caused the overthroAv of the Democratic party in Brooklyn, and, in 1893, brought about his oavu election to the Mayoralty. He turned his business over to other hands and devoted his entire time to the duties of his high office. His administration was characterized by conservative manage ment of the citv's aff'airs that gave to him a national reputation. Through his influence CHAS. A. SCHIEREN and energetic advocacy, the legislature of 1895 authorized the construction of the ncAV Wil liamsburg bridge. By the addition of five new parks during Air. Schieren's term of office, the park area of the City of Brooklyn was doubled. Forest Park, the largest of these (576 acres) , is noted for its natural beauty and fine view of the ocean and Long Island Sound; Dyker Meadow Park, 150 acres, em braces several thousand feet ocean front; final plans were adopted and riparian plans secured for the Shore Driveway, Avhich, Avhen com pleted, Avill be one of the finest boulevards in the world. Mr. Schieren was one of the founders of the Brooklyn Museum and laid its corner-stone during his occupancy of the ad ministration as Mayor. Governor Black named him Chairman of the State Commerce Commission; Governor Roosevelt appointed him a member of the New York Charter Re vision Committee. His activities in charities are ceaseless. He is president of the Brooklyn Academy of Music, one of the finest structures in this country devoted to grand opera and art. Mr. Schieren is public-spirited and ever ready to support, by his means and influence, enterprises that make for the betterment of the community of Avhich he has been an honored member for over half a century. Herbert H. A^'reeland Avas born a poor man's son; his only heritage was character and brains. His father Avas the son of a minister, but he refused to take up the same calling; the grandson had to leave home early and hustle for himself. Mr. A'reeland Avas born in the vfllage of Glen, N. Y., 1857, the youngest of several children. His father died Avhen he Avas a boy and his mother removed to Jersey City. At the age of ten, he got a job Avith a Jersey City grocer. In 1875, he got employ ment AA'ith the Long Island Railroad Com pany, as a gravel shoveler. In a fcAV months he Avas promoted to be inspector of ties, at a dollar a day. Next, he Avas a sAvitch tender. When off duty, he assisted clerks at the Bush- wick station in making up their receipts. Often, after a day's Avork, he Avould remain until midnight, Avithout extra pay, compiling train receipts and expenses. He AAas made a brakeman on a train to Hempstead. He was then 20 years old. To a friend Avho bantered THE BOOK of NEW YORK 139 him, young Vreeland retorted that he expected to become a conductor and fully intended to be a raflroad president. One morning, a con ductor of a regular train was summarily dis charged and Vreeland Avas put in his place. He served satisfactorily for several months until an accident occurred for AA'hich he and the engineer Avere jointly responsible. He ad mitted his fault and Avas discharged. The superintendent reinstated him as a brakeman. When the Long Island road passed into the hands of Austin Corbin and associates, Vree land was one of those Avho, as he puts it, Avas HERBERT H. VREELAND "permitted to get out as quickly as possible." He soon secured a position as conductor, afterwards General Manager on the New York and Northern railroad. A fcAV months afterward, in 1893, he received a telegram from Wm. C. Whitney, asking him to come to the office of the Aletropolitan Traction Company. He had made a success of the Ncav York and Northern. He AA'cnt and was informed that at a meeting of the stockholders he had been elected a director of the company and with unanimity chosen its president and general manager. This jump in eight years from a brakeman and conductor to the head of the greatest system of surface trolley rail road in the Avorld, Avith a salary that appeared to him fabulous, did not upset Mr. Vreeland, then aged 35. At that time the roads of the Whitney syndicate Avere a collection of separate lines, each under different management. The hard est and best work done by Mr. Vreeland Avas the unification of all these lines into the Met ropolitan System. Heads were lopped off in all directions and economies of the most radi cal character introduced. A discovery he made Avas that the appointments of conductors and motormen Avere chiefly made through political influence. The places Avere regarded as the patronage of certain Assemblymen and Aldermen; needless to say, this species of dicta tion and "graft" Avas stopped. Peremptory orders were issued that no man could secure employment through political influence and that nobody should be discharged AA'ho was sober and competent. Air. Vreeland taught every under-boss there Avas only one head quarters and that Avas at BroadAvay and Houston Street. The 4,000 employees ren dered better service; there AA'ere no more strikes, because Avhen the men had a grievance, they could ahA'ays arbitrate Avith President Vreeland. He has been at the head of the Metropolitan Company ever since. Since Cuba has been freed from the Spanish yoke, traveling facilities on the island have improved in every way. A railway now ex tends from Havana to Santiago, Avith branches connecting all important ports Avith the main line. This railway system has brought thou sands of colonists from the United States and Europe. Prosperity exists in the larger cities and the smaller towns are aAvakening to the prospects of a splendid future. The late Walter D. Munson was prompt to foresee the value of direct steamship connections Avith the large semi-tropical, continental and insular regions gathered about the great basin of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Mexico and Cuba are the most prominent of these; proximity and reciprocal needs and products for their supply have made them a natural part of the commercial system of the United States. The Munson steamship line, Avith its fine fleet of vessels sailing direct to Matanzas, Cardenas, Sagua la Grande, 140 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Cabarien, Neuvetas. Gibara, Banes, Antilla and Baracao, is the only direct route to these ports. As stated, Walter D. Alunson Avas the founder of this line giving communication Avith Central and Eastern Cuba. He Avas a native of Connecticut. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he entered the Federal Army, and, due to faithful service in the field through many campaigns, rose to the rank of Major. When peace returned, Mr. Alunson Avent to Havana, Avhere he engaged for fifteen years in commer cial pursuits. Returning to his native land in 1882, he became a citizen of Ncav York and established the steamship line that bears his name. A hitherto neglected part of the large and fertile island of Cuba was opened to trade. The splendid resources of the in terior Avei-e almost as undeveloped as those of German East Africa; raihvays Avere fcAv and of short mileage; ports Avere isolated and the mountain range that traverses the middle of Cuba rendered difficult communication be tAveen north and south coasts. In a short time, the steamers of the Munson line encircled the great island, thus rendering all parts ac cessible for travel and commerce. Few people who have not visited Cuba have a correct idea of its size; a general impression exists that it is about the length of Long Island, Avhereas it is more than 700 miles long — a dis tance equal to that between Ncav York and Toledo! The extreme eastern province, knoAvn under the Spaniards as Santiago, is now called Oriente; the next province, to ward the Avest, Avas Puerto Principe, but is noAv Camaguey; then comes Santa Clara, Matan zas, Havana and Pinar del Rio. The scenery in the Oriental region, only reached direct by the steamers of the Munson line, is very beautiful, Avith AA'ild mountains and tropical forests. In the central part are extensive prairies ; in the Avest are hills and smiling val leys — everyAvhere the royal palm is the dom inating tree! Here, Avithin four days of New York, are to be found the same splendid palms one sees in Algeria and Egypt! The valley of the Yumuri, near Matanzas, a circular basin crossed by a river that issues through a charming glen to the sea, is the most beautiful spot in Cuba. A peculiar feature of the island is the abundance of its caverns; there are scores of them, but Cotilla, near Havana; Bel- lamar, near Matanzas, and Monte Libano, near Guantanamo, are best knoAvn and most easily visited. Disappearing rivers are numerous. The Moa cascade, near Guantanamo, drops 300 feet into a cavern and its waters later reappear from the earth. Geologically, Cuba is a treasure-house of mineral Avealth, chiefly undeveloped. Its flora is tropical and of WALTER D. MUNSON (deceased) splendid richness. Tobacco is its staple. Sugar has been the dominant crop since the 18tn century. In its forests are forty different kinds of cabinet and buflding woods — its ebony and mahogany are the highest priced knoAvn. Snakes are fcAV and not of poisonous character. The climate is most equable. The Spanish occupation proved that dwellers in temperate zones can become acclimatized in Cuba; and, since American intervention. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 141 yellow fever has been totally eradicated. Such is the tropical Avonderland that W. D. Munson opened to citizens of our country ! Steamers of the Munson line not only are despatched from New York — Avhich most in terests me, for I have been visiting Cuba since 1874 — but from Nova Scotia one line of boats goes to Havana and another from Mobile. Munson vessels transport a large share of freight and passengers between Canada and the United States, on the one side, and Cuba and Mexico, on the other. They are large carriers of sugar from Cuba to Boston, Phila delphia and New York. Since the death of his father, Charles W. Munson has been president of the company; Frank C. Munson is treas urer and Alfred H. Bromell, secretary. JOSEPH J. LITTLE A prominent figure in metropolitan com mercial life is Joseph J. Little, printer, pub lisher, ex-Congressman and man of affairs. He was born at Bristol, England, 1841; came to the United States when five years old, was educated at the public schools and began life as a printer's apprentice at Morris, N. Y., in 1855. Later he came to this city to work; he began as a compositor; but, Avhen the Civil War broke out, he enlisted in the 37th New York National Guard and served in the Sum mer campaigns of 1862, 1863 and 1864, Avhen he returned to this city and resumed work as foreman of a composing room. Mr. Little is fond of telling that his AA'ages for the first year as an a])prentice boy at Morris Avere $25, for the second year $35 and for the third year $45, payable quarterly. In the Spring of 1859, AA'hen young Little came to Ncav York, he had about $5 in his pocket. Being under age, although a journeyman printer, he could not command more than tAA'o-thirds of a journey man's Avages. I have already spoken of his part in the war from Avhich he returned a first lieutenant. He AA'cnt into business in a small Avay in 1867. the firm's name being Little, Rennie & Co. When Mr. Rennie died, in 1876, the corporation became J. J. Little & Co., and moved into a seven-story building on xA.stor Place, where it remained until 1908, when it moved into its own eleven-story build ing in East 24th Street. The business uoav carries between five and six hundred people on its pay roll. The capacity of the estab lishment is such that the book binding de partment can turn out 15,000 cloth covered books and 35,000 paper covered books per day. Since the close of the Civil War, Mr. Little has served as Colonel of the Seventy-first Regiment Veteran Association and is past Commander of Lafayette Post, G. A. R. Especially has he displayed interest as an officer and finally as president of the General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of Ncav York, an organization dating back to 1785 and sustaining a large free, cir culating library, free schools for teaching mechanical and free-hand drawing, modeling, stenography and typcAvriting. This institu tion has equipped thousands of students. Mr. Carnegie recently became a member and has helped its Avork to the extent of more than $500,000. Air. Little is a member of the American Institute, of AA'hich he has also been president. His charities are many. He served for many years as a trustee of the New York Infant Asylum, one of the most praiscAvorthy institutions on this continent. He is a life member of the Ncav York Geographical So ciety. His work as a member of Congress was noteworthy, but he refused a second nomi nation. He succeeded the late Roswell P. FloAver, Avho in his turn had defeated William 142 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Waldorf Astor, in a normally Republican dis trict. Mr. Little has ahvays been a Democrat, but has rarely taken an active part in national politics. After leaving Congress he again, upon the urgent request of Mayor Strong, be came a member of the Board of Education of this city. As Chairman of the Committee on Buildings of that Board, he reorganized the building bureau of the Department of Educa tion, placing at its head a young and capable architect. Out of this important change arose vast improvements in school-house architecture, seen in many parts of this metropolis. Greater Ncav York contains the handsomest, best arranged and best A'entilated school-houses of any city in the AA'orld. Mr. Little finally be came President of the Board of Education and only resigned after a second election as President on account of business and ill health. Joseph J. Little occupies a large niche in the Masonic hall of fame. He joined Kane Lodge, 454, in 1879, and has served as its Master several times, as aa'cII as Deputy Grand Master of his district. A distinguished honor came to Mr. Little, in 1896, Avhen he Avas ap pointed by the then Prince of Wales, afterward King EdAvard VII, Grand Representative of the Grand Lodge of England near the Grand Lodge of Ncav York. Air. Little's standing in Ncav York is shoAvn by the many important civic and municipal committees for Avhich he has been named. He Avas an active Avorker in the raising of funds for the Grant monu ment on Riverside Drive, also assisted earnest ly in relief work for sufferers by the JohnstoAvn flood. A very bright incident in Mr. Little's life Avas the return to his boyhood home, Morris, on the fiftieth anniversary of his apprentice ship, September 5, 1905, AA'hen he gave a din ner to the utmost capacity of the village hotel to all his old and ucav friends. Mr. Little is an officer of the Pearson Publishing Company that issues "Pearson's Alagazine." He is a Trustee of the Excelsior Savings Bank and A\as a member of the Ncav York's World Fair Commission in 1893. A I any a good man has been born in Ncav Jersey and more than tAvo hundred thousand active participators in the trades and professions of the metropolis dAAcll in Jersey, but come to the city daily. One of the most active men in the great human hive knoAvn as the Hudson Ter minal, Avhere the offices of the Erie Railroad Company ai'c located, is John Hull Browning, financier, president of the Northern New Jersey Railroad. Mr. Browning comes of Rhode Island stock, his ancestors dating back to the days of Roger Williams. On his mother's side, he counts among his forebears the Rev. Joseph Hull, one of the original settlers of Weymouth, Plymouth Colony, 1635. Both sides of his house had representatives in the Wars of the Revolution and of 1812. JOHN HULL BROWNING Young BroAvning Avas a Christmas gift to his parents in 1841. Soon after his birth his parents moved to Ncav York City. The boy was sent to the College of the City of New York, was graduated and engaged in commer cial enterprises with his father for some time. His father-in-laAv, Charles G. Sisson, president of the Ncav Jersey Railroad Company, died in 1874, and the representatives of the estate secured the election of Mr. BroAvning to the directorate of that corporation. He Avas soon elected president of the company and retained that position until it Avas consolidated Avith the Erie Raflroad Company. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 143 Mr. Browning's railroad connections have become very extensive. He is associated as a director with many Southern lines, in addi tion to a score of banks, gas companies and other corporations. He lives in a beautiful home at Tenafly, and enjoys automobiling along the fine roads that line the crest of the Palisades. He has always been a Republican and for many years has been president of the Bergen County Republican League. Thrice he has been chosen a Presidential Elector, but has never held a political office of any other kind. Although Mr. BroAvning never speaks of his acts of benevolence, people who knoAv him, as does the writer, are aAvare that he is a constant giver to the support of hospitals and city missions. He is a life member of ten charitable societies. He is a manager of the New York Protestant Episcopal City Mission and vice-president of Christ Hospital, Jersey City. A firm that has figured prominently in the mercantile history of New York City, and one that has had a most remarkable career, is that of Holt & Company, of No. 95 Broad Street, of which Air. Charles W. AlcCutcheon is the head. The firm AA'as founded in 1801 by Stephen Holt, of New London, Conn., AA'ho came to this city in early life, attracted by the com mercial possibilities here. In the early days of the Colony a charter had been granted by the Crown, giving to the colonists the right to manufacture flour for trade in the West Indies. This act Avas con sidered of such importance that the embryo city adopted as a coat of arms a design in which the four Avings of a windmill and tAvo barrels of flour were the principal features. Naturally the business Avas soon one of the leading industries and it AA'as the commercial prospects presented that led Stephen Holt to organize the firm of Holt & Company, and commence the business of handling flour. In the 111 years of its existence the firm has naturally undergone many changes, but dur ing that long period its integrity has never been impaired. It successfully Aveathered every commercial storm, and there Avere many en countered, never asked financial aid and never owed a dollar beyond the time fixed by com- CHAS. -W. McCUTCHEON mercial usage. It is still engaged in the same line but has added corn goods for hot climates, and makes regular shipments to the West Indies. Of late years the trade has been largely increased and noAv includes many Central and South American ports. Air. AlcCutcheon, Avho is noAV head of the firm, Avas born in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, January 2, 1845, the son of Wflliam Aloore and Eliza (St. John) AlcCutcheon. The family is of Scotch-Irish ancestry and Avas founded in America in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Air. McCutcheon A\'as educated at the Poly technic Institute in Brooklyn, from which he graduated in Class of 1862. He at once entered upon a business career and in 1879 became a partner in Holt & Company. His long experience and executive ability have done much to extend the business of the house and uphold the high repute it has enjoyed for over a century. Mr. McCutcheon is a director of the Corn Exchange Bank, Ncav York City; the Plain- 144 THE BOOK of NEW YORK field Trust Company, of Plainfield, N. J., and the People's National Bank, of Westfield, N. J. He is also director of the Adirondack Company and a member of the Ncav York Produce Exchange, Alaritime Exchange, and the Chamber of Commerce of the State of Ncav \ork. He is a Republican in politics, but of that pronounced independent type that stands for good government rather than party mis-rule. Mr. AlcCutcheon has traveled large ly, making several trips to Europe and touring Egypt and the West Indies. He is a lover ofhorses and as such takes active interest in the Riding and Driving Club, being also a member of the Metropolitan Aluseum of Art, the New England Society in Ncav York City and the Union League, Atlantic Yacht, Na tional Art, Lake Placid Yacht, Plainfield Country, Park and Park Golf clubs. Mr. McCutcheon makes his home in Plain- field, N. J., but spends his summers at Lake Placid, N. Y., Avhere he has an attractive camp, "x\sulykit," on the shores of the lake. It is indisputable that our country, hetero geneous as is its population, possesses a sort of backbone, an essential stamina, in the de scendants of those hardy northern races Avhich populated this conti nent generations, even centuries ago. These men avc find preemi nent in every vocation, utilizing, in their pres ent sphere, the hardy virility inculcated in and derived from those ancestors who fought and overcame the per ils of the inhospitable Avilderness, still main taining their standards of honor and upright ness AA'hich are so essen tial to a healthy society and AA'hich avc aaouM fain call American. The first ancestor of Arthur Theodore Stilson to see American soil Avas James Stilson, AA'ho left England about 1625. His descendant, Andre av Stilson, mar ried Charlotte Judd and settled upon the old homestead farm in LcAvis County, Ncav York. Avhere there Avas born to him fiA'C children. ARTHUR T. STILSON The youngest of these is Arthur Theodore Stilson, born in 1859. Arthur T. Stflson is also a descendant of Captain Thomas Judd and of General Andrew Jackson. Owing in part to financial losses suffered by his father during the industrial depression of the Civil War, he Avas cast almost entirely on his own resources at a very early age and became somcAvhat pro ficient at log driving and lumbering. Coming to New York in 1878, at the age of nineteen, he obtained employment Avith the firm of James, Aikman & Co., attending even ing school during the fall and Avinter months for a time. The above firm Avas later con solidated with four other large ones, forming the Central Stamping Company. Mr. Stilson has remained in their employ and has become general manager and vice-president. This simple statement of fact is sufficient encomium on his achievements in business life. Mr. Stilson, as one might infer, has a marked pref erence for country life, living at his charming estate, "Westover," in Montclair, N. J., and indulging his taste for farming by the super vision of scientific and extensive agricultural operations carried on at his "To-Wak-How Mountain Spring" Farms at Lincoln Park, N. J. Electricity has created a hundred million aires in this country and electrical science has proved so fascinating to many men of mechan ical genius that they have deserted other pro fessions to pursue its study. Ralph Hamilton Beach, inventor of the first street car that successfully employed an electric storage bat tery, Avas born at Linden, Michigan, October, 1860, and secured his education at the High School of Fenton, Mich. Early in life he dis played an aptitude for invention. It was intended he should study medicine, but, through a predeliction for mechanics, young Beach entered iron-working shops at Linden and later at Detroit. He began at the lowest rung of the mechanical ladder. He took service in 1888 Avith the Thompson-Houston Electrical Company, at St. Paul, Minn., and from this corporation he received prompt and deserved recognition in the Avay of promotions. From 1888 to 1900 Avere the years of de velopment in electrical industry. Air. Beach Avas soon asked to become manager of the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 145 railway department of the General Electric Company, of New York, and at once took rank among prominent electrical engineers of this country. The commanding position he held afforded excellent opportunity for ac quiring knowledge of every branch of his profession; it also enabled him to become thoroughly acquainted with the men who were most earnest in electrical development. Thomas A. Edison, known as "the Wizard of Menlo Park," has said of Mr. Beach: "He is the most accurate experimenter I ever have RALPH H. BEACH known, his first experiment is ahvays a success." Every minute of Mr. Beach's time was em ployed in gaining further insight into the mysterious element of nature Avith which he was dealing. Nobody knows exactly Avhat electricity is; but Mr. Beach has utilized it in its multitude of forms. Never was science put into more practical service or made to perform more work for mankind ! Under Mr. Beach's ceaseless experimentation, the splen did possibflities of electricity sprang into recognition at a time Avhen all allied branches of science were undergoing spontaneous de velopment and great minds in all parts of the civflized Avorld were giving to them concen trated mental effort. Air. Beach's theory of experimentation al ways Avas along one line; before he gave to any subject much of his valuable time or expended thereon any considerable amount of money, he definitely settled, in his oAvn mind, the practical uses to Avhich the contemplated de vice or appliance could be put. His motto Avas "Find the need!" Thereby, he saA'cd time and money that other equally earnest men Avasted! His dominating thought Avas that nothing should be invented that could not be turned to the benefit of mankind in a com mercial sense. (On the other hand, all im provements of moderately successful iuA'cn- tions he believed to be desirable. He did not think it uiiAA'ise to attempt a further ad vancement of an apparently perfected elec trical device.) Too often, inventors are satis fied with a mechanism that suffices for prac tical service and, by "leaA'ing well enough alone," retard progress. Mr. Beach's me chanical qualifications enabled him to foresee future adaptations of electricity in every branch of domestic as well as commercial life. For years he struggled with the storage bat tery problem — the extreme Aveight of all existing inventions of that character barring them from satisfactory use on street cars or automobiles. It has been the dream of the greatest electricians living to simplify and lessen the dead weight of the storage battery. To this problem, Mr. Edison, chief electrician of the world, has given many years of his life. Mr. Beach has devised a method of coordinat ing the electrical and the mechanical move ment of a car upon rails, so that the energy consumption per ton mile is one-third of that before known; by this extraordinary advance, he has made practical the use of storage bat teries as a means of tram propulsion. Mr. Beach is a resident of New York City and is a member of the Essex County Country Club, the N. Y. Electrical Society and belongs to The Founders and Patriots of America. Electricity is the element which has done more for the upbuilding of our cities than any other; few of us have time to stop and think what city life was before the introduction of electricity. Try and imagine what New York would be without it. 146 THE BOOK of NEW YORK There is distinction in being the head of an institution AA'hich ignores the traditions of the past and ste])s out in advance of the law in order to fulfill Avhat it regards its duties and responsibflities to the people. John C. Juhring is president of Francis H. Leggett & Company, pioneers in the pure food movement. He Avas born in Ncav York and educated at Mount Washington Collegiate Institute. The story of his rise to commercial prominence begins Avith his search for an opportunity to demonstrate Avliat qualities he possessed. He applied to Francis H. Leggett for em ployment and Avas given a humble clerkship. All he asked was "to get in." He kncAV AA'here he AA'ould land. He rose sloAvly but surely. He became cashier, then a department man ager and finally a partner. When the business became a corporation. Air. Juhring Avas elected vice-president. In February, 1910, shortly after Air. Leg- gett's death, he Avas unanimously chosen president. A movement Avas started among the citizens of Ncav York for the formation of a Alerchants' Association. Mr. Juhring was a charter mem ber, serving as first vice-president for five con secutive terms, 1898-1903. He is a director of the Coal and Iron National Bank, trustee of the Citizens' Savings Bank, director of the American Can Company and of the Seacoast Canning Company of Maine. Mr. Juhring is a Republican, though in an independent sense in politics, and a member of the Presby terian Church. He is a member of the Ncav York Produce Exchange and of the Board of Trade and Transportation. His clubs are the Alerchants and the Ards- ley-on-the-Hudson. He is fond of travel, having made many trips to Europe. The trait for Avhich he is most conspicuous is his en thusiasm. He is a lover of nature and an ad mirer of the beautiful. Those Avho knoAv him best say that it is the sum of his many sides Avhich has made him the head of Avhat is probably the greatest and most distinctive importing, manufacturing and Avholesale grocery house in the Avorld. HENRA' W. SCHLOSS When the citizens of Ncav York unanimously decided to tender a public dinner to a practical philanthropist, Nathan Strauss, Mr. Henry W. Schloss, a prominent manufacturer and dis tinguished citizen, AA'as chosen by unani mous consent, to act as chairman. The affair Avas one of the most successful in the his tory of this city, the energy of the presiding officer insuring such a result. Henry W. Schloss hails from Michigan, with Adrian as his birthplace. He Avas born there in 1885, but Avas brought to Ncav York Avhen young and received his early education in our public schools, returning for a fcAV years to his native state to engage in commercial pursuits. His immediate fore bears had left Germany in the troublous year of 1848 — a year of revolution in Germany and Austria, the year of the Heidelberg Assembly, of the uprising in Berlin, of the Prussian proclamation to the "German Nation," of the preliminary German Parliament, of the meet ing of the National Assembly at Frankfort and of the Prussian Constitutional Conven tion. Many members of the best German families came to America. Among these lov ers of civil liberty was William J. Schloss, father of the subject of these remarks. Henry W. Schloss began his business career in the jcAvelry business at Chicago; at the age of tAventy-one he became associated Avith the Avholesale branch and for four years traveled AA'idely throughout this country. The Castle Braid Company offered him its management in 1881, and he has continued AA'ith it ever since — is its president to-day — and has devel oped it into a great corporation. When a national organization of braid manufacturers Avas formed in 1907, Air. Schloss Avas chosen president and has been reelected from year to year. He has recently been quite active in politics as a member of the regular Republican organization of the Fifteenth Assembly Dis- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 147 AV ALTER C. RUNYON trict. He is first vice-president of the Con servative Republican Club and a member of the West Side Republican Club. Mr. Schloss is associated with many charitable organiza tions, a fervent Mason and a practical lover of humanity. His unostentatious philanthro py is continuous. Among my friends no architect of his oavu fortune is more deserving of mention than Walter Clark Runyon, one of the leading man ufacturers of pig iron in this country. He was born at Chicago, April, 1857, and Avas educated at Springfield, Ohio. His active ca reer began in the fall of 1871 AA'ith the Union Rolling Alill Company of Chicago. In 1879 he was elected secretary in recognition of un usual services rendered to the corporation. Mr. Runyon moved to Cleveland in 1886 to enter the iron ore busi ness, and Avas largely instrumental in the for mation of the Lake Superior Iron Ore Associ ation of Cleveland, Ohio, and acted as its first secretary. During his connection Avith the Iron Ore Association and as its secretary he effected a change in the method of selling- iron ore — the unit of iron being valued in the natural state instead of Avhen dried at 212 degrees F., and the phosphorus values Avere fixed by a table or a schedule devised by him. This table never has been changed and has governed the settlement of all contracts for Lake Superior Bessemer ores since its is sue. Mr. Runyon also organized the Besse mer Pig Iron Association. In 1894, he en- gaged in the blast furnace business and or ganized The Struthers Furnace Co. He has been located in Ncav York since 1901. Mr. Runyon has made several automobile tours through Europe and this country. He is at present senior partner of Runyon, Fair- bank & Co.; president of The Struthers Fur nace Co., and The Struthers Coal & Coke Company. The National Guard of Ncav York boasts and has boasted capable, energetic and de voted officers, but none Avhose activities have proven more meritorious of these ad jectives, or Avhose practical abilities have been of more value to that organization than Gen eral EdAvin Augustus AIcAlpin. Edwin is a grandson of James AIcAlpin, himself a descendant of that sturdy Scotch stock Avhich invaded and colonized the north of Ireland in CromAAcll's time. James Mc- Alpin came to iVmerica from the city of Bel fast and settled in Dutchess County. There he engaged in the grocery trade, meeting with some success. His son, David Hunter AIc Alpin, married Adelaide Rose and of these parents, EdAvin AIcAlpin Avas born in the year 1848. EdAvin attended Phfllips Academy in Andover, Mass., and Avas graduated during the early part of the CiA'il War. The Scotch-Irish blood of EdAA'in AIcAlpin, at the age of 14 or 15, Avas Avarmly stirred by the war fever and he straightaAvay enlisted, actuated, doubtless, by a desire to Avin fame similar to that borne in history by his fore bears, the Clan Alpine. He Avas tAA'ice frus trated in this Avish by his father and set to Avork in the tobacco manufactory in x^A'cnue D. EdAA'in McAlpin, it Avould seem, devoted his energies Avholeheartedly to making this enterprise the striking commercial success it has since proved. He became a partner in the firm, and after his father's death president. This corporation, at that time the largest of its kind, Avas later sold to the American To bacco Company. In 1869, Air. AIcAlpin became a priA'ate in the Seventh Regiment. Five years later he resigned from this regiment to accept a lieu tenancy in the Seventy-first, of which he eventually became commanding officer after a steady and certain rise through the inter mediate ranks. During eighteen years of occupancy of this post, he established a most enviable reputation and brought his corps to a high degree of efficiency. The qualities Avhich Colonel AIcAlpin dis played, as commanding officer of the 71st. led Governor Alorton to appoint him Adjutant- General of the State of New York, Avith rank of Major-General. During his tenure of 148 THE BOOK of NEW YORK JAMES B. BRADY this important and honorable office, his ability and invigorating methods made themselves felt and appreciated throughout the entire service under him and made their impress in the form of marked improvements. "ShoAV me a man Avho has made a success of life, financially or artistically, AA'ho has risen to the top of his profession or is recog nized among the lead ers of his line of trade, no matter Avhat that calling may be — and I Avill show to you a man AA ho has more than or dinary ability — a man Avho has ' something in him,' Avho commands respect and admiration, though that admiration may be born more or less of jealousy." The above remark Avas made by the late John G. Carlisle, AA'hen addressing a jury in Covington, Kentucky, years before he became Secretary of State in President Cleveland's cabinet. And the "tAvelve men, good and true," nodded their approval. James Buchanan Brady Avas not the client to Avhom Mr. Carlisle referred, but had he been, the application Avould have been very appropriate. By his oAvn efforts, natural intelligence, and unAvavering application to his work, James B. Brady has gained a place among the leaders and sticks there. Born in Ncav York City, he AA'as educated in the public schools, and began his business life as an errand boy for the New York Cen trai Railroad. He studied telegraphy, and soon became an expert operator at the Grand Central Station headquarters. This position he held for some time and was also ticket agent for a while. One day he saAv AA'hat he thought "a good thing," and seized it. It Avas a saw used lor cutting and saAvmg iron. He raised the money to purchase the patent rights, placed it on the market. It AA'as then that young Brady developed extraordinary ability as a salesman. He made a Avonderful success and his fame traveled before him. As traveling agent for Manning, MaxAA'ell & Moore, one of the largest railroad supply houses in the country, he became interested in several steel and iron companies, and his reputation in this line extended from coast to coast. It is said that he earned as high as $30,000 a year as a salesman independent of any partnership interests. He was immensely popular, and his friends were legion. Success begets success, and when he en tered the stock market, at the entreaty of his friends, "in the Street," Brady AA'as looked upon as a "mascot." Everything he touched seemed to turn into money; some said it was "Brady luck," but the aaIsc ones said, "Brady is no fool; he knoAA's a good thing, and Avhen he gets it, he plays it for all that it is worth." In his business affairs "Jim" Brady is ag gressive; when he buckles on his commercial armor it is to fight — and to win. But the vulnerable spot in his armor is his humanity. He Avishes ill to no one, and is ever ready to lighten the burden of others. When Mr. Brady became a factor in mat ters of the turf he did so out of friendship for F. C. McLewes, becoming his partner. The combination was successful. The firm owned some of the greatest racers in the world, win ning fabulous sums, the richest stakes in turf events, against the best talent of the pure blood stock of the English stables. Among their horses Avere Major Dainger- field. Gold Heels, Oiseau, Fontainebleau and others that made turf history. Matt. Allen was the trainer of their stable and Mr. Brady has ahvays given him the credit for their successes in the "sport of kings." Mr. Brady has for some years been famil iarly known as "Diamond Jim," a sobriquet given him on account of his valuable posses sions in precious stones. He OAvns some of the most unique and orig inal designs extant in jewelry — creations of his own mind. As an entertainer he has few equals and no superiors. He enjoys giving good dinners to THE BOOK of NEW YORK 149 his friends and on such occasions no expense is spared. Though he has traveled in all parts of the world, Mr. Brady thinks that Ncav York, his home city, is the "greatest spot on earth" and Broadway "the only street," although he has kind words for the great thor oughfares of London and Paris. Mr. Brady is vice-president of the great railway supply house of Manning, Maxwell & Moore, Incorporated; vice-president of the Standard Steel Car Company, president of the Independent Pneumatic Tool Company, and other equally large concerns. Having had the tang of travel in my oavu blood since early boyhood, I am likely to speak of Charles Arthur Moore, Jr., Avith con siderable enthusiasm. He Avas born in Lynn, Mass., 1880; educated at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and Yale University, where he AA'as graduated in 1903. His father is a member of a large man ufacturing concern in this city and the young man at once applied himself to business. Prior to this time, how ever, he had acquired Avide reputation as a traveler. In 1897 he Avas a member of the Peary expedition to Cape York and assisted in bringing back the famous meteorites to be seen at the American Museum of Natural History. The call of the Arctic appealed to him so strongly that in 1901 he chartered the steam AA'haler "Algerine" and spent that summer in Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay. He is probably the best in formed of any living man regarding that vast inland sea that became the grave of its dis coverer. Again his love of adventure awak ened when he heard that Homer Davenport, cartoonist, was about to fit out an expedition to the desert of Arabia to purchase Arab horses. He promptly volunteered as a mem ber of the party. What probably caused CHAS. A. MOORE, Jr. Davenport to Avarm up to him Avas that he is an inch taller than the lanky artist. In the Spring of 1906, Mr. Moore AA'cighed 245 pounds and stood six feet, four inches in his stockings! He sailed for Havre early in July of that year; reaching Constantinople by the Oriental express on July 19. Thence, he accompanied the party into the desert and lived for three months the life of a nomad. I almost hesitate to talk about the commer cial side of so interesting a character; but Air. Aloore is a man of responsibilities, because he is bound to inherit many of them from a successful father. He is already vice-presi dent, secretary and director of Manning, Max well & Moore, Inc., and half a dozen other companies. Nothing is more gratifying than to find a wealthy and successful merchant and laAA'yer taking an active part in local and national politics. This is the feature that appeals to me in the career of E. W. Bloomingdale, born at Rome, in this state, November, 1852, and graduated at Co lumbia LaAV School, 1877. He practiced law until 1883, but was associated av i t h his brothers in the large department store at Third Avenue and 59th Street untfl 1905. He has been equally suc cessful at laAV and in commercial life. His experience has admi rably fitted him to act as receiver of many cor porations and to acquit himself Avith great credit. He is a prominent director of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, a di rector of the Phenix National Bank, an Inter state Bridge Commissioner, a member of the Hudson Ter-Centenary Committee. An honor he appreciates highly is that of Trustee of the McKinley National Aiemorial. In charities of the city and state, he is particularly prom inent. Especially should I mention his effi cient service in behalf of the House of Refuge. E. W. BLOOMINGDALE 150 THE BOOK of NEW YORK W^hen the Union Pacific Railroad Avas ad vancing by rapid stages across the plains, the eastern end of the rails had reached Cheyenne, in the state now known as Wyoming, early in 1867. Several of the civil engineers and con tractors lived AA'ith their families in box cars, shunted upon sidings until such time as they might move to the next stage of construction, further Avest. In such quarters one of the most interesting men in this big city, William B. Walker, uoav dwelling on Riverside Drive, Avas born, March 14th of that year. This boy began active Avork for himself at the age of twelve. The railroad had been completed long before, but he was still a hardy youngster of the plains. He employed a team of horses, a Avagon and half a dozen barrels for drowning out prairie dogs and capturing them AA'hen they emerged from their burro aas. These curios he sold to tourists. While dog-catching he observed that the plains Avere covered Avith buffalo bones and finding a market for them in a Ncav Jersey factory toAvn, he shipped many carloads at a good profit. When the bone supply Avas exhausted, young Walker took to the saddle and "folloAAcd the cows" for three years in that section of Dakota and AVyoming rendered famous by Colonel Theo dore Roosevelt. Thus did he complete his education in the splendid college of experience, combining attrition Avith men of the frontier, giving their lives to "Avinning of the west," and a study of methods of money-making suggested by his environment. He embarked in general merchandising, established a chain of five stores and ran the business into half a million annual sales only to learn, when the panic of 1893 sAAcpt over the land, that his craft Avas built for sailing on smooth financial seas. It foundered Avith all on board in the first big blow. Air. Walker says he reached the conclusion in 1894 that he Avasn't nearly so smart as he had thought himself. He realized that if money Avas to be acquired he must go AA'here money Avas plenty. He selected Ncav York, because, in his opinion, success is easier here than failure. Harkening to the call of the city, he studied mankind Avith a vicAv to deciding Avhich line of trade offered the surest road to fortune. Manufacturing, he concluded, had provided the basis of a larger number of fortunes of the second class than any other line of endeavor; and as his chief asset at that time was the knoAvledge that the percentages had to be in his favor, he be came a manufacturer. There are no "get- rich-quick schemes" for men from the tall grass country. First, Air. Walker must find something to manufacture! Chief importance lay in the selection of the article. He wanted to make something that had never been made before; to do something that never had been done before ; AVM. B. WALKER to create an article that AA'ould do Avhat every body Avanted done, — in short, an article that nobody else but he could make! These specifications Avere not easy to comply Avith. Mr. Walker spent tAvelve years, crowded Avith patient eff'ort, seeking this apparently unat tainable object. He visited more than half the States of the Union and every manufac turing centre of England, France, Italy, Austria and Germany. Quite by accident, he Avas introduced to a resident of Berlin Avho had received a keg of caviar from a friend in Russia. This German asked Walker to help him con sume it. At the home of his host he was in troduced to Rheinhold Burger, a famous glass THE BOOK of NEW YORK 151 manufacturer, Avho casually mentioned an idea of his for a field or hunting flask that would retain the temperature of its contents for several days. Subsequent interviews brought Herr Burger's idea to the blue-print stage, — the first models of Thermos bottle. German, English and American companies were quickly organized and to-day, five years from the date of its discovery, this remarkably useful article is handled by 50,000 dealers in the thirty civilized countries of the world. Mr. Walker ascribes his brilliant success to habits of industry acquired in youth and to the timely arrival of that keg of caviar! He re cently said fo me that after spending so much of his life on the plains, the most aAve-inspiring moment he has ever known was when he first gazed upon the vast Avatery expanse of the ocean. Mr. Walker is a thorough cosmopoli tan and he belongs to several social clubs. The South Shore of Long Island may be accurately described as "the Riviera of Greater New York." Sir John Tindall, when here twenty-odd years ago, declared that children were born who Avould live to see royal palms growing on the ocean shore of Long Island. He predicted that the Gulf Stream av o u 1 d gradually AVork nearer to land and that the modifying effect of its AV a r m currents upon climate aa'ouM be such as to render the South Shore one of the most delightful residential lo calities in the Temper ate Zone. Americans who have visited Genoa and especially its suburb, Pegli, will remember the splendid array of palms at the latter place and wonder Avhy such tropical trees are to be found there, when the latitude is 44 degrees N. Ncav York lies in about 41 degrees N., and if the Gulf Stream does its duty, as predicted by the scientist, my friend, Richard A. Bachia, living at Bay Shore, will possess a country home equally attractive at all seasons of the year. His grandfather. RICHARD A. BACHIA Nicholas C. Bachia, came to Ncav York from Venice in 1818, and married a Miss Waldron, member of an old Dutch family that had come to America in 1640. Richard A. Bachia is a product of " Green wich Village," on the West Side of Manhattan Island, Avhere his father lived and where he Avas born in Charles Street. Mr. Bachia was graduated from the public schools and ob tained a position with a leaf tobacco house. A few years' apprenticeship convinced him that he had the taste of a connoisseur on Cuba's product. After folloAving this line for tAA'cnty- five years, buying, importing and selling, he began the manufacture of Havana cigars in Ncav York, in 1901, importing the leaf direct and making up the product here. His success has been gratifying, because his plan AA'as a decided innovation from the fact that the market can be supplied with the fresh goods instead of the dry product, Avhich lovers of the weed do not esteem. Mr. Bachia has made many trips to Cuba; he is fond of all kinds of sports, particularly golfing and yachting. He is a lover of books and possesses an excellent library. His home at Bay Shore, on the South Country Road, is one of the show places of that locality. Ross's "History of Long Island" deals with the family history to some extent. Richard A. Bachia is a member of the New York Yacht, Hanover and South Side Field clubs. He is a trustee of the Citizens Savings Bank of New York and a director of the First Na tional Bank of Bay Shore, L. I. Sugar is one of the world's staples. Im provement in methods of producing the refined article has been due to efforts of American refiners like B. H. Howell, Son & Co., of this city. A prominent member of that firm is James Howell Post, who has been connected Avith it as clerk and partner since 1874. He knows the sugar business from start to finish, as thoroughly as any living man. He was born at New Rochelle, N. Y., October, 1859, and, after finishing at the public schools of that town, plunged into commercial business. He is to-day president of the National Sugar Refining Company of Ncav Jersey, a director of the National City Bank — the strongest in stitution of its kind in this country, occupying 152 THE BOOK of NEW YORK the site of the old Custom House — director and treasurer of the Chaparra Sugar Com pany and various other corporations engaged in the manufacture of sugar. He is a trustee in the Williamsburg Savings Bank and a director in the United States Realty and Im provement Company and many other cor porations. Mr. Post is a sincere believer in helping the American boy and to that end, from early in his successful commercial career, has been a sturdy supporter of the Young Alen's Christian Association, the Industrial School Association of Brooklyn, and of the hospital and dispensary system of that borough. He is a Presbyterian in his religious views, but knows no creed in his charities. The Parker family of Ncav Jersey came from England by Avay of Barnstable, Alass., in 1640, settling at Woodbridge, N. J., in 1667. For three generations, descendants of Elisha Par ker Avere members of the King's Council for the Province and held commissions as Colonels and Captains of Provisional Troops engaged in ceaseless Avarfare against the Indian tribes. Subsequent members of the Parker family have been members of State Legislatures and of Congress. Robert Meade Parker, now in active commercial en terprises in Greater Ncav York, is a son of Cortlandt Parker, a dis tinguished jurist, orator and diplomat, and was born in NcAvark, N. J., 1864. He received his education at St. Paul's School. Concord, N.H., and at Phillips Exeter Academy, finishing at Princeton University in 1885. After graduation he obtained a clerk ship Avith the Erie Railroad, serving part of the time in President King's office. He became division freight agent in 1890, general freight agent in 1902, and, in 1905, was chosen traffic manager for the American Sugar Refining Company. His selection as President of the Brooklyn Cooperage Company followed in 1906 and this post he still retains. He is ROBERT M. PARKER President of the Pennsylvania Stave, the But ler County Railroad, and the Great Western Land Companies and is vice-president of the Oleona Railroad. Despite his active business career, Mr. Parker has always taken deep interest in military matters, serving as a mem ber of the highly exclusive Essex Troop of Ncav Jersey from 1890 to 1898, Avhen he Avas chosen 1st lieutenant and battalion adjutant of the 12th Infantry, Ncav York Volunteers, and promoted to Captain and Regimental Quartermaster, June 1, 1898. • This post im posed upon him entire charge of the field equipment of the regiment for the Spanish- American War. Mr. Parker was actively em ployed at Peekskfll, Chickamauga Park, Ga., and in Kentucky, resigning his commission after the conclusion of peace. He afterAA'ards joined the 12th Regiment, N. G. N. Y., serving until 1908, Avhen he resigned. The Avonderful development of the sugar industry in this country has been largely due to strictly scientific talent employed in Avork ing out the most ap proved methods of re fining the raAv article of commerce. The Amer ican Sugar Refining Company has ahvays commanded the best gray matter to be had. At the head of its Man ufacturing and Supply Department is Henry Ernest Niese, a practi cal chemist, AA'ho, for forty years, has special ized on the scientific methods employed in the sugar industry. Equipped Avith complete technical training, secured at the best institutions of Europe, he came to America as a young man and served a thorough apprenticeship as chemist in the refinery business. Of late years he has shown that he is equally as efficient in an ex ecutive post as in places demanding scientific knowledge. Mr. Niese was born on the Island of Fehmarn, Germany, in 1848. He is of un mixed German blood. He was educated in his native country. He entered the Univer- HENRY E. NIESE THE BOOK of NEW YORK 153 sity of Kiel and studied chemistry at Leipsic. His college studies were interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War, in which he served as a private in the Thirty-sixth Regiment of Fusilliers. Returning to college, he Avas grad uated in 1873 and came immediately to the United States to act as chemist for the Mat- thiessen-Wiechers Sugar Refinery, of Jersey City. At the end of six years he Avas made superintendent of the establishment and still holds that position, although, in 1887, the concern was taken into the American Sugar Refining Company. Mr. Niese has been a member of the American Chemical Society since its organization. He belongs to the Chemists' Club and the Carteret Club, of Jersey City. He is also a director of the First National Bank of Jersey City. Mr. Niese is, by temperament, an earnest and painstak ing workman in whatever he undertakes. His early training inspired him with a profound love of research and he couldn't be other than a student, if he tried. His library is one of the most valuable private collections of books in the city of his residence. Sugar, next to bread and salt, is a "staff of life!" Among the wildest tribes of American Indians, sugar-making has always been one of the Spring ceremonials, equalled only by the gathering of the Avild rice in the Autumn. Therefore, sugar is a theme over AA'hich one may be justified in waxing eloquent. I Avant to speak of a man who has been actively engaged in manufacturing sugar for thirty-four years, — F. D. Mollenhauer, vice-president and treas urer of the National Sugar Refining Company, of New Jersey and New York. When the parent corporation of this industry, the Na tional Sugar Refining Company, was organized, in 1900, its most important accession was the Mollenhauer Sugar Refining Company, of Brooklyn, with a daily capacity of 14,000 bar rels of the refined product. This enormous business had been created by John Mollen hauer, father of the present head of the family. F. D. Mollenhauer was born in New York City fifty-odd years ago, was educated at the public schools and took a finishing course at the Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn. He was a hard student in the sciences, having real enthusiasm in his life's work. He then began a practical training in the sugar refining business that equipped him for the great re sponsibilities sure to fall upon his shoulders. When he succeeded his father, he built a ucav refinery, one of the largest in the United States, employing several hundred men in its many ¦ wBK^r 1 ^^^1 l^lb '^- ,A^H ^^^^^^pH^H i^^HHBn^^B^IP^. % . ^H ^^^^^^^HH IHHHHI&lif^'^ '^^1 ^H jl i ^^^^1 ^^^^^^H^^HWUr *" i..lEHi Hi Dn^e'l^l i ^1 \1 K^^l mi wBB^K^ 1 FRED'K D. MOLLENHAUER diverse branches. The building became a landmark in the city of Brooklyn. The ca pacity of the refinery Avas more than doubled by this addition to its plant. Mr. Mollen hauer always has been a prominent factor in the National Sugar Refining Company since the consolidation of his interests therewith, and his rise to the vice-presidency was a recognition of his efficiency and capacity as an executiA'c director therein. He is identified with half a dozen other large corporations. 154 THE BOOK of NEW YORK holding directorships in the Cuban-American Sugar Company and the St. Regis Paper Com pany. He is also a director in the Manufac turers' National Bank and Nassau Trust Com pany and a trustee of the United States Lloyds. His thirty-four years of active com mercial life, crowded Avith many responsibflities, have not dulled his social tendencies, as is shoAvn by his membership in the New York and Atlantic Yacht cIuIds, the Automobfle Club of America, the National Democratic and the Ncav York Athletic clubs of Manhat tan, and the Hanover and Union League clubs of Brooklyn. Mr. Mollenhauer is an inde pendent Democrat but has never taken an active part in politics. A felloAV Ohioan for whom I have great ad- miration is D. Alvin Fox, born at New Phila delphia, May, 1870, and AA'ho finished his education at the Ohio Wesleyan University, DelaAvare, Avhere I my self passed two happy years. Mr. Fox began his active career in 1889 as office clerk in the cooperage department of the Standard Ofl Co., at Cleveland, and re signed tAvo years later to accept a place in the engineering department of the Walker Manu facturing Company, in the same city. There he served four years' apprenticeship, during AA'hich period, by special study after office hours, he completed an engineering course. His natural inclinations Avere toAvards mechanics and he took advantage of all opportunities. Having completed an apprenticeship he AAcnt to the Dickson Manufacturing Company, of Scranton, Pa., and thence returned to his former employers, the Walker Alanufacturing Company, Avhere he remained until 1897, AA'hen he made the great step of his life by becoming identified Avith the Honolulu Iron ^^^^^^ ^M <, -. )^H l^B&'U k ^- 'l^ ^^^^^m* J^ll D. A. FOX Works Company, of Hawaii. In that wonder ful country he passed nearly eight years, and, as head of the engineering department of the company, he carried out many improvements in machinery and the enterprise grcAV to one of large proportions. He was sent to Ncav York in 1905 to open an office of the company and has been its manager ever since. The Hono lulu Iron Works Company Avas established in 1852 by D. Weston, inventor of the marvelous centrifugal machine for drying sugar. Its AA'orks noAv occupy nearly seven acres of ground and are specially equipped for the manufacture of sugar-making machinery. The number of its employees varies from 300 to 600 men. Nearly all new machinery installed in the sugar factories of HaAvaii was supplied by this company. The following modern establish ments, Avith cane capacity per day, will indi cate the growth of the Honolulu Iron Works' business: Oahu Sugar Company, 1,450 tons; Wailuku, 1,200; Waialua Agricultural Com pany, 1,400; Ewa Plantation Company, 2,500; Olaa Sugar Company, 1,200; Puunene, 2,500 tons; Puako, 200 tons; Hawi, 800 tons; and Hflo Sugar Company, 1,200 tons. This large manufacturing plant has already sent a com plete outfit to the Tobasco Plantation Com pany, Oaxaquena, Mexico; remodeled four factories in Porto Rico, one Avith a capacity of 4,500 tons of cane per day; designed and buflt five factories on the Island of Formosa. A ncAv factory of 1,000 tons daily capacity has just been shipped to the Philippine Islands. It has been a successful bidder for contracts in Louisiana, especially a new 1,400 ton cane mill at Adeline. Mr. Fox has developed the business of the ucav office to its full capacity. No better proof of the fact that Ncav York City can furnish thoroughly equipped business men is needed than is shown in the successful career of J. Henry Dick, Avho Avas born in this city in 1851 and Avho hurried through his education to enter the sugar refining business, a,t the age of seventeen, Avith his father. His life from that hour has been wholly devoted to the activities of a business career, and he is to-day one of the directing spirits of the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 155 National Refining Company. He early be came an associate of the late Cord Meyer in the development of Long Island property; he assisted in the creation of the Citizens' Water Supply Company, the Charles Rice Milling Company and the St. Regis Paper Mills. He is associated as a Director in the Manu facturers' Bank and the German Savings Bank of Brooklyn. These enterprises by no means cover the field of his activities. Mr. J. HENRY DICK Dick is a member of the Metropolitan, Athletic and Riding and Driving Clubs of Manhattan and of the Hanover Club of Brooklyn, which would indicate that he is fond of social life as well as business. In 1837, Alaximilian Schaefer, son of a successful brewer in Germany, came to this RUDOLPH J. SCHAEFER country; later he joined his brother and to gether they established the firm of F. & M. Schaefer. That was in 1842, Avhich gives to the Schaefer establish ment pioneership as lager beer brewers in the United States. Ru dolph J. Schaefer, son of Maximilian, av a s born in this city in Feb ruary, 1863. His edu cation Avas received in private and public schools and embraced general academic in struction and thorough commercial courses. After graduation he spent tAVO years in downtown commercial and mer cantile life, and then took up the business of his father and rose through all grades and depart ments of the calling by dint of his own appli cation and eft'orts to the position of manager of the manufacturing branch. It may be said that to-day he is one of the best known and most popular men in the brcAving business in the United States. His activities have not been confined Avithin the limits of the concern AA'hich bears his surname, but he has for many years played a leading and conspicuous part in the national, state and city organizations AA'hich recruit their membership from among all the brewers of the United States, State and City of Ncav York. He is serving his third term as president of the Ncav York State Brewers' Association, and previous to that he had been president of the Lager Beer BrcAvers' Board of Trade of Ncav York and Vicinity for a period of tAvo years. Air. Schaefer is noAV the vice-president of the F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Co., and president of the Schaefer (Realty) Company, and is also interested in many other industrial enterprises. He is a trustee of the German Hospital and Dispensary. He is a life member of the Ncav York Athletic Club and "Big Chief" of the Huckleberry Indians thereof; a "Lamb," a "Pilgrim," a member of a dozen or more other clubs and associations in all the dift'erent ramifications of metropolitan life. 156 THE BOOK of NEW YORK F. COIT JOHNSON A Connecticut cotton manufacturer Avho Avas among the first of all Northern men to see the Avisdom of taking the mill to the cotton plant instead of trans porting the raAv mate rial to the Ncav Eng land factory is F. Coit Johnson. He was born inNorAA'ich,Conn., in 1863 and AA'as edu cated at the academy in that city. At an early age he plunged into the cotton busi ness as a commission merchant and after sev eral years' actiA'c expe rience as a trader, he received an offer from a large manufacturing company that promised rapid advancement. In doubt as to the desirability of an acceptance, hoAA'cver, he consulted J. H. Lane, one of the most prominent cotton factors in Ncav York. Mr. Lane heard his story and promptly offered to him a A'cry flattering position in his oAvn company. He is noAv the president of J. H. Lane & Co. and of the Hampton Cot ton Company, East Hampton, Mass. He is a director in four large cotton manufacturing corporations in La Grange, Conyers and Alan- chester, Ga. He occupies various official positions in many other companies. He has been an early and enthusiastic automobilist, spending much of his time in the enjoyment of this sport. Mr. Johnson's country home is at Mill Neck (Locust Valley), Long Island, within easy motoring distance of the metrop olis, Avhere the family passes their Summers. Like many men Avho have made their oavu Avay in this world, Mr. Johnson is fond of associa tion Avith his felloAA's. He belongs to several clubs, among Avhich may be mentioned the Union League, Merchants' and HardAvare of Manhattan, and the Country Club of Nassau County. As a high distinction, Mr. Johnson rates his election to the Chamber of Commerce of the State of Ncav York. Mr. Johnson is devoted to literature, as Avell as commerce, and is infoi-med regarding all ucav books. HARRY B. THAYER Of great prominence in the electrical field and vice-president of the Telephone and Telegraph Company, one of the largest cor porations in this coun try, is Harry Bates Thayer, aa'Iio started his business life in a savings bank at North- field, vt., 33 years ago. Air. Thayer Avas born in that town August, 1858, and after a public school education Avas graduated at Dart mouth College, 1879. He attained Phi Beta Kappa and Avas a mem ber of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Dis regarding false starts in his career, he began as a clerk for the Western Electric Company, of Chicago, January, 1881. From that point Mr. Thayer has never ceased to rise and thirty- odd years' groAvth has lifted him from clerk ship, local manager, general manager, vice- president and president of the Western Elec tric Company to the vice-presidency of the great corporation that noAv controls the telephone and a large share of the telegraphic business of the United States. He ascribes his success to persistent application and continuity of purpose. He stuck to his job and grew Avith it! Mr. Thayer is a director in several com panies subordinate to the ones in Avhich he is president and vice-president. He comes from old Massachusetts Bay ancestry, none of AA'hom arrived later than 1700 or settled else- Avhere than in Ncav England. In politics, he is decidedly independent, believing that capac ity and integrity are AA'hat qualify men for public confidence. He never has held political office, his activities in that direction being confined to exercising his OAvn duties as a voter; he is of serious thought — a student at all times. Air. Thayer is a member of the University and Salmagundi clubs of New York, the Union League of Chicago, the Ncav York Chamber of Commerce and the Ncav England Societv of Ncav York. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 157 CHAPTER XVII COMEDY OF JOURNALISM ^MEMORABLE football game between two of the great Uni versities, was played at Berke ley Oval. As Managing Editor of the New York World, I was anxious to get some advertising out of the event. Several of us put our heads together and hit upon this scheme : We would obtain an ambulance, equip it with physicians and drivers and send it to a place outside the fence surrounding the foot ball field to await opportunity. On one side of the enclosure AA'as a gate that we proposed to utilize; arrangements of a financial char acter were made with an attendant at the grounds to throw open that portal on a signal which I would give from the grand stand. The ambulance was borrowed from the Department of Charities and Correction; its leather sides were replaced by ncAV ones, set ting forth in large letters the legend: "The New York World's Special Football Ambu lance." The daily circulation of the news paper was, incidentally, given in figures! A surgeon, at $25, Avas seated in the vehicle. A driver, who had explicit orders, held the lines. The ambulance Avas ready outside the gateway; I took my seat on the grand stand, at a point from Avhich I could be seen by the gateman. There were 8,000 people on the grounds, to every one of whom I hoped to impart a distinct mental impression that the World was the most alive newspaper in the metropo lis. The first half of the game ended without a case of injury! Was our splendid scheme to fail .? It looked so. The second half began more lively. Several new men had been substituted, and they played with an impetuosity that the tired members of the teams could not Avithstand. "t««i." Jack' Mumford, formerly of a Princeton eleven, was Avriting the story of the game. Ten minutes passed and not a player failed to get up after a tackle or a doAvn ! Suddenly, there Avas a mass play — in front of the grandstand. As the squirming players were pulled off' the body of the man Avith the ball, I saw the youngster was unconscious. The moment had come ! The signal Avas given; the gate swung open and our ambulance dashed into the enclosure. The horse at full gallop, it came to the side of the injured man. Quicker than can be writ ten, a stretcher Avas out, the sufferer was lifted thereon, pushed into the vehicle and away went the horse ! The ambulance had disappeared through the gate, amid tumultuous cheering, before the captain of the team realized that we had "kidnapped" one of his best men, under the guise of doing an act of mercy. Meanwhile, the driver and physician had orders to take their patient to the nearest city hospital and not to release him under any circumstances until they had delivered him to the physician in charge. But the unex pected occurred. The injured man came to himself and de manded to know Avhere he Avas being taken. In vain, he was assured of serious injuries. He swore he AA'ouldn't go to a hospital, and began to recover his strength Avith alarming rapidity. At the end of a mile, the doctor, who was somewhat of an athlete, Avas engaged in a death grapple with the famous guard. They fought all the way to Central Park. The driver Avas bound for Roosevelt Hospital, but made the mistake of attempting to drive through the park. Advertising signs upon a wagon are an infraction of a city ordinance. Before he had passed McGowan's Tavern a mounted policeman was in hot chase. Arres 158 THE BOOK of NEW YORK followed and the party landed at the old Ar senal station. The AA'hole episode then came out. It seemed so humorous to the police captain that he discharged the driver; the famous left guard laughed heartily and shook hands Avith the plucky doctor, AA'ho had a fine black eye to console him for his fidelity to instructions. But AA'e got the advertising. Needless to say, AAC Avere thoroughly abused by our com petitors — envious because the idea hadn't oc curred to them. It was such an easy thought, don't you see; anybody could have done the trick, had they been given the idea. A School of Journalism had been estab lished at Cornell University, my alma mater, and Avhen a case of smallpox appeared in Sage College, a part of the university for AVomen students, I thought an opportunity had arisen in Avhich to serve the institution. The school had begun Avork under the deanship of a former exchange reader in a New York office; and pretended attempts Avere made at report ing local events. When the case of smallpox appeared, the faculty, with grave wisdom, decided that the 3,000 students must be vac cinated, as a safeguard against contagion. The two hundred and more young women Avere included, — which added human interest to a properly written account of the adminis tration of the virus. I wired Dean Smith: "Here's a chance to demonstrate the practical worth of the in struction in journalism noAv given at Cornell. The World desires to engage ten members of your school and Avill pay regular space rates for 300 AA'ords of a signed article from each pupil. Methods of vaccination should be described, — especially the comparative forti tude of young men and Avomen. Kindly avoid duplications. We want a plain, matter-of- fact narrative of the entire incident. An in terview Avith Dr. Burt G. AVilder should be added." Could any thought have been more practical .? But that Dean did not rise to an opportunity to advance the interests of his school; he sent a curt and impudent reply. I then engaged the stafl' of a local Ithaca newspaper and the thorough manner in which the interesting event was "covered" resulted in the abolition of the course of instruction. Chicago has a humor of its oAvn and a special brand of humorists. The "guying" of guests is of modern invention. It probably originated with the Clover Club of Philadelphia; but the Gridiron of Washington, and the tem porarily successful Quaint Club of this city, carried the offense to greater lengths. That a member of the Chicago Society of Indians should have accoutred himself in woman's garb and intruded upon the dinner to claim his affinity in the person of the professional humorist is nothing unusual, as matters are understood in Chicago. Eugene Field was responsible for a great many practical jokes, but they Avere always redeemed by the merit of originality and perfect good humor. Field's answer to a visitor who had worn out his welcome is historical. "Ah! Mr. Field, why do you have Avire netting in your window.?" he asked. "To enable me to resist the constant im pulse to jump the ten stories when I am bored." "Aw! very clever, Mr. Field," commented the Englishman, squaring himself for a pro tracted stay. "But it is detachable," retorted Field, with annoyance; "and I am about to remove it." The stranger departed. The best practical joke Field ever played was upon his discoverer and exploiter, Alel- vflle E. Stone. During the Columbian World's Fair, a distinguished group of Euro pean journalists and diplomats expressed a wish to visit the office of the Chicago Daily News and a date for their coming was set. When the party arrived and the building was inspected, a universal desire existed to be in troduced to Eugene Field. He had a room to himself and the party Avas conducted thither. When the door was opened in response to a gruff "Come in!" the poet was seen sitting at his desk, garbed in a convict's suit and to his ankle was attached a chain and ball. His hair was cut as short as a clipper could make is. He glared at his visitors. "This is only another proof of the heartless THE BOOK of NEW YORK 159 character of my task-master," he said, with every appearance of anger. "I hoped to be spared this humiliation. But no; he is piti less. Not only does he compel me to wear 'stripes' as an evidence of my servility and degradation in being connected with his news paper, but he chains me to this ball so that I cannot escape." Melville E. Stone never was wholly unpre pared for a surprise from Field. He flushed a trifle, but said, "Everything he says is true; humorists have to be chained in Chicago. If they get loose, they are liable to kill people. This poor fellow, gentlemen, is as dangerous as his jokes are harmless." I recall an experience of my own Avith the Whitechapel Club of Chicago. I arrived in that city late one night and having registered at Mr. Bemis' hotel, on the lake front, was preparing to go to bed when there came a peremptory knock at my door. I opened; a policeman stood beside the hall boy. The officer put me under arrest, telling me, in surly tones, to get into my clothes! I sent the boy for Mr. Bemis, but he had disappeared. I demanded to see the warrant and I was shown a sure enough document, properly made out and signed by a magistrate. It looked regular, bore my name and charged me with criminal libel! In vain, I tried to secure telephonic communication with two lawyers known to me; but my messages did not get beyond the ground floor of the Richelieu. Finally, I was rudely led to the elevator, taken downstairs and bundled into a cab. The driver had his orders, obviously, for he whipped up his horses and dashed away at high speed. Turn ing into a narrow alley, he stopped before a disreputable doorway. "Where have you brought me.?" I de manded. "To the magistrate's," was the reply. We entered an anteroom, and beyond the closed door sounds of hflarious revelry were heard. It didn't look like a magistrate's court, but Chicago is different from other towns. "Go inside and tell his honor that I have the prisoner here," said the officer to a frowsy attendant. The young man disappeared and a hush at once fell upon the multitude assem bled within. The flunkey reappeared. The door was throAvn open, I was marched down to a long table and formally surrendered to the — Whitechapel Club. I Avas seated under a noose that had hanged a man; behind me, upon the wall, Avas a black cap that had hid den the awful death agonies of another un fortunate felloAV creature. I had told the cabby to wait; but when the stars Avere singing together, about 4 A.M., the cabman insisted upon driving up the steps of the Leland House, because he asserted it was a short cut into the Richelieu. I was sent to Philadelphia to report a first night of a comic opera entitled "The King of No-Land." It Avas a great occasion and the Broad Street Theatre Avas croAvded. After speaking of the leading singers in my tele graphic report, a glance at the programme suggested reference to the young person Avho played the part of the King. She was a slight, anaemic creature, suffering dreadfully from stage fright. Thinking to treat her kindly, I added the folloAving sentence: "The young lady Avho played the King appeared to be in constant fear that somebody would play the ace." When one is standing at a telegraph desk to send a dramatic criticism, he lacks repose; his words are wanting in finish that other wise would characterize them. Next morning, I Avent to the Herald's Philadelphia office to Avrite a letter. Hardly had I seated myself AA'hen an immense man entered, carrying a large club. He demanded to see the regular correspondent. I told him Mr. Browning had not arrived. "I want to see him and to teach him AA'hat it means to insult my Avife, as he does in his notice of her appearance as the King at the Broad Street Theatre last night." He then explained that he Avas the husband of the pale, scared creature and Avas grossly incensed at the opinion expressed about her. It was in the early days of the telephone. I stepped behind a curtain, rang the tele phone bell violently and pretended to have the following conversation : "Hello, is that you Browning.? Glad to have caught you before you came down. There's a chap here who is going to 160 THE BOOK of NEW YORK club you for Avhat appears in the Herald this morning, criticizing his wife. No; I am not joking. . . . Stop at the Fencing and Sparring Club and bring Jimmy Murray, the English prize fighter, Avith you. . . . Yes, I am in dead earnest. . . . Oh, you're right. Jimmy '11 do him up. Come at once, the man is impatient." I pretended to hang up the receiver, al though I hadn't taken it off the hook, returned to the outer office, and advised the visitor to wait for Mr. Browning. I then resumed my writing and after a few minutes the much ex cited husband said he would call again and left the office. THE BROOKLY'N EAGLE Upper view shows the site as it appeared forty years ago when it was occupied by the Brooklyn Theatre which was destroyed by fire in 1876 as described in another chapter THE BOOK of NEW YORK 161 CHAPTER XVIII FIRST AMERICAN DAILY NEWSPAPER IN COLORS ;iHE New York Recorder started with a splendid impulse. It was thoroughly advertised and when it appeared, the people bought it Avith avidity. Many new features aac re introduced, among which were large illus trations and a daily page of matter devoted to Women. But its most venturesome inno vation was the use of color in its daily issues. George W. Turner, AA'ho had been the pub lisher of the World, took charge of the ucav journal a short time after its birth and pushed it with the vigor he had previously shoAvn. He asked me to take charge of the ncAvs and color departments. The latter task Avas much the more difficult of the tAvo, because the use of color on rotary presses had not been success fully accomplished. White paper, from a roll, passed over four separate cylinders, the first printing black — in which the letter press Avas run — and the three others carrying in turn the primitive colors, red, yelloAV and blue inks. After weeks of trial, the fault was seen to be with the inks. The "register" Avas satisfactory but all attempts to blend the col ors fafled. For example, when blue was superimposed upon yellow, green was not produced — the second color would not mix with the first. Many whole days and sleep less nights Avere devoted to securing the hoped result but Avithout success. Slowly as the success. press might be run, the effect Avas not satis factory. One discovery of value was made, namely the employment of the whfle back ground for giving what artists call "high lights" to pictures. I engaged several young artists AA'ho have since become famous in black and white and in oils . I brought C . R. Macauley from Cleveland and he began his career as a cartoonist which has now placed him in the front rank. His work on the World to-day is generally conceded to be about the most popular in this city. Leon Barrett, a man of established reputation, and William F. Ver Beck, who has since attained national fame with his "Tiny Tads," avc re on the art staff. George B. Luks, Avho had studied abroad, was there and did some remarkable illustrating in the Parisian style; Luks has now attained a high place as a figure painter in oils. William Hoff'aker, a promising free hand draftsman, Avith ships as his specialty, did much excellent Avork. But the director of the color AVork, a capable man with a fine reputation in lithography, could not make the press do justice to the draAA'ings. Daily use of color had to be abandoned, although the Sunday paper retained a color supple ment. Comics Avere printed in color — the beginning of what has since proved to be the best circulation builders on more modern Sun day issues. Mr. Duke, one of the Recorder's largest stockholders, argued that the public did not care for color; but subsequent history proves that the fault lay Avith the immature printing machine, not Avith the artists or patrons of the newspaper. The Recorder was the first Eastern news paper to advocate bi-metalism. In politics, it Avas Republican and stood Avhere Congress man McKinley, afterwards President, did at the time. One morning, a cartoon by Barrett contained a fac-simile of a silver dollar. I was familiar with the United States statute that forbids the reproduction of likenesses of money, but had assumed that such a law could only refer to paper money. I took the pre caution, however, to erase a few of the stars and to remove part of Columbia's hair. By noon of the day of publication, the United States Attorney for this District had served upon me a notice that my arrest Avould follow for an infraction of the statute. Here Avas the same sort of a chance for advertising the paper I had used so successfully in Paris! I sum- 162 THE BOOK of NEW YORK moned every caricaturist in Gotham and en gaged each of them to make cartoons of the sil ver dollar — ahvays slightly changing the face of the coin but leaving it recognizable. We printed a cartoon every day for a month ! One of Ver Beck's was a masterpiece : it represented the American eagle, surrounded by a group of eaglets, reading the Revised Statutes to the birdlets and cautioning them not to take any silver dollars made of paper. The case against me was laughed out of existence. Countless innovations for increasing circu lation were tried. An interesting one, used after the circulation had passed the 100,000 mark, Avas the addition to the presses of a mechanism that printed a number upon every paper issued. Next day, the publisher would offer $100 for the copy bearing a specified number. No promise of reward Avas made in advance, Avhich took the scheme out of the lottery class. Attempts Avere made to stop this redemption of printed copies, but they were defeated in the courts. Later, small copies of famous paintings in color were issued as daily supplements. These Avere numbered AA'ith a chemical ink that prevented counterfeiting or alteration — which had been attempted where ordinary black printing ink was used. Large pictures Avere given av^ay with the Sunday issues and many Ncav York homes AA'ere beautified thercAvith. There Avas a spirit of philanthropy in that office such as I never encountered elscAvhere. Everybody about the place strove to suggest methods for helping suffering humanity. We had on the staff, at the head of the avo- man's department. Miss Cynthia Westover, Avho hailed from Denver and was a splendid type of athletic womanhood. One afternoon she assembled fifteen of us and announced her plan to found an International Sunshine Society, having for its purpose the creation of a Home for Blind Babies. The splendid enterprise Avas started in a very modest man ner, but it has to-day a contributing member ship of 150,000 and has raised funds sufficient to build tAVO large Homes. Miss Westover, now Airs. John Alden, is at its head. Herein is an example of Avhat may be accomplished in the cause of humanity by people Avho are not millionaires. Miss Julie Opp, now a theatrical star, Avas of the staff. A late despatch that came into the Re corder office one night Avas from Jacksonville, Fla., stating that four small boys, children of poor parents, had been bitten by a rabid dog that afternoon and had been taken to a hos pital "where they would be kept isolated until rabies did or did not develop." This appeared to be a horrible experiment! Without counting the cost, I "got on the wire" and sent messages to the Mayor of Jackson ville, noAv United States Senator Duncan U. Fletcher, to the presidents and general man agers of all railroads between New York and Florida, to the superintendent of the Jackson ville hospital, directing that the four boys, accompanied by a nurse, be rushed here by the first train and that the Recorder would be responsible for all expenses. I awakened Dr. Paul Gibier, of the Pasteur Institute, and had a talk with him over the 'phone, he agree ing to take the little patients for $100 per week. The board of the nurse was to be extra. The cashier's office was closed and only by borrow- $5 and $10 from printers, editors and re porters Avas I able to make up a purse of $100 to bear the expense for Pullman fares and meals on the journey. This money Avas wired to the hospital superintendent. So prompt Avas the telegraphic service that by 3:30 A.M., I received word that the children would leave Jacksonville at 8 o'clock that morning. The cooperation of the railroads Avas most generous, because the party Avas carried free (except in the sleeping cars). When met at Jersey City, one of the boys had manifested symptoms of rabies. All were taken in a carriage to the Pasteur Institute, and an in jection of the serum Avas given to them before they Avere washed and put to bed. A brief announcement was made next morn ing of the circumstances under Avhich the children had been brought here. Obligations aggregating fully $600 had been incurred. I didn't ask for contributions, but knew not how the money Avas to be raised. A mes senger came from Morris K. Jesup Avith his check for $100 and an offer to defray the en tire expense. He was a practical philan- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 163 thropist; I was glad not to have to ask him for a second contribution. About $400 was received and my associates on the Recorder bore the rest of the expense, — George W. Turner, God love him! giving $50. Every boy was sent home, cured.* About this time, William R. Hearst came to New York. Knowing of dissensions among the stockholders of the Recorder, I was anxious that the young California editor should buy the Recorder. It Avas a two-cent ncAA'spaper of high class and would have furnished splen did material upon which to build a progressive publication; but the stockholders advanced their price to such a height that I abandoned the matter. , *A recent letter from Senator Fletcher explains itself: "United States Senate, Washington, D. C, April 25, 1911. Dear Mr. Cham bers : I remember quite well your philanthropy and splendid work in connection with the boys whom you took in charge and gave treat ment at the Pasteur Institute of New York, while I was Mayor of Jacksonville. The doctor and boys returned home in fine health and spirits. There is no doubt they were bitten by a rabid dog and, but for the treatment, I have no question, and never had, would have suffered the fate of those who became thus afflicted. Yours very truly, Duncan U. Fletcher." Mr. Hearst asked me to join his staff when he purchased the Morning Journal from John R. McLean and, feeling that the col lapse of the Recorder, oAving to internal troubles was assured, I accepted. An effort was required to part with Mr. Turner, one of the most lovable personalities I ever kncAv. Like a heroic commander. Turner stood by the ship to the last, sinking his entire for tune and seeing many of his friends heavy losers. The demise of the Recorder, a year later, is one of the tragedies of metropolitan journal ism. On the day of its suspension, it had a sale of 82,000 copies, at 1^ cents each; its advertising patronage was excellent and its net profits AA'ere $1,000 to $1,500 per week. The oAvners who held a sufficient amount of stock to carry control would not sell and the minority holders could not save themselves from the crash. The paper Avas established; it needed only harmony to assure prosperity. 164 THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER XIX THE FIRST BRYAN CAMPAIGN HEN the Winter of 1895 ap proached, I Avas offered a choice of the London or Washington bureaus and chose the latter as the better field. The episode of chiefest importance at the Capital that Winter AA'as Cleve land's Venezuela Message, and I have told elsewhere hoAV I obtained first news of the settlement Avith Premier Salisbury. Before Congress adjourned, the nomination of Mc Kinley by the Republicans Avas a foregone conclusion, but the Avildest guessing could not name the Democratic presidential candidate. I had been at St. Louis immediately after the tornado, AA'hich tore a pathAvay through that city from ToAver Hfll Park to the southern Avater front, and Avas not particularly rejoiced to return there in June to the Convention. McKinley Avas nominated on the first ballot, much to the surprise of Speaker Reed and other candidates. Next I Avent to the Chicago Convention in July and heard Mr. Bryan's "CroAA'n of Thorns" speech. Prior to the assembling; of the convention, Boies and Bland appeared to be most talked about. Bryan Avas not mentioned untfl after his speech. ]\Ir. Bryan had been in the House of Rep resentatives, but had not attracted attention. He appeared at Chicago at the head of a con testing Nebraska delegation and, through the influence of Daniel of Virginia, his delegates Avere seated. He Avas dressed in a Tuxedo jacket, Avith a loAv-cut dress vest and a shirt front that Avould have done honor to a dinner party. As the delegations Avere alphabetically arranged, according to states, Bryan's cohorts Avere seated in front of the Ncav Yorkers, headed by Whitney. Passing over the tre mendous furore created by Bryan's address, a AA'ord may be said about Senator Hill's lost opportunity. When Hill ascended the plat form a great speech Avas expected. A dozen correspondents had spent an hour in his room at the Grand Pacific the preceding night try ing to convince him that he could secure the nomination if he Avould reiterate his vicAvs on bi-metalism, expressed at Elmira, and, for the sake of harmony, advocate a ratio of 26 to 1 instead of Bryan's 16 to 1. Julian Ralph had been chief spokesman and, we thought, had convinced Hill of the possibilities of success; but the Senator merely discussed the platform's criticism of the Supreme Court ! His words did not call forth any enthusiasm. Sound money Democrats found themselves in a helpless and hopeless minority. Bland of Missouri — father of the "Bland dollar" that only contained fifty-odd cents' worth of silver — led until the third ballot, Avhen the Nebraska orator Avent to the front and had an easy victory on the fifth ballot. I accompanied the candidate to Lincoln and passed several days there, visiting Bryan several times daily. Thence I hurried to Canton to Avitness the arrival of the Thurston Committee, charged Avith officially notifying Major McKinley of his nomination. In Sep tember I Avas called to Ncav York to tem porarily take S. S. Chamberlain's place as Managing Editor. His health had broken doAvn and he had gone to Europe for rest. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 165 Mr. Hearst had declared for Bryan — the only newspaper in Ncav York that did so. That course had appeared dangerous, but his San Francisco Examiner had to support Bryanism and the young editor could not be a sound money man in Ncav York and a Bryan silverite on the Pacific Coast. The move proved to be a Avise one. It sent the circulation bound ing upward. The McKinley campaign was treated Avith the same fulness as that of Bryan. More than a page Avas daily given to each of the parties. Bryan Avas traveling by a special train, and our correspondent reported every speech he made. Equally capable men Avere attending the McKinley meetings, in all parts of the country, and fully reporting them. The circulation was growing at the rate of 30,000 to 50,000 daily. Presses had been hired in three offices. One ni^ht the orders for Journals exceeded 1,000,000 copies! Mr. Hearst AA'as the coolest man in the office that night. When I showed him the figures, he said: "Let's AA'ait until aa'c see if avc can print and sell that many." Nearly eleven hundred thousand papers AAcre sold next morning! I put the figures in "the ear" next day. Mr. Chamberlain returned a few days before elec tion and I was hurried back to Canton, to be Avith the Republican candidate on the day of balloting. With the exception of brief intervals, I remained there until the President elect came to Washington. It was a long three months. The fairness of the Journal, in giving both sides, created for that paper a new constitu ency! Although Mr. Hearst continued to pour money into the property, it could have been made to pay its Avay, AA'ith economical management, after 1897; but Mr. Hearst went right along increasing the expenditures, in stead of loAA'cring them. His enormous re sources enabled him to be fearless regarding cost. HOMER DAVENPORT While in charge of the Washington bureau of the Ncav York American during the Spring of 1896, a tall, ruddy-faced young man pre sented himself, bearing a letter from William R. Hearst. It intro duced Homer Daven port. In effect the let ter said "Davenport is a cartoonist I have brought from the Pa cific Coast; introduce him to everybody, but impress upon him the necessity of studying men in public life be fore he begins to cari cature them." That visit of Homer Daven port marked the begin ning of a UCAV era in newspaper lampooning. In a few months this previously unknown artist earned a national reputation! His first great hit was made with a cartoon of the late Thomas C. Piatt, then United States Senator, selecting candidates for the various government offices in his gift. It Avas labelled, "Enie, Menie, Minie, Moe." His next suc cess Avas in cartooning Speaker Thomas B. Reed; but when the Presidential campaign opened and Mark Hanna's active financial AA'ork for McKinley became apparent, Daven port scored his chief triumph by picturing Hanna in a suit of clothes covered Avith dollar marks. Since the time of Thomas Nast, no man has done so much to arouse popular feeling against political chicanery and the domination of predatory wealth! During a subsequent visit to Italy, Davenport saAV the famous statue of Hercules at the Naples Museum and it suggested to him the figure since employed to portray his idea of the Trusts — a gigantic soulless creature without a neck! Mr. Davenport takes pleasure in referring to his birth (March, 1867) and early life on an Oregon farm. He had the impulse to draAv pictures from his earliest days. His father Avas an Indian agent at Pendleton, Avhere the boy was constantly posing bucks and squaAvs 166 THE BOOK of NEW YORK as models for his pencil. His relatives did not entertain a high opinion of Homer's Avork, thinking that his time Avould have been better spent in hoeing cabbages than in draAving. His boyhood at Silverton was a long period of happiness ; he drew thousands of pictures. His father Avas the only one AA'ho had full confidence in him. In 1892 he went to San Francisco and began work on the Examiner, and there for the first time he saAv a man draAving Avith pen and ink. He was soon discharged for incom petence. He found another job on the Chron icle but soon left and Avent to the Chicago Herald, Avhere he remained during the summer of 1893. He then returned to 'Frisco and eventually secured a place on the Examiner, Avhere he remained until his departure for New York. Mr. Davenport has Avritten books, but the chief episode outside his professional career Avas a trip to the Syrian desert, far east of Aleppo, armed with a special irade from Sul tan Abdul Hamid, authorizing him to export a number of pure-blooded Arabian mares and stallions for his stud-farm at Ilolmdel, N. J. His book describing that journey is an ad mirable bit of literary Avork. He is now doing a daily cartoon on the Ncav York American and the standard of its execution is as high as ever. One of the cleverest men ever in Wall Street, as financial Avriter for a metropolitan newspa per, is Collin Armstrong, vA'ho Avrote the daily story of Wall Street for the Ncav York Sun from 1878 to 1902. During most of that time, he Avas likcAvise financial editor of his paper, Avhich under his direction became one of the important departments thereof. Mr. Arm strong Avas born at Fayetteville, N. Y., June, 1853. After preliminary study in his home toAvn, he entered Amherst College and took the degree of A.B., in 1877. He was an en thusiastic fraternity man, belonging to the Alpha Delta Phi. During his college career, he dropped out for a year and came to Ncav York to take a place as reporter on the Ncav York World, Avhere he served from March to June, 1876. He then returned to Amherst and completed his course as above stated. A year after graduation he began work on the Sun and remained 14 years in a post considered one of the most responsible on a New York newspaper. In 1902 he retired from the Sun to engage in a general advertising business; ultimately he organized the Collin Armstrong Advertising Company, of Avhich he is president. He is popular, socially, and is a member of many clubs, among them the Lotos, Salma gundi, Sphinx, Alpha Delta Phi, of Avhich he Avas vice-president for a time; Society of the Onondagas, of AA'hich he Avas president for a year, and of the Sun Alumni Association. He is also a member of the Rowfant Club, Cleve land, O. The manufacture of paper used in United States Government notes is not only an in dustry but a science and one, necessarily, that can only be given to trustAVorthy hands. The corporation of George La Monte & Son, of Avhich George M. La Monte is president, not only performs this Avork for the United States but for many foreign governments and for several of the largest financial institutions throughout the country. George La Monte was born at Danville. Va., in 1863. In 1884 he AV a s graduated from Wesleyan University. He has been a manufacturer of safety papers for tAA'enty-one years, and in addition to being president of George La Monte & Son is a director of the First National Bank, Bound Brook, and the Bank of Nutley, Nutley, N. J. He is a member of the American Historical Society, the Virginia Historical Society and the Ncav Jersey Historical Society and his clubs are the Metropolitan, City and Alpha Delta Phi. GEORGE M. LA MONTE THE BOOK of NEW YORK 167 The advertising business has assumed such mammoth proportions in this country that the men who have been foremost in its de velopment have attained fortunes therein. James Rascovar was born in Providence, R. I., but came with his parents to New York when a small boy. He was educated in the public schools and began AVork with the Wall Street Ncavs Bureau (1869), of Avhicli ex- Senator John J. Kiernan Avas president. Later, he formed a connection Avith Albert JAMES RASCOVAR Frank & Co., and Avas among the first to see the importance of supplying ucaa's to brokers, afternoon newspapers, hotels and clubs by a printing telegraph. This business developed enormously, and to-day Mr. Rascovar is president of the Ncav York Ncavs Bureau which operates tickers in all the leading cities of the ITnited States, recently housed in a large building of its own on Beaver Street. He is also president of Albert Frank & Co., and vice-president and director of the Ham ilton Press. Mr. Rascovar is a devout be liever in fraternal organizations, being a mem ber of the Darcy lodge, F. & A. M., the Con sistory of New York, 32d degree, Scottish Rite, and Olympic lodge, I. O. O. F. His coopera- STANLEY A. COHEN tion in many benevolent institutions has been notable, especially Mount Sinai Hospital, Montefiore Home, Lebanon Hospital, the University Settlement and B. P. O. Elks. Although playing cards are not mentioned by Petrarch, Bocaccio or Chaucer, there is evidence that their use in Europe began in the 12th century. Like nearly every good thing that Western Europe possesses, cards came from the East. The Crusaders probably brought them. Games of cards AA'ere common in the 15th century, but although their form and faces Avere similar to those in use to-day, the pack did not contain a queen! The manufac ture of playing cards in America dates back to the first quarter of the last century and the present representative of that business, which has groAvn to large pro portions, is Stanley A. Cohen, the third genera tion of his family aaIio founded the enterprise in 1826. Mr. Cohen AAas born in this city, December, 1858, and finished his education at the Columbia Grammar School in 1876. He immediately began work in the factory of the Ncav York Consolidated Card Company, of Avhich his father Avas then the head. He served an apprenticeship in every branch of card manufacture, his determination being to master and perpetuate the oldest business in this line in America! Mr. Cohen has risen step by step, until he is now president of the corporation, having agents in all parts of the Avorld. Mr. Cohen has invented all the mod ern methods and labor-saving machinery by which playing cards are now made. Louis I. Cohen, his grandfather, manufactured, in 1818, the first lead pencils made in America, and, about the same time, introduced steel pens into this country. 168 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Hon. BIRD S. COLER A New Yorker avIio comes out of the West is Bird S. Coler, AA'ho Avas born in Champaign, 111., but early left for the East, where he Avas educated at the Brook lyn Polytechnic Insti tute and Andover Aca demy, Mass. His father had become a New York banker and young Bird enjoyed ex ceptionable facilities to fit himself for a com mercial career. I form ed his acquaintance during the winter of 1895-'96 at a club din ner. I was charmed Avith his frank, affable manner. The folloAv- ing summer avc re- ncAA'cd our friendship at the "Bryan" Conven tion, Chicago, Avhere he was a delegate and I Avas a special correspondent. My most mem orable meeting Avith Coler was at Grand Cen tral Palace, Avhere the Democratic city con vention was held, on the night of his nomina tion thereat for the office of Comptroller of the city of New York. He Avas only 29 years of age, but sure of himself. I found him sitting on a box in a room beloAV the con vention floor, entirely alone, waiting for the verdict. When I joyously congratulated him, he said: "This is a A'cry serious business for me, but I knoAV I can make good. I have looked the place over, and I am sure I can do the AA'ork." At my request, Coler outlined in a column the policy he would folloAv if elected Comptroller — a statement so clear-cut, so free from usual promises that many of the other newspapers reprinted it the second day folloAving. It became part of the campaign literature of the time. Bird Coler outlined the first clear plan for a strictly business administration of the office — a system that his successors have followed, but that never had been practiced by his predecessors. The management of the city's accounts Avas placed on a strictly banking- house basis. He was nominated for Governor of the State of New York in 1902, and polled an enormous vote, although defeated by his Republican opponent. Again Mr. Coler took charge of the Guardian Trust Company until January 1, 1906, AA'hen he became President of the Borough of Brooklyn, and held the job four years. President Grout had been a personal friend as a fellow D. K. E., Littleton I had come to admire as a good felloAV, but President Coler, Littleton's successor, always maintained the delightful qualities of mind found only in hearts that do not groAV old Avith years. Among the representative German-Ameri cans of this city, Louis Windmuller has been one of the most active. He is a thorough American in every respect, although he was born in the old city of Munster and educated at the Gymnasium of that place. He came here when eighteen years of age, since Avhich time his career has been one of continued success. To enumerate the financial insti tutions AA'hich he has assisted in founding Avould croAvd out more desirable mention of his unflagging Avork for political reform and social uplift. He was one of the organizers of the Reform Club. An Independent in politics, he has voted according to his convic tions, heading strong German movements in the metropolis first for Cleveland and then for McKinley. He has been a constant writer for magazines and newspapers, producing copy with equal facility in German and English. On occasions of financial crisis, especially AA'hen American credit was assailed in Europe, Mr. Windmuller has been prompt to send letters to the principal ncAAspapers of Germany, explaining our financial situation. His diversions have been confined to the col lection of rare books and pictures ; his library contains several early books of Gutenberg, Caxton and other famous presses. He has been an ardent supporter of the various mu seums and historical associations and Avas especially proud of his membership in the Chamber of Commerce. He is devoted to country life and his home at Woodside, Queens Borough, is one of the mosi attractive in that charming community. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 169 Col. WM. D. MANN A felloAV "Buckeye" Avhom the metropolis finally claimed, after a sturdy life of activities in this country and Europe, is Colonel William D 'Alton Mann, soldier, civil engineer, inventor and editor. Years rest very lightly upon him, for I see him in Central Park or on Riverside a-horse back every fair morning, in all seasons. Col. Mann was born at Sandusky City, Ohio, September, 1839, and was educated as a civil engineer; but when the Civil War came he was 21 years of age and went to the front as captain in the 1st Michigan Cavalry. Called home by the Governor of Michigan, he organized and commanded the 7th Michi gan Cavalry and was at its head in many engagements. His mind was always active in attempts to improve the comforts and sani tary condition of the men in the field and several valuable improvements of the accoutre ments were made by Col. Mann. When the war had ended, he was one of the first to attempt to prove to the Southern people that all northern bitterness was buried. He invested every dollar he possessed in Mobile, Ala., in a cotton-seed oil mill, giving employ ment to white and black labor. He induced northern capitalists to assist him in the pro motion of railroad building in Alabama. He purchased the Mobile Register and edited it for several years, in addition to caring for his commercial interests. In 1869, Col. Mann was elected to Congress by an overwhelming majority, but the Reconstruction Judges re fused to certify him, on account of openly avowed sympathy he had for the Southern people under the outrageous conditions im posed upon them by "carpet-bag" officials. He was not of their class ; he had gone South expecting to pass the rest of his life there ! In 1872 he patented the boudoir car that bore his name for many years in all parts of the world; he spent the ten years folio Aving in EGBERT C. FULLER Europe, introducing it there. Returning in 1883, he purchased " Town Topics" and has since conducted it as editor and publisher. In many respects it contains the best English of any newspaper in America. "From machine shop helper at the age of 16 to president of a large manufactory employ ing several hundred men," summarizes the career of Egbert Chap lain Fuller, born in Ux- bridge, Mass., 1852. Realizing that success in life meant for him a fight, he responded to a natural inclination to ward mechanics, began at the bottom and end ed by becoming an ex pert machinist. He first turned his atten tion to the development and improvement of bookbinders' machin ery. He formed a part nership in Ncav York, Montague & Fuller, to represent several large manufacturers of that class of machinery, but in 1904 Mr. Fuller bought out his associate and continued the business under the name of E. C. Fuller & Co. A large factory in Connecticut Avas pur chased and enlarged, at which Mr. Fuller builds modern printing machinery. He is president of the Economic Machine Co. He OAvns a charming home at Pine Orchard, Conn., where he and his family spend most of the year. What a pity New York couldn't have more Comptrollers Avith practical business training! In speaking of the reforms effected in Phila delphia under Comptroller Pattison, I showed hoAV the right official in such a place could save to the city much money and much of its self-respect. We have had some excellent men in this office, since the creation of Great er New York. My personal friendship for Mr. Coler does not blind me to the earnest, conscientious and capable administration of the Comptrollership by Herman A. Metz. He showed himself to be a man of courage, political independence and staunch fidelity 170 THE BOOK of NEW YORK to duty. I have known every Comptroller since the halcyon days of "graft" under the Tweed regime, bad and good alike, and I have no hesitation in ranking Mr. ]Metz very high among our faithful public servants. Be fore he entered upon his duties as an official, he had demonstrated his capacity as a business man bv amassing a fortune in the chemical field. The career of Franklin Murphy began in July, 1862, when at the age of 16 years he left the NcAvark Academy to enlist in the Thir teenth Regiment, N. J. V. He was born in Jersey City, January, 1846; but when ten years old his family removed to Newark. In the Federal service, partly in the Army of the Potomac and partly in the West under Gen. Sherman, he remained until the close of the war, when he Avas mustered out with the rank of first lieutenant. He had been at Antietam, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg and had marched Avith Sherman "from Atlanta to the sea." Returning to Newark, in 1865, he founded the firm of Murphy & Co., varnish manufacturers. He was tAvo years short of his majority, but the enterprise Avas a success from the first. From small beginnings the business has grown to one of the largest of its kind — "Murphy Varnishes" being known the Avorld over. A corporation Avas formed in 1891, The Murphy Varnish Company, of Avhich Mr. Murphy is the president. One of Mr. Murphy's elements of success has been the keen interest he has felt and displayed for the welfare of his workmen and of labor in gen eral. For many years he has been a sturdy advocate of high Avages for faithful services; he has constantly striven to lift American in dustrialism to a lofty plane. Honors have come plentifully to Mr. Mur phy, in recognition of his unselfish and public- spirited course. He Avas. early in life, a mem ber of the Common Councfl in NcAvark; his neighbors sent him to the Legislature of New Jersey, and, as Park Commissioner, he laid out and completed the parks of Essex County. For many years he was Chairman of the Re publican State Committee; President McKin ley made him a Commissioner to the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900, and in 1901 he Avas elected Governor of New Jersey, for a term of two years. He has served as a member of the National Republican Com mittee since 1900. Mr. Murphy comes of Colonial stock and is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution — President-General in 1899 , the Society of Colonial Wars and the Society of the Cincinnati, the Loyal Legion, the Union, the Union League, Century, Re publican clubs of Ncav York. Gilbert Collins, descendant of a Revolu tionary famfly, Avas born in Stonington, Conn., August, 1846. He Avas privately educated and AA'as admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1869. His success in his chosen profession has been noteworthy. He was appointed Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey in 1897 and served until 1903, in which year he resigned. Judge Collins had previously distinguished himself during a term as Mayor of Jersey City, which post he occupied 1884 to 1886. Judge Collins' great-grandfather Avas a first lieutenant of the First Connecticut Line Regiment during the Revolutionary War. The grandson is therefore a member of the Sons of the Revolution and of a number of local clubs and societies in Jersey City and a strong Republican. Judge Collins is a part ner in the firm of Collins & Corbin. His reputation for business judgment renders him of great value as director in several banks and trust companies. An authority on Avhite paper, both as to quality and economical methods of manu facture, is George F. Perkins, a retired manu facturer Avho is frequently appealed to for information and advice by committees in quiring into the duty upon A\'ood pulp and the most modern methods of paper making. Mr. Perkins Avas born at Andover, Conn., in 1835, entered the public school at Lee, Mass., and took an academic course at the Charlotteville Seminary of Ncav York State; he served an apprenticeship Avith a company buflding paper- making machinery and at the completion of his term worked for two years as a journey- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 171 GEORGE F. PERKINS FRANKLIN MIUil'HV The Late JOHN F. DRYDEN GILBERT COLLINS Four Representative Citizens of Our Neighboring State, New Jersey 172 THE BOOK of NEW YORK man. By private study he qualified himself as an expert accountant and for two years followed that profession. He responded to the call of the metropolis in 1858 at the age of twenty-three and returned to the paper business in the commercial end. About 1865 he and some felloAV-Avorkers organized the firm of Bucanan, Perkins & GoodAvin, from which partnership Mr. Bucanan retired in a few years and the business was continued under the firm name of Perkins & GoodAvin. After an active life, the subject of this sketch finally retired from active business in 1905, although he retained his connection with a number of banks and trust companies. He is Vice-President of the Title, Guarantee & Trust Company, President of the Provident Institution for Savings, a Director in the Pavonia Trust Company and in the Colonial Life Insurance Company of Jersey City. Mr. Perkins has never had any political ambition, but has been affiliated Avith the Republican party throughout his life; he has declined many public offices, preferring to devote his life to business rather than politics. He Avas induced to accept an appointment on the Board of Finance, but he declined to fill a second term. Socially, Mr. Perkins is fond of club life and belongs to the Union League clubs of Jersey City, the Merchants and Carteret. He is especially proud of his mem bership in the New York Chamber of Com merce. He is fond of books and is a patron of art and music. Occupying an eminent place in the civic world of the State of Ncav Jersey, James Edward Pope stands in a position of corre sponding importance in the business world of Ncav York. President of the Pope Metals Company and of the University of the State of New Jersey, Mr. Pope must devote a large part of what Avould otherAvise be his leisure to the interests of Jersey City and of the State of New Jersey as a member of various civic commissions. He was born in the city of New York of English descent on both sides, tracing on the maternal side directly from Dr. George Buxton, physi cian to George Washington. He Avas gradu ated in 1882 from the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale, being a member of the Ber- zelius Society and of the Yale University Club of New Haven. He is also a member of the Meridian and Drug and Chemical Clubs of New York and of the Hudson County Historic al Society of Jersey City, the American Civic Association, and the National Municipal League. JAMES EDWARD POPE THE BOOK of NEW YORK 173 CHAPTER XX two PALACES FOR BOOKS AND ART 3HE new Public Library is housed in a $12,000,000 marble building, a perfect specimen of the Greek order; its architects were Carrere & Hastings. It is a palace Avith a million books! The beautiful struc ture was largely built with the money left by the late Samuel J. Tilden, although the city added about $5,000,000 thereto before com pletion. The books and pictures with which the interior is equipped and embellished come from the Astor and Lenox libraries. Shelf - room is provided for 2,700,000 volumes, with out crowding. Even more wonderful than the exterior is the interior of the vast library, with its eighty miles of shelving, represented by 63,000 shelves. These provide accommo dations for 3,500,000 books as the ultimate limit. About 2,700,000 of the books, when the extreme limit is reached, will be housed in the main stack room, with about 800,000 dis tributed through the other departments. The main stack room takes three hundred feet along the Bryant Park side of the building and seventy-eight feet on the Fortieth and Forty- second street ends. It contains seven floors. All shelves, corrugated to supply ventfla- tion, are adjustable and may be changed to fit books of any height. Not only are the ends of the stack shelves open for ventflation but in the corridors between the stacks the floor ing on either side is left open so that there may be no chance for the accumulation of dust and that there will be an uninterrupted circulation of air. The artificial » lighting is done by electric bulbs set overhead between the stacks. A button placed at the end of the stack wfll when pressed light three double rows at once. There are 30,000 electric lights in the buflding. For the convenience of the attendant the stacks are divided into geographical sections and marked at the end N. W., N. E., S. E., S. W., and in addition a bronze tablet denotes the alphabetical order and the subjects rep resented in each stack. The prompt despatch of books from the stack room to the main reading room is achieved by a system of lifts, four in the center, largely used during the day, and two at the end for returning books at night. Pneumatic tubes are used in connection Avith the lifts by which slips are sent from the main reading room to the attendants. An order is filled and the books returned by the lifts, operated by automatic electric attachments. The main reading room is on the top floor and is identical in size Avith the stack room. Here is a collection of some 25,000 volumes arranged on shelves. These are free-to-hand books to be used by patrons of the library. In the catalogue room which adjoins the main reading room are 6,600 card index draw ers, in front of which tables are placed upon which to rest the boxes during a reader's search for his subject. An information desk in the center of the room has the pneumatic tubes close at hand. Into this the slips for books are handed for their destination in the main reading room and from there despatched to that part of the stack room where the books are kept. By placing your seat number on the slip books will be delivered by mes sengers directly to you, or if the reader de sires to Avander about until the book arrives he receives a number which appears on an illu minated indicator on the Avail of the reading room as soon as the order is filled. In addition to the main reading rooms, there are special rooms fitted up for students doing research work along special lines. Particu larly valuable are the little rooms, where an individual studying some particular subject may, with his books and papers around him, work undisturbed for days. 174 THE BOOK of NEW YORK There is a periodical room on the first floor on the Fifth avenue and Fortieth street side, Avhere are between 5,000 and 6,000 different periodicals, mostly domestic. One interest ing room is that containing the Stuart collec tion, a part of the Lenox Library collection, Avhich OAving to the restrictions of the deeds of gift must be kept intact. It includes a col lection of paintings, rare editions of books and prints and curios. The room aaIII be closed to the public on Sunday, another sti])ulation of the donor. To provide an effective back ground for the pictures the Avails have been covered Avith green silk burlap. Loav book cases Avith ventilated screened doors have been placed about the room for the books, Avhile the paintings and prints are hung on the Avails by a ucav method, the hooks being fas tened in a narroAv steel groove or channel Avhich divides the wall about a third of the Avay doAvn from the ceiling. Under the dome of the north court on the first floor is the circulation department, acces sible by an entrance on the Forty-second street side, so that it Avill not be necessary for patrons to pass through the main part of the building to reach it. At the left as one enters is the application desk, and directly opposite another bearing city, street, telephone and business directories. This convenience is sup plemented by tAvelve telephone booths. A newspaper room on the north side of the basement floor is fitted around the four sides Avith stacks for the back files of papers, Avhile on tables in front of the AvindoAA's Avill be racks with current issues. The children's department is a long, Ioav room on the Forty-second street side. Every thing in the room is in proportion to the size of its clients. For example, the shelves are just high enough so that the average child may reach books at the top easily. The chandeliers are hung low and each AvindoAV is an alcove Avith Ioav tables and built-in benches that Avill accommodate six youngsters at a time. In 1817 Robert Lenox bought thirty acres of land in A\hat Avas the Ninth Ward. The tract Avas traversed by "the middle road," Avhich is noAV Fifth Avenue, and the neighbor hood AA'as knoAvn as "Five-]\Iile Stone." In 1839 he made a AA'fll containing this devise: "To my only son, James Lenox, my farm at Five-Mile Stone for and during the term of his life, and after his death to his heirs forever. My motive for so leaving this property is a firm persuasion that it may at no distant day be the site of a village; and as it cost me much more than its present Avorth, from circum stances known to my family, I like to cherish the belief it may be realized to them. At all events I Avant the experiment made by keeping the property from being sold." A codicil changed the stipulation of never selling the land into advice, and until 1864 the advice Avas folloAved. Since then much of the prop erty has been sold, TAveed, SAA'ceny and Con nolly being among the purchasers of lots. One AA'hole block Avas given to the Presbyte rian Hospital, the ground and cash contributed by James Lenox being equal to $800,000, and ten lots on Fifth Avenue to the Lenox Library. At present, American art leads the Avorld! Success in painting or sculpture must be due to egotism — the same is true of all great successes. Naturally, knoAvledge of technique is necessary. And yet that is not so important as sublime confidence in one's self; for, if one has that, the technique Avill be acquired. Nobody is literally "self-made." He must learn from some other mind, by instruction or observation. But, no matter Iioav great the capabilities of an artist, he never Avill rise to the top unless he have supreme confidence in his imagination and in his capacity to exe cute. Curious that the requisite for success in art is the one thing that Avill destroy the efficiency of a man in commercial life! Success in painting comes only after the closest communion Avith Nature. Ibsen ap plied the same rule to the drama, and dem onstrated that a man Avithout the slightest knoAvledge of construction, and Avith an in difference to plot almost contemptuous, can Avrite plays that portray life as it is. He enun ciated a great truth Avhen he said that every family holds an acting drama in its clutches. Ibsen had only to lift the roof of a house to find a tragedy or a comedy. French art has run its course for a genera tion or tAVO. Every revival of art has been contemporaneous Avith some political or com- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 175 mercial activity in the country where it has occurred. Modern art, as avc understand it, sprang into existence in Italy about the middle of the 15th century. Bellini, who was Titian's instructor, was born in 1427 and Leonardo da Vinci in 1452; but Michelangelo, Titian and Raphael were all born within a few years of one another. Those five names are immortal. They are called a "school," but there Avasn't any special intimacy between the men. Venice and Genoa Avere then the greatest ports on the Mediterranean. Titian lived to 99 and then died of the plague at Venice. Michelangelo lived 89 years. There was a hundred years art supremacy for Italy, unquestioned and indis putable! Then the art center moved to Spain, and the so-called school of Seville pro duced Velasquez and Murillo. The former was only 19 years the predecessor of the latter. Then the angel of painting hovered over Hol land and we have Rubens and Rembrandt. These four wonderful men were almost con temporaries — indeed, all Avere alive at the same time. The Flemish school endured until the later years of the 17th century, when the art microbe crossed the channel to London. The English school reached its highest excel lence in Reynolds, Gainsborough and Turner. Sir Joshua AA'as just as much responsible for Turner, a poor barber's son, as was Bellini for Titian — and no more. Turner Avould assuredly have been appreciated by this time if Ruskin hadn't "discovered" him. The English painters continued to produce good work until after the fall of Napoleon. But Napoleon's vandalism in gathering together in the Louvre the art treasures of Europe created the so-called modern French school. It is called "modern" to distinguish it from the dainty but not great work of Claude Loraine, Watteau and Greuze that had pre ceded it. Several art centers formed. The most important was at Barbizon, a small village near the forest of Fontainebleau. Theodore Rousseau Avas its founder, and he gathered 'round him Corot, Dupre, Daubigny and Diaz. The colony spread to the adjacent villages of Chailly and Marlotte. Later fol lowed Troyon, Fran9ois Millet, Courbet, Fleu- ry, Veron, Fleurs and Riou. These AAcre nearly all landscape painters; next came the figure painters. Paris teemed Avflh good and indifferent work. Meissonier led that field; Gerome a poor second. With the "Frou- Frou" artists, like Boldini, true art has little patience. The American school is unqualifiedly the best in the Avorld at this time. How long this preeminence Avill remain is a hazard to guess; but there has been a group of landscape paint ers, the ranks of AA'hich are depleted by the deaths of George Inness, WinsloAv Homer, Julian Rix and others, Avho have established American art on a plane from Avhich it is not likely to be dethroned for a generation. This is ascribable to the splendid prosperity of the United States since the Civil War. The grandeur of Venice and Genoa Avas responsible for the painters that gave to Italy her glorious place in art, not the cultivated tastes of the Popes or the Medicis. Wealth is the patron of art! Without wealth, art is unappreciated. Men like Yerkes, Carnegie, Clark and Widen- er, who have little of the artistic sense them selves, are the real promoters of art! It sounds sordid to an abasement to say so, but it has alAA'ays been true and ever will continue to be. What a wondershop is the Metropolitan Museum of Art! The Egyptian mummies and grave-trinkets, 5,000 years old; the Etrus can pottery; the Cypriot collection; the statu ary, in modern originals and plaster replica of the best days of Greece and Rome; the tapestries and gossamer laces of France and the Low Countries ; the silver work of the old guilds of Florence, Venice and London, and so on to the end of the catalogue. Truly a wonderful place, that fcAV appreciate at its true AA'orth. The splendid architectural development of the UCAV metropolis, Avhich began about 1885, is due entirely to the race of superior archi tects that developed in this city. The move ment Avas led by McKim, Mead & White, some years before that time, and from their office, as a training school, emerged many of these successful men. Among them must be mentioned the late John Merven Carrere, born in Rio de Janeiro, 1858, AA'ho came to New York Avhen three years old, was sent abroad AA'hen a young man for a long course of study in SAvitzerland and Paris, graduating 176 THE BOOK of NEW YORK at the Ecole des Beaux Arts — a pupil of Leon Ginain and Victor Ruprich Robert. About the same time, another young man, Thomas Hastings, son of the ex-president of the Union Theological Seminary, born in New York, 1860, was a student at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. He returned home to form a partnership Avith Mr. Carrere, in 1885. He had had the benefit of ten years' study at the Ecole des Beaux Arts and had been a com panion of Mr. Carrere in the office of McKim, Mead & White. These tAvo young architects were thoroughly aglow Avith enthusiasm for their profession, aroused by much travel and personal inspection of the chief architectural wonders of the Continent. When I come to speak of the work of these tAA'o men and AA'hat they have done for the advancement of architecture in the United States, I am at a loss where to begin. The one feature that gave initial velocity to the development of Florida as a popular Winter resort for American and even European visitors Avas the creation of the wonderful hotel system starting at St. Augustine and stretching down the coast as far as Miami. Chiefest of these great structures was the Ponce de Leon Hotel, at St. Augustine. Its plans are on the Moorish order and every effect of apparent lightness, grace and coloring, for Avhich Arabic art is famous, was employed by these archi tects. New Yorkers forever feel a sense of gratitude to Carrere & Hastings for their de sign of the New York Public Library on Fifth Avenue, which combines external beauty with perfect interior equipment for the handling of several million volumes. The approaches to Manhattan Bridge across East River are their handiwork. Visitors to Ithaca, New York, cannot fail to admire the immense but graceful Goldwin Smith Hall, on the eastern side of the Campus, facing the original build ings of Cornell University, and bearing the charming title "College of the Humanities." The larger and less ornate Rockefeller Hall at Cornell University, built for purposes of scientific research rather than for the study of arts and letters, Avas also designed by them. The State of Ncav York and the city of Buft'alo were placed under lasting obligations by these architects, AA'hose designs for the setting of the Pan-American Exposition Avere the marvel of this country and Europe. Memorial Hall at Yale University, a structure of much beauty, rose under their hands. The Lafayette Monu ment, in Paris, and numberless important buildings throughout this republic, together with scores of residences, might be added to their record. Mr. Carrere Avas injured in an automobile accident in the Spring of 1911, and died after several days of suffering. The next time the reader of this page passes St. Paul's Chapel he should stop and study the architectural effect of the National Park Bank building, a comparatively low building surrounded by skyscrapers, and realize the difficult problem Avith which its architect, Donn Barber, had to grapple. It is a pleasure to talk of a comparatively young man Avho has accomplished much for himself and at the same time been a constant inspiration and "booster" of younger artisans in his own pro fession. The Atelier Donn Barber, on East Forty-second street, is one of the most inter esting places in the metropolis, solely from the viewpoint of achievements, for the benefit of young architects. Mr. Barber was born in Washington, D. C, in October, 1871, of Ncav England and Revo lutionary stock, although his father had been previously a resident of New York for many years. Having prepared at Holbrook Mili tary Academy, Briarclift', N. Y., young Barber entered Yale and AAas graduated Ph.B. in 1893. He then spent a year at Columbia in special architectural study, and in 1895 en tered L'Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. The diploma he received from that institution in 1898 was the ninth aAAarded to an American student in architecture. He won nine medals from the French government. After a tour of study among the architectural wonders of the European cities, Mr. Barber returned to New York to enter the office of Lord & Hew lett, architects; he completed a thorough apprenticeship there and with Cass Gilbert and Carrere & Hastings. In 1900 he opened an office of his own. What Donn Barber has accomplished in ten years stamps him as a fine example of the strenuous life. I shall not undertake to men tion all the notable and characteristic edifices THE BOOK of NEW YORK 177 THOMAS HASTINGS The Late JOHN M. CARRERE GEORGE AV. KRAMER DONN BARBER 178 THE BOOK of NEW YORK he has designed, but the National Park Bank structure has already been cited. It is a truly interesting example of this architect's ingenuity in dealing with a difficult situation. Its exterior is so admirably composed that it does not look stunted by the tall Colonial Trust building adjoining — standing on the former site of the Ncav York Herald building. The interior is a most sumptuous renaissance banking room composition. The Connecti cut State Library, the Supreme Court building, the ncAv homes of the Travelers' Insurance Company and of the Hartford National Bank, all at Hartford, are equally worthy of individual description. The iicav Lotos Club structure, in West Fifty-seventh street, is characterized as the most decorative use of brickAA'ork to be seen in this country. In teriorly, it is a delight to the eyes. In the government competition lately held for the three department buildings in Washington, Mr. Barber Avon the Department of Justice building from twenty architects, representing the cream of the architectural world in Amer ica. His success in this the most important competition that has ever been offered in this country places him indisputably in the very first rank. The Chattanooga Union Railroad station, the new house of the Capital City Club, Atlanta; the White Plains Hospital, and the splendid country mansions of W. B. Dinsmore, at Tuxedo; of E. C. Coiwerse, at Greenwich; the model farm of Richard Dela- field; the Institute of Musical Art of the City of Ncav York, shoAv the divei-sity of Mr. Bar ber's genius. The one thing that appeals to me is the practical creation of an Ecole Barber, at the Barber atelier, where students of architecture go to have their Avork criticized. If encourage ment be justified, students are advised to take a full course at the Beaux Arts, Paris. Fourteen students from the Atelier Barber are studying in the French capital. Mr. Barber has Avritten and lectured on architec ture. He is editor of the New York Architect and is a member of societies and clubs almost without number. When an architect specializes in a particular class of designing and is sufficiently successful to maintain his supremacy in the building of churches and other religious edifices for forty- odd years, he is sure to become a man of dis tinction in his profession. George Washington Kramer did not heed the call of the city until 1894, Avhen he Avas forty-seven years of age. He came from Ashland, Ohio, originally, but he had chiefly distinguished himself as the founder and head of a large architectural firm at Akron, Avhere his designs for Sunday school buildings received the name of "The Akron Plan." Mr. Kramer Avas born to the bufld ing business because his father Avas a builder before him. At Akron, his association with Jacob Snyder & Co., engaged in designing and building churches in all parts of the Middle West, permanently deflected his mind to that branch of work. This led to the origination of the modern type of church plan as adapted to the non-ritual or evangelical churches, uoav known throughout Christen dom as the Akron System. The popularity of the Kramer plans compelled him to dis continue all other branches of architecture and make this his exclusive specialty. Prior to becoming a church builder, Mr. Kramer had designed college buildings, school and court houses, and numberless public institu tions. Especially do I remember him as the architect of the reconstruction of Oberlin Col lege, where he transformed an archaic and dingy collection of buildings into modern form, giving to the aged institution its campus and quadrangles. He Avas also employed to de sign the first building of the Ohio Agricul tural College, and the great Dueber-Hampden watch and case factory at Canton, O. Mr. Kramer was one of the founders of the Western Association of Architects, Avhich Avas subse quently merged into the American Institute. I must not forget to mention that Mr. Kramer invented a complete system of prison locks by Avhich all cells in the same sections of such institutions are simultaneously closed, and Avhich is UOAV generally used throughout the country. He originated the Fan Furnace System of heating and ventilating so extensive ly used in climates too cold for steam, and on this account Avas elected honorary member of the National Association of Heating and Ven- tflating Engineers. According to Mr. Kra mer's opinion, one great fault Avith our Ameri- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 179 FRANCIS II. KI.MBAl. (¦H.\S, P, H. GILBERT JOSEPH HOWLAND HUNT RICHARD HOAVLAND HUNT 180 THE BOOK of NEW YORK can buildings is the habit of building for to- day, expecting to remodel or tear down and build larger to-morrow; in consequence, the question of durability in selecting materials doesn't receive sufficient attention. He has argued from the outset that it costs very little more to build for a century than for a genera tion; the extra outlay is economy. Mr. Kramer originated the noAv popular type of diagonal or pulpit-in-the-corner church, and over three-quarters of all modern non-liturgi cal churches in the United States are based on some form of the Kramer plan. He has planned and designed over 2,000 churches for different denominations in all parts of the Avorld, costing from $3,000 to $300,000, and has justly earned the title of "The Church Architect." It is said of him that he has de signed "forty miles of churches." Ncav York originally stood upon an island of rocky hills and intervening marshes and, Avhen the rock lay far beloAv the surface, the problem of finding secure foundations for large buildings Avas a great one. In some instances contractors had to go down nearly a hundred feet to secure proper bottom. Francis H. Kimball was the originator of the caisson system in foundation construction, now uni versally adopted. The use of this system has made possible the rearing of structures of great height, that fifteen years ago would have been a defiance of natural laAVs. This is Mr. Kimball's chief pride, although his achieve ments in architecture are eminently note worthy. He was born at Kennebunk, Maine, 1845, and he learned the building trade from practical beginnings. Later, he served with Louis P. Rogers of Boston. When Mr. Kim ball was commissioned supervising architect of the new buildings of Trinity College, Hart ford, he went to London and studied in the atelier of William Burgess, a master of the French Gothic school. Since the completion of the beautiful buildings at the Connecticut capital, Mr. Kimball has been the authority on this style of architecture in America. The Casino (of Moorish type), the Garrick and Fifth Avenue theatres in this city Avere de signed by him. Kimball & Thompson Avere the architects of the Manhattan Life building. on lower Broadway, in the rearing of which the caisson system was first utilized. Another man AA'ho has helped, architectur ally, to enrich and beautify Greater Ncav York is Charles Pierrepont H. Gilbert, born in the metropolis, 1863. From earliest boyhood, he set out to be a civil engineer and architect. His AA'hole life has been devoted to the study of painting, sculpture and the fine arts, backed by a thorough special training in civil engineering and architecture. Mr. Gilbert always has practiced on his own account; has designed many important hotels, bank buildings, churches, railroad stations, office buildings and private residences. He is a FelloAV of the American Institute of Archi tects, a member of the Architectural League, the Fine Arts Society, the Municipal Arts Society, the Society of Colonial Wars, Sons of the Revolution, the Society of the War of 1812, the New England Society and the Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Gilbert is a charter member of Squadron A., N. G. S. N. Y. He belongs to the Metropolitan, Union League. Riding, Racquet, Lawyers' clubs. Sleepy Hollow Country Club and New York Golf Club. Architects are born not made; often they inherit the art of designing from their fathers. This is especially the case with Richard How- land Hunt, Avhose father was one of the most distinguished members of his profession in this country. Mr. Hunt was born at Paris, France, in 1862; he was educated at the In stitute of Technology and finished his studies at L'Ecole des Beaux Arts. From a small sketch left by his father. Richard Morris Hunt, he completed the ucav Aving for the Met ropolitan Museum of Art, the facade of which is one of the architectural beauties of this city. Among the countless structures that Mr. Hunt has designed may be mentioned Quin- tard Hall and Hoffman Hall at Sewanee University; Kissam Hall at Vanderbilt Uni versity; Schmid House; "Idle Hour," for W. K. Vanderbilt's Long Island estate, and the Schieffelin town house. He is a member of afl the scientific associations allied to archi tecture and of the Players and Century clubs. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 181 Another member of the Hunt family Avho has distinguished himself in architecture is Joseph Howland Hunt, a brother of the above, and of the same firm. He Avas born in Ncav York City, March, 1870, was educated at St. Mark's School, Southboro, Mass.; then went to Harvard University; studied at Columbia College and L'Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. He traveled extensively in Europe studying architecture and visiting all the famous cathe dral towns of England, as Avell as the Con tinent. He also spent considerable time on the Island of Sicily, examining the splendid remains of Greek temples to be found at Gir- genta. The fine old church at Palermo was made a subject of special examination. Mr. Hunt is very fond of shooting and sought big game in Canada and the Rockies. He has visited the Bermudas. He is a member of the National Guard of this state and belongs to Squadron A, the crack troop of Ncav York. He is secretary of the Fine Arts Federation; treasurer of the American Society of the Beaux Arts; treasurer of the Architectural League; member of the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, the Ncav England Society, the Municipal Arts Society and the Graduates Association; belongs to the University, Racquet and Tennis, Harvard and Players' clubs. Mr. Hunt has utilized his travels in every possible way to increase his architectural knowledge. He has at his finger tips the details of most of the grand palaces of Italy, France and England. He has espe cially studied the Gothic, although he has given much time to Moorish remains in Spain. So many men have been conspicuous in the creation of modern New York, and their shares in the splendid results have been so varied that it almost seems invidious to single out any one architect for special commenda tion; but an exception may be justifiably made in the case of Julius Franke, who, although one of the younger architects in this great com- petiti\'e city, really merits the admiration of his fellow countrymen. Mr. Franke is a native of this city, born 1868, and educated at the public schools, the College of the City of New York and the Cooper Union. At the age of 18 he began the study of architecture in the office of architect Duenkel, of Iloboken, and after accumulating sufficient funds by four years' AA'ork, he Avent to Paris for special obserA'ation. There he received great en couragement and mastered all schools of archi tecture from the early Norman to the most modern. Notre Dame Cathedral became as much of an enthusiasm to him, architecturally, as it was to Victor Hugo. He traveled ex tensively, after the completion of his course of study, and personally examined many of the notable architectural marvels of the Old World. Before going to Europe, he entered the office of George B. Post, and one of the first responsibilities committed to him by Mr. Post — although barely tAventy-one years of age — was the supervision of the Pulitzer build ing, fronting City Hall Square. This task required his constant attention for nearly a year, and he gave to it the same concentra tion of thought that has characterized his subsequent work. Upon his return from Europe the firm of Maynicke & Franke, Avhich erected more than 200 large buildings in New York City, was formed. The one that most promptly recurs to me is the ncAv Fifth Avenue building, on the site of the old hotel of that name. When I asked Mr. Franke Avhat had induced him to adopt this line of activity, he replied: "I could not get along with my father in his business and I selected architecture, in the firm belief that it was best suited to my inclination and ca pacity." The speaker was proud of the fact that he always had had to AA'ork for a living. He has been a grand juror for six years. His clubs are the Ncav York Athletic and Repub lican; he is a member of the American Insti tute of Architects. 182 THE BOOK of NEW YORK JULIUS FRANKE JOHN V. SCHAEFER The designing of beautiful architectural structures is, of course, a condition precedent to their erection; but a competent builder to accurately execute the designs is of equal im portance. For this reason John V. Schaefer, Jr., deserves a place Avell up in the list of those Avho have contributed to the architec tural beautifying of the cities of this country. Mr. Schaefer Avas born in this city in 1872, finished his education in the city of Ncav York and then took a post-graduate course in architecture in Vienna. His business career began in association Avith his father, as an interior decorator; but. in 1889, he started for himself and six years later incorporated under the firm name of John V. Schaefer, Jr., & Company, — having for his partners H. \ . Carrere and D. H. Mapes. ^Ir. Schaefer has been successful from the outset. alAA'ays making a specialty of high- class private residences, both city and country, and institutional buildings. Among the finest examples may be mentioned the residence of EdAvin Gould, at Ardsley; Daniel and Murray Guggenheim, at Elberon; Stephen C. Millett, at Irvington; Forsyth Wickes, at Tuxedo, and Percy Strauss, at Red Bank. The beautiful memorial building at Cornell University, dedi cated to Goldwin Smith and knoAvn as "The College of Humanities," and Rockefeller Hall, upon the same campus, were built by this firm. Concordia College, at Bronxvflle, and the Administration Building and Concourse in Bronx Park are also their Avork. Bethany Memorial Church and Day Nursery, in this city; the Westchester Court House at White Plains; a group of twenty-eight bufldings for the HebrcAv Sheltering Guardian Society, of Pleasantville, and the Glen Cove Bank, on Long Island, are products of their skfll. Mr. Schaefer is treasurer of the Blanc Stainless Cement Company, a director of the Hungarian- American Bank, of New York, and director of the International Import and Export Com pany. He is a member of the University Club, of Washington, D. C. of a simflar organiza tion of college men at Pleasantvflle, N. Y., THE BOOK of NEW YORK 183 and of the New York Athletic Club of this city. He is a Democrat and the only public office he ever has attempted to attain is that of School Director in the town of Mt. Pleasant, Westchester County, where his summer home is located. As the architect of several of New York's leading hotels, Henry J. Hardenbergh has contributed much to the structural beauty of the city. Mr. Hardenbergh Avas born in Ncav Bruns wick, N. J., February 6, 1847, and Avhen eighteen years of age took up the study of architecture Avith Detlef Lienau. After five years of thorough preparation, he, in 1870, commenced active practice in New York City, and has been eminently successful, designing many buildings that are recognized as among the finest in the metropolis. These include the Dakota, Waldorf-Astoria, Plaza and Man hattan hotels and the American Fine Arts Society building. Mr. Hardenbergh resides at Bernardsville, N. J., and his studio is at No. 1 West Thirty- fourth Street, New York City. Another architect from the West who has attained a high measure of success in this city is Albert Frederick D'Oench, born in St. Louis, Mo., in 1852, and graduated tAA'cnty years later M.E. from Washington University in that city. Thence he went abroad and studied at Stuttgart, Wurtemberg, Germany, finishing at the Royal Polytechnic Institute in that city. Returning to New York, in 1875, he began his professional career as an architect and pursued it with distinguished success. He was Superintendent of Build ings of the city of Ncav York, 1885-'89; mem ber and Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the city of New York, 1900-1902. He is a director of the Germania Life Insurance Com pany and of the American Eden Musee Company. He is now senior member of the firm of D'Oench & Post; a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and of its New York Chapter; member of the Archi tectural League of New York and of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity, the Automobile, Reform, Graduates and Manhasset Bay Yacht clubs. Mr. D'Oench is especially fond of country life and has a place at Manhasset, Long Island, knoAvn as "Sunset Hill," where he passes a large part of the year. The State of Ohio has contributed to the metropolis a successful architect in the person of William Wells BosAvorth, born at Marietta, 1869, educated at Marietta College, the Massa chusetts Institute of Technology and L'Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. Mr. BosAvorth has engaged in practice under his own name and in connection Avith Jarvis Hunt, of Chicago. He is an Associate of the American Institute of iVrchitects; corresponding secretary of the Societe Beaux Arts Architects; Companion of the First Class (by inheritance) of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Ohio Command- ery. He belongs to the Century, Players' and other social organizations. I want to talk about the man who built two and a half miles of the first New York Sub way. He is a born engineer. A passion for constructive work directed the mind of John J. Hopper toAvard a career as civil engineer and contractor. He was born in Manhattan, November, 1853, educated at the public schools and was graduated at Dartmouth Col lege in 1877 — a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He took a special course at the Thayer School of Civil Engineering, con nected with Dartmouth. When the agitation for the construction of the subway from the Battery to Van Cortland Park had taken shape, Mr. Hopper was one of the earliest bidders and secured a contract as stated above, completing the Avork days ahead of time. He is of Dutch ancestry, his family having lived in New York and Ncav Jersey for tAvo and a half centuries. He belongs to the Independ ence League and was its candidate for Governor against Dix and for sheriff of New York County 1911. He is a member of the Reform, Single Tax, City, Engineers' and Dartmouth clubs, the Municipal Arts Society, American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Geographical Society. 184 THE BOOK of NEW YORK WM. W. BOSWORTH JOHN J. HOPPER WM. H. McCORD What is technically knoAvn as "skeleton" construction in modern habitations might be justly described as a phase of the evolution of modern civilization. The development of this particular phase may be partly attributed to the fact that a little less than a half century ago a boy named William HcAvlett McCord, disregarding the predelictions of his parents for a professional career for their son, went Avith the firm of J. B. and W. W. Cornell, manufacturers of architectural iron, and learned the trade Avith them. Born in Ncav- burgh. Orange County, 1847, he was educated in the public schools and at Avhat is noAv the University of the City of Ncav York. Joining the above-mentioned firm at an early age, he went, in 1870, to the Architectural Iron Works, which I remember as the firm that built the Grand Central station, lately razed. Little did I think, Avhen contemplating the erection of that then remarkable structure, that I would live to see it torn doAvn as inadequate to the requirements of an overgrown traffic. In 1876 the firm of Post & McCord Avas established. I believe they erected the first fireproof structure, the original Morse Build ing, at the corner of Nassau and Beekman streets, and later. Temple Court, still stand ing. The first "skeleton" steel structure in Ncav York, according to Mr. McCord, Avas the Chatham Bank building, at John Street and BroadAvay. The important part played by Post & McCord in their field is evinced by a contemplation of Madison Square. The won derful Metropolitan Life Tower, as avcH as the late Madison Square Garden ToAver, the Fifth Avenue Building, the Brunswick Build ing and that at 334 Fourth x\ venue, owes its steel skeleton to this firm. Other remarkable AA'orks of architecture, as regards steel frame work, attributable to Post & McCord, are the buildings of the University of New York, the City Investing Building and the thirty- nine-story Bankers' Trust edifice at the cor ner of Nassau and Wall streets. Many of the public buildings of Brooklyn are the work of the P. J. Carlin Construction Company. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and the Hall of Records are note worthy examples. This firm Avas founded by Patrick J. Carlin, who Avas borniiiRathmelton, County Donegal, in 1851. He saw but little of the land of his birth, coming to this country when an infant Avith his parents. When twelve years of age he entered upon a prac tical education in his present vocation, being set to bricklaying by his father. In addition to the buildings mentioned, the Carlin Construction Company has erected some of the Naval Academy buildings at Annapolis. The company also completed the capitol at Albany. Mr. Carlin is first Vice- President of and particularly interested in the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum Society; President of the Prospect Gun Club and Avas formerly President of the Emerald Society of Brooklyn and of the St. Patrick Society. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 185 ROBERT C. BURNSIDE THOMAS DIMOND CHARLES CRANFORD After several years' training in the active business of a New York banking house, Robert Clifford Burnside became President of the Asbestolith Manufacturing Company, a corporation of which the late C. T. Barney was practically the owner. The Asbestolith Company supplies granite for building pur poses. Mr. Burnside was also associated with the late Thomas B. Reed and Payson Tucker, of Maine. Mr. Burnside was born in Ncav York City in 1866, and was educated at the New York public schools. His company sup plied the granite for Grant's Tomb, the Smith Memorial of Philadelphia, the house of former Senator Clark on upper Fifth Avenue, as Avell as for the Clark tomb at Woodlawn, the Dun building and the Bowling Green building and other important buildings throughout the country. Mr. Burnside is descended from Sir William Wallace, on his father's side. He is a Mason, a member of the Ancient Order of Foresters, of the Modern Woodmen of Amer ica, Royal Arcanum, the Republican Club and Railroad Club. The growth of demand for structural iron and steel used in buildings has developed sev eral notable characters in this city. Thomas Dimond was born at Garrisons, N. Y., in 1854, but was early transplanted to New York, where he enjoyed the benefits of our public schools, took a course in business at Pack ard's and studied architecture under James Renwick, the designer of Grace Church and St. Patrick's Cathedral. Mr. Dimond worked on plans of the latter structure. On the com pletion of that splendid edifice, he began the manufacture of architectural iron work, asso ciated Avith an uncle. His father had original ly been in this business. He has always taken an active interest in New York real estate and believes that the region around the new Pennsylvania railroad station Avill become the future business centre. He is interested in horses, is a director of the Westchester Horse ShoAV Association and has a fine country place at Rye. He was for many years a member of the Seventh Regiment, N. G. N. Y. ; he is a vestryman of All Angels' Episcopal Church and belongs to numerous clubs and social organizations. Charles Cranford AA'as born in Ncav York in 1868, entered the employ of the Inman Steamship Company in 1882 and that of the Commercial Bank in 1885. With the latter insti tution he remained five years, leaving to form the firm of Cranford & Valentine, contractors, Avhich partnership existed till 1905. In the construction of and removal of grade crossings on the Brighton Beach Line, Mr. Cranford performed his work so capably and expeditious ly as to earn the gratitude of the residents of Flatbush and folloAving this achievement a public dinner was given to him. Mr. Cranford is Vice-President of the People's Surety Company, President of the Flushing Bay Improvement Company, and Vice-President of the Borough Development Company. 186 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Col. M. J. DADY When a large or difficult contract is an nounced, Michael J. Dady is sure to be found among the bidders — often the successful one. My especial interest in him is that he began life as an office boy in a ncAA'spaper office. He Avas a glutton for hard Avork and soon decided that his craving there for could be better utilized in some other line of endeavor. As he intended to end by being a constructor of large buildings, he learned the trade of masonry, that he might begin at the bottom and knoAv all about his life's occupation. Nothing in the Avay of informa tion escaped him. He soon knew exactly how many bricks a competent mason could lay in a day's Avork and how fcAv an incompetent man "scratched through." When he became wise enough to go alone and secured his first contract, Michael J. Dady made a beginning in politics. His polit ical career is an interesting one. He has shown much independence at times and has been "inside" and " outside the breastAAorks " AA'hen- CA'cr his conscience dictated. Mr. Dady was born in Brooklyn, April, 1850, and attended its public schools. He tells me the better part of his education was obtained in a news paper office. When he entered the office of William C. Kingsley, a contractor, he mapped out his future course. He Avorked as a mason on the General Post Office building, at Broad Avay and Park Roav. Five years later he Avas general superintendent of all national build ings under construction in Ncav York City! Naturally, Avhen a Federal building Avas de creed for Brooklyn, he became superintend ent of construction. After several experiences in partnership, Avith excellent men, Mr. Dady decided to go alone in 1893. The Michael J. Dady Contracting Company was formed — he being sole oAvner. Under this name Mr. Dady has completed some of the largest under takings in this country. One Aving of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Avas constructed by him. He has had municipal government work of huge proportions. His contract with the Spanish government to build the sewers of Havana, Cuba, amounted to $14,000,000. The Spanish- American War defeated this con tract, but the Government of Intervention allowed Mr. Dady $250,000 for work done. Mr. Dady has been very prominent at times in Brooklyn politics; he has been delegate to three National Conventions, twenty years on the Republican State Committee, and an elector on the McKinley ticket. He is a member of many clubs. OLAF HOFF When the tunnel under the Detroit River that connects Detroit with Windsor, Canada, was decided upon by the Michigan Central Railroad, one or two unsuccessful attempts THE BOOK of NEW YORK 187 having previously been made to complete it, Olaf Hoff in 1906 submitted plans that un folded a previously untried method of tunnel construction. These plans were adopted and the contract awarded his firm. What seemed an impossible undertaking was successfully completed by the middle of the year 1910. A trench was dug in the bed of the river by the use of floating dredges; steel tubes 23 feet 4 inches in diameter and 260 feet long, reinforced every tAvelve feet Avith transverse partitions or diaphrams of steel plates, were floated over the trench and sunk into the ditches by filling them with Avater. They did not lie directly on the bottom of the river bed but were held suspended several feet above to permit the filling in of concrete, thus giving to them solid foundation. When the concreting was finished, water was pumped from the tubes and concrete lining placed inside. Mr. Hoff was granted letters patent for this invention, which establishes a new era in subaqueous tunnelling. Mr. Hoff was born at Smaalenene, Norway, April, 1859; he received a technical education at Christiania, taking his C.E. degree in 1879. He came to the United States in the same year and from that time until noAV has been engaged in numerous bridge undertakings and other engineering projects in this country and Mexico. He has lately had supervision of the construction of the new Vanderbilt Hotel on Park Avenue. During four years' connection Avith the New York Central & Hudson River railroad he built or renewed more than four hundred bridges on that line. He built for the Great Northern Raihvay the great steel structure across the Mississippi River at Minneapolis. His history in this country is a continual career of successes since the day he entered the services of the Keystone Bridge Company of Pittsburg in 1880. He is now engaged in the practice of en gineering in this city with an office in the Singer Buflding. Among his inventions are methods of sub marine pile driving, reinforced concrete pfles. grain-bin construction of reinforced concrete and fireproof flooring. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the National Geog raphic Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. One of the authorities in this country on Avater supply and sanitation is Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule, a civil engineer of national reputation, Avho for thirty years has been chief consulting engineer for the State of New Jersey. He was born in New Brunswick, N. J., 1858, and Avas graduated at Rutgers College twenty years later. Three years' sub sequent study secured for him a degree of CORNELIUS C. VERMEULE civil engineer. Although he had joined the engineering staff' of the NcAvark Aqueduct Bo^rd, he took charge of the topographical survey of the State of New Jersey. This im portant work occupied ten years, and, when completed, was the first scientific survey made by any state in the Union. Without precedent to guide him, ^Ir. Vermeule accomplished this task. At the time he undertook this AA'ork, 188 THE BOOK of NEW YORK he Avas twenty years of age. In 1888 he opened an office on BroadAvay and has since acted as advisory engineer for many of the cities and private Avater companies of the Middle States. He has constructed large plants in numerous cities. He acted as con sulting engineer for the Republic of Cuba on questions of water supply and sanitation. He constructed a iicav scAA-erage system for Cien- fuegos, Cuba. He became interested in the development of Maine seaside property, — planning and building York Cliffs and Passa- conaAvay Inn. His ancestor in this country Avas Adrian Vermeule, Avho came from Vlis- singen, Holland, in 1699; he AAas an educated man and became toAvn clerk and voorleser of Harlem, N. Y. Moving to Plainfield, N. J., in 1735, the family acquired an estate of twelve hundred acres. Adrian's son, Cornelius, was a member of the Committee of Safety and Provincial Congress, during the Revolution. The son of this man, in turn, named Cornelius, served as Captain in the Somerset Militia throughout that war. The Vermeule home stead, at Plainfield, was the scene of many gatherings of heroes during the most trying periods of the War for Liberty; Washington was a frequent guest. The subject of this sketch belongs to the Century Association and the Holland Society. Although holding an appointive office, he never has been a can didate for a political one. In politics, he always has been an Independent. Railroad management of this country is to day in the hands of comparatively young men. An example is seen in Henry Gordon Stott, Avho at the age of forty-five is Superintendent of Motive Power for the Interborough Transit Company of Ncav York City. Mr. Stott was born in the Orkney Islands. Scotland, in 1866. After attending the public schools, he took a course at Watson's College, Edin burgh; but his technical education AA'as re ceived at Glasgow, AA'here he specialized in mechanical engineering and electricity. He at once sought employment Avith an electric light company at GlasgoAV, but soon was ap pointed an electrician on board the Anglo- American Telegraph Company's steamship " Minia," employed in making deep sea re pairs on Atlantic cables. He duplexed the Direct United States Cable Company's main line, at that time the longest cable (2,750 marine miles) ever duplexed. In 1889 he joined the Brush Electric Engineering Com pany, of England; next he was sent to Madrid for the installation of the English Electric Light Company, of that city, and, in 1891, he came to America and installed the Buffalo Light & Power Company. He then joined the Manhattan Raihvay Company of this city, installed the third rail system and soon attained the commanding place he now holds. Among the prominent consulting engineers of loAver Broadway, I must not fail to mention Col. John Bogart, Avho, after graduating at Rutgers College, became a consulting engineer with the New York Central Railroad and afterAvard assisted in the construction of Cen tral Park. When the Civil War broke out, he entered the engineer service of the Federal Army and had charge of the construction of the fort at the Rip Raps, Hampton Roads. He served untfl 1866. In 1870 he became chief engineer of the Park Commission of Brooklyn, but soon resumed his connection with the public parks of Manhattan Island, continuing as chief engineer until 1877. Since the latter date, he has been engaged upon im portant municipal Avork at New Orleans, Baltimore, Chicago, Albany, Nashville and in South America. In this connection, his plan ning of the West Side parks of Chicago and of the park system of NcAA'ark and the Oranges and that of Albany deserves especial notice. He built the Washington Bridge across the Harlem; Avas consulting engineer for the Niagara Falls Power Company, the New York Rapid Transit Commission and the Ncav York State Board of Health. He was State Engineer of Ncav York for four years, and has served as an officer of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Recently he has designed and constructed many hydraulic and electric developments financed in Ncav York City; some of the larger ones being being those of the St. Lawrence PoAver Company, the Atlanta Water & Electric PoAver Company, the Cascade (British Co- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 189 ALFRED CRAVEN Col. JOHN BOGART ALFRED P. ROLLER lumbia) Company, the Chattanooga & Ten nessee River Power Company. He is the New York member of the U. S. Board on the deep waterway from the Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and on the American Commission of Congresses of International Navigation. He has been the Engineer officer of the State National Guard. He is a member of many social and scientific organizations. The success of the subAvays uniting the various sections of this great city has been due to the care and ability bestowed upon the original designs by the engineers who made them. At present, the progress of the sub way extensions is in the hands of a thoroughly capable engineer, with a Naval Academy train ing behind him. I refer to Alfred Craven, who since 1884 has been actively engaged as a civil engineer in this city. Originally, he be longed to New Jersey, having been born at Bound Brook in 1846. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy, where he was graduated with honors in 1867. Mr. Craven remained in the service until 1871, when he resigned to accept a place Avith the California Geological Survey. He remained on the Pacific Coast until 1884, when he came to this city to accept an offer from the Aque duct Commission. For six years he worked on reservoirs, dams and aqueducts, being division engineer most of the time. In 1900 the Board of Rapid Transit Commissioners chose him as a division engineer and five years later he became Deputy Chief Engineer; when Henry B. Seaman, chief of the Engineering Department, resigned, Mr. Craven succeeded him. He has been in continuous practice of his profession for thirty-nine years. Among the distinguished civil engineers who have specialized upon railroad-bridge construction in this country is Alfred Pancoast Boiler, who came to this city from Philadel phia, where he was born in 1840. After securing a degree at the University of Penn sylvania in 1858, he took an engineering course at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., until 1861. He has been in continuous practice of his profession ever since, conduct ing important works in various parts of this country, as assistant chief, consulting or con tracting engineer. He is now of the firm of Boiler & Hodge. Among the large enter prises he has carried out are the double track steel bridge over the Hudson, at Albany, a similar structure over the Thames, at New London; also, a four-track structure connect ing Duluth and Superior City. He served as consulting engineer in the Department of Parks and Public Works of New York City, and designed and constructed the extension of the Wabash lines into Pittsburg. He is author of "A Practical Treatise on the Con- 190 THE BOOK of NEW YORK struction of Iron Highway Bridges;" he has been a constant contributor to technical journals. He is a member of the British In stitute of Civil Engineers and of the American Society of Civil Engineers. In politics, Mr. Boiler is an Independent Republican; his club is the Century. One of a distinguished galaxy of Kentuck- ians who have fought the battle of life success fully in the metropolis is Albert R. Ledoux. Born in NcAvport, on the south side of the Ohio river, November, 1852, he studied successively at Columbia School of Mines, Berlin University and the famous University of Gottingen, from which latter he Avas graduated Avith the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. He also received the de gree of M.S. from the University of North Carolina in 1880. From 1876 to 1880 he served as chemist and member of the State Board of Health in North Carolina. Since that time he has practiced independently as consulting mining engineer, metallurgist, as- sayer and chemist. The firm of Ledoux & Co. has attained a national position as metal lurgists. By far the larger part of the copper produced in the United States, Canada, South America and Australia passes through their hands for assay and the certificates of this firm are known and accepted throughout the civil ized world. The eminence that Albert Le doux has achieved in his profession is evidenced in the fact that he has been elected President of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. He is also a member ot the American Scien tific Alliance, the American Chemical Society, the Society of Medical Jurisprudence, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the Canadian Mining Institute, Ncav York Acade my of Science, Society of Chemical Industry, A. A. A. S., and Ncav York Zoological Society. The City, National Arts, Baltusrol Golf and Storm King Golf clubs have his name on their membership rolls. Another Ncav Jersey contribution to the successful engineers of the metropolis, born under the shadow of the New York sky-line almost, at Passaic, is Mason R. Strong, a de scendant, in the 9th generation, of Elder John Strong, who sailed from England in the ship "Mary and John" and landed in New Eng land, 1631, Avas prepared for college at the Albany Military Academy; he was graduated from the School of Arts, Columbia University, 1889, and then spent a year at the Columbia School of Architecture, — one of the divisions of the "School of Mines" as it Avas then mis named. He entered the office of the Chief Engineer of the Erie Railroad Company, and became responsible for all structural ques tions Avith regard to bridges and buildings. AA'ith official title of "Engineer of Bridges and Buildings." The jurisdiction of this office ex tended over the entire Erie system, including the Ncav York, Susquehanna & Western R. R. and the Chicago & Erie R. R. In 1896 he became the responsible engineering represen- ALBERT R. LEDOUX JOHN J. CARTY MASON R. STRONG THE BOOK of NEW YORK 191 tative of the Erie Company on the great Buffalo City Grade Crossing Elimination, where many millions of dollars were spent. In 1906, he left the Erie to be associated, at 7 Wall Street, with the late W. Wheeler Smith, prominent among Ncav York City architects for upAvards of forty years, to Avhose business he has succeeded. For over a year after leaving the Erie, however, he was re tained as consulting engineer on that com pany's official list. From 1890 to 1906-7, the track and structures on the Erie were prac tically rebuilt, many interesting structures being erected. Among them is the Avorld-f amous Kinzua viaduct, finished in 1900, 2,000 feet long and 301 feet high. There were many other important viaducts, two being over 3,000 feet long each. In private work Mr. Strong AA'as the struc tural consulting engineer for the Empire City and Belmont Park grandstands; and this year, as architect and engineer, built the new grandstand at the historic Goshen track for the Orange County Driving Park i\.ssociation, — besides the regular architecture work of the office. He has membership in the Society of Columbia University Architects, American Institute of Consulting Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, Columbia Univer sity Club, and Delta Kappa Epsilon frater nity. He is one of the Health Commissioners of the City of Passaic, N. J., and a member of its Board of Trade; a Republican in poUtics; and a member of the Reformed (Dutch) Church. Some one once defined an engineer as "a man who could do with one dollar what any one could do with two." This definflion has reference particularly to skilled intelligence of the first order. I am now about to speak of a man who has contributed vastly to the development of the telephone system of the United States. Since the year 1876, Avhen Alexander Graham Bell made it possible for two people to converse over a wire so success fully that voices could be recognized, the telephone has become one of the industries of scientific value so great as to defy prognostica tion. At first the Avorld Avas incredulous, but the instrument first became useful and then an absolute necessity. The science of telephony bears an intimate relation to my own profession, for in these days the telephone is used by a large part of the metropolitan ncAvspapers for the collection of afternoon and late night ncAvs. It has become an indispensable part of the machinery of daily journalism. In a position to observe its development, I have often marveled at the achievements of John J. Carty, present chief engineer of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. To his genius is largely due the growth from two crude sounding boxes, connected by wire, to the present system of multiple switchboards. Mr. Carty was born in Cambridge, Massa chusetts, in 1861, and at an early age entered the service of the Bell Telephone Company. He literally began at the loAvest round of the ladder, but his progress toAvard the important place he uoav occupies has been steady and always earned. He has been accorded the distinction that sometimes, not always, re- AA'ards genius and constructive accomplish ment. He is a prominent member of the In stitute of Electrical Engineers. Many thousand words Avould be needed to tell the story of Mr. Carty's various im provements. Especially has he given service in rendering speech over the Avire clearer, in removing the induction noises and in expe diting by his constantly improving switch boards promptitude of intercommunication. It is a matter of tradition that when the first telephone line was opened between New York and Phfladelphia it was difficult to persuade the honest Quakers that they were really talk ing with some one in the metropolis. Mr. Carty is largely responsible for rendering the voice of the speaker so distinct that it can be recoo-nized. After the first long line had been opened in Chicago, St, Louis was connected up, then Denver and in a few months San Francisco will be brought into conversational touch Avith the Atlantic seaboard. 192 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Capt. DAVID L. HOUGH P. H. DUDLEY PAUL G. BROWN David L. Hough has become one of the most successful engineering contractors in the country. Mr. Hough Avas born at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1865, and was educated in the public schools and by a private tutor. After graduating from Yale University in 1885 Avith the degree of Ph. D., he served an apprenticeship as machinist and boilermaker. His first employ ment AA'as as chief engineer in the structural department of R. D. Wood & Co., Philadel phia, and he became in succession chief en gineer and general manager of the East River Gas Company, and general manager of the National Contracting Company. He is noAV president of the United Engineering and Contracting Company, The Cuban Engineer ing and Contracting Co., the Ncav York Tunnel Company and the Hough- Wickersham Realty Company. Mr. Hough Avas a captain in the 1st Regi ment, U. S. Volunteer Engineers during the Spanish-American War, and also held the same rank in one of the companies of the 71st Regiment, N. G. N. Y. He is a member of the Naval and Military Order of the Spanish-American War, Ameri can Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Gas institute, Theta Xi Association, and the University, Engineers, Yale, American Yacht, Turf and Field and City Lunch clubs of Ncav York City; the University of Philadelphia, the Graduates of Ncav Haven and the Vedado Tennis of Havana, Cuba. Iowa's contribution to the engineering talent of Ncav York is Paul G. Brown, Vice-President and Managing Engineer of the United En gineering & Contracting Company. Born at Red Oak, Iowa, 1871, he had his prelimi nary schooling at Tabor College and Wyoming Seminary, and finished at Cornell University in a special engineering course. He began as a rodman in the Chicago Bureau of Engi neering, then served in the construction of the Avater-works tunnels under Lake Michigan. He rose to be engineer in charge of that branch of the city's works. Several firms hav ing city contracts aggregating millions of dol lars abandoned them, but Mr. Brown took them over and completed them at less than contract prices. He Avas among the first to devise methods for soft ground tunnelling, since employed so effectively in Hudson and East River subterranean work. In 1899 he removed to Pittsburg to become chief en gineer and superintendent of a large con tracting corporation, and during that con nection (1904) constructed about five miles of exceedingly difficult tunnel for a new water supply system of Cincinnati. He came to Ncav York as engineer-in-charge for the con tractors of the Terminal Improvement of the New York Central Railroad. As a side issue he completed the "Belmont Tunnel," under the East River to Long Island City — devising the coffer-dam on Man-of-War reef. He then engaged Avith the United Engineering and Contracting Company as managing engineer in the construction of the Pennsylvania Rail- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 193 road tunnels across Manhattan Island. Mr. Brown is considered a national authority on tunnel construction. He belongs to a dozen social organizations, among which are the Cornell, D. K. E., Whist and Engineers' clubs of New York. A great railroad corporation like the New York Central, having mighty rivals, naturally secures the best possible engineering talent both for active work and for consultation. The growth of the permanent Avay since the days of the strap rail has not been eft'ected without a constant exercise of the keenest scientific judgment. There is as great a gulf of experiment, not to say anxiety, between the three-inch strap rail of soft iron and the six-inch steel rail of the present day, weighing 100 pounds to the yard, as there is betAA'een the original "Rocket" locomotive and the gigantic 250-ton engines that draw the 18- hour trains to Chicago. The "Rocket" could hardly pull three Concord coach-bodies mount ed upon trucks, whereas the latest type of express locomotives AA'hisk a ten-car train of steel Pullmans across country at 60 miles an hour. To these changed conditions the ever-thoughtful civil engineers attached to these progressive railroad corporations have chiefly contributed. In this class of men be longs Plimmon Henry Dudley, one of the fore most metallurgical experts in this country. He was born at Freedom, O., May, 1843; edu cated at the public schools, attended the Hiram College, where President Garfield had been a professor. I first heard of him as the chief engineer on the Valley raihvay, but he had been city engineer of Akron four years prior to that time. From his earliest student days he had been a constant observer of rail road building; he realized the future growth of that great public servant, the raihvay; he divined its weakness and set about a search for improvements. In short, even while super intending the construction of roads, sewers and various municipal improvements at x\kron, his active mind Avas largely devoted to railroad construction. Therefore, avc find him an inven tor of the dynagraph, track indicator, strem- matograph for recording strains in rafls under moving trains and several other equally val uable innovations noAV in general use. He it Avas who designed the first five-inch steel rail used in the United States, in 1883; this AAas fol loAA'ed by the first six-inch steel rafl, 1892. Mr. Dudley Avas first lo announce that decay in wood is caused by fungi and not by animal parasites as popularly su])posed. He has attended railway conferences in all parts of the Avorld. Is a member of numerous scientific bodies and is to-day consulting engineer for the NeAV York Central. A man of Avhose acquaintance I am espe cially proud is Rossiter Worthington Ray mond, scientist, laAvyer, author, and I beg to add, philosopher. There is little opportunity in a brief review of such a busy life to more than hint at its accomplishments. Dr. Raymond was born in Cincinnati, April, 1840, Avas edu cated in America and in Europe — winning high honors at Heidelberg and Freiberg. He served through the entire Civil War as aide de camp with the rank of Captain, after which he was consulting engineer in Ncav York for four years; United States Commissioner of Mining Statistics, two years. He became Professor of Economic Geology at Lafayette College, 1870, remaining 11 years. He has edited several engineering and mining journals, lectured on mining laAv at Columbia Univer sity and is a member of the bar. He AAas one of the founders, ex-president and the present secretary of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and is a member of several foreign scientific societies. His largest scientific work, as an author, is "Mineral Resources of the United States, West of the Rocky Mountains," 8 volumes. He belongs to numerous scientific and social organizations. An engineer Avho deserves mention because a of his achievements is Peter Elbert Nostrand, who, as assistant engineer, designed and supervised the construction of the first elevated railroad in Brooklyn; made the original start with the Cape Cod Canal in 1880 and was chief engineer for the construction of the Broadway and the Third Avenue cable rail ways in Manhattan. 194 THE BOOK of NEW YORK The invention and successful development of a number of important improvements in processes for ore treatment, now being adopted by the leading metallurgical establishments all over the Avorld, and knoAAn as the "Dwight and Lloyd Process," has placed Arthur S. Dwight among the leaders in his profession. Mr. DAvight was born in Taunton, Mass., March 18, 1864, and graduated from the Brooklyn Polytechnic in 1882, and the Co lumbia School of Mines in 1 885, the latter institu tion conferring upon him the degree of En gineer of Mines. Immediately upon gradu- Development of the mining interests in this country oAves nearly as much to laboratory research work as to prospectors who have spent years of lonely quest among the moun tains seeking mines. One of the best con sulting engineers in this line known to me is George Wflliam Maynard, born in Brooklyn, June, 1839, and graduated from Columbia College in 1859. After graduation he took a course in chemistry in the Columbia College laboratory and in the autumn of 1860 went to Germany and put in two and one-half years at the Goettingen University and the Royal School of Mines, Clausthal. His first pro- ARTHUR S. DWIGHT GEORGE W. MAA'NARD EDWARD D. MEIER ation and continuously for twenty years after ward, he was engaged in the successful han dling and direction of a number of important mining and smelting enterprises in the West ern United States and Mexico. In 1906 he located permanently in Ncav York City as consulting mining engineer and later organized and became president of the Dwight & Lloyds Metallurgical Company. Mr. DAvight is a life member of the American Institute of Alining Engineers, a member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy of Lon don, England; the Engineers' Club of Ncav York, and the Society of Colonial Wars. He is listed as a non-resident lecturer at Columbia University, in Mining and Metallurgy. fessional Avork was in Ireland as Superintend ent of the Metallurgical Department of a cop per mine. On his return to Ncav York in 1864 he established a mining engineering office and chemical laboratory and subsequently a branch office in Central City, Colorado, Avhere he re mained until the Avinter of 1867. In 1868 he AA'as appointed Professor of Mining and Metal lurgy at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, Ncav York. In 1873 he was called to London, AA'hich became his headquarters for the following six years. In 1876 he erected a copper plant in Russia for an English com pany. In 1878 he investigated the Thomas Basic Steel Process and on his return to America disposed of the patents to the Bes- THE BOOK of NEW YORK semer Company, Limited. He also introduced the Bower-Barff Rustless Iron Process. He was one of the original members of the Ameri can Institute of Mining Engineers; a charter member of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America ; a member of the Iron and Steel Institute, London; the Institution of Mining & Metallurgy, London, and an hon orary member of the Alumni Association of the School of Science, Columbia University. Mr. Maynard is at present in general practice as a consulting engineer. A young man should be thankful to be in a position to choose his life's Avork through nat ural fitness and inclination. EdAvard D. Meier inherited a love for machinery and conse quently, when he started in the business of making locomotives in 1862, he entered upon an occupation that ensured to him happiness and success. Born at St. Louis, in 1841, he received his education at Washington Uni versity of that city and later studied for several years at the Royal Polytechnic Institute in Hanover, Germany. His return to America saw him launched upon a very successful career, broken only by two years of partici- g ation in the Civil War. Since that time Ir. Meier has displayed genius and versa tility in the designing and manufacture of cot ton machinery, blast furnaces and in the de velopment of water tube boilers. He is Pres ident, Chief Engineer and Director of the Heine Safety Boiler Company. Mr. Meier has a leading part in many associations of his craft. What possible use had Niagara ever been to the human race until Nikola Tesla, and friends who financed his scheme, put the fall ing waters to work ? A deal is heard about "vandals who would rob us of the greatest natural phenomenon on earth." I am aware that this is the popular view. But, how many of the hundred thousands of good Americans who jump to the conclusion that it is better to preserve a big Avaterfall for the edification of visiting bridal couples than to employ it turning lathes, driving looms or propelling railroad trains, realize that this "spectacle" is maintained for the enrichment of greedy hotel managers and of a few make- believe Indians, who sell fake moccasins ? I have been a visitor at Niagara since 1864, Avhen, as a boy, I climbed to the top of "Ter rapin ToAver," on the brink of the Horseshoe fall. When that ridiculous addition to nature Avas torn doAvn, a mighty hoAvl Avas raised. "The falls never Avill be the same!" aac AA'ere told. When Table Rock fell, a simflar cry Avas heard. Noav, commercialism is draAving oft' so much Avater that the volume going over the cliff is noticeably reduced. Mathematicians produce NIKOLA TESLA calculations to prove that in a few more years all the overfloAv of the Great Lakes Avill be going through the turbines and the "spectacle" will cease to exist. Very Avell! We can do without the Avaterfalls; but light, poAAcr, trans portation and manufactured products, rep resenting the labor of man, are necessities! I have nerve enough to declare that all of Niagara, as a "spectacle," doesn't compare with one additional cotton or Avoolen mill, giving employment to several hundred active and clever American artisans. That is only one result of the "robbery of Niagara." Put ting the water to work may cause a falling off in trolley traffic through the Niagara gorge; but it will not render marriage unpopular, or 196 THE BOOK of NEW YORK by that means curb the groAA'th of our nation. The United States and Canada had these falls, 165 feet high, for more than a century and annually alloAved nine hundred quadrillion gallons of Avater that they could not drink go to Avaste! Some of these citizens AA'ere im bibing beer and rum Avhen they might have been drinking this beautiful, God-given Avater! The aborigines liked the falling Avaters ! Had they used them to bathe in, no doubt they Avould have retained possession of this vast territorial empire. To Avhat use did they put the beautiful Niagara .^ To most romantic use. Over its brink, in the light of every harvest moon, they sent the fairest Indian maiden, seated in a frail canoe and chanting a hymn to the Great Spirit. That Avas picturesque; that Avas as good use as the falling waters had ever been put to — although severe upon the girl. But it Avas beautiful, and, perhaps, it Avas true! The aborigine had been driven from his ancestral tepee; maiden sacrifice had been abolished, like that other popular custom of the sutee in Hindustan; but the Avaters had flowed on and should swirl forever! Nikola Tesla uoav promises a perfect solu tion of the problem of energy transmission. He undertakes to deliver electrical energy, without the help of Avires, from one point to any other point upon the earth's surface, for domestic and commercial use. The Boer in Pretoria Avill be able to buy his house light and heat from Niagara. This marvel Avill give the final touch to aerial navigation! Nature will be harnessed with the electrical flash and weather will be regulated by man instead of man being regulated by Aveather! Tesla is sure that all things now achieved by the use of coal can be better done by electricity, Avhich means that all coal used Avill be con verted into electrical energy at a fcAv centers and distributed from there. This will save 90,000,000 tons of coal annually. He believes in harnessing every horsepower of waterfalls in this and other countries. Most original o of all the students of electricity in this country is Nikola Tesla, son of a distinguished Greek clergyman. His mother Avas a famous in ventor from whom he derived taste for me chanic arts. Born at Smiljan, Lika, a border country of Austro-Hungary, he was educated in the elementary schools of his native place and graduated at Carlstadt, Croatia, 1873. Originally destined for the clergy, he pre vailed upon his parents to send him to the Polytechnic School in Gratz, where for four years he studied mathematics, physics and mechanics ; folloAving Avith tAvo years in philoso phical studies at University of Prague, Bo hemia. His practical career began in 1881, in Budapest, Hungary, AA'here he made his first electrical invention, a telephone repeater, and conceived the idea of his rotating-mag- netic field; thence he Avent to France and Ger many, Avhere he Avas successfully engaged in various branches of engineering and manu facture; since 1884, in U. S., of AA'hich he is a naturalized citizen. Author of numerous scientific papers and addresses. Among his inventions and discoveries are: System of arc lighting, 1886; Tesla Motor, and system of alternating current poAver transmission, pop ularly known as 2-phase, 3-phase, multiphase and polyphase systems, 1888; system of elec trical conversion and distribution by oscillatory discharges, 1889; generators of high frequency currents and effects of these, 1890; transmis sion of energy through a single Avire without return, 1891; the Tesla Coil or Transformer, 1891; novel system of electric lighting by Tesla tubes, 1891; investigations of high fre quency effects and phenomena, 1891-93; sys tem of wireless transmission of intelligence, 1893; mechanical oscillators and generators of electrical oscillations, 1894-95; researches and discoveries in radiations, material streams and emanations, 1896-98; high potential magnify ing transmitter, 1897; system of transmission of energy by refrigeration, 1898; art of Tela- automatics, 1898-99; discovery of stationary electrical Avaves in the earth, 1899; burning of atmospheric nitrogen, and production of other electrical effects of transcending intensities, 1899-1900; method and apparatus for magni fying feeble effects, 1901-02; art of individual ization, 1902-03; since 1903 chiefly engaged in development of his system of world-telegraphy and telephony, and the design of a large plant for the transmission of poAver Avithout Avires, to be erected at Niagara. His most important re cent Avork is the discovery of a ncAv mechani cal principle, which he has embodied in a great variety of machines, as reversible gas THE BOOK of NEW YORK 197 GEORGE S. GREENE, Jr. ALLEN N. SPOONER ERNEST P. GOODRICH and steam turbines, pumps, blowers, air com pressors, water turbines, mechanical trans formers and transmitters of power, hot air engines, etc. This principle enables the pro duction of prime movers capable of develop ing ten horsepower, or even more, for each pound of weight. By their application to aerial navigation, and the propulsion of ves sels, high speeds are practicable. Improvement of the waterfront of the North River has been the chief thought of every Commissioner of Docks. The extreme width of the river being less than a mfle, the dock-head line was fixed many years ago and the problem of lengthening the piers became one of purchasing land behind the bulkhead, most of which had been filled in, and restoring to the river Avater space that had been taken from it. George S. Greene, Jr., prepared elaborate maps forecasting the wharf system as it is to-day. Mr. Greene was born at Lex ington, Ky., November, 1837, and is a brother of Gen. Francis Vinton Greene. He entered Harvard, 1856, but left before graduation to study civil engineering under his father. He was assistant engineer on the Croton aqueduct; built several railroads in Cuba and managed copper mines on Lake Superior; became engineering chief of the Department of Docks, 1875, and 1898 consulting engineer. Many valuable improvements in instruments used by the U. S. Coast Survey were made by him. The new Chelsea docks were planned by him and he has received entire credit for the same. They are objects of pride to every New Yorker. This city is one of the greatest fields in all the world for competent and experienced con sulting engineers, a fact due to the enormous aggregation of capital centered here. All the great industries of this country have their New York offices, to which are attached the best engineering ability that money Avill hire. Among this class is Ernest P. Goodrich, who at the age of thirty-seven distinguished him self as the chief engineer of the Bush Terminal and its affiliated companies. In that capacity he had charge of the construction of their $10,000,000 raflroad and steamship ware houses. Mr. Goodrich hails from Michigan, where he Avas born at Decatur, in 1874. He was city engineer of his home town at twenty years of age. He was prepared at the State Normal College, graduated at the University of Michigan as B.S., 1898, and C.E., 1900. He was commissioned by President McKinley a civil engineer in the Navy, serving principally at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. He resigned to take up the AAork for the Bush Terminal Company above mentioned. Mr. Goodrich has served as consulting engineer in various capacities for the Borough of Manhattan and serves the city at present in that line. He de livered a course of lectures at Columbia Uni versity on engineering subjects. His specialty is Avater front and dock engineering, manu- 198 THE BOOK of NEW YORK facturing development and reinforced con crete. He is a member of many scientific societies. In no one feature has the great port of New York more noticeably advanced in its facilities for handling the vast commerce that comes hither from all parts of the AA'orld than in the improvement of its wharf system, which to-day compares favorably with that of any maritime city of the Avorld. Especially has this develop ment been noticeable on the North River, where, during the past few years, the munici pality under the direction of the Commis sioner of Docks has created a series of the longest and most capacious piers knoAvn any- AA'here. The man responsible for the con struction of the Chelsea piers, with their white- stone fa9ades, is Allen Newhall Spooner, a graduate of Columbia School of Mines, as civil engineer. Mr. Spooner was born Octo ber, 1844, in Jersey City. He began as a rodman and draughtsman for the Pennsyl vania railroad. His family AA'as related to Elias Howe, inventor of the scAving machine. His first experience in dealing with AA'harf construction Avas in 1887, Avhen he became a supervising engineer for the Department of Docks and Ferries of Jersey City. Next, he v^as consulting engineer of the Passaic Valley District Sewerage and Drainage Commission; the Midland Railroad Terminal Company. of Staten Island; the Ncav York Dock Com pany; James She wan & Sons' Dry Docks; New York and College Point Ferry, and the Port Morris Terminal and Astoria Ferry. For 14 years ]Mr. Spooner had charge, as Division Engineer, of the Department of Docks of the pier and AA'harf system of the East River (Manhattan), l)etAveen the Battery and 125th street, Harlem River. These qualifications peculiarly designated him for the Commissionership of Docks, to AA'hich Mayor McClellan appointed him in 1908. ]Mr. Spooner is a Democrat and a member of the Jersey City, Columbia and University clubs; the American Society of Civil Engineers and of the Masonic and Psi Upsilon fraternities. Another Philadelphian Avho is at the head of a large manufacturing business, with head quarters in Ncav York, is Henry Robinson ToAvne, a mechanical engineer of international reputation. As president of the Merchants' Association of New York, an organization which commands the respect of every citizen of the metropolis, Mr. Towne is especially worthy of mention in this volume, as that association has accomplished more practical reforms affecting the average householder, business and commercial man than any other of its kind, — these results being attained by compelling the enforcement of all good laws upon which the common welfare depends. Mr. Towne's record as a mechanical en gineer is very extensive. Born in Philadelphia in 1844, he was a student at the University of Pennsylvania for tAvo years, and was given an honorary A.M. degree in 1887. He studied also at the Sorbonne, Paris, taking a course in physics, and in the office of Robert Briggs for a special course in engineering. The vital step in his life was taken in 1868, when he became associated with Linus Yale, Jr., in the manufacture of locks and builders' hardware. Upon Mr. Yale's death, shortly afterwards, Mr. ToAvne became president of the Yale & ToAvne Manufacturing Company, whose extensive Avorks, employing 3,000 peo ple, are located at Stamford, Conn. He is a life member and ex-president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is the author of many valuable technical papers and treatises on mechanical subjects. Any beginner in the profession of civil en gineering fortunate enough to secure several years' experience in the engineering depart ment of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, probably one of the best training schools in the world, has a start in his career that is to be envied. John A. Bensel, State Engineer, Avas born in Ncav York City in 1863 and took a degree at Stevens Institute of Tech nology, 1884; after Avhich he at once secured a place on the field stafl' of the Aqueduct Commission of the City of Ncav York, leaving that Avork to accept a position Avith the great railroad company above mentioned. Thus equipped, he becomes assistant engineer in the Department of Docks and during six years of service rose through the various THE BOOK of NEW YORK 199 grades to assistant engineer in charge of con struction, designing and building many of the great waterfront structures of the city. MeauAvhfle, he was called to Philadelphia to design and execute stupendous Avaterfront improvements for the Girard estate. Mr. Bensel became engineering chief of the De partment of Docks and Ferries of this city in 1898 and under his immediate direction the famous Chelsea piers were constructed. Hav ing served as Chief Engineer for seven years. Company and Avas stationed at Ncav Orleans, La. Later, he was division engineer of the Ncav York SubAvay and chief engineer of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit. He was a partner of William Barclay Parsons when both Avere Consulting Engineers to New York City. Mr. Klapp went to the Spanish War as first lieutenant and quartermaster of the 2nd United States Volunteer Engineers and was promoted to the rank of Captain. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Capt. EUGENE KLAPP JOHN A. BENSEL WILLIAM D. MARKS he was appointed Commissioner of the De partment, AA'hich position he held for tAvo years, reorganizing the Staten Island and other ferry service. He was made president of the Board of Water Supply in 1908, giving him direction of the iicav Aqueduct System by which water is to be brought from the Catskill Mountains. Mr. Bensel Avas elected State Engineer in November, 1910. " The House Beautiful," a magazine of laudable and valuable purpose, owes its ex istence to Eugene Klapp, its founder, pub lisher and editor for three years. Eugene Klapp Avas born in Orange, N. J., on May 23, 1867. He studied engineering at the Columbia School of Mines, served as assist ant engineer, engineer of maintenance and later as chief engineer of the South Side Rapid Transit Railroad in Chicago. He then became manager of the National Contracting Engineers and of Delta Psi. His clubs are the St. Anthony and Columbia University. William Dennis Marks is a Missourian, who has Avon exceptional prestige as a mechanical engineer and as the author of several text books on engineering. He Avas born in St. Louis, 1849, and in 1871 was graduated from Yale Avflh the degrees of Ph.B. and C.E. AfterAvard, he engaged in special studies in preparation for the profession he Avas destined to adorn. During the period 1871-'73 he was employed as practical engineer by railway and manufacturing corporations. He served for 2 years as lecturer on mechanical engineering and later became Whitney professor of dy namic engineering at the University of Penn sylvania. Mr. Marks has held such important offices as President and chief engineer of the Edison Electric Light Company, and has acted as special consulting engineer and ex- 200 THE BOOK of NEW YORK pert in gas and electric lighting for Ncav York, Buffalo and other large cities. He is an honorary life member of the Franklin Insti tute of Philadelphia and belongs to the Amer ican Philosophical Society. Richard T. Dana, civil and consulting engineer, Avas graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale in 1896, taking the degree of Ph. B. in civil engineering. Mr. Dana has practiced his profession of consulting engineer Avith remarkable success. He acted as assistant engineer of the Erie Railroad Com pany for several years, since AA'hich time he has practiced independently. Mr. Dana is, at present, chief engineer of the Construction Ser vice Company, and consulting engineer of the Danesville & Mount Morris Railroad Company. He served Avith the Connecticut Naval Militia and is a member of the Amer ican Society of Civil Engineers and American Institute of Mining Engineers. Mr. Dana is a member of the Ncav York Railroad and Yale clubs. "^ Colonel Charles Warfield headed the dar ing and successful party that performed the historic feat of burning the ship Peggy Stewart in Annapolis harbor. This family is one of the oldest of Maryland; its forebears came to America in 1663 and received grants of land, by Royal Patent, in Anne Arundel and How ard counties. LcAvis Warfield Avas born in Baltimore in 1864. He Avas graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1885, and taking up, as a specialty, the study of transportation engineering, served with the Baltimore & Ohio, Erie and Pennsylvania Railroads until 1901. During that time he was also vice-president and trustee of various street railroads. In 1901 he became one of the three founders of the Donald Steamship Company, and Avas chosen vice-president of the Occidental Construction Company, en gaged in the development of the Pacific Coast of Mexico. He is a member of the Ncav York Yacht Club. Dr. James Douglas, the mining engineer and railroad man is a native of the city of Quebec, Avhere he Avas born in 1837, and Avho has resided since 1875 in the United States. The father of Dr. Douglas Avas a medical man, Avho for many years Avas one of the proprietors of the Beauport Asylum near Quebec, and one of the first men in Canada to introduce modern and humanitarian methods in the care and treatment of the insane. Dr. Doug las took his B.A. degree at Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, in 1858, and completed his education at Edinburgh University. Until his migration to Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, to take charge of the copper Avorks there, he was Professor of Chemistry in Morrin College, Quebec. He is a member and has been twice president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers ; he is also a member of the American Philosophical Society, the American Geograph ical Society, the Society of Arts of London, the Iron and Steel Institute of London, and has received the gold medal of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy of London, of AA'hich he is also a member. He is a trustee of the American Museum of Natural History of Ncav York and of the General Memorial Hos pital. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by McGill University. Dr. Douglas is the author of "Old France in the Ncav World," "Canadian Independence and Imperial Federation," and was a Cantor Lec turer of the Society of Arts. He is a member of the Century Association, the Engineers Club and the Adirondack League Club. In speaking of street names, one naturally asks : ' ' Who AAas Ann ? ' ' This little thorough fare Avas not always headquarters of cast-off material. With the surrounding territory Ann Street once formed a part of the first Dutch Governor's garden. Later Gov. Dongan got the property, and his heirs sold it in 1762 to Thomas White, one of the great merchants of the day. He cut the land up into building lots, and Avhat more fitting monument could he pay to his Avife than to name one of the streets for her! It Avas Mrs. Ann White Avho ceded to the city the little alley between Broad- AA'ay and Nassau Street knoAvn as Theatre Alley, reminiscent of the days AA'hen the pop ular Park Theatre stood just above the Park Roav Building overlooking the square. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 201 CHAS. H. ZEHNDER ROBT. B. STANTON DAVID W. PYE Another man Avho has groAvn Avith the de velopment of the coal and iron industry in northeastern Pennsylvania is Charles H. Zehn- der, who, although nominally a Ncav Yorker, is resting after a life of commercial activity at his country seat, Allenhurst, Ncav Jersey. Born in Northumberland County, Penn., 1856, he was educated at the public schools. He began an active business career as clerk in a national bank in his native common wealth. In 1879 he went to Berwick, Pa., with the Jackson & Woodin Manufacturing Company (carbuilders) , rising to the presi dency of that corporation. In 1896 he be came president of the Dickson Manufacturing Company of Scranton, remaining five years, during which time he assisted in organizing the Allis-Chalmers Company, merging the machinery building interest of the Dickson corporation with the ncAV company. He formed the Allegheny Ore & Iron Company of Virginia, 1902, acquiring three blast fur naces and valuable iron ore lands. This property was later sold and his interest trans ferred to the bituminous coal and coke regions of West Virginia, where he became president of the Austen Coal & Coke Company. Wflh two brothers, he organized the Scranton Bolt & Nut Company of Scranton, Pa., of which he is vice-president. He is a director in the fol lowing corporations: Equflable Life Assur ance Society, Empire Steel & Iron Company of Catasauqua, Empire Trust Company of Ncav York, Union National Bank of Phila delphia, a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Union League clubs of Ncav York and Philadelphia, the LaAvyers', Railroad and Ncav York Athletic clubs of Ncav York. Among the prominent mining engineers of this city, I must not overlook Robert BrcAA'ster Stanton, AA'ho has travelled in all parts of the Avorld, including the Dutch East Indies, ex amining mineral deposits. Mr. Stanton was born in Woodvflle, Miss., August, 1846, and was valedictorian of the class of 1871 at Miami University, Ohio. There he secured Phi Beta Kappa and is also a member of the Alpha Deha Phi fraternity. His first work was as a levelman on the original surA'cys for the Atlantic & Pacific railroad in Indian Ter- rflory; thence, he entered the construction department of the Cincinnati Southern rail- Avay; then became division and later chief engineer of the Dayton & Southeastern; next a division engineer of the Union Pacific rafl road from '80-'84^Avhen he built the noAv famous "GeorgetoAvn Loop" in Colorado. MeanAA'hile, he had been devoting all spare time to study of mining engineering^ and,_ in 1891, he switched to that profession, in which he has been successful. He has reported on mines throughout the United States. Canada and Mexico, Cuba and the Dutch East Indies. As chief engineer of a proposed railroad 202 THE BOOK of NEW YORK doAvn the Colorado River of the West, he led, in 1889-'90, the second successful expedition that ever passed through the Grand Canon of that river, following Major PoavcH's first exploration of 1869. He is a member of the Engineers' Club, American Society and the British Institution of Civil Engineers, American Institute of iNIining Engineers, the British Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, and other societies. A prominent Ncav York manufacturer of rail way supplies entered his present field through the gateway of journalism. I refer to David Walter Pye, born in Brooklyn, November, 1870, and prepared for a business career at a local college. When fifteen years of age, he Avas a reporter on the staff of the Argus; there after engaging Avith the Pintsch Light Com pany, that supplied illumination on raihvay cars. There he developed much aptitude as purchasing agent and soon had entire charge of the commercial branch of the com pany. In 1910 he was offered the presidency of the United States Heat and Lighting Com pany — an amalgamation of the National Bat tery Company and the Bliss Electric Car Lighting Company. Large factories for the construction of this light have recently been opened at Niagara Falls. Mr. Pye has many social affiliations and is fond of outdoor sports — belonging to the New York Yacht, Crescent Athletic and Columbia Yacht clubs. He is a member of the Maritime Association of Ncav York, the Japan Society and several other clubs. The first time one hears Vandam Street, in GreenAvich Village, mentioned, if he has had a pious bringing up, the name Avill cause a shock; but a hasty run through the Dutch chronicles Avill unearth old Rip van Dam, Avho Avas somcAvhat of a man in his day. The origin of Marketfield Street, an ob scure little lane leaving Broad beloAv Beaver — the existence of which isn't knoAvn to one stock broker in a hundred — is clouded in antiqufly. It Avas likely as not the market place in early Dutch days. The fort at the Batterv and a fcAv houses thereabouts Avere the germs of the present imperial city. With the groAA'th of mechanical inventions have appeared new professional activities and special nomeclature descriptive thereof. For example, marvelous strides in electrical science have rendered necessary a technique of its oAA'n. Mechani cal devices have not been confined to any one field, however, and demand for expert opinion regarding the projected investment of large sums of money in manufacturing en- JAMES N. GUNN terp rises, together Avith advice as to proper lo calities for mills or points of distribution, induced a thoroughly equipped scientific mind to undertake the creation of an absolutely novel profession. I refer to James Newton Gunn, Avho blazed an entirely new trail in science by announcing himself as "an indus trial engineer," meaning thereby "an author ity and advisor in production engineering." Not only did Mr. Gunn give to his new pro fession its name but he developed it into a highly successful achievement, proving it to be a branch of engineering that devoted itself to various factors of production in industrial fields Avith the chief object of increasing effi ciency. James NcAvton Gunn Avas born at Springfield, Ohio, in 1867, and obtained his preliminary education at the public schools of that city. He then studied under private tutors and spent a year in Europe, investigat ing manufacturing methods and labor con ditions. He is a lecturer on industrial organi zation at Harvard University. His ancestors came to Dorchester, Mass., in 1635; and a son of Thomas Gunn, from Avhom he is directly descended, moved to Milford, Conn. He is a member of the Lotos, Engineers', City, Midday clubs of New York, and of the Colo nial at Cambridge, Mass. If John William Rapp, the president of the United States Metal Products Company, had believed that "opportunity knocks but once at a man's door," he Avould not hold the im- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 203 portant position in commercial life that he does. Mr. Rapp took hold of many oppor tunities and worked upon them. Some failed, but that did not prevent his trying another; he mastered his trade as a sheet metal Avorker, beginning as a boy helper at the bench and rising to the top rung of the ladder as expert workman; he then opened a modest little Avorkshop in East 66th Street, for the manu facture of skylights and roofing; he foresaAv in JOHN W. RAPP the fast groAving buflding industry, as apart ment houses seemed to spring up over night, that for the public safety the old fashioned wooden doors and windoAvs would have to be replaced by something more substantial as fires swept away many of the new buildings. "Doors and windows must be fireproof" he said, "and sheet metal is the material for it." Acting upon the thought, he produced a fcAv samples and the contractors and builders at once saAV that the great problem of the fire- proofing industry Avas solved. From that time on the firm of John W. Rapp & Company had all the orders they could handle; "the acorn had groAvn to an oak tree," and Avhen the Unfled States Metal Products Company Avas incor porated, John W. Rapp was its president, and to-day it may be said that there is not an im portant modern building put up in Ncav York City that has not some of its material Avithin its Avails. Recently, the ncAV Vanderbilt Hotel caught fire on the fourth floor. The house had just opened to the public and AA'as Avell filled Avith guests. The corridor Avas piled Avith ucav furniture Avrapped in burlap and excelsior — the most inflammable material — and Avas a seething mass of flames AA'hen discovered. What happened ? The furniture Avas burned, but the fire died Avhere it originated. It could not pass the holloAv steel doors of the corridors and elevator shafts of the manufacture of the United States Metal Products Company. Oc cupants of the floors above and below the fire did not knoAV there Avas a fire. With the ex ception of the loss of the furniture no damage Avas done. "The construction of a building may be perfect," said Mr. Rapp, "but as long as Avood is used for doors and AvindoAvs or partitions the danger Avill exist. Our ucav method of construction eliminates Avood entirely for all interior trim; the AvindoAvs, doors, partitions, Avainscoting, etc., are made of indestructible material — fireproof, absolutely so , beyond ques tion. Every room is a unit in itself and if a fire starts in it, it is confined to the rooms in Avhich it originated. That's the AA'hole story." The manufacturing plant of the company is at College Point on the Sound, occupying five blocks square and the executive and general offices are at 203-205 West 40th Street, Ncav York City. The company has branches in Phfladelphia, Washington, Boston and San Francisco, and oavus and controls seventy or more patents for metal trim and appliances for buildings. Mr. Rapp is a director in the Colpo Realty Company; the R. & J. Realty Company; the Arsea Buflding Company; Star Carborator and Supply Company; Re liance Roller Bearing Company; Member of the Building Trade Association; trustee of the Flushing Plospital; member of the Catholic Club, Queens Borough Chamber of Com merce; the Shinnecock Club, Whitestone and Knickerbocker Yacht Clubs and the College Point Club. 204 THE BOOK of NEW YORK EDWARD G. BURGESS Born in the city of Albany in 1844, EdAvard Guyer Burgess Avas educated in the public schools of Jersey City and began the battle of life as a boy Avith the jcAvelry firm of Alex ander McDougal in Cortlandt Street. After several years of experience that one does not appreciate at the time but value in later life, EdAvard G. Burgess Avent Avith Paul Grout Avith AA'hom his father Avas associated in the grain business. This has been his occupation through life, and he has achieved an unusual degree of success there in. Mr. Burgess is uoav president of the In ternational Elevating Company; has served several years as vice-president and president of the Produce Exchange. He is a member of of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Museum of Natural History, Sons of the Amer ican Revolution, National Geographic and Ncav York Botanical Societies; he belongs to the Ncav York Athletic, ^lontclair Arts and Montclair Club, and is a founder of the Essex County Country Club. The Ackers are a family that has largely retained the blood of its Dutch ancestry. The first member of this famfly in America landed here in 1663. David D. Acker, Avho died in 1888, established the firm of Acker, Merrall & Condit, whose name is a household AA'ord. His eldest son, Charles L. Acker, succeeded him and died in 1891. This man's son, Charles Livingston Acker, Avas born in 1872, Avas educated at the University Grammar School and Avas graduated therefrom in 1889. In October of that year he entered the service of the above firm, but a year after the Avith- drawal of the Acker family from the business, in 1891, resigned. In 1907, in connection Avith Augustus B. Carrington, Mr. Acker organized the Manhattan Mortgage Company. He is treasurer and a director of this firm. Mr. Acker also Avas one of the organizers of the Guarantee Mortgage Company, of Avhich he is a director, a member of the Executive Committee and Treasurer. He Avas for some time a member of Company B, Seventh Regi ment. It is pleasant to read poetry about the sea; but it is a different matter to Avrest from its Avaters a living. The ocean is the greatest hunting ground in the Avorld. Its Avaters outside the three- mile limit do not belong to any man or nation. Hunters of the sea have been famous since time began, but providers of sea food for the hungry public are those who merit most attention from a domestic vicAV point. Walter E. Ash- croft was born in Eng land in 1873, came to this city as a boy and Avas educated at Trin ity School. He e n - gaged in the wholesale fish business and is now president of Warner & Prankard, vice-presi dent of the Ncav York Fish Company and sec retary of the Continental Fish Company, the three places located in the Avholesale fish market — Warner & Prankard at No. 22 Fulton Market, the Ncav York Fish Company at No. 15 Fulton Market, and the Continental Fish Company at No. 26 Fulton Market. In re ligion he is an Episcopalian, and in politics a Republican. On the east side of BroadAvay, from Maiden Lane above Fulton, Avas the ancient Van Tienhoven farm. Most of it finally became the property of an association of five shoe makers and tanners and is popularly knoAvn as the Shoemakers' pasture. Most prominent of these was John Harpending, Avhose home stead Avas on the corner of Maiden Lane and BroadAvay. From him John Street gets its name, and the valuable holdings of the Dutch Reformed Church in that locality, betAveen BroadAvay and William Street, come from his bequest to that denomination of the greater part of his property. WALTER E. ASHCROFT THE BOOK of NEW YORK 205 WILLIAM J. GAYNOR Mayor of New York City From a recent snapshot taken while addressing an audience on city affairs Many of our city streets AA-ere named after the War of 1812 in honor of warriors Avho Avere prominent in that conflict. Perry is an example. On the east side there is quite a batch of these 1812 Avar hero thoroughfares, including Forsyth, named for Col. Forsyth, wounded in Canada; Chrystie, for Lieut. Col. John Chrystie, killed at the Niagara frontier; Eldridge, for Lieut. Eldridge, scalped in Canada; Allen, for Lieut. Wflliam H. Allen, wounded in the naval fight between the Argus and the British ship Pelican; LudloAv, for Lieut. LudloAV, kflled in action betAveen the Chesapeake and the Shannon; Pike, for Gen. Pike, kflled in the attack on Toronto in 1813. Worth Street Avas so named in honor of Gen. Worth, kflled in the Mexican War. It sup planted the earlier name of Anthony, after Anthony Rutgers, through Avhose farm it ran. H. H. TOPAKYAN Among NeAV York's citizens hailing from the Orient none is more highly esteemed than Hayozoun Hohannes Topakyan, Consul Gen eral of Persia at this port. He is an Arme nian, born at Sazaria, T u rk e y , November, 1864, and is a descend ant of an ancient Ar menian family. Having completed preliminary studies in his native toAvn, he attended the American college at Bardizak to learn Eng lish. After mastering the details of trade Avith his father, he removed to Constantinople and became a commission merchant. Coming to the United States on business, he Avas so pleased Avith American institutions that he decided to remain. He reached New York in 1887, and, in a modest Avay, began the importation of Persian, Turkish and India rugs. His business, based uj>on absolute fairness in dealing, has steadily grown until INIr. Topakyan is to-day the largest private importer of Eastern rugs. In recog nition of his services in introducing the AA'caves of Persia to this country, the Shah designated him as Imperial Commissioner for Persia at the Chicago World's Fair. The Persian and Ottoman pavilion at the Exhibition AA'as built at Mr. Topakyan's personal expense and he received the thanks of the Commissioners and President Cleveland for his labors in behalf of the great fair. He Avas aAvarded forty-eight diplomas and an equal number of medals for the superiority of his display of Oriental goods. He Avas decorated by the Persian, Turkish and Ven ezuelan Governments. From Persia he re ceived the Imperial Order of "The Lion and the Rising Sun;" from Turkey, the "Magi- diya," and from Venezuela, the "Buste del Lisuetor." He AAas also informed a short time ago by the Persian Legation at Washing ton that they had received a communication from his Highness, Mohtachemos-Saltaneh, Minister of Foreign Affairs at Teheran, Persia 206 THE BOOK of NEW YORK informing the Legation that the Imperial Gov ernment had conferred upon Consul-General Topakyan an imperial gold decoration for his long and valuable services. It is stated that no Consul has ever before received such high decorations. The x\cademic Society of International His tory of France has also recently conferred the gold medal of the society upon ]Mr. Topakyan in recognition of his efforts in Oriental re search. Among the many other posts of honor that Mr. Topakyan has been called upon to fill is that of the honorary vice-presidency of the International Peace Forum, of Avhich John Wesley Hill is president and of Avhich, also, Wm. H. Taft is honorary president. As evidence of his devotion to this republic, Mr. Topakyan, in 1907, presented to the United States, to be hung in the White House, a Persian rug AA'orth $50,000 — one of the finest specimens ever brought to this country. Its texture is of imperial silk, marvelously aa'ovcu and set Avith a multitude of rubies, pearls, turquoise and other precious stones. The gift Avas accepted by President Roosevelt and it noAv hangs in a massive mahogany frame upon a Avail of the White House. ^Ir. Topakyan lives in the Summer at "Persian Court," MorristoAvn, N. J., a typical Oriental home, handsomely decorated and furnished with Eastern materials. He is high ly philanthropic. I have learned that he sup ports twenty-eight orphan children. As a leader in the Armenian colony, he has been a constant Avorker for the amelioration of con ditions among his former countrymen. Since becoming an American, he has joined the Re publican party and is active in politics. He is a member of many clubs and social organi zations. Were it not for the policy long ago adopted by Trinity Church to give the names of its Wardens and A'estrymen to many streets as they Avere laid out from time to time through the broad acres of its church farm more than one of the great leaders in the early mercan tile and social life of the city AAOuld noAV be forgotten. These coniniemorate the activities of Gabriel LudloAv, INIatthcAv Clarkson, Col. Bayard, John Reade, Joseph Murray, John Chambers, Stephen De Lancey. Robert Watts, Elias Desbrosses, EdAvard Laight, Dr. John Charlton, Humphrey Jones, Anthony Lis- penard. Gov. Morgan LcAvis, Thomas BarroAV, Jacob Leroy, Frank Dominick, John Clark, Rufus King, the Rev. Dr. Beach, and that Avorthy old Dutchman Rip van Dam. VICTOR A. HARDER There are many self-made men in this big city; an example is found in the case of Victor A.' Harder, born in Manhattan, 1847, and educated at the public schools. He started Avork as a bookkeeper Avith Mayor Lane in 1869, soon developing into a traveling sales man, Avhere he attained much success. He se cured an interest in the manufacturing business in 1876 when the firm name Avas changed to Mayor Lane & Co. Since that time Mr. Harder has bought out his partner and made a corporation of the busi- Ile explains his success only upon the that he "got to Avork and hus tled." He is president of the Essex Foundry, NcAvark, N. J.; the PoAvhattan Brass & Iron Works, Charleston, W. Va.; Mayor Lane & Co., and the Victor A. Harder Realty & Con struction Co., NeAV York City. Mr. Harder is a 32d degree Mason, a member of the Mon tauk, Riding and Driving and Prospect Gun clubs. At this time, Avhen doctors and paymasters are scrambling for the privilege of describing themselves as Captains and Rear Admirals, it is gratifying to find an old Navy officer AA'ho Avhen he asked for retirement from the Naval Militia of Ncav York insisted upon re taining the title of Commodore, Avhich he bore in the Naval Militia, instead of acquiring a higher one. In a remarkable letter Avhich Commodore Jacob William Miller has sent to Governor John A. Dix, he said that experience of tAventy years in the United States Navy ness. grounds THE BOOK of NEW YORK 207 RICHARD C. VEIT JOHN H. FLAGLER LAUREN J. DRAKE led him to believe the grade of Rear Admiral should be bestowed only upon those Avho are to fill executive positions at sea, and that it should be restricted to officers of the regular service commanding fleets. The title of Com modore being traditionally an honorable one, he deemed it a great privilege to be alloAved to retain it. Commodore Miller Avas born in Morristown, N. J., June, 1847, son of a United States Senator from that state. He entered the Naval Academy, 1863, and was graduated, 1867. The following twenty years Avere passed in service in all parts of the Avorld. Dur ing the winter of 1877, he Avas on board the "Vandalia" when General Grant visited the Levant on his trip around the Avorld. On resigning from the Navy in 1883, he became identified Avith railroads. In 1889, he Avas elected president of the Providence & Ston ington Steamship Company; later he became vice-president of the Ncav England Naviga tion Company, Avhich controlled all the Sound steamers; resigning this post in 1909, he has since been vice-president of the Cape Cod Construction Company. He is a member of the University, Century, Naval Academy Alumni and many other clubs and societies. Playing an important part in the industrial history of the country, John H. Flagler has capped his achievements by shifting to com mercial lines and directing the affairs of Heo-eman & Co., Avhich probably controls the world's largest amalgamation of Avholesale and retail drug and chemical stores. Mr. Flagler Avas born in Cold Springs, Putnam County, Ncav York, and Avas edu cated at the Academy of Paterson, N. Y. His early experience AA'as Avith Haldane & Co., maternal uncles, Avho conducted an iron busi ness. He then organized the firm of John H. Flagler & Co., and started the manufacture of tubing at East Boston. This firm event ually became the National Tube Works and Avas removed to Pennsylvania, being finally absorbed by the United States Steel Corpora tion. Mr. Flagler is an earnest yachtsman and has been connected Avith the American and At lantic Yacht clubs. He is also a member of the New York Yacht, Raflroad, LaAA'yers, Lotos, and Engineers' clubs of New York, and the Ncav York Historical Society and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. From office boy to manager of the Marine Department of the Standard Oil Company, and to stockholder of that gigantic corporation, is the accomplishment of Richard C. Veit. He Avas born in Ncav York City, NoA'cmber 17, 1855, and at the age of thirteen years entered the emplov of the company as an office boy at three dollars per Aveek, rising gradually through many responsible positions until he reached his present place. He is, in addition, interested in several industrial concerns and is vice-president of the J. Hood Wright Memorial Hospital. ]Mr. Veit is a patron of St. Mark's Hospital and is a member of the American Museum of 208 THE BOOK of NEW YORK WILLIAM R. TODD Natural History, the Ncav York Zoological Society, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Lotos Club and the Ncav York and Atlantic Yacht clubs. Nearly a half century spent Avith the Quincy Alining Company of Lake Superior, Michigan, has made William R. Todd a notable figure in the copper mining industry of the United States. ^Ir. Todd Avas born at Cambridge, Mass., June 15, 1837, the son of John Xeatby and Julia (Parsons) Todd, and AA'as educated in the public schools there and in Brooklyn. He Avent to Houghton County, Mich., in 1859, as a clerk at the Quincy Mine. During 1864 and 1865, he was in the Navy as clerk to Capt. G. H. Scott, U. S. Navy, senior officer in com mand of the United States blockading fleet oft' Charleston, S. C, serving on the ships "Canandaigua" and "John Adams." After the war he operated ofl Avells in Kentucky and in 1869 Avas elected secretary and treasurer of the Quincy Mining Company, Avith headquarters in Ncav York City. In 1902 he Avas made president of that corporation Avhich position he has since held. A man Avho has attained prominence in the oil industry is Lauren J. Drake, Avho Avas born in Concord, Erie County, N. Y., Jan uary 29, 1842. He Avas educated in the public schools of Buffalo and at the Springville Academy and at the age of twenty-tAvo re moved to the oil fields of Pennsylvania and became a conductor on the Oil Creek Railroad. In 1875 he removed to Keokuk, la., and from thence to Omaha, Neb., to become general manager of the Consolidated Tank Lines Company. He Avas in 1896 made general manager of the business in the nine states comprising the Standard Oil Company, of Indiana, and in 1902 Avas called to the company's office in Ncav York City. He is a director of the Stand ard Oil Company, of N. J., and vice-president of the Standard Oil Company, of Indiana and the Galena Signal Oil Company. He is also president of the Standard Oil Company, of Kentucky. Mr. Drake is a member of the Union League Club of Chicago and the Essex County Coun try Club of New Jersey. Customs house brokerage is one Avhich calls for exceptional qualities and experience. Mar shall Joseph Corbett, one of the leaders in this business, is the de scendant of old and honored American fam ilies on both sides. Born in 1843 in Brook- dale, Pa., the first note- Avorthy event in his ca reer Avas his enlistment for service in the Civil War. Mr. Corbett has to his credit participa tion in some of the most historic actions, includ ing Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wauhat- chie, the Atlantia cam paign and "Sherman's March to the Sea." Leaving- the army upon the declaration of peace Avith the brevet rank of Major, conferred for meritorious service, he became eventually a clerk in the U. S. Appraiser's Department. Rising to the post of examiner and assistant appraiser of merchandise of the port of Ncav York, Mr. Corbett has become an expert in custonis usages and regulations as well as in the science of appraisement. Consequently, upon quitting the service after tAventy-tAvo years' experience, in 1892, he Avas in an excep tional position to build up the successful busi ness that he has. ^9 lull % ^«l 1 MARSHALL JOS. CORBETT THE BOOK of NEW YORK 209 CHAPTER XXI ECHOES OF THREE WARS ^S a guest of John Russell Young, I visited the battlefield of Gettysburg in the fall of 1894, and Avalked Avith General E. P. Alexander over the half mile of up-hill land, crossed by Pickett's men in their immortal charge against the Federal position at the top of that slope. Although 31 years had passed, a memorable incident occurred after reaching the crest of the hill. granite base stands a mammoth The monument bears the in- "HighAA'ater Mark of the Con- Upon one page of that big bronze set doAvn the names of the Federal s on that bloody field; upon the are the names of the Confederate Upon a open book scription : federacy." volume are commanderother page chieftains. When the visitors looked, behold General Alexander's name stood immediately beloAV those of Longstreet and I.iee! He had com manded the artillery that covered the assault by Pickett's men — a charge felt to be hopeless Avhen ordered. General Alexander heard the command delivered to Pickett by an aide from Longstreet. Years afterwards it was said General Lee never approved of the Avanton destruction of life; about this General Alex ander was uninformed. It Avas the forlorn hope, after the checking of Stuart's cavalry in the sunken road, behind the same elevated ridge — a continuation of Cemetery Hill. In "The Confederate War," Eggleston says: "The story of Pickett's charge may uoav be told to Northern ears as surely sympathetic Avith the heroism shoAvn in that Avorld-famous action as are any ears at the South." Another monument atop that hill causes the blood to tingle; it is erected to General Lewis Addison Armistead, a Confederate, Avho actually broke through the thin Federal line defending the crest, and Avas killed three rods inside. Busy as the defenders AAcre at the time — for the enemy was then at arm's length — strenuous eft'orts Avere made to capture Armistead alive. He was frantically slashing and lunging at everybody within reach, but not a Federal gun AA'as raised to shoot him. He sneered at demands to surrender; a soldier undertook to disarm him by bayonet fencing, so sincere Avas admiration for his bravery. Report dift'ers as to hoAV Armistead was killed; he Avas not deliberately shot. The accepted theory of Federal soldiers, at that danger point during the terrible crisis, is that a fragment of shell brought him doAvn. There stands his monument, and old Federals, as Avell as Confederates, get damp in the eyes Avhen they gather before it. General Alexander only saAv that final grapple of North and South at Gettysburg from a distance. He Avas in the valley, overseeing the service of the field guns, the roar of AA'hich must have shut out the unearthly shouts of assailants and defenders or shrieks of the dying. A revelry of death was in progress upon that field! When I read of the unveiling of the statue to the glorious LaAvton, the man Avho Avon the only fight at Santiago de Cuba, I remembered his conduct there, as described by ^Nlajor- General Joseph C. Breckinridge, at Old Point Comfort, Avithin an hour of landing from the transport that had brought him home. LaAv- ton Avas the Leonidas of that battle! I Avish I could reproduce the fire and the vigor Avith Avhich General Breckinridge recited the first complete story of that two-days' fight. We Avere seated in one of the sun par lors of the Hotel Chamberlin, Breckinridge walking about the uncarpeted apartment. He had been talking for forty minutes about the difficulties that confronted General Shafter — difficulties that Shaffer afterAA'ard described to me, Avhen I had a talk Avith him aboard the "MohaAvk" at Fort Pond Bay and he made that 210 THE BOOK of NEW YORK memorable utterance : "The men Avho ordered a summer campaign in a fever-infested country are responsible!" "It has not been told; but the attack upon San Juan Hill failed!" said General Breck inridge, speaking solemnly. "The Spaniards Avere intrenched in most modern fashion — meaning they had burroAved in the earth. Instead of throAving dirt in front of them, they had placed it behind them. They had solid earth betAveen them and our bullets. Quite a dift'erence! As for our men, they stood in the open. Each American soldier Avas like a savage, and represented only Avhat he Avas Avorth in shoe leather, as a mark for Spanish marksmen. Here Avas the problem: We Avanted the San Juan earthAvorks, but the El Caney blockhouse on our flank must be captured first. "John Chaffee AA'as the sublime figure of the night of June 30. He got his men splen didly intrenched, personally supervising every detafl. He didn't sit doAvn, much less sleep. And this AA'as Avise, because avc had determined to assault San Juan Hill — a position that Avould be called an impregnable position by every Avriter on the art of AA'ar since the repeat ing arm has come into universal use. Chaffee kncAv as Avell as did LaAvton Avhat the task meant! His men made pits in AA'hich they 'covered themselves Avith the planet'! The little hill of earth that the old-time soldier thrcAV in front of his trench AA'as not a pro tection; it AA'as a mark! "The El Caney blockhouse Avas taken by assault early next day (July 1) ; and after that position on the right had been secured, LaAvton Avas to act Avith the other Iavo divis ions in delivering a sAvinging, solar-plexus bloAv. He had gone over the ground on the map during the night of June 30 and by reconnaissance in the early morning that fol- loAved. Everything depended upon LaAA'ton! We Avere short of artillery, Avhich Avas im perative for LaAvton's proper support, in case he encountered stubborn resistance. This aid he had every right to expect, because the Spaniards Avere admirably placed in rifle pits, constructed, as I have said, Avith highest military art. "After the capture of the fort at El Caney came a hitch; troops at that point Avere vir tually called off. To have obeyed orders Avould liaA'c meant an abandonment of a des perate bit of success, — an act humiliating to every officer and man engaged in the move ment. The courier passed doAvn the line until he reached LaAvton's division. No sooner had this man heard the orders than, his face agloAv Avith the fire of battle, LaAvton ex claimed : " 'I can't qufl!' "The serious problem Avas put up to me," continued Breckinridge, "and I said: 'You must take the village, also.' That AA'as done in thirty minutes. Many deeds of bravery occurred during that first day's fight; but I Avas not a personal Avitness to them. The attack on San Juan by HaAvkins had failed and the fact Avas generally knoAvn throughout both armies. "The morning of July 2 broke clear and beautiful, Avith LaAA'ton's division on the right and Bates' independent brigade on the left of a position cveryAvhere beleaguered. Our men on the hill crest AA'ere still there, chiefly in holes in the ground, dug during the night; but the heart of every officer and every man in the plain beloAv throbbed Avith an ardent desire to go to the support of comrades in such a forlorn position. In the early morning light. HaAA'kins could be seen recklessly ex posing himself to flying bullets. "After such breakfast as only the more fortunate of us could eat, serious alarm arose as to AA'hether Ave had not advanced beyond reach of our supplies. Remember, the roads Avere mere torrent paths, through Avhich AA'agons could not be draAvn, and the Spanish artillery on the heights above us covered all the middle ground across Avhich stores Avould have to be transported. All day long the next move Avas canvassed. Troops at the front hadn't a thing to eat except Avhat they carried on their backs. Our forces spent that entire day in the face of the enemy, but there Avasn't any fighting. To send the main body to the support of HaAA-kins and to attempt to cany the heights by storm Avould have pro duced a catastrophe, Avith Avhich Skobeloff's attack upon the Gravflza redoubt before Plevna, in September, 1877, Avould have been THE BOOK of NEW YORK 211 trifling. A grave council of officers assembled that night at El Paso; but a conclusion Avas not reached. " On the morning of July 3 the situation was hazardous! Several men of tried and indis putable courage hesitated to advise. HaAv kins' position Avas perilous. WithdraAval, which every officer of experience felt in his heart would have been good tactics, was not considered, because the next day would be July 4. We kncAv nothing about the splendid victory of the American fleet oft' the harbor's mouth! But the Spaniards kncAv and a truce was proposed. This Avas folloAved on our part by a peremptory demand for unconditional surrender. It AA-as acceded to." "Do you mean that the demand for sur render was made at a moment of peril to the American troops.^" I asked, amazed. "I mean that aac demanded Toral's sur render at a time Avhen our retreat appeared to be imperative," answered General Breck inridge. The lesson of this statement would appear to be Lawton Avon the first day's fight, that the second day's battle Avas Avithout decisive result, and that the fleet under Admiral Samp son brought about the surrender of the land forces of Spain at Santiago. Sad so gallant a man as Lawton subsequent ly lost his life in the Philippines, Avhen he possessed so many of the elements of a great commander! He ought to have a monument on the Prado at Havana, because his heroic firmness, at a critical moment, made the victory at Santiago de Cuba possible. When the arrival of the Spanish prisoners from Santiago Avas expected at Portsmouth, N. H., I Avas specially engaged by the World to meet the transport "St. Louis," AA'hich Avas bringing Admiral Cervera and 320 men, and to describe the landing. I was also expected to get an account of the voyage, because most of the other metropolitan ncAA'spapers had cor respondents aboard. It Avas not a task for a novice, but I felt confident of success until I attempted to procure a pass for the incoming ship from Rear-Admiral Carpenter at the Kittery Navy Yard. He refused to aid me in any manner, although I enlisted the good offices of an old friend. Col. James Forney, U. S. M. C. In Ncav Hampshire's only port all incom ing vessels are boarded by an official knoAvn as a "Harbor-Master." He lives at Ncav- castle, southeastern entrance to the harbor. I drove five miles to that village, installed myself at its only hotel, and secured the cooperation of its proprietor in order that I might make the acquaintance of the harbor master. That official Avas invited to the hotel and joined me in the cafe. Before mid night, by means of stories and good cheer, I had thoroughly ingratiated myself Avith the retired ship-captain who held the important post of harbor-master. By one o'clock I had secured an appointment as deputy harbor master, entitling me to go in the boat with my chief Avhen he boarded the "St. Louis." That Avas an anxious night, because the vessel Avas expected any hour. The big transport steamed into port the folloAving afternoon; the deputy harbor-master Avas the second man to board her, folloAving his chief up the gangAvay Avith all the assump tion of authority he AA'as able to aft'ect and returning the salute of the officer of the deck. In my official capacity I explored every corner of the ship, as authorized to do; visited the deck stateroom of the captive Spanish admiral and obtained, by inquiry among the younger officers of the vessel, complete details of the voyage. Having been informed that Cap tain Goodrich, the commanding officer of the "St. Louis," had issued an order forbidding anybody to address Admiral Cervera unless spoken to by him, an intervicAv Avas not at tempted: but I stood very near to him hoping that he might speak to me. That Avas AA'hat happened! I had learned my Castflian at Madrid years before, but some of it had been retained. The Admiral Avas gazing at a Avindmill on the hills behind Kittery. Its arms Avere SAving- ing like those on the little red mflls of his native La ^Nlancha, AA'hen he turned and im pulsively addressed the supposed official: ''Que terano es este?" (What land is this .^) pointing beyond the Kittery Navy Yard. " Le Estado de Maine!" I replied. 212 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Admiral Cervera started. He had heard the AA'ord "Maine"" before, amid the fire and smoke at Santiago ! "I don't comprehend," he said, sloAvly. "The men go ashore in Maine; but and Captain Eulate Avill be taken to napolis," I explained. "Ah!" sighed the captive hero; "Aora, iiiendo!" (Noav, I understand). I had the climax of my five-column despatch. you An- and the horses that dragged my carnage through the deep sand to the telegraph Avire at Portsmouth did not go fast enough to suit me. It AA'as "a first pager," sure enough. The Plain of Abraham is to be made a reser vation of the Dominion of Canada. Why this hasn't been done long ago is inexplicable. It is the one bit of land at Quebec really historic. Every visitor to the fine old city takes a calash in order to ride up the hill back of the citadel for a Avalk over the Plain of Abraham. Or, if they are stopping at the Chateau Frontenac, they Avill Avalk along the Duft'erin terrace to the long Avooden stairAvay and ascend thereby to the Aveedy field Avhere a crucial battle be tAA'een English and French Avas fought. To my Avay of thinking, one of the finest emblems of human brotherhood in this Avide Avorld is the monument in the little cemetery upon the Quebec Heights to Wolfe and Montcalm. The tall obelisk is intended to honor the tAVo heroes equally. In my travels I never have stood before any one monument that produced the same mental eft'ect as does this shaft. It is the only instance that has crossed my orbit in which the English have done full justice to a fallen foe. When one remembers hoAV Napoleon Avas treated at St. Helena, and hoAv the Colonial prisoners Avere alloAved to rot in the ships in Ncav York harbor, the touch of humanity seems more remarkable. Visit the field of Waterloo and search in vain for any British recognition of Blucher's vital aid to Wellington! THE BOOK of NEW YORK 213 CHAPTER XXII evolution of the legal PROFESSION HE Metropolis has ahvays asso ciated preeminence in the LaAV Avith Philadelphia. The Qua ker City had its Brewster, Shars- Avood, BroAvn, Cassidy and Dougherty at the same era in Avhich Clinton, Brady, Graham, Evarts, Carter, Vanderpoel and ToAvnsend upheld up the dignity of the Ncav York bar. There were many other able laAA'yers in the two cities. All these pleaders have passed to a higher court. Joseph H. Choate had come from Boston Avith a letter of introduction to William M. Evarts bearing the potent signa ture of Rufus Choate. Judge A. J. Ditten- hoefer had already earned his title and Avas as active as he is to-day, when he counts his years by threescore and ten. The late Colonel John J. McCook had torn himself away from his beloved Ohio to build up a large practice in the metropolis. Elihu Root, hailing from Hamilton village and college, was making a place for himself. He had been an adviser of William M. Tweed; but the same could be said of other reputable laAvyers. John D. Townsend, for example, acted for Tweed in his final trial. All these avocats were hustling when I first knew them, but their subsequent laurels and financial rewards were assured. While serving as Foreign Editor of the Herald, my hours of work being at night, I entered Columbia Law School. When Dr. Theodore W. Dwight Avas Professor of Con stitutional Law at Columbia University, young men came hither from all parts of the English- speaking world to sit under his instruction. Such a teacher is rarely met in academic Avork; :}here was a timbre in his voice that aided memory by compelling recollection of the precepts enunciated. In the time of Cicero, somewhat of a Roman lawyer, acceptance of a fee for legal services was not an act of good form. Oratory suf ficed for argument, and renoAvn took the place of all other rewards. Conditions are somc Avhat changed in our day. Mr. Evarts is said to have received $200,000 for an opinion em braced in the single AA'ord, "Yes." Wflliam Nelson CroniAvell, Avho Avas in Columbia Law School Avhen I Avas there, received from Eugene Zimmerman a fee of $100,000 for ad justing the tangled aft'airs of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad. This occurred less than ten years after leaving Professor Dwight's class-room; but since that time, Mr. Cromwell has made the monumental record of a million-dollar fee, in addition to "disburse ments," as a rcAvard for selling the French Panama Canal Company to the United States Government. When one remembers that the Frenchmen received $40,000,000 for a com pletely bankrupt enterprise, concession and unfinished canal, their attorney served them faithfully and the payment Avas not excessive — representing as it did six years of constant attention and one hundred trips to Washington. Mr. CromAvell Avill always be known as "the genius of the Panama Canal." The charming personality of the late Al gernon S. Sullivan has been mentioned in an early page of this volume. I now come to speak of a younger man, Avho, after graduation from Columbia LaAv School, became asso ciated Avith Mr. Sullivan in the practice of law. In a fcAV years, the firm of Sullivan & Cromwell was known from one end of the United States to the other. This Avas largely due to the energy and success of the junior partner, William Nelson Cromwell, in the reorganization of great corporations. After the death of Mr. Sullivan, Mr. Cromwell carried to complete success scA'cral of the most stupendous schemes of corporate organization ever attempted in any land. If ever a mortal Avon the order of knight- hood at the hand of the God of Success, Wil- 214 THE BOOK of NEW YORK liam Nelson CromAvell is that man! What manner of man is he t Snow-Avhite hair and mustache accentuate strong lines of deter mination in his keen, earnest face. The dark-blue eyes are its most distinctive feature. Hardly above medium height and rather slender of figure, his broad shoulders indicate athletic training or open-air Avork early in life. He Avas born in Ncav York, January 4, 1854, and is a son of Colonel John Nelson CromAvell, of the Forty-seventh Illinois ^"olunteers, Avho Avas killed in battle, July 16, 1863, soon after passing unscathed through the three days' carnage at Gettysburg. The subject of this sketch Avas educated by private tutors, OAving to his delicate health, and Avas graduated at Columbia LaAv School in the class of 1877. The man of to-day is very striking in person ality and figure, and Avould be singled out among a multitude by any student of men. As mentioned, he is uoav senior of the firm of Sullivan & CromAAcll, founded by Algernon S. Sullivan, a Sir Phflip Sydney in chivalry, benevolence and gentleness of character. Throughout his career at the bar, Mr. Crom Avell has made a specialty of corporation laAv and Avas one of the pioneers in the formation of the gigantic companies for Avhich the United States is noted. As a reorganizer of bank rupt firms, he has earned renown; he has al- Avays succeeded in restoring crippled concerns to a paying basis. Grappling Avith large cor porations, involving millions of money, Avas not an act of novelty to Mr. CromAvell, there fore, and Avhen he undertook to rehabilitate the character of the Panama Canal Company and to sell its charter to the United States, he Avent about the task Avith the same enthusiasm he had displayed on many previous accasions. Had he not organized the National Tube Company in 1899, Avith a capital of eighty million dollars ? Why should he balk at making a sale of property inventoried at only half as much ? The supreme coup of this brilliant counsel lor's life was the final success of six years of ceaseless eft'ort Avhereby he changed official and sentimental preference for the Nicaragua route for an Inter-oceanic canal to a Congres sional majority favoring Panama. The need of an isthmian canal had been conceded for fifty years; but Nicaragua Avas the only route discussed by American engineers. Commis sion after commission had reported in its favor, never a favorable Avord for Panama. MeauAvhile, a French company had been organized, hundreds of millions of francs sub scribed and Avork had begun, under the direc tion of the creator of the Suez canal. Count de Lesseps. The French corporation had been Avastefully extravagant and had reached a point at Avhich popular criticism denounced its management and criminal prosecution against its chief directors was instituted. Such Avas the situation when Wflliam Nel son CromAA'cll undertook the seemingly im possible task of changing American sentiment. He Avas counsel for the Panama railroad, originally an American corporation that had been taken over by the French Canal Com pany. For that reason, Mr. Cromwell was known to the officers of that organization. He conceived the idea of having the United States take over the Panama enterprise. In vestigation shoAved that the French company Avas not in desperate straits, as currently rep resented, and at the time Mr. CromAvell under took to convince the Frenchmen they had best sell out to the United States more than three thousand men Avere at Avork on the Canal. Hardly crediting this statement, given to him in Paris, Mr. Cromwell cabled to this city and sent a photographer to Panama, with orders to Avalk over the route of the water- Avay and take a picture every mile. Before JNIr. CromAvell could begin the task of convincing the American Congress of the wisdom of digging the great ditch and owning it, instead of letting France get a foothold upon the Isthmus, he had to persuade the French Panama Company to fix a price and consent to sell. This task looked like a for lorn hope, almost to the last moment. But he finally succeeded ! Then he moved his base of operations from Paris to Washington. For two years, during sessions long and short, Wflliam Nelson Crom well Avas appearing before committee after committee, ahvays talking in the same con fident manner. There is a quality in his voice that evinces sincerity, and this had much to do Avith the effects of more than a hundred THE BOOK of NEW YORK 215 addresses made before Senators and Rep resentatives, in and out of committee rooms. Never, in or out of session, did he ask any Congressman to vote for Panama. It Avas a never flagging campaign of education; but it was waged in the open and through the mails by the distribution of maps, — every one of which Avas attested by Unfled States Min isters, by engineers of international reputa tion and eminent travelers. The AAorkmen of Mr. Cromwell's Bureau of Education Avere sleepless! But Mr. Cromwell did not have any associate counsel: his Avas the directing mind. When Philander C. Knox, Attorney-General of the United States, went to Paris, he did so to submit Mr. Cromwell's Avritten opinion upon the validity of the title of the French Canal Company to the highest authority on French civil laAV, M. Waldeck-Rousseau. Early Mr. CromAA'cll had satisfied himself that the title of the French corporation was beyond question, all statements to the contrary. The famous Parisian avocat gave several Aveeks to an examination of every phase of the con tracts, and reported unequivocally in favor of the Cromwellian brief. Diplomatic art of the highest Bismarckian class must be credited to the victor in that campaign, from first to last, because the weapon of absolute truth was ahvays employed. Diplomacy and double dealing are far too often and justly associated; but they had no part in this negotiation. As Senator Hanna said, "Cromwell was 'Johnny on the spot,' ahvays prepared to ansAver ques tions, always ready AA'ith proofs, — proofs, re member, — to sustain his contention." As a truth, Mr. Cromwell was not acquainted Avith many Senators or Representatives. At the critical moment, when the hour for a summing up of evidence for and against the Panama route was approaching, the terrible disaster at Martinique, the eruption of Mount Pelee and the utter destruction of the city of St. Pierre, occurred! With an instinct truly journalistic, Mr. Cromwell seized upon the calamity, and, by maps, showed that five active volcanoes AA'ere marshalled along the line of the proposed Nicaraguan canal. Mr. CromAA'cll said to the AAriter a few hours after the vote had been taken: "Mount Pelee Avon the fight for Panama!" A fcAv days later, Avhen the bill ordering the purchase of the French interests had been signed by President Roosevelt, the counsellor told me an even more characteristic thing, — so curious and so personal that it describes WILLIA.M NEL.SdN CRO.MWELL the man better than Avould a regiment of Avords : "Hoav can I epitomize the anxiety and toil of the past five years ? I have literally lived upon night trains betAveen New York and Wash ington: I have made more than four hundred trips to the Capital! Ah! I can give to you a hint of my feelings ! When my train pulled out of Washington that afternoon of victory, I gazed from the car AvindoAV long and intently at the great Avhite dome on Capitol Hill. Why ? Nearly every time I had arrived in or 216 THE BOOK of NEW YORK departed from Washington I had seen that lofty object Avith shiverings of anxiety, dis quietude and pain. It mocked me in my bitterest moments; its calm placidity added to my despair. Thousands of hours, precious to a man Avith only one life, vital to his hopes, apparently had been Avasted, Avith the con nivance of that bulging dome. But, when I looked it in the face that ncA'cr-to-be-forgotten day, I mentally said: 'You terrify me no longer. You can stay there, foreA'cr: I have fought you to a finish, — and aa'oiiI' It AA'as a feeling of triumph, an indescribable thrill of victory over the inanimate, that I cannot expect any one to comprehend." When one gets to talking about lawyers AA'hom one has knoAvn during an experience of forty-odd years Avith New York newspapers, there is practically no end to the names and faces that come before one; some of them Avill be described in this volume. Many I have knoAA'n personally, some even intimately; others a bowing acquaintance carried on for years, and with the remainder a knoAvledge of many of the things they have done. It is a great profession in Ncav York — the laAA' — it has attracted the best minds of the country; the rewards are better, Avhen one Avins, than in perhaps any other Avalk of life. There is many a failure, too, sad ones at that; but Ncav York doesn't care for failures, and I'm going to draAv only on those Avho are Avmnmg. When I was in Washington in 1886, one of the ablest Constitutional laAA'yers in the United States Senate Avas John Coit Spooner, of Wisconsin. Although he had occupied a seat in the Chamber less than one year, he Avas recognized as an expert debater and com manded attention Avhenever he addressed that body. That he AA'ould eventually come to Ncav York to practice his profession, after his ambition in statesmanship had been fully gratified. Avas inevitable. This he did in 1907. AA'hile retaining his official residence in INIadison, Wisconsin. Senator Spooner AAas born at LaAArenceburg, Ind., 1843, a de scendant of William Spooner. Avho came from England in 1637 and settled at Dartmouth, in the colony of ^lassachusetts. Young Spoon er attended the public school of ^fadison and entered the University of Wisconsin in 1860. In response to the call from President Lincoln, he recruited a company from the University students, stipulating with the faculty that the members be alloAved to graduate as if not enlisted. Although entitled to a commission, he enlisted as a private in Company B, 40th JOHN C. SPOONER Wisconsin Infantrv, served through the hun- dred days' term and reenlisted for three years as Captain of Company A, 50th Wisconsin. He began the study of laAv and was ad mitted to practice in 1867. Meanwhile, he AA'as serving as military secretary to Governor Lucius Fairchild, Avith the rank of Colonel and for tAvo years Avas Quartermaster-General of the state. He Avas Assistant Attorney- General during 1869 and '70. At the end of his term, he removed to Hudson and soon acquired a large practice; he Avas counsel for tAVO UCAV raihvay companies, the West Wiscon sin and North Wisconsin. When these roads Avere merged into the Chicago, Minneapolis & Omaha railroad, he became general counsel. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 217 He was elected to the State Legislature in 1871, his most important service in that body being the passage of a bill to levy a gen eral state tax to be added annually to the in come of the University of Winconsin. When the Vanderbilts secured control of the rail road of which he Avas general counsel in 1884, Mr. Spooner resigned. A year later, he be came a candidate for the United States Senate and began his campaign Avith an agreement that nothing disrespectful in speech or neAvs paper should be spoken or Avritten about his opponent. He AA'as elected in January, 1885, and took his seat on March 4th. He Avas one of the youngest members of the Senate, but, as I have said, he soon took rank as an orator and lawyer of brilliant attainments. While serving as chairman of the Senate Committee on Claims, he saved the government more than $30,000,000. Senator Spooner made several memorable addresses. His eulogy of Vice- President Hendricks on the occasion of the memorial service is recalled. An episode between Spooner and Butler, of South Caro lina, will long remain a tradition of the Senate. Spooner Avas advocating the admission of South Dakota as a state (1888), Avhen Butler objected to Dakota "trying to break into the Union." Spooner instantly retorted that Da kota had as much inherent right to "break in" as Butler's state (South Carolina) had to "break out." In 1890, Senator Spooner made a stubborn effort to have sugar placed on the free list and some of his speeches in behalf of that measure Avere eloquent. When his term ended he removed from Hudson to Madison, the capflal of his state, Avhere he devoted himself to a large general practice. He fought the attempted gerrymandering of the legislative and congressional districts by the Democrats. He was unanimously nomi nated for the governorship in 1892, but Avas defeated by Governor Peck. He Avas again sent to the United States Senate in 1897, AA'here he added new laurels to his fame as a statesman. During the ten years of his sec ond service in the Senate, he made speeches or debated upon 450 different subjects. Many of the most distinguished laAvyers of the metropolis are acquisitions from other states. For example, the dean of the profes sion, Joseph H. Choate, comes from ]Mas- sachusetts, and Judge A. J. Dittenhoefer from South Carolina. The present head of the legal department of the Western Union Telegraph Company, George Hadsall Fearous, hails from Kentucky. Avhere he Avas born, at GEORGE H. FEARONS NcAvporf, 1853. His father Avas a distinguished laAA'yer in the "Blue Grass State" and AAas Mayor of his toAA'n. Of course, the Fearons are of Irish descent; the famfly, originally French, had first settled in Essex, England, but later removed to Dublin, where the father of the present counsellor Avas born. On the maternal side, I find Kentucky blood, directly descended from a family of Connecticut Quakers. Mrs. Fearons' father had removed 218 THE BOOK of NEW YORK from Dunkirk, New York, to Ncav Haven, on account of Indian outbreaks on the frontier. George Hadsall Fearons began his school days at NeAvport but was soon transferred to INlount St. Mary's College, Maryland; he took his Bachelor of Arts degree at St. Francis Xavier College, Cincinnati, in 1871. A brief post graduate course Avas had at the St. Louis University, ^Missouri, and subsequently study AAas had at Paris, Stuttgart and Heidelberg, under private tutors. Returning to his native state, young Fearons read laAv Avith the late John G. Carlisle at Covington, meauAvhile taking a course at the Cincinnati LaAv School. Mr. Fearons heard "the call of the city" in 1875 and, coming to Ncav York, opened a laAv office. He soon returned to the west, and for three years taught school at Toledo and Cincinnati, Ohio, serving as principal in both places. I next hear of him as a clerk m the Superintendent's office of the Western Union Telegraph Company, at Cincinnati. There he appears to have found his metier, and, in 1881, on the call of Norvin Green, then President of the Western Union Tele graph Company, young Fearons triumphantly 'came back" to Ncav York as an assistant in its legal department. Nine years later, he Avas made general attorney for the great corpora tion, a position he still holds. His rise to this post of distinction Avas earned by strenuous service in various parts of the country, Avher- ever actions at laAv demanded his presence. He acted as general counsel for the Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company; was an organizer of the American District Tele graph Company of Ncav Jersey, and, for tAventy years, has been legal representative in the United States of the great British corpora tion, the Anglo-American Cable Company. He is President of the Havana District Tele graph Company and Vice-President of the Dominion Messenger & Signal Company of Canada, and attends to the legal business of sixty other corporations in this country and Europe. The scope of INIr. Fearons' duties is very broad; not only has he charge of all the local legal business of the ^^'estern Union Telegraph Company but is expected to protect its inter ests throughout the States of the Union, ap pearing in the highest courts of every one of them. A highly memorable case, carried to a successful finish in the Supreme Court of the United States, Avas the "Primrose" litiga tion that settled for all time the liability of a telegraph company under the contract Avith the sender of a message, as printed upon the back of a message blank. He showed that the duty of such sender Avas to read and, if necessary, have explained to him the terms of the contract into AA'hich he entered when he signed his name upon the face of the blank. When the City of Richmond, Va., undertook to oust the Southern Bell Telephone & Tele graph Company from its streets, involving the rights of telephone corporations under the Act of Congress of July 24, 1866, Mr. Fearons carried the case to the highest court in this land and won it. I should Avant a Avhole volume to recount the legal achievements of Judge John Forrest Dillon, Avho, although he came back to us from the west, Avhere he had spent his boy hood in loAva, Avas born in Montgomery Co., N. Y., December 25, 1831, and at the age of nineteen, having removed Avest with his par ents, took a degree of Doctor of Medicine at the loAva University. After six months' prac tice of that profession, he began the study of law and Avas admitted to the bar in 1852. Be tween that time and his return to New York in 1879, he Avas appointed Prosecuting Attor ney, Judge of the 7th Judicial District, la.. Judge of the Supreme Court, and a U. S. Circuit Judge. This last office he resigned to accept the post of Professor of Real Estate and Equity Jurisprudence at Columbia Uni versity, Avhere he remained for three years. Since then he has been general counsel for the Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., the Western Union Telegraph Co., the Texas Pacific Rafl road Co., and other Gould corporations. He is the author of many books upon laAv and jurisprudence and of an admirable life of Chief Justice Marshall. When it comes to mixing oil and laAv, Mor timer F. Elliott, General Solicitor of the Standard Oil Company, is probably the most competent man in the United States. For several years he has borne the brunt of the legal contests directed by the government and THE BOOK of NEW YORK 219 private individuals against the great corpora tion. Sometimes his opponents seem to be gaining an advantage in one court, but Solici tor Elliott triumphantly boAvls them out in another. A constant, unending struggle exists, on the part of critics and rivals, to invade a field the Standard Company has made its own. Mr. Elliott did not reach his present eminence by any short cuts; he attained it along the straight trail of thoroughness. He is to-day justly regarded as the dean among the old corporation laAA'yers. There wasn't any oil agitation in Tioga County, Western Pennsylvania, AA'hen Mr. Elliott was born. He spent his boyhood on a farm and was a very handy youngster about the place when he wasn't attending district school. When he grcAV large enough to con template an advanced education, he attended the Alfred University at Alleghany, N. Y. ; but he left before graduation and returned to his home county to study laAv in the office of Judge Wilson. He Avorked to support him self during all the time he was reading laAv. After admission to the bar, he caused his name to be painted on a board over the door of his office. Although the letters AA'ere large and the announcement of his determination to practice law Avas direct and unequivocal, the good people of Tioga County declined to take notice. Instead of business coming to him, young Mr. Elliott had to go in search of it. He thoroughly prepared every case he handled. It was said of him that if he Avere to have litigation involving the paternity of a dodo, Elliott would have become an authority on dodos before the day of trial. About this time, political friends advised him to go to Congress. He was nominated and elected to the House of Representatives; but one term Avas sufficient and he returned to the practice of law, Avith gladness. The new oil districts in Northwestern Pennsylvania and South- Avestern Ncav York developed almost as much litigation as oil. Several cases of that sort came to the hands of Mr. Elliott and in their study he was brought to a comprehension of the utter inadequacy of existing statutes for the protection of the great oil industry. LaAV hadn't been made to fit an oil "strike." Ap parently, the assumption had been that every body engaged in the oil business Avas a person of integrity; but constant claims and counter claims made by litigants disproved it. Some people in that part of the Avorld Avere not hon est. ]Mr. Elliott made a study of the oil busi ness from every vicAV-point. He visited the AA'clls, learned hoAv they AA'ere drilled, studied indications favorable to the finding of oil, learned hoAv it Avas pumped, stored and piped and became, literally, a practical developer of MORTIMER F. ELLIOTT oil property. He avou most of the cases en trusted to him; as the oil area broadened, his business grcAv Avith its expansion. People AA'ho had controversies about claims rarely consulted anybody else. The litigant who first got Mr. Elliott's ear considered himself fortunate. Some of his most stubbornly contested cases were against the Standard Oil Company, and, in them, he proved himself more than equal to their cleA'crest attorneys. Following its usual custom, this corporation secured the ex clusive control of Mr. Elliott's gray matter! The big company didn't relish legal defeats any better than it did trade defeats. In 1892 ]\Ir. Elliott Avent to Oil City as attorney for 220 THE BOOK of NEW YORK the Standard Oil Co., for the fields of West Virginia, Indiana and Ohio. In 1898 he came to Ncav York as assistant attorney for the Company. In 1903 he assumed control of the legal department and in 1905, upon the death of S. C. T. Dodd, :Mr. Elliott was promptly advanced to the vacant place, at the head of the company's legal department. My first vivid recollection of StcAA'art L. Woodford goes back to a raAV and Avindy October day in 1868, AA'hen, Avith a fcAV other expectant students of the about-to-be-born Cornell University, I stood at the lofty hill top at Ithaca, prospect Iac site of campus and college buildings, and heard his admirable address accepting the first gift of Avoman to the nascent institution of learning. He Avas a younger man then; Avas Lieutenant-Governor of the State of Ncav York, a devoted friend of the young President, AndrcAV D. White, and of the founder, Ezra Cornell. I have heard him speak probably a hundred times in the years AA'hich have folloAved, but the mental picture of this finished orator of thirty- three, Avith a splendid war record and an enviable political career to his credit, can never be eft'aced. Perhaps my oAvn loneliness and distance from home may have caused his naturally sympathetic nature to appeal to me. I thought his recitation of the verses from Tennyson's "In Memoriam," inscribed by Miss Jenny ]McGraAV upon the bells of the chime she had given, the most finished bit of eloquence I had ever heard. We met for the first time that evening at a reception given by President White. General Woodford's career has been one of complete success, Avhether it be judged from the vicAvpoints of political, professional, mili tary, financial or diplomatic careers. This can be said of fcAv men. He was born in Ncav \ ork in 1835 and has ahvays been a lover of city life. Widely as he has traveled in later years, he ahvays returns to the place of his nativity Avith gladness. He took his college course at Columbia, in his dav highest in classical standard of any institution of this land and having Charles Anthon as its Hel lenic champion. Since graduation in 1854, he has been the recipient of about a dozen honorary degrees from various institutions. He began laAv practice in this city just before the Civil War and Avas serving as iVssistant United States District Attorney of the Southern District of Ncav York Avhen he secured an appointment as Lieutenant Colonel of the 127th Ncav York Infantry and went to the front. He Avas soon raised to a Colonelcy and at the close of the war Avas breveted a Brigadier- General of Volunteers "for zeal, efficient and generally meritorious conduct." Hence his title, AA'hich was earned by nearly three years of active service in the face of the enemy. He resigned from the army, August 23, 1865, having acted as military commander of Charleston and Savannah. Returning to laAV practice in this city, his natural predilection for politics made him a candidate for Lieu tenant-Governor and he Avas triumphantly elected; he Avas the choice of his party (Re publican) for Governor in 1870, but Avas de feated. He Avas President of the Electoral College in '72 that cast its vote for General Grant. Then he Avas sent to the Forty- third Congress, but resigned after a year and a half. It seems idle to mention the distinc tions which have been shoAA'cred upon Gen eral Woodford. He was United States Dis trict Attorney in this district for six years and Avas a member of the Commission that drafted the Charter for Greater Ncav York. 1896. When complications became imminent be tAA'een this country and Spain, growing out of mistreatment of the Cubans by Captain-Gen eral Weyler, President McKinley despatched General Woodford to Madrid as Envoy Ex traordinary and ]\Iinister Plenipotentiary to the Court of King Alfonso XIII. Personally, the Amei'ican Minister Avas popular; but Avhen Avar Avas declared, in April, 1898, he returned home, stopping in Paris en route to transfer to the British Ambassador, then hurrying to Madrid, authority to act for American resi dents in Spain during the continuance of the then inevitable conflict. These Iaa'o diplo mats discussed for the first time the results that must folloAv necessary acquisition of the Philippines by the United States. After nine years of active devotion to his profession Avhich folloAA'ed General Woodford's return to Ncav \'ork, he Avas chosen President of the Hudson-Fulton Commission, one of the most THE BOOK of NEW YORK 221 successful celebrations of two great historic incidents in the history of this continent, namely, the discovery of Manhattan Island and the first practical use of steam as motive power upon the Hudson River. At the Re publican National Convention of 1898 he placed Governor Hughes in nomination for the Presidency. Since that time he has trav eled extensively in Europe and has been the recipient of distinguished honors from its Monarchs and Presidents. The Emperor of Germany last year decorated him with the CroAA'n Order of the 1st Class. The Kentuckians believe in the breeding of horses and the development of good blood in men. The Meanys of Kentucky and the Shannons of the same state are the progenitors of Edward P. Meany, Brigadier-General of the National Guard of Ncav Jersey. Judge Edward A. Meany, his father, served most capably and honorably upon the bench of that state and enjoyed a brilliant and successful career at the bar; and his grandfather. Captain Henry Gould Shannon, served in the War of 1812 and in the Mexican War. Commodore Barry and Captain John Meany of Philadel phia were also members of this family. Born in Louisville, Ky., 1854, Edward P. Meany was educated in his native state and admitted to the bar in 1878 after thorough preparation by his learned father. General Meany did not take long to find his level in his profession after he came East. In 1884 he became vice-president of the Ncav Mexican Central & Southern railroad and obtained from the Mexican Government the concession under which it operates in that republic. He also represented that company in Europe. Gener al Meany served as counsel for the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., and has occupied several important positions in the executive service of that and its tributary corporations. As a Democrat he Avas a delegate to the National Conventions in 1896 and 1900, al ways supporting the cause of sound money. Since 1893 he has served as Judge Advocate- General of the State of New Jersey with the rank of Brigadier-General. He is vice-presi dent and a director of the Trust Company of New Jersey, a director of the Colonial Life Insurance Co . of America, the N^ational Iron Bank of MorristoAvn and many business cor porations. He is a member of the LaAvyers, Mor ris County Golf and Morris County Country General EDWARD P. MEANY clubs, the Whippany River and MorristoAvn clubs, and possesses a charming country place near MorristoAvn, Avhich is a reproduction on a smaller scale of the home of his ancestors in the old Avorld. Heeding the call of the metropolis, Wfllis T. Gridley relinquished a lucrative law prac tice in Syracuse, came to New York City in 1901, and quickly attained prominence at the Bar here. Mr. Gridley Avas born on a farm near Fayetteville, Onondaga County, N^. Y., Jan uary 10, 1870. His preliminary education Avas received in the district school, after which he attended the Polytechnic Academy at Chittenango, N. Y., driving four miles night and morning and in addition attending to his farm Avork. He graduated in 1888 and aa'ou the Cornell University scholarship. Just be- 222 THE BOOK of NEW YORK fore taking the scholarship examination, his grandfather. Daniel Gates, told him that if he Avon he Avould defray his expenses at college. He graduated from Cornell LL.B. Avith the Class of 1892, and ^Ir. Gates presented him Avith one hundred shares of Western Union Telegraph stock. He Avas admitted to the Bar, Februarv 10, 1893, and had the unusual WILLIS T. GRIDLEY honor Avhen only tAventy-three years of age of being chosen attorney of the Salt Springs X'^ational Bank of Syracuse, N. Y., and though young in years and practice, his ability Avas demonstrated Avhen he vanquished a firm of old and experienced attorneys. While Mr. Gridley represented the bank a bitter fight arose betAA'een the different factions to gain its control and the opposing force engaged Hiscock, Doheny & Hiscock, then the most influential and successful laAV firm up-state. A secret move by these attorneys gained a majority interest for their clients, but Avhen they attempted to have the necessary stock transferred, Mr. Gridley stepped in and defeated the movement. This stock, thirteen shares, Avhich carried control Avith it, the OAvner had agreed to sell to Mr. Gridley's clients, and the opposing faction bought it after having being notified of this contract. By virtue of this agreement, Mr. Gridley obtained an injunction restraining the transfer of the stock and the opposing counsel got out a Avrit of mandamus compelling the transfer. For AA'ceks the situation remained unchanged until the opposition gave in and off'ered to sell all interests to the defending faction, which thereby retained control of the bank. ]\Ir. Gridley had a large corporation prac tice in Syracuse, representing many large firms in Utica, WatertoAvn, Cortland, Bing- hamton and other points in that judicial district. Since coming to New York City he has appeared in many important cases, among them being that of Miss Laura Glover, of Atlanta, Ga., AA'ho is bringing several suits to recover the lost estate of her mother, uncle and grandfather, amounting to something like $3,000,000. Most of this property was dis posed of by the public administrator in office about the time of the Civil War, and actions for recovery Avill be brought against the city, the National Bank of Commerce in Ncav York, the Ncav York Central Raihvay Company and many others. He is also attorney for the contestant in the Lesster Will Case, Avhich involves the control of an estate valued at $800,000. Mr. Gridley is a descendant of Judge Philo Gridley, an eminent jurist of Utica and is a son of Daniel Webster Gridley, AA'ho was named for the illustrious statesman, and who was, prior to his death, November 21, 1911, president of the Fayettesville & Syracuse Railroad Company. His grandfather, Daniel Gates, Avas one of the pioneers of Madison County, and amassed a fortune of nearly $2,500,000. Upon his death he left consider able fortunes to Mr. Gridley's mother, Helen IVI. Gridley, Avho is OAvner of the Gridley Block in Syracuse, and the largest individual stock- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 223 holder in the Thousand Island Park Associa tion Company; to his son, ex-State Senator Frank H. Gates, and to each of his grand children. Mr. Gridley is a member of the Ncav York County Lawyers' Association, the Society of the Onondagas and the Delta Chi fraternity. He was a member of all the leading clubs in Syracuse, but since his residence in New York City has not taken any interest in clubdom. The middle Avest, from Avhence has come so many men to achieve honor and distinction in New York City, has made a Avorthy con tribution to our professional ranks in Wilson B. Brice, whose ancestors Avere originally English settlers in the colony of Virginia. His forebears Avere men of stamina, education and versatility, who blazed the trails on the then western borders, and afterAvards settled doAvn as leaders in the civilization that folloAved their efforts. It would have been unnatural for Mr. Brice to have entered mercantile pursuits. He is a lawyer and in adopting a profession only folloAved the bent of six generations of studious ancestors who have been laAA'yers, physicians, clergymen, or army or navy officers. Mr. Brice was born in Tarlton, Ohio, June 4, 1863, and graduated from the Greenfield High School, 1879; the Salem Academy. 1881; the National Normal University, A.B., in 1882, and Harvard University, LL.B., in 1888. He was admitted to the bar in Cincinnati in 1889 and came to New York City in 1894. Mr. Brice has made a specialty of trial and appellate work, usually being trial counsel for defendant corporations and has been eminently successful, not losing a case for over Iavo years. In one instance, the jury disagreed, tAvo others were settled during trial and the balance of the cases, thirty in all, Avere aa'ou at trial and affirmed on appeal. His thorough prepara tion, fair-minded presentation and skilful examination of Avitnesses led a Supreme Court Justice to name Mr. Brice, and three other attorneys, as the "four best trial laAvyers that had been before him." The reasons for Mr. Brice's success are un doubtedly his thorough democracy, his poAver of attracting and holding attention and his forceful and convincing manner. He is skilful in oratory — not the kind that talks over the juror's heads but at them — and his plain and logical conclusions are not to be controverted. An important case in Avhich Mr. Brice figured, together Avith David McClure and the late John Notman, Avas where he represented the property OAvners on William Street Avho AA'ere opposed to the construction of a subAvay under that thoroughfare. The Rapid Transit WILSON B. BRICE Commissioners contended that the Commis sion appointed to determine AA'hether the sub- Avays should be built as planned, must in clude William Street or ignore all the other routes. Counsel contended they could cut out William Street and the court sustained the contention. The preparation of the brief and the argument of the laAv on the subject AAcre left to Mr. Brice and it received the commen dation of his associate counsel. As advisor for a life insurance company, Mr. Brice pro cured a decision from the Appellate Division, that Avhere a company has been induced to issue a policy through false representation as to the health of the insured, the company can cancel the policy AA'ithout first offering to re- 224 THE BOOK of NEW YORK store the premium. It Avas the first decision of the kind in the United States. He is a member of the laAv firm of Van Schaick & Brice, AA'ith offices at No. 100 Broad Avay, and is a director of the Van Schaick Realty Company, the Ncav Holland Land and Mortgage Company, the X^cav Jersey Gold- field Mines Corporation, director and counsel for the Bankers' Life Insurance Company, and is trial counsel for a railroad and several bank and insurance corporations. He is a Republican in politics but has never held office, although he has frequently been urged by his friends to accept nominations. W. B. Brice comes from illustrious an cestry on both the maternal and paternal sides. The Brice family Avas founded in America sometime prior to 1676 by John Brice, Avho came from England and settled near Avhat is noAv Annapolis, Md. From him descended Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina branches of the familv and his progeny included men of more than ordinary note. Col. James Brice and Capt. William Brice serving in the Revolutionary Army, X^icholas Brice being a distinguished laAvyer and judge in Baltimore, Major-General Ben jamin Wilson Brice being Paymaster-General of the United States Army during the Civil War, and the late Calvin S. Brice, United States Senator from Ohio. Captain William Brice, the great-grand father of Wilson B. Brice, served through the long struggle for independence of the Colonies. He Avas in the battle of Long Island, Avintered at Aalley Forge and played an important part at the battle of Trenton. He avou a captaincy for bravery and died Avhen only forty-three years of age as the result of exposure during the Avar. His Avif e Avas a Jones , Avho after the death of her husband removed to Harrison County, Virginia, uoav West Virginia, and her tAVO sons married daughters of Col. Benjamin Wilson. The younger son became a dis tinguished physician in X^cAvark, Ohio, and his only child Avas the late ]\Iajor-General Benjamin Wilson Brice, a graduate of West Point Avho served in the Black HaAvk and other Indian Avars, and in the Mexican and Civil Wars. The elder son of Captain William Brice Avas Benjamin Jones Brice, grandfather of Wilson B. Brice. He AAas a laAvyer and judge of one of the courts and a large land owner in Virginia. He had the most select library in all the section Avhere he lived and from his own volumes studied French, German, Latin, Greek and HebrcAv, becoming proficient in the latter Avhen eighty years of age. He Avas a slave OAvner, but in his Avill freed all the slaves and left them each enough money or property to start them in an humble Avay, on their ncAV life. His Avife Avas Sarah Wilson, daughter of Col. Benjamin Wilson, and they had four teen children, three of them being sons. The daughters Avith tAAo exceptions married either laAA'yers or physicians. Mr. Brice's father, Archibald Blackburn Brice, D.D., AA'as the youngest son. He Avas a Presbyterian clergyman AA'ho received de grees of A.B. and D.D. from Waynesburg Col lege; acted as editor of a religious publication for seven years and then entered actively into ministerial Avork for over 40 years, dying in Cincinnati in 1892. Upon the breaking out of the Civil War, Dr. Brice, greatly aided in the Avork of enlisting troops and made many speeches in support of the Union. His views Avere so pronounced and his campaign so vig orous that the southern sympathizers referred to him as "Old Brice, the Union Shrieker." The mother of Wilson B. Brice Avas Eveline V. Vose, of Vermont, Avhose ancestry Avas also noted, she being a descendant of the Voses, Mayos and Whitneys Avho Avere early Colonial settlers in and around Boston. Mr. Brice's connection Avith the Jones family is through his great-grandfather, Wil liam Brice marrying Rachael Jones, whose father Griffith Jones, Avas a distinguished Welsh Baptist clergyman AA'ho came to America in 1749. Rev. Morgan Jones, father of Rev. Griffith Jones married the daughter of the Marquis of Cardigan, a house that is noAv extinct. Among the collateral relatives in the Jones family are Robert J. Burdette, the humorist and the late Col. A. E. Jones, AA'ho was Provost Marshal of Cincinnati during the Civil War. In the Wilson branch of the family, Mr. Brice is descended from David Wilson, of Scotland, whose son David removed to Ire- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 225 land in 1722 and Avas the father of William Wilson, Avho settled in the Shenandoah Val ley, Virginia, in 1746. The daughter of his oldest son. Col. Benjamin Wilson, married Benjamin Jones Brice, grandfather of the sub ject of this sketch. Col. Wilson Avas a man of distinction and an Indian fighter. He Avas a lieutenant in an expedition against the ShaAvnee Indians in Ohio and Avas a colonel of the Virginia troops in the Revolutionary War. At its close he was granted 4,000 acres of land in Licking- County, Ohio, for his services. He Avas a delegate to the Virginia State Convention which ratified the United States Constitution, and Avas a member of the State Legislature for several years. He Avas a laAvyer and after relinquishing practice Avas Clerk of the Court for many years. He had twenty-eight chil dren, thirteen of Avhom Avere sons. He gave to each son a farm and to each daughter a dowry at marriage. At his death he left 127 living descendants. A majority of Col. Wilson's sons became lawyers, one a Presbyterian clergyman and another president of the Marietta & Cin cinnati Railroad. It Avill thus be seen that Mr. Brice's an cestors Avere nearly all professional men. The women of the families all married men in that profession. It Avas, therefore, not strange that Mr. Brice should folloAv an inherent desire and enter the legal profession. He came to Ncav York City a stranger and has avou the confidence of every justice before Avhom he has appeared. While a Republican in politics, simply because he believes that party has given better administration, he is not subservient to bossism and fights hard and effectively when he thinks principle is being sacrificed for party interests. This Avas exemplified Avhen he recently took sides against a Republican Congressional candidate in the Fifteenth Dis trict. This man Avas defeated by 1,200 votes AA'hen previous candidates of the party had been elected by 3,000 majority. Mr. Brice had served on the Republican County Committee and on the Executive Committee of his As sembly District and in repudiating the nominee of his party, he gave the ncAvspapers such convincing reasons for his opposition, that the voters Avere sure of his absolute honesty of purpose, and aided him in encompassing the candidate's defeat. Augustus Van Wyck's career as laAA'yer, jurist and citizen is due to natural gifts and, in a large measure, to the circumstance that he has blended harmoniously in his person the best attributes of the Northland and the Southland — the practical strength of the one and the charming manners of the other. His Ncav York father and South Carolina mother left their impress upon him, and for him both sections entertain admiration and esteem. He also has been President of the Holland Society and the Southern Society of X^caa' York, each claiming him as one of its oaa'u loyal sons. Born in the year 1850, his youthful days Avere passed in the South, and his man hood days in X^cav York. He was fitted for college at Phillips Exeter Academy, and graduated Avith high honors from North Carolina University. At the bar of this big city, he soon attained great success, and Avas elected Judge of the Superior City Court of Brooklyn in 1885, and in 1895 became a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of Ncav York. From the latter position, he resigned in 1898 to become the Democratic candidate for governor, mak ing a close race Avith Theodore Roosevelt, Avho Avas then fresh from San Juan Hill. He re fused to return to the Bench and devoted him self to the practice of his profession, in Avhich he almost immediately attained leadership. As a Democrat, he has shown independence of thought and action, and yet he has been the official head of his party organization, and delegate to numerous conventions, local, state and national, over many of Avhich he has presided. His influence Avas potential in the nomination and election of Mr. Cleveland to the presidency. He has tAvice led a success ful movement to restore his party to power. He has been counsel for the Episcopal Church for the Diocese of Long Island, as Avell as a member of its Executive Committee. He has also been trustee of several of the hospitals, of Adelphi College, of the Holland Society, St. X^icholas Society. Southern So ciety and X^cAv England Society, and is a mem- 226 THE BOOK of XEW YORK AUGUSTUS VAN WA'CK EDWARD LAUTERBACH ber of a dozen of the leading- clubs of Greater Ncav York. When a young man begins practice at the bar Avith the enthusiasm that characterized EdAvard Lauterbach's entrance upon his pro fessional career in 1865, success is only a question of time. He has ranked high in politics and at the bar; socially, he is a de lightful companion. EdAA'ard Lauterbach Avas born in this city, on August 12, 1844, attended the common schools and took a degree at the College of the City of X^cav York in 1864. He received first prize in declamation Avhile at college and soon held high rank as an orator. He plunged immediately into prac tice and soon distinguished himself as a cor poration attoi-ncv, especially as a railroad re- organizer. One of his most characteristic achievements was the unification of the Ncav York Rapid Transit Systems. He also brought about the consolidation of the Union elevated railroads, Avas instrumental in com pelling the electric companies to place their Avires underground, and reorganized and built up many railroad systems in different parts of the country. He also has been counsel for several surface railroads, including the Third Avenue Railroad. He was for seven years a member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State of Xcav York, and an active participant in all measures looking to the improvement of educational facilities in this state. He Avas for a long time Chair man of the Republican County Committee, and a close and trusted advisor of President McKinley in the aft'airs of this city and state and has been a delegate to all National and State Republican Conventions for years. He Avas for some time President of the Board of Trustees of the College of the City of Ncav York, and took an active part in the removal of the College from its first site at Lexington avenue and TAventy-third street to the ucav building on Washington Heights. As a mem- ber of the firm of Hoadly, Lauterbach & Johnson, he has conducted countless famous cases. Judge Hoadly, former Governor of THE BOOK of NEW YORK 227 WILLIAM F. SHEEHAN EDWARD W. HATCH ALTON B. PARKER Ohio, and Mr. Johnson are deceased; Mr. Lauterbach is at the head of the firm. He was at one time vice-president of the Maurice Gran Grand Opera Co., and has ahvays been prominent in musical affairs in this city. He is a member of many social and charitable or ganizations. Mr. Lauterbach is a director in the Hebrew Orphan Asylum of Ncav York, which has charge of Iavo thousand children, and President of the National Liberal Immi gration League. After achieving a high reputation as Dis trict Attorney and Justice of the Superior Court of the City of Buffalo, Edward Wingate Hatch was elected to the Supreme Bench, designated to the Appellate Division in Brook lyn. Subsequently he was transferred to Manhattan by Governor Roosevelt. In 1905, he resigned from the bench and entered the laAV firm of Parker, Hatch & Sheehan. Judge Hatch was born November, 1852, at Friend ship, Allegheny County, N. Y., where he re ceived a common school education. As the family Avas poor, he learned the blacksmith's trade, studying laAV meanwhile. He was at tached to the laAV office of A. J. Lorish, of Attica, for tAvo years, and was admitted to the bar in Buffalo in 1876. He succeeded Judge Barrett, deceased, on the Supreme Bench, in this city. He is a Republican, although both associates in his firm are Democrats. He is a fluent speaker, is Chairman of the Judiciary Committee of the County LaAA'yers' Associa tion and member of numerous clubs, including the Union League, Manhattan, Lawyers' and Republican. The Old Bay State makes a contribution to the X^ew York Bar in the person of Fisher A. Baker, born at Dedham, February, 1837. After graduation at Dartmouth College, 1859, he took a course at Albany Law School. When the Civil War burst upon this country, he promptly closed his laAv office and volunteered in the 18th Massachusetts regiment, Avhich joined the 5th Corps, Army of the Potomac. Mr. Baker served three years. In 1865, he removed to Ncav York from Massachusetts and has practiced his profession here ever since. He has been especially successful in corporation cases. He is a director of the First National Bank of the City of Ncav York and of the Ncav Jersey General Security Co.; a trustee of the Bankers' Safe Deposit Co., and of the Hackley School, TarrytoAvn. When in college, he secured Phi Beta Kappa, and was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity; he belongs to the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He is a Republican and a Unitarian. In the Spring of 1885, an active, broAA'n- liaired, young man made his appearance at Albany as an Assemblyman from Schuyler County. He attracted attention Avithin a month by the incisiveness of his speech and the logic of his arguments. No one supposed that he Avas after the leadership of his party, held by James W. Husted, knoAA'n as "The 228 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Bald Eagle of Westchester," Avho had him self chosen Speaker Avhenever he pleased. When the Assembly convened in January, 1888, hoAACA'cr, Fremont Cole AA'as elected Speaker by a Republican majority. He was young for the place, having been born, as his name indicated, during the Fremont cam paign. Mr. Cole comes of Ncav England stock; the Dennisons, his mother's family, Avere among the earliest English colonists in Connecticut. His father's family had emi grated from Massachusetts to Putnam Co., Ncav York, Avhere its head had "lopped the bushes" to a considerable tract of Avilderness and thus established an undisputed title to the land. On a bit of stream, he built Cole's mill and from this Daniel Cole, paternal grandfather of Fremont, — born at Carmel in 1779, — the family descends. Two grandsons of this man Avere soldiers in the War of 1812. Fremont Cole is the third son of a family of eight children, all reared in Cobert, upon a farm that had been in the family for a cen tury. Fremont passed the first nineteen years of fife on this farm. His education Avas that of a country school during- winter only. At twenty, he began the study of laAV in Judge Hurd's offi.ce, Schuyler County. Admitted to the Bar in 1880, he aacuI to Watkins, the town of the Avonderful glen, to practice. His politi cal career had already begun. He had served as clerk to the Surrogate, AA'hen in Schuyler County. Hardly had he hung out his shingle at Watkins before he smashed the so-called post-office ring in that place Avhich had been managing the toAA'n to suit its members. He Avas elected to the Assemblies of 1885, '86, '87, '88 and '89, speaker last two terms. He served on the Railroad Committee and gained the hostflity of the lobby. His AA'ork on the Judiciary Committee also attracted attention. Veritably, he Avas an excellent example of "the young- man in politics." One thing about Fremont Cole that Avill not be forgotten by anyone Avho has heard him speak, is the con fidence Avith Avhich he states his vicAvs. In accepting the Speakership, he said: "Our high aim, kept ever in vicAV, shall be to pre serve this session free from the strictures of deserved criticism, and to adjourn it prompt ly." He is noAV practicing laAv in this city. Hamilton College has furnished a great many brilliant men to this city, especially in the legal profession. Among them is James L. Bennett, born at Durhamville, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1849, and graduated from Hamflton College in 1871. He entered the office of Judge Irving G. Vann, of Syracuse; Avas admitted to the bar of Onondaga County. He responded to the call of the metropolis in 1885, Avhere he at once plunged into the prac tice of his profession. His success in cor poration laAV has caused him to be chosen president of the Guaranteed Mortgage Com pany of Ncav York, President of the Long Island Realty Company, Director of the Man hattan Mortgage Company, and a director of several similar organizations. Mr. Ben nett was United States District Attorney, ap pointed by President Cleveland, and served from 1895 to 1899. He is somewhat of a bookworm, especially fond of history. He is an enthusiastic golf player and is a member of the Salisbury Club. When I asked him about his fads, Mr. Bennett denied having any. He admitted to being a collector of books. He has traveled abroad and was most interested in the relics of Roman civilization, scattered through Europe. He is a member of the Alpha Delta Phi college fraternity and an active participant in its post-graduate annual meetings. Bennett & Kuster was organized in June, 1910. The younger partner in this prosperous firm is Louis E. Kuster, of city birth, dating from December, 1868. His education was obtained in the public schools and his law degree, from the Ncav York University, in 1893. Mr. Kuster made his own way in this Avorld. In 1882, at the age of thirteen, he left the public schools to support himself, beginning Avork as a boy in the Astor library, AA'here he remained three years and acquired a taste for reading; he was next employed in a mercantile house, untfl 1891. The first night laAV school in New York City was estab lished in that year. It Avas originally under the patronage of the Ncav York University, but developed into the Metropolis Law School, of Avhich Abner C. Thomas, Surrogate of Ncav York County, Avas the founder and dean. Mr. Kuster promptly took advantage of this THE BOOK of NEW YORK 229 FREMONT COLE JAMES L. BENNETT LOUIS E. KUSTER MIRABEAU L. TOWNS 230 THE BOOK of NEW YORK innovation and spent his nights in the lecture- rooms — Avhile Avorking for a living in the day time. He Avas asked to enter the laAv office of Abner C. Thomas before he secured his de gree and Avas admitted to the bar in 1894. During the legislative session of 1895, Mr. Kuster represented the office of the Corpora tion Counsel of the former city of Brooklyn, having charge of municipal legislation at Albany. He Avas connected Avith the LaAv yers' Surety Company, of Avhich Joel B. Erhardt, former Collector of the Port of Ncav \ ork, Avas president, soon becoming secretary of the organization and later its attorney. Resuming individual practice in 1903, Mr. Kuster accumulated a large clientage and argued many important cases. The legal profession has furnished several of the most prominent literary men in America and one is ahvays gratified to learn that an active practitioner at the Bar finds time to cultivate a taste for books outside his legal library. In saying this, I have in mind a highly interesting member of the New York Bar, Mirabeau L. Toaa'us, Avho especially appeals to me as a newspaperman, because he is probably the greatest authority on the laAV of libel in this city. During the past ten years, he has been counsel in more than 250 libel suits — in all except six of these cases act ing for the editor or nevA'spaper. A proper interpretation of the laAv of libel, although the laAV itself be based upon a principle of justice which every conscientious editor thor oughly endorses, is often exceedingly difficult. It may be laid doAvn as a journalistic axiom that libel is never intentionally committed! This is the theory upon Avhicli Mr. Toavus proceeds to construct his briefs in libel cases. He comes to the metropolis from Alabama, Avhere he Avas born in Russell County, Janu ary, 1852. He is a descendant of Revolution ary stock, through both sides of his house. He Avas barely nine years old Avhen the Civil War broke out and could avail himself of only such educational advantages as existed during those troublous times. At the conclusion of hostilities, he Avas sent to Germany and re mained there seven years. On retiirn to the United States, he came to this city and entered the laAV school of Xcav York Universitv. from which he Avas graduated in 1877. He began practice as a partner of LudAvich Semler, then Comptroller of the old City of Brooklyn. This firm continued until the death of Judge Semler. since which time Mr. Towns has practiced under his OAvn name. He removed to Manhattan in 1906 and opened an office on BroadAvay, Avhere his success has been con tinuous. Mr. ToAA'us early took an active part in politics. Indirectly, he had a large part in the passage of the consolidation act, because he secured the nomination of Peter H. Mc- Nulty for the State Senate and conducted his campaign against both old parties Avith suc cess. McNulty cast the deciding vote for consolidation, creating Greater Ncav York of to-day. Mr. Toaa'u is fond of music and is knoAA'n among his friends as the lawyer-poet, because he frequently introduces verse into his speeches. Mrs. Towns is distinguished for charities of a practical nature. She an nually sends many children to homes in the West. Last Christmas, she gave 20,000 toy concrete houses to children of the poor, be speaking a hope of future home far from noisy city streets. Mr. Toaa'us is a member of many clubs. Attracted to the profession of laAv by his intense liking for legal Avork, it is not strange that William T. Holt has been successful in practice. Mr. Holt was born in Esopus, Ulster County, N. Y., and Avas educated at the Kings ton Academy and Albany LaAv School, grad uating from the latter institution in 1876 and becoming managing clerk in the office of Charles A. FoAvler, of Kingston, N. Y. Later he practiced his profession for some years in Kingston, and Avas one of the counsel for the West Shore Railroad during- its construction. He Avas connected Avith the Internal Revenue Department from 1887 to 1889, but deter mining to devote his entire time to the practice of the laAV, he came to Ncav York in 1889 and became a member of the firm of Van Hoeven- berg & Holt, and upon the death of Mr. Van Hoevenberg organized the firm of Holt, War ner & Gaillard. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 231 WILLIAM T. HOLT JAMES A. ROBERTS RUSH TAGGART Mr. Holt resides in Richmond Borough, Staten Island, and is Public Administrator of Richmond County. The state of Maine has sent to New York by way of Buffalo a lawyer of versatile ability in the person of James Arthur Roberts, Avho was born at Waterboro, in that State, March, 1847, and the history of his family is as rugged and sturdy as the mighty forests and tower ing- mountains of his original habitat. Amid such surroundings he grew up and prepared for college; entering Bowdoin, he became a member of the D. K. E., and graduating Avith the class of 1870. He saAv some active fight ing during the Civil War Avith the Seventh Maine battery. After getting his degree at Bowdoin, he settled in Buffalo and being ad mitted to the bar, soon formed the firm of Roberts, Becker, Messer & Groat. Between 1875 and 1894, in which year he became State Comptroller, Mr. Roberts attained extraordi nary success as a real estate lawyer; he served for three years as Park Commissioner of Buf falo, and in 1879 and 1880 Avas elected to the Assembly of the State of Ncav York. Since 1902 he has been a resident of the metropolis, where realty has particularly claimed his at tention. He is president of the Greater Ncav York Home Company, the New Netherlands Home Company, and the Stuyvesant Home Company. In addition to many other posi tions of trust, he is a director of the X^ational Sugar Manufacturing Company, and other sim ilar corporations. Mr. Roberts is the possessor of a library of rare Americana. He is presi dent of the Ncav York State Historical Society and a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. Considerable might be said about Mr. Roberts' Colonial ancestry. One of the first governors of the Colony of Ncav Hampshire Avas his original ancestor, Avho came across the sea in 1623. He is a member of many social organizations. The Western Union Telegraph Company made another draft upon the "Buckeye State" in the person of Rush Taggart for one of its most efficient minds. Mr. Taggart was born at Smitheville, Wayne County, Ohio, in 1849, of Revolutionarv stock, and took a de gree at Wooster University, 1871. He Avas the second man in his class and an enthusias tic Beta Theta Pi. Thence he Avent to the University of Michigan for a laAv course, com pleted in 1875. When the Hay den Survey in the far West Avas ordered by the government, Mr. Taggart Avas detailed as assistant geolo gist and spent tAvo years in the Avork. On his return, he entered the service of the Penn sylvania Company, acting as counsel at Pitts burg and for the Eastern Ohio division of the great raihA'ay system. He came to Ncav York in 1887 to enter the office of Dillon & SAvayne. Four years later, Mr. Taggart was appointed solicitor of the Western Union Telegraph Com- 232 THE BOOK of NEW YORK pany. His fad is farming and he has a place at X^ew Canaan, Conn., Avhere he indulges his fancy and plays golf in the interim. He is a member of numerous clubs, both in and out of toAvn. The Public Service Commission of Ncav York State has brought a number of men to the front in this city. The general counsel to thai body, in the First District, is George S. Coleman, Avho Avas born in Flatlands (uoav part of Brooklyn) in 1856. He Avas graduated from Wesleyan University in 1876 and re ceived its honorary degree of LL.D., in 1908. While at Middletown he was editor of the Argus and Olla Podrida, college publications. He Avon eight scholarship prizes and held first rank in his class. He Avas a Psi Upsilon. After graduation Mr. Coleman began read ing laAV Avith Countryman & BoAven, Coopers- toAA'n, N. Y., taught for a year in Albany, took a course at Columbia LaAv School and Avas admitted to practice in this city in May, 1880. He served as a clerk with Shearman & Sterling for tAvo years and then became managing clerk for BristoAv, Peet & Opdyke until 1885, AA'hen he Avas appointed Assistant Corporation Coun sel, AA'hich office he held until 1892, having special charge of matters relating to municipal taxation. The firm of Eustis, Foster & Cole man Avas then formed and as a member there of Mr. Coleman continued in general practice until 1899, Avhen he returned to the city laAv department until his present appointment, nine years later. He is descended from Pil grim and Puritan stock, his paternal ancestors including- John HoAvland, of the "MayfloAA'cr," 1620, and Thomas Coleman, one of the asso ciate founders of Nantucket. A name much on the public lips is that of William R. Willcox, distinguished political and social economist, eminent lawyer and chairman of the Public Service Commission of New York City. Mr. Willcox Avas born in Smyrna, X^. Y., in 1863. He took the degree of A.B. at the University of Rochester in 1886, and that of LL.B. at Columbia in 1889. Upon establishing his residence in New York City and having been admitted to the Bar, Mr. Willcox took an active part in Repub lican politics and ran for Congress against O. H. P. Belmont. Although he AA'as not elected, he distinguished himself by greatly reducing his opponent's vote. Mr. Willcox was appointed Park Commis sioner by Mayor Loav and served in that capacity throughout the latter's administra tion. He later served as Postmaster of the City of Ncav York for Iavo and one-half years, until his appointment in 1907 to the chair- GEORGE S. COLEMAN WILLIAM R. WILLCOX HENRY W. SACKETT THE BOOK of NEW ^'ORK 233 manship of the Public Service Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Presbyterian Hospital, of all the more important clubs and of the Alpha Delta Phi. A successful lawyer Avho has combined a sincere devotion to his own profession and a fondness for the treatment of legal questions in the editorial columns of the Ncav York Tribune is Henry WoodAvard Sackett, born at Enfield, N. Y., 1853, educated at the Ithaca Academy and graduated at Cornell University, 1875 (Phi Beta Kappa). He came to Ncav York and while studying laAV did considerable ncAVspaper work; he began practice in 1879 and subsequently became senior member of Sackett, Bacon & McQuaid, chiefly engaged in corporation AVork. The present title of the firm is Sackett, Chapman & Stevens. He was for six years a member of Troop A and Squad ron A. Governor Black appointed him aide on his staff with a rank of Colonel; during the Spanish-American War, Colonel Sackett served as Assistant Paymaster-General of Ncav York in the Southern States. He is a Republican in politics and an Episcopalian in religion. He has served as Secretary of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, as trustee of Cornell University, vice-president of the American Scenic and Historic Preserva tion Society, commissioner of the Fire Island State Park and trustee for the Clarkson Home for Chfldren. He has lectured on laAV at Cor nell University. His recreations are horse back riding, golf and arboriculture. He be longs to a number of clubs and spends his sum mers at " Quaker Ridge," Mamaroneck. When a young lawyer leaves Texas, at the age of twenty-four to take a fall out of New York, with its strong skirmish line of estab lished attorneys, he has to "make good" very soon or go back home! That's AA'hy I Avas early attracted to Martin W. Littleton, Avho came to New York in 1896, hired and furnished an office and before he had a single client re turned to Dallas to get married. His idea evidently was to eliminate all possibility of failure by burning his bridges behind him. The story of Mr. Littleton's early life is simple enough. His father had lived in the moun tains of East Tennessee, a small farmer. When the war broke out and the dissolution of the Union Avas threatened, farmer Littleton and his five l)rothers utterly refused to discuss the nice points of secession; they declared that the Union had protected them and for the Union they stood. When the A\ar av{'.s over, the federal soldier returned to his devas tated farm in Roane County, Tennessee. hoping to w]-ing a living from the scanty earth. In January, 1872, Martin Avas born. Nine years later the Littleton family trekked West- AA'ard to Texas and located upon a small farm. There AAcre eight boys in the family by this MARTIN AV. LITTLETON time and they AA'ere promptly sent into the cot ton field. Some of them developed great expertness as horsemen. Most of Martin's boyhood was spent on the Texas prairies. He attended school Avhenever time could be spared from his work or the AA'cather Avas too bad for farm labor. The family returned to Ten- essee, but Martin and one of his brothers de cided to remain in Texas. He tried his hand at railroading, was made a track-walker and saved money enough to attend school for eight months, at the end of Avhich time he got day employment as a road builder, giving his nights to the study of law. He Avas ex amined and admitted to the bar before he 234 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Avas tAventy years of age. He Avas almost immediately made Assistant Prosecuting At torney. The following year he Avent to Dallas and soon attracted attention by volunteering as attorney for a friendless negro, but clients didn't come and he sat for weeks, staving off landlord and landlady Avith promises of hope. Thus matters stood until the Bryan cam paign Avhen Martin Littleton took a firm ground against silver and Avas made an elector- at-large on the Palmer-Buckner ticket. Here he showed his wonderful ability as a spell binder. He spoke in nearly every part of the state, generally capturing- his audience, although unfavorably received and often threat ened with knives and missiles. In New York Martin and his wife, Peggy, settled in a little flat on Washington Heights. He had brought some letters of introduction but nobody of importance would recognize them. He and his wife spent all their free evenings at the lectures in the public schools and the free libraries reading. Finally, when hope was about gone, Mr. Littleton presented a letter to George Foster Peabody, who se cured for him a position as clerk in a Brooklyn law office. Ultimately, he was appointed an Assistant District Attorney of Kings County. He was elected President of the Borough of Brooklyn in 1903. To come to a big city without money, friends or influence is a brave and plucky thing to do; but New York is a generous, hearty place, and though already crowded has room for a sincere and earnest worker. Mr. Littleton's fame as a lawyer has been largely responsible for his splendid rise. He was chosen by the Democracy of New York to nominate Alton B. Parker at the Democratic National Convention of 1904. At the expiration of his official term in Brooklyn, he moved to Manhattan and has resided on this island ever since. The most picturesque incident in his career was his election to Congress in the First District in 1910. The district was strongly Republican and was especially noted as the home of Theodore Roosevelt. Mr. Littleton made more than a hundred speeches, no community being too small for him to visit. He spent days and nights in an auto mobile, always accompanied by his wife, who became a thorough campaigner. There is no stopping a man like this! His election was a personal triumph, but only an incident to what the future holds for such a man. Charles Carrollton Clark, born at Ozark, Mo., in 1874, reached New York by way of Texas. His parents emigrated from south western Missouri to the broad plains of Texas, where they took up ranch life. Young Clark lived the open-air existence of a cowboy and rancher on the Staked Plains from 1887 to '90. He then began the study of law, was graduated LL.B. at the University of Texas and began practice at Dallas, Avith his brother, Ross L. Clark. That partnership existed untfl 1898, CHARLES C. CLARK HENRY S. HOOKER IRA J. DUTTON THE BOOK of NEW YORK 235 when Mr. Clark removed to New York city and assisted Martin W. Littleton as trial coun sel for the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. He subsequently had much corporation practice, among his clients being the Edison Electrical Illuminating Co., of Brooklyn, the Estates of Long Beach and other realty companies. He was alumni orator for the University of Texas in 1907. Henry Stewart Hooker was born in San Francisco in 1880. He was sent East to the Groton school, a well-known boys' school, modeled upon the best English lines. Thence he went to Yale, where he was graduated in the class of 1902. A course at the New York Law School followed, where he took a degree in 1904. Meanwhile, coming to New York, he entered the laAv office of De Lancey Nicoll and familiarized himself with routine work of his profession. Mr. Hooker adopted the legal profession because his ancestors had been law yers and prominent in the affairs of the repub lic. His great-grandfather was Governor Foote, of Mississippi, a descendant of Lawrence Wash ington, half brother of George Washington, who was also an United States Senator. His grand father was Senator William M. Stewart, of Nevada. Mr. Hooker became a member of the law firm of Crocker & Wicks in 1907 and is now a member of the firm of Marvin, Hooker & Roosevelt. He is a Republican and a member of the Union, Yale and Tuxedo clubs. Among the lawyers of this city who have given special attention to realty practice, as well as corporation law, is Ira Jay Dutton, born at Sherman, N. Y., in 1859; educated at the Sherman High School, four years at Oberlin, and law courses at Columbia Univer sity and the New York Law School. He began to practice in April, 1901. Love of the profession of law inspired him and he soon acquired an excellent clientage. In February, 1907, he was injured in a railroad wreck at Brewster and was incapacitated for profes sional work for 2^ years. Since then he has reestablished his practice. Mr. Dutton has always felt interested in country life, par ticularly in abandoned farms of New England. He owns 1,200 acres of these typical farms in Vermont with the intention of extending his acreage and reclaiming the wornout soil by scientific farming. In this task he has al ready had fair success. He is a director in Westbury Park, L. I., in the Wemlinger Steel Piling Company, and is a firm believer in the development of our national resources. His forebears were of Revolutionary stock. Another contribution of North Carolina to the New York Bar is Wflliamson W. Fuller, born at Fayetteville, August, 1858; graduated at the University of Virginia, 1878, and edu cated in law at Greensboro, where he was admitted to the bar in 1880. At present he is general counsel for the American Tobacco Company and many other large corporations — a position he has won by sturdy work in his profession since his arrival in New York. I would like to refer to some of his early suc- cesses,but Mr. Fuller is averse. He is a mem ber of the Bar Association of the City of New York, the North Carolina Society and South ern Society of New York and the Aldine Asso ciation. His clubs are the Metropolitan, Democratic, Pilgrims and Ardsley. Maine's contribution to the legal fraternity of this city is creditably represented by Jordan Jackson Rollins, born at Portland, December, 1869. After a course at Dartmouth College, closing in 1892, he was graduated at the Har vard Law School. He came to New York and studied with Daniel G. Rollins, securing an admission to the bar in 1894. He then formed a partnership AA'ith his preceptor and has since acted as counsel for many financial and commercial corporations. Mr. Rollins is a director in the Acker, Merrall & Condit Co., Casualty Company of America, New York City Railway Co., Windsor Trust Co., and McDonald Electrolytic Co. He is sec retary of the New York LaAV Institute and member of the Bar Association. He belongs to many clubs, among them the American, Seawanhaka and Corinthian Yacht clubs; University, Harvard, Manhattan, Racquet and Tennis, New York Athletic, Union League, Metropolitan, Psi Upsilon, Dartmouth and Rockaway Hunt clubs. 236 THE BOOK of XEW YORK GEORGE L. STERLING ARCHIBALD R. WATSON TERENCE FARLEY The laAv department of the City of Xcav York has contained a great many historic men. The Corporation Counsel appointed by Mayor Gaynor, Archibald Robinson Watson, is a young man to have attained such distinc tion. He hailed originally from the South, having been born at Holly Springs, INfiss., in 1872. After a private preparation, he entered the University of Mrginia where he received the degree of Bachelor of Letters in 1894. He came of a race of laAvyers, several of his an cestors and immediate relatives giving their lives to that profession. Reaching- Ncav York at the age of tAventy-seven, he organized tlie "Bench and Bar" Company and undertook the management of that successful legal mag azine. Mr. Watson continued to edit this publication until he assumed public office under ]Mayor Gaynor. He came to X^cav York Avith engagements for legal Avriting, Avhich Avere carried on in the excellent laAv libraries of this city. This literai-y AVork yielded moderate support and bridged over the storm and stress period of a young laAV- yer's life. His first real opportunity came in the offer of a place in the offices of Nicoll, Anable & Lindsay, and Avas later admitted into full partnership in the firm Avhich con tinued until his appointment as Corporation Counsel. Mr. Watson's ambition Avas ex pressed to the Avriter m the folloAving language: "I considered Ncav York the greatest city in the world and came, hoping to succeed Avhere success Avoiild mean most." A laAvyer Avho has rendered highly efficient service to his associates at the bar by the capa ble manner in Avhich he has served as an as sistant in the Corporation Counsel's office, through many administrations since 1885, is George L. Sterling. He came to Ncav York from Connecticut, Avhere he Avas born De cember, 1855. His early education Avas at the tAVO private schools of Strong and of Day at Bridgeport; he then entered Yale and Avas graduated in 1876. A tAA'o years' post-grad uate course folloAved, and a laAV degree in 1880. He Avas promptly admitted to the bar and came to Ncav York a year later, Avhere he has prac ticed his profession ever since. As before mentioned, he became an assistant in the Cor poration Counsel's office in 1885 and recently has introduced a iicav system of filing papers in the Hall of Records Avhich has been of utmost use to laAA'yers Avho frequent that im portant institution. Mr. Sterling is a member of the Bar Association of Ncav York and of the Ncav England Society. He belongs to the University, Manhattan and Yale clubs. The City Corporation Counsel's office is a splendid training school for young laAA'yers. Terence Farley entered there as a clerk AA'hen a very young man and Avhile pursuing his legal studies at Columbia. He was born in this city, November, 1870, educated at the public schools and graduated from the Uni versity of the City of New York. After ad mission to the bar, he Avas appointed to a place THE BOOK of NEW \'ORK 237 in the Corporation Counsel's office, having special charge of the appeal division, and in that post took part in, or handled entirely, many important cases. During the last twen ty years, Mr. Farley has served under seven different Corporation Counsellors, Avhich is presumptive evidence that he gave entire sat isfaction and did not mix politics Avith his official duties. He is Chairman of the Regis tration Committee of the Metropolitan Asso ciation of the Amateur Athletic Union, a director of the Catholic and the Osceola clubs and a trustee of the Amateur Athletic Asso ciation. Dudley Field Malone, noAV Assistant Cor poration Counsel, was born in New York city, 1881, took an A.B. degree at St. Francis Xavier College and an LL.B. at Fordham, — serving as valedictorian of his class. He entered the laAV office of Judge T. C. O'Sul- livan in 1905, and Avas then associated for four years Avith the firm of Battle & Marshall. After that time, he practiced independently until appointed to his present place in the Corporation Counsel's office. Mr. Malone has had varied experience in criminal laAv, especially murder trials. He made a specialty of municipal law; has represented the Catholic Hierarchy and also the Confederation of Churches of Greater New York and the Inter- Denominational bodies of Greater Ncav York before the Legislature. He Avas an active campaigner during the last gubernatorial and mayoralty contests, probably making more speeches than any other man. He is a mem ber of the DAvight Club, the Delta C^hi legal fraternity, the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick and of the Seventh Regiment. ^rhe long service and frequent promotions of Curtis A. Peters is a fitting testimonial to his value as an attache of the office of the Corporation Counsel. Mr. Peters Avas born at Port Richmond, Staten Island, attended the College of the City of Ncav York, and graduated from the X^cav York LaAV School. After service as a clerk in the office of HornbloAA'cr, Byrne, Miller & Potter, 30 Broad Street, shortly after gradua tion, he Avas appointed, in 1902, as a Junior Assistant Corporation Counsel in tax cases, by Corporation Counsel George L. Rives. He Avas made full Assistant Corporation Counsel by Judge John J. Delaney, during his term as Counsel, and during subsequent administrations of the office until he Avas finally appointed Assistant Corporation Coun sel in charge of the division of taxes and assessments. As such he has charge of all tax litigation of the City of Ncav York, including all special franchise tax litigation instituted by all the public utility corporations of the city. An energetic assistant on the staff' of Cor poration Counsel Watson is William P. Burr. born in Dublin in 1856 and brought to this country by his parents Avhen seven years of ao-e. He Avas educated at De La Salle Acade- DUDLEY FIELD MALONE WILLIAM P. BURR CURTIS A. PETERS 238 THE BOOK of NEW YORK my, Ncav York, St. James' College, Baltimore; and Columbia College LaAv School. He was admitted to the bar in 1879, rapidly acquiring distinction as a trial laAA'yer. Mr. Burr Avas named Assistant Corporation Counsel of Ncav York in 1904, being placed in charge of the Division of Franchises, hav ing supervision over all public utility corpora tions operating- in the city. At this post he has tried and Avon many notable cases. Espe cially memorable is his contention for eighty- cent gas, in Avhich litigation he bore the brunt of a popular fight to sustain the constitution ality of the laAV fixing the rate of 80 cents per 1,000 feet for illuminating gas. On the evi dence he offered before the Special Master, Arthur H. Masten, the contentions of the city as to the laAv's constitutionality AAcre finally sustained by a unanimous decision of the United States Supreme Court, the opinion de livered by Mr. Justice Peckham, January 9, 1909. This Avas one of the most important commercial cases ever decided by that great tribunal, because it aff'ects every service cor poration in this country ! Six per cent, return on the present value of property actually de voted to the business of the Consolidated Gas Company was held to be reasonable and fair. As a trial lawyer Hector M. Hitchings has won many important cases, a number of them being on appeals before the higher courts, and in this line of AA'ork he has attained great prominence. ^Ir. Hitchings was born at Gravesend, Kings County, N. \,, December 12, 1855, the son of Benjamin G. and Catherine NcAvberry (Moon) Hitchings. He graduated from Ex eter Academy in 1874 and from Amherst Col lege in 1876, and then took up the study of laAV in the office of his father. He Avas ad mitted to the bar in 1879 and since that time has been A'cry active in his profession, being noAv senior partner in the legal firm of Hitch ings & DoAV, with offices at No. 100 William Street. ]Mr. Hitchings is a Republican and has always taken an active interest in politics. He is an elder in Brick Presbyterian Church, a trustee of Christ Church and the Church of the Covenant and trustee and secretary of the McAuley Cremorne Mission. He is a member of the West Side Republican, River side, 21st Assembly District Republican, En- glcAvood Golf, Shelter Island Golf and the Drug and Chemical clubs. AlAA'ays active in Ncav York politics, Thomas F. CouAvay has been partially rewarded for his zeal and constancy to the Democratic party by elevation to the Lieutenant Governorship, but his friends assert that the party's obliga tion Avill not be fully discharged until he is chosen as Chief Executive of the State. Mr. CouAvay is a successful lawyer who commenced life as a school teacher and who, AA'hile a "wizard of the birchen rod," studied law assiduously until he was competent to pass the examination and be admitted to the bar, in 1885. Always active in politics, Mr. CouAvay Avas nominated for Attorney- General in 1898 and at the Rochester Convention in 1910 was candidate of the northern section for Governor, being unanimously given second place on the ticket AA'hen Dix was nominated. He adheres strictly to the policies embodied in the platform and is active in carrying- them out. Mr. Conway is a member of the firm of Conway & Weed, and has a large practice in the city, state and Federal courts. The old South state contributes the next laAvyer that comes to mind, R. Floyd Clarke, born at Columbia, South Carolina, October, 1859, but removed with his parents to Ncav York, directly after the Civil War. Here, he attended the public schools and was grad uated at the College of the City of New York, 1880. He Avas among the last students who sat under the magic tongue of Dr. Dwight at Columbia LaAv School, AA'here he took a degree, cum laude, Avinning in 1882 the first prize in municipal laAv. Next, I kncAv of him as managing clerk of Olcott & Nostre, admitted a member of the firm in 1883. In 1885, he organized the partnership of Clarke & Cul vert, Avhich continued until 1903, since Avhich time Mr. Clarke has practiced on his OAvn account. He has been counsel at various times for large interests and corporations, memorably the Ncav York and Ncav Jersey Bridge Company, Avhich had charters from the two states to throw a span over the Hud son River, and later for the North River THE BOOK of NEW YORK 239 HECTOR M. HITCHINGS THOMAS F. CONWAY R. FLOYD CLARKE Bridge Co., which possesses asimilar grant from the Congress of the United States. Mr. Clarke was also the legal advisor of the George A. Fuller Co. when it first entered New York, and of the Lake Superior Corporation. He tried against ex-Surrogate Rastus S. Ransom, the famous Kemp will case. In international litigation, Mr. Clarke represented the claim of the United States & Venezuela Co., — mean ing the Critchfield asphalt concession, — against the South American republic, which finally went to The Hague Tribunal and was settled for $475,000. He has handled the claims of private individuals in arbitration cases be tween Mexico and the United States, regard ing the boundary dispute over the El Chamzal Tract of lands at El Paso, Texas; he acted as private counsel for Porter Charlton in habeas corpus and before the United States Supreme Court to prevent his deportation to Italy under conditions arising from Italy's breach of the extradition treaty with the United States. Mr. Clarke is author of "The Science of Law and Lawmaking" and of numerous magazine articles on legal questions. He is a member of the Bar Associations of the State, City and County and of the American Bar Association and American Society of In ternational LaAV and of the Delta Kappa Epsilon and Phi Beta Kappa fraternities. Colonial Order of the Acorn and the New York Southern Society. He is an enthusias tic yachtsman and owns the fast sloop "Atala." His clubs are the University, New York, Larchmont and Atlantic Yacht clubs and the Manhattan Chess Club. The "Old North State" has contributed a lawyer of unusual success to the bar of the metropolis. I refer to George Gordon Battle, born on Coolspring Plantation. Edgecomb county, N. C, near the close of 1868. He was sent to the Hanover Academy, at Rich mond, Va. ; then attended the University of North Carolina; took a degree of the Univer sity of Virginia, Charlottesvflle, and com pleted his studies at Columbia Law School in this city. After leaving Charlottesvflle, in 1889, Mr. Battle read law for six months with his brother. Judge Jacob Battle, at Rocky Mount, prior to entering at Columbia. In 1892, he was appointed a Deputy Assistant District Attorney by De Lancey Nicoll, and ultimately became an Assistant District At torney, serving until March, 1897. Retiring from office, he formed a partnership with Bar tow S. Weeks, and soon after the firm became Weeks, Battle & Marshall, by the introduction of H. Snowden Marshall. Mr. Weeks later Avithdrew from the firm and it then became Battle & Marshall. When he was Assistant District Attorney, Mr. Battle had charge of the Grand Jury of the County of New York for three years, presenting cases and trying in dictments during that period. No indictment draAvn by him ever had a demurrer against it sustained, due to technical defect. 240 THE BOOK of NEW YORK GEORGE GORDON BATTLE He rigidly adhered to a determination not to be associated Avith any corporation in any capacity except that of counsellor. Mr. Battle belongs to the Metropolitan. Calumet, Manhattan, St. Xicholas, Seneca and West Side Democratic clubs. He is a member of the Bar Associations of this city, state and nation, the Southern Society, Xorth Carolina Society, The Virginians, and various benevo lent associations. He is a Democrat, and re ceived the nomination for District Attorney in 1909, but Avas defeated by Mr. Whitman. Austria has given to X^cav York a capable laAvyei- in the person of Max D. Steuer, born in the empire in 1871 and brought to this country by his parents Avhen a youth. He Avas educated in the public schools and sold ncAVspapers morning and night. His hunger for knoAvledge and desire to fit himself for a legal career induced him to enter the College of the City of X^cav York in spite of the neces sity of making his oavu Avay and assisting his parents. He gave private instructions in Civil Service in the Regents' examinations and during college vacations he Avorked in Avoolen MAX D. STEUER houses. During- his sophomore year, the financial condition of his family became such that he was forced to discontinue his studies and to accept a clerkship in the foreign mails department of the general post-office. He con tinued his studies privately, until October, 1890, Avhen he resigned his clerkship, much to the regret of Postmaster Van Cott, to enter Columbia LaAv School, At the end of a three years' course he Avas given his degree of LL.B., and Avon a money prize of $150. He Avas admitted to the bar in 1892, but continued in the laAV school for an additional year. He had specialized in mercantile laAv and his success AA'as almost immediate. He tells me he has tried over 2600 jury cases, of which he has avou 95 per cent. A remarkable cir cumstance is that in more than fifty per cent. of all cases Mr. Steuer has acted as counsel for the defendant. He is at present counsel for over tAVO hundred law firms in Ncav York City. His recent defense of Senator Gardiner and of Raymond Hitchcock, the actor, Avere much applauded. His remarkable success in defense has occasioned much comment at the bar. Mr. Steuer is a member of the Progress, THE BOOK of NEW YORK 241 Democratic and Tamorora clubs and is con nected Avith the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, the United Hebrew Charities, the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Educational Alliance, Philanthropic Hospital, Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews, Young Men's Hebrew Asso ciation, Mount Sinai Hospital, Montefiore Home, Girls' Technical School, Sunshine So ciety for Blind Children and other charitable institutions. A lawyer of this city Avho makes a specialty of commercial, ecclesiastical, probate and real estate law is EdAvard Sears Clinch, a man Avho never has lived outside of New York, is a graduate of its City College, Avhere he took former Governor John William Griggs came DO from that state and established a laAV office here. He Avas born in NcAvton, N. J., in 1849, and educated at Lafayette College. He began practice at Paterson, N. J., but, entering politics, soon went to the Ncav Jersey Assembly, then became a State Senator, acting as president of that body in 1886. He was elected Governor as a Republican in 1895, resigning tAvo years later to enter the Cabinet of President McKinley as Attorney General, where he served until 1901. He is a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitra- tration of The Hague. At the close of his official career at Washington, Mr. Griggs EDWARD S. CLINCH JOHN W. GRIGGS CHARLES P. DORRANCE his degree in 1865, and of Columbia LaAV School tAVO years later. Mr. Clinch Avas born in this city in 1846. He began practice upon reaching his majority and Avas actively en gaged in his profession until 1906, Avhen he Avas appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court for the First District of Ncav York. In poli tics, he has ever been a consistent Republican and in 1904 Avas a Presidential Elector on the Roosevelt ticket. He is a member of the National Geographic Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the National Audubon Society, Municipal Art Society, New York Historical Society, Amer ican Museum of Natural History, the Bar Associations of the city, state and nation, and the American Society of International LaAv. The legal profession of the metropolis gained a distinguished recruit from Ncav Jersey when opened an office in this city. He is President and Director of the ]\Iarconi Wireless Tele graph Co. of America, a director of the Cor poration Trust Co. of N. J., Ncav York Tele phone Co., and American Locomotive Co. A successful specialist in real estate laAv is Charles P. Dorrance, Avho hails from Pennsyl vania, having been born at Carbondale in 1852. After an academic course, he Avent to Rutgers College, Ncav BrunsAvick, N. J., where he took the degree of A.B. in 1873. He studied laAv at Freehold, and Avas admitted to the Supreme Court of Ncav Jersey as an attorney in 1876, and as a counsellor in 1879. After practicing- at Long Branch, he moved to Ncav York City in 1881. He came to this city at a time that marked a Avonderful move- 242 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ment in real estate values and soon developed a large practice. He is one of the best in formed authorities on the laAV applicable to titles to real estate in the city. Mr. Dorrance takes an active interest in politics, although he has never been a candidate for public office; he is an ardent Republican and was for a number of years a member of the West Side Republican Club. His interest in religious matters is also strong, he being a member of the (Dutch) Reformed Church. In college, he was a sincere fraternity man and belonged to the Chi Phi. In 1909 he was the President of the Ncav York Association of that fraternitv. He Avas reelected in 1909, his present term expiring December 31, 1923. Justice Laughlin is a member of the Man hattan, Catholic and Republican clubs. He resides in Buffalo, N. Y. A comparatively young member of the Supreme bench of this state is Charles L. Guy, born in New York City, 1856, of French- Canadian Catholic parentage on his father's side and of Connecticut Presbyterian stock on his mother's. He was educated at the College of the City of New York but left before grad uation, to become a clerk in a shipping firm. After various similar employments, he learned FRANK C. LAUGHLIN CHARLES I,. GUY VICTOR J. DOWLING There are few jurists in Ncav York State Avho enjoy a higher reputation than Justice Frank C. Laughlin, of the Supreme Court. Justice Laughlin Avas born in NcAvstead, N. Y., July 20, 1859, and Avas educated at the Union School, Lockport, N. Y. He was admitted to the bar in 1882 and at the commencement of his legal career took a deep interest in Buffalo's municipal affairs, being Assistant City Attorney and City Attorney from 1886 to 1891. He was made Corporation Counsel in 1893 and Avas elevated to a justiceship of the Supreme Court in 1895, sitting in the Eighth District. He Avas assigned to the Appellate Division in Rochester in 1901, and to the Appelate Division in Ncav York City in 1902, and has twice been reassigned thereto. stenography and became an official court re porter. He then entered Columbia Law School and was admitted to the Bar in 1881. Justice Guy tells me he went into law in "pursuit of the line of least resistance." He was for many years a member of the firm of Lexow, Mackellar, Guy & Wells; he was a law assistant to the Surrogate for two years, was a State Senator, 1894-98, when he in troduced and passed the School Teachers' Pension Bill. He was School Commissioner for two years; Assistant Corporation Counsel, and on November 6, 1906, was elected Justice of the Supreme Court for First Department for the term expiring December 31, 1920. In politics Justice Guy has always shown inde pendence, although inclined to be a democrat. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 243 m'AS^?^:JSi ;iiMi>a^. _•«...- _i-.^.. - - T^- MICHAEL P. O'CONNOR J. ARTHUR HILTON Prior to the secession of South Carolina, a few resolute Southern men did all they could to stem the rising tide of revolt. They be lieved in the Union of the States, "one and inseparable," and were far-sighted enough to see that the Southern Confederacy, even if suc cessful in securing independence, would not begin its career as a first-class power and could not long maintain its place among the independent nations of the Avorld. Probably the most prominent of these men to oppose secession was the popular Southern orator of that day, Michael P. O'Connor, of CharlestoAvn, S. C. He felt no special friendship for the North but argued strictly from the vicAv-point of a practical man who foresaw the disruption of a great nation, the southern part of which ultimately would fall into the possession of England or France. Up to the hour of the final act of the South Carolina legislature, Mr. O'Connor sturdfly continued his unpop ular struggle as an anti-secessionist. He Avas a lover of liberty, his father had been an Irish patriot before him and he was himself a friend and co-AVorker with Patrick Ford in the cause of Irish independence. When South Caro lina took the irrevocable step, Mr. O'Connor stood by the act of its legislature and became a Confederate, — much as did Robert E. Lee of Virginia. He Avas the first member of Con gress to represent South Carolina at the close of the Civil War. I never kncAv the sturdy old campaigner, but his son, Michael P. O'Connor, born in Columbia, 1865, has been practicing laAV in this city since 1890. He was educated at the schools of his native city and graduated at Charleston College. He Avas admitted to the bar in this city and since that time has been eminently successful as a trial lawyer. His practice has been particularly devoted to litigated cases and he has handled many prominent jury trials. He has achieved dis tinction in damage suits against railroads and other corporations. His practice extends over Manhattan and Long Island, having his offices on BroadAvay, Manhattan, and Jackson avenue. Long Island City. Mr. O'Connor served for ten years in the Ncav York Seventh Regiment and was commissioned from there as a lieutenant in the Twelfth Regiment. 244 THE BOOK of XEW YORK One of the distinguished younger members of the metropolitan bar is J. x\rthur Hilton, Avho Avas born in Cohoes, of this State, edu cated at Colgate University and received a professional training at the X^cav York LaAV School. His capacity as a trial laAvyer has Avon high praise from many of the older mem bers of the bar. Especially distinctive are his methods in the conduct of cross-examina tions. He has specialized in insurance laAA' and is an authority on statutes aft'ecting rail roads. I\Ir. Hilton recently avou a suit brought for breach of contract involving- a quarter mil lion dollars. In politics, he has acted in an advisory capacity Avith the Kings County Republican Committee, but never has been a candidate for office. He is an omniverous reader; fond of sports, especially the hunting of big game in the Adirondacks, Avhere he has a summer camp, or shooting ducks on the Chesapeake. He has an eight hundred acre farm in Dutchess County, Avhere he has in stalled all the latest scientific helps to tflling the sofl. He is "a practical farmer," because he has made farming financially successful. He is, also, a trustee of the Greenwich Baptist Church, a bank director and an active Mason. Xo Xcav Yorker knoAA-n to me so harmoni ously combines laAv and politics as Col. Abraham Gruber, avIio began his legal career as an office boy at thirteen Avith a firm of inter national fame and at the end of six years' service had familiarized himself Avith every AA'orking detail of the profession. He utilized the knoAvledge thus gained to spend his days serving a collection agency and his nights in the study of laAv. He had no sooner attained his majority than he applied for admission to the bar and successfully gained the coveted prize, although he had never entered a college or school of laAV. He soon developed an active interest in politics and affiliated himself Avith the Republican party. I am uncertain as to the exact date in Avhich he acquired control in his Assembly District but it Avas somcAvhere in the eighties. .Vs his practice grcAV, "Abe," as he prefers to be called, developed capacity as an after-dinner speaker and as such Avas much in demand. He tells me he never suffered from stage fright or had cause to lament the loss of a Avord. He is a fluent linguist and no Avord in German or English dare say to him, "Nay!" Abraham Gruber is a product of the city, having been born, raised and developed here; he cannot be de scribed as a tribute of the West to the East! He is thoroughly metropolitan, having first seen the light here in 1861 and obtained his education at the public schools, reinforced by constant private study. CHARLES S. GUGGENHEIMER A highly popular and philanthropic man Avho was engaged in politics in this city be cause he believed he could be of service to his felloAv cflizens Avas the late Randolph Guggen- heimer, first president of the Municipal Coun cil under the consolidation charter. His be nevolence in behalf of the Ncav York newsboys has been continued by his AvidoAv. Charles S. Guggenheimer, a son of this AA'orthy cflizen, followed his father in the laAv. He was born in this city in September, 1877, AA'as educated at the public schools, the Halsey School, Johns Hopkins University and completed his laAV course at the Ncav 'York LaAV School in 1899. He also took a special course in History and Pohtical Economy. MeauAvhile, he had en tered the laAV office of his father as a student in 1897. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 245 DANIEL F. COHALAN PETER A. HENDRICK JA.MES A. O'GORMAN Since his election to the United States Senate, to succeed Dr. Depew, James A. O'Gorman has become a national figure. His choice for that high office Avas made after a contest lasting 74 days, in AA'hich William F. Sheehan and the late EdAvard M. Shepard were principal figures. Although Justice O'Gorman had been a presiding officer of the Supreme Court since 1900, he had never prominently challenged public attention apart from his judicial work. He was born in this city. May, 1860; educated at the public gram mar schools and College of the City of Ncav York. He took his law course in X^cav York University; later, he received LL.D. from Villanova, Fordham and Ncav York UniA'cr- sity. He was admitted to the bar in 1882 and practiced eleven years until he became a Justice of a district court in 1893. He is the first of the name ever to be elected to the United States Senate or House of Representatives . Senator O'Gorman's public service has been marked by ability, courage and industry. One of the most capable justices of the Supreme Court of the State of Ncav York is Peter Aloys ius Hendrick, who Avas elected to that high office in 1907 and will serve until 1920. He was born at Penn Yan in 1856 and after preparatory courses at private schools and at Penn Yan Academy, took a degree at Fordham University in 1878. His alma mater has since conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. The special branches in Avhich he excelled in college AA'ere philosophy, metaphysics and Latin. He al- Avays maintained an active interest in athletics ; Avas captain of his university baseball team for three years. He began laAv practice at Auburn, N. Y., and Avas corporation counsel of that city, 1883-'85. Mr. Hendrick is the youngest member of a family of 16 children; a brother of the Rt. Rev. Thomas A. Hen drick, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Cebu, P. I.; of Monsignor Joseph W. Hendrick, Domestic Prelate to Pope Pius X., and of Col. M. J. Hendrick, U. S. Consul at Moncton, N. B. His is one of the oldest and best known Catholic families in the state of New York. The Supreme Bench of this state possesses an active Justice in the person of Daniel F. Cohalan, born at Middletown, Orange County, in 1868. After preparatory studies at the public schools and at Walkill Academy, he entered Manhattan College, from Avhich he AA'as graduated in the classical course. Since o coming to Ncav York, he has been a trustee of his alma mater for 14 years. Entering the laAV office of the late Judge John G. Wil kin, he secured admission to the bar and be gan practice in this city. He took an active part in Democratic politics; Avas engaged in many notable legal cases and secured a large practice. He Avas a delegate to the Demo cratic National Conventions of 1904 and 1908. He has been a delegate to all Ncav York State 246 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Democratic Conventions since 1902. For sev eral years, he Avas chairman of the laAv com mittee of Tammany Hall; from 1896 to the time of his appointment to the Supreme Bench to fill a vacancy, he Avas a member of the Democratic State Committee. Mr. Cohal an belongs to the State, County and City Bar Associations. He Avas elected Justice of the Supreme Court, November 7, 1911. Sidney Harris is as prominent and popular in society as in clubdom. In politics he has fig ured for the last twenty years. At the bar and in public office in his quiet and effective Avay he has won the respect of the judiciary, of his professional brethren and of the public. Born in Ncav York City in 1866, the son of Sidney Smith Harris and Miriam Coles Harris, re ceived his preliminary education at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H. Later, at Columbia University, in addition to pursuing his studies with average zeal, he distinguished himself in athletic competitions. He rowed on the fresh man eight-oared crew that defeated the Har vard freshmen at New London in 1884, in the best time on record for two miles. He rowed number six on the 'Varsity crews of Columbia, 1886 and 1887, at New London in contests with Harvard. Columbia Avas victorious in 1886, and in the same year decisively won against the University of Pennsylvania crew. Mr. Harris received the degree of B.A. from Columbia University and in 1889 he was graduated also from the Law School of the University with the degree of LL.B. In March, 1890, Governor Hill appointed General Daniel E. Sickles Sheriff of New York County, to reform notorious abuses in the administration of that office. In the selec tion of his deputies. General Sickles, himself a laAA'yer of great ability, evinced marked preference for young men of that profession. He did not deem political experience a neces sary qualification for his associates, but he did Avant men AA'hose legal education Avould enable them to measure responsibility and to discern the ethical elements of public questions. Mr. Harris Avas appointed to one of the most im portant deputyships and served until January 1, 1891. For a year he practiced law Avith his father, Sidney Smith Harris, Avho died in 1892. Sidney Harris has been eminently success ful in general civil practice. He has fre quently served as referee in important cases and as Commissioner in matters affecting the public streets, parks and water supply. In 1909, he Avas appointed by Justice Howard, of the Supreme Court, Chairman of the High- Avay Ashokan Reservoir Commission. This board is a quasi-judicial body, charged with the duty of adjusting and adjudicating claims arising from changes in the public highAvays of Ulster County, incident to the construction and sanitation of the Ashokan Avatershed. For many knotted questions decided, there were no precedents in the law reports and the decisions rendered by the Commission have been affirmed hy the Appellate Courts. Mr. Harris is still serving as Chairman. On April 10, 1911, Mayor Gaynor ap pointed Mr. Harris to the Municipal Ex plosives Commission, of which the Fire Com missioner is Chairman ex-officio. The ancestors of Sidney Harris were British. The American branch of the Harris family tree was planted by ancestors who came over from the British Isles between 1625 and 1640. Miriam Coles Harris, mother of Sidney Harris, is a gifted novelist, who has published a score of books, of which her maiden effort was "Rutledge." Social life and conditions in America furnished the theme for this book, which appeared in 1860. "Rutledge" Avas the most popular novel which up to that time had been published in this country. The author had written several chapters before she realized that she had not given a name to the heroine. Then it occurred to her that if she could finish the book without supplying a name, the idea would be unique. This she succeeded in doing admirably and so the heroine is stfll nameless. " Rutledge " had a large sale abroad as well as in the United States. The latest work of Mrs. Harris, "The Tents of Wickedness " appeared in 1907. The father of Sidney Harris A\'as Sidney Smith Harris, a talented and successful laAvyer. Sidney Harris is a member of the Union, the Brook and St. iinthony clubs, the Colum bian Order and the Bar Association of the City of Ncav York. He is also a member of Tam many Hall and has been since 1891 a member of the General Committee of that organization. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 247 WILLIAM H. PAGE SIDNEA' HARRIS HENRY NEVILLE TIFFT The famous "Seaboard" litigation Avill live in the minds of the legal fraternity for a long time. William H. Page, a New York lawyer, who conducted this case in association with other attorneys, has also been counsel in many street railway cases of importance. The firm of Page, Crawford & Tuska, which has been concerned professionally in much Cuban liti gation, maintains a branch office in Havana. Born at Paris, France, in 1861, Wflliam Page was educated at the Boston Latin School and later was graduated from Harvard University with the degree of A.B. He studied at the Columbia Law School, receiving the degree of LL.B. He has a charming country place at Far Hills, N. J., and a town residence. He is a member of several leading clubs, including the Harvard, New York Athletic, Automobile of America and Somerset Hills' Country. Securing his first practical experience in the law, after admission to the bar, as an Assistant District Attorney under Elihu Root, Henry Nevflle Tifft continued in that office under Ex- Governor Dorsheimer and Stephen H. Walker. It was a splendid training. Mr. Tifft was born at Geneva, in this state, in 1854, but early came to New York City, where his par ents had resided for many years. He attended the public schools, took a degree of B.S. at the College of the City of New York in '73, and M.S. in 1876, and ended with a course at Columbia Law School. After teaching for four years in the public schools of this city, he began an active career in law as indicated above. Having a special interest in educa tional matters he served as a school inspector in his district, and as chairman of the 14th district under Mayors Strong, Van Wyck and Low. His activity led to his appointment on the Board of Education in 1903, where he remained several years, having been elected to the Presidency in 1904 and reelected in 1905. His interest in the Y. M. C. A. has been continuous and the progress of the West Side Branch is largely due to him. In 1886, Mr. Tifft began practice with ex-Judge Granville P. Hawes, untfl the latter's death, since which time he has been in the profession alone. Mr. Tifft inherfled a liking for the law from his father, who had many friends in the profession. He is a director of the Chepul- tepec Land Improvement Company of the City of Mexico. In college, he won Phi Beta Kappa and was a D. K. E. man. In recent years no Assistant District At torney of New York County has been a more prominent figure at the criminal bar than James W. Osborne, member of an old North Carolina family, and Avho Avas born at Char lotte, forty-odd years ago. After completing his education and his law studies, he came to Ncav York to practice. His special fondness was for criminal law and having distinguished himself by several notable defences of men charged with crime. District Attorney Jerome chose him as one of his assistants, after the spirited election of ten years ago. Mr. Os borne's conduct of the prosecution against 248 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Albert T. Patrick, charged Avith procuring the murder of millionaire Rice, is one of the memorable features of Ncav York legal history. The trial Avas of great length and conviction Avas obtained Avholly on circumstantial evi dence and the testimony of Rice's valet, Jones, Avho sAvore than Patrick had induced him to chloroform the aged man. Mr. Osborne's address to the jury at the conclusion of the case Avas one of the most exhaustive legal arguments ever heard in a Xcav York court — I Avas present and listened to it. Unlike old- school laAA'yers, such as Graham or Brady, the speaker did not rely upon flights of oratory, but hammered theory, deduction and logical conclusion into the men in the box for several hours. Patrick Avas sentenced to death but Avas afterAvards commuted to life imorisonment. of Ncav York Avas defendant and recoveries against the Municipality Avere less than one- half of one per cent, of the amounts claimed by litigants. In 1890, he Avas appointed First Assistant District Attorney and for four years conducted the prosecution of all the principal criminal trials in Ncav York county. Espe cially memorable are his convictions of Dr. Carlisle W. Harris, Dr. Robert Buchanan, Frank Ellison, FanshaAve, Stroud, Stephanie, Gardner and other notorious criminals. He has been general counsel for the Metropolitan Street Raihvay Company since 1894, and has personally defended many important litiga tions against that corporation. Mr. Well- man is a member of the University, Man hattan and Xcav York Yacht clubs. JAMES AV. OSBORNE FRANCIS L. AVELLMAN PATRICK E. CALLAHAN One of the most successful laAA'yers of the present generation in this city is Francis L. Wellman, Avho Avas graduated from Harvard University in 1876 and Harvard LaAv School tAVO years later. On his admission to the ]\Iassachusetts bar, he Avas appointed instruc tor at the Boston LaAV School and soon after a lecturer in the Harvard LaAV School. He came to NeAV York in 1883 AA'ith the prestige of a Boston partnership Avith former U. S. Senator Bainbridge Wadleigh and Avas soon appointed an assistant in the office of the Corporation Counsel. During seven years in that office, he had charge in all jury trials in Avhich the City The Borough of Brooklyn is as remarkable for its laAA'yers as for its ministers of the Gospel. Easily in the front rank is Patrick Eugene Callahan, Avho Avas born among the people he has since so efficiently served in 1861, exactly one month after Fort Sumter had been fired upon. This shuts out a Avar record. He at tended public school, St. Patrick's Academy, St. John's College, Brooklyn, and then took a laAV course at Columbia College, under the late Theodore W. DAvight. He Avas graduated and admitted to the bar in 1883. He began the practice of his profession at once. He Avas appointed an Assistant District Attorney THE BOOK of NEW YORK 249 WILLIAM J. FANNING FRANK MOSS EDWARD M, GROUT in 1891 and served AA'ith distinction five years. When the Building Department of his native city was confronted with unexpected diffi culties under ncAV tenement-house statutes, Mr. Callahan was promptly chosen as counsel for that Department and proved himself of much worth in reconciling builders to the complicated regulations. This success liter ally commanded for him a place in the Cor- ? oration Counsel's office of Greater Ncav "ork, where he was engaged in trial Avork for six years. He was twice nominated as a Democrat for a Supreme Court Justiceship in 1910, 1911, but oAA'ing to the combination of political parties was defeated. He belongs to the Montauk Club and is a Knight of Co lumbus. Another lawyer who has taken an important part in educational matters in this city is Wil liam Joseph Fanning, born at Crescent, Sara toga County, this state, in 1850; educated at the Halfmoon Institute, where he took a classi cal course, and then entered the laAv department of the University of the City of New York, where he obtained a degree of LL.B. He has been in active practice since 1880. As attorney for the Hotel Association, for tAAcnty years, he has distinguished himself by disentangling the intricacies of all statutes affecting inn keepers. He was appointed City Magistrate by Mayor Strong but declined the office. He is a Director, Secretary and Treasurer of the Sinclair Realty Company, Secretary and Treasurer of the Great Northern Hotel Co., and interested in several other corporations. He is a member of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. His interest in educational facilities for the children of his ward, the Eighteenth, in duced him to serve as School Trustee for some time. Mr. Fanning belongs to the Manhattan, National Democratic and Catholic Clubs. He has always been a Democrat, but Avith the exception of the school trusteeship, has never sought or accepted public office. One evening in 1887, at a dinner party at General StcAvart L. Woodford's on President street, Brooklyn, I met Edward M. Grout, a young laAvyer Avho had studied in General Woodford's office and had been admitted to the bar two years before. Mr. Grout Avas born in this city in 1861 and graduated at Colgate University in 1884. The same in stitution conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1903. An evidence of his capacity as a politician is seen in the fact that ten years after his admission to the bar, he Avas Democratic candidate for Mayor of Brooklyn. After the consolidation, he Avas elected the first President of that Borough, 1897; his choice as Comptroller of the City of Ncav York, on a Fusion ticket, folloAved in 1901 and, Iavo years later, Tammany again elected him. He acted as Judge Advocate and Major of the 2nd Brigade, N. G. S. N. Y., for ten years. He is a trustee of Colgate University, a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and numerous city clubs. He is a successful metropolitan laAvyer. 250 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Ever since the Lexow State Senate Special Committee exposed the "graft" in the Police Department of Ncav York, the name of Frank Moss, as assistant counsel of the com mittee, has been a household word. Mr. Moss was born at Cold Spring, N. Y., 1860; came to the metropolis when 6 years old, and Avas educated at the College of the City of New York, although he did not graduate. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1881. His Avork in the Lexow Investiga tion, associated Avith Mr. Goff, is very mem orable. He Avas appointed President of the Police Board in 1897 and tAvo years later was named as chief counsel for the Mazet Com mittee, another Legislative investigation of political corruption. Mr. Moss is president and chief counsel for the Society for the Pre vention of Crime; Professor of Medical Juris prudence in the Ncav York Medical College and also in the Hospital for Women. He has served as Commissioner of Health; in 1910, he Avas First Assistant District Attorney. John Randolph Dos Passos AAas born in the city of Phfladelphia in 1844, educated in the public schools and studied law under Wil liam S. Price in connection with lectures at the University of Pennsylvania under Shars- wood. During the campaign in which Stonewall Jackson made his raid into that state, he served in the Pennsylvania Militia during the in vasion of that commonwealth, and when the regiment was mustered out of service he began the study of his profession in Philadelphia, in which state he was admitted to practice in 1866. In 1867 he came to New York and soon became famous as a criminal laAA'yer. He appeared in two of the trials of EdAvard S. Stokes for the murder of James Fisk, and made one of the final arguments before the Court of Appeals, AA'here a new trial was pro cured for the convicted man, then under sentence of death. Thereafter, Mr. Dos Pas sos turned his attention to corporation and financial laAv and became very prominent as an organizer of great corporations, among Avhich may be mentioned the American Thread Company and the American Sugar Company. The fee he received for organizing the latter was the largest on record at that time. A proud achievement of Mr. Dos Passos was the alteration of the rules of the Court in re gard to the admission of students to the bar. As Chairman of the Committee of Admission of the New York County Lawyers' Association, he succeeded after three years of labor in obtaining from the Court of Appeals an amendment of its rules relating to the admis sion of Attorneys, so that from July 1, 1911, the term of apprenticeship Avas extended from three to four years and other amendments were provided for making it quite impossible for those defectively equipped to become mem bers of the bar. The South has furnished a capable United States District Attorney for this district Avho has risen to distinction as a lecturer on Law and Practice and Bankruptcy at Yale Univer sity. I refer to Macgrane Coxe, born at Huntsville, Ala., in 1859, and graduated at Yale in his twentieth year, followed by a course at the Columbia Law School. He has been in practice at New York since 1881 ; served as Assistant United States District Attorney 1885-'89; was appointed Commissioner of the United States Circuit Court for the southern district of New York; United States Minister to Guatemala and Honduras 1897 and United States Referee in Bankruptcy, in which office he has served since 1899. fle was a member of the Board of Visitors to the Naval Academy, Annapolis, 1908. In politics, Mr. Coxe is a Democrat and was a staunch supporter of the late Grover Cleveland. He is a member of several city and country clubs. His fondness for country life has induced him to spend much of the year at his farm, Southfields, Orange, N. Y. Gratz Nathan, a successful counsellor, has been in active practice in this city since his admission to the bar in 1864. He was born in New York in 1843 and was graduated from Columbia College in 1861, receiving the "Alumni Prize" at graduation. He studied law at the office of Foster & Thomson in this city. From 1867 to 1872 he was Assistant Corporation Attorney, and rendered highly creditable service. His practice has been a general one and he has been engaged in many important referee cases. He has always been a Democrat, but never an active participant in THE BOOK of NEW YORK 251 MACGRANE COXE JOHN R. DOS PASSOS GRATZ NATHAN partisan work. Mr. Nathan is a member of the New York Law Institute, the X^ew York Genealogical and Biographical Society, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Columbia College Alumni Association and the St. Nich olas Society. He is a vestryman of the Con gregation Shearith Israel, a director of the Hebrew Relief Society and a member of the National Democratic Club of the City of New York. A man who has distinguished himself in straight law and in clean politics is William Sulzer, representing for years the Tenth Dis trict, New York, in the United States House of Representatives. Mr. Sulzer was born in Elizabeth, N. J., of German and Scotch-Irish parentage. His father was a farmer near Elizabeth and the boy was educated at the country schools near that town. He then attended lectures at the Columbia Law School, and read law in the office of Parish & Pendle ton in New York City. His parents were strict Presbyterians and intended their son for the ministry; but he preferred the law and was duly admitted to the bar on attaining his majority, in 1884. He soon became recog nized as a sound lawyer, and an eloquent public speaker. He took an active part in the first Cleveland campaign, and has been prominent in every campaign since. His success in law has been equalled by that in politics. He was sent to the New York Assembly and reelected for five years. He made a splendid record for usefulness to the State at Albany. No one ever questioned his honesty, his sincerity, or his capability. He served with distinction in the sessions of 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893 and 1894. He was a leader there of his party, and the Speaker in 1893 — one of the youngest on record. From the first, the newspapers were his friends. In 1894, the old Tenth District of this city sent him to the Fifty-fourth Con gress; he has been returned ever since by in creasing majorities. He is popular with the people. His course in the House has been one of hard work and sturdy independence. He was a staunch friend of the suffering Cubans; his sympathies are world-wide; his ideas are broad; and his work national. He introduced the bill declaring war against Spain; the joint resolution providing for a constitutional amendment under which United States Senators Avill be elected by direct votes of the people; he is the author of the law establishing- the Bureau of Corporations in the Department of Commerce and Labor; the bill increasing the pay of letter-carriers. He is the author of the resolution denouncing the Jewish outrages in Russia; of the Columbus Day bill; the law increasing the pensions of the soldiers and sailors of the Union; the law to raise the wreck of the "Maine"; of the copyright laAv; of the resolution for an income tax. He is the author of the bill to reestablish the Merchant Marine; for a general parcels 252 THE BOOK of NEW YORK WILLIAM SULZER HENRY M. GOLDFOGLE BENJAMIN L. FAIRCHILD post; for national aid in the construction of good roads ; of the bill to create a Department of Labor Avith a Secretary having a seat in the Cabinet; of the bill to decrease the cost of living by placing the necessaries of life on the free list; and of many other measures in the interest of the people of the country. His record at Albany and at Washington is a monument to his untiring zeal and inde fatigable industry. He has been a delegate to every Democratic National Convention since 1896. I stood be side him at the Chicago Convention of that year, Avhen Whitney, as Chairman of the Ncav York delegation, declined to support Bryan, and counselled the Ncav York delegation to bolt. Mr. Sulzer refused to be led out of the convention hall and stood alone in his sup port of the nominee. Sulzer prevented the X^cAv York delegation from bolting, and kept the Democrats of Xcav York regular. He explained to me at the time that there Avere so many good things in the platform and that Mr. Bryan Avas a man of so much honesty and energy and powei- for good that he de cided to go along Avith him. This Avas an act of great courage, for the Xcav Yorkers AA'ere bitterly hostfle to Bryan. Mr. Sulzer has served on several very im portant committees in the House of Repre sentatives. Just so soon as his party gained control of the House his colleagues made him Chairman of the important and responsible Committee on Foreign Affairs, and he is making good. He is Avidely read, is considered a fine international laAA'yer, with ability along diplomatic lines. Mr. Sulzer last year Avas a candidate for the nomination for Governor on the Democratic ticket. Had he been selected he would have been elected by a landslide majority. I sin cerely hope he will attain that high office, of which he is worthy. The people are with him. He is a true man; an ideal representative, and one of the best knoAvn and most lovable char acters in our country. Training in official life at Washington early in his career prepared Benjamin LcAvis Fair- child for subsequently successful practice as a laAvyer in this city. Mr. Fairchild Avas born at Sweden, Monroe Co.. this state, 1863, but soon removed Avith his parents to the District of Columbia, Avhere he attended the public schools. He completed a laAv course at Co lumbia University in 1883 and since 1885 has practiced his profession in this city. Prior to that time he had served as a draughts man in the United States Patent Office at Washington and, later, as clerk in the U. S. Treasury Department. Since coming to Xcav York, he has largely in terested himself in real estate at Pelham Heights. In politics he is a Republican and represented the Sixteenth Congressional Dis trict for one term. His clubs are the Union League, LaAA'vers and Ncav York Athletic. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 253 A New York Congressman who qualified for the place by a long- and creditable career on the bench of this city is Henry M. Gold- fogle, born in the metropolis. May, 1856, and educated at the public schools. He Avas ad mitted to the bar in 1877 and practiced laAV for ten years, when he Avas elected justice of the 5th District Court of New York, re elected 1893, became one of the judges of the Municipal Court of Ncav York and retired from the bench, January, 1900, to resume practice of his profession. He Avent to Con gress for the first time in the same year and has been reelected ever since. Mr. Gold- fogle has been a delegate to every State Demo cratic Convention during the past 27 years; was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1896. He has served as Grand President, District 1, Independent Order of B'nai Brith; he is vice-president of the Temple Rodeph Sholom; an enthusiastic Mason and member of many fraternal societies. and graduated in 1903. After graduation he entered the offices of Wflmer & Canfield, and Avas admitted to the bar in 1905. The same year he became associated Avitli Evarts, Choate & Sherman, and continued his connection Avith that firm until June 1, 1911, since Avhich time he has practiced alone at No. 60 Wall Street, and has specialized to some extent in practice under the Chinese Exclusion Act. In speak ing of his association Avith Mr. Joseph H. Choate, he said: "I consider my connection of five years Avith Mr. Choate the greatest ex perience of my life, because of the opportunity given me to knoAv a man of such toAvering mentality, to observe the methods and char acteristics of a master mind and to benefit by association Avith such a genius." Mr. Walmsley is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, but has no club affiliations, domestic in his tastes and taking- recreation from business cares in occasional automobile trips in nearby territory. HARDIE B. WALMSLEY BARTOW S. WEEKS JOSEPH POTTS While not necessary to a legal career, em inent jurists agree that a medical training is a valuable adjunct and this added knowledge is part of the equipment of Hardie B. Walms ley, one of the successful younger members of the New York Bar. He was born in Ncav Orleans, La., June 11, 1877, and Avas educated at Tulane University, New Orleans, and then studied medicine for three years at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at New York. He afterwards entered Columbia Law School He comes of noted ancestry, being descended on the paternal side from Wflliam Carroll, a brother of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and Robert Walmsley, avIio came from England Avith Wflliam Penn, on the ship "Welcome." On the maternal side he numbers Roger Wil liams among his forebears. His father, Rob ert M. W^almsley, is one of the leading citizens of Ncav Orleans, being Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Canal-Louisiana Bank and Trust Company, Chairman of the 254 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Board of Liquidation of the City Debt of Ncav Orleans, President of the Ncav Orleans Clear ing House, one of the Board of Administrators of Tulane University, director of the Ncav Orleans Raihvay and Light Company, and ex-President of the Ncav Orleans Cotton Ex change. Intending originally to engage in mercantile pursuits, Bartow S. Weeks graduated from the College of the City of Ncav York in 1879 and for tAA'o years Avas engaged in commercial life. His inclinations at this period Avere for a legal career and he entered the Columbia LaAV School, from Avhich he graduated in 1883 and Avas admitted to practice the same year. He Avas First Assistant District Attor ney of Ncav York County from 1891 to 1897, and since that time has been very prominent in the profession. Mr. Weeks' father was Colonel Henry Astor Weeks, of the 12th N. Y. Volunteers during the Civil War, and his middle name Avas given him because his birth, occurring April 25, 1861, folloAved closely the firing on Fort Sumter. He has been Judge Advocate General and Commander-in-Chief of the Sons of Veterans, President of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States and of the Ncav York Athletic Club. In addition he belongs to the various Bar Associations, many leading clubs, the Loyal Legion, Sons of the Revolu tion and the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. Another contribution of Vermont to the legal fraternity of this city is Joseph Potts, Avho came to Ncav York in the fall of 1900, Avas admitted to practice in May, 1901. As an employee, he entered the laAv firm of Par sons, Shepard & Ogden, composed of John E. Parsons, the late Edward M. Shepard and David B. Ogden. When that firm dissolved in 1903, Mr. Potts continued for a AA'hile Avith Mr. Parsons, after Avhich he opened an office and began practice independently. Joseph Potts was born at St. Johnsbury, Vermont, September, 1873. He prepared for college at Phfllips Exeter Academy; was graduated from Harvard University, A.B., 1897, and from Harvard LaAv School, 1900. He is a member of the Democratic party, but never has held any political office. AUGUST P. WAGENER A descendant of a notable German family, August P. Wagener comes naturally by those traits which have enabled him to overcome every obstacle and bufld up a large legal practice in New York City, to which he came in 1870 absolutely unknoAvn and with no in fluence to help him in his uphill fight. He, however, possessed indomitable will and de termination and a thorough knoAvledge of the laAV and Avas soon making himself known and respected in the courts where he practiced. His success AA'as assured from the start and he has uoav one of the largest practices of any individual laAAyer in the city. Mr. Wagener was born in Philadelphia, Pa., and attended the public schools there. Determining to enter the legal profession he took up the study of laAv and after thorough preparation Avas admitted to practice by the Ncav York Supreme Court in 1870. He was connected wflh the National Guard of Ncav York State for many years, first as Adjutant of the 11th Regiment and then as acting captain of one of the companies of the 55th Regiment. During the Civil War he served nine months Avith the 12th Regiment, United States Regulars. He is a Republican in politics and Avas once a candidate for Congress, running against "Sunset" Cox and nearly beating him. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 255 EDWARD J. GAVEGAN IRVING LEHMAN ARTHUR C. SALMON A fitting recognition of the admitted ability of Edward J. Gavegan, was his election to the Judgeship of the Supreme Court for the term expiring December 31, 1923. Justice Gavegan Avas born in Windsor, Conn. He was graduated from the Rockville, Conn., Academy in 1885, B.A., from Yale in 1889 and LL.B. from the Yale LaAv School in 1891, being awarded the Munson prize for graduating thesis. He Avas admitted to the bar the same year and at once entered into active practice, becoming counsel for the Mer chants' and Manufacturers' Board of Trade. He has always been deeply interested in bal lot reform, tariff reform and legislation con cerning employers' liability. Justice Gavegan is a member of the Bar Association of New York City, the Society of Medical Jurisprudence, Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. West End Association, Xavier Alumni Sodality, Society of St. Vincent de Paul, Knight of Columbus, and the Yale, Manhattan, Catholic and Oakland Golf Club. Among the popular members of the bench at present, I must not forget to mention Irving Lehman, born in this city in January, 1876; he completed academic and law courses at Columbia College in 1896 and 1898. In the laAV school, he won the Tappan prize in Con stitutional Law. He practiced for ten years as a member of Marshall, Guran & Wflliams; subsequently, the firm became Worcester, Williams & Lehman. He was recently elected Justice of the Supreme Court on the Demo cratic ticket for fourteen years, — a great tribute to so young a man. Among New York lawyers Avho have main tained a place in the front rank of their pro fession for many years is Arthur C. Salmon, born in Brooklyn in 1853; he attended the Adelphi Academy and then went to the Stamford Military Institute, where he Avas graduated first lieutenant. He spent tAA'o years in Europe, studying languages, after which he returned to Ncav York to attend Columbia LaAv School, being articled as a clerk in the office of the late Homer A. Nel son, ex-Secretary of State. Mr. Salmon was admitted to the bar in 1876, since AA'hich time he has been active in practice of his profes sion. He Avas associated Avith Judge Jasper W. Gilbert as a commission to revise the Charter of the City of Brooklyn, — knoA\'n as Chapter 583. LaAvs of 1888. He Avas Assist ant Corporation Counsel of Brooklyn for six years and was appointed laAV member of the Board of Taxes and Assessments under the Consolidation Act, serving from 1898 to 1902. He is a very prominent member of the Royal Arcanum and a life member of Acanthus Lodge, 719, F. & A. M. and of Scottish Rite bodies. Mr. Salmon has always been an active Democrat, serving for twenty-six years on the County Committee of Kings County. In 1910 he was appointed Justice of Special Sessions by Mayor Gaynor for a term of eight years. 256 THE BOOK of NEW YORK FRANK KECK A. J. DITTENHOEFER HENRY E. HOWLAND Fifty-four years at the Ncav York bar, and still in practice for the very love of it, is a wonderful record! What a multitude of in teresting experiences are croAvded into such a busy life! Ex- Judge A. J. Dittenhoefer has recently retired from practice in the courts, but he tells me he Avill continue to AA'ork as counsel and to feel the same active interest in public aff'airs he ahvays has done. He AA'as born at Charleston, S. C March, 1836; but his parents moved to Ncav York Avhen he Avas four years old, Avhere he was given care ful preparation for Columbia College and graduated at the head of his class. After ad mission to the bar at 21, he Avas nominated by Republicans at the age of 22 as Justice of the City Court. He was later appointed to that office by Gov. Fenton. He was a Lin coln elector in 1864, but he declined the posi tion of United States District Judge for South Carolina, tendered by President Lincoln — although he was Southern born, he didn't believe in "carpet-bag" offices. It is impos sible in a brief sketch even to mention the important cases or the high compliments that have been shoAvered upon this brilliant laAA'yer. Relinquishing his laAv practice to take up arms for his country, ^Nfajor Frank Keck made an enviable record during the Spanish- American War. He Avas born in Ncaa' York City, January 28, 1853, and graduated B. S. from the College of the City of Ncav York and LL.B. from Columbia University, com mencing the practice of laAV in 1875. In the Spanish-American War he was Major of the 3rd Battalion, 71st N. Y. Volunteers, and was named for the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel for bravery in the battle of San Juan Hill. He also served in the Philippines, taking part in many battles and assisting in instituting- civil government in several towns. For this service he was com mended by the district commander. After the war Major Keck resumed the practice of law and has offices at No. 29 BroadAvay. He is Past Department Com mander of the Spanish-American War Veter ans, Recorder-in-chief of the Naval and Mili tary Order of the Spanish-American War, and Treasurer of the War Veterans' Association of the 71st Regiment. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity, being a member of Kane Lodge, No. 454, and is also a member of the Military Order of Carabao, the New York County Lawyers' Association, Military Service Institute, Military Order of Foreign Wars, Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and the Army and Navy and New York Athletic clubs. A philanthropic spirit is a strong com ponent of the character of Henry Elias How- land. Born at Walpole, N. H., he was educated at Yale University and at the Har vard Law School. Joining in the peaceful invasion of this city, he became associated Avith John Sherwood and remained his partner for twenty-one years. He later entered into partnership Avith Henry H. Anderson, who died in 1896. He is at present associated with THE BOOK of NEW YORK 257 Mr. George W. Murray and with his son, Charles P. Howland. During Judge How- land's long and useful life, he has sei-A'cd as president of the Tax Department under ap pointment of Mayor Cooper, and has twice been a candidate for judicial office. He was ap pointed Judge of the City Court by the pres ent Governor, John A. Dix. Judge How- land has been president of the University Club and of the New England Society and is a member of the Century, Yale and several leading clubs. As we have seen elscAvhere, the printing office is an excellent schooling for men Avho expect to enter professions demanding a knowl edge of their felloAV mortals. A young lad, who had been born in Germany thirteen years before, became a copy boy in the office of the Brooklyn Union, in 1864. His name was Henry S. Rasquin, and, as a product of the public schools, he Avas quick, intelligent and ambitious. When of legal age, he became Equity Clerk in the County Clerk's office in Kings County. While there, he studied law JAMES D. BELL HENRY S. RASQUIN JOHN WHALEN In the memorable year of '61, James D. Bell left Avhat is now the University of the City of Ncav York to respond to the call for fighting men. He joined the First New York Mounted Rifles and participated in some important engagements. He Avas wounded and taken prisoner. Returning, after five years, to Ncav York, with the rank of first sergeant, he spent eight years at ncAvs paper and magazine work. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. Since that time. Colonel Bell has capably filled many important offices. He was the organ izer, trustee and president for some years of the Brooklyn Bar Association. He has been particularly active in G. A. R. affairs and is a member of a number of various important societies. Colonel Bell, at present, holds the office of Assistant Corporation Counsel in charge of the Borough of Brooklyn. and Avas admitted to the bar in 1876. Al though devoted to the profession of law, and to a partnership formed Avith Hugo Hirsh, he became active in the National Guard of New York. He gave thirty years to this Avork, and for a quarter of a century commanded the Third Battery of Artillery. He retired from active service Avith the brevet rank of Major. He has always had a taste for politics and Avas Commissioner of Records in Kings County for three years. Major Rasquin is a Repub lican and a member of several clubs. Enthusiasm for the national game doesn't have to be born in a man ; he has only to attend a few well-played games and love of the sport develops as naturally as the measles. The greatest men in America become boys again in the seventh inning and we see, as well as hear, them gesticulating and shouting direc tions to the umpire. John Whalen, is a New 258 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Yorker from 'way back; so he turned this enthusiasm to account by becoming vice- president and treasurer of the Ncav York Baseball Club. "Giants" they are, in their invincible skill, as Avell as in name! Mr. Whalen was born on the Fourth of July, 1864, Avhich, he insists, accounts for his unequivocal patriotism. His father died when he was a child and his raising fell wholly upon his mother. Early, John decided to become a lawyer. He started as errand boy in the office of Charles O'Conor, rose to be a clerk and then entered the LaAV School of Ncav York University. He was graduated LL.B., and later received honorary A.M., from St. John's College and LL.D. from St. Francis Xavier and Manhattan Colleges. He Avas admitted to the bar, 1878, and devoted himself especially to corporation and real estate practice. Poli tics had much attraction for him. He Avas appointed Tax Commissioner in May, 1893, and in 1898 was named Corporation Counsel by Mayor Van Wyck. While in that office he assisted in breaking ground for the first subway. He is a member of many clubs, but is fonder of baseball than any other sport. WALTER H. BOND Among the younger members of the bar Avho hail from Massachusetts is Walter Hunt ington Bond, born at Waltham, in 1878, educated at the Pratt Institute and graduated in law at the University of Michigan. He was admitted to the bar in 1901, served in the office of Judge James B. Dill for two years and then organized the law firm of Bond & Bab- son. He is distinctly a corporation lawyer and in the interests of large enterprises has traveled extensively throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. In politics, he is a Republican; in religion, a Baptist. He is a member of the Order of Founders and Patriots of America, the Society of Colonial Wars, the Sons of the Revolution, New England Society, Metropolitan Museum of Art and several Ncav York clubs. His chief recreation is mountain climbing and he holds records for ascending Mts. Rainier, Hood, and other peaks in the United States and Canada, as well as Mt. Blanc and some less famous European peaks. In 1909 he estab lished a new world's record in the ascension of Mt. Blanc which is his climax in tall moun tain climbing. His club affiliations would indicate intense patriotism and love of Amer ican institutions. Another veteran of the Spanish War is Michael Gavin. 2nd, AA'ho saAv seven years of active service Avith that smart corps. Squadron A, N. G. S. N. Y. Michael Gavin, 2nd, born at Memphis, Tenn., November, 1873, was graduated from Yale, A.B., '95, and LL.B., '97. After spending several months of travel abroad, be became associated Avith the firm of Reed, Simpson, Thatcher & Bartlett, of AA'hich firm the late ex-Speaker Thomas Reed AA'as the head. Since 1901, he has been in charge of the legal affairs of Moore & Schley. He is President and Director of the Howe Sound Company, Vice-President and Director of the Hally Beet Sugar Company, Secre tary-Treasurer and Director of the Coal Creek Mining & Manufacturing Company, and a director of the Breece Mining Com pany, of the Chasmar-Winchell Press, Mercedes Mining Company, Poplar Creek Coal & Iron Company, West Mountain Tram- AA'ay Company, and of the Lenoir City Com pany. Mr. Gavin is a keen rider to hounds and a member of the Yale Club, and of the Phi Delta Phi (law) and Psi Upsilon frater nities. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 259 Back in 1901 the daily papers had an item about a youthful laAvyer who was acting for a. plaintiff in the trial of a case in one of the city courts, and during the progress of the trial was informed by his client that the de fendant was pohtically affiliated Avflh the Court. During the argument of the opposing counsel, the Court interrupted Avith the an nouncement that he considered the position of the defendant untenable, and it seemed im possible to entertain his contention, as it Avas at variance with the testimony. The youth ful laAA-yer for the plaintiff, being momentarily confused, Avas under the impression that the Court was deciding against his client. He jumped to his feet and interrupting Avith rapid language and piercing tones exclaimed : "Your Honor, the result financially of this case to the plaintiff or the defendant is of no consequence ; the result is of no consequence as far as I am personally concerned, for I am nothing but a poor, miserable, half-starved assistant in the office of the attorney for the plaintiff and amount to very little in my profession or on earth or in Heaven or in Hell ; this Court is of no consequence. Your Honor is of no consequence, but the principle involved in this case repre sents moral justice, and the laAv intends there shall be a remedy for every wrong — therefore, let this Avrong be righted. Let this principle of justice triumph, and let this plaintiff and this defendant and this Court including Your Honor and myself, go doAvn to hell — but let justice be done, and I solemnly pledge Your Honor if justice is not done here and uoav, that somcAA'here in some court I shall obtain justice in this case or erase my name from the rolls of my profession and enter the profession of ditch diggers." The Court promptly fined the young attorney ten dollars — presumably for consigning himself to the loAver regions Avith the others involved and then stated: "Young- man, had you been listening carefully you would have understood that I Avas giving ex pression to that which practically amounted to a decision in your favor." It afterAvard developed that not only AA'as the Judge of an entirely different political party than the de fendant, but that they Avere both unknown to each other. The young attorney of AA'hom the above account was written Avas Marshall A. Barney, Avho to-day stands as one of the fore most corporation attorneys not only of Ncav York but many countries ; in his practice being often retained as associate counsel by attor neys in Paris, London, Berlin and the large Canadian and South American cities and occupying the position of having incorporated. MARSHALL A. BARNEY personally and acting Avith associate counsel, perhaps more companies than any living man since the decease of James B. Dill. In recalling this incident Mr. Barney said: "Although the laugh Avas on me in that mat ter, it Avas the turning point in my career. On that very day I Avas employed as permanent trial counsel by one of the largest law firms in X^cAv York at a salary of five times the amount I had been receiving the day pre- 260 THE BOOK of XEW YORK viously, but I had a Avoeful time getting $10, Avith Avhich to pay that fine. The late Justice James B. Dill, author of "Dfll on Corpora tions," once said: "Barney has a corporate mentality not acquired alone from reading- corporation laAV but in the field of a large experience that fairly incubates corporations by the score." ^Ir. Barney has never been in politics, but on the contrary has confined his efforts entirely to his laAv practice. When I Avas managing editor of the World, I had frequent occasion to consult its legal advisor, De Lancey Xicoll. He Avas then a young man, almost my oAvn age, and I grcAA' much attached to him. Although he Avas in the early thirties, he had already attained a prominent standing in his profession oAving to success as an xlssistant District Attorney of Ncav York County in the prosecution of the boodle aldermen, placed in his hands by his chief, Randolph B. Martine. His first important case had been that of Ser geant CroAvley, AA'hose trial and conviction caused much excitement at the time. The collapse of a building- under construc tion by one Buddensick, in Avhich several people Avere killed, and the trial that folloAA'ed, resulting in the conviction and im prisonment of the crimi- ally negligent contrac tor, AA'as Mr. Nicoll' s next success. The trial of Gen. Shaler, for irregularities in connection Avith armory sites, soon followed, and the culminating- case Avas that of Ferdinand Ward, of Grant & Ward, by Avhose failure General Grant Avas im poverished. Ward Avas the original "Napo leon of Finance" AA'ho undertook to enrich himself by using other people's money; oNIr. X icoll secured a long term in prison for him. It Avas a brilliant page in the reformation of X'^cAv "i'ork. Day after day, trains carried convicted boodlers and frenzied financiers to Sing Sing. Mr. Xicoll became a popular idol DE LANCEY NICOLL in the metropolis and his election to the office of District Attorney, in 1890, followed natur ally — a post he held Avith entire credit for three years. He then began practice for himself and clients came in troops to his offices. De Lancey Nicoll Avas born on Shelter Island in 1854, but his family home Avas in Flushing. He prepared for college at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H.. and then entered Princeton University, Avhere he Avas graduated in 1874. Thence he Avent to Co lumbia Law School, in the glorious lecture- room days of Dr. Dwight. Getting his de gree, he Avas taken into the office of Clarkson N. Potter, brother of Bishop Potter. He served a year Avith Julian T. Davies before he applied for admission to the bar, after which he opened an office for himself. He entered the firm of Eaton, LcAvis & Nicoll in 1882 and aaou several important cases Avhile so associated. Mr. Nicoll Avas ahvays actively interested in politics . He was on the stump in presidential campaigns from 1876 to 1892. He had always been a Democrat but balked at Bryan's sflver heresies and voted for McKinley in 1896 and 1900. Mr. Nicoll is a member of many social organizations, including the Union, Metropolitan, Racquet, University, Manhat tan, RockaAvay Hunt, Tuxedo, Lawyers', Ards ley, Democratic and Country clubs, and the St. Nicholas Society. Samuel Riker, Jr., was born in Paris, May 17, 1866, the son of the late John L. Riker, Avho Avas a prominent business man in the last generation and the founder of the house of J. L. & D. S. Riker, of Avhich Samuel Riker, Jr.. is vice-president. The family has been prominent in Ncav York since it was known as New Netherlands, the forebears being the Von Rickers of Amster dam, Holland, many of Avhom took part in the great contest that William of Nassau made for Dutch independence. The founder of the family in America Avas Abraham Rycker, Avho Avas registered in 1642 as living on his oavu premises at "Heeren Gracht on the Old Dutch Road," Avhich is noAv Broad and Beaver Streets. In 1654 the Director-General Peter Stuyvesant granted THE BOOK of NEW YORK 261 PETER T. BARLOW SAMUEL RIKER, Jr. ROBERT H. HIBBARD Abraham Rycker one-fourth of the toAvnship of Newtown on Long Island. Much of the land has been sold, but the old Riker Home stead, comprising 130 acres, and the old bury ing ground is still held by the family. Samuel Riker, great-grandson of Abraham Rycker, was a soldier in the Revolutionary War and afterwards became a member of the State Assembly and served two terms in Congress. The youngest of his nine children was John LaAvrence Riker, the grandfather of Samuel Riker, Jr., a leading lawyer for over fifty years. Samuel Riker, Jr., was educated in Ever- son's Collegiate School, Ncav York City, and Columbia LaAV School, graduating in 1888 with the degree of LL.B. He then entered the office of his uncle, Samuel Riker, as a student and was admitted to the bar in 1890. When Samuel Riker, Sr.. retired from prac tice in 1893, Mr. Riker formed a partnership with Edward R. DeGrove, Avhich continued until January, 1910. Since that time he has been alone, having a general practice, con sisting of real estate, estate and corporation law. Mr. Riker is a director in a number of cor porations. He is a member of the Delta Phi Fraternity, the Automobfle Club of America, Down Town Association, Sons of the Revolu tion, St. Nicholas Society and the Columbia, University, City, Manhattan, Racquet and Tennis, Rumson Country and Union clubs. For many years Peter T. BarloAv, has been one of the best-knoAvn judges on the bench of the City Courts. Judge BarloAv, the son of Samuel L. M. BarloAV, of the laAv firm of Shipman, BarloAv, Larocque & Choate, Avas born in Ncav York City, June 21, 1857, and after thorough preparation entered Harvard University, from Avhich he graduated in 1879 with the degree of A.B. Deciding to folloAv his father's profession, he entered the Colum bia Law School and in 1881 was graduated LL.B. After admission to the Bar he com menced a general practice in Avhich he con tinued until his appointment as a city magis trate, his term expiring May 1st, 1913. Judge Barlow is a member of the Society of Colonial Wars. He is a member of the Union, Uni versity, Harvard, DoAvn ToAvn and American Yacht clubs. Those Avho personally knoAv Robert H. Hib- bard are not surprised that he has been success ful as a laAvyer. He served on the police force as patrolman and detective and Avas noted for his activity and integrity. When he resigned to take up the practice of laAv he brought the same fidelity and honesty of pur pose to his ncAV profession Avith the result that he immediately secured a large clientele. Mr. Hibbard AA'as born in Tacoma, Wash ington, May 30. 1873, the son of Major George B. Hibbard, Avho was on the staff of General George H. Thomas, during the Civil War. He Avas brought to Ncav York City Avhen a child and educated at the Peekskfll Military Academy after AA'hich he became affected Avith "Wanderlust" and AA'as in succession rodman 262 THE BOOK of NEW YORK SAMUEL T. MADDOX JOHN FORD THOMAS C. T. GRAIN and transitman in survey Avork, brakeman and dock builder, not settling down until he was appointed to the police force in 1895. For seven years he served as patrolman, Avard- man, and eventually Central Office detective on the staffs of Inspectors Brooks and Walsh. He made an enviable record in each position despite the fact that every moment was used in preparing for a bar examination and in studies at the New York University LaAv School and at the Ncav York LaAv School. From the first institution he graduated LL.B. in 1902 and LL.M. from the latter one year later. He was admitted to the bar in 1903 and at once started practice at No. 220 Broad Avay Avhere he has been located ever since, conducting a general practice, representing large contracting companies and acting- as counsel in many cases involving the construc tion of railroads. He served as Special Deputy Attorney General in 1903-4, is a member of the local School Board No. 14, and Avas recently appointed by Governor Dix a member of the Board of Managers of the Central Islip State Hospital. He is active in politics and is a member of the general committee, 15th Assembly District, Tam many Hall. He also belongs to the West Side and Amsterdam Democratic Clubs, the Col umbia Yacht Club and the ^lasonic fraternity. An ardent sportsman and an able jurist is John Ford, Justice of the Supreme Court of New York State, Avho Avas born in KnoAvles- vflle, N. Y., 1862. In 1890 he was graduated from Cornell with the degree of A.B. and then removed to Ncav York City. Embarking in the profession of journalism, in 1890, Mr. Ford studied law and, always taking an active interest in municipal and state politics, he was chosen State Senator in 1896 and served until 1900. He was elected Justice of the Supreme Court of the State in 1906 on the Democratic and Independent tickets. Justice Ford is a Phi Beta Kappa, and belongs to several fraternal organizations, beside the Cor nell University, Canadian Camp, Campfire and Dalcassion clubs. That famous trans-Atlantic liner, the " May flower," carried a distinguished passenger list. Probably much of the distinction is due to the fact that many descendants of that ship's com pany have acquired fame and preeminence among their fellows. Three passengers on that frail bark Avere ancestors of Thomas C. T. Crain. Judge Crain, hoAvever, is a real Ncav Yorker, born in this city in 1860. He Avas educated in Germany, Italy and England. Returning to his native land, he studied law and became associated with the firm of Piatt & Bowers. After practicing in various partner ships and independently. Judge Crain traveled in Europe for several years and became Unfled States Vice- and' Deputy-Consul at Milan. He has held various important muni cipal and state positions, being for a time Deputy Attorney-General for this state. He THE BOOK of NEW YORK 263 was elected Judge of the Court of General Sessions in 1906, which office he still holds. The reforms instituted and carried out by Collector Loeb in the New York Customs Service have been rendered possible by the efficient aids he has gathered 'round him. One of these coadjutors of reform is Francis W. Bird, a young lawyer barely thirty years of age, who holds the important post of Appraiser. Since accepting office early in United States District Attorney under Henry L. Stimson, now Secretary of War in Presi dent Taft's Cabinet. In December of that year, Mr. Bird was transferred as United States District Attorney at New Orleans, where he conducted an investigation into alleged frauds in the importation of sugar. As a result of his report to the Attorney General, he came under the favorable notice of President Taft and Lloyd C. Griscom, the FRANCIS W. BIRD CHARLES B. STOVER 1911, he has been the resolute foe of dishonest importers who have been systematically under valuing their goods brought to this port. Mr. Bird was born in East Walpole, Mass., July, 1881. His father is a large New England manufacturer. Young Bird attended the Hfll School at Pottstown, Pa., and later entered Harvard University, from which he was grad uated in 1904 and subsequently spent two years at the Harvard Law School. He was soon appointed Assistant Unfled States Dis trict Attorney for the southern district of New York. In 1901, he became a special Assistant Republican leader of this State, asked his appointment as Appraiser of this Port. Since the rise to professional supremacy of the corporation lawyer, many young men have directed their talents in that direction. Wil liam Wilson Miller Avas born in Washington, D. C, 1870. Educated at Princeton University, he subsequently took a course at the National University, Washington. He was admitted to practice in 1891 and soon came to Ncav York. His father Avas Wflliam J. Miller, a leader of the District bar, having a large prac tice before the Supreme Court of the United 264 THE BOOK of NEW YORK WILLIAM W. MILLER HUGH GORDON MILLER SAMUEL P. McCONNELL States. In Ncav York, Mr. Miller became a clerk in the office of HornbloAver, Byrne & Taylor, and became a member of the firm in 1894. He is uoav the second member of the firm of Hornblower, Miller & Potter, of Avhich firm William B. HornbloAA'cr is the senior member. He has been associated in an ad visory or executive capacity with innumerable railroads, banks, trust companies and manu facturing corporations. I recall a very good story about Mr. Miller, told in connection with his first employment by Mr. HornbloAAcr. He managed to see the distinguished laAA'yer, but Avas assured that no vacancy existed. Young Miller claimed that if he Avere allowed to remain, he would find something to do. This amused HornbloAA'cr, AA'ho said, "Well, young man. if you think there is anything- in this office not thoroughly looked after, you may make an effort to discover it." When asked Avhen he Avould be ready to begin, he replied: "I AA'fll remain uoav; I don't Avant to take any risk of not getting in, if once I get out." He Avas shown a desk and place to hang his hat. Evidently, the young man found something to do, for, three years later, he AA'as taken into the firm. He is a member of most of the prominent clubs of Ncav York as Avell as the ^Metropolitan of Washington. Virginia is not only "the Mother of Presi dents" but of lawyers. Among the young and active members of the legal profession in this citv is Hugh Gordon ^Filler, AA'ho. at the age of 36, has taken high rank as a prosecuting laAAyer. He Avas born March, 1875, at Nor folk, his ancestors, Avho came to America 150 years ago, being members of the Gordon clan of Scotland. After serving as deputy clerk of the Norfolk Corporation Court until 1896, he Avas admitted to the bar and practiced in the state and federal courts of Virginia untfl 1904, — tAA'o years of AA'hich time he acted as Assistant United States Attorney. President Roosevelt made him a special assistant to the Attorney- General of the United States in 1908 and gave him charge of the litigation groAving out of the Passaic River pollution suits. Governor Higgins of Ncav York named him as a Com missioner from this state to the JamestoAvn Exposition. Mr. Mfller is general counsel for the X^cAv York Civil Service Association and a director of the West Indian Development Co. He served as secretary of the Robert Fulton Monument Association and is a member of several societies. He is a Republican and took the stump for McKinley during the Bryan campaign of 1900. Another Western man Avho responded to "the call of the city" and came from Illinois, where he AA'as born at Springfield in 1850, is Samuel Parsons McConnell. distinguished both as a laAA'yer and as a jurist, as Avell as having been first vice-president and then president of the George A. Fuller Com pany, one of the largest building contracting corporations in the Avorld. He took a degree THE BOOK of NEW YORK 265 at Lombard College, Galesburg, in 1871; was admitted to the bar the following year and began practicing in Chicago. He became a judge of the Circuit Court in 1889 and Avhile holding that position presided in the Cronin murder trial and in many other criminal and civil cases. Judge McConnell is a man of distinct personality and showed his ability to rise above popular clamor AA'hile in Chicago by circulating a petition, directed to Governor Oglesby of Illinois, asking commutation of death sentences against the anarchists Fielding and Schwab to life imprisonment. His oppo sition to the execution of these men was based solely upon legal grounds, he believing the crimes to be strictly political. Mr. McConnell personally went to Springfield with the peti tion and the Governor did commute the sen tences of Fielding and Schwab, and later they were pardoned by Governor Altgeld. At- though bitterly denounced at the time, Mr. McConnell was elected by a large majority to the Judgeship previously mentioned less than two years after. He regards the preparation of this petition the best thing he ever did, con sidered strictly from a legal view-point. One of the men with whom I became ac quainted on his arrival in Ncav York in 1881 was Charles Henry Beckett, until recently Sur rogate of the County of New York, born in Wil- liamstOAvn, Vt., in 1859. After a common school education he entered Barre Academy and Avas graduated at Dartmouth College (1881), AA'in- ning all first prizes in the senior class. He entered Columbia Law School, finished in 1883 and Avas admitted to the bar. During the folloAving year he was appointed to the probate clerkship by Surrogate Rollins and acquired information subsequently useful to him. He remained for a year under Surro gate Ransom, Rollins' successor, resigning to form the firm of Boor- aem, Hamilton & Beck ett. Governor Roose- CHARLEs H. BECKETT vclt, UI 1889, appointed him a trustee of the Elmira Reformatory, and, with his associates, Mr. Beckett accomplished important reforms. He continued on the Elmira Board until 1903, declining a reap pointment by Governor Odell. To utflize experience in the Surrogate's office, he acted as counsel in contested Avill cases. In this line he is recognized as an expert and during the years that folloAved his appointment as Surrogate he took part in the trial of more contested Avill cases than any laAAyer at the Ncav York bar. He is now one of the trustees of the Ncav York Life Insurance Company and a member of the University Club, City Club, Republican Club, the Bar Association, a D. K. E. man, and a Republican. In forsaking a possible brilliant military career for professional life, William N. Dyk- man has shoAvn his versatility by becoming- one of Brooklyn's most distinguished laAA'yers. Mr. Dykman was appointed to West Point and graduated in 1875, later being appointed lieutenant. He had given evidence of his fitness for military life, but the call of civic pursuits Avas strong and he resigned to take up the study of laAV. After graduation and admission to the Ncav York Bar, he soon be came prominent in the legal profession and on January 7, 1898, Avas appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission of Ncav York City and Avas reappointed January 1, 1902. Mr. Dykman is now a member of the laAv firm of Dykman, Oeland & Kuhn and is a director in many Kings County corporations. He is president of the Riding- and Driving Club and a member of the University, Brook lyn, Hamilton, Montauk, Remsen County, and Frontenac Yacht clubs. One of the best friends I made when chosen Chairman of the House Committee of the D. K. E. Club, in 1887, was Charies F. Math- ewson, an active young laAA'yer and member of the fraternity. He was an interesting and charming personality. Mr. Mathewson was born at Barton, Vt., May, 1860; took a degree from Dartmouth in 1882, valedictorian of his class, receiving prizes for proficiency in Greek, Latin, mathematics and oratory and being at the same time active in athletics and a mem ber of the 'Varsity base-ball and foot-ball teams ; a law course was finished at Columbia 266 THE BOOK of NEW YORK in 1885, his admission to the bar soon fol- loAving. Since that day he has been active in his profession — especially prominent as a corporation attorney. He Avas the first presi dent of the Dartmouth Club, Avhen organized in this city, and Avas president of the INIetropoli- tan Association of the Amateur Athletic Union. As general counsel for the Consolidated Gas Company in the celebrated "80-cent gas" fight he prevailed before the Master and be fore the Circuit Court of the United States; and Avhile the Supreme Court reversed the judgment Avithout prejudice to a further pro ceeding by that company, it sustained and established practically all the important prop ositions advanced by the Gas Company, including its right to a return of at least six per cent, on its property, the inclusion of such property at its "present value" as against what it originally cost, and likewise the in clusion in such property of its "franchises" Avhich the State sought to exclude, and it is understood that the Gas Company is not shedding many tears over the Avhole result. The United States Customs Service is draAving into it men of experience and educa tion in the lines of their Avork. One of the present incumbents of the office of United States General Appraiser (a life appointment), Charles P. McClelland, Avas born in Scotland in 1854. His parents brought him here early. He received a public school education and Avas graduated from Ncav York University LaAV School in 1882. He had begun life as a clerk in a shop, studying laAv at nights. Poli tics had much attrac tion for him. In 1884, he Avas elected a mem ber of Assembly for the First District of West chester county, and was reelected in '85. Pres ident Cleveland then appointed him Special Deputy Collector of Customs, Port of New York. He held that po sition until 1890, AA'hen he resumed the practice of laAV. A year later CHARLES p. McClelland he was again sent to the Assembly and became Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee and leader of his party therein. His next step, in 1892, Avas to the State Senate, AA'here he served two years. Again in 1902 he became the nominee of his party for Senator from the Westchester County district and Avas elected. After he had served one year of his term as Senator, President Roosevelt tendered him an appointment as United States General Appraiser and the tender Avas accepted, Mr. McClelland resign ing from the Senate. There are nine General Appraisers, having jurisdiction of all matters arising in any part of the U. S., Hawaii and Porto Rico. The office is non-partisan. There may be no more than five of any one party. He is a member of the St. AndrcAvs Society and is a director of several charitable insti tutions. The Board of United States General Ap praisers was organized in 1890 and its mem bers constitute a Judicial Tribunal of great value to the customs service of the nation. The President of this Board, since July, 1910, is Henderson Middleton Somerville, born in Virginia in 1837, and graduated from the University of Alabama. He has received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Georgetown College, Ky., the Southwestern University (Tenn.), and from his alma mater. He also took a degree at Cumberland Law School. He then became editor of the Memphis Ap peal. He founded the Law School of the University of Alabama in 1873, Avhere he Avas a lecturer on and professor of constitu tional, statutory and common law untfl 1890, during ten years of which time he Avas Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama, resigning, July, 1890, to assume the duties of his present Federal office in this city. He has been President of the New York Medico-Legal Society; was Trustee of the Alabama Insane Hospital for 17 years; is a Trustee of the Peabody Educational Fund, President of the Alabama Society of New York, and a member of the Executive Com mittee of the Ncav York Southern Society. I should have mentioned that Avhile in college he became a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Delta Phi fraternities. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 267 HENDERSON M. SOMERVILLE WILLIAM J. GIBSON WILLIAM C. BEECHER Justice Somerville is the author of the Ala bama statutes regulating the trials of the criminal insane; also of the opinion of the Alabama Supreme Court in the celebrated case of Parsons vs. The State, reported in the 81st vol. Ala. Reports, — said by the Chicago Legal Journal to be the only judicial deliver ance ever published that completely harmon ized the views of medical and legal professions on the subject of the responsibility of the crim inal insane, and the proper tests of insanity in criminal cases. Among- the Pennsylvanians who have at tained prominence in legal practice in New York City, is William J. Gibson. Mr. Gibson was born at Gibsonville, Ches ter County, Pa., November 8, 1842, and was educated at New London Academy and West minster College. He studied law in West chester, Pa., and was admitted to the bar there in 1865; to that of Louisiana the same year and to the Supreme Court of New York in 1866. He was counsel for the United States Treasury Department before the Boards of United States General Appraisers from 1895 to 1901 and since that time has practiced alone at No. 32 Liberty Street. Mr. Gibson Avas a member of the Penn sylvania Military Academy Battery, enlisting in 1863 for three months' service, and going to Chambersburg, Pa., at the time Lee crossed the Potomac. He is a member of the New York County Lawyers' Association, the Law Institute and the Reform and New York Athletic clubs. A man I remember as an efficient Assistant District Attorney of New York, before the consolidation, is Wflliam C. Beecher, born in Brooklyn, 1849. After preliminary studies at Rand Hill School, Northampton, Mass., he was graduated from Yale in 1872, and then took a course at Columbia Law School. Dur ing the progress of his studies, he had hesitated between surgery and law, but the latter won out. Forming a partnership with Mr. Lewis, which lasted nine years, in 1895 the firm of Beecher & Scoville was organized and con tinued for three years. Since then Mr. Beecher has practiced independently. Much is expected of a man who at Yale attains Delta Kappa Epsilon and Scroll and Key, but Beecher fully comes up to the standard. He is a member of several prominent clubs, namely, Hamilton, Crescent, Rembrandt, Dy ker Meadow, Hardware, Campfire of America, Campfire of Canada and Nassau Country. Brevet-Brigadier General Anson G. McCook was born at Steubenville, Ohio, October 10, 1835. He Avas educated in the public schools of New Lisbon, Ohio, and in 1854 crossed the plains to California, where he spent several years, Avhen he returned shortly before the war, and was engaged in the study of law at Steubenville. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he promptly raised a company of volun- 268 THE BOOK of XEW YORK eers, and Avas elected Captain. This Avas the first company to enter the volunteer service from Eastern Ohio. He was assigned to the Second Ohio regiment, and took part in the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. Upon the reorganization of the troops for three years, he Avas appointed Major of the 2nd Ohio, August 6, 1861, and rose by death and resignation of his seniors to the rank of Colonel, December 31, 1862. At the battle of Peach Tree Creek, near Atlanta, July 20, 1864, he commanded a brigade. He Avas in action in many of the principal battles of the West, including- those of Perryville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, etc., serving in the Army of the Cumberland. After the muster out of the 2nd Ohio, at the close of its three years' service, October 10, 1864, he Avas appointed Colonel of the One Hundred and Ninety- fourth Ohio, in INIarch, 1865, and Avas ordered to Virginia, Avhere he Avas assigned to command a brigade. He Avas brevetted a Brigadier General, March 13, 1865. He returned to Steubenville, Avhence, after several years' residence, he removed to Ncav York city in 1873, his present residence. He served six years in Congress from the Eighth Ncav York district, in the Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses. He was Secretary of the United States Senate from December 18, 1883, to August 7, 1893, and Chamberlain of the City of Ncav York from xlugust 1, 1895, to January 1, 1898. The Ohio McCooks acquired a reputation during the Civil War as the "Fighting Mc Cooks." In current notices they Avere spoken of as one family, but really Avere two families, the sons of Major Daniel McCook and of Dr. John McCook. Of the former family there Avere engaged in military service the father. Major Daniel McCook, Surgeon Latimer A. McCook, General George W. McCook, Major- General Robert L. McCook, General Daniel McCook, Jr., Major-General EdAvin Stanton McCook, Private Charles Morris McCook and Colonel John J. McCook. Of the latter family were engaged in the service Major- General EdAvard M. McCook, General Anson G. McCook, Chaplain Henry C. McCook, Commander Roderick S. McCook, U. S. N., and Lieutenant John J. McCook, five in all. This makes a total of fifteen, every son of both families all commissioned officers except Charles, killed in the first battle of Bull Run. The tAVO families have been designated as the "Tribe of Dan" and "Tribe of John." William Matheus Sullivan Avas born in New York City, June 26, 1880. He is a descend ant of General John Sullivan of Revolutionary fame. He received his academic education at the Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, and graduated Avith scholarship honors. He then entered the New York University and grad uated from this college and its law school in 1901, being admitted to the New York Bar the same year. Mr. Sullivan's first case of prominence Avas the Macnaughtan Federal indictment matter, in which case General Benjamin F. Tracy was chief counsel and pre dicted a prominent ca reer for young Sullivan. The celebrated Ban croft robbery case in 1911 and Mr. Sulli van's active efforts in bringing the thieves to justice brought Mr. Sullivan prominently into public notice. Aaron Bancroft, an aged banker of 84 years and a member of the firm of George Bancroft & Com pany, Avas robbed of $100,000 of negotiable securities while carrying same to the safe deposit vault of the firm. No clew of the thieves could be found, although the police and Pinkerton Detective Agency Avere search ing the entire country. In response to a tele phone request from the thieves, whether Mr. Sullivan Avould meet them alone and pay a certain rcAvard for the securities, the young lawyer not only met them, but regained the stolen securities and delivered the thieves to the police. Mr. Sullivan is a member of the University and Delta Chi clubs and of the Delta Chi Fraternity. Among the corporation lawyers of the metropolis must be included James Armstrong, who, although born at Candor, N. Y., in WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN THE BOOK of NEW YORK 269 1834, and admitted to the bar in 1858, passed the first fifteen years of his legal practice in Davenport, la. During that period of his life he acted as Collector of Internal Revenue under Presidents Johnson and Grant; was one of the incorporators of the First National Bank of Davenport, the first institution to begin business under the Banking Act of 1863. Mr. Armstrong came to New York in 1873 to take charge of the laAV and collection business of H. B. Claflin & Co., then the great est mercantile house in this country. He has been attorney for the Philadelphia & Reading taking the degrees of A. B., A.M. (and LL.B. Upon graduation, he entered the office of S. B. Brownell, later starting in independent prac tice. The case of American LaAV Book Co. vs. EdAvard Thomj)son Co., handled by Mr. Leubuscher is very notcAvorthy because of the establishment of an important point in the laAv of injunctions. He was a close friend of the late Henry George, having Avritten a history of his campaign for mayor in 1886 of Avhich 20,000 copies Avere sold. In the recent con gressional elections, he managed most success fully the campaign of his son, Henry George, JAMES ARMSTRONG FREDERIC C. LEUBUSCHER SAMUEL UNTERMYER railway since 1892, also serving as counsel in the State of New York for the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. He is senior member of Armstrong, Brown & Boland. He is president of the Mortgage Holding Co. and director in other similar corporations. He was graduated at Hobart College in 1856, where he achieved Phi Beta Kappa, and was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. We should feel indebted to one who is re sponsible for bringing forward a magistrate of the calibre of Mayor Gaynor. h.s chairman of the Municipal Democracy, Frederic Leubuscher was responsible for the nomi nation of the present mayor by that body before his name was ultimately selected by the regular organization. Frederic Cyrus Leubuscher was born in this city in 1860, educated at the City College and at Columbia, Jr. Mr. Leubuscher is a member of the City and Reform clubs, a Democrat (in national politics) ; and a Free Trader as becomes an upholder of the Single Tax principle, being President of the Manhattan Single Tax Club. Space proscribes anything like an adequate enumeration of the notable achievements of Samuel Untermyer in his chosen profession, law. Born in Lynchburg, Va., in 1858, edu cated in the New York public schools and in the College of the Cfly of Ncav York, Mr. Untermyer took his decree of LL.B. from Columbia LaAv School. It is illustrative of his capacity and brilliancy that his successful career began practically upon his embarkation in a profession that frequently imposes years of weary waiting for recognition. Before he was 24 years of age, Samuel Untermyer rep resented almost all the brewing interests of the 270 THE BOOK of NEW YORK City of Ncav York and Avas counsel for the State and American BrcAvers' Associations. Since that time he has been attorney in many Avorld-famous cases. His duties as counsel for several railroads and other large corpora tions have not precluded him from taking active interest in the correction of lax methods of several of Ncav York's largest corporations. He is a member of the Lotos Club. To have served four years as Public Admin istrator of intestate affairs in the City of Ncav York is a liberal education. One occupying such a responsible public office has impressed upon him the disinclination of average men to recognize the inevitable end of all human president of the National Guard Association and a member of many clubs and societies. As president of the alumni association of his alma mater, he organized the movement that resulted in legislation by Avhich the City Col lege Avas established on Convent Heights. Greatly to his credit, be it said, he is a friend of the most friendless, hopeless specimens of humanity, the insane; he is the originator of laws establishing- visitorial powers over all asylums, public and private, of the State Com missioner in Lunacy. When Wendell Phil lips said, in a memorable address before a Boston audience, "Nobody ever thinks of the insane or the Indian," he could not have known Mr. Lydecker. CHARLES E. LYDECKER ADRIAN II. LARKIN ASHTON PARKER creatures. There are a thousand dramas, novels and short stories tucked aAvay in the pigeon-holes of the Public Administrator of the City of Ncav York. A predecessor of William M. Hoes, the present incumbent, Avas Charles E. Lydecker, one of the best-informed authorities on Avills in this country. Mr. Lydecker is a Ncav Yorker, born in 1851. He availed himself of the splendid educational advantages off'ered by the Ncav York Free Academy, as it Avas then called. Mr. Lydecker entered Columbia LaAv School and Avas grad uated in 1873. Almost as soon as he began the practice of his profession, he Avas engaged in important Avill Htigations, including those of the Leland Stanford estate, California; of Eugene Cruger, Xcav York, and of HoAvard Paul, London. Mr. Lydecker Avas Major of the Seventh Regiment, N. G. N. Y. ; ex- Ashton Parker Avas born in Lachine, near Montreal, Quebec. He is the son of Robert A. Parker, vice-president of the Market and Fulton National Bank. Practically the entire life of Ashton Parker has been spent in the United States. He obtained his degree of LL.B. from Columbia University and began practice in Ncav York in 1904; he formed the firm of Parker & Ernst. He has been active in politics for a number of years as secretary of the West Side Democratic Club and his election to the Assembly from the Fifteenth District is a particularly creditable and note worthy achievement. It was only by a de termined and plucky fight that this district could be Avon over to the Democracy, for it had normally a Republican majority of over 3000. He Avas the first Democrat elected there in fifteen vears. He also had the endorsement THE BOOK of NEW YORK 271 EDWARD M. MORGAN MATTHEW P. BREEN JOHN B. C. TAPPAN of the Independence League in the cam paign. The firm name of Joline, Larkin & Rath- bone is constantly familiar in connection with important corporation cases that merit and occupy a quantity of newspaper space. Adrian H. Larkin is a graduate of Princeton, where he obtained his degree in 1887. He has been notably successful in the practice of law in this city as a member of the above firm. His abilities are logically demonstrated by an enumeration of the companies with which he is connected: Secretary and treasurer of the West ern Steel Car & Foundry Co.; secretary and treasurer of the Pressed Steel Car Co. ; director of the Colonial Sugar Co. ; Crimora Manganese Co.; Davis Creek Coal & Coke Co.; Schloss Sheffield Coal & Iron Co., and other important corporations. Mr. Larkin lives at Nutley, N. J., and is a member of the University, Racquet, Down Town and Garden City Golf clubs. Development of the Bronx during the past 10 years has been the marvel of all students of our municipal growth. The one man who has contributed most of thought and energy to the creation of its magnificent park system is Matthew P. Breen. fle was elected to the Assembly in 1882, when the Annexed District, as then described, had a population of less than 50,000; but, foreseeing the future con solidation of all surrounding territory, he in troduced a resolution on February 14, 1882, providing for the purchase of the land that has since been utilized for broad boulevards and Bronx Park. Judge Breen was born in County Clare, Ireland, December, 1848, the son of a civil engineer. He was educated at Dublin University, came to Ncav York in 1866, where he entered the law office of Ham ilton W. Robinson, late Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Admitted to the bar in 1873, he began practice for himself and took an active part as an Independent Dem ocrat in the dethronement of the Tweed ring. He Avas elected to a City Judgeship and Avas an organizer of the County Democracy of 1880. In 1899 Judge Breen published a volume entitled "Thirty Years of Ncav York Politics," which I have read Avith delight from cover to cover and from Avhich in the writing of this volume I have derived many sug gestions. If anybody can be described as having from a humble start in public office obtained the full competency of chieftainship that man is Edward M. Morgan, Postmaster of New York since August, 1907. At the age of seven teen (1873) he became a carrier in this city and by his fidelity was rapidly promoted until he was appointed superintendent of a branch office in 1883. Three years later. Postmaster Van Cott placed him in charge of the city de livery and he served as assistant postmaster under Van Cott and Willcox and when the latter acquired a place on the Public Service 272 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Commission, no other name than that of Mr. Morgan Avas suggested to succeed him. He hails from Michigan and is another response of the country to the city. No notice of Mr. Morgan AAould be complete Avithout distinct reference to his achievement in perfecting the pneumatic tube system, to-day complete, for the prompt transmission of mail betAveen the various sub-stations and the general postoffice. During the year 1910, every sub-station in Manhattan Avas brought into direct commu nication. So efficient is this serA'ice that it is possible to mail a special delivery letter at any one of the branch postoffices on ^lanhattan Island to any part of the business or developed residential sections of Greater Ncav York and to receive an ansAA'cr thereto Avithin tAvo hours. Direct communication has been maintained with Brooklyn through tAvo large conduits across the Brooklyn Bridge. Belonging- to a family that had lived three centuries in the territory uoav designated as the "Empire State," John B. Coles Tappan is an excellent example of the successful Ncav York laAA'yer. He Avas born at the pretty country place, "Dosoris," near Glen Cove, L. I., Aprfl, 1860. He entered Yale at the age of 16 and Avas graduated in 1880. Thence he pursued a course of study at Columbia Law School, under the lamented Dr. Dwight and Professor Chase, taking his degree as a laAA'yer in 1882. A year later, he began prac tice. The firm of Tappan & Bennett Avas soon after formed. Mr. Tappan spends his summers at his country home at Glen Cove and his winters at the Hotel Gotham. He is a member of the Yale, City, Republican, Nas sau County, Whitehall, Reform, Economic, Psi Upsilon, Huntington County and Yale Graduates (XeAv Haven) clubs; Sons of the American Revolution and all the State, County and City Bar Associations. In the fall of 1887, when the Delta Kappa Epsilon Club, on Fifth avenue, Avas at its zenith, a young Georgian, fresh from Yale College named Clifford Wayne Hartridge, was one of the most popular members. He had been an athlete at Yale and excelled in nearly all kinds of sports. Mr. Hartridge was born at Savannah, June, 1866, prepared for CLIFFORD W. HARTRIDGE college at the Bellevue High School, Virginia, and Avas graduated at Yale, 1887, and at Co lumbia LaAV School, 1889. Forming a part nership Avith the late Justice Leslie W. Rus sell he began the prac tice of laAv in this city, and continues a most active business at 149 BroadAvay. He was counsel during the first trial for Harry ThaAv, who shot Stanford White. He is a Demo crat, member of the Columbian Order S. A. R. His clubs are the Xcav York, Manhattan, New York Yacht, Yale, Democratic and Chats- Avorth. Since his admission to the bar, John J. Kuhn has been unusually active in every phase of legal AA'ork and in consequence has come to be recognized as one of the leading prac titioners in Brooklyn. Mr. Kuhn Avas born in that borough, March 7, 1877, and Avas educated at the Brooklyn High School and Cornell University, from AA'hich he graduated LL.B. in 1898. He was admitted to the bar the same year, and be came a clerk in the office of Bergen & Dykman, Avhich eventually became Dykman, Carr & Kuhn. Mr. Carr retired upon his election to the Supreme Court and the firm became Dykman, Oeland & Kuhn and is recognized as one of the principal laAV firms in Brooklyn. Mr. Kuhn is a Democrat in politics and is a member of many clubs and associations. He Avas formerly International President of the Delta Chi fraternity and for many years Avas an officer of the same or on its governing board. Among the active and younger laAvyers, I must not forget to mention Liston L. Lewis, a fellow Cornellian, born at Franklindale, Bradford, Pa., 1870; graduated from Cornell, 1892, and from Harvard Law School, 1901. He engaged in the publishing business, after leaving Cornell, and was for tAvo years Chicago manager of Dodd, Mead & Co. He then became vice-president of PoAvers, FoAvler & THE BOOK of NEW YORK 273 LISTON L. LEWIS WILLIAM A. KEENER NOEL GALE Lewis, Chicago, AA'hich relation was maintained until 1898. Then followed the laAV course at Harvard and active entrance into practice, after admission to the bar. His beginning was as a member of the laAV firm of Hatch, Keener & Clute, but in 1905 the partnership became Keener & LcAvis until 1910, since which time Mr. LeAvis has been practicing independently. While in college, he belonged to the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He is a member of the Bar Association of the City of New York, Chancellor WahA'orth Lodge. F. and A. M., and Pennsylvania Society. His clubs are the Union League, Lawyers, Repub lican and Cornell University. A worthy Georgia contribution to the legal fraternity of this city is William Albert Keener, born at Augusta, March, 1856, and graduated in the classics at Emoiy College, Oxford, Ga., in law at Harvard University, 1877, and since honored with LL.D. by the Western University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Keener Avas formerly a Justice of the Supreme Court of New York; successively Story pro fessor of laAV at Harvard and Kent professor of law and Dean of the School of Law at Columbia. Mr. Keener is now actively en gaged in practice in this city. He is the author of a "Treatise on Quasi-Contracts " and editor of "Cases on Contracts," "Cases on Quasi-Contracts," "Cases on Equity Ju risdiction" and" Cases on Corporation." He is President of the Board of Managers of the Manhattan State Hospital. His clubs are the Union League, Century, University, City, Lawyers and Republican; he is a member of the Bar Association of Ncav York City. The bar of the City of Ncav York is cos mopolitan in the sense that it has draAvn, not only upon many foreign lands, but upon every state in the Union in its composition. The State of Ohio is not behind in this respect, for it has given us some distinguished counselors and attorneys. Like another member of the firm of Strong & CadAvalader, Henry W. Taft, Noel Gale hails from the Buckeye state. Born at Unionvflle in 1862, son of Edmund Gale, he was educated at Oberlin, and grad uated therefrom, 1882, Avith the degree of A.B. The firm of Strong & Cadwalader, of which he is a member, enjoys preeminent standing in the legal profession. Mr. Gale is a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and of the University, City, Midday and Knollwood Country clubs. Maryland's contribution to the Ncav York bar is headed by Camfllus G. Kidder, born at Baltimore, July, 1850. His preparatory education Avas obtained at Phfllips Academy, Exeter, N. H., whence he went to Harvard University and was graduated in 1872. He then took a three years' course at Harvard LaAV School, achieving LL.B. cum laude. New York City welcomed him in 1876, when he entered the law firm of Emott, Burnett & Hammond, in which he later became a partner. Mr. Kidder has held local offices at Orange, N. J., Avhere he lives, and has favored munici- 274 THE BOOK of NEW YORK pal reform movements; he is at present a member of the Essex County Park Commis sion. He Avas originally a Republican, be came a Cleveland Democrat, but is hoav back in the Republican fold. He took an active part in the Cleveland campaigns of 1884, '88 and '92. He is an officer of several large pri vate realty companies. Among his numerous clubs are the University, Century, Harvard, Reform and City; he belongs to the Bar Asso ciation of Ncav York, the Ncav England So ciety and the Bunker Hill Association. A Kentucky laAvyer who has attained success in NcAA' York is William Beverly Winslow, Ioav is a descendant of the Virginia Beverlys and Winslows. Among the men Avho were in Columbia Law School with me, sitting under the in struction of Theodore W. Dwight, was Henry C. Henderson, who was born in the old town of Westchester in 1849. To my surprise, I found that avc had been felloAv students at Cornell University, Avhere Mr. Henderson took a degree in Civil Engineering in 1872. Although he was successful as an engineer, his leaning Avas toward the laAv and that fact induced him to enter Columbia, Avhere he took his LL.B. in 1878. His first opportunity WILLIAM BEVERLY WINSLOW HENRY O.lHENDERSON WILLIAM C. BREED author jointly Avith William Hepburn Rus sell, of "A Syllabus-Digest of the United States Supreme Court Reports," in four vol umes, pronounced by members of the legal profession the best Avork of its kind because of an original method of arrangement and extraordinary accuracy. Mr. WinsloAV was born at Carrollton, Ky., 1862. Was admitted to the bar of his native state in 1883 and of Ncav York in 1895. His father and grand father Avere laAA'yers, the former being a chum of Justice Harlan. Russell and WinsloAV are responsible for the decree in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, Avhich has become a leading precedent throughout the United States, on the question of liability of directors of corporations for secret profits obtained in promoting (HeyAA'ard vs. Leeson). Mr. Wins- for distinction Avas in the Mazet Legislative in vestigation when he acted as counsel for several of the accused police officers and since that time has gone steadfly forAvard as a counsellor, appearing before the Ncav York Court of Appeals and the United States Supreme Court in many important cases. Mr. Hen derson's love of country life induced him to move to White Plains, Avherehe has an attractive home. He is fond of all outdoor sports. He formerly took an active interest in politics but has never been a candidate for office. Wflliam Constable Breed was born in Malone, New York, on June 24, 1871. Grad uated from Amherst College in 1893, AA'here he took an A.B. degree (Avith Phi Beta Kap pa). Graduated from the Ncav York LaAV School in 1895. admitted to the bar of the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 275 State of New York in 1895, and since that time has been in active practice of the profes sion of law in New York City. Now of the laAV firm of Breed, Abbot & Morgan. He is a director of the Irving National Exchange Bank, director of the Merchants Associa tion of New York, a Republican, and a member of the Bar Association of the City of New York, Psi Upsilon Fraternity, the Union League, Lotos, Republican, Church, Downtown, Knollwood Country and Sleepy Hollow Country Clubs. friend, George B. He is a Democrat by in clination, but very independent in his polit ical views. Michigan has contributed to the metropolis a highly successful member of the bar in the person of Charles Earned Atterbury, born at Detroit in 1842 and educated at Yale College. He began the practice of his profession in De troit but soon came to Ncaa- York as solicitor of the Erie RaihA'ay; later he became Assistant President of that company. He attracted at tention by the efficiency of his Avork and was GEORGE B. COVINGTON CHARLES L. ATTERBURY SAMUEL A. BEARDSLEY A member of the "delegation" from the historic state of Maryland is George B. Cov ington. Born in SnoAv Hill, Worcester County, he studied at Princeton, and was graduated cum laude in 1890. After leaving college, George B. Covington taught mathematics at Macalister College, St. Paul, Minn. Prompted probably by the same analytical temperament that predisposed him to a study of mathematics he determined upon the profession of laAv as a life occupation and came here to study at the New York Law School the difficult science of solving human tangles and prob lems. The wisdom of his choice of profes sion has been amply demonstrated. Mr. Covington is at present counsel for the Ha vana Central Railroad and many other im portant corporations. General Covington, of the Revolutionary Army, an ancestor, served in Congress, as also did the father of my appointed counsel of the Chicago & xVtlantic Raihvay and the Pullman Palace Car Com pany. These tAvo important steps assured his success in corporation AA'ork and he is to-day counsel for numerous organizations of that character, in all parts of the country. The present title of his firm is Atterbury & Mul- lally. He is a prominent member of the X^cav York Bar .Association and an excellent after- dinner speaker. His social connections are Avith the Century and University clubs of this city. He is an enthusiastic lover of all athletic sports, and delights in the open air. Samuel A. Beardsley was born in Utica, X. Y., December, 1856. He received his laAv degree from Hamflton College LaAv School and after studying in the office of Beardsley, Cobenham & Burdick, Avas admitted to the bar in 1879. His father and grandfather also Avere laAA'yers. Mr. Beardsley became special 276 THE BOOK of NEW YORK city judge in 1886, serving until 1888, when he became city judge, AA'hich position he held till 1892. He later practiced laAv in Utica and in Ncav York City, Avhere the firm of Beardsley & Hemmens Avas formed. At that time, Beardsley & Hemmens became counsel for the Ncav York Edison and constituent companies. Mr. Beardsley Avas a member of the State Board of Railroad Commissioners from 1892 to 1896 and served as member of and secre tary of the Democratic State Committee, 1889 to 1892. He is a director of the United Elec tric Light & PoAver Co. and of the Utica Gas & Electric Co. He is a member of the X^CAV York Bar x\ssociation, Utica Chamber of Commerce, of the Manhattan and Democratic clubs in Ncav York and of the Fort Schuyler, Sadaquada Golf (Utica), Maidstone (East- hampton, L. I.) and Oakland Golf clubs. One of the first men Avith Avhom I became acquainted Avhen the Delta Kappa Epsilon club Avas formed and its clubhouse opened on Fifth Avenue, Avas David Bennett King, scholar, author and lawyer, who had come to NeAV York from Lafayette College and entered partnership Avith EdAvard G. Black. Mr. King Avas born at Mt. Pleasant, Pa., June, 1848; after an elementary schooling in his native toAvn, entered Lafayette College and AA'as soon chosen a "D. K. E." After grad uation, his excellence in Latin secured for him a tutorship, and later a professorship of Latin until 1886. During this time, he read laAV. While Mr. King has pursued the prac tice of law Avith success, he finds great pleas ure in literary Avork. He is a profound student of the classics and regarded as an authority on the language of Ancient Rome, his work on "Latin Pronunciation" being a text-book in several parts of the Avorld. Another laAA'yer Avho has held a very promi nent place in his profession in this city, Rastus S. Ransom, comes from Illinois, AA'here he was born at Peoria, in 1839. He enjoyed a com mon school education, supplemented by five terms as a country school master. He never had any college education but came to New York in 1870 to become managing clerk in the law office of Chester A. Arthur, soon after Collector of the Port of Ncav York, and in 1881 successor to Garfield as President of the United States. Mr. Ransom Avas elected Surrogate of the City and County of X^ew York, in 1888, and served six years. Imme diately after Fort Sumter Avas fired upon, at the age of tAventy-tAvo, Mr. Ransom enlisted and became First Lieutenant of Company H, Fiftieth N. Y. Engineers. He served with the Army of the Potomac throughout the Peninsular campaign. He is a member of the Loyal Legion and of the Grand Army of the Republic and President of the Society of American Authors. He is a Democrat and belongs to the City Club of Ncav York, the Army and Navy Club and the Masonic Club. When one finds a successful laAvyer in the city of Ncav York, Avho has obtained high university honors and built up a large prac- R.\STUS S. RANSOM DAVID B. KING ALGERNON S. NORTON THE BOOK of NEW YORK 277 SOL. M. STROOCK EDWIN A. WATSON AUSTIN D. TRUAX tice, cherishing the memory of his college days above mere professional success, we meet with a man we like to talk about. Algernon S. Norton has practiced laAV for 18 years. He was born at Homer in this state in 1860 and prepared for college at the Cortland Academy and Normal School, took an A.B. degree at Cornel University in 1886 and was graduated at the New York University LaAV School in 1892. Although he was a contestant for the Woodford medal for oratory, president of his class and obtained Phi Beta Kappa at Cor nell, I venture to say he recalls Avith greatest pleasure the raid made by his class, Avhen he was a sophomore, upon the freshman class. Mr. Norton conceived and Avas chief actor in carrying out a plan by AA'hich an elaborate dinner, sent from Rochester to Ithaca, Avas taken off the train at Trumansburg, a station nine miles north of Ithaca, and served to the sophomore class whose members, impersonat ing freshmen, had assembled at that place to enjoy it. Meanwhile, the hungry freshmen were waiting at the railway station in Ithaca for the banquet that never came. Edwin A. Watson, of the laAv firm of Truax & Watson, is a New Yorker, born and bred. His place of birth was Clinton street. Old New York, and the year 1874. He is, therefore, at thirty-seven years of age, entering upon a career of unusual prominence. His education was acquired in the public schools, although he took a finishing course at the Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn. He then entered the laAv offices of Truax & Crandall, of Avhich the late Justice Charles H. Truax Avas a member. While the Justice was off the bench for one year, Mr. Watson acted as his secretary; and, upon the Judge's reelection in 1896, the young man went to the Supreme Court as secretary to the Justice and continued in that capacity until admitted to the bar, in 1900. The present firm Avas organized in September of that year, and has acquired a large commercial law prac tice. Mr. Watson, for the past nine years,. has had personal charge of litigation by prop- perty owners against the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company for construction of trolley road on Union street in that Borough; and the Court of Appeals finally crowned a nine years' contention in favor of the property owners, giving damages for the unlawful use of that street. Mr. Watson Avas one of counsel for Senator Ben. Conger, in the trial of his charges against Senator Jothan P. Allds, in a trial before the Ncav York State Senate for accepting money for his vote. The burden of preparing all evidence used in that famous trial fell upon Mr. Watson. He was also en gaged as counsel by Superintendent Hotchkiss in the Fire Insurance Investigation of 1909-'10. During the year of "the Roosevelt landslide"^ (1904), Mr. Watson ran for Senator on the Democratic ticket, against Charles Cooper, in the Eighth Senatorial District, Brooklyn, — the strongest Republican senatorial district in 278 THE BOOK of NEW YORK the state of X'cav York. XTotAvithstanding the trend of public opmion in that year and the fact that Roosevelt beat Judge Parker by 13,900 in that district. Cooper aaou by only 3,100 pluralfly. A young lawyer of especial promise is Arthur D. Truax, son of the late Justice Charles H. Truax. of the Supreme Court. He Avas born in this city in 1872 and Avas educated at private schools and Hamilton College. Avhere he Avas a member of the class of 1894 and a Psi Upsilon man. Thereafter, he studied for tAvo years at Dresden, Germany. After completing a course at the Ncav York LaAV School, he was admitted to the bar in 1897. X^othing could be more natural than that Mr. Truax would adopt the profession that had appealed to so many of his forebears. His father, Charles H. Truax Avas tAventy- eight years on the bench in the Superior and Supreme Courts of this city; Chauncey W. Shaffer, one of the most prominent counsellors of the preceding generation, Avas his grand- uncle. The Truax family is of old Holland ancestry and have always been prominent members of the Holland Society. He belongs to the Ncav York Athletic and Manhattan clubs and the Society of the Sons of Oneida. He served as his father's private secretary for four years until he began to practice laAv for himself, in 1900. A very Avarm attachment existed betAveen the young man and his dis tinguished father. Justice Truax. A memorial consisting of a bas-relievo of Justice Truax Avas recently unveiled above the great marble fireplace in Special Term, Part III, of the Supreme Court. Justice Ingraham, of the Appellate Division, presided at that cere monial. Eulogies were spoken by Senator Elihu Root, Avho had known the late Justice as a student at Hamilton College; by Francis Lynde Stetson and Justice Giegerich. The bas-relievo shows the Justice in his robes, Avith gavel held above an open laAv book that lies before him. The face is slightly turned in profile. Ncav York has never had a more genuinely popular and admittedly capable presiding justice than Charles H. Truax. I often met him at the Manhattan Club, where he was a directing force. Only a fcAv weeks before his death, he was present at a large dinner party at the Lotos Club and received a popular ovation. Senator Root described the special capacity of Justice Truax when he said: "He had that directness of intuition of more value than imperfect human logic. Too often laAvyers look upon a case as a game and upon the Judge as a referee to aAvard prizes for points instead of making a simple and direct effort to ascertain the truth." Mr. Stetson described tAvo kinds of judges: one Avho spins a science of justice out of books; the other Avho sees in cases before him their eternal relation to human life and interest. To the latter class. Justice Truax belonged. Regarded as one of the leading corporation lawyers of New York City. Sol. M. Stroock numbers among his clients some of the largest firms and companies in the city. He Avas born here, September 22, 1873, and after attending the public schools entered the College of the City of New York, from which he graduated in 1891 AA'ith the B.S. degree. A course at the Columbia School of Political Science followed and he graduated from this institution Avith the Master of Arts degree in 1892. His educational equipment Avas completed in 1894, when he graduated from Columbia Law School with the degree of B.L. and the Toppan Prize in Constitutional LaAV. Upon his admission to the bar Mr. Stroock Avas associated Avith Morris Goodheart and Avas afterwards a member of the firm of Platzek & Stroock. Upon the elevation of Mr. Platzek to the bench of the New York Supreme Court, the firm became Stroock & Stroock, his brother, Moses J. Stroock, being a partner. A hustling law firm of this city, which has constantly appeared in the courts in important cases, House, Grossman & Vorhaus, has for its junior member one of our Austrian born felloAv-citizens, Louis J. Vorhaus. He came to this country with his parents in 1873, when barely six years of age, and made his way through the public schools into the College of the City of New York. Having determined upon the law as his profession, young Vorhaus began as an office boy with a prominent counselor, soon rising to be a clerk. He entered the law school of New York Univer- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 279 LOUIS J. VORHAUS WILLIAM MITCHELL SILAS B. BROWNELL sity, where he took a degree in 1889. After two years' further office experience, he Avas admitted to the bar in 1890, and formed a partnership with Mr. Grossman, leading to the present firm. Mr. Vorhaus possesses keen power of analysis, quick decision and argumentative skill in the presentation of cases. He has been exceedingly successful in jury trials. Strangely, he prefers civil cases, although he has won distinction as a criminal lawyer. Among the distinguished laAvyers who have been in practice at the metropolitan bar for more than fifty years and associated Avith some of the most important civil cases during that long period is Sflas Brown BroAA'nell, born at Knoxvflle, Albany County, N. Y., 1830. He was prepared for college under private tutors and at the Troy Academy and was graduated at Union College, 1852, winning Phi Beta Kappa. He has received the degree of LL.D. from Hobart and Columbia. Obtaining ad mission to the bar in September, 1852, upon examination at the General Term of the Supreme Court, he practiced in Troy for one year and then came to New York, where he has since remained. For three years, he was managing clerk in the laAv office of Clark & Rapallo,— Horace F. Clark and Charies A. Rapallo, subsequently Justice of the Court of Appeals. When the war broke out, Mr. Brownell volunteered and went to the front on Aprfl 19, 1861, in the 7th Regiment. The firm of Brownell, King & Lathrop Avas formed in 1867; became Brownell «fe Lathrop in 1868, and BroAvnell & Patterson in 1896. He is a member of the Century, University, Mayflower, City and other clubs; of the Presbyterian Union and of Lafayette Post, No. 140, G. A. R. He has been secretary of the Association of the Bar of the City of Ncav York since 1878, and member of its Executive Committee since 1880. Country life appeals to William Mitchell, who has been a practitioner at this bar since 1871, but resides at Bryn Mawr Park, Yon- kers. He is a son of the late William Mitchell, Justice of the Ncav York Supreme Court. He prepared at Columbia Grammar School and took a degree at Columbia College. After training under Professor DAA'ight, at Columbia LaAV School, he Avas graduated valedictorian of his class, in 1871. He at once entered the firm of Mflchell & Mflchell, but later prac ticed independently. He is a Republican, a member of the Psi Upsflon fraternity. Hugue not Association of America, and belongs to the Union League, New York Athletic and Down ToAATi clubs. Considerably past the four-score year mark, Benjamin F. Tracy is able to look back on a career of splendid activity and usefulness to the American people. He was born on a farm in Owego, Tioga County, N. Y., Aprfl 26, 1830, and Avas admitted to the bar at the age of tAventy-one years. He has been prom inent in politics since early manhood, being 280 THE BOOK of NEW YORK elected District Attorney of Tioga County in 1853, the youngest person ever elected to that office in the State of Ncav York, and reelected in 1856. He Avas chosen to the Assembly in 1861 and a year later assisted Governor ^lorgan in raising several regiments of troops upon the call of President Lincoln. Mr. Tracy became Colonel of one of the regiments, the 109th, and took part in the battle of the Wilderness, receiving a medal and being brevetted Brigadier-General for his conduct on the battlefield. His health failing, he resigned and returned to OAvego, N. Y., but Avhen he recovered he became Colonel of the 127th colored troop and retained the command until the surrender of General Lee, Avhen he again resigned and resumed the practice of his profession. He Avas appointed U. S. District Attorney in 1866 and served until 1873. In 1881 he Avas made Associate Justice of the Ncav York State Court of Ap peals and served for Iavo years. President Harrison appointed him Secretary of the Navy, which position he filled from 1889 to 1893. He Avas chairman of the commission Avhich drafted the iicav charter for Greater Ncav York, and Avas the Republican candidate for Mayor of the city in 1897. Cornell University always has been mighty upon the water; but AA'hen Arthur J. BaldAvin Avas at Ithaca, it achieved successes upon the "gridiron," as well. He played on the foot ball eleven for four years, graduating in 1892. Eleven generations in America is the record of the BaldAvin family. Arthur J. Baldwin began the practice of laAv, after leaving the university, at TonaAvanda, N. Y., Avithin sound of the mighty roar of Niagara, and continued in that court for five years. He came to New York in 1897, to enter the office of James B. Dfll, AA'ith Avhom, in 1899, he formed a part nership. When United States Attorney-Gen eral Griggs, of Ncav Jersey, resigned from the Cabinet of President McKinley, the existing firm of Griggs, BaldAvin & Baldwin was formed. Mr. BaldAA'in is an enthusiast in out door sports, as his university record would indicate. A Kansas contribution to the New York bar is Thomas EAving, Jr., born at Leaven- Avorth, in 1862. He began his education at the University of Wooster, Ohio, and took an A.B. degree at Columbia in 1885. He studied at the Columbia LaAv School, but took his degree at Georgetown University in 1890. Since beginning practice in Ncav York, Mr. EAving has made a specialty of patent law, and has solicited several patents for Avell-known inventions, notably the fundamental claim of Frank J. Sprague on the multiple unit system of electric train operation and Prof. Pupin's patents on long-distance telephony. His great grandfather, George EAving. Avas Avith Wash ington's army at Valley Forge and elscAvhere; his grandfather, Thomas Ewing, was twice United States Senator from Ohio; Secretary ARTHUR J. BALDWIN THOMAS EWING, Jr. GEORGE B. LESTER THE BOOK of NEW YORK 281 of the Treasury and Secretary of the Interior. His father, Thomas EAving, was a brigadier- general in the Federal Army. Mr. Ewing is a Democrat and belongs to the Ncav York, Uni versity, Columbia clubs and the Ohio Society. He is a Phi Beta Kappa man. George Bacon Lester is a laAvyer whose occu pation is laAV, but whose recreations are yacht ing, golf, riding and driving. Although a lover of the open air, Mr. Lester has decidedly "made good" in the practice of law. Born at Seneca Falls, N. Y., 1872, he was educated at Mynderse Academy and took a degree of LL.B. at New York University Law School. He is now a member of the firm of Lester, Graves & Miles and a director and general counsel of the Fleischmann Manufacturing Co. He is a member of the Lotos, St. Nich olas, Apawamis, Orange County Golf, Auburn Country and Manhasset Bay Yacht clubs and Down Town Association. Elections, 1874-'93, and as U. S. Commissioner and Master in Chancery of U. S. Courts in Brooklyn since 1874. A summer home at Burlington, Vt., amid the scenes of his college days, is maintained by Mr. Allen, Avhere he enjoys a thorough rest from the exactions of his manifold duties during- the balance of the year. The death of James McKeen, a Avell-known laAvyer of this city, in February, 1911, removed a public-spirited citizen of Greater Ncav York. He Avas born at BrunsAvick, Me., December, 1844, and took a degree at BoAvdoin College, 1864. He Avas admitted to the bar and be gan practice in New York, 1867. He Avas a member of the commission that revised the charter of Greater Ncav York, but he espe cially distinguished himself as advisory counsel to the Armstrong Committee that investi gated the Life Insurance Companies of this state. He received the Republican nomina- JOHN J. ALLEN JAMES McKEEN (Deceased) FERDINAND R. MINRATH A lawyer who holds an eminent place at the bar in Greater New York is John Johnson Allen, who was born at Utica, N. Y., in 1843. Mr. Allen graduated from the University of Vermont in 1862, and from Columbia Law School in 1866. He was admitted to the Ncav York Bar in the same year and has been ac tively engaged in practice ever since. Mr. Allen served as acting provost marshal in 1866; as assistant U. S. District Attorney in 1866-'73; as member of the New York Assembly in 1874; chief U. S. Supervisor of tion for Justice of the Supreme Court in 1903 and afterAvards became senior counsel for The Mutual Life Insurance Company. His col lege honors have been distinguished by an election to Phi Beta Kappa, a reward for high est scholarship. He was President for eight or ten years of the Hamilton Club of Brooklyn, President New England Society, member of Board of Directors Historical Society, Director (or Trus tee) Brooklyn Library, member Board of Education of old Brooklyn, Trustee College 282 THE BOOK of NEW YORK JACOB A. CANTOR ISAAC W. JACOBSON WILBUR F. EARP New York and other Boards, member Bar Association of New York. An active member of the Avell-known laAV firm of Hoadly, Lauterbach & Johnson — one Avho pulls a laboring- oar — is Ferdinand R. Minrath, born in this city, September, 1857; educated at the College of the City of Ncav York and at Columbia LaAv School. For high scholarship, in the first-named institu tion, he Avas elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He completed his laAv course in 1878 and Avent at once with Morrison, Lauterbach & Spin- garn, predecessors of the present firm. Mr. Minrath has been almost Avholly engaged in corporation practice. He is a Republican, but never has held any political office; his clubs and societies are the Liederkranz and Arion, and the State, City and County Bar Associations. One of the really interesting men I found on the New York Plerald reportorial staff' was Jacob A. Cantor, AA'ho since those days has distinguished himself in law and politics. Mr. Cantor was born in Ncav York in the last month of 1854, was educated at the public grammar and high schools, and, AA'hile work ing as a reporter, took a course at the New York University LaAv School, securing a degree in 1875. He was admitted to the Bar soon after, but it Avas not until eight years later that he developed a taste for public office. He was elected to the Assembly Iavo successive years, and was then raised to the Senate, where he remained for eleven years, becoming the leader of the Democratic mem bers. He was President of the Senate and Acting Lieut.-Governor in 1893-'94. He Avas elected President of the Borough of Manhattan on a reform ticket, in 1902, and has served as Chairman of the Committee oF Highways and Parks of the New York Improvement Com mission since 1904. Mr. Cantor is in active practice of his profession, making a specialty of corporation laAv. One of the most interesting Avill contests that has occupied the metropolitan courts for many years Avas that of LaAvrence B. Jerome's attempt to break the Avfll of his mother, Katherine H. Jerome. The laAA'yer in the case Avas Isaac W. Jacobson, an attorney of experience who had been associated wflh Ambrose H. Purdy and Avflh General Horatio C. King at difl'erent times. The settlement of the Jerome will case, effected by Counsellor Jacobson, established him on a'^ high plane in his profession. He Avas born in Ncav York city in 1866 and obtained his education at the public schools and from private tutors. For a time he held a license to teach in the evening public schools; but in 1889 he was admflted to the bar by the Supreme Court, General Term of Kings County. He had read law wflh Thomas C. Ennever, Horace E. Deming, Colonel Benj. E. Valentine and the firm of Butler, Stillman & Hubbard. He owns a farm in Orange County, where he THE BOOK of NEW YORK 283 spends _ his summers. Mr. Jacobson is a Republican and is exceedingly prominent in • fraternity circles, being a 33rd degree Mason. One of his latest achievements is the procure ment of a permanent injunction against the Board of Health, restraining fl from locating a tuberculosis clinic on Henry street, in a populous neighborhood of Brooklyn. Maryland has added to the legal staff of the metropolis Wilbur F. Earp, Avho hails from Howard County, in that state, where he was born in 1863. After a common school edu cation, he studied stenography and began work as a shorthand Avriter in Baltimore at the age of tAventy-three. He subsequently published a ncAvspaper in Maryland for sev eral years, but in. 1899 he came to this city and took up the study of laAv at the Ncav York LaAV School. Mr. Earp is fond of referring to the fact that AA'hen he Avas tendered a posi tion in Washington under Secretary Rush and went there to accept it, he chanced to meet Theodore Roosevelt, then a Civfl Service Commissioner, to whom he stated his pro spective duties and by whom he Avas advised to get into business for himself. For this change in his career, he expresses the utmost gratflude. Mr. Earp is a Republican and, although born in a slave state, had for fore bears ardent supporters of the iVmerican Colonization Society, which founded the colony of Liberia. His great-grandfather. Major Wil liam NcAvton, of Dorchester County, Md., liberated all his slaves and sent them to Liberia about 1823. Owing to the fact that I was probably the first out-of-Ithaca student at Cornell Univer sity in 1868, I always have felt a friendship for alumni of that institution. This state ment needs explanation. I had been at a Western college for tAvo years, AA'hen I read about the university projected by Ezra Cor nell and Andrew D. White. I Avrote for in formation and received a circular stating that Cornell would open on the 15th of September, 1868. I prepared to enter the Junior class and on the appointed day arrived in the then quaint little town by its only switchback railroad. Not another student had come! There I learned that owing to the unfinished condition of the two buildings then under roof. the opening had been postponed until the 18th of October! The registrar assured me that circulars announcing the postponement had been dispatched to every applicant for information. Mine Avas "the letter that never came." There I Avas, marooned for one long, lonely, dreary month; keyed up for examina tion for advanced standing, I saAV the danger ot getting stale." When examination day finally arrived, I succeeded in passing satis- factorfly and Avas gazetted "Junior." Therefore, Avhen I come to talk of Herbert L. Fordham, laAA'yer of this city, Avho has be come an authority on real estate matters, I am reminded of the fact that he Avas one of the really prominent University men during his stay at Ithaca. He was born at Green- port, Suff'olk Co., in 1869. He entered Cor nell in 1890 and soon took rank as a debater as Avell as a student. He avou several honors in oratorical contests. He Avas chosen to represent Cornell in a debate betAveen that institution and the University of Pennsylvania, Avhich attracted national attention. He Avas for a year editor of the Cornell Magazine, a publication of high literary excellence. His proficiency in scholarship is attested by the fact that he avou Phi Beta Kappa honors. An additional year in the University LaAv School after his Ph.B. degree in '94 secured his ad mission to the bar. He came to New York in the summer of 1895 and served for a few months as a clerk in a law office, learning the executive and clerical details of the profession; but in 1896 he started for himself, and later the death of Judge B. H. Reeve, of the firm of Reeve & Bartlett, resulted in his succeeding the Judge in the firm. He maintains his home at Green- port, although he has a city residence. Being a Republican in politics and a natural orator, he has taken part from time to time as a public speaker in the campaigns of that party. One of the really noteworthy professional acts of his career was his successful defense of the large oyster interests of eastern Long Island against the claims of the town of Southold, the decision in which case by the highest court of the state established the title of the State of Ncav York to the bottoms of all the bays at the east end of Long Island from 284 THE BOOK of NEW YORK HERBERT L. FORDHAM SAMUEL M. GARDENHIRE CHARLES C. PAULDING Riverhead to Montauk Point. The effect of this signal victory becomes of amazing importance now that Fort Pond Bay has been decided upon as the future harbor for express steamers between Europe and this country. Mr. Fordham is a recognized au thority upon the law applicable to oyster lands and the oyster industry and upon real estate law, and is also engaged as counsel to various interests. He is a member of the State, City and American Bar Associations; a member of the Sons of the Revolution, Suffolk County Historical Society, New York State Historical Society, the American Eco nomic Association, the Republican and Law yers' clubs and other organizations. His af fection for Long Island is natural, his family having lived there ever since 1640, Avhen the Rev. Robert Fordham Avas the first minister of, and the leader in the founding- of the town of Hempstead, later becoming the second minister of the town of Southampton. Missouri contributes to the legal profession of the metropolis a charming friend of mine in the person of Samuel M. Gardenhire, Avho has not only achieved success in his chosen calling, but has written fiction of a high and popular order. Born in Fayette, Mo., Nov., 1855, he was educated in the public schools of St. Louis, and Avent to Tennessee to study laAV, Avhere he Avas admitted to practice, 1875. He returned to St. Louis to remain four years, when he removed to Topeka, Kan., Avhere he was elected a municipal judge and sent to the State Legislature; after travel in Europe and the Orient, he came to New York, 1895, and formed the firm of Gardenhire & Jetmore. He is a Republican, an Episcopalian and author of "Lux Crucis," "The Sflence of Mrs. Harrold," "Purple and Homespun" and "The Long Arm." There is no question about Charles C. Paulding's revolutionary ancestry; his great grandfather Avas John Paulding, one of the captors of Major Andre. Mr. Charles C. Paulding's forebears had settled in New Netherlands long before its acquisition by Great Britain. He Avas born in this city, December, 1868, studied at the Berkeley School and took degrees at Yale University and Columbia LaAV School. He was a Psi Upsilon man at Yale. Entering the laAv office of Alexander & Green, May, 1891, he re mained there until appointed one of the solici tors for the Ncav York Central & Hudson River Raflroad Co., which position he stfll holds. He is a Republican and lives at Ards- ley-on-Hudson, near the locality rendered his toric by his great-grandfather's achievement. Mr. Paulding is an excellent example of an inheritance of fondness for hard work and as a member of an old American family early comprehended that success is only attained by perseverance. I envy him the genial asso ciation with his chief, Ira A. Place, a fellow Cornellian. In addition to membership in the City, State and National Bar Association, Mr. Paulding belongs to the Yale, Union League, University, Republican, Transportation, Ards- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 285 ley. Sleepy Hollow and Metropolitan (Wash ington) clubs. Becoming dissatisfied with the exacting cares of commercial life, J. Stewart Ross, studied law while engaged in manufacturing pursuits and entered upon a more congenial career as a lawyer. He was born in Brooklyn and after graduating from the public schools there, became a manufacturer of shirt fronts and during this connection read law in the office of the late James W. Culver and Avas admitted to the bar in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in May, 1875. Since that time he has been contin- J. STEWART ROSS uously engaged in the trial of cases and argu ment of appeals, not only as attorney, but as counsel for other attorneys and has been successful in more than 90 per cent, of trials and appeals. In the case of Cunningham vs. Davenport, he established the revocability of a trust created by deposfl in a savings bank and in the case of Hanlon vs. The Central Rafl road of New Jersey, he established the propo- sflion, that while a raflroad employee was not obliged to render special service, yet if he vol unteered to do so, the railroad company Avas liable for any negligence in the performance of such volunteer service. He is a member of the firm of J. Stewart & Leroy W. Ross, and has been unusually successful. He is a Democrat in politics and in 1888 Avas a candidate for State Senator in a district that usually gave a Republican plurality of 9,500. He was de feated by only 2,500 votes AA'hile the mayoralty candidate had a plurality of 8,500 against him. Since that time he has taken no active part in politics, devoting his entire time and energy to his profession. I have watched Avith interest the develop ment of many a young lawyer out of the Dis trict Attorney's office, AA'hich office affords such splendid preparation for a subsequent legal career. Although the practice has to do Avith criminal law, young assistants gen erally find opposed to them lawyers of ex perience and recognized ability, demanding the best talent of the prosecution to combat, and giv ing valuable insight into the legal necessities of a great city that could come to them in no other way. Among those AA'ho received their early training in this manner is Samuel Thorne, Jr., who AA'as born at Saugatuck, Conn., June, 1874, and graduated at Yale in 1896 with the degree of A.B. He was a member at Yale of the fraternity of D. K. E., AA'hich has some significance in a college course, and of the Senior Society of Skull and Bones, a society peculiar to Yale, but AA'hich admits no drones. His law course AA'as taken at Harvard, leading to LL.B., in 1899. Mr. Thorne pre viously had made a trip around the world (1891-2), spending the greater part of nine months in India, China and Japan. After a second trip abroad in the summer of 1899 he entered the law office of Stimson & Wfl liams. It Avas during the following winter, toAvard the close of the administration of Mayor Van Wyck, that the Committee of Fifteen, of which the late William H. Baldwin, Jr., who was President of the Long Island Railroad, was Chairman, commenced its activ ities. Mr. Thorne was appointed as one of the assistant attorneys to this committee and was active in its service in more ways than one. The following summer he Avas appointed by Eugene A. Philbin, at that time District Attorney of New York County, a deputy assistant in that office, thus making his first real entrance into the legal field of the metrop olis ; he was reappointed under Wflliam Trav- 286 THE BOOK of NEW YORK JAMES A. GRAY OTTO F. STRUSE FRANK WHITE ers Jerome; he aided in the trial of criminal cases and had charge of them himself until July, 1905, when he returned to civil practice in the office of Joline, Larkin & Rathbone. After a year and a half AA'ith this firm, Avhich handled some of the greatest cases in the city, he commenced practice for himself. In poli tics, Mr. Thorne is a Republican and in church affiliation an Episcopalian. He is a director in the folloAA'ing organizations: Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, Missionary Exposition Company, Yale Mission, Federation of Churches of New York City, Westchester County Y. M. C. A., and the Silver Bay Association. Georgia has made a creditable contribution to the Ncav York bar in the person of James A. Gray, partner of the late John R. Fellows. Mr. Gray was bornat Calhoun, Ga., June, 1857, and enjoyed the benefits of a country school educa tion. He began as clerk in the Probate Court of Gordon County, and read law as an amuse ment, without any intention of adopting it as a Erofession. He was admitted to the bar, owever, went to Atlanta and Avas associated in practice with Hoke Smith, present United States Senator from Georgia. He came to New York at the age of 34 and formed the partnership referred to above. In Georgia he had secured the acquittal of Nancy and Thomas Printup, charged with murder, one of the most noted trials in that state. His latest success in this city was the defense of Paul Geidel, a hotel bell boy, for the murder of William H. Jackson, which resulted in a second degree verdict. In civil trials he has been exceedingly successful — especially so in life insurance litigation. I cannot avoid men tioning the fact that Mr. Gray has reared to manhood and womanhood five boys and five girls. He is a member of the Southern and Georgia Societies and of the Democratic Club. He has held many minor political offices and in 1888 was Presidential Elector from Georgia on the Cleveland and Thurman ticket. Having been successful as a laAvyer, Otto F. Struse has found time to devote to local matters, being treasurer and trustee of the Brooklyn (E. D.) Dispensary and Hospital and trustee of the Industrial School Asso ciation. Mr. Struse Avas born in Brooklyn, January 20, 1859. He attended the public schools and then entered the College of the City of Ncav York, from Avhich he graduated in 1879. Tavo years later he graduated from the LaAv School of Columbia University and Avas ad mitted to the bar the same year. His practice, AA'hile a general one, includes the representa tion of several corporations and financial in stitutions. Mr. Struse is a Democrat in politics, but has never been active. He is a trustee of the Dime Savings Bank of Williamsburg; is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Hanover and Crescent clubs of Brooklyn, and of the Brooklyn and State Bar Association. In addition to his large practice respecting corporations, Frank White has found time to Avrite several valuable Avorks on legal subjects. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 287 These include "White on Corporations," com prising 1,500 pages, "White's Manual for Business Corporations," "White on Member ship Corporations." He also AA'as co-editor of "Dill on New Jersey Corporations" and acted as assistant to the consolidators of the corpora tion laws of the State of Ncav York in 1909. Mr. White Avas born in Deposit, N. Y., July 27, 1858, and AA'as educated at Glens Falls Academy. His legal training Avas obtained under the tutorship of Hughes & Northup, noted laAvyers of Northern New York. Since his admission to the bar he has made a specialty of corporation practice and is a lecturer in that branch at the Albany LaAv School. He was chief of the corporation division of the Secretary of State's office for many years and also filled the office of First Deputy Attorney General. As receiver of the Hamilton Bank he enabled the stock holders to reorganize Avith over a million dol lars in cash. He is a Mason and a member of several law associations and social clubs. Rieger & Gans. This connection continued for nearly Iavo years, since Avhich time Mr. Gans has practiced alone, specializing in commercial and real estate laAv and acting as counsel and director of several realty organi zations. His offices are at 140 Nassau Street. He is a Democrat but takes no active part in politics. He has fcAv club affiliations but is interested, in a general Avay, in several char itable organizations. Forsaking ncAvspaper Avork for the laAV, Charles F. Holm, while finding his lines laid in pleasanter places, still sighs for the old days. He was originally connected Avith the Ncav York dailies and made an effort to establish a daily morning paper in Brooklyn, but gave it up after a year of hard, persistent work and heavy financial loss. Mr. Holm Avas born in Ncav York City, March 8, 1862, and after attending schools in SchAverein, Germany, entered the Columbia Law School, from Avhich he graduated in 1882,Avith the degree of LL.B. He was admit- JOSEPH GANS JOHN T. HETTRICK CHARLES P. HOLM Devoting his time to civil work alone and representing several large corporations, Joseph Gans is a successful practitioner at the Bar of Ncav York City. Mr. Gans AA'as born in Germany, May 17, 1881, and being brought to this country by his parents when quite young, was educated at the public schools and the New York University. He gradu ated LL.B. and was admitted to the bar in 1901, starting practice immediately aiid at once becoming a member of the legal firm of ted to the bar the same year and is now a mem ber of the firm of Holm, Whitlock & Sarff, and is engaged principally in corporation work. He is counsel and a director of the Hudson Trust Company, an honorary member of the Plattdeutscher Volksfest Verein and a mem ber of the Montauk and Riding and Driving clubs of Brooklyn and ex-captain of Company C, 14th Regiment, N. G. N. Y. The city rooms of metropolitan newspapers have been sprouting beds of many clever and 288 THE BOOK of NEW YORK successful laAA'yers. Seventeen years ago I encountered an active young reporter asso ciated Avith the Ncav York Recorder. He Avas John T. Hettrick, born in Brooklyn, in August, 1868, and educated at the Boys' High School. At the graduation exercises. Post master Joseph C. Hendrix, — AA'ho by the Avay Avas a college chum of mine at Cornell, — pre sided and Avas so attracted by young Hettrick's address that he offered him a clerkship in the Brooklyn Postoffice, Avhere he steadily ad vanced until he became an Assistant-Post master. He resigned to take up active iicavs- paper AVork and served for five years on the staff of local ncAA'spapers. He resigned to become political AAriter on the Ncav York World where he remained for four years, then going to the Ncav York Times in a similar capacity. While employed as an active ncAvs paper man, he studied laAv, first entering the office of Gaynor, Grout, DcFere & Hyde, prior to the election of present Mayor Gaynor to the Supreme Court Bench. Mr. Hettrick retired from actiA'e ncAvspaper Avork at the request of August Belmont Avhen the latter undertook the contract for the present Sub Avay. He retained that connection until March, 1909, AA'hen he began the active practice of laAV. Mr. Hettrick Avas named associate counsel to the Legislative Committee to in vestigate the Telephone and Telegraph Com panies of this state. He has ahvays been an active athlete and avou many prizes in roAving contests. He is a member of the Ncav York Athletic and Lotos clubs and Ncav York County Lawyers' Association. One of the younger school of attorneys who has distinguished himself in the practice of criminal law is Frederick B. House, City Magistrate. Born at Cooperstown on the banks of Otsego Lake in 1862, he grew up in that village of romance. After preliminary study in a local laAv office, he came to the Law School of the University of the City of Ncav York. He entered into practice, independ ently, and into politics, enthusiastically. He was elected to the Xew York Legislature and served two terms (1883-'84). He formed a partnership Avith Mr. Friend in 1885, Avhich continued for some time. The firm of House, Grossman & Vorhaus Avas organized in 1895, and continued until Mr. House was appointed a City Magistrate in January, 1907. He has been connected Avith many famous criminal cases during the past fifteen years. A highly interesting one Avas that of "Frenchy," or Ben Ali, a Avretched Arab vagabond charged Avith the brutal murder of "Old Shakespeare," a notorious outcast. He Avas described as New York's "Jack the Ripper." Mr. House secured the acquittal of Marie Barbieri, an Italian woman, who had slain her lover, after she had been convicted. An ambition Avliich Avithstood every form of privation impelled Asa L. Carter to become a successful laAvyer. He Avas born in Ban gor, Marshall County, loAva, September 19, 1880, and attended the country schools there. After due preparation he entered the Univer sity of Missouri and paid for his schooling by selling books and merchandise to his fel- laAV-students. He grad uated in 1905 and Avas admitted to practice in Missouri the same year. Not being satis fied with his legal equipment, he came to Ncav York City for a course at Columbia University, registered there and became librarian in the laAv library in order to defray his expenses. He grad uated A.M. and LL.B. in 1907 and being- ad mitted to the bar immediately started practice. While Mr. Carter's practice has been along general lines, he is gradually drifting into cor poration work and to that end has made an exhaustive study of corporation laAv. A young New York lawyer who distin guished himself as a member of the Constitu tional Convention of the State of New York, at which the latest revision of the original state charter Avas made, is Thomas Gilleran, a graduate of St. Francis Xavier University in this city, and of the Ncav York University LaAV School. In 1891, he began the practice of his profession in the metropolis and three ASA L. CARTER THE BOOK of NEW YORK 289 THOMAS GILLERAN HEADLEY M. GREENE JOHN M. WARD years later formed a partnership with Judge John Ford which lasted for one year. Since that time, he has been practicing on his oAvn account. The Constitutional Convention is one provided for in the original charter of the State of New York, meeting every ten years for the purpose of making alterations and amendments to the Constitution to meet con ditions that may arise in passing years. Nat urally, it is one of the most important legisla tive bodies, composed of distinguished men and membership therewith is a marked recognition of abflity. Mr. Gilleran is a member of the Manhattan, Catholic, Graduates and Siwa- ney Golf clubs and the Bar Association. Another lawyer from Avestern Ncav York State is Headley M. Greene, born at Gorham, Ontario County, January, 1865; educated at the preparatory school, Canandaigua, and Rochester University, where he took a Latin scientific course. He then entered the laAv offices of Guggenheimer & Untermyer, re maining with that firm more than four years. He was admitted to the bar in 1888; served as Transfer Tax Appraiser for 1906-'07. He is a Republican in polflics and executive mem ber of the County Committee from the Thirty- fourth Assembly District, where he lives. He confines his practice to civfl, real estate and corporation laAv. His clubs are the Repub lican, Union Republican and Pioneer Repub lican. Superb physical condflion joined Avflh ex cellent mentality is the best preparation for a professional career. John M. Ward started out in life as an athletic enthusiast and amply made good in that line. He AA'as born in Bellefonte, Pa., in 1860, and received his pre liminary education at the Pennsylvania State College. He became a professional ball player in 1878, one year later joined the Providence team of the National League, as pitcher. In 1883 he became a member of the original Ncav York Giants. The same year he entered Columbia College, and graduated from the School of LaAV with honors in 1885, and with first honors from the School of Political Science in 1886. He organized and was president of the Brotherhood of Ball Players in 1886 and in 1890 organized the Players' National League of Baseball Clubs, but retired from the game four years later to take up the practice of laAv. In 1911 , he purchased, AA'ith others, the Boston National League Baseball Club and became president of that organization. Mr. Ward resides near Babylon, on his private estate of 225 acres, which includes the finest trout fish ing preserve on Long Island. He has figured prominently in National and Metropolitan golfing events, is a Thirty-second Degree Mason and is a member of the Elks and many social and athletic clubs. That Puritan stock has produced an ex ceptionally large proportion of our useful and famous citizens is undeniable. One of Oliver Cromwell's Ironsides was Edward Allen, who left England upon the accession of Charles IL, 290 THE BOOK of NEW YORK FREDERICK H. ALLEN IRVING E. ZIEGLER RANDOLPH PARMLY and came to America in 1661. Property acquired l>y him at Northfield, Mass., is still held by his descendants. Frederick Hobbes Allen, lineal descendant of Edward Allen, was born in Honolulu, Avhere his father Avas Chief Justice and Chancellor of the Kingdom in the Pacific. He received the degrees of A.B., A.M. and LL.B. from Harvard Univer sity. In 1882, he became secretary to the Hawaiian Legation in Washington and Avas promoted to the rank of Charge d'Aft'aires upon the death of his father in 1883, Avho then Avas Minister. Since 1884, ^Ir. Allen has practiced laAv in NcAA' York Avith a degree of success Avhich requires no comment. Coming from Phfladelphia, Avhere able laAv yers are said to be the rule rather than the exception, Irving E. Ziegler found it com paratively easy to get into lucrative practice in Ncav York City. ^Ir. Ziegler Avas born in ToAvamencin Town ship, Montgomery County, Pa., September 25, 1871, of German-Irish parentage. His early education Avas obtained in the country schools near his home and at the ^lillersvflle State Normal School, teaching in the school which he attended Avhen only fourteen years old. He then entered LaAvrcnceA'ille (N. J.) School under Dr. James C. McKenzie, in the class of '86, and Avent to Princeton College in the Class of '90. He Avas a member of the Class of '93 at the LaAv School of the University of Pennsylvania, at the same time studying under F. Carroll BrcAAster, the eminent jurist. He was admitted to the bar in 1893 and during his early years of practice acted as counsel for eleven persons charged with murder, none of Avhom was hanged. Deciding to devote his time to civil practice, he fitted himself for corporation AA'ork and thus equipped removed to Ncav York City, Avhich offered a broader field in this line, fle has been very successful, representing some large corporations and having clients in France, Germany and Austria. Mr. Ziegler played right end on the LaAvrenceville School foot ball team, the Princeton College team and for three years filled the same position on the University of Pennsylvania team. He Avas always active in athletics during his college years and has a record of eleven seconds for the one hundred yard dash. He is a member of the Whig Society of Princeton and a non resident member of the Princeton Club. He is also a member of Mariners Lodge, No. 67, F. and A. M.; Oriental Chapter, No. 183; Royal Arch Masons, St. John's Commandery No. 4, Knights Templar and Lulu Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. of Phfladelphia and of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church. In poli tics Mr. Ziegler is a Republican and as such is a member of the Republican County Com mittee of New York County and the Republi can Club of the Twenty-third Assembly Dis- a-ict. He is a forceful and convincing speaker THE BOOK of NEW YORK 291 and has been much in demand in several cam- Saigns. During his early life in Philadelphia, Ir. Ziegler was on one of the daily morning papers and has a wide acquaintance among the old-time ncAvspaper men. Randolph Parmly, attorney-at-laAv, is the son of the Reverend Wheelock H. Parmly, Avho Avas for forty years a pastor in Jersey City. His grandfather, the Rev. Duncan Dunbar, was also a Baptist clergyman in the same city for almost an equal length of time. Randolph Parmly Avas born in Burlington, XT. J., in 1853. He was educated at the Has- brouck Institute, Jersey City, and at the Ncav York University, from Avhich he was graduated in 1875 Avith the degrees of A.B, and A.M. He became a member of the Zeta Psi and after a course at Columbia LaAv School in 1878 he began his career as a lawyer in Jersey City. Eventually he settled in New York to practice his profession. He has obtained an enviable reputation as an expert counsel and in corpo ration matters generally and is counsel for several large corporations, among Avhich are: The Safety Car Heating and Lighting Co.; Standard Coupler Co., and the Rome Loco motive & Machine Works and he is a mem ber of several leading clubs and associations, among which are the University, Lawyers, Bar Association, St. AndrcAv's Society, and the Phi Beta Kappa. Among the successful lawyers of the younger set in New York I must not forget to mention a man of agreeable personality and manner, Alfred A. Cook, of the firm of Leventritt, Cook & Nathan. He is in touch with my own profession as counsel for the New York Times. Mr. Cook was born in San Fran cisco, June, 1873, but came to New York at an age sufficiently early to enjoy the benefits of our public schools. Thence he passed to the College of the City of New York, AA'here he took a B.S. degree in 1892 and, after post graduate study at Columbia, received A.M. in 1894. His law course was completed a year later at the Columbia Law School. He was chosen Phi Beta Kappa on account of high scholarship. He began practice in 1895 and has now a large clientele. He is a Dem ocrat and a member of the Lotos, Manhattan and Economic clubs, the Bar Association, Society of Medical Jurisprudence and the California Society. Andrew Delos Kneeland, a lawyer of distinc tion, who came to this city from Rome, N. Y., ten years ago has already made a place for himself. Mr. Kneeland Avas born in Binghamion, this state, in 1863, and secured his education at Colgate Academy and Uni versity. He is a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He Avas city attorney of Rome for several years and prosecuted sev eral of the most important cases in Central Ncav York. He Avas admitted to practice in Supreme Court in 1900. He is a past-master Mason, 32d degree; Past Commander of the Knights Templar, a Trustee of the Society of Msdical Jurisprudence and a Son of Oneida. He is independent Republican. He is also a member of the American Bar Association, the Bar Association of the State of X^ew York and of the City of Ncav York, and the Ncav York County Lawyers' Association. As an orator of great ability and as a skilful and learned laAvyer, EdAvard A. Sumner, has more than fulfilled the promise of his early student life. He Avas born at Rome, N. Y., November 3, 1856, and graduated A.B. from Wesleyan University in 1878 Avith honors in history and oratory. His post-graduate AVork was at Yale and included political science, history and economics. Mr. Sumner Avas admitted to the Bar of Ncav York in 1885 and later to the Bars of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Ohio and Minnesota and all the Federal Courts. His specialty is corporation law. He is a Re publican in politics and has made many speeches under the auspices of the National and State committees of that party. He is a member of the American Bar, Ncav York State Bar, and New York County LaAvyers' Asso ciations, the Psi Upsflon fraternity, Ncav Eng land Society in the City of New York, X^avy, League of America and the Ncav York Yacht, New York Athletic, Yale, Sachems Head Yacht, Brooklyn Yacht and the Huntingdon Yacht clubs. Georgia's contribution to the legal fraternity of New York includes William Harman Black, born at Forsyth, in that state. He was edu- 292 THE BOOK of NEW YORK A. DELOS KNEELAND EDWARD A. SUMNER WILLIAM HARMON BLACK cated at the public schools of Atlanta, Avhere he finished in 1884, and began his career as private secretary to Joseph M. BroAvn, after wards Governor of Georgia Avhen that official Avas in the raflroad business. From this posi tion, Mr. Black Avas promoted to be the private secretary of United States Senator Joseph E. BroAA'n, and lived in Washington six years. He Avas ahvays sincerely interested in the laAV as a profession, and occupied every spare moment in acquiring knoAvledge thereof. He Avas admitted to the bar, and became counsel for the Mallory, Clyde, and Metropolitan Steamship Companies, and prominent com mercial institutions. He is author of Black on "Ncav York and Ncav Jersey Corporations," and "The Real Wall Street." He was Com missioner of Accounts of Greater New York (1904 and 1905) and is at present special coun sel for the City of X^cav York in its litigation Avith the SubAvay conduit monopolies. Mr. Black organized in 1903, in connection Avith Commissioner John F. Galvin, the Citizens' Independent Democracy, and Avithin a fcAv months it had attained a membership of six thousand, and took an active part in the first election of McClellan. He is a member of the Metropolitan and LaAA-yers' Clubs and of the Southern and Georgia Societies. He also belongs to Kane Lodge, F. and A. M. Mr. Black organized "The Association for Ncav York," AA'hich has for its object: "To contend for the principle of the Government of New York by X^ew Yorkers for Ncav York, to challenge indiscriminate abuse and criti cism of New York City, and to set forth her advantages as a place of residence for the citizen, as a point of production and distribu tion for the manufacturer, and as a mart for the merchant." Mr. Black is president of the Corporations Organization and of the Accounting- Company of Ncav York, and is a director in the Com mercial Trust Company, Alsace Realty Com pany and the Topia Mining Company. While at Cornell University, Samuel S. Slater acted as correspondent for many of the lead ing dailies in the large cities and established a record that it Avas thought at the time would turn him from legal to journalistic work. Mr. Slater Avas born in Ncav York City, January 24, 1870, and Avas educated in the public schools, at the Ncav York University LaAV School and Cornell University, graduating from the latter institution B.L. and LL.B., being LaAv School debater. Commencement Day orator and Avinner of the LaAV Thesis prize. Mr. Slater is joint author of Alger and Slater's Employers' Liability LaAV and while a member of the State Assembly he Avas author of the Franchise Tax Law. He also served in the State Senate during the sessions of 1901 and 1902. Mr. Slater is a director of the Cold Process Company, United Cotton Gin Company, the Mfllington Company, and the Broadway Hotel Company. He is a member THE BOOK of NEW YORK 293 SAMUEL S. SLATER EMANUEL G. BULLARD JOHN S. SUMNER of the Bar Association, Society for the Pre vention of Cruelty to Animals, the Republican Club of the City of New York, the Harlem Republican Club, the Cornell Club and the Phi Gamma Delta, Phi Delta Phi and Alpha Zeta fraternities. Many a young man is handicapped in com pleting his education by ill health. Such was the case with Emanuel G. Bullard, who Avas born in Waterford, N. Y., in 1861. After making a thorough preparation for a univer sity course at Phillips Exeter Academy, he entered Harvard in the class of 1884, but complete failure of his health prevented him from remaining until graduation. Acting upon medical advice, he AA'cnt to Iowa, studied laAV there and in Minnesota and AAas admitted to the bar at Minneapolis, March, 1889. His father. Gen. EdAvard F. Bullard, practiced laAV in this state from 1842 to the time of his death in 1900. He came to New York City in 1891 and Avas first associated AA'ith Davies, Short & ToAvnsend, attorneys for the Man hattan Railway Company, and later AA'ith Oudin & Oakley, counsel for American To bacco Company. He began practice on his OAvn account in 1896, and has argued many cases in the Supreme and United States Courts and the Court of Appeals. Recently he has de voted attention to real estate in Queens Bor ough, and is largely interested in property at Jamaica and Richmond Hill. Served on Com mittee of One Hundred in city campaign of 1909. The Capital of the United States has not been wanting in its quota of capable lawyers to add to the brilliancy of the Ncav York Bar. John Saxton Sumner was born at Washing ton, D. C, September, 1876, and thirteen years later came to this city. He Avas educated in the public schools and took a degree in law at the New York University in 1904, being a member of the Zeta Psi and Phi Delta Phi (laAv) fraternities. He began his career with Henry CIcaa's Co., bankers, Avhere he remained ten years (1895 to 1905). During this period he studied laAv. He believes the experience obtained in Broad Street Avas of great value to him. Statesmanship and the legal profes sion run in his family, although they skipped his father, Avho went into the Navy and re tired as a Rear-Admiral in 1903. Naturally, after extensive experience in the Wall Street section, Mr. Sumner has a decided leaning toward stock brokerage litigation; but he is also successful in corporation practice. He enlisted in the 114th Regiment, X^. Y. S. Milflia, May, 1898, to go to the Spanish War, but the regiment Avas not called out. He has been active in Democratic politics. An attorney Avho has been notably success ful in the practice of his profession is Joseph T. Ryan. Mr. Ryan obtained his LL.B. at Columbia LaAv School and a Ph.B. from St. Francis Xavier and was for three years con nected Avith John M. Scribner, the famous raflroad lawyer, in the practice of law. In 1899 he entered upon independent practice. 294 THE BOOK of XEW YORK Since that time ]Mr. Ryan has handled many notable cases. In the matter of the biennial election of a certain benevolent society, he suc ceeded in establishing the principle of laAV that the Supreme Council of this society, as incor porators, had not the right to continue them selves by reelection as permanent life members of this Council, thereby maintaining control and management of the aft'airs and funds. ]Mr. o Ryan is a keen golfer and equestrian, a mem ber of the Catholic, Deal Golf, Allenhurst and Military Rough Riding clubs. One of the most energetic of the Assistant United States District Attorneys for the south- Utica and Litchfield, Conn., are related to him. Ten years' success in private practice caused his appointment as Assistant United States District Attorney. Three years ago, after living tAventy-five years in the metropolis, he adopted country life and acquired a residence at Red Bank, X. J., giving up his city clubs and seeking the retirement of country life. One of Xcav Jersey's valued contributions to the younger generation of metropolitan laAA'yers is James ReuAvick Sloane, born at Princeton, January, 1881; Avas graduated at the University of Ncav Jersey, 1900; at the JOSEPH T. RYAN CLARENCE S. HOUGHTON JAMES R. SLOANE ern district of Ncav York known to me is Clarence S. Houghton, Avho served for nine years in that post and handled some of the most important cases that arose during the strenuous period of President Roosevelt's second term, AA'hen crooked corporations and smuggling importers AA'ere hunted to their lairs. Mr. Houghton was born at Piermont, N. Y., in 1864, AAas sent to Phfllips Academy, Andover, and then to Amherst College, Avhere he was graduated in 1888. He immediately came to Ncav York, entered the Columbia Law School, Avas admitted to practice and opened a law office here. Meanwhile, he had taken a special course in law under Charles M. BostAvick. He Avas induced to enter the laAV by an uncle, the late Augustus S. Seymour, for many years a Judge of the Supreme Court, of North Carolina. The Seymour family of Columbia LaAv School, 1903, and studied Iavo years at Trinity College, Cambridge. Mr. Sloane practiced laAv in London for one year to familiarize himself Avith British procedure. Returning to Ncav York, he entered the office of Strong & CadAvalader. He assisted Henry W. Taft in the prosecution of Tobacco Trust cases. His father is Prof. William M. Sloane, of Columbia University, author of "Life of Napoleon" and other histories. James R. Sloane is a member of the Bar Association, the Ncav York Athletic and Princeton clubs. He was recently appointed a Condemnation Com missioner on the Ashokan reservoir. A young laAvyer from California who has specialized in patent laAv is Seabury Cone Mastick, born at San Francisco, July, 1871, and educated at the University of California, AA'here he received his LL.B. degree. Subse- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 295 quently, he took a special course in laAV at New York University and studied electrical engineering and chemistry at Cornell Univer sity. He was admitted to the bar at Sacra mento in 1893 and three years later came to New York. Mr. Mastick belongs to a family of laAvyers. He engaged in scientific farming in Westchester County and in 1907 success fully undertook citrus growing in Florida, both farms having competent foremen as managers. As stated, Mr. Mastick has been especially successful as a patent laAvyer, par ticularly with reference to chemistry and electricity. He is a member of numerous social and scientific clubs and is a Son of the felt a compelling desire to enter the legal pro fession and, since beginning his career, has been counsel for large mercantile concerns — especially distinguishing himself by Avinding up the affairs of the Bank of Staten Island in such a manner as to give satisfaction to the depositors. That litigation and settlement attracted a great deal of attention. He is one of the Board of Governors of the Progress Club. The metropolis acquired a capable lawyer in the person of J. Douglas Wetmore, owing to his belief in the equality of man before the law and his fearlessness in appearing before a Florida court in defense of the rightsjof the SEABURY C. MASTICK NATHAN D. STERN J. DOUGLAS WETMORE American Revolution. He is a Republican, an Episcopalian and an enthusiastic Knights Templar. North Carolina has furnished another acces sion to the bar of the metropolis in the person of Nathan D. Stern, a promising young lawyer who came here in his boyhood and has become essentially a X^ew Yorker, from sentiment and training. Mr. Stern was born at Greenvflle, N. C, August, 1877, but reached this city in time to take advantage of its ad mirable public schools. Thence, he entered the law department of the New York Univer sity, where he was graduated in 1897. Prior to that time, he had acquired a familiarity with the office business of his profession in association with Felix Jellenik, his present partner. From early boyhood, Mr. Stern had colored race. His experience is a story of universal interest. Mr. Wetmore was born in Tallahassee, 1870; attended the public schools of Jacksonville; spent one year at Atlanta University and read laAv at the Univer sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He was ad mitted to the Florida Bar, and practiced at Jacksonville until 1906, when events I am about to relate made desirable a change of environment. In July, 1905, Mr. Wetmore won a test case in Florida that caused the "Jim Crow" street car law of that state to be de clared unconstitutional. The decision was extremely unpopular to the white population, however much of a personal triumph it may have been from a lawyer's vicAvpoint. The case is famous throughout the South and is knoAA'u as "The State of Florida vs. Andrew 296 THE BOOK of NEW YORK After braving the disfavor of his several months, Mr. Pattison."fellow townsmen for Wetmore responded to "the call of Ncav York" and came here, AA'here all men are treated fairly and amendments to the Con stitution of the United States are revered. David Rumsey, Assistant Corporation Coun sel of the City of Ncav York, in charge of Department of Arrears of Taxes, turned ten years of arrears of taxes into cash, some five hundred mfllion dollars of assessed property being involved. During his term of business like administration, he demonstrated that these matters could be brought entirely up to date Avith a loss of only 2^ per cent. Mr. Rumsey is a son and grandson of Justices of the Supreme Court of Ncav York. He Avas born at Bath, N. Y., in 1875, studied at the University of Rochester, Avhere he Avas a Psi Upsilon man, and at Columbia LaAv School. He is, at present, counsel for and Vice-Presi dent of the Continental Insurance Company, and of the Fidelfly-Phenix Insurance Com- panv. He is a member of the Union League, the Cfly Club and of the City and State Bar Associations. His AAork, "Rumsey on Taxa tion," is a text-book of value. Erie County, of this State, has given to the Ncav York Bar James M. Hunt, born at Clarence, Aprfl, 1858. His father Avas a clergyman of the Baptist denomination and sent his son to the University of Rochester, where he was graduated in 1880. Removing to Yonkers, he began the practice of laAv and served as Corporation Counsel of that town from 1892 to 1901. He then opened an office in Ncav York City, where he has since been engaged in general practice. Mr. Hunt is a Republican and member of the State and City Bar Association; he is a trustee of War- burton Avenue Baptist Church, of Yonkers. Mr. Hunt is intensely fond of outdoor sports, plays golf and spends much of his time hunt ing and fishing in Canada. He is a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and of the Republican and St. AndrcAv's Golf clubs. William Lester Wemple, an Assistant Attor ney-General of the United States, has actively cooperated Avith the Customs Department in prosecuting importers Avho undervalued their goods and in hunting doAvn irregular postal officials in Cuba. Mr. Wemple had graduated from one college and had Avorked for two years in a private bank, before he began the study of laAV at Harvard LaAv School in 1900. Four years later, he Avas practicing his pro fession in Ncav York and Avas soon in the Government service, assisting United States Attorney Wise. His Avork in New York em braced the customs scandals, most of the cases against importers being handled by him. The Duveen Brothers Avere Avilling to settle for $1,200,000 and to pay fines. He also prosecuted C. F. Neely, charged with irregularities in Cuban postal affairs, and secured a verdict for $113,000. President Taft appointed him an Assistant Attorney- General of the United States. Mr. Wemple DAVID RUMSEY OTTO G. FOELKER JAMES M. HUNT THE BOOK of NEW YORK 297 WILLIAM LESTER WEMPLE JOHN P. DUNN WALDO G. MORSE comes from Illinois, where he was born at Waverly, May, 1877. He is a Republican and a member of the Harvard Club. The Corporation Counsel's office has grad uated many successful lawyers, who have obtained therein valuable training. Among those I have in mind is John P. Dunn, born on Manhattan Island in 1860, prepared for college at Public School No. 64 and given a degree by Fordham University in 1880. He then took a course at the Columbia Law School. After serving as managing clerk in a large law firm for four years, he was appointed Assistant Corporation Counsel in 1889 and defended several notable actions brought against the city. He organized the Bureau of Street Openings and Tunnels, acting as its chief from 1895 to 1910. He is a Democrat in politics; member of the Manhattan, Larch mont and Oakland Golf clubs; a Ejnight of Columbus and served as Assistant Secretary to the New York Fire Department for two years. A sturdy and constant fighter in behalf of the preservation of the Palisades — one of the natural treasures of the Hudson River region — is Waldo Grant Morse, born at Rochester, March, 1859, of New England parentage. After leaving the University of Rochester, he studied law with Martindale & Oliver, was admitted to the bar in 1884 and has been in practice in this city since 1888. Mr. Morse was appointed a Palisades Com missioner by Governor Morton and drew the Palisades National Reservation bills, which were passed by the legislatures of New York and New Jersey. He is a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Society of Colonial Wars, Sons of the Revolution and the state, county and city Bar Associations. His clubs are the Law yers, Reform, Amackassin, Qufll and Seagull Golf. He is also a member of the Committee of the Scenic and Historic PreserA'ation Society in charge of conserving the Highlands of the Hudson. \ From the foothflls of the Adirondacks, harkening to "the call of the city," came Clark L. Jordan to practice law at this famous bar. He was born at Rockwood, Fulton County, N. Y., January, 1861, educated at the common schools and Casanova Academy. He began service in his profession at Glovers- ville in 1882 and had excellent success as a trial lawyer. This class of practice has be come his chosen work. He was the first Democratic mayor of Gloversvflle. After de fending many of the criminal actions in his home and adjoining counties for more than twenty years, he came to New York in 1906. Here his capacity has been shown to greatest advantage in the criminal courts. He has successfully defended many important cases. He recently represented Lillian Graham and Ethel Conrad, charged with shooting W. E. D. Stokes, over which case the city Avas extremely 298 THE BOOK of NEW YORK interested and much amused. iNIr. Jordan has been successful since beginning practice in this city. OAving to the open-air life in youth, he is devoted to athletic sports. The great valley of the Mississippi con tributed to the legal profession of the metrop olis Wm. Hepburn Russell,* Avho, since his coming, in 1895, had been as active in politics as in laAV. Born at Hannibal, Mo., 1857, he received his education at the public schools; he engaged in ncAvspaper work and rose from reporter to editor of a local ncAVspaper, study ing laAV meanAvhile. He Avas admitted to practice in 1882 and the same year became and belongs to the Ncav York, Whitehall, and Manhattan clubs; has been President of the Missouri Society and also President and chief OAvner of the Boston National Baseball club. Among West Virginian contributions to the talent of this city is Judge Charles Forrest INIoore, uoav engaged principally in literary and platform AA'ork. Judge Moore Avas born at Dunmore, West Va., and after a preliminary course at the Vanderbilt University, Nash ville, completed his education at the Univer sity of Virginia. He began practice at Hun- tersville, W. Va., in January, 1887. In the CLARK L. JORDAN WILLIAM HEPBURN RUSSELL CHARLES F. MOORE City Attorney of Hannibal. He became a corporation laAAyer, acting as general attorney for several railroads Avhile located at Lafayette and Frankfort, Ind. Thence he removed to Chattanooga and served as Presidential Elector in 1892. He came to Ncav York, three years later, Avhere he has practiced largely in the Federal Courts. He is quite an authority on special phases of the laAA'. He is the author, jointly Avith his former partner, Wm. Beverly WinsloAv, of Russell and WinsloAv's Syllabus-Digest of the United States Supreme Court Reports, uoav in its third edition. He is one of the receivers of the Mutual Reserve Life Insurance Com pany; a prominent Elk, a Knight of Pythias, *The untimely death of Air. Hu.s.sell has occurred since the above was WTillcn. same month, four years later, he moved to Clifton Forge, Va., and in 1894 Avas elected by the State Legislature as Judge of the County Court for Allegheny and Craig Counties. He moved to Ncav York in 1902. He was dele gate from Virginia to the Universal Congress . of LaAvyers and Jurists held in St. Louis dur ing the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition. Judge ]Moore has published "A History of the States, United and OtherAvise," an ingenious and satirical treatment of many of the grave (luestions that have agitated this country. He is knoAvn as one of the best after-dinner speak ers in this city and has spoken before many social and political organizations in various parts of the country. He is an Independent Democrat, a member of the Southern Society and "The Virginians." Has also been Presi- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 299 dent of the Traffic Club of New York, and is regarded as an authority on transportation matters. With the indomitable will that character izes the native New Englander, Stark B. Fer- riss has succeeded in Ncav York City, Avhere others with less obstacles to overcome have failed. Mr. Ferriss was born in Ncav Milford, Conn., and came to New York, after a brief schooling, to take up the study of laAv. He attended an evening law school here and then entered the New York LaAv School, graduating as an honor man with the Class of '93 and since tAvice serving his school as judge of its most case in Avhich he appeared as one of the attor neys for Albert T. Patrick. In general prac tice he negotiated the sale of $6,000,000 of Brooklyn water front to the City of New York and Avas counsel in the Van Denburgh ex tradition proceedings. He is a recognized authority on the tax laws. IVIr. Dalberg AAas born in St. Louis, Mo., July 27, 1875, and Avas educated at Columbia University and the Ncav York LaAV School, graduating A.B. and LL.B. He Avas admitted to the bar in 1897 and has been in active prac tice ever since. He is a Democrat in politics; Avas candidate for Alderman from 21st District in 1901 and Avas in charge of the bureau of club STARK B. FERRISS MELVIN H. DALBERG JAJIES F. DONNELLY advanced examinations for prizes. For tAAclve years he was in the employ of the Title Guar antee and Trust Company and in 1905 en tered upon private practice. During his long connection with the Trust Company, and re cently in his private practice, Mr. Ferriss has closed many large titles, some of them being very important private transactions. He is now a member of the firm of Ferriss, Roesser & Storck. Mr. Ferriss resides in Madison, N. J. He is also a counsellor at laAV at the New Jersey Bar and is a mem ber of the State Bar Association of Ncav Jersey. As an able trial lawyer, Melvin H. Dalberg, has figured in many important cases, promi nent among them being the famous murder organizations of the Democratic National Committee in 1908; he Avas Assistant Tax Commissioner of the City of Ncav York in 1906 and 1907; in 1906 he became a member of the Board of Inspectors of The Mutual Life Insurance Company, by appointment of the State Superintendent of Insurance. Mr. Dalberg is a director of the Seminole Mining Company and the Physical and Sur gical Hospital. He Avas formerly president of the Young Men's Democratic Club of the 29th Assembly District and is a member of the Columbia College Alumni Association, the DAvight Alumni Association; the Ncav York County LaAA'yers' Association, Missouri Society, Zeta Psi and Masonic fraternities and the National Democratic club. 300 THE BOOK of NEW YORK A young laAA'yer who has created a distinctive place for himself in this great city Avithin the last ten years is James F. Donnelly, born at Ncav Britain, Conn., 1877. He took a course at the Holy Cross College, Worcester, Mass.; a degree at St. Francis Xavier College in this city and was admitted to the bar in 1902. For tAVO years he served as an assistant in the office of Whalen & Dunn, but in 1904 he opened an office for himself. He first came to the front in the case of Samuel McMillan vs. KlaAv & Erlanger. The latter firm had obtained from the Board of Aldermen a city ordinance permitting them to extend the front of the New Amsterdam Theatre, but Mr. Donnelly established the unconstitution ality of the ordinance. Another well-known case of his, Ortolano vs. the Degnon Con tracting Co., settled the question of the suf ficiency of a notice under the Employers' Liability Act. Another memorable bit of litigation, namely, J. B. McDonald vs. The Mayor of New York, a highly important mechanics' lien case, created an exception to the rule that personal judgment could not be obtained by such action without demand. Mr. Donnelly is a Democrat and a member of several clubs. A comparatively young but distinguished member of the bar and one Avho has won dis tinction outside of his profession is Louis H. Porter, a son of Timothy H. and Marie Louise (Hoyt) Porter. Young Porter first saw the light of day in New York on March 16, 1874. He received his early edu cation at Andover and subsequently he was graduated at Yale in 1896 Avith the degree of B.A. He received the oration appointment and Avas aAvarded special honors in history and economics. He took the degree of LL.B. in 1898 at the X^CAv York LaAV School, and immediately en tered upon the active practice of his profes sion. He UOAV controls a very large and in fluential clientele, consisting of the larger corporations of New York City and its suburbs. In 1901, Mr. Porter married Ellen Marian Hatch, daughter of Richard J. and Eleanor Merrill Hatch. Four children were born to this union: Louise Hoyt, Louis Hop kins, Jr., Joyce and Beatrice. In addition to the large practice Mr. Porter is identified with, he finds time to be on the directory of the Yale & Towne Manufacturing Company, and is President and Director of the North American Mercantile Agency Company. He is a member of the Yale, University and HardAvare Clubs ; of the Ncav York City, New York State, New York County Lawyers' and American Bar Associations and of the Com mercial LaAV League of America. He is like- Avise a member of the Ornithologists' Union and of the Linnsean Society. Mr. Porter is a devotee of country life and lives at Stamford. Vermont has contributed another member of the New York Bar in the person of Henry Boynton Johnson, of the firm of Niles & Johnson. He was born at Woodstock, July, 1862, and he took a degree at Dartmouth in 1883, being a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. After serving in the Claim Department of a AA'estern railroad, he was admitted to practice in 1888. The present firm was organized a year later. His specialty is corporation law and estates. He naturally acquired a taste for real estate and has occupied himself also for six or seven years in the dcA'clopment of the country residences situated at Shoreham, L. I., on a high bluff on the shore of Long Island Sound, opposite Bridgeport. He has a summer place in Vermont and is a lover of horses, although keen on motoring. He is quite a club member, belonging to the Union League. Riding, Dartmouth and several coun try clubs. One of the most scholarly men in the legal profession in Ncav York to-day is Floyd Baker Wilson, born at Watervliet, this state, in 1845. After taking- a classical course at the Univer sity of Michigan and studying laAV at the Cleve land Law College, he was admitted to the bar in 1873, practiced at Chicago until 1880 when he came to New York, Avhere he has since lived. Corporation law has been his specialty; he is one of the best-informed men in this country on Spanish-American laws as affecting property rights. He has been sent to Europe on many occasions as representa tive of corporations. His last enterprise of that kind was in association with a southern THE BOOK of NEV/ YORK 301 FLOYD B. WILSON FRANCIS D. GALLATIN EDWARD O. TOWNE syndicate in control of an entirely ncAV form of cotton-gin. Mr. Wilson is largely interested in Mexican mines. He is President of the School of Philosophy and has lectured in many parts of the country on Metaphysics. He is author of a series of four remarkable books in the "New Thought" philosophy, namely, "Paths to Power," "Man Limflless," "Through Silence to Realization," and "The Discovery of the Soul." He is the author of a novel, "Uphill," and a translator of a Span ish book. He has been given an LL.D. by Richmond College. Relinquishing a possibly brilliant diplo matic career for the practice of law is Avhy Francis D. Gallatin is now numbered among the members of New York City's bar. Mr. Gallatin was born in this city, Septem ber 2, 1870, and is of Swiss and English ex traction, the family being founded in America in 1780. His great-grandfather was Albert Gallatin, who Avas Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Jefferson and Madison. He was prepared at Berkeley and Everson schools and then entered Columbia College, graduating in 1891 Avith the degree of A.B. He studied law in the offices of Hornblower, Byrne & Taylor and in the New York Law School, and then went abroad, becoming in 1901, an attache of the American Embassy at Constantinople. After this service he made a tour of South America, visiting many of the Latin Republics. Returning to New York in 1908, he took up the active practice of laAV and has been deeply interested in the Prison Association and in the work of the criminal courts. Mr. Gallatin is a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, a decoration he received from Pope Pius X. He is a member of the Delta Phi fraternity, the Columbia University and National Demo cratic clubs of Ncav York and the Oriental Club of Constantinople. In addition to being successful at the prac tice of law, Edward Owings Towne, has written several successful plays. His comedy, "Other People's Money," has kept the boards for 19 years, he tells me. He was born in Iowa and received his edu cation at the Iowa Central University, gradu- ting when only eighteen years of age. fle Avas admitted to the bar in Chicago, and started practice at the age of twenty-one years. When but twenty-six years old he was candidate for Superior Court Judge, and, in his oavu lan guage, "was beaten so badly, he has never since ran for office." Mr. Towne was one of the attorneys in the famous Debs Railroad Conspiracy case in Chicago, and appeared in other celebrated cases. He came to New York City in 1903. He was leading counsel for the defense in the Sheib bath-tub murder case. Mr. Towne was organizer and executive 302 THE BOOK of XEW YORK chairman of the famous Waldorf-iVstoria Peace Banquet. He is a member of the loAva Society of X^^cav York and the Liberal Culture, Fortnightly and American Drama tists' clubs. He is also founder and president of the Theatregoers' Club of America. The Middle West contributed another suc cessful laAA'yer to the bar of Xcav York City, Avhen Herman J. Witte relinquished practice in Ohio and located in the metropolis. He Avas born in Cincinnati, September 19, 1860, and after a thorough schooling in the public H EUM. AN J. WITTE schools in the city of his birth he entered the University of St. Louis, from Avhich he grad uated Avith honors. He Avas for several years connected Avith the municipal government of Cincinnati and Avas admitted to practice by the Supreme Court in 1897. Since locating in Xcav York City he has acquired a large practice and enjoys the confidence and re spect of all Avith Avhom he comes in contact. The Delafield famfly is one of the most distinguished in Xcav York, dating from Revolutionary days. LcAvis Delafield Avas born in this city, 1863, studied at St. Paul's School, Avas graduated at Harvard UniA'crsitv, and secured a degree of LL.B. from Columbia LaAV School in 1884. Mr. Delafield has been in active practice since his admission, and, as a member of the Ncav York City Bar Associa tion, has served on all its committees, has been chairman of several committees and chair man of the Executive Committee of the New York State Bar Association. Mr. Delafield Avas a member of the Executive Committee of the Committee of Seventy in 1894, Secre tary of the Rapid Transit Board of Ncav York City. 1895-99, and was nominated in 1906 for Justice of the Supreme Court. He is a mem ber of the Union Club and of the Century Association. The District Attorney's office has sent out many capable jury laAA'yers, among AA'hom I rank highly John F. Mclntyre, Avho served as an assistant under District Attorneys De Lancv Nicoll and John R. FcIIoaa's. During that time, Mr. Mclntyre prosecuted 614 murder and manslaughter cases, out of which number he secured 580 convictions of various kinds. Three months of this eventful term (extending- from November, 1894, to January, 1895), are knoAAu to this day as "the Bloody Assize," because 44 persons Avere tried for murder in Ncav York County and every one Avas convicted. Among important cases prose cuted by Mr. Mclntyre Avere those of Burton C. Webster, Dr. Meyer, EdAvard Caesar, Marie Barbari. David Hannigan, Daniel McGrath and Henry Wise. At the end of his public service. Mr. Mclntyre Avas retained by several Irish societies to go to England and appear in behalf of EdAvard Ivory, charged Avith an attempt to dynamite the Houses of Parlia ment. Associated Avith him Avere several dis tinguished English laAA'yers; a verdict of ac- quital Avas secured. Since then he has en gaged in general practice, his most recent case of importance being the defense of Capt. Peter C. Haines, charged Avith murder. Mr. Mclntyre Avas born in Ncav York, January, 1855, educated at the College of St. Francis Xavier and the University of the City of New York. He belongs to many clubs. Recently appointed general solicitor of the Ncav York State BrcAvers' Association and the Lager Beer BrcAvers' Board of Trade of X^ew York and vicinitv, William II. Hirsh brings THE BOOK of NEW YORK 303 JOHN F. McINTYRE WILLIAM H. HIRSH DAVID M. NEUBERGER to his ncAV offices a complete knowledge of every phase of laAv and precedent that is of invaluable aid in looking after legislative mat ters and protecting a large amount of invested capflal for his clients. He Avas born in Ncav York City, July 8, 1874, and later graduating from the public schools in 1889, entered the College of the City of Ncav York, from Avhich he graduated A.B. in 1894. One year later he obtained the A.M. degree from the School of Pohtical Science of Columbia Universfly and in 1897 graduated LL.B. from the LaAV School of the same institution. He Avas ad mitted to the bar one year previous to gradua tion and from 1896 to 1897 studied for the degree of Ph.D., taking up such subjects as historical political economy, constitutional his tory of the United States, comparative con- stflutional laAV of Unfled States and Europe administrative laAV, Roman laAV, laAv of Muni cipal corporations, laAv of taxation. Consti tutional law, international laAV and Mediaeval and Ecclesiastical history. During his studies in the School of Political Science he also took up a special seminarium Avork in history and administrative laAv and the police poAver vested in the various states. He Avas ap pointed Inspector of Schools by Mayor Van Wyck, becoming Chairman of the Thirteenth District Board and retained the position dur ing Mr. Van Wyck's term of office. He is a member of the Association of the Bar of the City of Ncav York, the Manhattan Club and other social organizations and is a member of the firm of Hirsh & Ehrhorn. In becoming a laAvyer. David M. X^euberger consummated a determination formed AA'hile employed in the office of A. Oakley Hall, one time Mayor of X^cav York City; his service Avith the ex-Mayor engendering an inclination for the legal profession to the exclusion of everything else. He Avas born here April 4, 1864, and educated in the public schools; his legal training being obtained at the LaAv School of Ncav York University and in the office of Dittenhoefer & Runkel, Avhere he remained until his admission to the bar. He has been successful from the commencement of his professional career and has been counsel in many important cases, both civil and crim inal and in many cases of public interest. He also represents a great many corporations and is connected Avitli several companies as director or officer. Mr. X^euberger's father, Jacob Neuberger emigrated to this country from the Rhine Province in Germany, in 1849. and Avas a client and close friend of Abraham Lincoln. His mother, Rosalie Neuberger, Avas born in Denmark and coming to America Avhen very young became one of the foremost Avomen of her time. In politics, Mr. Neuberger has ahvays been an independent Democrat. He is interested in charitable Avork and is con nected Avith many organizations in that line. He numbers many prominent men among 304 THE BOOK of NEW YORK his clientele. He is a Avriter of much force and is a frequent contributor to various publi cations. ]\Ir. Xeuberger is a member of the American Economic Society, the American Civic Alliance, the County LaAv yers' Association, the Alumni of Ncav York University and several social organizations. The first mayor of Long Island City was the father of Edward W. Ditmars, who was born at Astoria in 1863. Educated at the Columbia LaAv School for the practice of his profession, EdAvard Ditmars received the de gree of LL.B. and became associated with his uncles, J. H. and S. Riker. This law firm will probably be remembered by the old Ncav Yorkers as attorneys in the famous Sarah Burr Avfll case. Since the dissolution of that firm Mr. Ditmars has practiced in dependently. He is attorney for the Rich mond Kaolin Co. and for the Astoria Heights Land Co.; a member of the Holland Society and the Sons of the American Revolution. In politics, he is actively a Democrat. In 1884, Morris Cukor, a young Hungarian of 16, desiring to live in a country of unlimited opportunities and free institutions, landed in this city and entered the New York University Law School. He had previously secured a fair education at the Royal College of Kallo, in his native land, and had taken several gold medals for scholarship. Here, he won the Elliot F. Shepard scholarship at the New York University. Entering the law office of Justice Joseph E. Newburger, he was ad mitted to the bar and began practice. His fondness for the laAV AAas marked. He acted as counsel to Count Ladislaus Szechenyi in ante-nuptial negotiations preceding the Count's marriage to Miss Gladys Vanderbflt; AA'as legal advisor to Aurel Batonyi; is gen eral counsel to the Austro-Hungarian Consul- General in this city and to the United Hunga rian Reform churches in America, consisting of 30 congregations in various parts of the country. He represents the Hungarian- Ameri can Bank of New York, also the Royal Hun garian Government, the Commercial Bank and the Hungarian Central Credit Bank, of Budapest, two of the largest institutions on the continent. He is an active worker in many charitable associations. Is a Demo crat and one of the secretaries of Tammany Hall. John Henry Iselin was born in New York City, September, 1874; he secured his early education abroad at Vevey and Paris. Re turning to New York, he prepared for college at the Berkeley School; took a degree at Har vard, 1896, and finished a law course at Co lumbia Law School in 1899. He was a mem ber of the Delta Phi fraternity. He began his active career in the laAV office of the late Albert Stickney in 1897. He has been an active worker in politics as an Independent Republican. He served as Assistant Dis- EDWARD W. DITMARS MORRIS.CUKOR! JOHN H. ISELIN THE BOOK of NEW YORK 305 CHARLES THADDEUS TERRY GEORGE W. MORGAN REGINALD H. SGHENCK trict Attorney of New York County, 1902- 1906, after which he became head of the pres ent law firm of Iselin & Delafield in 1906. Mr. Iselin belongs to the Knickerbocker, University, City, Republican, Down Town and Harvard clubs; he is a member of the American Museum of Natural History, Met ropolitan Museum of Art and New York Zoological Society. From Albany, Charles Thaddeus Terry came to New York City about 1893 to make a place for himself in the legal profession. He was then twenty-six years of age and had taken degrees at Williams College, the Colum bia Law School and had studied at the Uni versity of Berlin. He began practice as junior partner in an established firm, but after six years established an office of his own. He was a prize lecturer at Columbia Law School, 1893-'95, and a regular lecturer from 1896 to 1901, since which time he has been Professor of Law at the University. He is believed to be the best-informed man on laws relating to automobiles and the liabilities of their owners. He was appointed by Governor Higgins Com missioner of N. Y. State on uniformity of laws in the United States. He is a Phi Beta Kappa, an ex-president of the National Councfl of the Phi Delta Phi fraternity and a member of the University Club. New Jersey has supplied the metropolis with many excellent citizens. Especially is this true in the profession of law. Mr. George W. Morgan, of Breed, Abbott & Morgan, Avas born at East Orange, N. J., in 1875. He went to Ohio for his college degree, taking it at Oberlin College in 1897. Then he attended Columbia Law School for three years and was graduated LL.B. in 1900. fle served as deputy assistant district attorney of New York county for two years, having especial charge of police prosecutions. After serving three years as State Superintendent of Elec tions, he resigned to devote his time to practice. He has taken an active part in Republican politics. Mr. Morgan is fond of the open air and spends much time in the Summer at his farm near Suffern, N. Y. His grand father, John Morgan, was a professor at Oberlin College for 50 years and the father and mother of the subject of this sketch were both graduates of that institution. Mr. Mor gan is a member of the American, State, City and County Bar Associations, the Academy of Political Science, the University and Re publican Clubs and the Ohio Society. Among the laAvyers Avho have attained success through individual effort, Reginald H. Schenck is deserving of mention. He was born in New York City July 20, 1878, and comes of old Holland ancestry. His father was a prominent broker Avhose failure made it necessary for Mr. Schenck to leave school. He secured employment in the circulation de partment of an afternoon paper and at the same time attended the night class of the 306 THE BOOK of XEW YORK Xcav York LaAV School, from Avhich he ob tained the degree of LL.B., and Avas admitted to the bar in 1901. He afterAvards matri culated at the Xcav York University LaAv School but did not complete the course. returning to the X^cav York LaAV School for the LL.^NI. degree Avhich was conferred upon him in 1904. ^Ir. Schenck Avas at one time a member of the legal firm of Cheney, Schenck & Stockell. Avhich included O. H. Cheney, formerly Superintendent of Banks, and^'noAv vice-president of the Pacific Bank. CHARLES D. M. COLE Charles D 'Urban Morris Cole Avas born in West Forty-third Street, Ncav York City, in Avhich city he Avas raised and has lived practically ever since. He comes of old Plymouth stock, Avas fitted for college at Cambridge, graduating from Harvard Univer sity in 1883. He then studied laAV at Colum bia, and took the Degree of Bachelor of LaAvs in 1885, and the same year AA'as admitted to the bar in X^ew York City. He early estab lished himself as a specialist in corporation laAV, and devoted his eff'orts exclusively to that business until 1890, Avhen he became associated Avith the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, of Avhich Company he is UOAV the attorney. During the tAventy-three years of service Avith the Telephone Company he has seen it groAV from a corporation Avith a capital of tAvo hundred and fifty thousand dollars to its pres ent proportions, has had much to do Avitli the building of its system and the develop ment of its plant, and has assisted in solving the many and complex problems Avhich have arisen from time to time in connection Avith its groAA'th. He is connected as a director and in other official capacities Avith several corporations, mostly telephone, has done much in civic Avork, and is Avidely and favorably knoAvn in business circles. He is a prominent churchman, a democrat of the conservative Cleveland school, and is a member of numerous metropolitan clubs. Cornell University has furnished an un usual number of members of the bar in this city. Among them is Captain Charles Her bert Stoddard, born at Glens Falls, Ncav York, 1869, and educated at the Glens Falls Academy. He then Avent to Cornell University, Avhere he took the degree of B.L., also leading in military science; Avas Colonel of the Cadet Corps, and Woodford prize orator. His de gree in laAV Avas acquired at the Ncav York University, and he Avas admitted to the bar in the same year. He has successfully practiced in this city since that time. He Ava,s an en thusiastic member of the National Guard from 1887 to 1899; Avas second lieutenant, 22nd Regiment. 1893; first lieutenant, 1894; Captain, 71st Regiment, 1897 to '99; Captain, 71st Regiment Infantry, N. Y. Volunteers, during the Spanish- American War; private, sergeant, first sergeant, 29th Infantry, U. S. V., campaigns in Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Ticao, Burias and Samar, Philippine Islands, 1899-1901. Mr. Stoddard is a member of the X^aval and Military Order of the Spanish- American War, the Delta Phi fraternity, Cornell and St. Elmo clubs and has been president and director of the Builders Con struction Co. since 1905. He is prominent in Masonic bodies. Unquestionably the builder of his oavu for tune, Robert M. Moore has great cause for self-congratulation, for, Avithout the advan tages of a collegiate career, he has become THE BOOK of NEW YORK 307 one of the recognized leaders at the criminal bar of Ncav York City. He Avas born in Morrisburg, Canada, July 3. 1867, and Avas educated in the public and high schools of WatertoAvn, N. Y. After leaving school, he studied law Avith Judge Watson M. Rogers, of Watertown, N. Y., and Avas admitted to the bar in 1899. He commenced practice in Malone, N. Y., but shortly afterAvards re moved to this city. The first case to bring him prominence Avas his defense of Dr. Samuel R. Kennedy, charged Avith the murder of Dolly Reynolds. Kennedy Avas tried three times, the first time defended by another laAvyer, he Avas convicted. Mr. Moore took the case entire time to theatrical Avork and in this line he has been highly successful. He acted as attorney for Edna Goodrich in her suit for divorce from Nat. C. GoodAvin and also Avas attorney for Mrs. Burke-Roche and Lulu Glaser in similar proceedings. He is not only prominently identified Avith the pro fession in a legal Avay, but he is financially in terested in about nineteen theatrical produc tions. Mr. Roth has a distinguished ancestry. His father Avas a General under the famous Kossuth in the Revolution of 1848 Avhile his uncle Avas a member of the Hungarian parlia ment and his eldest brother is counsel to the His father Avas also croAvn of Hungary. ROBERT JI. MOORE HERMAN L. KOTH W. BERNARD X'ACSE on an appeal and the second trial resulted in a disagreement by the jury. The third trial resulted in acquittal, fle Avas also one of the defending counsel in the A. J. Patrick case and later in that of two girls charged Avith at tempting to kill a millionaire. An attorney Avho figures prominently in many of the celebrated cases in the dramatic profession, is Herman L. Roth. He Avas born in Budapest, Hungary, and Avas educated at the Budapest Royal Academy also graduating from Heidelburg University. Upon coming to New York City he entered the New York University LaAV School from Avhich he grad uated A.B. and Avas admitted to the bar in 1893. He at once started a general practice, and eventually drifted into criminal Avork. Several years ago he decided to devote his Grand Master of the Masonic fraternity in his native country. Mr. Roth is a member of the National Democratic Club, Progress Club. LaAA'yers' Club, County Bar Association, Alumni Ncav York University and of the Masons, Knights of Pythias, Odd FelloAvs and Elks. A fcAV of the rich men of this city have used their Avealth to admirable advantage and gen eral public appreciation in developing useful sports, such as automobile races, motor boat contests and aviation. In the front rank of this interesting- and valuable membership in our community is William Barnard Vause, prominently identified Avith the original con ception of the Vanderbilt Cup Races. He is a scholar as Avell as financier, being a graduate of Columbia Universitv and the Ncav York 308 THE BOOK of NEW YORK LaAV School. He Avas born and raised in this city and most of his large financial in terests are centered here. Mr. Vause is fond of hunting and is an enthusiastic motorist. He belongs to the Constitution and Long Island Automobile clubs and Avithal is actively and successfully engaged in the practice of law. In the legislative fight, still fresh in our memories, over the Anti-Racetrack Bill, Charles Frederick Murphy Avas in his element and played an important part. Of the family, three of the preceding generation fought in the Civfl War. Charles Murphy's father lost an arm, one uncle Avas killed at Gettysburg and another was seriously wounded. Still an other, of non-combatant age in Civil War times, accompanied Hobson in his venture CHARLES F. MURPHY into Santiago harbor. Born at Norwood, St. Lawrence County, Charles F. Murphy Avas educated at Union College and at the New York LaAV School. He has since been engaged in general practice Avith marked success. Five times Mr. Murphy has been elected to the Assembly from the Tenth District of Kings County. During that time, for three years, he Avas chairman of the Codes Committee. He was the father of the Livingston St. Bill which saved a mfllion and a half to his con stituents. Julien T. Davies, Jr. is a member of one of the leading law firms at the New York Bar, and at the present time engaged in an active general practice of which the conduct of liti gations, both before the Trial and Appellate Courts, is a considerable part. Some of his principal interests outside of his profession are gunning, fishing, boating and motoring. He finds some time to devote to the good roads movement. Mr. Davies Avas born in Ncav York City, February 20, 1870. He was educated at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and then entered Columbia University, graduating A.B. in 1891. He spent tAvo years at the Harvard LaAV School, leaving there in 1893 to enter the office of Evarts, Choate & Beaman, and was admitted to the bar one year later. He is now a member of the firm of Davies, Auer- bach, Cornell & Barry. Mr. Davies was connected with the Na tional Guard from 1888 to 1906, during AA'hich time he served in the 7th Regiment, Troop and Squadron A, and the 12th Regiment. His last term of service was from 1902 to 1906 as 1st Lieutenant of Company K, 12th Regiment Infantry, N. G. N. Y. He is president of the Bancroft Realty Company, also of the Summerfield Gun Club, a North Carolina shooting club, and is one of the Executive Committee of the Suffolk County Taxpayers' Good Roads Association. He is a member of the Ncav York County Lawyers' Association, the Bar Associations of the City and State, Society of Colonial Wars, Sons of the Revolution, St. David's Society and the DoAvn Town Association, The Recess, Union, University and the Ncav York Yacht clubs. Enjoying the confidence of his constituents, Avhom he ably represents, Aaron J. Levy, has been elected to the State Assembly for five successive terms, and Avas chairman of the most important legislative committee, namely, the Committee on the Judiciary, in the last Assembly. Mr. Levy was born in Ncav York City, July 4, 1881. fle attended the public schools, the evening high schools. Cooper Union School of Science and the Ncav York University. Since admission to the bar he has tried many important civil and criminal cases and acted THE BOOK of NEW YORK 309 AARON J. LEVY WILLIAM L. RANSOM WILLOUGHBY B. DOBBS as counsel for several prominent realty cor porations. He has always been interested in all social and political reform movements on the lower East Side, and prior to his election to the Legislature frequently went before that body in behalf of good government, ballot ieform, more small parks and improvement in tenement house conditions. Mr. Levy is a Mason, a member of the Council of Princes of Jerusalem, the Chapter of Rose Croix, the Consistory and the Mystic Shrine, the John F. Ahearn Association, Tammany Hall General Committee Fourth Assembly District, Educational Alliance, Beth Israel Hospital, United Hebrew Charities, Talmud Torah, Hebrew Immigrant Associa tion, the Veritas Association, the Society of Medical-Legal Jurisprudence and the Young- Men's Democratic, Avon, New Era, Kiswa and Professional Men's clubs. Another member of the newspaper profes sion who was drafted into legal work is Wflliam L. Ransom, Avho from 1902 to 1905 was editor of the Chautauqua Assembly Daily Herald. Mr. Ransom was born in Harmony Township, Chautauqua County, N. Y., June 24, 1883, and attended the Jamestown, N. Y., High School in 1899 and Cornell University Law School in 1905. After admission to the bar he became a member of the firm of Ran som & Cawcroft, Jamestown, N. Y., and after a period of great activity in civic work there, he removed to New York City. Since his residence in the metropolis he has been attor ney for Ncav Jersey affiliated commercial and commuters' organizations in proceedings be fore the Interstate Commerce Commission and for Westchester County Municipalities and commercial bodies before the New York Public Service Commission. He is a member of the New York State Bar Association, Bar Association of the City of New York, Chau tauqua County Society of New York and the Alabama Society of Ncav York, and is now with the legal department of the Public Service Commission. Another metropolitan lawyer who entered his profession by the gateway of journalism is Willoughby Barrett Dobbs, who was born in Portsmouth, Va., in the first year of the Civfl War. His parents removed to Richmond, Ky., in 1866, then to Lexington, Ky., in 1868, and to Bowling Green, Ky., in 1874. In these places he attended private and public schools. Thence he entered Bethel College, Russel- vflle, Ky., where he was graduated in 1880. For three years he taught district school and read laAv at the same time, attaining admission to the bar of Kentucky in 1883. He practiced law and edited newspapers until 1892, dividing his time between the two professions of law and journalism. He wrote slashing editorials at night for the Bowling Green Democrat, Daily Gazette and Daily Times and gave his hours of daylight to practice in the courts. In 1886 he became the proprietor of the Allen Sentinel, Scottsville, Ky., and livened the com munity in politics. He transferred his activi- 310 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ties to Washington, D. C, in 1892, AA'hen he Avas called three years later to accept office as chief examiner in the Police Department of Ncav York under Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt. This tenure Avas of brief duration because the office Avas abolished by the charter of 1898. The only other political office that Mr. Dobbs has ever held Avas that of Assembly man in 1907 for the 32nd New York County District. Born and educated in the middle west, Rollin M. Morgan AA'as quick to recognize the superior advantages of Ncav York City and came here early in life. The place of his nativity Avas Ohio, Avhere he Avas born July 2, 1857, and his education Avas received in the public schools, the Urbana University, the Ohio State University and the Columbia College LaAV School, from Avhich he graduated LL.B. Since admission to the bar he has been in active practice and has filled many positions of trust. He Avas compiler and editor of the building- laws of Ncav York and of Municipal Ordinances. He serA'cd as a member of the Board of Aldermen 1888- '91 and afterAvards as Assistant Corporation Counsel. He Avas also counsel to the Ncav York Building Code Commission and to the Municipal Assembly in 1898. From 1898 to 1901 he Avas counsel to the Xcav York Board of Education. Mr. Morgan is UOAV a member of the laAv firm of Morgan & Mitchell; secretary-treasurer and director of the Hollar Safe and Lock Company, and pres ident of the Kokosing Land Company. He is a member of the Bar Association of the City of Xcav York, the Xcav York State Bar Asso ciation, the ^Masonic fraternity. Friendly Order of St. Patrick and the Ohio, loAva and St. David's societies. His clubs are the Manhat tan, Democratic and Ncav York Athletic. A young member of the Ncav York Bar Avho has been more than ordinarily successful, is (Juernsey R. Jewett. Mr. JcAA'ctt Avas l)()rn at Moravia, N. Y., October 10, 1876, and after a high school course entered Cornell University, Avhere he took a special course in arts and laAv and graduated in 1899. After leaving college he Avas secretary to the Attorney-General of the State and during this period took up the study of laAv and also attended the Albany LaAv School. Shortly after his admission to the bar he removed to New York City and has been asso ciated with Randolph Parmly and Frederick E. Kessinger. Mr. JcAvett is a director in the Biograph Company, the A. Z. Company, builders of automobiles, the A. & M. Robin Company, the Island Cities Realty Company of Ncav York City and is secretary of the Rome (N. Y.) Locomotive and Machine Works. Mr. Jewett is a member of the Chi Psi fraternity but has no club affiliations. A college professorship possesses many al luring features to young men after graduation and it Avas through that channel that Francis X. Carmody, noAv a Wall Street laAA'yer, entered his present profession. He Avas born at Watervliet, Michigan, in 1871, and edu cated at the University of ^Michigan and Notre Dame University, receiving- a degree in 1899. He subsequently took laAv courses at the Ncav York LaAV School and Brooklyn LaAv School. He began his active career as head of the de partment of oratory at University of Notre Dame, Indiana, and held this position for three years, coming- to Brooklyn in 1900, as the head of a similar department in the Poly technic Institute. He Avas also Harkness Instructor in pulpit oratory at the Union Theological Seminary. He has occupied the chair of Professor of Constitutional LaAv and of the Ncav York Code at the Brooklyn Law School. The Dominion of Canada has gone so far in reciprocity as to send us an excellent law yer in the person of M. Casewell Heine, born at OttaAva, September, 1876, and educated at McGfll University, Montreal. He took a special course in Roman laAv at Edinburgh and graduated at the Ncav York LaAv School. When admitted to the bar in 1901, he entered the office of J, Arthur Hilton, where he re mained for three years and then began prac tice individually. A study of political history and ancient laAv, combined Avith the love of the excitement of debate and trial work, Avas the principal influence that induced him to adopt his profession. He has specialized in real estate and is counsel for various Indus- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 311 trial and mining companies. He has been influential in the development of the zinc industry of Tennessee. While climbing the Alps between Forclaz and Chamounix in May, 1899, Mr. Heine encountered a young German student crazed from exposure and with much difficulty brought him doAvn to Argentiere, saving his life. The suft'erer had to be carried most of the distance. Mr. Heine is a Republican; belongs to the Delta Upsilon fraternity; is a Mason and a member of sev eral clubs. Toledo, Ohio, the former home of "Petro leum V. X'asby," sent to New York by way of Yale University, George Davis Zahm, Avho To be honored by Iavo terms of fourteen years each upon the Supreme bench of the State of X^CAV York, speaks very highly for the legal abflity and judicial integrity of any man. Such tribute has been paid to Henry Bischoff', born in this city in 1852, educated at the public schools and Columbia Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1873 and engaged in private practice until elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1890. During that time, he Avas senior member of the bank ing firm of Bischoff & Co. In 1896, he Avas elected, as a Democrat, Supreme Court Jus tice and recently reelected. He is devoted to music as Avell as the laAv, a regular attendant M. CASEWELL HEINE FRANCIS X. CARMODY Prof. GEORGE D. ZAHM UOAV occupies a prominent position as an in structor in the law. He Avas born in the city on the Maumee River in 1876. Centennial year! After thorough preparation, he Avas graduated at Yale magna cum laude, 1900. During his course in laAv, he Avon the EdAvard Thompson and the Jewell prizes. He Opened a laAV office in Syracuse in 1901, but Avas called to New Haven to act as an instructor in laAV at Yale, and, since May, 1904, has been As sistant Professor of Law at that University. He is also Assistant Professor of Law at the St. Lawrence University, but has been prac ticing his profession in this city Avhile acting as a lecturer on laAv. He is a member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, a 32d degree Mason, an Elk and belongs to the Society of the Onondagas. at the opera, a membei- of the Arion, Beethoven and Liederkranz musical societies. He be longs to the Manhattan, Lotos and National Democratic clubs. The sport of golf appears to have more enthusiasts in the legal profession than any other. Although EdAvard J. Welsh has suc ceeded in his profession, he is a keen yachts man and Avhen not upon the Avater is to be found upon the golf field during leisure hours. He AA'as born at Easton, N. Y., 1872, and took a laAV course at Union University Avhere he Avas a member of the Delta Chi fraternity. Coming to the metropolis, he entered the laAV office of Birdseye, Cloyd & Bayliss, Avhere he remained ten years, leaving to form the firm of Welsh, Heine & Fall. This latter partner- 312 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ship was recently dissolved and Mr. Welsh now practices independently. He assisted Clar ence Birdseye in compiling "Birdseye's Re vised Statutes," a AVork used universally in Ncav York state. Although his residence is in New York, INIr. Welsh has a country place in X^oroton, Conn., Avhere at the nearby Weeburn golf links he enjoys his favorite pastime. Attracted by the greater possibilities for a career in his chosen calling, Albert Rathbone came to Ncav York City from Albany and the success following his change of localities shows that his judgment Avas right. Mr. Rathbone was born in Albany, N. Y., July 27, 1868, and was educated at Albany Academy and was a member of the Class of '88 at Williams College. He afterwards took a special course at Union University from which he received the degree of LL.B. He was ad mitted to the bar in 1881 and practiced alone until 1892, when he became a member of the firm of Tracey, Cooper & Rathbone. He came to New York in 1900 and in 1901 was admitted to partnership in the firm of Butler, Notman, Joline & Mynderse. This firm AA'as dissolved December 31, 1904, when the pres ent firm of Joline, Larkin & Rathbone was organized. Mr. Rathbone is a member of the Bar Asso ciation, the Loyal Legion, Alpha Delta Phi and the following clubs; Racquet, Metropoli tan, DoAvn Town, Riding and Driving, Ards ley, Sleepy Hollow Country, Rumson Country and the Automobile Club of America. George C. Beach is another member of the younger bar AA'ho is deserving of mention. He Avas born November 10, 1877, at Watkins, N. Y., the son of Daniel and Angelica Church (Magee) Beach, and was educated at the Watkins High School and St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H. He graduated B.L. from Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., in 1898 and LL.B. from Cornell University LaAV School in 1901. Mr. Beach is a member of the Bar Association of the City of New York, the Sigma Phi Society and the St. Nicholas, Cor nell University, City, Midday, ApaAvamis and West Side Tennis clubs. A successful laAvyer and devoted to yachting, Lorenzo D. Armstrong frequently relieves his legal cares by short cruises in his schooner yacht, "Grampus." Mr. Armstrong- AA'as born in Ncav Haven, Conn., December 21, 1875, and after grad uating from Yale University with the B.A. degree entered the New York LaAv School, finishing LL.B. After his admission to the bar he entered active practice and is uoav a member of the firm of Garvan & Armstrong. Mr. Armstrong is director and second vice- president of the Fajardo Sugar Company, and a director in the Ncav Amsterdam Casualty Company and the Electric Cable Company. He is a member of the Greenwich County, New York Yacht, Tiedean Harbor Yacht, University and Yale clubs. After a residence in Havana, during which he acted as counsel for the Military Gover nor of Cuba, Ernest L. Conant returned to New York City in 1906 and has already become a successful practitioner here. He was born in Dudley, Mass., September 11, 1859, and was educated at Harvard Col lege, graduating A.B. in 1884; Johns Hopkins University and Maryland Law School, 1884 to 1886, and graduated from Harvard in 1889 with the A.M. and LL.B. degrees. He acted as English instructor at Harvard and lecturer on International Law at the same institution. He is a director of the American Type Founders Company, a member of New York State Bar Association and the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. His clubs are the University, Harvard and City. From the beginning of his legal career, Wil liam A. Redding has been deeply interested in the study of the laAV as applied to patents and in this connection has figured as general counsel for industrial firms in many litigations Avhere the rights of patentee or manufacturer Avere involved. Mr. Redding was born in Phfladelphia, No vember 12, 1850, and was admitted to the bar, October 11, 1873. Not satisfied with his legal equipment, Mr. Redding entered the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 313 WILLIAM A. REDDING WILLIAM M. HOES MICHAEL J. MULQUEEN LaAV School of the University of Pennsylvania and graduated therefrom in 1876 with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He then or ganized the firm of Redding, Jones & Carson, was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature, and, while very successful in his native state, came to New York in 1887 and is senior mem ber of the firm of Redding, Greeley & Austin. Mr. Redding is a member of the Five o'clock Club and Art Club of Phfladelphia and of the Union League Club, of Engineers' Club, Machinery Club and Bar Association of New York City. One of the wondershops of the metropolis is the office of the Public Administrator of the County of New York. Many a sensa tional novel is hidden in its file-cases. The present incumbent of this highly important Eosition is William M. Hoes, born in Kinder- ook, N. Y., June 19, 1840. He prepared at the academy of his native town, took his de gree at Williams College and was admitted to the bar in 1865. Since that time he has devoted himself chiefly to civil practice. Mr. Hoes is a Democrat, a member of the Bar Association of Manhattan, prominent in the Holland Society and is Past Master of my lodge, Kane, 454, F. and A. M. In college, he belonged to the Kappa Alpha fraternity. His administration of the vast litigation forced upon the county by neglect of proper provis ion for death by citizens of this island has been so notably efficient that Mr. Hoes has been retained in office many years, through varying municipal governments. One of the most able addresses made at the reception of Cardinal Farley, upon his return from Rome, was by Michael J. Mulqueen, Avho, as president of the Catholic Club, figured largely in the exercises at the Hippodrome and also presided at the clubs' greeting to the Cardinal, on AA'hich occasion Governor Dix and Mayor Gaynor made addresses. He AA'as born in Ncav York City and edu cated in the public schools, at Cooper In stitute and at the Columbia Law School. He Avas admitted to the bar in 1883 and for many years Avas a member of the legal firm of Mul queen & Mulqueen, but now practices alone. He is a Democrat in polflics and was a mem ber of the Constflutional Convention in 1894. Mr. Mulqueen is a life-long member of the Catholic Church and is one of the managers of the Catholic Protectory. He is also a mem ber of the Manhattan, HardAvare, Democratic, Catholic and the Foxhills Golf clubs. A man in political life who incurs the dis favor of a party boss is sometimes unsuccessful for renomination at the right time — namely when a landslide is imminent and the defeat of his successful party rival takes place. Such is the experience of Alvah W. Burlingame, Jr., a lawyer of this city, Avho after serving the people of the Eighth Senatorial District and being endorsed by most of his neighbors was imperatively "turned down" for renomination at the command of Naval Officer Kracke and Postmaster Voorhies, with the result that Capt. Fahnestock, named in his stead was 314 THE BOOK of NEW YORK overwhelmingly defeated in a strong Republi can district, November, 1910. While at Albany, Mr. Burlingame made a senatorial record that received the approval of the Ncav York Bar Association, especially in legislation for the prevention of "graft" in condemnation pro ceedings. He Avas largely instrumental in the reduction of the price of gas to 80 cents; he introduced bills for simplying the civil code; a bill prohibiting- the sale of liquors to tubercular patients m hospitals ; another amend ing the Rapid Transit Act and tAvo bills mak ing the crimes of "cadets" punishable as misdemeanors. Pennsylvania contributes another laAvyer to Ncav York in the person of Harry B. Brad bury, born at Athens of that state in 1863. In early life, he Avas a machinist, telegraph operator and ncAvspaperman; but at the age of thirty, he began the practice of laAv in this city, fle is author of several books on legal subjects, including "Rules of Pleading," "Forms of Pleadings," "Practice and Form" and "Jurisdiction of the State and Federal Courts." In politics, ^fr. Bradbury is a pro gressive Republican. He is fond of hunting and fishing- and belongs to an Adirondack mountain club. The Bradbury family came from Yorkshire, England in 1636. Harry B. Bradbury's paternal and maternal great grandfathers fought in the Revolution. His father served as captain in the Civil War, raising a company by his oaa'ii eff'orts. Mr. Bradbui-y's ancestors belonged to the family of that name so Avell knoAvn throughout INIaine, of Avhich the late Senator James W. Bradbury and William B. Bradbury, composer, Avere members. A clever young lawyer coming- to us from NeAV Jersey is Charles I. Taylor, who Avas admitted to the bar in 1899, after completing a course of study at the Ncav York LaAV School. Although he lives in East Orange, the place of his birth AA'as Skillman, N. Y., and its date, 1875. His affection for Princeton caused him to take his University course there, where he Avas graduated in 1897, Since his admission to the bar he has been an actiA'e member of Beardsley, Hemmens & Taylor. A Commission, the members of which rendered a valuable service to their fellow- citizens, investigated the Gas and Electrical systems of this city a fcAV years ago. One of its members was George B. AgneAV, born in Ncav York city in 1868 and graduated from Princeton, 1891. He AAas sent several terms to the N. Y. Assembly; and, in 1906, was elected to the Senate. Eustace CouAvay, Avho is in the practice of laAV, is counsel for various lumber companies, including the Wholesale Lumber Dealers' Association in Ncav York. He has also ren dered most valuable service in the reorgani zation of various large corporations, and represents various estates. Ml-. CoiiAvay Avas educated at University ALVAH W I)I'I{LING.\MK, Jr. HARRY B. BRADBURY CHARLES I. TAYLOR THE BOOK of NEW YORK 315 EUSTACE CONWAY JAMES R. ELY DAVID THORNTON College, and at the Inner Temple, London, though born in Cincinnati in 1859. He Avas admitted to the bar of Ncav York in 1881, and is a member of the Bar Association and of the Century Club. He is one of the Commis sioners of Appraisement of the Flatbush Avenue SubAvay in Brooklyn. Illinois contributed another laAvyer in the person of James R. Ely, born in Chicago, 1859, and educated at Yale, Avhere he Avas grad uated in 1882, after Avhich he studied for one year at Columbia LaAv School. He then be came a clerk in the office of Roger Foster, where he remained until admitted to the bar, January 1, 1886. Since that time he has been in general practice in this city. He be longed to the old County Democracy, and later to its successor, the State Democracy, being a member of its executive committee. His first official appointment Avas that of United States District Attorney, in 1895, serving three years. He was a delegate to the Syracuse Convention of the National Democratic party and to the National Con vention of the same at Indianapolis, 1896, where Palmer and Buckner were nominated for President and Vice-President on a Gold Standard ticket. He was a member of the Committee of One Hundred that led the move ment in behalf of an independent judiciary, 1898, and has been Assistant District Attor ney and active in local, state and national politics. He is a member of several clubs. Like many other successful men, David Thornton oavcs his start in life to an attentive study of the "Want Columns" of the news papers. He Avas born in this city and edu cated at the public schools, but early fore seeing that he Avould have to make his OAvn struggle for existence, he sought employment Avhile attending school. An advertisement in the Sun caught his eye; it read "Boy wanted in a laAV office." He secured the job of errand boy and before his first month Avas completed began the study of his future pro fession. He read Blackstone and other ele mentary books at home, mastered the routine of office Avork and eventually became a laAvyer. It Avas a bitter up-hill struggle, the final step of Avhich Avas admission to the bar. Activity, hope, earnestness and a desire to employ the best of his talents have been rcAvarded by success. The firm of Thornton & Earle gets its share of business. Mr Thornton is a Republican, a member of the Brooklyn Union League and the Congregational clubs. Cornell University and Columbia LaAv School contributed to the qualification of John T. Sackett for the legal profession of this city. He Avas born in Ncav York, October, 1864, graduated at Cornell, 1886, and Colum- bia, 1888. He is a member of the law firm of Sackett & Lang; a Republican and an Epis copalian. He is vice-president of the Borough Buflding Supply Co. He is a hard Avorker in the Avinter but finds his chief recreation in the summer at his 300-acre farm near South 316 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Amenia, Dutchess County, N. Y. His clubs are the Beta Theta Pi and Church; he is a member of the New York County Lawyers' Association and the Ncav York Law Institute. While in college Mr. Sackett Avas business manager of the Cornell Daily Sun, The metropolis has produced many suc cessful laAvyers, despite the drafts it has made upon the rest of the country. In this class is Edmund Lincoln Baylies, born on Manhattan Island, December, 1857, prepared for college at Phillips Exeter Academy and graduated in arts at Harvard, 1879, and at its LaAv School, 1882. A supplementary course of instruction under the late Dr. Theodore W. DAvight was had at Columbia Law School. Mr. Baylies then made a trip 'round the AAorld, traveling slowly and studying the peoples of different lands. Especially' did he give attention to the methods of procedure in English and French courts. On his return, he practiced for a while independently, and then became a mem ber of the firm of Carter, Ledyard & Milburn. When a special Ambassador was sent by Presi dent Roosevelt to the Coronation of EdAvard VII, Mr. Baylies was named as Secretary to the Ambassador. He is a director in several large corporations; a member of the Cincin nati and Bar Association. Since New York became the financial as AA'ell as commercial center of the United States, it has attracted capitalists from all parts of the country. No matter AA'here their legal resi dences may remain, they have quarters in New York, Avhere they pass a large part of every year. Edmund K. Stallo was born in Cin cinnati, O., and educated at its public schools. He started out to become a lawyer, studying while in commercial employment, and was admitted to practice at the bar of the Supreme Court of Ohio. He soon became actively en gaged in large commercial enterprises and has since devoted all his time thereto. He is a sincere lover of books and possesses a library of 15,000 volumes, which includes many speci mens of rare editions. He is also a bibliophile in the sense of being an omniverous reader, his favorite book being Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason." He belongs to many social organizations in New York and Cincinnati. Artemas Ward, Jr., member of the Assem bly, attracted a great deal of newspaper atten tion because of his conflict Avith the suffragette party during the elections of 1910. One of his noted ancestors Avas General Artemas Ward, Major-General under Washington and member of the Continental Congress. The political career of Artemas Ward, Jr. began Avhen, as an election worker, he assisted in the overthrow of the Odell machine in New York County. In the following year he Avas nomi nated and elected from the 25th Assembly District and has served continuously since 1907. In 1909 he ably handled the Election Bills in the Assembly. Mr. Ward Avas born in Phfladelphia, 1875, is a Harvard A.B., an EDMUND L. BAYLIES EDMUND K. STALLO ARTEMUS WARD, Jr. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 317 LEONARD A. SNITKIN ROBERT F. WAGNER HAROLD J. FRIEDMAN LL.B. of Buffalo University and has prac ticed law in Buffalo and in New York since 1902. He is a member of the Sphinx, Har vard, City, Ardsley and of many other clubs, as well as of the Mayflower Society and Sons of the American Revolution. Wide experience in criminal and ciA'il work was the equipment that has made I^eonard A. Snitkin a successful municipal Justice. Born 35 years ago and educated in the public schools and the New York University, which conferred the LL.B. degree upon him when he gradu ated in 1897. The Supreme Court admitted him to practice the same year and he started at once on a successful legal career. His fitness in his profession was attested by his selection as special Deputy Attorney-General under Attorney- General Davies, an office that he filled most acceptably. After retiring from the Attorney-General's office, he returned to active practice. In 1909 he was elected to a municipal justiceship for a period of ten years. He is a member of the National Democratic Club, County Lawyers Associa tion and many Hebrew charitable institutions. He is very popular in the district in which he resides and is familiarly called the "poor man's judge." In the contest for a United States Senator to succeed Chauncey M. Depew, Harold J. Friedman, the youngest member of the As sembly, displayed such independence and disregard for party dictation that he became Avidely knoAvn and commended throughout the entire country. He was born in New York City in 1887 and after graduating from the Horace Mann School and the Teachers' College, he entered the New York LaAv School and also studied in the office of Thomas E. Rush. Shortly after his admission to the bar, he entered the law firm of Einstein, Town- send & Guiterman and later commenced practice alone. When elected to the Assem bly, his course in that body was marked by such independence of action that he was com mended by the Citizens' Union and by the ncAVspapers of the state, many of which classed him as a progressive advocate of reform, and an unyielding opponent of "ripper" legisla tion. One of the youngest Justices of the Supreme Court of the State of New York is Luke D. Stapleton, born in Brooklyn in December, 1869. He Avas educated at the St. James Academy and Manhattan College and subse quently took a laAV course at the University of the City of New York. He began practice of his profession in this city at the age of 22, and having special fondness for criminal law, tried a large number of capital cases — twenty 318 THE BOOK of NEW YORK three in all. He Avas First Assistant Corpora tion Counsel of the City of Xew York, 1898-'01. Appointed to the bench l>y Gov. Hughes, he Avas renominated by all parties for the Supreme Court Justiceship and elected in November, 1908, for 14 years. He is a Democrat and belongs to the Brookhn, Riding & Driving- and INEontauk clubs and the St. Patrick Society. Fondness for the laAV is hereditary in some families and this can be said especially of Lawrence E. BroAvn, avIio belongs to a race of laAvyers. His father Avas a laAAver and his grandfather, Benjamin W. Bonney, AAas a Supreme Court Justice in this city. Mr. Brown Avas born in Ncav York, 1872; Avas educated at Williston Seminary, East Hamp ton, ^Nlass., and Avas graduated A.B. at 'Yale, 1893. He taught school one year and entered his father's laAV office as a student. Admitted to the bar in this city, 1897, he engaged in general practice. In the same year he AAas elected a member of the As sembly, as a Republican, from the 29th dis trict, Ncav York City. He is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, his great-great-grandfather, David BroAvn, having o o o ^ o commanded the Continental forces at Con cord Bridge and is said to have fired "the shot heard around the Avorld." Mr. BroAvn also belongs to the Union League and Yale clubs. James P. McGovern, laAvyer, orator and financier, is a Avorthy example of the Ncav York City self-made man. Born in that city in 1877, he graduated from the Grammar school, meauAvhile helping to supyjort his parents by the sale of ncAvspapers. He en tered the laAV department of the Northern Pacific R.R. Co. as office boy at the age of fifteen, rising rapidly to the position of Chief Clerk. Pursuing his academic and laAv studies LAWRENCE E. BROWN at night he Avas admitted to the Ncav York Bar at the age of 23, and has since become a recognized authority on Corporation LaAv and Management. Among his clients are numbered many large interstate concerns of some of Avhich he is director and officer. He is Secretary, Treasurer and Director of the U. S. Industrial Alcohol Co., an $18,000,000 corporation, engaged in the manufacture of denatured alcohol. For many years his ser vices have been in demand in the campaigns of Tammany Hall. In 1905 he Avas nomi nated by that organization for the State Leg islature in the then Seventeenth Assembly District, but through a combination of forces Avas defeated by 85 votes, running- hoAA'ever, ahead of Mayor ^McClellan, AA'ho headed the Democratic ticket. A member of the Allen family in Virginia does not have to enter into details regarding his ancestry. One of the contributions of the "Mother of Presidents" to the bar of X^cav York is William Allen, born in Claremont, Surrey County. His parents removed to Rich mond soon after his birth. He Avas graduated a Avith high honors at GeorgetoAvn College, 1875, and took a laAv course at the University of Virginia. He practiced as an attorney in Richmond, as a member of the firm of Peyton & Allen, until 1890, soon after Avhich he came to Xcav York. Here he took high rank at once as a corporation laAA'yer and served as referee in bankruptcy for the Southern District of this State. Although independent in state, city and county politics, Mr. Allen is a Democrat in national affairs. He is a staunch Catholic and a member of the Bar Association. His clubs are The Virginians, University and Southern societies. A man of Avise judgment regarding values of real property in this city or its vicinage is De Witt C. Fox. Born in the metropolis, 1882, he took classical and laAv courses at Columbia University, finishing in 1904. After practicing laAv for several years, he turned his energy entirely in the direction of real estate development, conducting several large opera tions. He suggested the Duane Street site for the County Court House Avhich the Board of Estimate has accepted. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 319 Since graduation and admission to the bar, the career of William W. Lapoint has been a varied one and his versatility is proven by his success along scA'cral lines. He Avas born in WILLIAM W. LAPOINT Barre, Vermont, November 10, 1870, and has been successively ncAA'sboy, laAvyer, theatrical manager, journalist, dramatist and campaign orator, flis education Avas obtained at the Goddard Seminary in his native toAvn and at the Boston University and his legal training Avas in the office of ex-mayor J. W. Gordon, Barre, Vt. After admission to the bar, Mr. Lapoint practiced laAv in his native toAvn and also became manager of the local theatre there. During his residence in Barre he Avrote several plays, edited a Aveekly journal and acted as correspondent of Boston and Ncav York papers. He Avas also for seven years prosecuting attorney in Barre, Vt., and also acted as assistant District Attorney of Washington County in the same state. After coming to Ncav York he entered the practice of his profession and in 1910 acted as a United States Census Inspector. During the years of his practice Mr. Lapoint has AVon three murder cases and has lost but tAvelve out of the large number of civil and criminal cases in Avhich he has appeared, in X^cAv York and Vermont. He is uoav meet ing AAith great success in recovering English estates for American claimants, and is also acting as counsel for several Avell-knoAvn theatrical managers. During the campaign of 1909 he Avas a vigorous speaker in Otto Ban- nard's behalf. Mr. Lapoint is an ex-Commander of the \'ei-mont Division, Sons of ^"eterans, a mem ber of the Xcav York Society Sons of ^"ermont, and former vice-president of the Goddard Alumni Association. He is interested in the Staples Estates Company and oAvner of the Vermont Theatre Company. The strength of personality is admirably illustrated in the character of John B. Stanch- field, Avho plays a preeminent part in the Democratic counsels of the state of Xcav York. Mr. Stanchfield has distinguished himself in his profession, that of laAv, in private practice and as District Attorney of Chemung County during 1880-'85. He was born in Elmira, X. Y., March, 1855, was graduated from Elmira Academy, 1872, and took the degree of A.B. at Amherst College in 1876 and studied his profession at the Harvard LaAv School and in the office of the late David B. Hill in Elmira. He later became Mr. Hill's partner. Mr. Stanchfield has served as Mayor of Elmira and as member of the Assembly of this state. He Avas nominated for Governor in 1900 and for U. S. Senator in 1901. He is a member of the Bar Association of the City of Ncav York and of the Ncav York County LaAvyers' Association. He is a mem ber of the University and Manhattan Clubs and of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. The ability to fill any niche and fill it acceptably, is the reason that Charles M. Russell has been successful in several lines of cndeaA'or. He is a product of the country villao-e, being born in Glens Falls, N. Y., December 11, 1872. His early training Avas received in the schools of his native village, in the Glens Falls Academy and Cornell University. Prior to his collegiate days he served an apprenticeship as drug clerk, and 320 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Avhile in college acted as an out-of-toAvn cor respondent of metropolitan dailies. He util ized his vacation periods as clerk of a large Lake George Hotel, of Avhich he afterAvards became proprietor. He first attracted atten tion by his Avork as a reporter on the Albany CHARLES M. RUSSELL Press and Knickerbocker and as legislative correspondent of the Ncav York Tribune and Sun. Whfle hustling for news he attended the Albany Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1899. He came to New York City the same year and entered upon his pro fessional career. Mr. Russell devotes tAvelve hours each day to business and sometimes fifteen and sixteen, having in addition to his law practice the care of several estates and the management of the Aletropolitan Hard ware Co., of Avhich he is president. This business, unique in its field and methods, has widely expanded under his supervision. Mr. Russell is a Mason, a member of the New York Press Club, the Montauk Club, Ma chinery Club, Cornell University Club, Delta Phi fraternity and many social and political organizations. His acquaintance Avith poli ticians of both state and national importance, ncAA'spaper men and others in public life is most extensive. He married the daughter of Senator William J. La Roche, Avho AA'as well knoAvn at Albany. Mr. Russell succeeded Senator La Roche as president of the Metro politan HardAvare Company. One of the most prominent practitioners at the Ncav York Bar during the last quarter of a century was George G. De Witt, Avho died January 12, 1912. His poAver of quick analysis and perception, fidelity to court and client, and courteous consideration of others brought him a large clientele and the friend ship and respect of every one with AA'hom he came in contact. He Avas born in Callicoon, Sullivan County, Ncav York, April 9, 1845, the son of George and Julia (Foster) De Witt, and received his preparatory education at the Columbia Grammar School, New York City, afterAvard entering Columbia College from Avhich he received the degree of A.B. in 1867 and A.M. in 1870. His legal training was received in the Columbia LaAv School Avhich conferred the LL.B. degree upon him in 1869. He was admitted to the bar the same year and practiced in New York City untfl his untimely death. George G. DeWitt Avas a man of unblemished integrity and the highest attain ments and could well be characterized as a laAvyer of the "old school." At the time of his death he Avas a director of the Chemical Bank, the Ncav York Life Insurance Company and the Fulton Trust Company; a member of many of the leading clubs. He was also a trustee of Columbia University and Roosevelt Hospital; one of the governors of Ncav York Hospital and vice-president of the Ncav York Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Chfldren. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 321 CHAPTER XXIII CHRISTMAS AND THE FRENCH BALL HRISTMAS is the time of the pine tree, holly and mistletoe. Conservation of the American forest is unpopular at Christ mas season, because young pines that Avould become mon archs of the forest in our grand children's time are cut down and shipped to the cities to serve as Christmas trees — the wildwood's sacrifice to the children! Of the Christmas tree, most modern of all accessories of the sacred anniversary, nothing need be said. Encyclopedias are full of its history. But the holly and the mistletoe supply a theme flavored with delightful ro mance and smacking- of warm kisses of maidens and youths. The popularity of the holly, with its bright red berries, is probably due to its natural beauty. Joined Avith a Christmas wreath, it adorns our windoAvs from Christmas to Ncav Year's day. To me its mystic meaning is entrancing. Like the mistletoe, it comes to us from the ages when Druids worshipped trees as gods! For that reason, the parasitic mistletoe Avas excluded from Christian churches for fifteen hundred years. Toward the end of the last century, the little gray berries began to have place Avith the red ones as pulpit decorations. Often have I wondered if the average Christian minister comprehended that in such use of the mistletoe, pagan rites of the ancient Druids of Western France and Britain AA'ere appro priated. If Caesar were as accurate in his information about the Druids as about other peoples he described, he must be leaned upon for nearly all known about these devoutly religious ancients. He tells us they had a Pope, Avho was infallible. The festival of Christmas far antedates Christ, because the Druids cele brated it. Indeed, the 6th of January Avas observed as the Day of the Nativity by Chris tians until the middle of the fourth century, when Pope Julius I changed the anniversary to December 25th. To return to the Druids, when this famous holiday drew near the Sovereign Pontiff sum moned his people to Rouvres, where the holy ceremony of the mistletoe was performed. The parasite must be gathered from a tree of not more than 30 years' growth. The forest Avas then primeval, and the leathery, parasitic shrub Avas easily procured. Under the oak upon which grcAV the sacred plant, as if to deify the fortunate tree, the altar Avas raised. The solemn procession, exactly as was the custom in Egypt under the Pharaohs, Avas preceded by the victims, tAvo white bulls that never had felt the yoke. After them came priests, novices, disciples, the three most ven erable pontiffs and, last, the Supreme Pontiff, clad in Avhite and girdled with gold. Hymns Avere sung Avhile the sacrifices were making. Then the Great Druid climbed the tree, and Avith a golden sickle cut off the sacred plant and distributed parts thereof among the at tendant priests. Believers, in turn, received small portions of the (pauch restum or univer sal remedy) life-giving mistletoe. This sacred shrub cured all ills of the body; it was an amulet against misfortune ; it Avarded off enchantment; a house that harbored it was not to be struck by lightning. There was nothing profane, cruel or disgusting in the ceremonial of the beloved mistletoe! Some of the other Druidical rites Avere terrible. No Druidical superstition can prevent young girls of this generation from hanging the mistle toe in places high enough for them to be led under by the man by Avhom they wish to be kissed. At this season wreaths of evergreen and holly appear in windows of rich and poor alike and the dainty, mysterious mistletoe is .322 THE BOOK of XEW YORK dangling from gas and electric fixtures, in homes of poverty as avcII as wealth. In Xcav York, the event to Avhich the gay Avorld looked forAvard, after Christmas, Avas the annual French Ball. Every reader of this volume knoAvs Avhat habit is. I had been attending that men-v Winter diversion cA'er since arriving- in Xcav York. In the early days it Avas held at the Academy of ¦Music, on Fourteenth Street, and its recurrence Avas anticipated more distinctly than other dates on the calendar. Illness or absence from the country alone prevented my attendance. A description of one Avill suffice for all. A AAcird, unholy glamour of unreality surrounds all inexperienced conceptions of great balls at ]Madison Scpiare Garden. FloAvers, electri city, champagne of all qualities, and pretty Avomen of all classes are there. Late suppers, lost coat checks, insolent Avaiters, over-charges in the Avine-room, deliriously shocking- inci dents of cocotterie are inextricably jumbled in the imaginations of people Avho never at tended a French Ball. Imagine that you ac company me, on a crisp February night, to observe the frivolity of 5,000 men and AA'omen, to hear for four hours the chatter of 5,000 voices and the continuous blare of tAvo mam moth orchestras, playing turn about. Heaven is said to be the only place in AA'hich fair and lovely Avoman is understood, but one comprehends why members of the gentler sex, fashioned for Paradise, attend such balls. They go to be admired! Like other men, avc fall into the circling line and Avorship. The "Parade of All X^ations" has completed its final circuit of the dancing- floor. We are in ample time to Avitness the transformation of church-Avardens into hilarious harlequins. Our tongues arc keen Avith comment. If your Parisian experience has been real, you can imagine yourself at INIontmartre or in the Quuriier Latin Avith Henry Murger as guide, for AA'C have at hand "La Yie de Bolieme" in more than five acts. We occupy the hour betAveen 12 and 1 in paying calls. This is a dull period, because a continuous stream of guests is pouring into the Madison Square Garden and the trend of diA'crsion is, as yet, unestablished. The music is in sympathy; the stringed orchesti-a is playing a dreamy Avaltz by Waldteufel, described as " The Violet," a neutral tint to serve as priming- for cardinal hues to be laid on later. EveryAvhere is "a dash of lavender." Although the music intoxicates us in one way, avc detect a Avelcoming gleam in the eyes of Musette, true daughter of Bohemia. You have your first AAaltz Avith her! I am enmeshed in a sudden conjunction of dancers. Outside the dancing floor is a broad prom enade, fenced oft' by a hedge of evergreen. Here is a vantage point from Avhich to inspect the occupants of the boxes. They are there to be seen and should not be overlooked. Faces, fair and otherAvise, are everyAvhere! Pink, light blue and cream-hued costumes vary the monotony of Avhite lace and chift'on. Some masks are still Avorn, although midnight has passed. Hired revellers have left the floor and the ball is fairly launched. In each box is a small table, destined to play its part Avhen Avine is brought. Bottles and glasses appear thereon and disappear therefrom, as by magic. Hoav cosmopolitan the atmos phere! In that quarter mile saunter are to be seen the best and Avorst men and Avomen in America. The same proximity occurs in all parts of the building. There is a hush! Enter the opera-queen, from the Casino! She AA'cars a superb milk- Avhite goAvn of silk, cut Directoire, brocaded Avith golden roses and trimmed Avith point de Venise lace. Her neck and shoulders are ablaze Avith diamonds, "stage" or real. The immortal Sarah Bernhardt looks on from Mr. French's box. Every actor and most of the actresses of the city are present; one AA'ould think it a professionals' morning performance. Hoav one's thirst emphasizes itself at such a time. Here is the making of a great ball, — time for a "high" one! The bar is crowded and noisy; but it is peaceful as a Avoodland dell compared Avith the Avine-room. We are again on the dancing floor in time for the York, done to -'Ein Plerz, ein Sinn," Kind Provi dence finds partners for us, not a miracle, by any means. \ tame frolic, ending in the Avine-room, Avith a cold bottle. "The Lan cers"" brings out a lively group of high-kickers at the eastern end of the Garden. They dance THE BOOK of NEW YORK 323 Avith more impetuosity than grace. "Ladies cross over!" Then afarandole before the next figure. Staring men and Avomen surround the set; late comers can barely see the tossing heads and flashing eyes of the can-can dancers. Simultaneously, a diversion is occurring in a box on the southern tier; a popular stock broker has become the prize of a hair-pulling match betAveen Iavo rival beauties. The cause of the contention lights a cigarette and SAval- loAvs a glass of Avine, indift'erent to the out come. Why shall he interfere ? The float ing throng sAvays to that side of the house, like the rush of a football team. So great is the jam that an elderly Avoman, long past days of frivolity, faints and is trampled upon before she can be lifted and carried into a corridor. Tavo o'clock! Ludicrous scenes of folly are visible, noAV, as every second is ticked! In a nearby box, a perfect lady, excessively desirous of seeing the prostrate Avoman, still supposed to be upon the floor, leans too far over the front railing, loses control of her light head, turns a somersault and lands upon the shoulders of the throng beloAV her. She is boosted back into her box, uninjured but terribly mussed. The brass band having had an inning, the stringed orchestra renews the Avaltzing. Music and Avine are vicing with each other for popu larity. By this time, all of us are as talkative as magpies. "Come on, old chap," you shout. "Take another degree in the brotherhood of man; there's much in philanthropy. 'Tis she ! She knows me. She's beckoning: I fly to her side." And you are true to your AAord. I lose you. Again that music, sensuous, se ductive, "Ange d' Amour." My partner is a superb mistress of the dance and avc end in a Avhirl towards the wine-room. Only one table, but Ave get it. Bring a bottle ! Pop! SAvish! Tr-r-r-zp ! An hour Avith a Bacchante! An hour gorged with frivolity and expense; a memory of polyglottery, of stale salad and of cham pagne that never kncAv the beautiful land of France. "Ange d' Amour." — lovely music. The not less lovely creature tells me about herself. They all do. As the Avine bubbles about the rims of the glasses, she AA'arbles her variation of the dear old yarn. She takes Iaao thousand Avords to recount it, but I can tell her tAA'o-bottle romance in two hundred: "I am the daughter of an impoverished but noble family. I Avas raised near Joinville, on the Marne, outside Paris. I Avas sent to a convent, but ran away Avith an American artist. We Avere happy together; he Avas Avaiting for his father's death to marry me. I Avas the model for his 'Mimi' that took the Prix de Rome in the next Salon. I never had attended a ball at the Opera. I slipped aAvay and AA'ent one night Avith a young Parisian, meaning no harm. My poor Fred was there and chal lenged my escort on the spot. They took cabs for the Pare de Vincennes and met at daylight, rapiers in hand, in the very park AA'herein, as a young girl, I had played! I fol- loAved, hoping to interfere ; but I Avas too late. I found Fred on the ground Avith a sAvord Avound in his breast. He died in my arms. There Avas an inch of snoAv on the ground; the dear boy's blood made a sickening spot therein. Speaking of art, you know Gerome's picture of a duel in the snoAv ? He paints the blood red, you remember .'' He never saAv any blood-stained snow — never had a lover die for love of him. He should haA'e made it chrome Avith a dash of Nile and a daub of lake. * * * * Oh, here's the AA'ine." Half a dozen ladies knoAvn to you tell similar stories equally aa'cII. When avc return to the dancing- floor, the promenade band is playing "The Beggar Student," as half the merrv- makers in the vast throng burst into a chorus : In a moment of rapture, a transport of bliss. On her lily-white shoulder I planted a kiss. At this moment, you reappear, my neophite! You are Avaltzing as if it Avere a life's task. Singing, too; forever singing. Wine is served on the ball-room floor — against rules, but profitable. "Here's to life!" is the toast that accompanies the champagne. "Take oft* the roof that the stars may see hoAV happy I am!" retorts Sapho at your side, draining her glass. A snoAA'storm is raging outside but nobody knoAvs or cares. "Who breaks, pays !" But ivho pays is of no 324 THE BOOK of NEW YORK importance. ]Money is dross, only made to buy the smiles of pretty Avomen. In a box sits "my real old friend," Musette, Avidow of a college mate, Avhose grief over a husband's loss started her on the merry career she now leads. I stand in front of her box to have speech Avith her. Although she affects jollity, I can read regret in her eyes. Her face is flushed Avith Avine. Alas, there's sad con trast to the time Avhen I kncAv her as a good AA'oman! Once a successful actress, she rarely has a choice in these days betAA'een a coupe and a stage, — meaning an omnibus. A bold venture "on the road" as a "star" having proved disastrous, she is hoav folloAving "the primrose Avay." "Ah ! There's the old Avaltz ' Tout Paris!' " she exclaims. "Just once 'round the house, in memory of other days!" She hastens from the box to my side. Musette is as Champ- fleury describes her, — tall, slender and grace ful as a AvilloAV. Her goAvn of dull, black satin fits her like a glove and becomes her, to me, at least, because the black typifies mourning for a dead past. AAvay avc move to the Avaltz music. She begins to tell me what has hap pened since avc last met, — they ahvays do, — when a big Avoman bumps against her. Mu sette haughtily surveys the dame and says, "Go home, grandma!" We are soon at the southAvestern corner of the Garden, Avhere a once pretty blonde in a box is monopolizing attention. She is spraAvl- ing in a chair, limp and unconscious. A col ored maid is bathing her face Avith champagne, Avater being unobtainable. The man Avho has brought the beauty is solicitous ; but before he lifts the precious burden in his arms, he ad justs a mask upon his oavu face. There are Avater-drinkers in Bohemia, according to Mur- ger, but none is at this ball. When the dance is finished, my Avatch marks "Five o'clock" and I have promised to take Musette to her home. Zigzagging across the floor is a handsome young chap, barking like a dog. Every one of us has hydrophobia, therefore none is afraid of him. If he be mad, others are as fearful of Avater as he. Not a glassful in the Garden! A tAvo-step is next on the card. Cyclones of humanity sAveep across the floor, making a wreckage of torn gowns. A gentle youth Avalks amid this mad medley, as Pinel trod the maniac wards of Bicetre, handing to each woman Avho pleases his fancy an American Beauty rose. He carries an armful, each floAAcr having cost him $2 at a counter in the lobby. He is a man of thirty, scrupulously attired. At times he exacts a kiss in exchange for the rose : so exquisite is his art of approach, so palpable his condition, there's neither re sentment nor refusal. Like the moon, he is greatest Avhen full. Morning has come, but not daylight. ]Music has lost its charm. Time of Avaltz and two- step is sloAver, OAving to sheer fatigue of mem bers of the orchestra. The last circle of the floor has been completed. Seeking Musette, she is told that the hour of departure has ar rived. In an adjoining box, I observe that Nanine has begun her tAvo-bottle story, and that the rich brcAver by her side has succumbed to potations more heating than his oavu beer. At her other side, listening to the story, is an old banker, opening wine. He opens his mouth and yaAvns, most discourteously. Per haps he has heard Nanine's tale elsewhere.? Eighteen of the largest roosters in all New York, imprisoned in cages over the second balcony, are awakened by a simultaneous thrill of electric current sent through the metal perches upon Avhich they are dozing. They croAv in chorus! Theoretically, daAvn has come ! Out go many of the lights. The band is playing "Home, SavccI Home." We take a carriage at the main entrance to the Garden, Musette and I. The vehicle makes its Avay through deep snow and turns into TAventy-seventh Street, toward Broad Avay, en route to the upper West Side. In the gray of the morning light, as avc pass the Hotel Victoria, its foyer is seen to be aglow Avflh electric lights. Musette points to a score of bedraggled women upon their knees scrubbing a marble floor! A grim-faced housekeeper, perched upon a tall stool, directs the Avorkers amid suds and dirt. Their task-mistress is berating them; her voice is barren of sympathy for their lot. To her, this is a hard world THE BOOK of NEW YORK 325 and she makes it so for others. Turning to my companion, AA'ho is trembling, I ask: "What do you think of that.^^" "That is virtue!" exclaims Musette. "Ah, yes! See AA'hat it costs!" "Perhaps they, too, danced at a French ball and drank champagne, once upon a time." From Palmer's Views THE SINGER BUILDING, LOWER BROADWAY The Studio of Oliver Lippincott, Photographer of Men, is in this Building. 326 THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER XXIV MARVELS OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE ^here's no autocracy in sur gery to-day!" said the late Dr. George F. Shrady to me during a visit Avith him at the Hotel Renaissance shortly be fore his death. He stated the case accurately, because an emergency in surgery can be met in the back- AA'oods by a so-called "country doctor" as aa'cII as in the best-equipped city hospital. This is due to simplification of methods, the splen did Avork of the post-graduate schools by men Avho give the benefits of their experience for the benefit of the young men Avho must take their places before long. iNIany such able and conscientious teachers in this city and at colleges elscAvhere are my friends. I shall mention many of them in this volume. The human race should take heart! Some of the most dreaded human ailments have been abolished by medicine in civflized countries. Many of the older plagues have not only been robbed of their terrors but have ceased to come to oui- shores. Surgery is annually saving thousands of lives that Avould have been be yond human hope only a generation ago. Perhaps the most brilliant surgical operations of the present concern the heart; in chloroform poisoning, for example, after the patient is dead to all previous undei'standing, an open ing is made, the heart is grasped in the hand and is directly massaged until natura] action is resumed. This is already a settled method of practice. A surgeon must do and dare! The grand thing in medicine and in surgery is to save life. HoAvever Avonderful and praiscAvorthy repar ative surgery and medicine may be, the high est aim of either branch of the art is to prevent disease, or to obviate an operation rather than to perform it. The spectacular ])hases of advanced sanitation were reached during the recent Russo-Japanese War. Dr. Louis L. Seaman, Avho visited the battlefields and hos pitals AA'hile that terrible conflict Avas in prog ress, has given to the Avorld definite informa tion regarding the marvelous — I might almost say magical — methods by Avliich camps Avere protected from epidemics and the general health of vast armies maintained. Modern aseptic treatment Avorks Avonders ! The cour age of the members of the United States medi cal corps AA'ho solved the yelloAv fever mystery, by submitting themselves to be bitten by in fected mosquitoes, Avas equal to that of the battlefield. Many of them died from the disease that future generations might live! There is no longer any conflict betAA'een sur gery and medicine; one is ever ready to yield to the other. The recent elevation of Sir Thomas Crosby, a distinguished London physician, to the post of Lord Mayor of London, calls attention to the fact that practitioners of the healing art have attained high honors outside their own profession. The Crosby family is an old one, antedating the Norman Conquest and Sir Thomas is the first physician to be a successor of "Dick" Whittington. I recall Dr. L. S. Jameson, Avho rose to be Prime Minister of South Africa; Dr. Georges Clemenceau, AA'ho served as Prime Minister of the French Re public; Dr. I>eonard Wood, Avho is to-day a Major-General and Chief of the General Staff' of the United States Army; Prince Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria, avIio is a regular prac titioner only among the poor; Lord Lister, the father of antiseptic surgery, represents his profession in the British flouse of Lords; Dr. William Jenner aa as knighted by the late Queen Mctoria and Avas consulted by her on matters of statecraft; Dr. Jacob H. Gallinger o THE BOOK of NEW YORK 327 of New Hampshire has been a United States Senator from his state for several terms, and many other names might be mentioned. The service Pasteur, Charcot, Shrady and Mor ton have rendered to the human race is in calculable. When I set out to talk about Dr. Louis Livingston Seaman, an associate at Cornell University and a devoted friend during all the years Ave have dAvelt in Ncav York, a Avhole volume is needed. He was born at Newburgh, N. Y., October, 1851. His famfly has a fine record in the medical profession; his grand father, Valentine Seaman, M.D., introduced vaccination in this city. 1799. On his mother's side. Dr. Seaman is a descendant from Robert Livingston, First Lord of the Manor, and from Philip Livingston, a signer of the Decla ration of Independence. Entering Cornell Avith its first class, he Avas graduated A.B.; thence he went to Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and Avas graduated, the gold medalist, in 1876. Post graduate medical courses were taken at Vienna, Paris and Edinburgh; later he received a degree of Bachelor of Laws at the University of New York. He then served as resident surgeon of the State Immigrant Hospital on Ward's Island and as Chief of Staff' of various insti tutions on BlackAvell's Island from 1877 to 1885. First of his many tours around the Avorld Avas made in 1887, during Avhich in India and China he studied cholera and other infectious and epidemic diseases of the Far East. When the Spanish-American War arose Dr. Seaman promptly off'ered his services and Avas appointed Surgeon-Major of the 1st Regiment, U. S. V. Engineers and served in Porto Rico and Cuba; and subsequently as Surgeon of the 17th and 23rd Regiments of Infantry in the Philippines; Avas Avith the Army of Occupation during the Boxer War in China, 1900-1901; was AA'ith the Russian Army in Manchuria, 1904; and at the front with the Japanese in Mongolia under General Oku, Avhen peace Avas declared, 1905. Dr. Seaman Avas also in South Africa during the Zulu troubles, and in East Africa with the German troops in 1906. He made tAvo trips to the Victoria Nyanza region to study the sleeping- sickness. On one of these occasions, he Avas accompanied by Mrs. Seaman — the first American lady to see the Ripon Falls and head Avaters of the X^ile in Uganda. Prior to that journey — made several months fjcfore Colonel Roosevelt — Dr. Seaman had pene- ti-ated the Dark Continent over the famous Dr. LOUIS LIVINGSTON SEAMAN Zambezi treck of his kinsman, David LiA'ing- stone, to Victoria Falls; and the folloAving year, in company Avith the late Dr. Nicholas Senn, had circumnavigated South America and crossed the Andees four times. The researches and publications of this American student and traveler have received and deserved recognition in all parts of the world. He is a FelloAV of the Royal Geo graphical Society, and of the Royal Society of Arts of England. In recognition of his services to Japan's army in the field, the Em- 328 THE BOOK of NEW YORK peror conferred upon Dr. Seaman, insignias of the Order of the Rising Sun and of the Order of Special Merit for Service on the field. By vote of the Societe de la Croix of Japan, he received Honorary Life Membership in the Red Cross Society of that country. He Avas aAvarded the Diploma d'Honneur, Exposition Internationale de Paris, for his services in Army Sanitary Reform. He has been ap pointed delegate to various International Med ical Congresses at London, Berlin, Moscoav, Paris, Rome, Madrid, Lisbon and Budapest. His contributions to medical journals, ad dresses to colleges, professional and sociological organizations are too numerous to cite. Among a dozen books, I must mention "The Real Triumph of Japan," "From Tokio Through Manchuria Avith the Japanese," "La Ration du Soldat en Campagne," "Triumphs of Scientific Medicine, in Peace and War," and "Utilization of X^ative Troops in our Colonial Possessions." In addition to membership in the American Medical Association, the Acade my of Medicine, and the County and State medical societies. Dr. Seaman belongs to thirty-odd social, professional, literary and civic organizations and the Authors, Lotos, Calumet, Players, Cornell University, St. Nicholas, Asiatic, Army and Navy, Republi can and City clubs; the Metropolitan Club of Washington, and the Royal Societies Club of London. Dr. Seaman's affection for his Alma Mater is shoAvn by his gift of the 'Varsity Cup for preeminence in aquatic sports. He has also served as president of the Cornell Univer sity Club of Ncav York, and is uoav the presi dent of the China Society of America. Among all the medical specialists of the metropolis, Frank E. Miller, regarded as a Avorld-Avide authority on diseases of nose, throat and ear, has had an especially inter esting career. Born at Hartford, Conn., in 1859, he Avas graduated from Trinity College in the year 1881, after AA'hich he came direct to Ncav York and entered the College of Phy sicians and Surgeons, — acquiring a doctor's degree in 1884. After tAvo years as a medical and surgical interne at X^cav York, Charity and St. Francis Hospitals, Dr. Miller became a sanitary inspector for the Board of Health, where he remained three vears. He then served as an assistant under distinguished professors in the Ncav York Polyclinic, the Vanderbilt Clinic, the X^ew York University and the Post-Graduate Hospitals. It AA'as at this time that he began specializing in diseases of the throat and acted as assistant for Dr. W. P. Swift, Dr. Urban G. Hflchcock and Dr. R. P. Lincoln, the latter a distinguished throat specialist. Dr. Miller AA'as attending Dr. FRANK E. MILLER physician to the Minerva Home, to the Way side Nursery, to St. Joseph's Hospital for sev eral years and is now consulting physician for St. Francis Hospital. In 1906 he Avas ap pointed visiting physician to the New York Hospital; he is also at present a member of the Board of Medical Directors of the Loomis Sanitarium. He has had vast experience in treatment of the throat, ear and nose, espe cially at the Vanderbilt and Bellevue Hospital THE BOOK of NEW YORK 329 clinics. He has been laryngologist to the Metropolitan College of Music since 1890. Dr. Miller began private practice in 1886; he has treated 188,000 patients in the last ten years. While a student at Hartford, Dr. Miller was solo tenor in the Glee Club at Trinity College; later, Avhile pursuing his medi cal course in Ncav York, he was solo tenor of St. Thomas' Church, Fifth Avenue and 53rd Street. Intense enthusiasm over music caused him to make a thorough study of the vocal organs and of the cultivation of the human voice; he established a principle of hollow space resonances Avhich has gained authoritative recognition as the nearest ap proach to a perfect theory of voice production. He was first to advocate a regular standard for tone of voice production, by which any voice can be definitely measured and classi fied. He also suggested AA'hat he described as a Voice Sifting Bureau. At one time or another he has been consulted by the most prominent singers of the musical world. Due to the fact that Dr. Miller is both a distin guished medical throat specialist and possesses the qualifications of a high-class singer and musician, Mr. Oscar Hammerstein engaged him to pass upon the throats and vocal organs of his artists, — an innovation in voice training- methods of the most radical kind. Dr. Miller has outlined a new theory of the origin of nodules, from a study of 234 cases, AA'hich has been subsequently confirmed. He author in collaboration Nose^ Throat and Ear written many papers on the voice and vocal organs. He has devoted much time to in vestigations regarding the treatment of tuber culosis. He is a member of the American Medical Association, the American Laryn- gological, Rhinological and Otological Society. He is a 32d degree Mason, a Knights Templar, a member of the Mystic Shrine and the Elks. Among his clubs are the Players', Lotos, Men delssohn Glee, New York Yacht, Republican, Masonic and the Ncav England Society. In 1910 Schirmer & Company published his book. The Voice, which has been adopted by the Board of Regents and Public Schools as a text-book. IS of A Compend of Diseases, and has Germany makes a valued contribution to ad vanced surgery as practiced in New York in the person of "Dr. Willy Meyer, born at Min- den, Westphalia, in 1858. He was educated at the University of Bonn and Avas an assist ant in the surgical clinic therein until 1884, when he came to Ncav York City, where his uncle. Dr. Abraham Jacobi, had been in jiyy^ practice for thirty years. After Avorking in the surgical department of the German Dis pensary and conducting a general practice for a short time, he decided to devote himself exclusively to surgery. He was appointed professor of clinical surgery in the Woman's Medical College and served from 1886-'93. He has been instructor and professor of sur gery at the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital since 1887. He is At- tending-Surgeon to the German Hospital (1887), Consulting Surgeon to the Ncav York Skin and Cancer Hospital and to the New York Infirmary, the Har Moriah Hospital and the Hospital for Deformities and Joint Dis- 330 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ases. He Avas the first to introduce cystos copy, in 1887, and Bottini's operation, in 1897, into this country. He is a FelloAv of the American Surgical Association and of many medical societies. Among distinguished physicians of the metropolis is George Thomas Stevens, who served throughout the Civil War, first as sur geon of the Seventy- seventh N. Y. v., as division surgeon and as medical inspector of the Sixth x\rmy Corps. Dr. Stevens was born in Essex County of this state in 1832 and Avas educated at Castleton (Vt.) Medical College, receiving the degree of Ph. D. from Union College. He began practice in Ncav York in 1880, after a term as Professor of Physiology and Diseases of the Eye at Union University. While located in Albany, as Secretary of the Ncav York Soldiers' and Saflors' Union in 1886, the Ncav York department of the Grand Army of the Republic Avas organized in his office by four men, of Avhom he Avas one. His first an cestor in America Avas John Stevens, who came to Ncav Haven as one of the Davenport colony about 1645. Dr. Stevens has received the highest prize from the Royal Academy of Medicine of Belgium for a treatise on "Functional Diseases of the Nervous System;" he is likcAvise the inventor of many surgical and philosophical instruments. He is author of several standard works on nervous diseases and treatises on ophthalmic subjects. He has Dr. GEORGE T. STEVENS recently published an "Illustrated Guide to FloAA'cring Plants." American dentistry is classed as the best in the Avorld. George Evans, who is Irish by birth, was born at Cork, Ireland. He received his early education in Ireland and Avhen he came here at the age of ten attended the public schools and College of the City of Ncav York. Dr. Evans studied music and art. His original plan Avas to be come an architect. He incidentally became in terested in dentistry and finally chose that profession, studying under the late Dr. Wal ter B. Roberts, of Bond Street, inventor of the Roberts Torpedo for reviving exhausted oil wells. Dr. Evans lectured at the Baltimore College of Dentistry for tAvelve years ; has also lectured in the Ncav York College of Dentistry, at the ITniversity of Pennsylvania and at the Royal College of Dentists, Toronto. He is the author of a popular Treatise on Crown- and-Bridge-Work and Porcelain Dental Art. He has introduced many novel methods in dental practice and has secured patents for mechanical dental devices in this country and Europe and is also interested in the manufac ture of dental materials. He has also been an operator in city real estate and has a country place at Syosset, L. I. He is a member of the Lotos, N. Y. Athletic, Ibero-x\merico, and Canadian Camp clubs, and of leading dental societies. Dr. GEORGE EVANS THE BOOK of NEW YORK 331 CHAPTER XXV DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAILROAD BUSINESS AILROADING is unqualifiedly the greatest industry of the United States. Taking the railroad map as it Avas in 1870 and comparing it Avith that of to-day, development is seen in every section of the country. Then a single trans-Continental line, known as the Union and Central Pacific railroads, from Omaha to Oakland, opposite San Fran cisco, was considered an achievement that nothing could outrank. The troubles of that road Avere Avith snoAv-slides and Avashouts. Hundreds of miles of snow-sheds were built. Then followed Jay Cooke's Northern Pacific, AA'hich slowly crawled across a totally un populated region — an enterprise that went to smash because people who were supplying the money failed to see Avhere traffic would be found. The Southern Pacific, engineered by C. P. Huntington, who had acquired vast experience in railway building in the construc tion of the Central Pacific from the Pacific coast to Ogden. Next, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, originally a small group of lines, was caught up by Boston capitalists and rushed through to Los Angeles. Meanwhile, a St. Paul commission merchant, named James J. Hill, was personally surveying- an extension of the so-called "Manitoba" road from his own city, and, almost before eastern people kncAV about it, the Great Northern Avas run ning trains to Puget Sound! Its route Avas supposed to run through a land covered with snow at least five months of the year. Later came the Oregon Short Line — an extension of the Union Pacific to the Puget Sound region; next the Burlington prolongation into the same section of Oregon land. The genius of all trans-Continental develop ment was E. H. Harriman, a minister's son, whom I have described as I knew him in his "hustling" days on the Exchange. Activities in the West aAvakened chiefs of the great trunk lines in the East. Fast trains Averc put on the Pennsylvania and Ncaa- York Central roads. At first a 24-hour run to Chicago Avas regarded as the maximum of fast travel. To-day a train on each of these roads makes the trip in 18 hours, and goes to or returns from St. Louis in 24 hours! The Erie, pioneer of the eastern trunk lines, has been improved, but has not groAvn as it should, owing to a load of debts, saddled upon it at various times by designing operators. The Baltimore & Ohio, earlier still in construction, lacked a Ncav York connection for so many years that the traveling public almost over looked its existence. The New England roads have been practically consolidated into a single corporation; time from Boston to Ncav York still remains at five hours, a trifle over 50 miles an hour. As this volume goes to press, the most significant incident in railroad aft'airs is the waning of the Gould influence, Avhich during the life of Jay Gould was potential. The Vanderbilts have almost held their own, even against such a magician as the late E. H. Harriman, Avho forced him self into the directory of the Vanderbilt System only a short time before his death. J. Pierpont Morgan and James J. Hill are the dominant powers at this Avriting, but who their successors Avill be cannot be conjectured. The age of giants is here, but the dis persion of enormous fortunes must come ! The Interstate Commerce Commission has accomplished results in regulating freight and passenger rates; the Sherman Act only checked for a time some unholy combinations of in dustrial interests, Avhich, supported by an iniquitous tariff that has benefited the few at the expense of the many, has been pushing upward the cost of living and engendering anarchist feelings in most laAV-abiding hearts. Government regulation is no longer de- 332 THE BOOK of NEW YORK GEORGE A. POST BENJAMIN A. HEGEMAN RALPH PETERS scribed as "interference." Its AA'isdom is con ceded by many of the so-called "captains of industry" — like ^Ir. Carnegie — who have in ordinately fattened their purses during a long- dynasty of "Do-Nothing-Presidents" and an equally long series of corrupt or indift'erent Congresses. James J. Hill, an authority of high value, says two and one-half billions of money Avill be needed during- the next five years to develop the railroad facilities of this country, in order to keep pace Avith its Avon derful groAvth! Where is this enormous sum to be had ? The ansAver is that it must be dug from the ground! The mines of the United States must supply the greater part thereof. And they Avill do it. The railroads of the United States are not Avithout friends among the business men Avho do not hold salaried positions under the various corporations or serve as directors in their boards. These men are lovers of fair play quite as much as patrons of the trans portation companies. About three years ago, AA'hen the trend of opinion appeared to be hostile to the management of the great trunk lines of the country, and when the government was equally antagonistic, a group of men throughout the country formed what is knoAvn as the Raihvay Business Association. These gentlemen were largely engaged in supplying railroads with their equipment and not only paid an average of $250,000,000 in freight charges yearly, but furnished employment to a million and a half of men! The inspiring mind in the organization of this association Avas George A. Post, president of the Standard Coupler Company, of New York City. The Raihvay Business Association takes very high ground regarding- railway regulation. So far as restrictive legislation is concerned, it makes no effort to control the laAV-making poAAcrs ex cept by presentation of facts and figures, sup plemented by argument. Be it remembered that a cardinal principle of the Association is that "no railroad shall have directly or in directly any voice in its management." Self- protection is its claim to existence! It stands as the mediator betAveen the railroads and the public. The career of George A. Post is an interesting one. I have known him since 1889, Avhen aac Avere associated on the World, He was born at Cuba, Allegheny County, N. Y., September, 1854; spent his youth at OAvego, AA'here he received his education in the public schools and academy. His father, Ira A. Post, Avas connected Avith the Erie raihvay fifty years, so that the son's natural attraction for railroad business in any form is readily explained. He entered the service of the Erie in its freight department at the age of 18, then became assistant to the superintendent of motive poAA'cr. Ahvays an active Democrat, he was elected Mayor of Susquehanna, Pa., Avhere he Avas located. He Avas sent to Congress from that district at the age of 28 — the youngest member of that body. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 333 While in the employ of the Erie he gave his nights to the study of law and was admitted ^ to the bar. He was a delegate to the National Convention of 1884. Mr. Post had been an editor and part owner of the Montrose (Pa.) Democrat, 1883 to 1889, when he came to New York. His fondness for the railroad business induced him to accept the vice- presidency of the Standard Coupler Company, of which he later became president. Mr. Post is an excellent speaker, talks Avith readi ness and always speaks in terms of moderation and good humor. One of his speeches at Pittsburg acquired national reputation. In closing an address upon fair play Mr. Post said: "I plead for temperance in the use of language on public questions and at the fire side. Some homes are made happy by absti nence from intoxicating drinks ; but a thousand fold more oavc their joys to kindly Avords and acts. More hearts have been broken by ugly Avords than through inebriety." The railroad business is a very fascinating field of endeavor. It makes its appeal espe cially to sons Avhose fathers have given their lives to the work. In nearly every instance we find that men take up that Avork because the tang of it is in their blood. This is the case Avith Benjamin Arrowsmith Hegeman, Jr., Avho after eleven years of training Avith the DelaAvare, LackaAvanna & Western rail road formed a large company dealing in rail road supplies. His father had been traffic manager of the same road for many years. Mr. Hegeman is not a college graduate. He went to AVork after leaving the Mt. Wash ington Collegiate Institute, at Fourth and Mac- dougal Streets, at the age of seventeen years and has been steadily engaged in active busi ness since that day. He Avas born in the City of New York in 1860 and early entered the public schools. He began as a clerk in the freight department and afterAvards in the pas senger department and treasurer's office of the railroad company with which his father was associated. Being offered the position of assistant secretary and cashier in the Citizens' Mutual Life Insurance Company, he spent a year and a half learning that business, after which he returned to his first love, as General Manager of the Lackawanna Live Stock Transportation Company. In this branch of the service, Mr. Hegeman was eminently successful, developing it to the present standard of excellence. The Ameri can Car & Foundry Company of New York then made him an offer to act as its General Eastern Sales Agent, but at the end of a year and in less than two years he formed the com pany previously mentioned with which he is now the directing mind. Mr. Hegeman is not only president of the U. S. Metal & Manu facturing Company, but also of the Rockland Railroad and the Union Lumber Manufac turing Company; he is a trustee of the Ex celsior Savings Bank and a director in several large manufacturing companies. In politics he is a Republican and has served as Council man and Mayor of North Plainfield, N. J., where he resided before he made his permanent residence in New York. He is very fond of club life and belongs to nine social organiza tions, among which are the Lotos, Ncav York Athletic, Republican of New York, and the Racquet of Philadelphia. Thoroughly experienced in every detail for the successful operation of a great trunk line, Ralph Peters, president of the Long Island Railroad Company, has made that corporation one of the best-paying in the country. Mr. Peters Avas born in Atlanta, Ga.^ November 19, 1853, and is of English and Scotch extraction. The family Avas founded in America in 1740, by William Peters, Avho was one time commissioner in the colony of Pennsylvania. His father Avas Richard Peters, a distinguished engineer and his great-grand father Avas Judge Richard Peters, Avho, after the Revolutionary War, attained Avorld-wide fame by his lavish entertainments in his beautiful mansion at Belmont, uoav in Fair- mount Park, Philadelphia, Pa. Ralph Peters graduated from the Univer sity of Georgia in 1872, Avith the degree of B.A. He at once entered the service of the Atlanta Street Railways, and subsequently Avas employed by the Pennsylvania Railroad, filling many positions of trust. Taking hold of the Long Island line, then looked upon as a summer excursion railroad, Mr. Peters has made it an all-year-round proposition and brought the gross earnings up to $26,433 per mile per annum. Mr. 334 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Peters is a member of the Lawyers, Railroad, Ncav York Yacht, Garden City and Garden City Golf clubs. Sons of the Revolution. Ohio, Georgia and Southern societies and Society of Colonial Wars in Ohio. From farm boy to financier is a long stretch and Avhere obstacles Avere to be overcome at nearly every step the distance is indeed long. This is the accomplishment of George Carson Smith and his early struggles must stamp him as a self-made man. He Avas born in Granvflle, N. Y., March 4, 1855, the son private secretary to Charles M. Croswell, then Governor of Michigan. He next completed a course in the study of laAV and entered the raihvay service in Texas in 1881, as assistant to the general man ager of the Texas and Pacific and International and Great Northern Raihvays. Upon the es tablishment of the Missouri Pacific system in St. Louis, he AAas made assistant to the senior vice-president. In rapid succession he became general man ager of the Missouri Pacific system; the At- GEORGE CARSO.Nf SMITH of Harvey J. and Olivia Cordelia (White) Smith, and is of English ancestry on both sides of the family. His early education Avas ob tained at North Hebron Institute, in Wash ington County. N. Y., and Castleton Semi nary, Vermont, his collegiate course being at Adrian College, Michigan, from Avhich he Avas graduated in 1877. He defrayed his college expenses by acting as instructor in languages, bookkeeper, stenog rapher and as a newspaper correspondent. Immediately after graduation he Avas appointed IRA A. PLACE lanta and West Point RaflAvay of Georgia; the Western Railway of Alabama and the St. Louis-Louisville lines of the Southern RaihA'ay. In 1901 he was selected to represent George Westinghouse in the various corporations bear ing his name and sei-ved as president, vice- president or director in a score of Westing- house corporations. Retiring from many of these companies, Mr. Smith has during the past year established ucav connections in the field of construction and finance, becoming THE BOOK of NEW YORK 335 a special partner in the firm of James Stewart & Co., of New York, St. Louis and Chicago, and representative in New York of the Canada Syndicate, Limited, of Montreal and Toronto. One of the charming characteristics of man's nature is his aft'ection for all graduates of his own university. It comes as naturally as the affiliations that grow out of relationship. There's much in the alma mater fondness that one Cornell man feels for another. Ira A. Place has been one of the most successful grad uates of an institution that has grown in forty- three years from nothing to one of the fore most places in American educational ranks. He was born in this city in 1854, but prepared for college at Alfred Academy and took his A.B. degree at Cornell in 1881. Whfle at the University, he Avas an editor of The Era, Cornellian, and Cornell Magazine, He then began the study of law in the office of Vann, McLennan & Dillaye, Syracuse, and was admitted to the bar in Buffalo. He came to New York, in October, 1883, with. Judge McLennan, who had been appointed general counsel of the New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railway Company, prior to its reor ganization as the West Shore railroad. In March, 1886, Mr. Place entered the LaAV Department of the Ncav York Central & Hudson River Raihvay Company. So com plete Avas his success in this post that he Avas appointed general counsel for all Ncav York Central lines east of Buffalo in 1905. A year later, he was chosen vice-president of the Ncav York Central lines east of Buffalo, in charge of the Law Department and of the Land and Tax Department. Mr. Place is a trustee of Cornell University; likewise pres ident of the Cornellian Council and Cornell University Club of New York City. At the university, he Avas a Phi Beta Kappa and a Psi Upsflon man. In politics, he is a Democrat; in religion, he is a Unitarian. Among the clubs to Avhich he belongs are the University, Transportation, Cornell, St. An drews Golf, Adirondack League and Unita rian of New York and Fort Orange of Albany. Mr. Place is a director in a score or more of railroads, coal companies and other corpo rations, among which may be mentioned: The Carthage, Watertown & Sackett's Harbor Railroad, Tivoli Hollow Railroad, Troy Union Railroad Company, Little Falls & Dolgevflle Railroad Company, Detroit, Monroe & Toledo Railroad Company, New York & Ottawa Bridge Company, CoruAvall Bridge Company, Buff'alo Erie Basin Railroad Company, Cen tral Dock & Terminal Raihvay Company, Fair Land Realty Company, Gallitzin Coal & Coke Company, Gouverneur & Oswegatchie Rail road Company, New Jersey Junction Railroad Company, Ncav Jersey Shore Line Railroad Company, Ncav York Central Niagara River Railroad Company, Niagara Falls Branch Railroad Company, Spuyten Duyvil & Port Morris Railroad Company, Wallkill Valley Railroad Company, and Ncav York & Fort Lee Railroad Company. He is president of the Central Dock & Terminal Railway Com pany, and of the Fair Land Realty Company. A railroad man Avho has risen from the ranks to one of the highest offices in this country is William Johnson Harahan, born at Nashville, Tenn., December, 1867, of Scotch-Irish parents, whose ancestors Avere settlers in the West. He was educated at the public schools and at St. John's College, New Orleans. Before attaining his majority he entered the service of the Louisville & X^ash- ville railroad — attached to the superintend ent's office in Ncav Orleans. He advanced rapidly, becoming an assistant engineer in 1889; but, a year later, he resigned to accept the post of division engineer on the Chesa peake & Ohio railroad. Thence he went to the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. He then joined the Illinois Central and in 1896 was made superintendent of the Louisville division, holding that place until 1901, when he be came chief engineer of the entire system and assistant general manager. After fifteen years continuous service, Mr. Harahan retired from the Illinois Central to accept the vice-presi dency of the Erie railroad. Improvement in rolling stock on American railroads, especially the substitution of steel for wood in the manufacture of passenger cars, is largely due to the energy and inventive genius of a fcAV young men. Among these must be mentioned Frederick Heber Eaton, president of the American Car & Foundry Co., which office he has held since 1902. Mr. 336 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Eaton is a Pennsylvanian by birth, having for his native town Berwick and the date of his birth April, 1863. He was educated at the public schools and has engaged in manu facturing ever since he was seventeen years of age. Mr. Eaton is a director of the Columbia Trust Company, Seaboard National Bank, Mutual Life Insurance Company, Inter-Ocean Steel Company, the Hoyt & Weedin Manu facturing Company, and several other corpora tions and railroads. He belongs to the Cham ber of Commerce and the Union League, Metropolitan, Ardsley and N. Y. Athletic clubs of this city. He was chosen a McKinley elector for the State of Pennsylvania in 1896. He has a city residence and a country place, "Hfllcrest," in Berwick. Mr. Eaton is a lover of books and a member of several his torical societies. He comes of Revolutionary ancestry and is naturally proud of the fact. Thomas F. Oakes, now living in New York City, is one of the real "Buflders of the West." He was associated with some of the great en terprises of that part of the country and carried out his part AA'ith credit and distinction. Born in Massachusetts, about sixty-seven or sixty-eight years ago, AA'here he Avas edu cated at the public schools, young Oakes turned early to the West and got into the battle of life by becoming associated with rafl road contractors on the old Kansas Pacific in '63. Ten years later aac find him as pur chasing agent of the road and he advanced rapidly until ten years later he was made gen eral superintendent. He was afterAvard con nected with the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf R. R., and the Kansas City, Lawrence and Southern R. R. in the same capacity as general superintendent, Avhich positions occu pied his time until 1880 Avhen he became Vice- President and General Manager of Oregon Raihvay and Navigation Company, Avith head quarters in the city of Portland, Ore. The Northern Pacific Avas the next road to command Mr. Oakes' services. He was suc cessively Vice-President, General Manager, President and Receiver of this great system during the years of 1881-1896. ^Ir. Oakes uoav makes his home at the Plaza Hotel, NeAV York City, but enjoys most at present the pleasures of a well-appointed farm at Concord, Mass., within call of his boyhood home. Prominent among the men who have fig ured in the commercial development of New York City during the last quarter of a century is William H. Woolverton, president of the National Railway Publication Company, pub lishers of the Official Railway Guide. Mr. Woolverton was born in the State of Indiana, but was taken, when very young, to Pennsylvania, the family locating in the town of Alexandria. His preliminary education was secured in the country schools near his home, but it was not until he had started on his business career that he found the oppor tunity of broadening his mind and educating himself in the branches necessary for his battle with the world. When a boy he studied telegraphy, working side by side with Andrew Carnegie, Thomas M. Carnegie, Thomas T. Eckert and David H. Bates, and the companionship of those early days developed into friendships that were life-long in duration. At this period Mr. Woolverton was an employee of the Penn sylvania Railroad Company, and in this ca pacity he AA'as transferred to Philadelphia, where he remained for several years, filling many responsible positions. It was forty-four years ago in the Quaker City that the Official Railway Guide Avas started. Mr. Woolverton and several other railroad men were the organizers of the pub lishing company. Many difficulties were en countered and it was not until the publication had been removed to New York City that success was assured and the Guide came to be recognized as indispensable to the traveling public and of inestimable value to railway officials. Mr. Woolverton has been for years the president of the company, succeeding Henry W. GAvinner, the first president, who retired tAventy-seven years ago. Upon enter ing the business world of Ncav York City, Mr. Woolverton at once became interested in many corporations and Avas one of the organ izers of the Bell Telephone Company, now the Ncav York Telephone Company, of which he is stfll a director. In 1878 seven men under took the installation of that service. The THE BOOK of NEW YORK 337 telephone was then almost unknown and the venture did not look flattering at that time, but the organizers were men Avho could see a long distance ahead and they persisted in the work, in spite of all obstacles, and to-day the company's triumphant success testifies to their keen judgment and indomitable will. Of the men who brought this important work to perfection but two remain, Mr. Woolverton WILLIAM H. WOOLVERTON and Theodore Newton Vafl, now president of the company. In addition to being presi dent of the National Railway Publication Company, Mr. Woolverton is at the head of the Ncav York Transfer Company, which operates Dodd's Express, and he fills a similar position Avith the Gamewell Fire Alarm Tele graph Company. This company's service is used in residences, stores, industrial estab lishments and by municipalities in over 1,500 cities in the United States and Canada, and has also been installed in South America, South Africa, Great Britain, Germany, Manila and the SandAA'ich Islands. It had its incep tion in the electric fire-alarm signal Avhich John N. Gamewell installed in Boston in 1851. During the Civil War, the business made little progress and it Avas not until Mr. Woolverton became interested in the com pany that it started on its successful career. During- all these years the GamcAvell Com pany has not failed to recognize and secure every possible improvement so that to-day its service is as near perfection as is possible to make an electrical system. In this Avork, Mr. Woolverton's ability and foresight are shoAvn. He took hold of the Gamewell Company Avhen it Avas in its in- cipiency and non-productive; and recognizing its vast possibilities turned it into a fire-pre venting, fire-loss decreasing and life-saving- in stitution. A fraction of time often saves heavy loss and many lives Avhen a big conflagration threatens. This the Gamewell system does. Mr. Woolverton is also president of the Alexandria, Pa., Water Company, American Raihvay Supply Company, GameAvell Auxil iary Fire Alarm Company. He is vice-presi dent of the Manhattan Fire Alarm Company and the Police Telephone and Signal Com pany, treasurer of the Iron Steamboat Com pany of Ncav Jersey, treasurer of the X^cw Jersey Navigation Company and a director in the American Railway Guide Company, the Cumberland Telephone and Telegraph Com pany, Holmes Electric Protective Company, Ncav York Telephone Company and the Union Transfer Company of Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. Woolverton is a Republican in national politics, but in state and municipal affairs he is ahvays found on the side of the best man, regardless of party affiliations. fle is a member of the Union League, the Ncav York Athletic, the Railroad and Lotos clubs. The United States has in notable cases sup plied the genius of initiative to tAvo important South American countries. I have already spoken of Theodore N. Vail's achievements at Buenos Ayres, Argentina; but a more re cent champion of the destinies of the adjacent 338 THE BOOK of NEW YORK republic of Brazil has arisen in the person of Percival Farquhar, Avho may be accurately described as "the E. H. Harriman of South America." He is doing for Brazil quite as much as Cecil J. Rhodes did for South Africa, although he is a republic developer, rather than an empire builder! Being born, dyed- in-the-Avool lover of democracy, he has no liking for imperialism. ]Mr. Farquhar's career is a fascinating one. He comes of Maryland stock, but Avas born at York, Pa., October, 1864. Little more than a year previously, Lee's army had sAA'cpt through that part of Pennsylvania, until checked at Gettysburg. Arthur B. Farquhar, father of the future finan cier, Avas a manufacturer of agricultural ma chinery in York — a business that has groAvn into the Pennsylvania Agricultural Works, of Avhich A. B. Farquhar is chief. In its office, young Percival received his commercial train ing. He had passed through Yale Univer sity, taking highest honors of his class, 1884. In addition to the Arts course, he specialized in engineering, and folloAved his stay at Yale by a tAVO years' attendance at Columbia LaAv School, in this city. Thus equipped, Percival Farquhar came to Ncav York to grapple the problem of success ! A fondness for economics had been inherited from his father, not only a student of political economy but a Avriter on the subject. It Avas quite impossible, therefore, for the young man to keep out of politics. He joined the Demo cratic organization of his Assembly District and took an active part in its deliberations. He had not contemplated seeking office, but Avas nominated for the Assembly and elected. MeanAvhile, he had been studying the pros pects of raihvay development in Brazil. After making an extended visit to the region south- Avest and northAA'cst of Rio de Janeiro, Mr, Farquhar Avent to Europe and laid before London and Paris bankers, various proposi tions for financing a vast international raihA'ay system for South America. In a short time, Mr. Farquhar organized the Brazil Raihvay Company, Avhich to-day oavus, or controls by lease, 3,101 miles of road in operation, and has under construction 1,818 additional miles. His ambition Avas to combine under one sys tem the lines of steel road serving the southern part of the State of Sao Paulo and the States of Parana, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sui, from the Atlantic coast to their west ern borders. When the extensions under con struction are finished, the so-called "Farquhar system" Avill extend from Sao Paulo — ^the cap ital of the state of similar name, having a population of 1,500,000 and the important port of Santos, from AA'hich it is distant about 40 miles — to the frontiers of Uruguay and Paraguay. Its OAvn lines and connections Avill open up the vast and now inaccessible State of Matto Grosso as far as the Bolivian border. It is Avell-nigh impossible for me, in an article of this length, to give a reader an accurate conception of the magnitude of the Avork that Percival Farquhar has accomplished and that he contemplates achieving in the im mediate future. Several hundred millions of American and European money are enlisted in the development of the heretofore inacces sible resources of the largest country of the South American continent! The Amazon route has been fairly Avell explored; the shores of that mighty river are generally marshy and its fevers are deadly. Mr. Farquhar, on the other hand, has chosen to exploit one of the most healthy, salubrious districts on earth. It is a storehouse of arboreal, mineral and agricultural Avealth. Santos, the port of Sao Paulo, is a city of 20,000 inhabitants and ranks second only to Rio as a coffee-shipping port. Sao Paulo is a fine, largely modern city of 80,000 people, Avithin half a day's journey of Rio de Janeiro by the Central Brazil Raihvay — a distance of about 230 miles. Percival Farquhar, as President of the Brazil Raihvay Company, has under his im mediate control the following lines: Soroca- bana Raihvay, in the State of Sao Paulo, 813 miles in operation and 268 miles under con struction; the Sao Paulo-Rio Grande Rail way, traversing Parana and Santa Catharina already for 610 miles, with 1,550 miles under construction; the Parana Raflway, all in the State of that name, operating 258 miles; the Thereza Christina Railway, 72 miles; the Cie. Auxiliaire de Chemins de Fer au Brazfl, operating 1,348 miles. The Brazil Railway Company possesses large holdings in and im portant traffic arrangements Avith the Mog- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 339 yana Railway, 926 miles, and the Paulista line of 715 miles, a total length of 1,641 mfles. Three other lines, with a mileage of 1,468, cooperate Avith the Brazil Company. The vast region reached by the Brazil rail ways is an area of table-lands, called chapadoes, having elevations of 1,000 to 3,000 feet, and is in every respect the best part of Brazil. The climate is temperate, it contains the most fertile lands in the republic, its forests are of the finest commercial woods and its rainfall is regular. Already a large lumber company has been organized and millions of feet of mahoganies and other fine Avoods are coming to this and foreign markets from the mills. This is only a small part of Avhat might be written about the Farquhar activities. The man himself is President and Director of the Brazil Raihvay Co., Bahia TramAvay, Light & PoAver Co., Madeira-Mamore Raihvay Co., Port of Para, Para Construction Co., Brazil Land, Cattle & Packing- Co. and Southern Brazil Lumber Co., and First Vice-President of the Sorocabana Raihvay Co. Evidently, Percival Farquhar believes this to be an age of men of affairs! His clubs in Ncav York are the Metropolitan, Lawyers' and National Democratic, and Metropolitan of Washington. ElscAvhere I have briefly sketched the de velopment of the telegraph system of the United States. Like every other line of busi- ness, it has been greatly improved by competi tion, the public has been better served and this very rivalry has de veloped one of the Avon derful stories of modern invention. One of the men avIio has contrib uted a large part to the marvelous growth of telegraphy in this coun try is Charles C. Adams, second vice- president of the Postal Telegraph Company. Through the energy and indefatigable application of such men as he is, the art of telegraphy has become in the last half century a national utility of first im- CHARLES C. ADAMS portance. Mr. Adams Avas born at Freeport, Pa., August, 1858, acquired his early educa tion in the Pittsburg public schools and took a brief course at the Sharpesburg Academy. He promptly became an operator for the West ern Union Company. Next I find him as Associated Press telegraphist at Fort Wayne. When the Mutual Union Company Avas or ganized, he Avas selected as the manager of its Pittsburg office, but after its merger Avith the Western Union he entered newspaper service in Pittsburg- and soon returned to Ncav York. He joined the Postal Telegraph Company in 1884 as manager at Philadelphia. Thence his rise has been steadily upAvard. He came to New York, 1904, to become a vice-president of the Postal Company. His clubs are the Lotos and the National Geographic Society. He is a director in about thirty subordinate companies of the Postal. One of the prominent shipping merchants of this city aaIio has devoted an active career to correcting abuses in commercial trans actions is E d AV ard Ward Vanderbilt. One of his brilliant successes Avas securing the abrogation of the tonnage American EDWARD W. VANDERBILT tax against vessels that Spain had been levy ing for more than a generation. VI r . Vanderbilt was born near the Battery. As soon as the Civil War closed, he formed a firm for sending packet ships to Georgetown, Charleston, Savannah and Jacksonville; next he enlarged his con nections and sent packets to Corpus Christi, Texas. Acquiring an interest in Bently, Mil ler & Co. and other firms until 1879, he formed the house of Vanderbilt & Hopkins and took contracts for supplying lumber for railroads. He then took over the entire business and launched the house of E. W. Vanderbilt, which is still thriving. Mr. Vanderbilt is a veteran of the Civil War and independent in politics He is especially proud of having destroyed the 340 THE BOOK of NEW YORK "sailors' laAA'yers" — a gang of shysters that shipped men for the purpose of prosecuting captains of sailing vessels on the charge of abuse Avhile at sea. Such charges, he found, Avere chiefly made to extort money and Avere groundless. Among- the self-made men who have place in this volume none is more Avorthy of men tion than John Nemeth, born in Garadna, Hungary, Nov., 1861. After securing the ad vantages of excellent schools of his native land, he came to this country in 1887 and opened a general sup ply store at Hazelton, Pa. He was induced to go to that locality be cause so many of his felloAv countrymen Avere there employed as min ers. His business de veloped into that of foreign money ex change and the sale of steamship tickets. In 1901 Mr. Nemeth transferred his business to this city, AA'here he is agent for all trans-Atlantic steamship lines. Recently he introduced a successful cable system of transmitting money to Hun gary at the reduced cost of 50 cents for each transfer, sending any sum to any place. He has handled in this Avay several hundred thou sand dollars Avithout mishap. He is a Demo crat. Vir. X'^emeth is naturally proud of the fact that he arrived in this country at 19, absolutely friendless, Avithout a knoAvledge JOHN NEMETH of the English language, with small capital, and has attained a position of affluence and of public esteem. The coal business occupies so large a place in the domestic economy of every household that all of us are nterested in the identities of the men Avho super intend the extraction of "black diamonds" from the earth and regulate their shipment to mar ket. Prominent among these is Richard Theo dore Davies, general coal agent of the Le high Coal & Naviga tion Company, one of the largest producers of anthracite. Mr. Davies was born at Buffalo, N. Y., October, 1850— being a direct descend ant, in the sixth genera tion, from Sir Francis Pemberton, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (1680), Avho pre sided at the trial of Lord Russell for the "Rye House Plot." He was educated in the public schools. For 31 years he has represented the oldest anthracite coal mining company in the United States in this city and uoav has charge of the sales department, AA'ith offices here and in Philadelphia. He is a trustee of the Dry Dock Savings Institution; treasurer and secretary of the Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen; first vice-president of the Empire State Society, S. A. R., and treasurer of its Pennsylvania Society; a life member of the New England Society. His clubs are the Union League, Railroad and Meridian. RICHARD T. DAVIS THE BOOK of NEW YORK 341 CHAPTER XXVI DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW YORK PLAYHOUSE ARLY in this volume, I have mentioned the scarcity of high- class theatres in 1870, Avhen I first began to study the amuse ment question. Wallack's and Booth's exhausted the list — al though Samuel N. Pike had started out to create a rival to the Academy of Music in Italian opera. Pike Avas the Hammerstein of his day. Niblo's Avas given over to the spectacular — presenting "The Black Crook" and Lydia Thompson's blonde maidens — the Olympic soon became the home of pantomime, Avith George L. Fox as "Humpty Dumpty." The old Academy was wholly devoted to grand opera and the great balls of the winter — especially the annual French ball, one of Avhich, of a later vintage and at the Madison Square Garden, is described herein. The Theatre Comique was a variety show — AA'ould have been described as "vaudeville" in these days. The Grand Opera House deserves more than mere mention. The building had been erected by S. N. Pike of Cincinnati, — before or soon after his oavu house in that city had been destroyed by fire — and was opened, in January, 1868, as a rival home of Italian opera. It cost about $1,000,000, which Avas an eye- opener for metropolitan managers. They AA'ere amazed that a man from the West should lavish so much money on an amusement palace. It Avas built to seat 2,000 people, but during the furore that Avelcomed Tostee and Irma, it often held more than 3,000. Jay Gould and James Fisk, Jr., got posses sion of the property, with the money of the Erie raflway, in 1869, and changed its name from Pike's to the Grand. A few Shakes peare plays were produced. Then folloAA'ed the remarkable seasons of French opera, one after another, that did more to make this city cosmopolitan than anything theatrical . Opera Bouffe, Avith Carlo Patti as musical director. ruled for several years. The first woman of this stellar Avorld I recall is Montaland. The year 1871 brought to us the adorable Marie Aimee, as "Boulotte" in "Barbe Bleue." Her great hit Avas made in "La Perichole," quite new here, and one of the best bits of comedy acting ever seen on the American lyric stage Avas Aimee's rendering of the drinking song in that operetta. There Avere other clever French Avomen, but I don't care to re member them. Aimee died of cancer in Paris, October 2, 1887, and Avas buried from her little home at Nogent sur Marne. I Avas in Paris. Many sad memories stirred my breast as Albert Wolff, C. I. Barnard and I, as the only mourners, folloAved Aimee's body to the grave along a muddy road. Ah, yes; there was another mourner — a small girl of about 12 years, Avho AA'as in dire distress but whose relation to the dead prima donna avc did not knoAv. The first time I saAv Lester Wallack AA'as in May, 1871, Avhen he played "Eliott Gray" and John Gilbert "Miles McKenna" in "Rosedale." I AA'itnessed "The Long Strike," with Effie Germon and J. H. Stod- dart in the cast. In the fall of that year, I saAv Charles Fetcher for the only time in "The Lady of Lyons," Avith Lizzie Price as "Paul ine." Charles MatthcAvs came over not long after and I never shall forget him in "The Critic," and "London Assurance." Although I afterAvards saAV him in London in half a dozen roles he did not seem so clever over there; he appeared to repress himself for English audiences. The same thing- Avas noticeable in John E. Clarke. I cannot forget Ada Dyas, in "The Romance of a Poor Young Man," Avith H. J. Montague in the leading part. Then followed the Avonderful "Shaugh- raun," Avith its all-star cast; Montague, Jef freys Lewis, J. B. Polk, John Gilbert, Harry Beckett, W. J. Leonard, E. M. Holland, Ada 342 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Dyas, Mme. Ponisi and Dion Boucicault, author of the play, as "Conn." Steele Mac- kaye made his first appearance at Wallack's on January 22. 1877, in "All For Her.'' The subsequent contributions of this man's Avork on the X^ew York stage Avere marvelous — greater than any others except Augustin Daly and David Belasco. Lester Wallack I saAV up to that never-to-be-forgotten benefit night at the Metropolitan Opera House (May 25, 1888), Avhen he received the most triumphant tribute ever given to an American actor. He appeared before the curtain, in evening dress, and spoke a fcAV Avords of thanks. The play Avas "Hamlet,"" Avith Booth in the title role, Joseph Jeft'erson as "First Grave Digger" and W. J. Florence as his mate. LaAvrence Barrett Avas "Ghost," Modjeska AA'as the "Ophelia"; the "Horatio" of John A. Lane Avas excellent. Equally interesting Avas the Avonderful audience of nearly 4,000 people. I sat in the front roAv, betAveen Gen. Sickles and John Russell Young. Recorder Smyth and General Sherman Avere a fcAV rows behind us. So Avas Joseph HoAvard, Jr. Walter Damrosch had the Symphony Society of Xcav York about him as orchestra. The picture presented during the court scene, Avhen not only principals but all auxiliaries Avere grouped upon the stage left a mental vision that cannot be effaced by time. The management Avas solely in the hands of A. M. Palmer and the net receipts Avere $21,600. In writing- of the occasion in next day's Graphic, Joseph Howard, Jr., said: "Xext to John Russell Young sat a pale, blue-eyed, nervous-manneied, young man. I thought as he walked quietly to his seat how many toadies, flatterers, social flapdoodles there were on both sides of him, as he passed along the aisle, who AVould have made haste to do him honor had they known AA'ho and what he is. Julius Chambers, Managing Editor of the Xcav York Herald, is nobody's fool. He is thirty-scA'cn years of age, as genuine in heart as he is square in look. He is not a time server. He is faithful to his trust; he takes orders from his chief as soldiers take them. A man without malice, without jealousy, Avithout envy, Avithout self conceit — a model managing editor." I hope to be pardoned for using this brief paragraph, because Mr. Howard's opinion was not the universal one, by a long way. A certain number of enemies had to be made, Avere made and venomous tongues loosed. My next vivid recollection of Wallack's is Steele Mackaye's "Won at Last," in 1878, proving that players can Avrite plays. Charles F. Coghlan came to the surface about this time. In the year folloAving appeared Ada Cavendish and Henry Lee. About that time, I first recall Maurice Barrymore, -already Avell knoAvn in Philadelphia. The first time I saw Boucicault and Wallack together on the stage Avas at a matinee, March 17, 1880, for the Hercdd's Irish Famine Fund. George Con quest, Avhom I had knoAvn in London and often met at the Junior Garrick club, came over for a Summer season in "extravaganza"; he Avas to have played five parts. On the first night. Conquest fell and broke a leg and the Avhole business Avent to smash. He Avas not nearly so clever an acrobat as Francis Wilson of a later period. The next ucav blood at Wal lack's I recafl Avas Osmond Tearle in 1881. Wallack retired in July of that year. That Avas the end of the real Wallack's Theatre. After tAVO years as a German playhouse it Avas re-christened the Star and Boucicault, Barton Hill and LaAvrence Barrett appeared. Here Henry Irving made his American debut, October 29, 1883, in "The Bells." I had seen Irving in London in everything he did up to that time. The theatre on BroadAvay, near Thirtieth Street, honored with Wallack's name is chiefly sacred to Adelaide Ristori, Mr. and Mrs. Florence, Robson and Crane, and Mary Anderson — AA'ho appeared as "Galatea" in a curtain raiser to "As You Like It," Avith Forbes Robertson as "Pygmalion." About this time the Polish marvel, Modjeska, flashed upon this theatrical sky. Then Robert B. Mantell and Fanny Davenport in "Fedora." Wilson Barrett, an English actor of great promise, but of unsatisfactory performance, dropped in. Booth Avas heard a Aveek later. Irving came again in 1888, and a year after, on the same stage, (!) Lydia Thompson. A playhouse with a brief but brilliant his tory was the Park, on BroadAvay, near Twenty- second Street. William Stuart was manager THE BOOK of NEW YORK 343 with Charles Fechter, the marvelous, as stage manager. It opened April, 1874, in a French adaptation; in September, John T. Raymond began his run of 119 performances in "The Gilded Age." I remember the Florences in "The Mighty Dollar." A sad recollection is the appearance of Ex-Mayor A. Oakey Hall in his OAVU play, "The Crucible." Booth's theatre had been opened before my coming to this city (February 3, 1869, I think) wit-h "Romeo" by Booth and Mary McVicker as "Juliet." The greatest event I witnessed at Booth's Avas Charlotte Cushman's farcAvell, in the fall of 1874, Avhen she played "Lady Macbeth," with George Vandenhoft' in the title part. She made a pretty but very sad speech before the curtain — there Avas not a dry eye in the audience. Booth I saAv in nearly every one of his Shakespearian roles. After Booth gave up the playhouse, it Avas successively managed by Maurice Grau and Henry E. Abbey, each equally unsuccessful. There it Avas I first beheld the radiant Adelaide Nielson in "As You Like It." The building was sold at auction in February, 1883. The Union Square theatre was a monument to Sheridan Shook. It opened September 11, 1871, and to this hour it is sacred to the mem ories of Agnes Ethel, D. H. Harkens, Mark Smith, F. F. Mackay, Clara Jennings, Maud Granger, Kate Claxton, Charles R. Thorne, Jr., Stuart Robson, Marie Wflkins, Clara Morris, Rose Eytinge, Fanny Morant (of Waflack days), C. F. Coghlan, Agnes Booth, the lovely Sara Jewett — of "Wyndecott," Pigeon Cove, Mass., Avhere I once visited her — Linda Dietz, Fanny Davenport, Zelda Seguin, Charles Fisher and Louis Aldrich. Later, we had Eugenie Legrand, then the Avife of Kyrle Bellew (afterwards to become so popu lar here as a leading man, but then unknoAvn) , E. F. Thorne, Charles Wyndham, Annie Pixley, Nelson Wheatcroft, Tyrone Power, W. H. Crane, Agnes Huntington and a score of other people who earned fame. Augustin Daly's career as manager began December 3, 1873, Avhen he opened the New Fifth Avenue Theatre, at Broadway and Twenty-eighth Street. He gathered one of the strongest companies ever seen in America. Apparently, he took the best from the other managers. He had been dramatic critic on the Times and every ncAvspaper man took pride in his project. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Avrote an opening address that Fanny Morant delivered admirably. Daly's first play, "For tune," Avas a faflure; then folloAA'ed a series of adaptations until Bronson HoAvard appeared in September, 1875, AA'ith "Saratoga," — a play at Avhich HoAvard had been Avorking Avhen I first kneAv him on the Tribune — and estab lished the house on a paying- basis. "Dia monds " and other plays by HoAvard folloAA'ed. I AA'itnessed the first presentation of "John Moorcroft," a failure, because the prejudices of the people of the X^orth against slavery Avere still rife. After Daly moved to the Wood Museum building at Thirtieth Street, his career as manager Avas a grand triumph. Many immortal names belonging to the Ncav York stage are on the Daly roll. I Avould have to repeat nearly the entire Wallack and Union Square list. In addition should be added George Clarke, Louis James and James LcAvis — Avho, Avith Mrs. G. H. Gilbert, made the best old couple ever seen on any stage — Charles Fisher, W. Davidge, George Parkes, Nellie Mortimer, Ada Rehan, Nina Varian and Minnie CouAvay. The Lyceum theatre, Avhich Avas to estab lish the reputation of Daniel Frohman as a manager. oAved its inception to the versatile Steele Mackaye. With the exception of the Belasco theatres that have succeeded it, the Lyceum Avas the expiring breath of the stock company playhouse. In saying this, I am not overlooking the Ncav Theatre episode of 1910-'ll Avhich lasted for exactly one season. The Lyceum Avas opened April 6, 1885, by Mackaye with his oavu play, "Dakolar." In September, Daniel Frohman took the lease and produced Mackaye's verson of Gardon's "Andrea," with Minnie Madden, Eben Plym- ton, Richard Mansfield and Selina Dolaro in the leading parts. Helen Dauvray got Bron son Howard to Avrite a play for her, took a lease of the house and the play, "One of Our Girls" had a 200-nig-ht run. With that fine record of success. Miss Dauvray retired from management. 344 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Daniel Frohman took hold for good Avhen the regular season of 1886 began. Success attended him until January, 1887, Avhen Bronson HoAAard's "Met by Chance" AAas elaborately produced, but proved a dismal failure. Miss Dauvray returned to the stage and scored success after success. E. H. Sothern, Enid Leslie, Ellie Wilton, Alexander Salvini, Ida Vernon, W. A. Faversham, Henry Miller and Herbert Kelcey Avere among the ncAV or revived names. Here, at the end of October, 1887, aac hear of David Belasco and Henry C. De Mille collaborating- in a play called "The Wife." In the Winter of that year, the Lyceum stock company took per manent form. "The Wife" ran 239 perform ances. Belasco and De Mille reappeared as joint authors of " Lord Chumley." It ran about tAVO and one-half months. After fair success for tAVO seasons, the house was opened for the season of 1889-'90 Avith another Belasco and De Mflle play, "The Charity Ball." In the cast AA'ere most of the old favorites, but the run of the play is famed for the appearance at that theatre of Henrietta Crossman. "The Charity Ball" had 200 representations. The season of 1891-'92 opened Avith a play by Henry Arthur Jones, "The Dancing- Girl," Avith E. H. Sothern at the head of the list and Virginia Harned in a soubrette part. Mar guerite Merrington's first attempt at play- AA'riting, "Lettarblair," AAas produced in the fall of 1891, at a special authors' matinee. Georgia Cayvan, Bessie Tyree and Effie Shannon came into the Lyceum fold about this time. A constant succession of ucav plays appeared. Paul Potter's "Sheridan" AA'as de lightful — done September, 1893. Revivals of former successes and ucav plays Avere the feature of this house. Isabel Irving Avas next UCAV blood. Sothern, Kelcey, Le Moyne, Isabel Irving, Elizabeth Tyree, Elita Proctor Otis, ^Irs. Thos. Whift'en, Virginia Harned and all other favorites Avere constantly seen. A new leading- man appeared in 1899; Charles I. Richman. Clara Bloodgood and Robert Edeson Avere recruited about this same time. The fate of the building had been decreed by a life insurance company that Avanted the entire block and the end came in March, 1902. The ncAV Lyceum in West Forty-fifth Street is everything a theatre ought to be. Its career is so recent and so brilliant that no AA'ords are needed from me. The memories of the old Lyceum are still lustrous. Charles Frohman, like his brother Daniel, began his career in a daily ncAA'spaper office in Ncav York. It AAas an afternoon journal, the Graphic; therefore he sold tickets at Hooley's theatre, Brooklyn, at night. I first kncAv him Avith "Jack" flaverly's "Mastodon Minstrels," and have ahvays believed him to be the inventor of the phrase "Count them!" AA'hich became popular byAvords. When the Haverly band marched upon the stage, each person in the audience read this legend, painted upon the bass drum: "Fifty per formers! Count them!" Everybody did as ordered and found the troup to exceed sixty! It Avas easy to get ten or more men in plain clothes to appear for the price of an admission. Charles Frohman took Haverly's Ministrels to Europe, Avhere they outdrcAV Moore & Burgess in London. Success came thick and fast, after that. In 1890 the Charles Frohman stock company AA'as organized; but the so- called trust Avas soon after formed, giving to its manager a string- of playhouses across the Continent. In association Avith Al. Hayman, Charles Frohman manages ten theatres in this city and, individually, Iavo in London. The rise of David Belasco to eminence as a manager Avas achieved by determined effort. He Avas schooled in the College of Hard Knocks, so far as the dramatic profession is concerned. He made several successes in playwriting, as avc have seen. I first met the handsome young man about 1887, at one of Mrs. Frank Leslie's receptions. That Avas before his hair had acquired its present snowy Avhiteness. It Avas during that long period between "Lord Chumley" and the brflliant series of plays that in 1895 signalized his advent as a manager — beginning Avith "The Heart of Maryland" and by no means ending Avith "The Giri of the Golden West." It is a spare season in Avhich one or tAVo Belasco plays are not produced, generally Avith large financial success. The afterAvards famous Madison Square theatre was originally opened by Heller, the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 345 DAA'ID BELASCO magician, but in 1879, Steele Mackaye, Avith the backing of Mr. Mallory, built "the first and only double stage in the Avorld" — a record unbroken to date — and opened under the above name. The importance of the event is due to the rise of the actor to management. Here, later, Avas the home of Charles Hoyt's farce-comedies. But Mackaye Avas not idle while his ucav theatre Avas getting ready. "The Iron Wfll" Avas produced at the South Broad Street theatre in Philadelphia, Novem ber 4, 1879, and I AA'as present. An old miller, with an adamantine heart, Avas played by C. W. Couldock; his sole object in life Avas to prevent his daughter. Hazel, from marrying the man of her choice. Dainty Effie Ellsler was the much-thwarted maiden; human in terest was expected to centre in the cruel parent. One representation Avas sufficient to shoAV that the girl was the feature of the play. At a luncheon to Avhich Mackaye invited me next day, I made that point and insisted that the name side-tracked the audience. When the melodrama AAas brought to this city, its name was "Hazel Kirke," and it ran here for 200 performances. Daniel Frohman, who had been attached to the Tribune Avhen I was there, was business manager for Mackaye. I shall not attempt to recall all the plays and players of that snug little house. I remember, years later, taking Paul Bourget of the French Academy there to see "a characteristic Amer ican drama" — "The Ncav South." Memory recalls Herbert Kelcey, Georgia Cayvan, Mas ter Tommy Russell, Maud Harrison, Annie Russell, Richard Mansfield and Eben Plym- ton. As I was leaving the first performance of "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" — a horribly realistic study by Mansfield — I met a physician in the lobby and asked for a prescription to counteract the eft'ect of the experience through which every member of the audience had gone. He gave it to me and I printed it {Herald, June 4, 1888) over Mr. Minton's criticism. At this house appeared Emily Rigl, Dorothy Dorr — who afterwards married my devoted friend, Harry J. W. Dam — and Henry Miller. Charles Hoyt's advent occurred September 1,8, 1893, in "A Temperance Town," then "A Texas Steer." Hoyt and McKee leased the house in January, 1894. My relations Avith Hoyt Avere of the Avarmest kind. I Avent to Charleston, Vt., to see him in his last illness. Frank McKee Avas his devoted friend to the last, although evil tongues tried to separate the tAVO comrades. Ohio has been called the mother of presi dents, but it is a remarkable fact that the old "Buckeye State" has groAvn many of the successful theatrical and operatic managers of this country. Among the former is George Crouse Tyler, especial ly prominent at this time because of his real istic presentation of "The Garden of Al lah," the great dramatic feature of the season of 1911-'12. Mr. Tyler Avas born at Circleville, Aprfl, 1867, and stud ied at public and pri vate schools at Chilli- cothe. Like many other men Avho have attained success in other lines of endeavor, young Tyler learned to set type and then trekked to X^cav York to become GEORGE C. TYLER 346 THE BOOK of NEW YORK a reporter on a daily ncAvspaper. Thence he secured employment on the X^. Y. Mirror, and soon found his place as a theatrical man ager. First, he undertook advance Avork for James O'Neill, subsequently acting for several large dramatic organizations in the same capacity. He had sliOAvn so much acumen as an organizer and manager that in 1897 he readily formed the firm of Liebler & Co. — composed of Theodore A. Liebler and George C. Tyler — to present Charles Coghlan in his own adaptation of "The Royal Box," AA'hich achieved great success. Mr. Tyler's first preeminent success came Avhen he made a five years' contract Avith Viola Allen to exploit her as a star under Liebler & Co., in Hall Caine's "The Christian," AA'hich proved the greatest money-maker of the decade — about $1,000,000 in net profits accruing from this contract. Since that time the firm of Liebler & Co. has been on "easy street" and has scored an almost unbroken series of dramatic successes. Among the uoav famous stars Avhich Mr. Tyler has been instrumental in managing- or exploiting- may be named Eleanor Robson, Ada Rehan, James A. Heme, Otis Skinner, Viola Allen, James O'Neill, Wilton Lackaye, Blanche Bates. Elsie Janis, William Faversham, Gertrude Elliott, ^lay IrAvin, Mary Mannering, William Hodge, George Arliss, H. B. Warner, Dorothy Donnelly, Arnold Daly, Albert Chevalier, Walker White side, Nat. C. GoodAA'in, Olga Nethersole, Dustin Farnum, Chrystal Heme, Mabel Hite, Annie Russell, Margaret Anglin, Sarah Coaa'cH LeMoyne, EdAvard Harrigan, and others. In addition, Liebler & Co. have brought to this country for American tour or long-while con tract some of the foremost dramatic artists of Europe, including- Mrs. Patrick Campbell, Elenora Duse, Madam Gabrielle Rejane, Vesta Tilley, EdAvard Terry, Ellis Jeffreys, Kyrle Bellew, and more recently LcAvis Waller, Avho sustains the leading role in "The Garden of Allah," and Madame Simone, the great Parisian artiste Avho has been playing in Ncav York and Boston in repertoire the past season. The art of dramatic composition takes second place only to that of epic Avriting in the entire domain of literature meaning CHARLES KLEIN Until recently, little more than a generation, America has had to de pend upon Europe for its plays and most of its novels. In the case of Charles Klein, born in London, 1867, the order Avas re versed, the dramatist himself Avas imported. He Avas educated at North London College and came to Ncav York about the time of his majority. Here, he soon formed the ac quaintance of Charles Frohman and for many years served as his censor of plays. From his earliest boyhood, Mr. Klein had been asso ciated Avith the stage, although there is no record that he ever appeared as an actor. He began to compose playlets before he Avas out of his teens and his first full-fledged drama, "A Mile a Minute," Avas produced on the stage when he Avas twenty-three years of age. That marked him as a prodigy. Full tAventy other plays have followed in rapid succession. There never was more than an interval of Iavo years betAA'een them : three of his productions have been on the Ncav York boards at one time. To give a list of his plays would be like naming the separate volumes of the "Comedie H[umaine," and would give little idea of their many merits or of the transcend ent success some of them achieved. Without pretending to utter a dictum as to the relative merits of Klein plays, I should say that "The Auctioneer," 1901,' in which David Warfield made his first hit, really signalized the deserved recognition of Charles Klein. Three years later, Avith the same actor in the chief role, "The Music Master" literally took Ncav York by storm. Then folloAved "The Lion and the Mouse," "The Daughters of Men," "The Stepchfld," "The Third Degree," and the "Next of Kin." Mr. Klein is a prominent member of the Lambs and American Drama tists' clubs. He is devoted to a country life and dwells on his Sabine farm at Rowayton, Conn. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 347 HARRISON GREY FISKE Journalism has been the entering gate for many successful American theatrical managers and playwrights. Harrison Grey Fiske, de scended from Revolu tionary stock, was born at Harrison, Westchest er County, July, 1861. After attending Dr. C h a p i n's Collegiate School he traveled in Europe and returned home to enter the Uni versity of the City of Ncav York. His tastes were literary, and after graduation he became dramatic critic on The Argus of Jersey City. Later he held a similar place on the New York Star. Securing stock in The Dramatic Mirror in 1879, he became its sole OAvner in 1888. Fiske has been a staunch encourager of the American drama and has striven for patriotism in dramatic art. The distinguished American actress, Minnie Maddern, became his Avife in 1890. Mr. Fiske entered the field of man agement, starring Mrs. Fiske, in 1896. The Manhattan was leased in 1901 as the home theatre for Mrs. Fiske, and remained so for five years. During that period. Bertha Kalich, the Polish actress, Avas made known to the American public. Mr. Fiske is a producing manager, personally directing rehearsals and supervising- all details of the productions he presents. His more notable successes have included "Tess of the D'Urbervilles," "Becky Sharp," "Mary of Magdala," "Miranda of the Balcony," "The UuAvelcome Mrs. Hatch," "Divor9ons," "A Dofl's House," "Leah Kleschna," "Monna Vanna," "Hedda Gab- ler," "Rosmersholm," "The New York Idea," "Marta of the Lowlands," "Sappho and Phaon," "The Devfl," "Septimus," "Salva tion Nefl," "Hannele," and "Pfllars of So ciety." Mere mention of Oscar Hammerstein must suffice, although he has built so many theatres and music halls that he deserves extended eulogy. The Victoria, still open, was his fifth attempt, the Republic his sixth, since which time the splendid Manhattan Opera House has risen, Avhere Oscar introduced Mary Garden and operas of the modern French and Italian schools to Ncav Yorkers. When the Manhattan Avas sold, the sleepless impresario repeated his experiment in London. Victor Herbert occupies a commanding jjosi- tion in the musical Avorld, as musician, con ductor and composer of versatility. He has Avritten several charm ing light operas Avhich have met Avith unusual success and the Victor Herbert Orchestra, his OAvn organization, is UOAV an institution in New York. Born in Dublin, 1859, Mr. Her bert is a grandson of Samuel Lover, the nov elist. He Avas educated by private tutors and received a broad and careful musical training in Germany, specializ ing on the violoncello. He achieved high success as solo 'cellist AA'ith several famous orchestras in Germany. Com ing- to America, on tour, in 1886, he remained in this country as solo 'cellist at the Metropoli tan Opera and later appeared in that capacity Avith other leading orchestras. He later suc ceeded the famous conductor, Patrick Gilmore, at the head of the 22nd Regiment Band and Avas for some time conductor of the Pittsburg orchestra. His ucav grand opera, "Natsma," which is, so far, his most ambitious Avork, has received public approval. VICTOR HERBERT We Avho live in Ncav York hardly realize that there is no absolutely dull season here. In this respect, our city dift'ers from almost every other one in the Avorld. Washington, Avhen Congress is not in session, is like a col lege town when the students are aAvay. Lon don, during the Fall and Winter, is a deserted toAvn, — everybody is in the country. Only the stages and cabs give evidence of throbbing business activities at commercial centres of the metropolis. In New York, Broadway is 348 THE BOOK of NEW YORK as much a moving panorama in and out of season as are the Parisian boulevards. Its large shops are crowded Avith strangers dur ing the Avarmest August Aveather. Roof-gar dens are agloAV Avith light and noisy Avith con viviality. Country merchants are here to replenish their Winter stocks, — a type of man rarely accompanied by his Avife and Avho re turns home as a missionary, self-appointed, to injure the good name of this gay city. He is ahvays to be recognized by his apparel and his fondness for the "Tenderloin." The life he finds there is in such marked contrast to that of the Avestern village from Avhich he hails that its enjoyment overcomes his judg ment. At home, his maddest revel consists of an "ice-cream party" or a meeting of a mite society! Here, by comparison, he finds a continuous carnival at the giddy restaurants ; a dinner at one of the French table d'hotes along the Great White Way Avill furnish a memory picture to illumine his after years of dull and monotonous life. Ncav York's history is iuA'csted AA'ith much truthful and much apocryphal glamour. Washington Irving, an unconscious humorist, is chiefly to blame for the latter incidents, "The Conquest of Grenada" and "Diedrich Knickerbocker's History of Ncav York" Avere practical jokes of their author. Veritable figures exist in Wouter Von TAviller, the pio neer Dutch Governor, and Petrus Stuyvesant, "exile of ye BouAverie." Jacob Leisler AAas first American martyr to popular liberty. Cap tain Kidd, born an Englishman, hanged in London, came to Ncav York as protege of the Earl of Bellamonte. He lived on the north side of Wall Street, opposite the X'^ational City Bank. I never pass through "Golden Hfll " — that section betAveen William and Gold Streets — Avithout hearing, in imagination, the shouts of the "Liberty Boys" during their ebolution of spontaneous patriotism that brought about the first conflict Avith British troopers: that skirmish marks the earliest bloodshed of the RcA'olution and antedates the Boston mas sacre. One may easily see, as he crosses the old Common, uoav City Hall Park, the shadoAA'y figure of Washington, sitting erect upon his Avliite horse, listening to the first reading- in this city of the Declaration of Independence. In the watches of the night, going home after the newspaper AA'ith which I was associated had gone to press, I have fancied I heard the clatter of Putnam's steed and the tramp of his troops on BroadAvay, in their precipitate re treat from BoAA'ling Green to Spuyten Duyvil. A many-volume novel is hidden in the Ioa'cs, hatreds and revenges of Madame Jiimel. The statue of Nathan Hale, in City Hall Park, is a constant reminder that the only editor ever hanged in this city AA'as one who said, "I regret I have only one life to lose for my country!" I have Avitnessed the exe cutions of preachers, physicians, laAvyers and men about town, all critics of the daily news paper, but never of an editor. When the grandson of a very rich man de votes his life to art instead of luxurious ease, one must feel high respect for his efforts to achieve success in his adopted profession. I Avrite of Ben Ali Haggin Avith sincere en- BEN ALI HAGGIN thusiasm, because I have visfled his studio and have seen many of his portrafls. His large portrafl of Mary Garden is known THE BOOK of NEW YORK 349 throughout this country and Europe as the most interesting likeness of the prima donna. Twelve of Mr. Haggin's portraits were recently shoAvn at the Glaenzer Galleries. The can vasses included Miss Marjorie Curtis, Mrs. Edward W. Delafield, Mrs! Leo Everett, Miss Kitty Gordon, Mrs. Wflfred Buckland, Mr. Otis Skinner as "Hajj the Beggar" in "Kis met," Mfle. Rita Sacchetto, Mr. J. Harry Benrimo, two of Margaret Lee, one in a Chinese coat, and a portrait in black. The exhibition attracted much attention, due to excellence of execution. Mr. Ben Ali Hag- gin Avas born in this city, April, 1882. He Avas prepared to enter flarvard University; but he forsook a college course for art and began painting. After study abroad, he opened a studio in New York at the age of 19 and married Miss Faith Robinson two years later. At 24 Mr. Haggin exhibited at the Society of American Artists and since then his pictures have been accepted and hung at nearly all important galleries, in cluding the National Academy of Design, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Corcoran Gallery at Washington, Cincinnati Museum, the Royal Academy at Berlin and Der Kunst- verein at Munich. The history of the Haggin family is very romantic. Mr. Haggin's great-great-grand father came from Turkey to this country in the eighteenth century. He was an officer of the Janizaries at Constantinople and his name was Ibrahim Ben Ali. The artist's grand father, James B. Haggin, the wealthy mine owner, is the largest breeder of thoroughbred horses in this country. At the age of 84, he is hale and active. His Kentucky stud farm at Elmendorf is the show place of the state; his California stock farm, Rancho del Paso, contains 47,000 acres. At the two places, Mr. Haggin has had at one time as many as 1,000 brood mares and stallions; in the days of turf popularity, he bred as many as 400 yearlings annually. His racing stable has contained many fllustrious names. Mr. Ben Ali Haggin's grandmother was a famous Southern beauty. Miss Sanders, of Natchez, Miss. She died in 1894. The artist has his atalier in the studio building on West Sixty- seventh Street. His club is the Players. Gen. EDWARD L. MOLINEAUX It is a pleasure to talk about a real hero of the Civil War, Avho, when strife ended, prompt ly returned to paths of peace and to a forget fulness of past differ ences betAveen a re united people In the business life of this city. General EdAvard Leslie Molineaux has been a commanding fig ure for forty-five years. He AA'as born in 1833, and although actively engaged in trade be came identified Avith the National Guard of the State of Ncav York in 1854. Joining the Brooklyn City Guard, he rapidly rose in non commissioned rank un tfl he was despatched to South x^merica on an important commercial enterprise. At the first shock of Civil War, he enrolled himself as a member of the Seventh Regiment, assisting meanwhile in filling the ranks of the TAventy-third (Brooklyn) regiment. He was subsequently chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the latter regiment. In August, 1862, as Lieutenant-Colonel, he raised the 159th Regi ment, N. Y. v., Avhich was mustered into the United States service with Mr. Molineaux as its Colonel. His command was assigned to the Banks Expedition on the LoAver Missis sippi, and the Colonel was severely wounded in Aprfl, 1863, while leading a charge at the battle of Irish Bend. Wounds did not keep him from active service long, however; as soon as he could leave the hospital, he reappeared in the Red River campaign. He Avas then appoint ed assistant Inspector-General of the Depart ment of the Mississippi, afterwards acting as Provost Marshal at an exchange of prisoners. This led to his appointment as military com mander of Lafourche district. La. At the close of the Red River campaign, he was ordered North and joined Gen. Grant in the final operations against Petersburg and Rich mond. With a division of the 19th Army Corps, he reinforced Gen. Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley and took part in every 350 THE BOOK of NEW YORK engagement of that campaign. Conspicuous gallantry at Fisher "s Hill. Winchester and Cedar Creek avou him a Brigadier-General's epaulets by brevet. Then his brigade Avas sent to Savannah by sea to reinforce Gen. Sherman. "For gallant and meritorious serv ice during the Avar," he Avas breveted Major General. Subsequently, he was made Major- General, second division, N. G. S. N. Y. He is a member of the Loyal Legion and of many public and charitable associations. On Octo ber 14, 1908, General Molineaux Avas tendered a reception by his surviving comrades of the 159th Regiment, on his scA'cnty-sixth birth day, which Avas one of the most memorable social events that CAcr occurred in Brooklyn. A leading figure in one of the Avorld"s great est industries is Richard A. McCurdy, who recently retired from the presidency of The Mutual Life Insurance Company. Mr. Mc Curdy Avas born in this city in 1835 and is a son of Robert H. McCurdy, Avho Avas for many years a director of the Mu tual. He graduated LL.B. from the LaAv School of Harvard University in 1866 and practiced laAV Avitli Lucius Rob inson, aftei-Avards Gov ernor of X'cAv York. He Avas appointed at torney for The Mutual Life Insurance Company in 1860 and became its vice-president in 1865. Upon the death of President Winston in 1885, Mr. McCurdy succeeded him in the office and continued in that capacity until 1906, Avhen he resigned. He is a member of the Metropolitan, LaAv yers,' ^lorristoAvn and ^lorris County Golf clubs and resides at MorristoAvn, N. J. RICHARD A. McCURDY Scores of remarkable reminiscences could be recounted about "Inspector" Byrnes' meth ods in dealing Avith criminals. One incident I particularly recall. About 1890, a notorious thug, named Jerry Dunn, came East from the Pacific Coast for the avoAved purpose of killing Byrnes. He got himself intervicAved at Den- A'cr, Omaha and Chicago, uttering, in each Slace, terrible threats against the Chief of FcAV York's police force. A fcAV days later, I AA'as AA'alking up Broad Avay one afternoon and overtook the "In spector." He Avas sauntering along, studying the faces of every man he passed. In ex ceptionally good humor, avc had traveled sev eral blocks, Avhen I happened to glance across to the Avest side of the street and saAV big, burly, black- Avhiskered Jerry Dunn ! His face and figure Avere familiar to me, as he had been a frequenter of the race tracks, Avhere I had gone as a Avriter of introductions, until Byrnes had driven him out of toAvn for killing- a companion in a braAA'l. The "Inspector" never moved a muscle, but said: "Oh, yes; he has been folloAving me all the Avay from City Hall; I am Avalking sloAvly, not to fatigue him. He Avill not cross the street. He never Avill shoot me or anybody else, unless he can do it in a dark alley, AA'ith nobody in sight." "Surely, you are armed .^" I asked, anx iously. "X^ever haA'c I carried a revolver since I ceased to be a patrolman; a gun is of little use in a croAvd. The silent, vindictive chap Avho is determined to ' get you ' will do it if you are a AA'alking arsenal." We parted at the corner of Houston Street. Xaturally, I lingered a moment to see if Dunn crossed the thoroughfare, AA'hen the "In spector" turned eastAvard toAvard police head quarters. The thug stopped barely a second, then he resumed his Avay uptoAvn. Byrnes' estimate of the man's character Avas correct. The sporadic appearance in this city from time to time of a murderer Avhose crime is characterized by the horrible atrocity that dis tinguished a series of butcheries in White chapel from most others that had preceded them (outside the French capital), is calculated to spur medical specialists in degeneration to further study of a subject that has been thor oughly set before the Avorld by Nordeau and Craft-Ebbing. When in London in October of 1889, I took a letter from Chief Thomas Byrnes to the Scotland Yard authorities and Avith a special officer visited the scene of every THE BOOK of NEW YORK 351 one of the so-called "Whitechapel murders." There is much tiger blood in human veins! Sight or smell of human blood inspires in a degenerate mind a ferocity that brooks all ¦control. The horrors of Whitechapel avc re no greater than those witnessed in the Borden house at Fall River, Avhere an old man and his wife Avere chopped to sausage meat by the hands of some temporarily crazed creature. When I visited the scenes of the murders in the London capital, weeks had passed and new tenants, quite as miserable and depraved as those that had contributed victims for the slaughters, Avere domiciled in the rooms that had served as shambles for previous butch eries. Every trace of the crimes had disap peared. Bodies of the slain had passed through the dissecting rooms to the Potter's Field. But, at Fall River, I Avas shoAvn through the Borden charnel-house before the blood Avas dry upon its Avails! The mutila tion of the bodies Avas entirely different, but evidences of superhuman, overmastering sav agery Avere apparent. Is it to be Avondered that Jay Gould, for Byrnes' service to him, showed Byrnes hoAv to get rich ? Jay Gould did for Thomas Byrnes, AA'ho had saved him from supreme humiliation, if not from death, exactly Avhat H. Victor NeAvcomb of Louisville did for Henry Grady. He "put him in" several fine deals, until Byrnes had capital enough to go alone. Henry Grady once described to me the sensations he AA'ent through when H. Victor NcAvcomb enabled him to make $35,000 in one day, Avithout risking a cent. With that money he bought an interest in the Atlanta Con- .stitution and became a national character. I kncAV Grady in Philadelphia Avhen he Avas very poor and he sat with me for half an hour when passing through New York on his last trip to Boston. He was very ill and I tried to dissuade him from going. The problem of supplying Avater to a great city is one of such vital importance that the men responsible for that supply must possess more than ordinary ability as engineers and students of terrestrial economics. William C. Cozier, uoav responsible for the Brooklyn water supply, began his professional career as a reporter on the Troy Standard. He Avas born at Watervflle, Oneida County, N. Y., and Avas educated at the public schools at Troy. From boyhood he had an inclination for newspaper Avork and subordinated every thing at school CO fit himself therefor. He rose rapidly, becoming city editor and finally managing editor of the Standard. In 1888, at the age of thirty, he bought the only morn ing paper in Troy, but after three years' ex perience he took advantage of a favorable opportunity to sell and ansAvered the lure of the city by accepting an editorial position on the Mail and Express, Avhere he did political and City Hall Avork until 1902. This brought him into acquaintance Avith many public men. He Avas off'ered a position in the business department of the Sun. Avhere he remained until January, 1906, Avhen Mayor McClellan appointed him Water Commis sioner of Brooklyn. Mayor Gaynor approv ing all his official acts retained him. This is the only political office Mr. Cozier has ever held. Political party leadership always seemed to me to be one of the most thankless tasks in the entire category of human eft'orts. Surely most of the big men in both parties find this true. It requires a certain temperament for success as a leader; level headedness, tact, and above all a knoAA'l edge of human nature. John H. McCooey, AA'ho succeeded the late Senator McCarren as the Democratic leader of Kings County, seems to have the character istics which are needed in the man Avho stays at the head of things. Mr. McCooey Avas born in the old Eleventh Ward of New York City, less than fifty years ago, and Avas educated in the public schools. On attaining his majority, he became interested in politics, and his activity Avas rewarded by a position in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The JOHN H. McCOOEY 352 THE BOOK of NEW YORK MARCUS BRAUNJ WILLIAM C. COZIER Dr. ALVAH H. DOTY succeeding years found him occupying several minor positions, until he Avas eventually made Deputy Comptroller of the city, which position of trust he filled Avith satisfaction. Mr. McCooey Avas recently appointed chief clerk in the surrogate's office of Kings County. He is a member of many political and social organizations in Brooklyn and Manhattan Boroughs. A distinguished member of the Hungarian population of this city is Marcus Braun, Avho now holds the important office of Warden of the Port of Ncav York. He Avas born at Mely- kut, Hungary, in 1865 and secured the rudi ments of an education at the public schools of Budapest. When little more than a boy, he began to learn the trade of tinsmith and at fifteen tramped over most of Europe as a journeyman. He AVorked in Berlin, Paris and Antwerp until 1885, when be became a newspaper correspondent. He had been a constant student and observer, determined upon an education, and Avas only prevented from taking a college course by utter lack of means. He came to America in 1892 and secured a job as a porter; but Avhen he had acquired sufficient knowledge of English, he resumed newspaper Avork, giving all spare time to the elevation of his needy compa triots. By mixing with them and by public addresses he constantly strove to inspire in their breasts respect for American citizenship. He became a citizen himself under the earliest provisions of the law. Prior to his emigration, Mr. Braun served for two years in the First Hungarian Infantry regiment, and received the Imperial and Royal Jubilee medals. He is a prominent member of the Republican Club, is founder of the Hungarian- American Club, — its President for fifteen years, a Mason, a fellow of the I. O. O. F., and a member of many charitable organiza tions. From 1903 to 1910, Mr. Braun was United States Special Immigrant Inspector. For many years. Dr. Alvah Hunt Doty has been keeper of the gateway to this port from the sea — the guardian of the nation, as well as city, from epidemics of all kinds that threat ened the public health. Under his direction, all incoming- steamers and sailing craft were boarded, their passengers and crew submitted to keen scrutiny and persons afflicted with contagious diseases removed to the hospitals in the Lower Bay. So efficient has been his Avatchfulness that not a case of cholera or yellow fever has got past the Quarantine. Dr. Doty received his medical education in this city and Avas graduated from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1878, and for several years was a lecturer at his Alma Mater on "Quar antine Sanitation." About 1894, he succeeded Dr. Jenkins as Health Officer of the Port of New York and was retained in that important post until February, 1912, when Gov. Dix THE BOOK of NEW YORK 353 appointed a successor. He is a Fellow of the NeAV York Academy of Medicine and a mem- ^ber of the New York State Medical Society. When the typewriter, now in universal use, was a comparatively new invention, one of the first men to appreciate its future possibilities was John Walter Earle. He was born at Ulys ses, Tompkins Co., — one of the many toAvns in Central New York laid out by Major Mc- Clintock and named from Lemprier's "Clas sical Dictionary" — in August, 1854. After preparing at the Ithaca Academy, he spent a year at Cornell Univer sity. Next we hear of him engaged in the sale of Remington typewrit ers ; he became the Lon don agent of that company in 1889 and con tinued as director-general for Europe until 1902. During that time he was chairman of the American Society in London. He then returned to this country and organized the Union Typewriter Company, becoming its president. The development of the "Mon arch" machine is largely due to his experience. While abroad he was created an Officer of the Imperial Order of the Magidieh (Turkish, brevet and decoration by the Khedive of Egypt). J. WALTER EARLE Maiden Lane, which recently had a tablet in its honor placed upon the Silversmiths' building, has a curious history. It has played many parts in the city's career; it has a his torical society of its oavu! The street was originally known as 't Maadge Paatje, or Maidens' Walk. Silversmiths began to gather there about 1840. Where the street slopes down to the river, at its junction with Liberty Street, was the famous Fly Market, a corrup tion of the Dutch word "Vly," meaning a valley or low land. The Fly Market was an institution of the locality surviving long after the Revolution, and some of the Fly Market butchers were among the most substantial citizens. Tavo of them have given their names to city streets, James Mott, and his apprentice, James Pell. FRANCIS R. APPLETON In recent years many men intending to lead commercial lives have qualified themselves by taking courses in laAv. A notable example, is Francis R. Appleton, AV ho AV a s graduated from Harvard in 1875 and then spent two years at the Columbia Law School. Those were the days of Pro fessor Theodore W. Dwight, Avhose lectures were marvels of in struction. Mr. Apple- ton, after soiue years spent in the laAV office of Carter and Ledyard, and with Abram S. Hewitt, took an ac tive interest in the affairs of the Waltham Watch Company, with which his family had been associated from its organization. He is to-day vice-president of the American branch of that great corporation. He is also a director in the X^ational Park Bank, Manhattan Trust Company and Mount Morris Bank, Cape Cod Construction Co., General Memorial Hospital and Lying-in Hospital. Whfle in college he was identi fied with the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He is a member of the Harvard, University, Knickerbocker, Turf and Field, Meadow Brook, Somerset and Myopia Hunt clubs; Down ToAvn Association and Society of Colo nial Wars. He is a prominent associate of the New England Society and devoted to books, music and art, as Avell as outdoor sports. Actively engaged in the petroleum industry for nearly half a century, Theodore E. Tack is recognized as an authority on everything pertaining to oil. He Avas born in Philadelphia, Pa., January 6, 1837, and was educated in the public schools there, commencing his business career with a dry goods house. In 1862 he entered the volunteer service of the state to repel the in- 354 THE BOOK of NEW YORK HEODORE E. TACK vasion of the Confederate Army under Gen eral Lee. He aftei-Avards. in association Avith his brothers, established in Pittsburg- the first oil brokerage house betAveen that city and Philadelphia, later engaging in the production of oil in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Since the pioneer days he has been allied Avith many producing companies. He is uoav president of the American Oil Development Company, of Pittsburg, Pa. Passing through South Whitehall Ferry on the ca'c 1899, I Avas attracted Ija' a Avarming. CHARLES D. DURKEE Street from the of Thanksgiving, most unusual en tertainment in a UCAV building at Nos. 2 and 3 which Avas obviously i t s house- The event Avas a preliminary cele bration of the opening of the Marine Hard Avare business of Charles Durkee & Co. in UCAV quarters. There Avas music, dancing and a collation, in Avhich five hundred guests participated. The actual opening did not occur until January 1, 1900. Mr. Durkee was born in Brooklyn in 1862. He learned the ship chandlery business with A. N. Rankin & Co., then in Broad Street, and rapidly rose from various clerkships to partnership. Charles Durkee & Co. is known throughout the marine Avorld for the promptitude with Avhich it fills orders for the equipment of ships of all kinds. Mr. Durkee's particular diver sion is yachting and he is a member of several Avell-knoAvn yachting clubs. He is an en thusiastic Mason and a Past Master of Cove nant Lodge 758, Brooklyn; he is also a Knights Templar, a Shriner and Elk and member of Royal Arcanum. In the field of music Ralph Scheuer has won recognition as well as in the manufacture of leather specialties. His father Avhen nineteen years of age came to America penniless from the toAvii of Hesse in Darmstadt and built up the business of S. Scheu er & Son, Inc., of which the son is uoav the head. Ralph Scheuer was born in Ncav York city in 1861, attended the pub lic schools and the City College, from Avhich he was graduated, receiv ing a medal for his studies in architecture. While at college, Mr. Scheuer founded the first college orchestra in America. Among the members Avere Frank and Walter Damrosch, Samuel Untermyer, BartoAv S. Weeks and J. C. Morgenthau. Mr. Scheuer is the in ventor and patentee of tAvelve devices of great labor-saving value in the manufacture of belts, purses and the like. These machines are Avidely used and have enabled Mr. Scheuer to manufacture articles AA'hich are quite unique in design and practical utility. Mr. Scheuer is president of the New Idea Metal Goods Company. He is an alumnus of the New York City College, a 32d degree Mason and active in all charitable and civic movements. Victor L. Mason was born in Washington, D. C, December, 1870; was graduated at the RALPH SCHEUER THE BOOK of NEW YORK 355 VICTOR L. MASON George Washington University, where he was a member of the Theta Delta Chi fraternity. ^e did some Avriting for magazines along his torical and scientific lines. "Ncav Weapons of the Army" and "Four Lincoln Con spiracies" were pub lished in the Century. He then became private secretary to General Russell A. Alger, Chief of the War Depart ment under President McKinley. When Elihu Root came to Washington Mr. Mason acted as secretary for him until he decided to go to Detroit and enter the lumber business Avith General Alger. The latter Avas interested in the Development Company of America, which owned mines in Arizona. Mr. Mason was made vice- president. In 1910 he resigned and went into the railroad construction business. He is Chairman of the Ncav Jersey Interstate Bridge Commission, for five years has been President of the Board of Trade of Passaic, Ncav Jersey, and served as Assistant Secretary of the Re publican National Committee in the campaign of 1908, which posflion he stfll holds. New York OAves much of its greatness to the fact that it is the gateway through Avhich the vast resources of this country find their Avay to foreign markets. The export trade has increased with the de velopment of the city and, like other branches of commerce, "has floated Avith the swelling tide of national growth." Kaufman Mandell, born at Dau- endorf, Alsace, Avas ed ucated at the French University at Pfaffen- hofen, at a time when the province was KAUFMAN MANDELL Frcuch tcrrflory. He Avas graduated in 1854. He came to Amer ica as a young man and joined the Federal Army, served through the Civil War and began an active business career in 1865. Avhen he Avas mustered out of the army at the city of Ncav Orleans. Coming to New York, he formed the exporting firm of K. Mandell & Co., the business of Avhich has steadily increased. Much external adornment has been added to the bufldings of X^cav York by liberal use of terra-cotta, and Walter Geer, who began his career as a laAA'yer, is largely responsible for the development of that industry. Mr. Geer was born at Wil- liamstoAvn, Mass., Au gust, 1857, and took a degree at Williams Col lege, 1878. He then Avent to the National University Law School, Washington, D. C. While practicing laAV. he became an assistant manager of the Walter A. Wood MoAving and Reaping Machine Co., of Chicago. Since 1886 he has been president of the Ncav York Architectural Terra-cotta Company of this city. The important bufld- ino's in Avhich his terra-cotta has been utilized are the Waldorf-Astoria, Knickerbocker, An- sonia, Belmont, Rflz-Carlton and Gotham hotels, Police Headquarters, the BrunsAvick, Unfled States Express, Cfly Investing and World bufldings. He is associated wflh many other companies. Calling on William McAdoo soon after he retired from the Navy Department, in his office at Broad and Wall Streets, the former Congressman said: "I AA'ant you to knoAV my partner; Ave're not related, but our names are nearly similar." He led me to an adjacent apartment and I met William Gibbs McAdoo, When he rose to his full height, there was con siderable of him — at least 6 feet 3 inches. First impressions Avere exceedingly favorable. He had been in this city five years, but this was our first meeting. He has achieved im- WALTER GEER 356 THE BOOK of NEW YORK perishable fame since then, as the directing mind that has driven four tunnels under the Hudson River and developed a subAAay sys tem extending from Christopher Street, north- Avard on Sixth Avenue to the Grand Central Terminal. ^Ir. ^IcAdoo Avas less than 30 years of age Avhen he responded to the call of the metropolis. He came from Tennessee, a stranger, Avithout financial resources or ac quaintances; his capital Avas courage and brains. He Avanted lo do something- bigger than practice laAv. He saAV the need of better facilities for reaching New Jersey and in a fcAv years gathered around him capitalists Avho supplied $60,000,000, Avflh Avhich the tunnels and approaches Avere constructed. The Hudson Terminal buildings, under Avhich the roads from Ncav Jersey end, contain more floor space than any structures in Ncav York. W. G. McAdoo was born at Marietta, Ga., Oct., 1863; after his admission to the bar, he removed to Chattanooga, Tenn., in 1885, AA'here he remained until he came to this city in 1892. He is President of the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad Conipany and of the Southern Society of Ncav York. His home is at Irvington-on-Hudson and he is an enthu siastic golf player. The rigid self-discipline Avhich necessity inculcates in the youth usually produces in mature years the characteristic called self- reliance. The career of Arthur S. Somers is an illustration of the rule. Born in Xcav York in 1866 and edu cated in the public schools he began the battle of life at the age of ten. Ten years later he Avas a clerk for Fred L. Lavanburg, manu facturer of dry colors for the paint and print ing- ink trade. In '96 he became general manager of that con cern, a position he has since held. Mr. Somers is vice-president of the Universal Audit Company of New York, director of the Citizens Trust Company of Brooklyn, and trustee of the Sumner Savings Bank. He is a member of the Board of Man agers of the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum Society and interested in the Brooklyn tiome for Crippled and Defective Children. He has been a member of the Board of Education and of the Civil Service Commission. The Han over, Lincoln and Drug Chemical clubs num ber him among- their members. ARTHUR S. SOMERS THE BOOK of NEW YORK 357 CHAPTER XXVII BOHEMIAN NIGHTS SFTER Pfaff's day there was not a true Bohemia in Ncav York for a score of years. Then it reappeared in a cellar on Macdougal Street, south of Washington Square. Never shall I forget the first time I was taken to Maria da Praia's. Re turning on an afternoon train from Philadel phia, I met a fellow writer, editor of a popular magazine. Near us, in the parlor car, sat the proprietor of the then fashionable hotel in New York. We were all knoAvn to one another and at the ferry the hotel man gra ciously invited us to enter his Availing carriage and dine Avith him. I had declined, when Henry Tyrrell, a gentle personality, spoke up : "Come with me to Maria da Praia's. It Avill be a great night there, because Aldrich, Robinson, Gilder, Stoddart, Gribayedoff, Luks, Gunn, and other artists of pen and brush have arranged for a dinner of real soup, spaghetti, chicken and zabilyoni; there Avill be plenty of chianti and Lachrima Christi spu- mante. Come on, all; you can dine AA'ith our friend, Mr. Boldt, any time and ahvays Avell; but an opportunity like that I offer doesn't occur every day." Four of us went. The exterior of the place was very uninviting, contrasted with the sumptuous place at which we might have dined, for we entered a basement under a broken stoop. Once inside, however, the good fellows assembled at one long table made the hovel seem a palace. Soup was on the table, a great bowl thereof. Colonel Gilder Avas mixing cocktails, Avhich Avere handed 'round in tumblers and swalloAved Avithout ceremony. The chaff had already begun. According to the gastronomic code of Ancona, where the best spaghetti in Italy is made, only water was drunk with the succulent paste. When chicken Avas served, red chianti floAved plenti fully from gigantic fiascos, warmed by husky coverings that enwrapped their round bellies. Olive oil Avas atop the wine in their necks those days, and I marveled at the cleverness Avith Avhich members of the party, who had lived in Italy, flecked it off against the wall of the room, Avithout losing a drop of the wine. That evening- led to the establishment of a coterie that endured until an unfortunate time in Avhich the prosperous Maria moved to West TAA'clfth Street and her pensionne began to be A'isited by people Avho came in carriages and evening dress. Many friends of the fat priestess of Bohemia folloAved her; several young authors, since become nationally famous, and artists who are to-day National Academicians, joined the group. Sad to say, a class of people began to affect the dinner because it AA'as cheap. This Avas contrary to our vicAv of fin de siecle Bohemia. The dinner cost only 60 cents, but our bills often ran as high as $8 and $10 for Avine. The cheap people Avere more obnox ious than the saacIIs AA'ho came in automobiles. For a time, therefore, we deserted our Maria for the Pensionne di Livorno, on Washington Square. On the north side of this ancient parade-ground, opposite the home of hilarity where aa'c were Avont to forget the cares of the present and to lay up scores that had to be settled, dAvelt some of the oldest famflies of the metropolis — people of much method, many dollars, and inheritors of humdrum, common place lives. Arriving at the Livorno late, one memorable night, I took the only vacant seat at a long table beside a Avell-dressed stranger. Many old comrades Avere there; some were in buoyant spirits, chief of whom Avas Marie Potoffski, a Russian AA'oman knoAvn as The Countess. She had belonged to the coterie for several 358 THE BOOK of NEW YORK years and Avas vivacious as ever, although her vivid auburn hair Avas streaked Avith grey and deep lines had formed in her face. "Sing for us!" commanded Potoffski, look ing hard at The Poet, as she called for more chianti. While The Poet sang, — because, in Bohemia nobody oft'ers excuses, — I sought other familiar faces 'round the board. Near the foot of the table, I saAV The Great American Artist (I mentally used capital letters to distinguish this man from The Poor Artist, who sat near me). x\cross the board Avas The Vampire, secretive, silent and Avatchful: avc called him "The Vampire" because he listened Avith his eyes as Avell as his ears and bled us of all good stories, clever bits of repartee and sold them to his OAVU profit. X^ot far aAvay, I had a boAv from The Incubator, so named because he hatched out our abortiA'c Avitticisms and Avarmed into living form our imperfect meta phors. Beside the fair-skinned Russian Avo man Avas The Tutor, Avho addressed his com pany in French and taught that language at one of the most fashionable schools of Manhattan. To my surprise, I recognized The Pretty Model, UOAV several times a mother, Avho had "a past " but did not brood over it. This fact, interesting in itself and delightful to me, distinguished her from several other young and unknoAvn models at the table Avho had entered the field of art much later than she and had not yet attained to the distinction of having their faces and most of their figures portrayed nearly every Aveek in illustrated publications by such artists as Archie Gunn, Charlie Reinhart, Charles Dana Gibson, Wil liam T. Smedley, Louis Loeb and Granville Smith. Variously placed, Avere representatives of "The Glad-Hand Society," generally met Avith in Bohemia and club-land. But the sweeter The Poet's song, the more I studied The Stranger at my right. He was dressed in broadcloth, of clerical cut, and looked the part of "leading man" in Kotzebue's famous play, " Menschenhass und Reu," — familiar to all of us in English as "The Stranger." Ob viously Avell knoAvn at the Pensionne di Livorno, his face Avas ucav to me. He had not belonged to the old jNIaria da Praia croAvd that included Joseph Stoddart, Julian Haw thorne, Nugent Robinson, Edgar FaAvcett, Valerian Grebayedoff, George Luks, W. S. Walsh, Recorder Goff' and Col. Gilder, — AA'ith many brilliant AA'omen Avho supported them selves or their husbands by the product of their pens. While a dainty little Avaitress, called Pinota by every one, Avas serving us Avith minestrone, my neighbor. The Stranger, transferred to me the conversation he had been lavishing upon ]Madaine Potoff'ski. Probably assuming I had overheard his previous talk, he said, authorita tively : "It Avas one of the misfortunes of history." "Doubtless," I ansAvered, ignorant of the cause of his regret. "I am sorry you do not take stronger ground on so important a question," retorted The Stranger, reproachfully. For the first time, I critically examined my neighbor from the corner of an eye. His Avas a burly figure, and by far the best dressed in the dingy apartment. He looked to be a strong, dogmatic and highly positive person ality. "Hoav can I?" Avas my retort. "Surely, you admire Bona-part-e .^^ " he de manded. "Naturally." I Avas temporizing in order to learn his game before leading- through his hand. "Had Bona-part-e made his escape to the United States, this land Avould have Avitnessed a restoration of the Roman Republic!" "X^ot whfle 'Old Hickory' Avas living," I suggested. " 'Hickory' ? I never heard of him." "Madison Avas president, of course; but AndrcAV Jackson, called 'Old Hickory,' never would have stood for Napoleon." "What do you mean.^^" "Merely, there Avasn't room in this country, with the area of the Louisiana Purchase added, for Andrew Jackson and Napoleon Bona parte." "That's the most remarkable statement I ever heard!" exclaimed The Stranger, Avith THE BOOK of NEW YORK 359 amazement. He wasn't sure whether he had underrated Jackson, or overrated Bonaparte. a^ "Bonaparte AA'ould probably have been hanged," said I; "that AA'ould have been as un fortunate as the ending that finally came to him at St. Helena." "Ah! Profanation! Why do you say this ? " screamed The Stranger. "Bona-part-e would have builded a ucav nation here, as — as — Avhat was his name ?" "You probably refer to JEneas ?" suggested The Poet. "Yes, as x-Eneas planted a new Greece in Italia." "But Napoleon Avas a Frenchman," pro tected The Poor Artist. "He Avas not!" retorted my neighbor, Avith an emphasis that aAvakened echoes from the remotest corners of the room. "He Avas a Roman, — an Italian Csesar, Avho reconquered Gaul!" At this point. The Stranger drcAv a card from a side pocket and handed it to me. For a moment, I was in doubt Avhether I Avas about to be challenged. Upon the card, Avere en graved the words: "Carlos Bacigalupo, Fu neral Director." I thanked The Stranger, and promised to bear him in mind. He became to me the vis ible presence of Death, fit to appear in "Han- nella." While an "omnibus" was removing the fish course. The Stranger recurred to the Napoleonic contention: "Bona-part-e" — and he always sounded the the final vowel — "was a Republican, driven to Imperialism, just as was Caesar. He cared nothing for show. He'd have made a true American. * * * What a pretty child she is!" he exclaimed, as bright-eyed little Pinota reentered, bearing a monster tray of spaghetti. Strings of vermicular paste wriggled over the edge of the dish. The food Avas as hot as Christmas pudding; the tomato sauce made it as pink as Indian coral. Behind this steam ing feast, as in a cloud of vapor, shone the in nocent face, with its sparkling eyes and daintfly puckered mouth. Pinota was the angel of the Pensionne di Livorno and every man among its regular patrons regarded himself as her special protector. "Hoav she smiles and makes eyes to-night!" said my neighbor. "She is more of a child than a Avaitress," I commented. "What a sAveet little bride she'd make!" soliloquized The Stranger, as his eyes folloAved Pinota. Everybody Avas clamorous to be served. "To Pinota!" shouted the men, lifting their glasses. The Poet stood up. "Sing us your latest song!" again demanded "The Countess,"" Avho like the other AA'omen had been silent and thirsty Avhen the toast Avas proposed. "That I Avfll," replied The Poet. "It is so ncAv that nobody has heard it. I Avrote the verses this afternoon, to the melody, 'Alice, Where Art Thou f ' I have called the song ' Addio Pinota! ' " The Poet sang and everybody helped or hindered him in the refrain. "Why ' Addio' ? "" several voices asked, Avhen he had finished. "Because, I am to be married," replied The Poet. Pinota, standing near the singer, had been listening, enraptured. She kncAv "Addio" meant "FarcAvefl"; the AA'ord "married" AA'as one of the fcAv in her English vocabulary. Her pretty face turned pale. As she staggered to the rear of the room. The Incubator, Avho hadn't noticed her distress shouted: "To Pinota, everybody!" All glasses AA'ere drained again. "He ahvays Avrites verses to Pinota," said The Stranger, in a stage Avhisper. "She's a foolish child and has believed him Avhen he sang of his love for her. When she hears that young fool's voice her eyes beam with delight." "Pinota is in love, then.?" I queried. "Yes, in love," he replied, adding a deep sigh. "Ridiculous!" exclaimed Potoffski, with a sneer. "She's a meer chfld." "That she is," commented The Vampire. "Ought to be in the nursery!" snapped The Pretty Model. 360 THE BOOK of NEW YORK "O, I say, she is sixteen," ventured The Poor Artist. "What does a girl knoAV of love at sixteen; or boy, for that matter ?" retorted The Count ess, Avith a curl of lip. "When I AA'as " "Hear!" — from our corner of the table. "Listen, all!" from the other end of the board. "This is not a confessional, Madame," in terposed The Stranger, looking hard at The Lady of Quality. His check to Her Ladyship, in defense of Pinota, made him my friend. "If he is an undertaker," AA'hispered The Poor Artist, 'T'll sAvear he's no mute!" "He's not conducting my funeral!" The Countess flung back. The Vampire Avrote this bit of repartee in his note-book, surreptitiously, for the British market, Avhere "mutes" are as necessary to a funeral as the corpse. After exchanging glances of defiance Avith Pinota's champion. The Countess burst into a laugh as keen as the pitiless Avinds of the frozen North. Strange that none of the Avomen, old or young, Avho came to the pensionne liked the little Avaitress. It is exceptional for older Avomen to be jealous of younger ones. The Poet sat moody and silent; but what else Avas to be expected from a man of his temperament about to forsake Bohemia and to settle doAvn to staid matrimony ? The truth Avas, he and Pinota had exchanged glances and he saAV tears in her young eyes. At this point, there Avas delay in serving the dinner. The cook brought in the next course, because the little serving- maid Avas not to be found. For a time, avc forgot her. A scream Avas heard from the upper part of the house that brought every Bohemian to his feet. The shriek increased in volume as the Avoman uttering it descended the stairs. She came bounding- into the basement, as she gasped: "Pinota is — dead!" The shock Avas appalling. In broken Eng lish and equally unintelligible Italian, the trembling Avoman explained that on going to the roof for fresh table linen she had found poor Pinota AA'rithing in the agonies of death. "By her side lay this bottle," the AAoman added, holding up a small vial bearing the label, "Oxalic Acid." Kitchen maids use it for cleaning- copper vessels. While several men ran in search of physi cians, most of us climbed the stairway to aid the "Chfld of Bohemia." Promptly, the frafl body of the girl, still having the warmth of a life just extinguished, AA'as brought to the dining-room. Although distorted by the agony of death, the face was still beautiful. We composed the girlish figure atop an un occupied table. Most of us men cried like children! No more eating and drinking for us! The Poet stood apart, clutching in his fingers a scrap of paper that had been in the dead girl's hand. The rude scrawl read: "I luff you, Mr. Poet. Gift me luff to Signer Bacigalup'." Tavo physicians came and told us Avhat we already kncAv. Acoroner arrived, also. Then I heard a voice at my side, — a voice that echoed like the fall of clods upon a box in an open grave: "She left me her love! I AA'ill bury her, friendless little one!" And he did. Some of us sent flowers. Several of the AVomen Avent to Bacigalupo's mortuary chapel, upon the Avails of Avhich hung pictures of the Blessed Virgin brought from Italy, duty paid, and other evidences of sacred reverence for art and religion, and sang in requiem the same pretty airs to Avhich Pinota had listened Avith rapture. Thus it Avas I came to knoAv the identity of "II Gran' Bacigalup' " as he Avas lovingly called by the Italians of Xcav York, the merriest undertaker Avho ever lived — and the most interesting. He loved his felloAV man. We drifted back to our first love, Maria, after the tragic death of Pinota, the elf-child that took her life for love of a poet. More than half a year had passed for it Avas uoav Summer. The Laureate of Bohemia had married, as he said he Avould, and had dropped from our lives. The Poor Artist had sud denly become famous. He had foresAVorn landscapes, for Avhich he had little talent, and had taken to figures, for which he possessed marvelous aptitude. He could paint a por trait in half a day that commanded $500, and THE BOOK of NEW YORK 361 orders were far ahead of his capacity for work. Not that he was an idler, but he insisted on ^tudying his subject, often for a week, before he would put brush to canvas. When the in spired moment arrived, he would fix the face upon the stretcher in a jiffy. He painted from memory, only requiring a sitting for the finishing strokes with the camel's-hair. But fame came unexpectedly. He sent half a dozen of his impressionistic portraits to the annual exhibition of the National Academy, and every one of them was rejected! One of the greatest of the Fifth Avenue art-shops at once placed its main gallery at The Poor Artist's disposal; the newspapers that had given half column notices to the Academy's exhibition devoted two columns or more to the Luks display. Crowds flocked to see the pictures. A clerk was appointed to take orders and twenty-three portraits were booked in ten days, at $1,000 each. Not a member of Bohemia but was glad. This had occurred during the previous winter, and now that Summer was come and The Poor Artist had a bank account, he had taken himself to Paris and was renewing faded memories of the Quartier Latin and Montmartre. This was well, for the heat at Maria's that night was intense. The Vampire, of whom I have spoken, had followed us to the new home of Bohemia. He had been a member of the Cloister Club for a brief space; but its "Friars" had detected his propensities to absorb and market their ¦quips and epigrams, which represented money to them. They had expelled The Vampire for violating a by-law of their unwritten con stitution. Then he returned to us, — a com pliment, in a way. His presence implied that he could find sixty cents' worth of salable literature somewhere among us. Sixty cents was the price of the dinner, wine included. And such wine. Most of us never drank any thing cheaper than chianti. And here was The Vampire, drinking our literary heart's blood, also, as of yore! The Countess had married and had become mistress of a modiste's shop, on a side street near Fifth Avenue. She was said to be doing a successful business in second-hand evening gowns and Parisian hats not more than a season old. Around the board were Walsh, Gilder, Stoddart, Max de Lipman, Anthony (the White Czar), Robinson, Goff (now a "Recorder" or something of the sort), and a score of other clever men, less famous or more notorious; but there was a break in the circle not to be forgotten for an instant. I refer to Salisbury, of Salisbury Plain, near Boston. He had been graduated from Bo hemia, the previous Winter, but Ave were sure of his affection for his alma mater and actually felt the presence of his astral body at all our reunions. That his memory might be kept fresh, a dozen quarts of chianti were opened every Sunday at his expense, in which his health was pledged again and yet again. For, you must know, Salisbury had come into a great fortune. About three years before the night I am describing, Salisbury had appeared among us sorely disgusted with the world, indifferent to promises of the future in this existence or the next. His father had cast him off and a sweetheart had renounced him in the same week. His parent had thought him deficient in business capacity, unequal to the inheri tance and management of a thrifty shipping- house that had been in the family since the days of the Colonies. The head of this Bos ton firm had expected to transmit its name and business to his only son, the Salisbury we all knew. But the youngster had not dis tinguished himself at Harvard as a student; indeed, he had required five years to get a degree, having been "set back." His popu larity among his fellows was immense, equally admired in the two classes Avith which he had been catalogued. Had the Yale custom of awarding a wooden spoon to the "best fellow in a class" existed at Harvard, Salisbury would have won the trophy by unanimous vote. Then, too, when he took his place in the counting-house facing India Wharf he did not show to advantage. He could not add a column of figures! fle did not last long, because his father Avas an ogre that fattened on discontent. The old man had turned his office into a nest of spies, and actually en couraged informers Avho brought to him tales about his only son ! One day, the young man went to a yacht race instead of remaining upon the wharf to check an invoice of hides from 362 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Argentina. That settled him. He Avas hand ed $500 by his infuriated parent and told to leave Boston. Then he came to us. Quite a Avhile elapsed before avc took him to our hearts. We thought him too liberal Avith his money, — not a fault in itself, but his name Avas one of the best knoAvn in the Amer ican commercial Avorld and avc despised com merce more than avc coveted Avealth. Natural ly, Ave thought him a "ringer in," Avho affected a respect for Bohemia in order to patronize us. Poor as Avas Bohemia in this AA'orld's goods, it could not endure to be patronized! But Ave misjudged him. Had avc knoAvn Salis bury's entire laank roll to have consisted of $500 and no more, his treatm.ent Avould have been entirely different. Some of us could have advised him in rudiments of economy. The time came, and that very soon, Avhen his last dime had been spent. In despair, he turned to a fcAV of us on that eventful night and confessed his impecuniosity. He told us hoAv and Avhy he had been disinherited, — palliating the outrageous conduct of his parent, as all agreed. Immediately, he Avas of the inner circle! He Avas no longer the patron of Bo hemia, as AVC had unjustly thought him; he craved a place in the ranks. "Hoav can I make a living- ?" he asked, Avith a pathos that touched every heart, although many a man Avithin the sound of his voice Avould have found the question difficult to ansAver in his oavu case. Some of us Avere in executiA'c positions and our thoughts Avere concentrated on devising an excuse for giving employment to him. Sud denly, I blurted out: "You Avere on the crcAv at Harvard, if I remember.?" "Yes; roAved stroke Iavo years; AA'as captain in my senior year," he replied, Avith a modesty that charmed. "Very aacII; you're fixed for the Summer," one of the editors at the talje exclaimed. " Can you Avi-ite a description of a boat race ?" "I never tried; but I can sign one!" "Exactly my idea!" shouted the editor. "That's Avhat I Avant. You Avill attend the intercollegiate races, observe them closely. Then I'll have you intervicAved and you Avill sign Avhat you have said, Avhen Avritten out. Do you understand.?" "You've saved my life." "We AA'ill discuss the salary question Avhen you come to my office to-morroAV," added the editor. "That's a matter of secondary importance," replied Salisbury, Avith a sigh of relief, as if the cares of this world had been lifted from his shoulders. This novice developed remarkable capacity for describing- a boat race. His keen eyes never missed a point in the contest. When the finish-line Avas passed, Salisbury Avould sit AA'ith his back to a stenographer and "talk" tAVO or three thousand words about a four- mile contest at X'cav London, Saratoga Lake or Poughkeepsie, Avithout a halting sentence. He kncAv the game so thoroughly and his eye- memory Avas so vivid that he could go over every yard of the long- course Avith the strug gling contestants. For the time, he sat in each of the boats, spiritually, if not physically. He could feel the straining- of the muscles, Avhen the stroke Avas quickened. The dizziness of ex haustion in the final spurt Avas knoAvn to him by bitter experience on the River Charles or at Lake Quinsigamond. He could pick out the Aveak spot in each crcAV. He understood the meaning of the Avord "endurance." Those things he had learned at college, and right well did the knoAvledge stand him in hand. When the Fall came and roAving Avas over for the year, Salisbury's enthusiasm found vent in football. Although not a member of the 'Varsity eleven, he had played as a Fresh man and never had missed seeing a game during his college career. He understood every trick. His boating articles, bearing the UOAV famous name, Avere the pride of the metro politan press! Without envy, rival writers of sports accorded the palm to Salisbury. As an innovation, his name Avas printed over, instead of under, his Avork, and in type very little smaller than the headings that an nounced the results of the contests. And, Avithout fail, the line "Famous Stroke of Harvard University" ahvays found place be neath his name. That's Avhat gentle Bohemia did for Sails- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 363 bury: it supplied the human touch that saved his pride and did not inflame his vanity. He cwas still one of us; he did not outgrow the friends around him. So confident became he of himself, in his ucav Avalk, that Avhen his hard-hearted parent relented, during the Win ter that followed that Summer, Salisbury Avrote to his father a brief but respectful letter, saying that he Avas able to make his oavu living and preferred to do so. He accepted the veiled apologies for previous treatment that came to him in an unusually long letter from India Wharf. What he did not knoAV was that Salisbury, pere, Avatched the Daily Thun derstorm Avith the eyes of a haAvk and thought his son the marvel of the century's end. He AA'as more vainglorious about the boy's notoriety than of his many millions ! He liked to see the famfly name in the ncAvspapers ! His magnifi cent country house at Salisbury Plain, a short run from Park Square station, became a place of entertainment for athletes of Harvard, Tufts, "the Tech" and the University bearing the city's name. He became a patron of sports. He purchased and gave additional acreage to Holmes' Field. He buflt a ucav boat house for the Harvard Navy. He re- equipped the gymnasium. In short, the son had won back a father's love. For three years our delightful companion ship with Salisbury had continued. Some of us were so busy that avc didn't meet for Aveeks, but we were sure of one another. One morn ing, we read in the ncAvspapers that Salisbury, the elder, had died suddenly. Wflhin a week, each of us who had knoAvn Salisbury, the younger, received a letter, heavily bordered in black, announcing that he "must take up his father's burden," because the entire business had been left in his keeping; wflh the help of old employees, his message said, he ex pected to master its detafls. This young man. never before confronted wflh anything more exacting than an over charge for a bottle of Avine he had not ordered, but thirsty companions had imbibed, suddenly became executive chief of an establishment, the subordinates of Avhich Avere risking their lives against attacks from pirates on the Yel low Sea, combating fever and death in the ports of Java, Avatching mutinous sailors in the Straits of Malacca, Avere Avindbound in the Red Sea, Avere Availing for a toAV at Suez to pass through the canal, Avere chasing ser pents on a day's shore-leave on the Island of Cyprus, Avere regarding Scilla and Charybdis Avith indift'erence, Avere rounding the Cape of Good Hope in sight of Table Mountain, Avere passing the Pillars of Hercules, Avere crossing the mysterious Sargasso Sea, Avere seeking Avhales in the Antarctic Ocean, or killing seals off' the Aleutian Isles. For all of his ships, there Avas safe and Avelcome haven in Massa chusetts Bay, where they'd finally tie up at India Wharf. Salisbury had accepted the situation just as he had accepted life; just as he had attempted an education forced upon him at Cambridge; just as he had swallowed his hot coffee in bed, each morning. But Salisbury Avas no fool. Back in Boston, re-united to the Somerset Club, Avith its dull, painted Avails, its sombre reading room, its Ncav England Avaiters, its starched napkins, its Plymouth chef, its Massa chusetts baked-beans on Sunday morning, its Vermont maple syrup and hot rice cakes, Salisbury Avas a very different man from the one we had knoAvn at Maria da Praia's and other haunts of Bohemia. Some vague reports of the life he had led in Ncav York had cir culated in Boston. Friends envied him; ene mies sought in vain for damaging information regarding escapades that had not occurred. Business rivals shook their heads in aft'ected distrust, expressing doubt that a man once so frivolous could settle doAvn to the dull routine of meeting notes, signing checks or computing exchange on thirty financial centres of the Avorld! XWertheless, Salisbury succeeded. His house never had been more prosperous: its ships and captains and sailors and cargoes went out as before to the four corners of the earth, as Argosies for the retrievement of American trade, so largely absorbed during our Civil War by European competitors. Thus did avc lose Salisbury as a regular companion; but he never came to New York Avithout taking at least one meal Avith all com panions of Bohemian days Avho could be "rounded up." Lately, he had introduced an idea peculiarly his OAvn. When an interval, longer than he thought necessary had elapsed 364 THE BOOK of NEW YORK between his visits, Salisbury sent a proxy to eat, drink and make merry Avith us. The man ahvays Avas of the right sort and such occa sions AA'ere rare nights for The Vampire and his prey. The joke market Avas glutted for weeks: so many ncAv ideas found vent. Noav, avc are back at the night Avith Avhich we began. Maria's AA'as croAvded Avith diners, some of AA'hom have been mentioned. About the critical moment at Avhich the succulent spaghetti Avas brought on, the street door swung- Avide and a tall stranger entered. His Newmarket coat touched his heels. He bowed to every one Avith a single nod, because every eye in the place Avas fixed upon him. Before he spoke, we had guessed his identity. "I come from Salisbury!" he said. Spontaneously, every man and Avoman of Bohemia stood up and shouted: "He comes from Salisbury; he's AA'clcome!" A seat was made for him at the chief table. The Pretty Soubrette-out-of-an-Engagement proposed the stranger's health in a neat little speech, the motif of Avhich was, "He comes from Salisbury!" When the cheering ceased, the tall Bostonian rose and, in a voice excep tionally tender and affectionate, thanked the merry crowd for the Avelcome he had received and the tribute paid to his friend. "On this occasion," he added, "I am the bearer of an important message. I am indeed a special commissioner from a faithful sub ject to the Court of Bohemia and the generous spirits that dAvell here. My heart is big Avith information, but new to the formalities of diplomacy, I can only speak the Avords I am directed to utter in the frankness of despair. Know, then, that our beloved Salisbury has taken to himself a Avife!" Men cheered but the Avomen around the board Avere silent. The Pretty Soubrette showed that she regretted her joyful speech of the previous moment. However far re moved from the hope or expectation of a woman's heart a man may be, she dislikes to be informed that he has passed into the pos session of another member of her sex! She may affect an indifference not real, but the sting of being overlooked remains! Again, the special commissioner was speaking: "Salisbury directed me to tell you affection ately Avhat many of you well knoAv, namely, that Avhen he lost the love of his father and of his sweetheart on the same day, you came betAveen him and despair. The devotion of his parent returned. Noav, the heart of the girl he never ceased to love has melted! Outside, in a cab, is a wedding cake, baked especially for you. It Avill be brought in and cut." As the guest sat doAvn, Salisbury's own valet entered, bearing a monster cake, snowy AA'ith icing. It AA'as placed in the centre of the largest table. There Avas little more of the regular dinner; its progress was forgotten. "A glass of champagne and a piece of wed ding cake for every one!" spoke the guest of the night. "Such are the orders of Salisbury, — a command that must be obeyed!" And it was done. The proxy of the Absent One cut the cake and so contrived that the piece with the ring fell to the lot of the Pretty Soubrette. Then the happiness of life in double harness was toasted by lonely Bohe mians, Avho pretended to hold it in favor. Next, the oldest bachelor in the party, a life long scoffer at matrimony, spoke from his corner seat: "Our dear Salisbury is right, my friends. 'Better the nest than the wandering wing'; more precious the home, wherein Love keeps company Avith a man and a woman, than the shalloAA'er, ever-hunted happiness that we lone bachelors and spinsters seek." These Avords produced a profound impres sion, — cast a momentary damper upon the jollity : but many as AA'ere the speeches uttered during the hours of a quickly moving night, no Avords clung to our memories like those of Old "Bachelor Button." All of us kncAV Bohemia to be very well as a diversion, but the real thing is Home. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 365 CHAPTER XXVIII HOW GOOD COOKING CAME TO US ^HE trade of the cook is as eternal as the hills; avc eat to live, and some of us live to eat. The domestic affections of our palates begin Avithout the cook as an intermediary and ripen into respect for the artisan's upon nature's methods of providing food. The magic of the kitchen! Thought of it works a spell, memory of it stirs the sense of smell and of savory odors. What a noble brotherhood is that of the cooks of all creation and all times! Painters have been knighted, sculptors have been aAvarded grand crosses of the Legion d'Honor, but the cordon bleu of Careme or Vatel is as proud an honor as any of the Avorkers in colors or in stone ever have Avorn. In reality, a kitchen is a chemical laboratory, Avherein are studied the economies of heat, the trans mutation of elemental substances into viands of golden delight and perfect physical assim ilation. The cook's place in the literature of all ages is firm as adamant; earplugs of splenetic dj^speptics cannot disturb his supremacy. The grouchy Englishman, Avho said "God sends meat, but the devil sends us cooks," never had eaten a properly prepared meal. An American who doesn't know hoAv to make a proper salad dressing is a disgrace to his country. Massachusetts oavcs its intellectual and industrial decline to the use of sugar and vinegar upon lettuce and tomatoes. Chicago Avith Avonderful push and enormous groAvth remains crude and wooly because its citizens chiefly subsist upon "pies" — incongruous con coctions of hog's lard, flour and fruits. Good food is the surest proof of high intellectual conditions. Greek fables glow with references to culi nary art. Homer's warriors, in their camps upon the plains of windy Troy, feasted and fed at night that they might die Avith full stomachs in the morning. Roasts Avere their specialty, and one can see the huge carcasses of beeves and sheep, turned upon massive spits over gloAving embers and l)asted by cooks that snuff'ed the savory odors of roasting flesh. Very little imagination is required to conjure up such a vision, if one chooses for background the Long Island shore at South ampton, Avith the Shinnecock Hills for a horizon stopper. The scene at Troas Avas quite similar and the beach of sand is identical. Keen as Avas the satire of Aristophanes — the Dean SAvift of his day and the original Charley Hoyt of farce comedy Avriters — he never cast a sneer at cooks! fle loved good dinners. He bespattered the laAA'givers, phi losophers, pedants and the stilted tragedians of Athens, but, God love him, he spared the cooks, AA'ho stirred, and basted, and roasted and fried ever to his delight. Aristophanes Avas a fine Grecian gentleman Avho, early in life, had heard the croaking of the frogs in Egypt; he learned to prefer the sizzling of the frog upon an oiled skillet to the croaking of the stoics. He belonged to the "Four Hun dred" of Athens. The banquet that the cooks prepared for Jupiter, Avhen he assumed mor tal form and masqueraded as Amphitryon, probably Avas as dainty as any could buy to-day in the best Ncav York restaurant, but no better. What a delightful point Moliere makes in his comedy (adapted from old Plautus), Avhen the real Amphitryon suddenly appears and controversy as to the identity of the two persons arises. The line runs: "The veritable Amphitryon is he Avho gives the feast." True at this hour because he is not the host, but the cook. Most cooks Avere slaves in ancient Athens; but what of that .? Many eminent men were slaves, ^sop Avas one. He learned and 366 THE BOOK of NEW YORK composed his fables Avhile herding goats for his master. It Avas bad form in Athens to be unduly harsh Avith a Avell-conducted slave. Only a drunken debauche of the aristocracy, like Alcibiades, might abuse the servile race and escape censure; but the unfortunate "poor freeman" received harsh treatment on all sides, even from favored slaves. He was the "Patsy Bolivar" of his day. The best Athenian cook came from Andros or Chios, or other of the sacred isles. He AA'as a Greek! That title caused him to forget he Avas a slave! Asia never produced a real cook. HOTEL BELMONT One of the modern type ot high class New York Hotels Much of Plato's philosophy is as Aveak as was his stomach, because he lived upon noth ing but dates and Avater. A good cook would have prolonged his life and enriched the Avorld's literature. Sparta hardened her Avar- riors on sour bread; she ahvays banished her cooks Avhen Avar Avas imminent. Clever Spar tans! Bad digestion and bad temper go together. Warfare in those days Avas quite as much a matter of anger as valor. It Avas, veritably, "Avar to the knife." Rome, in the Augustin period, ate in mod eration, although enormous sums — equal to the plunder of a province — Avere at times lavished upon a single banquet. Maecenas and Lucullus Avere hospitable hosts, but never gluttons. Lucullus feasted most pompously Avhen alone; he Avould send to X^ubia for a dish of rhinoceros" eyes or to Syria for a dozen peacocks' livers. The hospitality of those tAVO men made them immortal, oAving to Horace and other poets. It Avas Avell spent money. But back of the poets stood thought ful, sincere, ever inventiA'c cooks! They made immortality possible to Maecenas, because he Avasn't "descended from royal ancestry" at all, but came of a race of Etruscan higliAvay- men, most of Avhom died Avith their sandals off' the ground — either on a cross or by a method of execution equally effective. That's Avhat the cooks did for Horace, Maecenas and Latin literature! But Rome always OA'crdid Avhat ever she attempted. Her nabobs lived too high and the freemen suffered more privations than did the slaves of the rich. She remained "mistress of the Avorld" only as long as the majesty of the kitchen Avas maintained; but Avith Heliogabalus came Syrian chefs Avho in troduced hideous cooking, concocted from recipes handed doAvn to them by Babylonian ancestors. An era of gourmandizing began and the decline hurried toAvard the fall. Poor cooks and bad cooking Avere responsible. The dismal "Middle Ages" made chaos of all cookery. The Goths cared no more for cooked food than for the comforts of home. Viking- meats Avere devoured raAv. Pieces Avere cut from the dying beef and the flesh torn Avith Avolfish teeth. Cooks invaded England for the first time Avith the Conqueror, although none of their names figure on the Battle Roll. After every thing is said in favor of Avar, tickling the palates of a conquered nation is Aviser than hammering- heads or helmets of the subju gated. In such emergencies a cook is the proper thing! As a rule, the cook of the Feudal period Avas more accomplished than his baronial master. As for the "lady"" — the grande dame of that time — she Avas a vulgar talking, painted and THE BOOK of NEW YORK 367 be-plastered jade, arrayed in silks and fine linens, but utterly unAAashed and uncleanly as to skin or morals. Her cook Avas her in tellectual superior. The English Channel ahvays made a vast difference at dinner-time. Falstaft' deplored fish dinners. You Avouldn't AAonder at this if you'd ever seen the sluggish carp in castle moats, upon Avhich courtiers Avere fed. The Frenchmen, Rabelais, Froissart and Mon taigne, no more real to most of us than the British Falstaff, expressed the utmost con tempt for a fish diet — although Victor Hugo, of our time, extolled the eating- thereof as brain-fattening. But there are all kinds of fish cooking. The range from sole a la Marguery to planked shad at Gloucester is very broad. Like eggs, the freshness of the fish is a large factor; the best of cooks cannot make a stale fish taste saa'ccI. A man of true pride and self-respect Avill not undertake the task. Literature on the art of cooking made its appearance, as nearly as investigation dis closes, about the middle of the seventeenth century. The French, having learned all the Italians had to teach, set themselves to im prove thereon. Their success has been pro digious. First, they refined all the rules by reducing the quantities of ingredients used to exact scale of weight or measure. Louis XIV and the Regent Duke of Orleans AA'ere sturdy encouragers of their chefs. The Bour bons kncAV good dinners AA'hen they smelled them afar. Under them Avere the most famous chefs the Avorld has knoAvn — Ude, Careme and Vatel! These are names that aAvaken pride to-day in every well-appointed kitchen of Europe. Even in our modern Ncav York there are names that stand for good cooking- throughout the civilized Avorld; so famous are they that I Avish to mention a fcAV of the many that have come to be so Avell knoAvn in this art so near to the heart of every man. There was a period of cathedral building in all parts of Europe and its results are seen to-day in the beautiful edifices dedicated to the cause of religion. In X^cav York, the past score of years may be described as the era of the hotel builders. When I first came to Ncav York, all hotels Avorth mention Avere on BroadAvay and did not exceed four in number, namely. Metropolitan, St. Nicholas, Astor and Fifth Avenue. There Avere others, but they had no claim to distinction. About 188.5, hotel building began. The results have been marvelous. When, therefore, the time came to eclipse all attempts at hotel building that had preceded. John Jacob Astor erected the St. Regis for R. M. Haan. Never Avas such utter disregard for expense shoAvn. Ad mittedly it Avas the most exquisitely arranged, furnished and decorated hotel in America. Many features of home comfort, including special facilities for the entertainment of ST. REGIS HOTEL friends by guests during- the opera season. Horse ShoAv Aveek, the Easter season and at other holiday times, give to the St. Regis a place apart from all other hotels. The quiet magnificence of the place, superior manage ment and a cuisine that has become Avorld- famous have made it one of the most popular hostelries in this city Avhich boasts of the last word in hotels. Mr. Haan's Avell-earned reputation is be hind this enterprise and its superior location, upon the avenue that is the pride of X^cav York, gives to it the supreme eminence it possesses. Transient guests Avho appreciate 368 THE BOOK of NEW YORK the best of everything will find that they pay no more at the St. Regis than at other places of acknowledged merit. Mr. Haan's large and popular restaurant, occupying one-half of the first floor of the Park Row Building, is one of the sights of this city, — as Taylor's was fifty years ago. Switzerland is knoAvn the world over for the rearing of successful hotel managers. They are found at the heads of most of the successful establishments in all parts of Europe. The name of "Oscar" is a familiar one to all lovers of good eating in this city. He was born at Cahux-de-fonds in the Swiss Republic, September, 1866, and Avas educated when the original Hotel Waldorf was erected. A large measure of the success of that estab lishment has been due to him. He tells me his greatest hobby is farming. He is a 32d degree Mason; also honorary president of the Geneva Society and of the New York branch of the International Stewards' Asso ciation. New York is undoubtedly the greatest hotel field in the world; the statement is so thor oughly recognized that its repetition seems trite. The capacity of the splendid hotels of this city is more than double that of London or Paris. Many successful managers of to day have come among us with well-earned OSCAR TSCHIRKY EDWARD M. TIERNEY W. JOHNSON QUINN in the schools of his native country. His active career in America began in 1883 at the Hoft'man House, AA'here he soon rose to a place of responsibility as caterer to the most critical class of patrons known to Ncav York hotel managers in that day, among them being Roscoe Conkling, B. B. Hotchkiss, John W. Mackay, Chauncey M. Depew, Gen. Woodford and David B. Hill. Oscar Tschirky served an apprenticeship in every part of the restaurant and hotel business, be ginning at the bottom in SAvitzerland, until to-day he has the distinction of being manager of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. He left Del monico's to take charge of the dining rooms reputations made elsewhere. Among these is Edward M. Tierney, present proprietor of the Hotel Marlborough and recently presi dent of the Ncav York State Hotel Association. Mr. Tierney was born at Susquehanna, Pa., November, 1858, and was educated at the public schools of his native town. After experience as a clerk in various hotels until 1885, he began for himself. His start was made at Binghamton, N. Y., where, in asso ciation with J. W. Kennedy, the Arlington Hotel was erected, which is now conducted by Mr. Tierney. These partners subsequently leased the Rathbun Hotel at Elmira. In 1902 Mr. Tierney made a tour of Europe, THE BOOK of NEW YORK 369 Egypt and Palestine. He has been an ex tensive traveler all his life. After the forma- ^tion of the Sweeney-Tierney Company, in 1904, the Hotel Marlborough, of this city, was leased and has been managed by Mr. Tierney ever since. He is well known as an after-dinner speaker and is president of the Hotel Men's Mutual Benefit Association of the United States and Canada. The Dominion of Canada has supplied the metropolis with one of its most successful hotel proprietors in the person of W. Johnson Quinn, of the Hotel Empire. Mr. Quinn was born at Durnham, Ormston, Province of Quebec, April, 1861, and was educated at the Brothers' School, Montreal, and the Tur ner Institute, graduating in 1877. He left Montreal in 1882 and has been continuously engaged in the hotel business, principally in this city, since that time. He was manager of the Hotel Vendome, 1889 to 1894; the Hotel Arvene, at Arvene-by-the-Sea, 1894-'95; open ed the Hotel Empire in 1894, as manager for the estate of William Noble, became pro prietor in 1897 and has conducted it success fully ever since. Mr. Quinn also conducted the Allenhurst Inn and Cottage Company, at Allenhurst, N. J., and the Long Beach Hotel on Long Island; both were Summer hotels and both were destroyed by fire. When Mr. Quinn took charge of the flotel Empire, it was thought to be too far uptown, but through persistent advertising and special at tention to his guests, it has become one of the most prosperous houses in New York. Mr. Quinn's parents came from Ireland. He is a member of the Catholic Club, the Order of Elks, the national, state and city Hotel Men's Associations. Diners at the celebrated French restaurant of J. B. Martin, now at the old Delmonico site at Twenty-sixth Street and Fifth Avenue, have watched the growth of this business since the appearance of M. Martin on the corner of University Place and Ninth Street, in 1883. He was born at Aix-les-Bains, son of a res taurateur. When Count de Lesseps under took the construction of the Panama Canal, M. Martin set out for the canal zone and started a hotel at Colon. It was far more successful than the canal enterprise, for when the latter collapsed the young Frenchman found himself rich enough to come to New York and start business. During nineteen years the Hotel Martin attracted French epicures. Its proprietor was the first to successfully establish in New York the French table d'hote. Delmonico had an eating-house somewhere far down town; but an event of far greater im portance to the average professional man south of City Hall was the appearance of a Frenchman, Henri Mouquin, on the lower part of Fulton Street in 1857. Many New Yorkers had previously enjoyed his excellent cooking in a basement room on Nassau Street; but when he opened a restaurant, reaching from Fulton to Ann Streets, editors, reporters, lawyers and bankers, who appreciated wine with their luncheons, joined in an acclaim of welcome. Henri Mouquin demonstrated the possibility of supplying a good grade of red or white French Avine at half dollar a bottle ! Caterers of the old school were dissatisfied with less than three hundred per cent, profit upon foreign Avines, and the drinking of any beverage except beer with one's meals was restricted to AA'ealthy patrons. In a year's time this thrifty Frenchman put a new mint- mark upon good living at a reasonable price! Never Avere his charges cheap ; reasonable they assuredly Avere. Ncav Yorkers Avho knoAv only the fashionable restaurants of to-day cannot form any conception Avhat a revelation the Mouquin cooking- became to appreciative, good-livers of the Seventies and Eighties! My OAVU satisfaction may be estimated by the fact that one waiter, "Peter" served me for twenty-seven years! When he died he left to his widow four broAvnstone houses in Harlem, — indicating the favor in Avhich he was held. The business expanded, as it deserved to do. For the first time, Avaiters were studiously attentive to the tastes of customers. Never was there any hesitation about changing an unsatisfactory dish. The aim of the pro prietor was to satisfy his patrons. Every complaint was promptly attended to. This was a revelation to New Yorkers, who, for generations had been compelled to pay for 370 THE BOOK of NEW YORK food served to them Avhether it Avas in satis factory condition or not. Here, for a novelty, the customer Avas asked exactly hoAV he Avanted his steak or roast foAvl and he could confidently expect to receive it as ordered. If the cooks Avere careless, a patron never suft'ered. Mou quin may be truthfully credited Avith the in troduction of loAv-priced French Avines in the United States, — a service to humanitv not to LOUIS C. MOUQUIN be forgotten. He also brought to the atten tion of the American public foreign cheeses and delicacies that the most fashionable grocers had never kept in stock. Not one Ncav Yorker out of ten thousand had eaten Pont TEA'cque, Camembert, Gorgonzola or Porte du Salut cheeses until he became a frequenter of "Mouquin's." There never Avas a dull day's business. Daily ucav French dishes Avere added to the list; business men grcAV fond of cepes and artichokes, served as they are at Fontainebleau and the Cafe Bignon, Paris. Of course, some people had eaten these characteristically French vege tables at Delmonico's; but such delicacies Avere assumed to be beyond the ordinary purse. ^Mouquin shoAved the fallacy of this. Lovers of Thackeray Avere served Avith steaming toureens of Bouillabaisse, and inimitable fish and side dishes so dear to the French taste, at tAventy-five cents a portion. A feature particularly attractive to regular diners was /(' plat du jour. This dift'erentiated one day's meals from the other. A patron could go to INIouquin's Avith confidence that on certain days he Avas sure of his favorite dish. The second floor of the building AA'as soon added. Especially do I speak of a small room in an adjoining building to the east added for the accommodation of customers from NcAAs paper Roav. A sAvinging door only separated this "sanctum" from the larger dining room, but the exclusiveness Avas generally respected by men in other professions. In this out-of- the-Avay-nook, I haA'c frequently seen Charles A. Dana, William Cullen Bryant, Park God- Avin, Mayo W. Hazeltine, John BigeloAV, Amos J. Cummings, John Hay, WhitelaAv Reid, Manton Marble, William Henry Hurlbert, Thomas B. Connery, John Russell Young, John R. Stockton, Albert Pulitzer, Louis J. Jennings, George Jones and many others. About the time Henri Mouquin Avas estab lishing himself on Fulton Street (1870), the present head of the business, his son, Louis C. Mouquin, Avas born in the Ninth Ward of this city. Young Louis first entered the Ncav York public schools and then finished his education in France, SAvitzerland and Germany. He is an accomplished linguist. On his return from abroad, he took an active part in the conduct of the business, and Avhen "The Knicker bocker Cottage," an historically prominent tavern on Sixth Avenue, Avas remodeled and added to the Mouquin outfit, he Avas placed in charge. He is an exceedingly popular man, young looking for his yeai-s. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 371 In speaking of the hotels and restaurants of the city, a thought comes of the brewers of the country, and a few words about the National ' Association may not be amiss. The United States BrcAvers' Association, organized in November, 1862, is an indirect product of the most momentous crisis of our national life. The beer tax, a part of the in ternal revenue system, then embracing every branch of commerce and industry, was the direct tangible cause of its organization. Unbiased historians admit that the more important border States were saved for the Union by the German- Americans, and among them — as in fact throughout the country, even in the South — the brcAvers distinguished them selves by their willingness to give active sup port to the Union cause. The first revenue laws Avere crude and de fective, and frauds were inevitable. The law makers sought remedies for these defects ; but above all, they looked for a tax-method en suring safe and easy collection and the pre vention of fraud. It was the organized brew ers' avowed purpose to assist the Government in the accomplishment of these objects. When in 1865 Congress created a Special Revenue Commission Avith a view to per fecting the system, the United States Brewers' Association again volunteered its assistance, and at its own expense sent a committee to Europe for the purpose of studying the excise methods in the various beer-producing coun tries. Under special instruction from the Treasury Department, the Special Revenue Commis sioner attended the brewers' convention at which this committee reported. The brew ers' report became a public document, not inferior, as impartial critics admit, in any respect to the official dissertation on revenue of which that period was so prolific. Congress adopted the system which was proposed by the brewers, and Avhich in its essential features remains in force to the present day. In 1875 Massachusetts abolished Prohibi tion on the strength of a voluminous official report, the outcome of an investigation which resulted in a complete negation of every argu ment and presumption in favor of compulsory total abstinence. Following this came the famous scientific inquiry conducted by Dr. BoAvditch, Avhich induced thousands of physi cians, journalists, clergymen and authors to advocate the use of Avine and beer. Early in the 80's Prohibition gained the ascendancy in loAA'a. From this period dates the systematic dissemination of literature on the drink question by the Association, and its eft'ect may be properly gauged by the fact that up to the era of the Anti-Saloon League of our time, proposed State Prohibition was defeated at the ballot box in ten States, and abolished in all the X^ew England States, excepting Alaine. Concerning Federal legislation against adul terations, this Association assumed an attitude which secured to it the respect and confidence of the Agricultural Department and of Con gress. Taking- an active part in the First Pure Food Congress, its Committee submitted that clause, subsequently adopted by Congress, Avhich gave to the manufacturer the right to cooperate Avith the government in the estab lishment of standards. That being granted, the iVssociation consistently advocated the enactment of a Federal law, and had the grati fication of being complimented for this attitude by several industrial bodies that had originally opposed Federal legislation. The patriotism of the brewers Avas again manifested during the Spanish-American War, Avhen the brcAV- ing industry Avas subjected to and cheerfully paid a double tax. During the past five or six years the local option movement has assumed formidable proportions under the leadership of the Anti- Saloon League. On the other hand, a re awakening of the liberal spirit is noticeable everyAvhere. Thanks to the energy of many associations of manufacturers and other busi ness men, Avho realize the destructive ten dencies of the League and the utter lack of fairness in its agitation, the counter-movement goes bravely on, and Avill bring about in time, it is confidently expected, a revulsion of public sentiment AA'herever the natural rights of the citizens are threatened or suppressed. 372 THE BOOK of NEW YORK CHAPTER XXIX THE GREAT METROPOLIS OF TO-DAY ^LIMB the tallest building in Ncav York, therefore the high est business structure in the Avorld, and get your first com- prehensiA'c vicAV of the greatest port on earth ! No matter AA'hat hour of the day be chosen, you are sure to see mammoth steamships at their Avharves or setting out or arriving. Descend and visit the river front and you Avill hear all the tongues of the commercial AA'orld. The Far East and the Western Orient are con tributing their AA'ealth to this land. In their places, grains of all kinds from our Western prairies are going to maintain the physical energies of the rug-makers of Persia, the ivory carvers of the East and the artisans of Italy and Southern Europe. Tank steamers are loading Avith oil from Pennsylvania, Texas, Ohio and other sections. Cattle by thousands and dressed meats by the ship-load, machinery for the farm-lands of Russia and Egypt, dredgers for the Persian Gulf, typcAvriters for every quarter of the globe, and phonographs for Turkey! Only then do you acquire a full understanding of the colossal commercial enterprises represented here. Here is a clearing-house for the Avhole Avorld ! Near the Fulton fish-market, where Glou cester sailors are unloading their catch from the NcAvfoundland banks, Malays and China men are carrying ashore cargoes of spices from the Indies, silks from Singapore, coft'ees from Batavia, tobacco from Sumatra, and, at another pier, crated Avild animals from Bengal and pythons from the Straits Settlements; teas from China and Ceylon, sugar and hemp from Manila, human hair from all parts of Asia — in all a hundred million dollars' Avorth a month — are landing at the best of the Avorld's markets from a thousand ships of every nameable class and are sAA'alloAved in a day doAvn the voracious throat of Ncav York. More than a hundred coast-wise steamers, not reckoned above, are transferring the goods of one part of this country to another; "whale- backs" on the Great Lakes are contributing their share by canal-boats from Buffalo; vessels of sail and steam from the West Indies, Panama and all the Gulf ports are coming and going several times each day. It wfll be a rare occasion, also, in which half a dozen of the most modern of Uncle Sam's fighting craft are not Avithin the Narrows. Sixteen transatlantic steamship companies, a fleet of more than one hundred great liners, are competing for passengers and freight betAveen the ucav Avorld and the old — with business for all of them. Tramp freight steamers are countless. New York's 450 miles of Avaterfront is tAvice as great as that of London and its commerce exceeds the British capital by more than a million tons annually! X^cav York's waterfront is barely half developed, and by the time it is fully opened — including- Jamaica Bay — it will meas ure nearly as many miles as lie between the Atlantic seaboard and the Mississippi River. Where Nature originally placed obstacles in the path of New York's commerce, dyna mite and dredging have cleared paths. Rocks have been bloAvn out of "Hell Gate," shoals have been removed, and a canal 2,000 feet Avide, seven miles in length and forty feet in depth has been dug at vast cost from the upper end of the Lower Bay direct to sea. It is known as the Ambrose Channel, and shortens the preliminary voyage — for distance on the ocean is only reckoned from the lightship — by more than an hour. Half a million dollars Avere spent in lighting it at night ! The new Chelsea piers cost the munici pality more than $12,000,000, and the advent of the 1,000-foot steamship has already neces sitated their further extension into the North River. Taken from the Singer Building ^rom Palmer's Views ot Xew York A PARTIAL VIEW OF NEW YORK HARBOR, SHOWING JERSEY CITY AND HOBOKEN ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE HUDSON RIVER One of the Modern Ocean Liners is seen just putting out to sea on its five-day trip to Europe. Three hundred years ago the flrst white man sailed up this river. What has the future in store for such a city? Woo ^w o OS-^08 374 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Recent Customs rulings permfl ocean grey hounds to come to their docks at any hour of the day or night. So admirably enforced have been inspections of all incoming foreign steamers or sailing vessels that the arrival of infectious diseases is impossible. Guns that guard this imperial port are the heaviest knoAvn; a system of submarine mines has been perfected that in a day's notice Avill render the harbor impregnable to attack from sea. The bottom of the LoAver Bay Avill become a netAvork of mines. The Brooklyn Navy Yard is the most important in the country and the best equipped. Wflh the opening of the Panama Canal, several ucav lines of steamers Avill carry United States products to the West coast of South America and return Avith argosies that uoav go to Europe 'round Cape Horn. To safeguard ships of all nations, bound to this port or leaving it, the Government main tains a complete meteorological bureau atop one of the loftiest buildings, to give Avarning of hurricanes or dangerous storms by Avireless messages. Every steamer on the North At lantic, properly equipped, is told the direction and intensity of the threatening storm. Over this great harbor toAA'crs the stately Goddess of Liberty — gift of the French people, to Avhom the American patriots of the Revolu tion pointed the Avay to freedom. To tell the story of such a city Avould mean the Avriting of the history of the American people. It represents the tireless energy of a ncAv nation; but, perhaps the most interest ing feature is the study of the men Avho are carrying on the great Avork founded by the fathers. This book has included the names of many men AA'ho are at the forefront of the battle today, — all builders of this great city — this chapter Avill contain a revicAv of a fcAv of the prominent men and firms Avho are en- ojaged in the direction of the financial inter- ests Avhich are such a stupendous factor in Xcav York, the money centre of the Avestern Avorld. One realizes that this city draAVs into its labors the strong, the vigilant and the brave; there is no place here for the Aveak- ling, life is too strenuous, and the current soon carried the sluggard to the outer shores. To be successful in Ncav York means more than success in any other city in the AA'orld, and the pages of this book are filled Avith those Avho are carrying the burdens of this Avonder city on their efficient shoulders. WALTER E. FREW Many successful bankers have started their careers as merchants. An example of a suc cessful change from general merchandise to finance is found in Walter EdAvin Frew, uoav at the head of a great banking institution of this city. He Avas born in Brooklyn, July, 1864, and educated at the Greenpoint Acad emy and the public schools. He entered the employ of Shepherd, Knapp &Co., where he remained six years, going thence to the Eleventh Ward Bank as a clerk in 1885. We next find him as cashier of the Queens County Bank, Long Island City, four years later, and its president in 1895, which position of trust he held for four years. Thence he went to THE BOOK of NEW YORK 375 the Corn Exchange Bank as a director and vice-president, since becoming its president. ¦••Mr. Frew is associated with many financial institutions. For example, he is a director in the Bankers' Trust Company, the United Button Company, secretary and treasurer of the Queens County Safe Deposit Company, and trustee of the Dry Dock Savings Bank. He served as secretary of the Ncav York Clear ing House Association and during the panic of 1907 was member of its Loan Committee, which sustained many financial institutions from disaster during that critical period. Among the men prominent in the banking circles of the city is Alexander Walker, presi dent of the Colonial Bank. Mr. Walker was born in the parish of Raf- ford, Morayshire, Scotland, June 25, 1852. He was educated in the parish school of the town of his birth and upon the completion of his studies became an apprentice to a stone cutter in Forres, Scotland. After coming to New York City he followed the same trade and at the same time studied in the evening high school. He then commenced business for himself as a partner in the firm of Gillie & Walker, and subsequently became a member of the real estate firm of Walker & LaAA'son and is stfll engaged in large realty transactions and building operations. He has been con nected with the Colonial Bank since its or ganization and its president since 1895, and is also vice-president of the Standard Mortgage Company, a director of the Greenwich Bank, and trustee of the Harlem Savings Bank. Mr. Walker is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, St. Andrew's Society, president of General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, New York Historical Society and the New York Scottish Society. Of old Ncav England ancestry and inheriting the sterling integrity and business acumen of his forebears, Henry C. Hulbert has through his own efforts risen to high position in the financial Avorld of New York City. Mr. Hulbert AA'as born in Lee, Mass., December 19, 1831, and was educated at the district school and Lee Academy, after which he was employed in stores in Lee and Pittsfield, Mass. He came to New York City Avhen nineteen years old and entered the employ of White & Sheffield, Avholesale paper dealers. He was given an interest in the profits after the fourth year and the year following became a partner in the firm of J. B. Sheffield & Co. In 1858 he organized the firm of H. C. & M. Hulbert, and in 1872 bought out his partners' interest and admitted to partnership two young men, Joseph H. Sutphin and George P. Hulbert, who had been brought up in the business. The firm was H. C. Hulbert & Co. from ALEXANDER WALKER HENRY C. HULBERT ANTON A. R.AA'EN 376 THE BOOK of NEW YORK 1872 until 1900, when he retired. Mr. Hul bert is a director and vice-president of the Importers and Traders National Bank, South Brooklyn Savings Institution and the Brooklyn Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Chil dren; a director and member of the Executive Committee of the Pullman Company and the Celluloid Company; director of the United States Life Insurance Company and the Franklin Trust Company; life member of the New York Colonial Wars Society and the New England Society of both New York and Brooklyn, and is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of Ncav York. The commercial interests of Ncav York are under large obligations to the Island of Cura9ao, because it has given to us one of the foremost insurance men of this country. Except for small discrepancies of latitude and longitude, the Garden of Eden might well have been located in Cura9ao, in the Dutch West Indies. Of beautiful spots that have ¦come under my eye, in various parts of this globe, this little island is one of the fairest. Upon this happy and peaceful tropical isle, Anton Adolph Raven was born in the year 1833. His father was John R. Raven, a name that indicates English ancestry; his mother Avas O. Petronella Hutchings, de scended from Knickerbocker ancestors, who went from Ncav York to Cura9ao, a genera tion earlier. Anton Raven came to New York in 1852, Avhen 17 years of age, and entered the service of the Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company. When he became a clerk in the employ of this corporation, his position was one of com paratively little scope and importance. Dur ing the last half century, the rise of Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company to its present preeminent position has kept pace with the steady progress of Anton Raven to its presi dency. His financial rank, as the head of this great company, is indicated by the respon sible positions he holds as trustee of the New York Life Insurance Company, vice-president of the Metropolitan Trust and of the Home Life Insurance Companies, and as a director of the Fidelity and Casualty Company, the Bank of New York and the Seaman's Savings Bank. Mr. Raven's heart and purse are always open to worthy objects. He also takes an ac tive interest in civic reforms. He is a con stant patron of science and art, being a mem ber of the American Geographical Society, the American Museum of Natural History (Life Member), and of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. His clubs are the Hamilton and Montauk of Brooklyn, of which borough he is a resident. The splendid building occupied by the com pany, at the corner of Wall and William Streets, is one of the finest office structures in a city of skyscrapers. It towers high above surrounding edifices, having for nearest neigh bor the ancient custom house, reconstructed for the use of the City National Bank. When the two cities of Manhattan and Brooklyn were tied together by the opening of the first Brooklyn bridge in May, 1883, the manifest destiny of Greater New York was seen. Although Brooklyn has profited more than Manhattan from that subsequent means of communication, both boroughs are stronger for the union. No one has labored more sturdily to effect and cement this con solidation of interests than Julian D. Fair- child. One by one, he has seen bridges added, but the proved value of the first one led to the construction of the others and every new structure of the kind has merely confirmed the accuracy of Mr. Fairchild's original views. Despite the thought and time he has given to public interests, characteristic modesty tAvice induced him to decline the highest honor in the gift of his fellow citizens. He was offered the Democratic nomination for Mayor of Brooklyn in 1894, but refused it. When the greater city was first organized, he likewise objected to being nominated for City Comp troller. This action was not taken because of disinclination to assume responsibility or to undertake arduous work for the city, but for the reason that he believed he could serve the public equally well without holding office. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 377 The erection of the Williamsburg bridge was one of the most businesslike and properly conducted public works ever accomplished by the City of New York. Mr. Fairchild held the position of treasurer of the Commis sion having charge of this undertaking and helped materially to sustain public confidence during the progress of the work. The com pleted structure stands to-day as an example of what can be accomplished even in graft- ridden New York: the bills for its erection were as closely scrutinized as though they had been presented to a business house and fewer "snakes" crept in than in any public enter prise of recent years. Julian D. Fairchild came from Connecticut, where he was born at Stratford, Aprfl, 1850. He attended public schools in Stratford and New Haven. His family is of English de scent, Thomas Fairchild crossing the sea to wed Sarah Seabrook, of Puritan stock, in 1637. Before his schooling Avas complete, young Fairchild sought employment Avith a manufacturing house in New Haven, to which city his parents had removed. By industry and intelligence displayed, whfle employed by this firm, his prospects were advanced ma terially. Having saved the money thus earned he started a store of his own which proved exceptionally successful and raised him to the position of a small but independent capitalist in the "Elm City." He AAas exceedingly de sirous to take a course at Yale College, but the struggle for existence prevented. After being identified with several industries in New Haven, he invaded what is to-day the City of New York and eventually developed into a capitalist of large proportions. He was elected president of the Kings County Trust Com pany, in 1893, an institution in which he had been interested since its inception. Soon after he became a director of the Bedford Bank, Lawyers' Title Insurance and Trust Com pany, National City Bank and many other corporations. Ever since Edison had success fully subdivided the electric current, Mr. Fair- chfld has taken interest in "the ucav light" and was early in the activities that led to the formation of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Brooklyn. Despite the fact that he was an enthusiastic advocate of bridges JULIAN D. FAIRCHILD and tunnels connecting the Iavo boroughs, Mr. Fairchild accepted the presidency of the Union Ferry Company, hoping to restore his fortune — seriously impaired by the bridges and tunnels he had advocated. In this, as in all things, his thoughts were centered upon the fortunes of the Iavo cities rather than upon any profits that might accrue to the stock holders of individual corporations. This un selfishness characterizes Mr. Fairchild's whole life. His declination of the Democratic nomi nation for Mayor in 1896 has been referred to. He is a regent of the Long Island College Hospital, president of the Brooklyn Central Dispensary, member of the Chamber of Com merce and of the Brooklyn, Montauk, Carle- ton and Dyker Meadow clubs. Banking in America has become one of the fine arts; no professional pursuit requires keener judgment, readier resource or broader scope of national affairs than the conduct of a successful banking institution in New York or any large city. The highest type of indi vidual integrity is also essential — capacity and experience being a condition precedent. One must carry in his mind the standing and credit of all prominent business industries of the community to properly safeguard interests 378 THE BOOK of NEW YORK EDWARD EARL ELIAS A. DE LIMA LOUIS G. KAUFMAN committed to his care. A bank president must possess qualifications necessary to insure success in nearly every other branch of com mercial life, as Avell as professional service. In this respect he is much like the chief editor of a metropolitan ncAvspaper, because he can only acquire such knoAvledge Avhen he has begun at the bottom and groAvn Avith his ad vancement until he has reached the pinnacle of his capacity and ambition. I am led to dAvell upon the requirements of the modern bank president in contemplating the success ful career of EdAvard Earl, President of the X^^ational X^assau Bank of Xcav York. He entered that institution in January, 1887, when a young man, as an assistant bookkeeper, Avith no other capital or influence save a good character and a resolute determination to com mand respect and advancement. His natural ability and close application to business ad vanced him in eleven years to the post of assistant cashier. In another nine years (1907) he became cashier. Soon thereafter the responsibilities of the active management of the bank fell upon his shoulders, OAving to the illness of the then president. Opportu nity to exhibit the value of 20 years' practical trainiup- brouo-ht out the dominant forces of his character! His sole attention Avas directed to strengthening and increasing and broaden ing the Nassau Bank. When elected cashier the deposits AA-ere $3,800,000; but in Novem ber, 1908, Avhen he became the executive head of the bank, less than Iavo vears later, thev had groAvn to $6,000,000. In February, 1910, hardly a year after he became president, the deposits AA'ere $8,830,393, having much more than doubled in the first three years of Mr. Earl's management. On November 1, 1911, the deposits Avere $13,592,625, and the total resources AA'ere $14,984,475, showing- the most remarkable increase of over 310 per cent, in resources in less than four years. Be it remembered that the training of this young man Avas in an atmosphere of conser vatism. During the panic of 1907-8 not a customer of the National Nassau Bank Avas refused accommodation. One of the latest accessions to the ranks of bank presidents in this city draAvn from the Middle West is Louis G. Kaufman, president of the Chatham & Phenix National Banks, re cently consolidated, Avith resources exceeding $20,000,000, in their ucav building at Broad Avay and John Street. Mr. Kaufman hails from Marquette, Michigan, of Dutch descent on his mother's side and of German ancestry on his father's. He Avas born in 1872 and his early education Avas received in the public and high schools of his native toAvn. When nineteen he entered the Marquette County Savings Bank and rose to be its cashier man ager in 1898. He soon after became vice- president of the First National Bank of Mar quette and Avas chosen its president in 1906. The Chatham National Bank was established in 1851 in Chatham Street, but came to the THE BOOK of NEW YORK 379 Broadway corner it uoav occupies in 1860. Mr. Kaufman was elected to the presidencv r thereof in 1910. He is also a member of the executive council of the American Bankers' Association and an ex-president of the Michi gan State Bankers' Association. Young men Avho intend to pursue commer cial careers display much Avisdom Avhen they acquire a knoAvledge of laAv. Elias A. de Lima, a successful banker, prepared himself for his lifework by taking a degree in Science at Cor nell University in 1886, and another in laAv at Columbia. He Avas born at Cura9ao, Dutch West Indies, in 1865. He was admitted to the X^CAV York Bar in 1889, meanAvhile having become a member of the firm of D. A. de Lima & Company, and a director and advisory coun sel of the Staten Island branch of the Corn Exchange Bank and trustee of the S. R. Smith Infirmary of Staten Island. He takes a great interest in art and in the beautification of Ncav York. After forty-three years of constantly in creasing business, the Excelsior Savings Bank, is now quartered in the ucav fireproof edifice at the Northeast corner of Twenty-third Street and Sixth Avenue. For many years it occupied the store in Booth's Theatre at the Southeast corner of TAventy-third Street and Sixth Avenue. Later it removed to the Masonic building on the opposite corner and remained there until the building, AA'hich Avas erected in 1870, Avas demolished in order to erect a nine teen-story modern edifice in Avhich the bank is UOAV located. The institution's prosperity is shoAvn by over $12,000,000, of deposits and surplus, Avhich plainly indicates the necessity for its handsome ucav quarters. The officers of the bank are: President, William J. Roome; first vice-president, James C. Gulick; second vice-president, William H. Barron; secretary, John C. Gris Avoid; assistant secretary, Arthur Plage; counsel, John C. Gulick; trustees, James C. Gulick, John C. Gulick, Robert C. Brown, Henry Dazian, Wflliam H. Barron, William J. Roome, Henry D. BrcAvster, John Burke, Joseph J. Little, Robert J. Horner, Wil liam CraAA'ford, Rich. G. Hollaman, Patrick F. Griffin, Ephraim M. Youmans and Benj. A. Hegeman, Jr. The reputation of the bank for prompt, courteous and efficient service on the part of its employees, is one of the reasons for its popularity and rapid groAvth. In order to THE EXCELSIOR SAVINGS BANK Chartered in 1869 facilitate the business of those Avho cannot appear in person at the bank, it publishes a leaflet Avhich explains hoAv accounts can be opened, deposits made and drafts effected, by mafl. This Avill be sent to anyone applying for it. This bank deserves the patronage and confidence of all those seeking a depository, Avhich is conservative and safe and, at the same time, progressive. The Union Dime Savings Bank, occupying its OAVU handsome building at Sixth Avenue and Fortieth Street, shoAA's a remarkable groAvth for the fifty-three years of its existence, having 380 THE BOOK of NEW YORK a surplus of $2,975,088.57. Its directorate in cludes some of the best knoAvn business men in the city. The only man I ever kncAV to attain the presidency of a metropolitan surety company atUhe age of tAventy-seven, in this city of tre mendous rivalry, is William M. Tomlins, Jr. The career of this young man is as interesting as has been the growth of his corporation since he became associated Avith it. He AA'as born in Brooklyn in 1878 and is a product of the public schools, graduating from the High School at the remarkably early age of sixteen, secured an unimportant clerical position AA'ith his vote for the candidate that he believes most worthy. He is a member of the Law yers' and the Underwriters' clubs. He is an enthusiastic Elk and Mason. Wall Street has for years rested under a cloud of misapprehension and distrust. Iso lated instances of disgraceful and dishonest conduct in the financial world have been blamed on Wall Street as a whole. No one ever rose in defense of Wall Street or endeav ored to show its true character. It has per haps been this policy of silence AA'hich has done more to confirm the bad impressions than any thing else. In the latter part of 1906 Col. ROBERT M. THOMPSON WILLIAM M. TOMLINS, Jr. WILLIAM C. CORNWELL the LaAA'yers' Surety Company of Ncav York. He remained with this corporation until 1900, when he joined the American Bonding Com pany, soon receiving an offer of an agency for the United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company. A year later he entered the ser vice of the Empire State Surety Company, soon becoming secretary, the following year vice-president and then president. His rise through the various official grades to the chief executive position Avas due entirely to the sug gestions constantly made by him for the im provement of the company's service. He found the organization Avith a capital of barely $125,000, and in less than eight years has in creased its capital to a half million Avith assets of over $1,200,000. Mr. Tomlins takes no active part in politics, although he ahvays exercises the right of citizenship by casting Wm. C. Cornwell, AA'ho was associated AA'ith the Stock Exchange firm of J. S. Bache & Co., and who always believed that Wall Street should have some medium which would ex press the true sentiment of the street, began the endeavor of publishing something more nearly embodying the larger ideas of that part of the financial world. The firm, for many years, had issued a Aveekly financial review of the usual character of stock market letters and pertaining mainly to the speculative sflu- ation. Mr. CoruAvell took over the writing of this periodical and made of it a small editorial sheet covering all events of impor tance, political as aacII as commercial, affect ing the financial situation. Every subject was treated fearlessly and without prejudice. Mr. Cornwell had long been a financial writer of prominence and his style was clear-cut. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 381 condensed and picturesque, and the Review soon began to be more quoted throughout the , United States than any other issue of its kind. The views on political and national questions were particularly sound and frequently led popular thought and forecasted final judg ment on the problems of the day. Mr. Corn- well had for many years been a successful writer and student of the currency question, and his publications in the anti-silver cam paign were the text-books for newspaper writers of that period. He was one of the first to insist that asset currency was the only kind for the United States, and when he first began to urge this opinion there were only five other men of prominence in the United States who believed as he did. The banks almost to a unit were against it. To-day the vast ma jority of thinking people agree with his early position that the only bases for true bank notes are the commercial assets of the business world, and no sound plan for Currency Re form is now proposed that does not embody this one essential doctrine. The Bache Re view, as it was called by the ncAvspapers in the West, which quoted it and based editorials upon its utterances, began to be a forceful exponent of the real situation and competent authorities assert that it has great power in molding public opinion in the West and South west and along the Pacific Coast. The Review began to find its way to Europe and is now eagerly looked for by bankers in London each week as an indication of the true sfluation in that country. Its unprejudiced character and opinions have given the bank ing firm a high reputation throughout this country and abroad. The Bache Review was designated in one of the Western editorials "the mouthpiece of Wall Street" and this cognomen has become one of its titles in the press. Many of the newspapers of the coun try quote the Review each week under the headline "What Wall Street Says." All this is evidence of the power of one man's pen. Who's Who in New York gives the following about Mr. Cornwell : Born, Lyons, N. Y., August 19, 1851; son of Francis E. and Catherine Livingston (Howe) Cornwell; attended private, public schools. Cashier of Bank of Buffalo, 1878- 1893; President City Bank of Buffalo, 1893- 1901; associated with J. S. Bache & Company, members of New York Stock Exchange, for several years past. Founder and first Presi dent American Institute of Bank Clerks. One of the founders and first president of the New York State Bankers' Association; mem ber Executive Council American Bankers' Association, 1893-1896; vice-president for New York State of American Bankers' Association, 1893; Chairman, Committee on Education of American Bankers' Association, 1897-1900. Curator, Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, 1874- 1899; president, Buffalo Society of Artists, 1887-1888. Author of many works on cur rency and sound money, and banking sub jects, also author of the Bache Review. Clubs: Athenaeum of London, England (hon orary member) ; City, National Arts, N. Y. City; Ellicott of Buffalo (honorary member). The banking house of W. X^. Coler & Co. makes a specialty of railroad, municipal and corporation bonds and has representatives in several of the large cities. The reputation of the firm is national. One often regrets that more men engaged in the strenuous commercial activities of our times, — many of them real heroes of the finan cial struggle, — do not develop fondness for literature and art. So many of them are literally obsessed AA'ith the passion of money- getting that the charms of life, to be found in association with outdoor sports, books and pictures, are overlooked. It was not so with the late Dumont Clarke, whom I knew as the President of the American Exchange National Bank, and as Vice-President of the Press Publishing Company, which oavus the New York World. Throughout a long business career, he Avas a splendid and preeminent ex emplification of precise honesty, healthy judg ment and conservative energy — a type all far too rare in our hurrying American business life. His counsel was highly valued by his associates and, during his long career, eageriy sought by men older in finance than he. A memorable instance may be mentioned when Mr. Morgan called Dumont Clarke, at the height of the panic of 1907, as an advisor in his successful effort to reverse the tide or lost confidence in the financial condition of the country. Dumont Clarke is another recruit of the 382 THE BOOK of NEW YORK DUMONT CLARKE Deceased metropolis from that great colony Avhose in fluence has been so marked over this Avhole country — Ncav England. He Avas born in X'^CAA'port. R. I., in 1840 and died of pneu monia, on December 26, 1909, at his beautiful estate in X^cav Jersey. Dumont, Avhere he lived, is a borough surrounding- his estate and named after him. His marriage to Cornelia Ellery, at Castleton, Vt., in 1869, Avas folloAA'cd by the birth of LcAvis L., Stanley and Dumont, Jr., Mary, Alice and Corinne, — three boys and three girls. Being Avhat Aldrich described himself to be, "a salty boy," that is to say, born Avith the breath of the sea in his lungs, Mr. Clarke ahvays Avas an enthusiastic yachts man; he could sail a boat and swim at an early age. Hoav natural, Avhen he came to the metropolis, that he should join the Xcav York Yacht Club and become one of its most enthusiastic members. Mr. Clarke was a social favorite in several clubs, and fond of sports afield as avcII as on the Avater. His recreations and his devotion to art and liter ature never impinged upon his commercial activities. Xo task Avas too complicated for him to undertake if the credit of any of the corporations Avith Avhich he Avas associated Avere to be maintained. A friend once de scribed Mr. Clarke's capacity as "possessing all the delicacy and finesse of a diplomatist combined Avith great physical and mental courage." I have especially in mind services he rendered to several hundred thousand policy holders in the reorganization of The Mutual Life Insurance Company, AA'hen he restored popular confidence in an utterly discredited corporation. It Avas no easy task; because tAA'o other institutions, equally strong, had been shoAvn to be equally honeycombed by mis management. Into this work Dumont Clarke thrcAv himself Avith the energy and determina tion of a much younger man! The value of his name as a director Avent far to quiet anx ieties among the stockholders and to as sure the confidence of the general public in banks and trust companies with which he Avas affiliated. There never was any question, at times of threatened panic or financial de pression, Avhere Mr. Clarke stood. He was ahvays on the right side, and opposed to any subterfuge involving trickery that Avould ameli orate conditions. As a director of the Ncav York Clearing- House Association, his Avord Avas ahvays a potent force in shaping the utter ances and acts of that body. Throughout a long career, he Avas habitually averse to publicity regarding his triumphs in business, although he Avas a sincere advocate of the ut most publicity concerning the financial status of corporations that invited the confidence of the public. His oavu dislike to notoriety pre vented earlier and more general recognition of his splendid abilities. The greatest Avork of Mr. Clarke's life Avas the upbuilding of the American Exchange National Bank, of Avhich his son succeeded him as president. I need to mention only a fcAv of the many companies of Avhich Mr. Clarke acted as director : Adams Express, American Beet Sugar, American Felt, Audit Company of Ncav York, Commercial Cable, DelaAA'are &Hudson Railroad, Fidelity & Casualty, the Caledonian, Home, Mutual Life, LavA'yers' Title Insurance Companies, Knick erbocker Trust, Long Island Railroad, Man hattan Raihvay, United States Safe Deposit, United States Mortgage & Trust and the Ncav York Clearing- House Building Companies. His association Avith journalism has been al ready stated. His death Avas a great loss to the financial community. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 383 The firm of N. W. Halsey & Co. deal in bonds in all principal markets. They buy and sell railroad, municipal and public utility 'bonds and make appraisements Avithout charge for institutions, estates and investors. The education and expert training necessary to develop a successful bank president in this age are such that the man Avho attains that im portant post must have advanced by gradual approach through all stages that intervene betAveen a clerkship and the presidency. Bank presidents are not born, they are made! Samuel S. Conover, uoav at the head of the Fidelity Trust Company, Avhich he organized in 1907, AA'as born in Passaic, N. J., 1869, and received his education at the public schools. He began business in Ncav York City at the age of fifteen Avith the Ncav York Mercantile Exchange, but Avas soon offered a position in the Ncav York office of the South ern Pacific railroad. He Avas appointed pri vate secretary to the late J. EdAvard Sim mons, president of the Fourth National Bank, and continued in the service of that institution for ten years. In 1902 he Avas elected vice- president and director of the Irving- National Bank, becoming its president in 1906. As be fore stated, he then organized the Fidelity Trust Company. Mr. Conover is of Dutch extraction, his ancestors settled in Ncav Am sterdam, 1630. The debt of gratitude that intellectual Brooklyn owes David Augustus Boody for his long and uuAvavering support of the Brooklyn Public Library, one of the largest institutions of the kind in the United States, Avill endure for all time. Mr. Boody Avas born in Jackson, Maine, in 1837, and was educated at the local schools and at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. The only method by AA'hich an am bitious young man Avithout parental assistance could secure an education in those days Avas by teaching school and using the salary thereof, intermittently, to attend institutions of learn ing. Mr. Boody began as a schoolmaster at eighteen, studying- laAv meauAvhile, and at twenty-three Avas admitted to the bar. He practiced for one year, came to Ncaa' York in 1862, and entered the banking house of Henry H. Boody & Co. Three years later he began business for himself and has been in the bank ing and brokerage business ever since. In the years which have since passed, Mr. Boody, located in the financial center of the country, has Avitnessed a marvelous groAvth in the en terprises of our nation. He has seen the rail road mileage grow from thirty thousand to over tAA'o hundred thousand. He has seen the groAA'th of the most gigantic railroad, in dustrial and financial corporations that the Avorld has ever knoAvn and he has seen X^cav York become the second city in the Avorld, Avith the prospect of soon becoming the first in numbers and in financial and commercial importance. As Mayor he, together Avith Park Commissioner BroAver, located the SAMUEL S. CONOVER DAVID A. BOODY AUSTIN CORBIN 384 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences on the East Side Park Lands. The three buildings, the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the Central Building of the Brooklyn Public Library and the Berkeley Institute, are all located near the Plaza, which Mr. Boody be lieves is destined to become, as an educational and art center, one of the prominent places not only of New York but of the Avhole country. His life is indissolubly associated with the initiatory work Avhich is now producing these results. Mr. Boody has for many years been the head of the banking house of Boody, McLellan & Company and is also director of the People's Trust Company and the U. S. Title Guaranty and Indemnity Company, both of Brooklyn, and is also president of several minor business enterprises. He Avas elected to Congress in the autumn of 1890 but resigned the next year, having been nominated for the office of Mayor. He served in that position for two years. In the midst of his many duties, however, he has never ceased during the last thirty years to serve the public in some educational or charitable Avay and this sort of service and the love he has for it seems to be his chief recrea tion. It is a great pleasure to recognize the sturdy capacity for work of rich men's sons Avho never have manifested an inclination to waste their days in idleness. To this class belongs Austin Corbin, son of the late Austin Corbin, a man who came out of the West to teach slow New Yorkers the splendid advantages of their proximity to the ocean by creating Manhattan Beach and connecting it Avith Ncav York by steam. Young Mr. Corbin Avas born in Brooklyn, 1873, and had his preparation for college at Cutler's School and Westminster School, Dobbs Ferry; after AAhich he entered Harvard, in the class of '96, where he was graduated cum laude. When taking his final examination at Harvard, in 1896, Mr. Corbin received the sad intelligence of his father's death in a runaway accident, at NcAA'port, N. H. He came direct to Ncav York to as sume his duties as executor of this large estate. He is president of the Manhattan Beach CHALMERS DALE Estates, — a corporation now creating one of the most beautiful seaside villa colonies on this Continent; president of the Rockaway Park Improvement Company; co-partner in the Corbin Banking- Company, and director in several large corporations. Chalmers Dale possesses that peculiar en ergy and executive ability AA'hich is character ized as "American" and Avhich advances capable young men in this country in situa tions of responsibility that in more conserva tive Europe Avould be filled by older men. He was born in Ncav York, 1882, and is a graduate of the Hill School of Pottstown, Pa., and of Sheffield Scientific School of Yale, 1904. Realizing the responsi bilities devolving- upon him in the matter of large investments of his personal estate, Mr. Dale undertook the study of the market con ditions and of values and became in 1908 a member of the Stock Exchange. Since quit ting the Stock Exchange, Mr. Dale has taken a leading part in the direction of the affairs of such well-known companies as the Precious Metals Corporation, of AA'hich he is treasurer; the East Canada Smelting Company, and the Federal Storage Battery Car Company. His office is at 49 Wall Street. He is a member of the Crescent and Riding and Driving clubs of Brooklyn and of the Lambs and Seawan- haka-Corinthian Yacht Clubs. The mining of precious metals has become one of the great industries of the world. Mother Earth has yielded the basis of all wealth. A young man who has achieved success in the exploitation of mines that were genuine producers is Charles EdAvard Green- ough, born in the Windsor Hotel, this city, October, 1880. The Greenoughs Avere of English stock, descendants of pioneers who came hither from Rowley, England, in 1624, and settled in RoAvley, Mass. Charies Ed- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 385 ward Greenough received his early education at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and then entered the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, where he was graduated with honors in the class of 1902. As his family were largely interested in the Portland mine at Cripple Creek, Col., young Greenough earnestly pursued a course of mining engineering at Yale. About this time Grant B. Schley, of the firm of Moore & Schley, suggested to the young man the vast possibilities for the development of the mineral wealth of Mexico. Mr. Green ough went to the neighboring republic and con tinued prospecting until he had located more than fifty mines and had purchased 300,000 acres of land — property consisting chiefly of old ranches, containing fine timber easily ac cessible to the railroads. To handle this im mensely valuable property, the Grand Union Mining Company was formed, with Mr. Greenough as Treasurer. That a young man, not twenty-five, should be selected by Ncav York capitalists to manage so large an enter prise indicates the confidence reposed in him, as well as his capacity and experience as a mining engineer. Mr. Greenough has found time to interest himself in other enterprises, and is President of the International Fire Preventive Company, manufacturers of Salamanderite, a fireproof substitute for wood; he was recently elected President of the Henry L. Lewen Company, which successfully introduced a new system of reinforced concrete in the United States and Canada. He is prominently identified with an improved sight for use of firearms. In 1909 Mr. Greenough married Miss Eleanor Whitridge, daughter of Frederick W. Whitridge, the prominent lawyer and re ceiver of the Third Avenue Railroad. Her grandfather was the late Matthew Arnold, the great English writer. They have one son, John Whitridge Greenough, born Octo ber 5, 1911, and christened in Grace Church on November 16, 1911, after the famous John Whitridge. Mr. Greenough is a member of the Metropolitan, New York Yacht, Aero, Delta Phi, Strollers, New York Athletic, Baltusrol, Sleepy Hollow, Whitehall, Lawyers', and Yale clubs; also of the Sons of the Revo lution, American Association for the Advance ment of Science and Metropolitan Museum of Art. I take great pleasure in quoting from a recent press notice which serves as an ad mirable summary of this young man prepared by a writer Avho is in close touch with Mr. CHARLES E. GREENOUGH Greenough's Avork: "Charles Edward Green ough is the type of man that most young men Avish they might be. At the age of thirty years he has long since looked the world straight in the eye and has taken from her that to which he is entitled — success. His history has the happy gloAv of healthful vigor used with good sense. And he is a Ncav Yorker — • the true New Yorker, such as we seldom see 386 THE BOOK of NEW YORK and often read about — a man Avith the calibre to absorb the atmosphere of the metropolis and profit by the experience." Among the brokerage and banking houses of the city that have connections Avith all the important financial centers, is that of J. S. Bache & Co. This firm holds membership in the Xcav York Stock, Cotton and Produce Exchanges; the Chicago Stock Exchange and the Liverpool and Xcav Orleans Cotton Ex changes. cities. It maintains branch offices in many For tAventy years been an active and J. Frank HoavcII has respected member of the Consolidated Stock Exchange of Xcav York and is a member of the Board of Governors. His business has stead ily groAvn and through many panics that SAA'cpt aAvay more pretentious concerns Mr. HoAvell's business never Avaver- ed, and he carries to day untarnished pres tige; that is all an in vestor can ask or ex pect of a broker, and is the reason that J. Frank HoavcII prospers. He keeps in constant touch Avith his customers by the ])ublication of a daily market letter and The Market Review Digest, AA'hich he edits and issues AA'cekly. Formerly Mr. HoAvell Avas a ncAvspaper man of some prominence and the neatly printed and illustrated publi cation is his hobby and his customers' guide. It is sent free upon request to those interested. Integrity, conservative methods, character, safety and honesty of purpose are the attri butes Avhich have success and a comfortable fortune. Photo by "Levins" J. FRANK HOWELL served to give Mr. Hoaa'cII A house that has made a reputation for conservatism, since its formation seven years ago, is that of McCornick Brothers. They do a strictly commission business and have a large folloAving. ELBRIDGE G. SNOW Elbridge Gerrv Suoav, President of the Home Insurance Company, Avas born in Barkham- stead. Conn., January 22, 1841. His educa tion, begun in the district and high schools, Avas completed in the Fort EdAvard (N. Y.) Institute. After his graduation he studied laAV, but instead of engaging in practice he entered an insurance office in Waterbury, Conn. In 1862 he obtained a clerkship in the main office of the Home Insurance Company, in Ncav York City, and since then his connec tion Avith the company has been continuous. He remained in the main office for nine years, then Avent to Boston as state agent of the com pany for Massachusetts; and, av hile there, also became a partner in a local agency rep resenting several of the best companies, under the firm name of Hollis & Suoav. In 1885 Mr. Suoav returned to Ncav York City as sec retary of the company, became its vice- president in 1888, and since 1904 has been president of the company. Besides being- at the head of this great com pany, Mr. SnoAv is a Trustee of the Ncav York Life Insurance Company, and is a director of the North River Savings Bank and other cor porations. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 387 Among the City's strong and able banking institutions, none perhaps is better, or more l^favorably knoAvn than the house of Redmond & Co., which, since its organization in 1892, has grown steadily until it is one of the leaders among Ncav York's large finaiUcial institutions and has correspondents and agents in all parts of the world. The firm of Redmond & Co. Avas founded by the late senior partner, Mr. Henry S. Redmond, and is uoav composed of Mr. Franklin Q. BroAvn, Mr. W. Redmond Cross, Mr. James C. Bishop, Mr. Otto J. Thomen and Mr. J. F. B. Mitchell, all of whom have long been prominently engaged in financial and railway matters, not only in Xcav York City, but throughout the entire country. Possibly the best knoAvn among the group is Franklin Q. BroAvn, the senior mem ber of the firm, Avho Avas for many years vice- president of the Plant Systems of railroads, president of The Plant Investment Company and president of several Southern raihvays. He is now a director and member of the Executive Committee of the Knickerbocker Trust Company, director and Chairman of the Executive and Finance Committees of the Xational Surety Company, director and mem ber of the Executive Committee of the Sea board Air Line Raihvay, director of the Vir ginia RaihA'ay and of many other financial institutions. Mr. W. Redmond Cross is a director in various railroads. Mr. James C. Bishop, is a director in the Mechanics and Metals National Bank, the Auburn Trust Company and other institutions. Mr. Otto J. Thomen is a mem ber of the Ncav York Stock Exchange and a trustee of the Staten Island Savings Bank and Mr. J. F. B. Mitchell is a recognized expert of many years' experience in railroad and public service corporations. These five men, com prising the firm of Redmond & Company, have long been prominent in bringing out ncAV and important bond issues of steam and street raihvays, lighting companies and simflar enter prises. The firm is known for its conserA'a- tism; has connections and ramifications in every foreign financial centre and its Letters of Credit and Travelers' Cheques are known the Avorld over. The New Banking House of REDMOND & COMPANY The firm's offices are in its marble building of beautiful and impressive design. The building is thoroughly up-to-date in every respect and is equipped Avith the latest modern devices in the AAay of vaults for the safekeeping of securities and other valuables, and every knoAvn improvement for the expeditious con duct of a large bankino- business. The in- terior of the offices, like the exterior, conveys an impression of solidity. There has been no attempt at gaudy decoration and the plainness is elegant and suggestive of strength. The reputation of Redmond & Company being international and the architectural beauty and elegance of its offices being Avidely knoAvn, a portion of each business day has to be set aside for the reception of foreign bankers, corre spondents of the firm and many others Avho come to see the building and the facilities of this model, modern up-to-date American bank ing house. 388 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Modern life has so increased the dangers of existence that far-seeing men have created corporations for the financial safeguarding of humanity in cases of accident. One of the best known institutions in this line of semi- philanthropic effort is the Fidelity & Cas ualty Company of New York, the managers of which, in this city, are E. E. Clapp & Co. This firm paid to the Fidelity & Casualty Com pany, on account of last year's business, nearly $1,500,000. The directing head of this firm, EdAA'ard Everett Clapp, comes of Colonial stock and Avas born at Holyoke, Mass., Jan uary, 1838. At the age of 23 Mr. Clapp sailed for China, Avhere he engaged in the cotton industry, — being among the first foreigners to do so. The close of the Civil War caused a cessation of that industry there and he returned to the United States in 1875 and entered the insurance business in Albany. In 1881 he came to Ncav York as General Man ager of the Casualty Department of the Fidelity & Casualty Company for the States of X^ew York, Ncav Jersey, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and to-day his firm is the most important concern in its line in the Avorld. He is a member of the Union League, the DoAvn Town Association, the Peace Society, the Economic Club of X^cav York, the Essex County Country Club and the Ncav England Society, of Orange, the Republican Club of East Orange and the Society of Colonial Wars of the State of Ncav Jersey. He is also a 32d degree Mason. The insurance men of this country are among its brainiest, most energetic and most successful citizens. To take high rank among its leaders requires ability of the rarest order, and the Avidespread and enviable reputation enjoyed by Mr. Clapp and his firm is one of AA'hich any man might be proud. EDWARD E. CLAPP The world's debt to Italy never can be paid. The large Italian population of Ncav York has contributed so much to this city's adorn ment that feelings of gratitude must inspire Avhatever words are said in praise of it. One man AA'ho has particularly distinguished him self as an adopted citizen of our metropolis is Cesare Conti, banker and steamship agent, who came among us as a youth in 1876 from his native town of Pontremoli, Province of Massa Carara. He opened an office at 35 and 37 Broadway, in the building- that has housed his business ever since, at the age of sixteen (1884). He had a small room on the second floor and a smaller office boy, since which time his banking business has developed to large pro portions. Many of his fellow countrymen were imposed upon by irresponsible agents of private Italian banks, therefore Signer Conti aided the Banco di Napoli of Italy to establish the guaranteed money order system for the protection of emigrants from his native country. He AAas first to interest the Italian automobile builders to send their extraordinary and famous cars to the United States. His long steamship experience, as well as strong financial help, Avere utilized to form the now poAverful Lloyd Sabaudo Steamship Company, the vessels of which form a continuous link betAA'een this port and the chief havens of Italy. Finally, he incorporated the Italo- American Stores, for the introduction of prod ucts from the land of his birth and has created a Avide and growing market for many classes of goods not previously known or appreciated in this country. Also being the original dis penser of Green River Whiskey, a noted Ken tucky product. Signor Conti has been de servedly honored by the monarch of his native land, having been created a Chevalier of the King of Italy. He has had a prominent part in raising funds for the erection of the beauti ful monuments and statues to Garibaldi, Columbus, Verrazzano, Verdi and Dante. The Columbus shaft at Fifty-ninth Street and Eighth Avenue entrance to Central Park is the handsomest monument to the Great Dis coverer in existence, excelling the one in Columbus' native city of Genoa. The new Dante memorial will be a Avork of art. Space forbids even a mention of all the charities and THE BOOK of NEW YORK 389 social organizations to which Signor Conti belongs. The Lotos and Columbia Yacht ^clubs always welcome him; he is Vice-Presi dent of the Italian Chamber of Commerce. When an American travels abroad, he finds of equal importance the securing of passage on a fast and staunch steamship and the pro curement of a proper letter of credit that will keep him in funds, no matter where he goes. The assurance that he will be landed in safety on the other side of the ocean is desirable, but the gratification of knoAving that money is easily forthcoming for the expenses of his tour exceeds all other anxieties after he is ashore. There are many ways of transferring money; but, for a traveler, the letter of credit has proved superior to all others. Its safety highly recommends it. Travelers' checks, such as are issued by Knauth, Nachod & Kuhne, are also safe and convenient for the tourist in any country in the Avorld and are in amounts of from $10.00 to $100.00. The banking firm of Knauth, Nachod & Kuhne does a large business in supplying letters of credit to Americans who travel in all parts of the world. In addition to its financial value, the bearer of such a certificate finds it as good for identification as a letter from the Secretary of State. Not only does it identify the possessor, but it assures him of the ability to proceed upon his journey with promptitude. There isn't a city of Europe, or Asia, or South America, or the West Indies, containing a bank in which such a letter of credit cannot be draAvn upon. This firm has associated with it a capable young banker named Oscar Louis Gubelman, who has been reared in an atmosphere of banking. His first experience was obtained in the banks of Jersey City, his birthplace, whence he crossed the Hudson to accept an important post in a New York bank. He was born in May, 1876, and is of German ancestry on both sides of his house. His father arrived in this country sixty years ago and located in the strongly German settle ment on the New Jersey side of the river. Young Gubelman was educated at the public and high schools of Jersey Cfly, taking a final course at the Stevens School, Hoboken. When seventeen years old he obtained a clerical position in the Third National Bank, of Jersey City, but a year later he went to the United States Mortgage and Trust Company, Avhere, during- six years' service, he received thorough training. The efficiency of his work caused him to be off'ered the position of secre tary and treasurer of the Commercial Trust Company, of Jersey City, and he was soon after elected its vice-president. In 1904 Mr. Gubelman was made vice-president of the Guaranty Trust Company, of New York City, from which post, in 1907, he became a partner of Knauth, Nachod & Kuhne. That he was OSCAR L. GUBELMAN an acquisition of strength to the firm is proved by the important matters entrusted to his final disposition. He is classed among the coming men in Wall Street. Mr. Gubelman is a director of the Commer cial Trust Company, of New Jersey; secre tary, treasurer and a director of the Eastern Construction Company; director of the Electri cal Securities Corporation; director of The Mechanics Trust Company, of New Jersey; director of the Underwood Typewriter Com pany; director of The Regina Company; di rector of the Locomotive Super Heater Com pany, director of the American Cities Co., di- 390 THE BOOK of NEW YORK rector of the Computing, Tabulating and Re cording Co., director of the First National Bank of West Orange, N. J., and director of the Registrar & Transfer Co., of Ncav Jersey. He is a member of the Auto- inobiie Club of America, DoAvntoAvn Associa tion, the Raflroad Club, the Essex County Country Club, the Deal Country Club, the Recess Club and the Jersey City Club. He is, also, a lover of outdoor sports, a reader of books and an intelligent student of the general problems of the business world. Another descendant of a Revolutionary family is Thomas JcAvett HalloAvell, born at Steubenville, Ohio, December, 1869. He re ceived an education in Europe and, returning to America, began a banking career as clerk in the Second National Bank of Ncav York City. Mr. HalloAvell became an employe of the American Surety Company and, later, manager of the Fidelity Department of the LaAA'yers' Surety Com pany. The banking- firm of HalloAA'cll & Henry Avas formed. ^Ir. Hallowell served in the Spanish-American War as a petty Naval officer. He is treasurer of the Associated Maryland Corporation, of the Montague Realty Company, the KitchaAvan Telephone Conipany, and a member of the American Bankers' Association. His club is the Play ers'; he is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution and of the Society of Colonial Wars. Occupying- a new and handsome building at Nos. 49 and 51 West Thirty-third Street, in the hub of Ncav York City, the Mutual Bank has every facility for conducting its constantly increasing business. The bank Avas first estab lished in 1889 Avith quarters at Thirty-fourth Street and Eighth Avenue; David Stevenson Avas the first president, and after removal to Thirty-third Street and BroadAvay, James McClenahan succeeded to the presidency. Charles A. Sackett has been the executive head since 1907, and under his direction the business THOMAS J. HALL(J\VELL of the institution has largely increased. The capital is $200,000, and the statement of Feb ruary 28, 1912, shoAA'cd surplus and undivided profits of $387,213.50 and deposits of $4,496,- 567.91. (Deposits uoav $5,100,000.) The UCAV building, aside from the advantage of being- centrally locat ed, is equipped Avith the most improved safe ty deposit vaults and every modern device to facilitate business. The officers are: Presi dent, Charles A. Sack ett; vice-president, John C. Van Cleaf; vice-president and cashier, Hugh N. Kirk- land, and cashier, Eugene THE MUTUAL BANK assistant- Gal- vin. The board of di rectors includes : Rich ard Delafield, chair man, AndrcAv J. Connick, Thomas Dimond, Otto M. Eidlitz, A. P. W. Kinnan, C. W. Luyster, E. A. McAlpin, Samuel Mc^Iillan, Charles A. Sackett, James Thompson, John C. Van Cleaf, Cornelius ^^anderbilt, Charles P. Taft and Isadore Taks. The present firm of J. L. NcAvborg & Bro. Avas formed in 1904 and consists of J. L. and Leo D. NcAvborg. J. L. NcAvbore; has been a member of the Ncav York Stock Exchange since 1901. The house does a commission business exclusively. There is a Avoman in this city actively en gaged in commercial business that it is a pleas ure to knoAv. She maintains that having been born in Ncav Hampshire, educated in Massa chusetts and having- taught school in Connec ticut, she is necessarily a Ncav Englander. KnoAving that her chief successes have been achieved in this competitive metropolis, Avhere nobody gets to the top by accident, I say she is a cosmopolitan. Myra Belle Martin is descended from pioneer Puritans, but not from the " MayfloAA'cr." Her frankness in this respect is admirable. The first acquirement for AA'hich she can thank her forebears is a finished education which has enabled her to instruct others. Before she could have voted. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 391 had she been of the voting sex, she Avas teach ing Latin, Greek and mathematics and pre paring young men for college. She prepared many young men for Harvard, Yale and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and many young women for Smith, Vassar and Wellesley, all of Avhom have done credit to her training. In 1889, she gave up teaching and came to New York as associate manager of the office of the Prang Educational Company, of Boston. Even more successful in business than she had been in the other field of educa tional work, since 1893 she has been engaged as secretary of several important corporations in the United States and Mexico — success of some of them being largely due to her faithful AA'ork. For example, she Avas the first secre tary of the Greene Consolidated Copper Com pany, the unlisted stock of Avhich Avas sold by popular subscription. Preparing- most of the advertising matter, she personally issued to two thousand stockholders certificates for one hundred and fifty thousand shares of its capi tal stock, countersigned by Iaa'o prominent Trust Companies. She not only personally secured for the company the first money so vitally important to a corporation, but she also handled about $1,250,000 received in subscriptions for the stock. This is believed to be a record for accuracy unsurpassed by any one of either sex in a similar position. Her work brought her into business relations with many prominent financial corporations and she has the confidence of all officials who have had personal dealings Avith her. Miss Martin has not alloAAcd devotion to business to dull her interest in the better things of life. One of the founders of the Patria Club, she is president of the Shakes peare Club, is a member of the Municipal Art Society, American Scenic and Historic Pres ervation Society, American Anthropological Association, National Geographic Society, National Society of Craftsmen, life member of the National Arts Club, and a Daughter of the American Revolution. In charitable work, her sympathies lie particularly Avith children, and until the Guild for Crippled Children of the Poor Avas merged in an organization of simflar purpose, she Avas a member of its Board of Managers. Miss Martin has reg istered herself as a law student and looks for Avard to taking her examination for admission to the bar. And yet the Avoman — successful as a teacher, successful in business, and Avith a possibly brilliant future as a laAA'yer — is a Avoman still ! She has caught the ' spirit of success Avithout losing the charm of her sex. She is even more at home in her pleasant studio at the National Arts Club than in a downtown office, amid the din of business. She can converse on literature and art Avith an author or a painter after the day's Avork is done as Avell as she can talk trade to a stern bank president during business hours. The man Avho can teach his felloAvs hoAv to save money is a public benefactor; many of us cannot learn the secret. Walter Francis Burns originated the Home Savings Bank System, Avhicli consists of a small steel safe into AA'hich money can be placed but cannot be extracted except by an officer of a financial in stitution having the key. So successful has this system of securing a savings account proved that it has been adopted by more than 3,000 banking institu tions in the United States and over 500 banks in foreio-n countries. Altogether, his devices have been placed in several million homes. He is president of the Burns Realty Company, and a large OAvner of luAvood prop erty. Mr. Burns Avas born at FredericktoAvn, Cecil County, Maryland, and is descended from a distinguished Naval family. His father AA'as Captain Oaa'cu Burns, U. S. N.; his grand father. Captain OtAvay Burns, commanded the U. S. Privateer "Snap Dragon," in the War of 1812-'15. To the memory of this patriot, the State of North Carolina recently erected a monument at Beaufort, and the toAvn of Burnsville, named after him, conferred a simflar honor in 1908. The Burns famfly, originally English, inherited a large tract of AVALTER F. BURNS 392 THE BOOK of NEW YORK land granted by the King- to its great-great grandfather in 1732, Avhich Walter F. Burns now retains as head of the house. From the humblest beginning to a position of prominence in the financial and commercial Avorld forms the life story of Colonel Andrew D. Baird, Avho came from Scotland AA'hen a boy and locating in Brooklyn started to work as a blacksmith's helper for a AA'cekly AA'age of $2.50. He afterAvard became an apprentice to a stone cutter and thoroughly learned the ANDREW D. BAIRD art of cutting and fitting stone. He had risen to an assistant foremanship when the Civil War broke out, but resigned the position at the first call for troops and joined the 79th (High lander) Regiment as a private. He fought in every battle in AA'hich his regiment was en gaged, winning successive promotions for bravery until at the siege of Vicksburg he had risen to a captaincy and Avas made major at Petersburg. He Avas brevetted lieutenant- colonel for gallantry at Fort Saunders, Knox vflle, Tenn., Avhere Avith but 145 men he re pelled Longstreet's force of 8,000. He was several times Avounded and still carries a bul let in his left arm. After the Avar he returned to Brooklyn and formed a partnership Avith Robinson Gill, Avith Avhom he served his ap prenticeship. He afterAvards bought his part ner's interest, and for many years carried on the business alone, furnishing the cut stone for many important buildings and thousands of dAvellings and churches. Col. Baird has ahvays been interested in politics. He was elected a Republican member of the Board of Alderman in 1876, serving three terms. He Avas on Iavo occasions candidate for Mayor and AA'as only defeated by small majorities. In addition to his large interest in the firm of Andre AV D. Baird & Sons, he is vice-presi dent and director of the Manufacturers Na tional Bank, vice-president and trustee of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank, trustee of the Nassau Trust Company, president of the In dustrial Home, Brooklyn, E. D., director of the Brooklyn Public Library, director of the Eagle Warehouse and Storage Company, director of the Realty Associates and presi dent of the Brooklyn Times. One of the strong financial institutions of the Metropolis is the Merchants Exchange National Bank. With a cash capital of $600,000, it has surplus and undivided profits of $607,072.19 and deposits of $7,943,511.80. Across the river, in Jersey City, N. J., is the First National Bank, one of the strongest financial institutions in the State. It has a capital of $400,000; surplus and undivided profits of $1,306,631.47, and deposits amount ing to $7,338,704.46. The officers are: presi dent, George J. Smith; vice-president, Robert E. Jennings; cashier, Edward I. Edwards, and assistant cashier, Henry Brown, Jr. As a financier, Colgate Hoyt is one of the prominent figures in Wall Street affairs. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio, March 2, 1849, and is now senior member of the banking and brokerage house of Colgate Hoyt & Co. Throughout his long and successful career Mr. Hoyt has been interested in many of the lead ing trans-continental railroads and has mate rially aided in building up some of the lines. He is an ex-president of the Automobile Club of America, a member of the Metropoli tan Museum of Art, New York Society THE BOOK of NEW YORK 393 Founders and Patriots of America, Pilgrim Society, New York Zoological Society, North ^Shore Horse Show Association, American Social Science Association, New York School of Applied Design for Women, Chamber of Commerce, Empire State Society, S. A. R., Oyster Bay Board of Trade, Ohio Society of New York, and the Union League, Metropoli tan, New York Yacht and City Midday clubs of New York City, the Union Club of Cleve land, Canadian Camp, Peping Rock Kennel, and the Mfll Neck Club of Oyster Bay. The business man in national affairs is always an interesting study, chiefly because he is exceptional. No better example can be found in this state than Cornelius Amory Pugs- ley, who, in addition to mastering the banking business and becoming president of the West chester County Na tional Bank, at Peeks- kill, has distinguished himself in Congress. He was born at Peeks kfll, of an old West chester County family that dates back to 1680, at Avhich time John and M a t h e av Pugsley came from England and settled in the Manor of Pelham. When the Revolution broke out, the family divided, the Royalist wing going to Canada and the liberty-loving members remaining- here. Mr. Pugsley's great-grandfather was a soldier in the Revolu tion and his grandfather served as a Captain in the War of 1812, making him eligible as a Son of the American Revolution and the Society of the War of 1812. Mr. Pugsley was unanimously elected President-General of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution at Faneuil Hall, Boston, in 1906, and he presided over the National Congress at Denver in 1907. He was educated at the public schools and privately, served for a time as assistant postmaster in his native town and then entered the banking business. He was sent to the House of Representatives for one CORNELIUS A. PUGSLEA' term in 1900, being the only Democrat elected in New York State between New York City and Buffalo. Mr. Pugsley's early education has been supplemented by extensive reading and much travel, giving to him broad and comprehensive knoAvledge. He has visited every state and territory, including Alaska. Europe is well knoAvn to him and he has also travelled in the Holy Land and Egypt, Algiers and other parts of Africa. While in the Orient, he wrote a series of letters to the Evangelist which at tracted attention. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, of the New England Society and many other social organizations. He is a lover of the horse, but lately has ac quired a taste for motoring. Mr. Pugsley is distinguished as an orator. He has delivered several memorable addresses on historic an niversaries in this country, among AA'hich may be mentioned his Decoration Day speech at Trinity Cemetery, N. Y., an address at the tomb of the Prison Ship Martyrs, Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn; another at Detroit, Mich., on the occasion of an anniversary celebration of the French Alliance; again at a lecture on the Holy Land and the East; an after-dinner speech at the National Congress of the Sons of the American Revolution, at Denver, and a speech on "The American Spirit," de livered at Boston. Accountancy has become so necessary to every branch of corporate, financial and mer cantile AA'ork that it has developed into a pro fession, ranking Avith the largest and most important in this country. Among those Avho have attained high reputation in this line of AVork is Leonard fl. Conant, who numbers among his clients some of the most important concerns in New York City and many munici palities throughout the United States. Many of the active reform measures recently instituted in the Customs Service at the Port of X^cAV York are due to the initiative of the Surveyor, Nelson Herrick Henry. General Henry was born on Staten Island in 1855 and pursued a thorough education looking to the practice of medicine. He Avas gradu ated from the College of Physicians and Sur geons in the class of 1879. He buflt up an extensive practice, Avas appointed Assistant 394 THE BOOK of XEW YORK GEN'L NELSON H. HENRY DR. WALTER BENSEL CHARLES V. FORNES Surgeon-General N. G. S. N. Y., and later Chief Surgeon of the State. When the Cuban War broke out, in 1898, President McKinley made him a Chief Surgeon of Division. After the Avar he represented the Fifth Assembly dis trict in the Legislature until 1901, Avhere he initiated the movement for the State control of tuberculosis patients and introduced the original bill for the creation of a State Sani tarium. On the completion of twenty-five years of active service in the National Guard, on February 19, 1910, he was commissioned by Governor Hughes Alajor-General by bre- A'ct. General Henry Avas appointed and served five consecutive terms as Adjutant-General of the Stale under as many difl'erent Governors, a record never equalled. Plis appointment as Surveyor of the Port of Ncav York dates from June 15, 1910. One of the men AA'ho has demonstrated his efficiency in the Department of Health is Walter Bensel, born in this city, in 1869. He is a product of the public schools and of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, taking an M.D. degree at the latter in 1890. He began practice as a physician in 1892, after eighteen months' surgical experience in Belle vue Hospital and three months in the Sloane Maternity Hospital. He served as assistant surgeon at the Vanderbilt Clinic for five years, after Avhich he lectured for Iavo years on sur gery at the Polyclinic ^Medical School and Hospital; he Avas, for a time. Pathologist at the Ncav York Hospital. He served in numer ous capacities in the Department of Health, betAA'een 1892 and 1907. He was appointed an Associate in Hygiene and Preventive Medi cine at Columbia University; he also served as First Lieutenant in the Medical Reserve Corps of the U. S. A. He is a member of numerous medical and social organizations. Having many interests, both commercial and financial in Ncav York and being thor oughly conversant Avith the needs of the city, Charles V. Fornes has made an able repre sentative fronr the 11th District in the 60th, 61st and 62nd sessions of Congress. Mr. Fornes Avas born in Erie County. Ncav York, January 22, 1847, and AA'orked his oAvn Avay through academic and commercial courses in Lockport Union Academy, graduating in 1864. Upon completing his education he entered the employ of Dahlman & Co., Avoolen mer chants, and then Avith the nephcAV of his em ployer started the firm of Dahlman & Fornes. He removed to New York City in 1877, the firm becoming C. V. Fornes & Co. Mr. Fornes is a trustee of the Emigrant's Industrial Bank, the Ncav York Mortgage & Security Company, and the Columbian National Life Insurance Company. He Avas president of the Board of Alderman of Ncav York City from 1901 to 1905 and member of the Com mittee on Columbian Celebration in 1902. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 395 He has been treasurer of the Catholic Pro tectory and is now the secretary. Ele is a 'member of the Catholic Club and Democratic Club of New York City and is an ex-president of the Champlain Club of Plattsburg, Ncav York. The triumph of a resolute nature over ap parently insurmountable circumstances never was better exemplified than in the case of Charles W. Anderson, Collector of Internal Revenue for the 2d Dis trict of Ncav York City. Born in Ohio (Oxford) , of poor parents, he worked his way through high school and commercial college Avhile supporting a Avid- OAved mother and two sisters. He afterAvards studied 1 a av , serving meanwhile as man aging clerk of a law firm, but he never ap plied for admission to the bar. He devoted his leisure time to read ing and mental development in preparation for newspaper AA'ork. In pursuit of employ ment of that character, he came to New York and worked as a reporter, Avith unqualified success. A taste for politics changed the current of his life and he took an active part in the local Republican campaigns, speaking- as a "spellbinder" in local and national cam paigns of the Republican party. For several years he served as an efficient supervisor of racing accounts for the N. Y. Racing Com mission, and was for four years chief clerk of the State Treasury Department of N. Y. State. In 1906 President Roosevelt appointed him Collector of Internal Revenue and he has since discharged the duties of his office to entire satisfaction. He is a member of N. Y. State Republican Committee, a member of the Metropolitan Museum of Art of Ncav York City, and a member of the National Geographic Society. CHARLES W. ANDERSON The frank confession of the little Emperor of China, ostensibly from his OAvn hand, on October 30, 1911, must appeal to the American people, Avho, for fifty years, endured indif ference of their Chief Magistrates and chicanery or complaisance from most of the Congressmen, judiciary, governors, state legislators, mayors and city officials AA'ho mis represented them. Wretched young Hsuan- Tung, feeling- the Manchu dynasty tottering beneath him, cried aloud: "1 have not employed proper men; those Avhom I trusted have deceived me; public opinion has been antagonized; Avhen I urge reform, officials embezzle; much of the people's money has been taken, but nothing- to benefit the people has been achieved; all China is grumbling, disaster looms ahead; these things are my own fault!" Presidents Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison and McKinley might have Avritten and signed such an edict Avith entire truthful ness; but they never did. There Avere fcAv champions of popular rights! "Protection" to the producing and manufacturing- interests was thought to be the gospel of prosperity! I had been raised on the doctrine and had served under Horace Greeley; I began Avith that opinion. But as I came to understand the public official, I soon saAv that he AAas not a public servant. He Avas serving individuals, not the Avhole people, rich and poor alike! He took life easily, and was constantly ad vancing his pay. The aAvakening came only Avhen President Roosevelt literally "shook up" this country by telling- its citizens Avhat indifferent crea tures they Avere sending- to the Senate and House. Roosevelt was not the first man to speak these truths, but the presidential voice commanded attention! As the miserable lit tle Emperor of China says, "Nothing for the people, everything for the nabobs!" When, therefore, earnest, conscientious na tional, state and municipal officials are chosen Avho are strict in attention to duty, they should command especial respect, because they are unlike the great majority of such trusted citi zens. Personal honesty is not all; indifference has been the menace to popular rights in this country! I have known many capable na- 396 THE BOOK of NEW YORK tional, state and city officials who had a cor rect conception of their duties. But their voices Avere not as potential as they might have been made, had greater energy been em ployed. The development of the fire-alarm system in the city of Ncav York has made it one of the most efficient features of that Department. To this work John Clifford Rennard con tributed much. He was born in Philadelphia in 1866 and took his first degree in the Central High School of the Quaker City. He then secured an appointment to the United States Military Academy, AA'here he Avas graduated in 1890. After serving four years of military duty, he resigned to take a course in electricity The State's administration of appropria tions made for the needy is characterized by efficiency, compared Avith examples found in many county and private charitable institu tions. About 95 per cent, of the State's money reaches its proper destination, the small remainder being used for expenses. The present secretary of the State Board of Charities. Robert William Hebberd, attained that position after much preliminary experience in charitable work. Born in this city, October, 1857, he Avas educated at Grammar School No. 37 and the Mynderse Academy, Seneca Falls. He began his active career in 1881 with the Ncav York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, his special charge being the needy in J. CLIFFORD RENNARD ROBERT W. HEBBERD GEORGE McANENY at Columbia University and was graduated as electrical engineer. He started his business career as an assistant in the New York Tele phone Company, and, in 1900, had risen to Assistant Engineer of that great organization. At the end of seven years he resigned that post to begin practice as a consulting- electrical engineer. In August, 1910, he received his appointment as electrical engineer of the New York Fire Department for the special purpose of designing and installing- a ucav alarm- telegraph system. While Avith the telephone company, Mr. Rennard converted the entire switchboard equipment from magneto to com mon battery type, involving the installation of UCAV central offices capable of handling upward of 100,000 telephone lines. the TAvelfth and Nineteenth Wards. Early he developed strong humanitarian instincts and not only found his work interesting but gratifying. Subsequently, Mr. Hebberd be came superintendent of the Charity Organi zation Society of this city, also serving tor a brief period as secretary of the State Board, and in 1906 he Avas appointed Commissioner of Public Charities of the City of New York. Since April, 1910, he has been acting in his present capacity. While Commissioner he caused the preparation of plans — a thing never undertaken before — covering a systematic de velopment of building and other work for the next half century. He is a member of the City Club and a 32d degree Mason. He is an Independent with Democratic inclinations. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 397 WILLIAM F. SCHNEIDER Long years of business experience and an expert knoAvledge of accountancy have en abled William F. Schneider to fill the office of County Clerk with more than ordinary success. He was born in New York City, November 24, 1864, educated at the public schools and graduated in 1879, en tering the employment of The H. B. Claflin Company Iavo years later. He remained Avith the firm for tAven- ty-one years, the last ten being Assistant Chief Accountant, and retired to join Avith M. M. Smith in the formation of the firm of M. M. Smith & Co., manufacturers of ladies', misses' and children's dresses, at No. 134 and 136 West Twenty-fifth Street. Mr. Schneider was a member of the Board of Alderman for four years, and during his term acted as Chairman of Committee on Bridges and Tunnels, intro ducing the resolution for the erection of the Queensboro and Manhattan bridges. He is a member of the Harlem Board of Commerce, the National Democratic Club and the Royal Arcanum. A brilliant and still a young man Avho has risen to responsible position is John P. Cohal an. Timothy Cohalan and Ellen O'Leary, both born in Ireland, are the parents of the present Surrogate, Avho was born in Brooklyn on the most auspi cious date of March 17, 1873. After at tending the public schools at Middle- town, N. Y., John Cohalan studied at Manhattan College, where he attained the degree of A.B. in 1893, and was admitted to JOHN P. COHALAN thc bar in 1895. 1* ^ ijy g| After practicing laAv successfully for several years he ran for Assembly and Avas elected in 1906. He apparently "made good" as a legislator, for in the folloAving year he Avas elected to the Senate. The tenure of his present post of Surrogate of Ncav York County dates from January 1, 1909. Sur rogate Cohalan belongs to the Manhattan, Catholic, Oakland Golf Clubs and several others. With a mind stored by years of ncAvspaper experience and the study of laAV, George McAneny is especially Avell-equipped for the presidency of the Borough of Manhattan. He Avas born in Greenvflle, N. J., December 24, 1869, and is a graduate of the Jersey City High School. After leaving school he served as reporter and correspondent tor various Ncav York ncAA'spapers and Aveeklies and was secretary of the Civil Service Reform League, having for ten years much to do Avith the promotion and enforcement of Federal and State Civil Service LaAvs and drafting the City Civil SerA'ice rules now in force. He was elected President of the Borough of Man hattan on the Fusion ticket in 1909. He is vice-president of the National Municipal League, president of the Friendly Aid Society, vice-president of the Armstrong Association, having to do Avith the Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, and trustee of Jeanes Fund for Rudimentary X^egro Education. His clubs are the Century, City, Manhattan and Lake George Country. Lovers of travel have reasonable cause to envy my Lotos Club friend, William Herbert Libby, AA'ho, during thirty years, visited all parts of the Avorld as arbitrator and diplomatic agent of the Standard Oil Company. He is a X^cAV Englander of English descent, extend ing back to 1620 at Massachusetts Bay. Starting Avith a common school education, Mr. Libby at the age of tAventy (1865) en tered trade in the petroleum business in this city. It was a new article of merchandise at that time, but young Libby became so dis tinguished as an expert that, in 1878, he Avas asked to enter the employment of the Standard Ofl Company. He Avas at once sent on the road to extend that corporation's business in Oriental countries. For tAventy years 398 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Mr. Libby Avas the foreign representative of the great company; he pushed its trade into every corner of the Avorld; he arbitrated all disputes and became a sincere believer in conciliation rather than aggression. During that time, he travelled more than 300,000 miles — making several trips 'round the AA'orld — and Avas received at many European and Oriental courts. Recently, at the age of 65, ^Ii-. Libby accepted a post of advisory char acter and has settled doAvn in this city. He is a member of many social organizations. Just across the Canadian line, opposite Franklin County, N. Y., in the village of Dundee, A. Paul Gardiner, uoav a successful manufacturer in this city, Avas born in 1865. He is of Scotch descent, but his fore- A. PAUL GARDINER bears lived more than a century in Canada, having originally purchased their lands from the Indians. Young Paul secured his edu cation at the district high schools and Franklin Institute, after Avhich he Avent to Montreal and became a clerk in a dry goods house. Remaining there a short time he came to X^cav York and engaged himself to a large cotton manufacturing concern, his duties taking him to everv state in the Union. ^Ir. Gardiner Avas first to found a magazine on a cooperative plan of publication among- retail merchants, Avhen Modes and Fabrics came into existence, attaining- an enormous circulation. Its publi cation continued for sixteen years and led to the promotion of proprietary medicines, in Avhich Mr. Gardiner made a fortune. He AAas among the earliest to realize the prospective groAA'th of the Bronx, and actively undertook the development of land therein. He has a fine estate at Croton-on-Hudson, called "Hes sian Hill Farm." Mr. Gardiner has Avritten several books. The House of Cariboo and Other Tales of Arcadia, The Fifth Avenue Social Trust and Paul's Adventures to Date. The groAA'th of Italian trade Avith this country has been largely due to the enterprise shoAvn by a number of Italian merchants Avho have established houses in this city and introduced Italian products to the American market. Among- these mer chants none has dis played more energy than Antonio Zucca, born in Trieste AA'hile it belonged to Italy. It is UOAV in possession of Austria. He Avas educated at the com mercial schools of his native city, and after considerable stay in Northern Italy came to the United States about 1869 and established the house of Zucca & Co. He became an American citizen and organized the Italian Political Association; Avas School Trustee for a number of terms; Avas elected Coroner in the Borough of Manhattan; then President of the Board of Assessors, N. Y. He is a mem ber of Tammany Hall, on its executive com mittee; he has served as President of the Ital ian Chamber of Commerce; President of the International Peace Society (Italian branch); is a director of the Italian Savings Bank and Italian Benevolent Association. He has been decorated three times by the King of Italy. ANTONIO ZUCCA THE BOOK of NEW YORK 399 Tammany Hall has had some thoroughly upright chiefs Avho have done much to remove ^ popular discredit attached to it by the name of Tweed. John Kelly was an unscrupu lous politician in every respect except that he would not countenance "graft" or politi cal blackmail. Richard Croker, Avho suc ceeded him as the head of the local Dem ocratic machine, never was a party to the small schemes of his department heads. He Avas personally honest, but he availed himself of inside knoAvledge of proposed local enact ments by the Board of Aldermen to secure options in speculative properties and thus be came a very rich man. Other people, in rail road and insurance boards, have done the same thing Avithout incurring public censure. Why should a politician be judged by a higher standard than the head of a great banking house who is often, likewise, chief man in his church.^ When Mr. Croker decided to remove to Ireland in 1894, Tammany Avas managed for a time by a triumvirate, consist ing of Mayor Gilroy, Police Commissioner J. J. Martin and County Clerk H. D. Purroy, untfl about July, 1895, Avhen John C. Sheehan was unanimously elected leader, a distinction he held untfl January, 1898. Mr. Croker returned at that time and got control, remain ing here until the fall of 1901, AA'hen he secured the appointment of Lcaa'Is Nixon in his place and went back to Ireland. Mr. Nixon only lasted from November of that year to May of 1902. He lacked experience, Avas all things to all men and therefore popular; but he gave way to a Committee of Three, consisting of Louis Haffen, D. F. McMahon and Chas. F. Murphy. Of all these men, the most interesting is John C. Sheehan, whom I have known and greatly respected for many years. He AA'as a successful leader in the dominant party of this city and had scored equally aacII as a laAA'yer and a private contractor. W^hatever money he accumulated has been earned in these two activities; not one dollar has been made in politics. He practiced laAV for some years before he became prominent in Tam many Hall politics, Avas recognized as an able practitioner and advanced to the top of his profession by natural progress. Every foot of the way Avas hotly contested by able laAvyers of that period and he did not gain a step Avith out fighting for it. I came to knoAV Mr. JOHN C. SHEEHAN Sheehan AA'hen he Avas a member of the Police Board, prior to Richard Croker's first abdi cation. He Avas then a Sachem in the Tammany Society, an especially active coadjutor of his chief at election times and performed his duties on a higher plane than most of the men AA'ho surrounded him. His frank, courteous but never obsequious manner made him gen erally popular. Possessed of a commanding presence, his large frame and good height dis tinguished him in a croAvd. He became a member of the Police Commission, 1891, and served three years. When Mr. Croker Avith- drcAV from the limelight Mr. Sheehan became his successor. The advancement had been earned and occasioned no surprise. Unlike some men AA'ho have taken over this laborious task, Mr. Sheehan did not proceed to convert his position into a " get-rich-quick " proposition. Never Avas there a year of such economy at the Hafl! The first Mayor of the consolidated city Avas to be elected in November, 1897. Seth 400 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Loav, who had previously been Mayor of Brooklyn and Gen. B. F. Tracy, Senator Piatt's special candidate, were already in the field when ]Mr. Sheehan got his convention together at Grand Central Palace and named an exceptionally good city ticket with Robert A. Van Wyck for Mayor and Bird S. Coler for City Comptroller. ^Ir. Van Wyck had served as City Judge for eight years, Avas the founder and aftei-Avards president of the Hol land Society and possessed an excellent record; Mr. Coler had been raised in the banking house of his father, was thoroughly competent for the post and was taking his first step into political life. He was a popular young man well known in financial circles and the hap piest choice made by Mr. Sheehan on the ticket. An exciting- campaign followed. Mr. Loav polled a tremendous vote, especially in Brooklyn. Judge Van Wyck Avas elected, despite public clamor against Tammany. The celebration of the creation of Greater New York, on the night of December 31, 1897, was a memorable affair. Although the Aveath er was bad, the populace of this city, suddenly raised from a million and a half to nearly four millions of people and to second place among the cities of the Avorld. paraded the streets amid general rejoicing. Inauguration of the new Mayor on the following morning started Greater New York upon its career! The Van Wyck administration, although at tended with the Ice Trust scandal, must have a distinctive place in local history, because thereunder the present Subway system Avas inaugurated. ^Nlayor Van Wyck lifted the first spadeful of earth, in front of City Hall, at a spot marked by a bronze tablet. When the ncAv administration Avas successfully launched, Richard Croker returned from abroad and his interference with Mr. Sheehan caused the prompt retirement of the latter from leadership. Essentially a man of com mercial training and. unlike later politicians that might be named, unwilling to enter as competitor for several large contracts that were in the open market, Mr. Sheehan retired to private life. He secured, as lowest bidder, the important contract for putting under ground the Long Island railroad entering Brooklyn on Atlantic Avenue — the first sec tion of the new Subway system of Greater New York! Mr. Sheehan Avas born at Buffalo, N. Y., August, 1848; was educated at St. Joseph's College and at a commercial institution of that city. He Avas admitted to the bar and practiced law many years ; but his chief finan cial success has come through large contracts that have attained for him national promi nence. Although out of active politics, Mr. Sheehan did not forget Mr. Croker's treat ment and Availed to get even. His opportu nity came in the fall preceding the close of the Van Wyck administration, when he organized a fusion movement that overthrew Croker by defeating the Tammany Hall ticket. It will be remembered that Seth Low was the candidate for Mayor, but the rest of the ticket was conceded to Mr. Sheehan, namely. Comptroller, E. M. Grout; President of the Board of Aldermen, C. V. Fornes; President of the Borough of Manhattan, Jacob A. Cantor; Sherift', W. J. O'Brien; Register, J. J. H. Ronner, and Coroner, Nicholas J. Brown. It was a memorable victory for Mr. Sheehan — "a Avhole revenge in one act," as Dumas Avould have said. He then quit politics forever. Familiarity with Hellenic affairs has given Frank W. Jackson a decided advantage as an importer of Grecian products. He is a fluent Greek scholar and served as American Consul at Greece for two years, at the same time studying the customs of the people and making historical and archaeological re searches. r .^^^ k ft: ft %Aj iS-^o^ > m m ^iSksnai^^H 1 ff *J^^H 1^1 Upon his return to America he was for some time general agent of the Hellenic Transatlantic Steamship Company of Athens and afterwards became an importer of Greek products. Mr. Jackson is a member of the staff of lecturers of the New York Board of Education; a member of the Archaeological FRANK W. JACKSON THE BOOK of NEW YORK 401 Society of Athens, Greece; of the Circolo Nazionale Italiano, Phi Gamma Delta frater nity. Phi Gamma Delta Club and the Traffic Club of New York City. Mr. Jackson is a graduate of Bucknell University and was for several years head master in Greek at the Mount Pleasant (Pa.) Preparatory School. WILLIAM E. BEMIS VICE-PRESIDENT STANDARD OIL COMPANY OF NEW YORK In a long and successful career in the field of finance no other event is so important as the part Benjamin B. Bryan played in the establishment of the brokers' private wire from New York to the Pacific Coast. He recognized the necessity of direct communica tion between the important financial cities and the immense producing fields of the West and Northwest, and was the pioneer in bring ing 20,000 mfles of territory in direct touch with the metropolis and the other investment centers. Mr. Bryan is a member of the firm of Logan & Bryan and is the nephew of Benjamin Butters, a wefl-known banker and broker who died at the Great Northern Hotel, Chicago, in 1896. He is a director of the Chicago Board of Trade and as one of a committee of four, appeared before Congress in 1908 in the defense of legitimate exchanges. Of all men known to me, I cannot recall one that has such a sincere affection for his native State or greater devotion to the prosperity of the New South than Thomas Fortune Ryan, banker, railway magnate and prospective United States Senator from Virginia. There isn't a story in the "Arabian Nights" quite equal to the life history of this man. I never have known him very Avell, and I am told he is a Sphinx to his closest friends. I met him for the first time at the Chicago Convention of 1896, introduced by Wifliam C. Whitney. Born a poor boy at Lovingston, Nelson County, Virginia, in 1851, and early orphaned, he went to Baltimore at 17, as clerk in a mercantile house, whence he came to the metropolis two years later and began his marvelous career. He started as a clerk in a bank, — I cannot learn the institution that would be glad to claim him as its pupil in finance. He saved enough money to buy a seat in the Stock Ex change in 1874 (then worth about $5,000), and from that hour to this his success has been like a romance. Money making became a fine art with him. His arrival in Wall Street was after my year of activity there. To-day, in addition to a personal fortune of $50,000,- 000, he probably controls and dominates more than a billion and a half of money, invested in enterprises chiefly because he is the directing mind therein! There is Revolutionary stock on both sides of his family, and a maternal grandfather, Thomas Fortune, M'as a captain in the second war with Great Britain, although I doubt if the New Yorker ever mentions these facts. These forebears, however, account for unflinching patriotism, which to my mind is only exceeded as human traits by love of God and humanity. In these latter respects, Mr. Ryan is eminent. For many years IVIr. Ryan's power was felt in Wall Street, but the source thereof Avas un recognized. This man, whom William C. Wliit- ney once described as "the most suave, adroit and noiseless personality American finance ever had known," suddenly emerged from self- created obscurity in 1888, when H. B. Hollins, Isaac L. Rice and E. B. Alexander undertook the capture of the Richmond Terminal Rail road. Alexander was president of the Georgia Central. A long litigation followed ; but, about 402 THE BOOK of NEW YORK THOMAS F. RYAN 1891, during money stringency, Inman, Thom as and Bryce, who controlled the Richmond Terminal could not borrow and had to sue for peace. Then ]Mr. Ryan appeared as director in a reorganized board and he Avas disclosed as the great unknown*. That contest was a fine preparation for a subsequent struggle resulting in the capture of the Seaboard Air Line. There had been trouble in the directory of that corporation for several years. While the stock was quoted at $45 a share on the Exchange, Mr. Ryan suddenly announced that he had bought con trol of the road for $125 per share, from R. C. Hoffman, president of the company. But the * I have since used this historic conlest in my financial novel "On a Margin," lo depict llu' influence of a mighty hidden financial power. Hoff'man party couldn't or wouldn't deliver the stock and Mr. Ryan spoke his mind to the public. A new syndicate headed by J. S. Wflliams and J. W. Middendorf offered $200 per share, planning to unite the Seaboard with the Baltimore & Ohio. An injunction was refused to Mr. Ryan and, apparently he was defeated. He waited. When the panic of 1903 came, the Williams group got into dif ficulties and Mr. Ryan secured the Seaboard Air Line at his own figures. Mr. Ryan's association with the late Wfl liam C. Whitney in street railway enterprises were highly profitable, but details are too com plicated to treat in a sketch of this length. The consolidation of the tobacco interests of the world is a different matter. It is proba ble that this achievement, conducted on his THE BOOK of NEW YORK 403 own initiative, is the one coup that has brought most money to Thomas F. Ryan. Briefly, it may be said that during the '90s Mr. Ryan had organized the Union Tobacco Company, which acquired the Blackwell Bull-Durham and the Liggett & Myers Companies — the latter a St. Louis concern. These proved im portant factors in the organization of the American Tobacco Company, the purchase of the Continental and effective control of 80 , per cent, of the cigar and tobacco trade of the United States. England was then invaded and a legal contest for possession of "Ogden's Limited" followed. A settlement resulted in the surrender to the American Tobacco Com pany of the United States territory and all colonies, Canada and Cuba, as well as a two- thirds interest in the British- American com pany formed to supply the rest of the world! Prior to 1903, the National City Bank was the only one in this country with a capital of $25,000,000, but Mr. Ryan decided to rival it by consolidating with the National Bank of Commerce, which he and friends controlled the Hide and Leather and the Western Na tional banks. The choice of "National Bank of Commerce," as a name, Avas due to the fact that this institution possesses special banking privileges granted to it by Congress during the Civil War to induce it to come into the na tional banking system. The creation of the old Morton Trust Company, now the Guar antee Trust Company, which has deposits of $178,000,000 to-day, was an afternoon's work, so to speak. The Morton was then combined with the State Trust and to-day has about $100,000,000 deposits. It seems too easy a proposition to deserve mention. Mr. Ryan's most memorable coup, because it attracted the attention of the civilized world, was his purchase of the controlling Hyde in terests in the Equitable Assurance Society. The Armstrong Committee had riddled that great corporation; the report of the Frick Committee of Directors, laying most of the blame upon James H. Hyde, — who was only one director — had not satisfied the hundreds of thousands of policyholders. Something had to be done to restore confidence, or a splendid institution, having a benevolent purpose as its real objective, would go to pieces. When the suspense was the most tense, when thousands of policyholders refused to pay premiums, Mr. Ryan announced the purchase by him of the Hyde shares, for the benefit of the policy holders! He paid $2,500,000. To show abso lute good faith, Mr. Ryan at once placed this stock in trust with three trustees; — Grover Cleveland, Justice Morgan J. O'Brien and George Westinghouse. Reorganization of the Equitable followed. Paul Morton, former Secretary of the Navy under Roosevelt, was made President, and a $400,000,000 institution was saved from disaster. In 1906, Mr. Ryan retired from thirty-odd banks and corpora tions Avith Avhich he was connected. He still retains several directorships. Tall, keen-visaged, but polite to the utmost degree, Mr. Ryan is a personality to whom one becomes greatly attached after acquaint ance has ripened into friendship. In his office, his steel-gray eyes put one upon his guard ; Avhen lunching at the Lawyers' Club or elsewhere, he is as genial as he is gentle. Simple in his personal habits, he smokes little, drinks less and cares nothing about what is described as "society." Away from Wall Street, his greatest interests lie in his beloved Virginia, where many millions of his money have been devoted to development of natural resources. At Oak Ridge, near the place of his birth, is his home — although he has a country home "Montebello," in Rockland County, N. Y., and a city house on Fifth Avenue. A descendant of the old Knickerbocker fam ily of Op Dyck, AA'hich settled in New York in 1640, George H. Opdyke was born here in 1867, receiving his education at the Wesleyan University, MiddletoAvn, Conn., from which he graduated Ph.B. in 1890 and Avith prizes in economics and history. He later took courses in Columbia University with degree of M.A. and in University of New York, from sA'hich he obtained the Ph.D. degree and com pleted with a laAV course at Columbia Univer sity, but did not graduate, leaving on account of a flattering business opening in Georgia. He Avas engaged in mining and railroading in the South from 1892 to 1901 and Avas admflted to the bar of Georgia but never practiced. From 1901 to 1904 he Avas engaged in mining 404 THE BOOK of NEW YORK and railroading in California and Oregon. Returning- to New York City he became in terested in several business propositions as financial backer and has since confined his activities to this city. MELVILLE E. STONE No name is better knoAvn in the ncAvspaper field throughout the AAorld than Melville E. Stone at the head of the Associated Press. The above jihotograph is presented here al though mention is often made of this Avonder ful neAA's-gatherer in the previous chapters. Every newspaper man is his friend. In the preceding- pages much has been said regarding the Ncav York Tribune in the olden days and its great editor and founder, Horace Greeley. The massive foundation laid then remains unshaken and the Tribune of to-day continues to represent the progressive spirit of the age. It Avas the first paper to use a rotary press, the first to use stereotyping, the first to use linotype machines. Its aA'cnues of information reach around the earth. It Avas one of the first members of the Associated Press and its resources for ucaas at the present time are boundless ; its editorials, highly intelli gent, its local UCAA'S columns unsurpassed and its illustrating and art departments excellent. A most important event in the Tribune's history occurred on the 21st day of October, 1909, Avhen under its present management, the price of the paper Avas reduced from three cents to one cent a copy. This Avas brought about after due consideration, and, in recogni tion of public demand and prevailing- condi tions. At the same time, the six columns to its page Avere increased to seven columns, and the daily and Sunday issues Avere enlarged to such proportions that the old subscribers of the paper could find no room for criticism, but on the other hand thousands upon thou sands of letters of approval Avere sent in to the paper expressing- the utmost satisfaction at the change. This movement Avas radical and successful. The circulation jumped many thousands in a very fcAV days. Increase fol- loAved increase from dealers, not only through out the city and immediate suburbs, but from all parts of the country. Announcement of the Tribune's reduction in price Avas the ncAvs- paper "event" of the year of 1909. The Ncav York Tribune of to-day is not only a Ncav York paper, but a national me dium that can be found in remote districts Avhere the competition of the city does not reach and Avhere it is accepted as a member of the family that the passing years fail to Aveaken. Another strong- feature of the Tribune is its high standing in Europe. Fcav American papers have the folloAving on the other side that the Tribune has enjoyed for more than half a century and it is so highly regarded as an American medium that it carries in its regular paid advertising columns the business cards of not only the leading- hotels and pleas ure resorts of Europe, but advertisements of conservative houses and London shops. Mr. WhitelaAv Reid is still identified Avitli the paper as its principal oAvner. His son, Ogden Mills Reid, has recently been elected to the presidency. The editor is Mr. Hart Lyman. Coude Hamlin is the business manager. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 405 CHAPTER XXX SELLING REAL ESTATE IS A FINE ART pITH the improvement of the city came the development of its suburbs. There have been "conveyancers" and real estate agents since the beginning of time, but only Avithin the last twenty-five years has the selling of city and suburban property been reduced to an art. Many of the finest city improve ments have owed their inception to the brilliant and suggestive minds of the men of this new profession. When in London, in 1875, I made a careful study of the Birkbeck System of developing plots of land in the environs of the British metropolis ; but when I returned to this city I could not interest any one of a dozen real estate men whom I visited. Not until the early nineties did the improvement of outlying regions begin in earnest. The movement followed closely upon the rearing of the first skyscrapers! When the Tribune building had risen to eleven stories, timid New Yorkers were afraid to go to see the editor. That interesting personage probably escaped many a disagreeable visitor, intent upon securing "a retraction" or a gratuitous "puff" because he dwelt so far aloft. Then came the American Tract Society's structure with its twenty-three floors; next the new Potter building. A marvelous feat in construction was accom plished in the Times building, on the site of the old brick church, because the new structure was put up around the old one without the loss of a single publication day! Meanwhfle, the splendid edifice of the World had risen on the site of French's Hotel — its cornerstone laid in October, 1889. All these structures looked very tall; but when the ancient International Hotel — familiar to every newspaper man on Park Row because it afforded domicfle to "Tommy Lynch's boosing-ken" — came down and the Park Row or "Syndicate" building- rose in its place to the height of thirty-three floors, most New Yorkers assumed that the limit of structural steel buildings had been reached. Since that time there have been fcAV loftier structures. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's tower, the Singer, City Investment, Whitehall and, latest, Woohvorth buildings advanced the sky-line higher and higher. The last mentioned, containing- fifty floors, located at the corner of Park Place and Broadway, is one of the wonders of the ucav century ! The outlook for Manhattan realty is as promising to-day as ever it has been. As many fortunes are to be made in the future as in the past. Fundamental conditions are sound and are becoming better every month. Sales of realty average $500,000,000 annually — not taking into account structures upon the land. Growth of population and business account for this and not a sign appears to warrant any decrease either in the one or the other. More than $100,000,000 Avas invested in new structures in Manhattan during 1911, an advance of $4,000,000 over the preceding year, when the total was $96,703,029. The year 1911, therefore, was the second best building year in the history of the borough, the banner year being 1909, when the high total of $127,973,902 was reached. The only other borough that shoAA'cd a substantial ad vance was Queens, Avhere all previous records were exceeded, the total for the first eleven months up to December 1 last being $21,157,- 264, as against $14,507,000 for the year 1910. Richmond showed a slight gain, but Bronx and Brooklyn fell below the marks of 1910, owing to delay in rapid transit facflities. In Manhattan the building operations were chiefly apartment houses and lofts. These two types, one representative of the residential life of the city and the other of its business 406 THE BOOK of NEW YORK needs and groAAth, dominate all other forms of structural work. They liaAC been centred chiefly in two parts of the city, the apartments on the Avest side, between Seventy-second and 116th Streets, and the "lofts in the midtown commercial zone, betAveen Fourteenth and Forty-second Streets, with Fourth and jNIadison Avenues as the eastci-ii boundary and Seventh Avenue on the Avest. East of Fourth Avenue, in the middle east side, were three buildings costing $440,000; west of Seventh Ave nue in the Penn.sylvania station zone, Avere Iavo costing $8()0,()()0: (rreenwich aggregating nearly $9,000,000. While realty j^rices advanced in the Fourth, ^Eadison and Fifth Aa'cuuc zone, due to continued demand for big business space, the good fortune of this part of the city has been made at the expense of the old dry goods centre be- loAV Fourteenth l^treet. A Avhole chapter might be Avritten about ^ladison Squar?, once the fashionable home of "Flora McFlimsey," but now at end of its social career. The square, Avhich in its days held Copyright by Littig & Co. THE L.ATEST IN NEW YORK SKY- Illiistrating the tremendou.s earning power of a few fpi SCRAPERS it of Manhattan real estate. village section, which furnished a number of new structures the preceding year, produced only three big structures last year costing $875,000; north of Forty-second Street there were four costing $1,570,000, Avhfle beloAV Fourteenth Street, in the BroadAvay section, plans for seven large structures A\ere filed. some of the finest dAA'cllings in this city, is noAV claimed by modern office buildings. Only a fcAv remain of the many stately, handsome residences that surrounded the little patch of greensward fifteen years ago. Madison Square Garden, uoav doomed, is more than 21 years old. Barnum's Hippo- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 407 drome, as the old New York Central station covering the block bounded by Madison and ^ Fourth Avenues and Twenty-sixth and Taa'cu- ty-seventh Streets was called, was bought in the fall of 1887 by the Madison Square Garden Company for $400,000. The next year bufld ing operations were started and in June, 1890, the big amphitheatre was formally opened. The Garden was really the first big modern building to be erected on the square. It is one of the best-known structures in the world, and was erected from designs by Stanford White. The Flatiron building was the next to follow. This building, because of its shape and height, is known throughout the world. Unlike the Metropolitan Life building, it was built as a speculation, and in this respect it is the pioneer of the many office buildings now flanking the park. The building of a Ncav York skyscraper is one of the greatest triumphs of organization that the world ever has known. In no other country has it been possible except under the direct superintendency of American experts. Wall Street of to-day is not the one I knew in 1870. Only Trinity Church and the Greek temple called the Sub-Treasury remain. The United States Assay office was last to go. It had stood since 1823. When I first knew it, Henry Clews had a brokerage office in the front of the building; well do I remember sitting- AA'ith him the day of Jay Cooke's failure, when he, too, had been driven to the wall. Never shall I forget his words, Avhen I called to express my regrets and a hope that matters Avere not so bad as he feared: "Chambers, I'm not worth five cents!" he said. In its earliest days, the Assay office Avas the Sub- Treasury, the present edifice dedicated to that use being- the Custom House. Later, it was a branch of the United States Bank. Not a building on Wall Street west of Pearl Street, except the Seaman's Savings Bank and the Bank of New York, is as it Avas in 1870. The old Custom House has become a banking house; the street is crowded with skyscrapers ! New York City grows tAA'ice as rapidly as the country at large. Taking the official figures of the five Boroughs, as given in 1910, at 4,766,883 population and adding 40 per cent., or 1,906,752, avc have 6,673,636 people as the city's census in 1920. The most noticeable real estate develop ment has been on the upper West Side. Twenty-five years ago, the section north of Fifty-ninth Street and Eighth Avenue was generally a mass of rocks and rookeries. Isolated houses only served to render the region more desolate. Blocks between Colum bus and Eighth Avenues AAcre considerably developed. The Dakota, on Central Park West, Avas the first mammoth structure of the UCAV real estate era. The Parleys buflt the Nevada in 1890. The neighborhood was alive with goats and all neighboring houses AA'ere shanties. A curious and interesting fact is that churches were the pioneers in that section. The Colonial Club and the Hotel St. AndrcAA's AA'ere Iaao inspiring objects and their erection almost doubled the prices of property on Sherman Square. Riverside Drive, Avhich in 1886 had only fifteen buildings between Seventy-second Street and 127th Street — some of them old frame affairs — sud denly felt the throb of ncAv life on the West Side. The late Cyrus Clark was pioneer; as he told me himself, he became so land poor that in his fine house at Ninety-first Street he could keep only one servant! About 1888 came the era of large apartment houses on the Riverside and elscAA'here throughout that section. Rents in some of them AAcre as high as $12,000 a suite! Early in this volume I have described Elm Park as a picnic ground. The day of single dAvellings, except for the wealthy, is passing; huge apartments are lining BroadAvay as far as ancient Blooming dale. The possibilities of asymmetrical and beauti ful development of Long Island had been recognized by many local real estate dealers before Daniel H. Burnham, a famed Western landscape architect, visited the region at the close of 1911. A broad boulevard from the heart of Brooklyn to Montauk Point, and a similar one from Queensboro Bridge to Green- port — AA'ith excellent cross-roads joining these tAA'o thoroughfares, so as to open up all the central features of this "terminal morain" — should be put under commission at once. 408 THE BOOK of NEW YORK These improvements will come in the near future. Queens wants a boulevard from Jack son Avenue, through Corona, Flushing, Bay- side and Little X^eck; connections between Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway and Queens Boulevard, an extension of Hillside Avenue to Floral Park, a development of the Rocka way Turnpike from Ridgewood Avenue through South Jamaica to the famous Merrick road, and a Van Dam Street connection be tAveen Queensboro Bridge and the Williams burg- Bridge. Nassau County desires the im provement of the Jericho Turnpike and the Merrick road. Suffolk County is ready to do her share in the beautification of Long Island. Before long. Fort Pond Bay will become the terminal point for trans-Atlantic lines. A National Park is planned at Montauk Point, taking in the site of the camp occupied by the troops on their return from Cuba. Another splendid park is planned for the Lake Ron- konkoma region, in the middle of the island. There is nothing chimerical about the pro ject. Long Island is already one of the most beautiful and attractive places in the entire country. Staten Island comprises all of Richmond Borough and Richmond County. It has an area of 56,600 acres and a population fast approaching the 100,000 mark. With the highest ground along the Atlantic seaboard, with its chain of beautiful hills, its picturesque valleys and plains and its splendid vicAVs of the ocean, the lower and upper bay, the Kill von Kull, NcAA'ark Bay, the Orange Moun tains, and last but not least AA'ith the constant panorama of ships great and small which pass through the famous Narrows commanded by the Federal fortifications, its advantages are unparalleled anyAA'here. Staten Island was given its name by Henry Hudson, AA'ho, in 1608, sailed through the NarroAVs and anchored in the bay. He it AA'as who called it "Staaten Eylandt," in honor of the States of Holland, and it was here that his crcAv first landed near what is now St. George. With the Battery, no place on Manhattan Island is to be compared; it really was the ¦cradle of the metropolis of the present ! There Peter Minuit, a Prussian, acting for the Dutch West India Company, made the greatest real- estate deal knoAvn to American history. It casts into the shade all the brilliant records of the men of to-day. He bought the entire island from the Indians for $24! It was a fair bargain, as values ran in 1626. The Battery's present area is 21 acres — much larger than it Avas originally; three quarters of the present park is "made ground." Fort Amsterdam stood on the site now occupied by the Custom House. The Aquarium, best knoAA'u as "Castle Garden," rose in 1811. Every shovelful of earth betAA'een the fort and Castle Garden came from the old ramparts of the first protection the ancient town possessed. The Dutch did not fear the Indians, but the English! I could Avrite several chapters about the Battery, did the duty come Avithin the scope of this Avork. Here the Dutch settlers laid the foundation of the metropolis of the Ncav World, and, although they agreed to call it "NeAV Amsterdam," they did not finally decide upon a name until many pipes of schnapps had been drunk and countless dis putes had been had. After choosing the Battery site, to carry out an illusion that their dear Holland Avas to be reproduced here, they dug a canal along what is uoav Wall Street — it Avas the earliest instance of "watered stocks" in that locality. Then came journalism! Peter Zenger's New York Weekly Journal, appeared No vember 5, 1733, and his denunciations of British rule became so caustic that he was throAvn into jail, charged Avith libel and re fused the use of pen, ink and paper. His dun geon Avas the basement of the City Hall, then standing at the head of Broad Street on the site of the Sub-Treasury. He edited his paper through a chink in the door of his cell, dic tating his articles to an assistant on the out side. He Avas not able to give the ;£'400 bafl. The trial occurred in August, 1735. Chief Justice DeLancey presided, Bradley Avas Attorney-General. John Chambers appeared for the prisoner and pleaded "Not Guilty!" Chambers had secured as chief counsel the services of Andrew Hamilton, of Philadel phia, aged 80, one of the most distinguished laAA'yers in all the Colonies. Hamflton boldly THE BOOK of NEW YORK 409 admitted the publication, claiming that "print ing" and "libeling" were not synonymous ? terms. He quoted many passages from the Bible, which, with an interpolation of con temporaneous names, would have been ad mittedly libelous. His argument was sophis tical, but it captured the jury and an unanimous verdict in favor of the editor was returned! A public dinner Avas given to Hamflton by the whole city. When the Revolution came, the liberty pole was raised at the Battery. A stone, recently set, marks the event but not the exact site of the flag-staff. The formal "evacuation" of Xew York occurred at the Battery on Novem ber 25, 1783, and, although the British nailed their colors to the top of the pole and greased it, David Van Arsdale, aged 28, climbed it by the aid of cleats, fastened thereto Avith nails ob tained from the little hardAvare shop of Goelet, in Hanover Square. The Cathedral of St. John the Divine is rising upon "the Acropolis of Ncav York" — Morningside Heights. Forty years more Avill be needed for its completion, by which time it Avill have cost, exclusive of the land, $25,- 000,000. Architectural drawings indicate that it Avill combine the best features of Gothic cathedral building; its massive spire, 425 feet in height, AA'ill resemble Salisbury, but higher and more ornate; its imposing Avestern front Avith two toAvers, Avill recall York and Lin coln; the chevet of chapels at the eastern end Avill be characteristic of the splendid edifices of Northern France, imitated at Westminster, Cologne and Toledo; its interior decoration is intended to be as rich as that of the duomo at Milan. The cathedral site is one of the most remarkable in the Christian world — ^re- calls Durham to me — and in Pagan lands is only equalled by the vast Potala of the Dalai Lama of Buddhism, at Lhasa, Tibet. When completed, the edifice Avilf be visible from nearly every part of the city above Fifty- ninth Street. Its neighbor, the pretty struc ture of St. Luke's Hospital, had its beginning in a gift of $5 by a poor Avoman restored to health in one of the public hospitals. From that humble sum, under Dr. Muhlenberg's fostering care, the property has groAvn to a valuation of neariy $4,000,000. It is one of the best-equipped hospitals in the world. Chinatown lies to the westward of Chatham Square and comprises a triangular section bounded by Mott and Doyer Streets and Paradise Square. It teems with life; natives of the "Flowery Kingdom," in their home garb but mostly Avithout their queues since the latest revolution against the Manchus, throng the streets and shops. The Josh Tem ple, on the north side of Mott Street, brings together the pious at regular intervals for prayer and meditation. The home of the sacred joss is reached after climbing two flights of stairs; there several bonzes are de voutly tending the eternal fire and dusting the face of the big, bronze Buddha. The most interesting ceremonials performed at the Mott Street temple are in memory of the dead. The annual "Feast of Lanterns" is visited by many Americans, Avho respect the beauti ful myth to Avhich the fete oavcs its origin — a mandarin father, who, for 3,500 years, has been seeking a lost daughter of great beauty. Broadway is gorged with memories. Near Duane Street, the first sewing machine was exhibited in a windoAv; curiosity Avas excited, but it Avas looked upon as a toy — like the Bell telephone at the Philadelphia Exposition. On Thomas Street, near Church, occurred the mysterious murder, never explained, for Avhich Edgar Allan Poe suggested a logical but fan ciful solution in his tale, "The Murders in the Rue Morgue." Horace Greeley, when a journeyman printer, lived near West Broad way in the same street. I have spoken of the BroadAvay theatres elsewhere. At a small hotel on the corner of Houston Street, re cently demolished, lived John C. Heenan, the "Benicia Boy"; there I often visited him and he Avas lauried from a house in Clinton Place. The still-remembered Burdell mur der occurred at 31 Bond Street, east of Broad Avay. Poe lived in the same street, tempora rily, as guest of the Shaw family and there Avrote "The Bells" one Sunday morning. Clinton Hall faces a plaza Avhere the Mac- ready-Forrest riots occurred in 1849. In Colonade Row, fast disappearing, dAvelt Wash- 410 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ngton Irving. Cirace Church, Avith its out door pulpit, only exceeded in beauty by St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue. The Avonderful development of New York and her vast circle of beautiful suburbs has not been the result of accident or of a special dispensation of Providence. It is due above all to the energy and efficiency of men like Joseph W. Doolittle, who have had confidence in the future and prepared the Avay for groAvth and expansion. It would be difficult to find a more interest ing example of the beneficent projector of civic improvements than ^Nlr. Doolittle. It Avas he Avho gave the city of Elizabeth its most picturesque suburb — El Mora. Here, in 1906, there Avas nothing- but land and scenery; but Mr. Doolittle saAv its possibilities. He mapped out its pattern of streets and avenues. He underlaid it Avith a system of scAvers and Avater- pipes. He equipped it Avith telephone service and electric light. He gave it a running- start by building several dozen handsome residences and then he thrcAv it open to the public. Since then, he has duplicated this success at Douglaston Park, AA'hich nestles on one of the prettiest bays of Long Island Sound. Here he secured a large tract of undeveloped land and proceeded to transform it into an Eden of ideal homes. Streets, mansions, bunga- loAA's — all Avere built in accordance Avith a gen eral plan, Avhich secured the highest degree of beauty and convenience. As it is inside the limits of Greater Ncav York, this enterprise at once commanded attention, and its com plete success has added much to Mr. Doo- little"s reputation. He is the president and principal stock holder in the El INIora Land Company, the Realty Syndicate and the Douglaston Realty Company. His general policy, by Avhich he has come to be knoAvn among the real estate leaders of the United States, is to confine his energies to one great ju-oject at a time, and to carry it cleai- through to completion in one continuous eft'ort. He has little interest in the mere trafficking side of the real estate business. What he delights in is to create — to develop — to transform an uninhabited wood land into a suburb de luxe. Mr. Doolittle comes of old Ncav Hampshire stock. He Avas born at Winchester, N. H., in 1864, and educated in the schools of Man chester, in the same State. After a year or JOSEPH W. DOOLITTLE more in the West, he heard the call of the great metropolis of Ncav York and at once plunged into the real estate business. At first he specialized on hotel property, and went into his Avork Avith such vim and energy that in eighteen months his deals amounted to a total of seven million dollars. Then, in 1905, Avhen it became evident that Manhattan Avas soon to be reached by subAvays from the east and Avest, ]Mr. Doolittle inaugurated his pres ent policy of creating ucav suburbs into Avhich the residents of OA'crcroAvded Manhattan might floAV. In several years his transactions amounted to more than eight millions in Long Island and Ncav Jersey. Ncav communities Avere put on the map. Ncav values Avere created. Higher standards of suburban comfort were THE BOOK of NEW YORK 411 given ? ? realized. Hundreds of families were good homes and good neighbors. To do such AVork as this, Mr. Doolittle maintains, is the duty as well as the profession of the real estate operator. He must be, at his best, much more than a broker and salesman. He must be a provider of new homes. And in this respect Mr. Doolittle's work in the making of a better New York has certainly been both notable and unique. Among the younger real estate brokers of the upper West Side, Manhattan, is Samuel Howell Martin, who Avas born in this city, September, 1878; but when young his parents removed to East Orange, N. J., Avhere he Avas educated in the public schools. He specialized in Latin and English, and in 1898 began the real estate brokerage business with his father in Manhattan. He developed much liking for the work and has been able to secure many appreciative clients. His business has grown AA'ith the wonderful development of the upper West Side, which has made fortunes for so many property owners. He is a member of the Real Estate Board of Brokers and an agent for the Phoenix Insurance Company. He is a Re publican, but does not take any part in politics. xlnother real estate man largely identified with downtown operations is William H. Whiting, born in Brooklyn in 1846. He was educated at Public School No. 1 and the Poly technic Institute. He began his commercial career Avflh Eberhard Faber & Co. at 131 Wil liam Street, this city. Thereafter for Iavo years he was associated Avith J. K. Brick & Co., a large manufacturing concern in Brooklyn, and in 1866 he Avas cashier in " The Nation" office. In 1868 Mr. Whiting formed a co- ])artnership Avith M. A. Ruland in the real estate business at 5 Beekman Street, and they continued together until Mr. Ruland's death in 1907. The firm of Ruland & Whiting was one of the best knoAvn real estate firms in the city. In 1910 Mr. Whiting AvithdrcAV from the Ruland & Whiting Company of Avhich he Avas president, to form the ucav firm of Wm. H. Whiting & Company, taking into part nership his tAA'o sons, Irving S. and Ralph D. Whiting. He has put through some of the largest real estate deals in the loAver part of the city. In 1891 he, with his partner, organized the Metropolitan Realty Company with $500,000 capflal and Mr. Whfling has been its secretary and treasurer ever since. He is also president of the Richland Realty Co. He resides at Bound Brook, N. J., and had the honor of being its first Mayor. The letting of houses is a fine art; it requires the tact and finesse of a Gaudisart. Foremost among these experts in Ncav York is J. Edgar Leaycraft, born in this city in 1849 and edu cated at the public schools. He has seen the AA'onderful development of the east and Avest sides of Manhattan, above Forty-second Street. Like many of us he can remember AA'hen most SAMUEL H. M.ARTIN WILLIAM H. WHITING J. EDGAR LEAYCRAFT 412 THE BOOK of NEW YORK of the lots on Madison Avenue AA'ere sloughs in Summer and skating ponds in Winter. I A'cnture the assertion that he can tell us when AVC could have bought property on West Seventy-second Street at $200 a front foot! He has been an active official in the Real Estate Exchange and in the Real Estate Board of Brokers. In recognition of his ability as an appraiser. Governor Roosevelt appointed him Tax Commissioner in 1899, in AA'hich office he served for five years. He AA'as an appraiser on the X^ew Barge Canal. One of the men Avho has contributed much thought and energy to the development of Long Island, especially at Floral Park and Rockville Centre, is Daniel Maujer Mc- #^#^^^^^. Laughlin, born in f "^|k Brooklyn, 1875. He 1 ^ ^-i^^M attended the Boys' High School, at AA'hich he Avas graduated in 1894. Throughout his school days, he Avas an ^ ^^—1^^ enthusiast in athletic i >¦ .^PP^^B sports and distinguish- f i^^^/^M ed himself in several I^JaT ^— ^ JI branches thereof. He r;liKfeJL_^^B filso had a strong- liter ary bent, Avas fond of public speaking, debat ing and essay Avriting; he Avas the originator of the High School Recorder, a paper still in existence. After leaving the high school, he entered Cornell University, AA'here for four years he specialized in laAV and letters. A short time before his graduation he was called home, because of the dangerous illness of his father, and did not take a degree. At Cornell he Avas president of the Junior class, manager of the '97 foot ball team, captain of the '98 team, manager of the Cornell Daily Sun for Iaa'o years, and a prize-speaker. On leaving college ]Mr. Mc- Laughhn entered the insurance field, where he successfully operated for four years. At the end of that time he made his first entrance into the domain of real estate by founding and becoming vice-president and general manager of the McCormack Real Estate Company, a corporation that grcAv to large proportions. D. MAUJER McLaughlin due to its manager's ability and foresight in securing acreage in highly desirable localities. As an advertiser Mr. McLaughlin developed rare traits. When he had a fine tract of land to exploit, he knew how to attract public at tention to the advantages he had to offer. Success emboldened him and he founded sev eral other real-estate enterprises on Long Island, among which are the Windsor Land & Improvement Co., of which he is president; the St. Albans Terrace Company, the Valley Stream Realty Company, Rosedale Terrace Company, Floral Park; Villa Company, Rock ville Centre Villa Company, Rockville Centre Estates and several others. Mr. McLaughlin is a member of the Republican County Com mittee of Kings County; likewise of the New York Athletic, Long- Island Automobile, Cor nell and Invincible clubs. He is an enthusi astic Mason and a Shriner of Kismet Temple. CA'RILLE CARRE AU 796 Sixth Avenue above 45th Street Established as Real Estate, Mortgage and Insurance Brolier in 1875. Makes a specialty ot the management of estates. The amount of gray matter that has been devoted to the development of real estate in the metropolis and its environments is un appreciated by the community at large. One THE BOOK of NEW YORK 413 EDWARD B. BOYNTON THOMAS L. REYNOLDS FREDERICK G.HOBBS of the most energetic workers in this field has been Edward B. Boynton, born at Hartford, Conn., in 1866. His family dates back to 1639, when the Boyntons came from Bridling ton, York County, England. He began his business career in his native city at the age of fifteen. In 1896 he came to Ncav York and identified himself Avith the real estate business. He had always believed this the imperial city of the Western World; that, due to its constant growth, real property must necessarily enhance in value and that transac tions therein would be a legitimate and profit able business in which to engage. When he became identified with the American Real Estate Company in 1896, its assets Avere $1,400,000; but when he was chosen fls presi dent in 1908, its assets had grown to $10,000,- 000. To-day they exceed $20,000,000. It is the oldest and one of the largest corporations of the kind, having been founded in 1888. Mr. Boynton is also president of the Realty Assets Company. He is a Republican and served as Councilman and Alderman, two years each, in his native city of Hartford. He is a mem ber of the Union League, Transportation, Economic and Dunwoodie Country clubs. Much of the development of Greater New' York in recent years has been due to the en thusiasm, coupled with energy, of a few courageous real estate men. Among _ these Thomas L. Reynolds commands special at tention as the president of tAvelve large realty corporations, every one of which is actiA'cly engaged in the improvement of a distinctive section of this growing metropolis. Mr. Rey nolds Avas born in this city in 1866. After attending its public schools, he Avent to Nash- vflle, Tenn., where he continued his studies, returning to New York for a course in law, from which he Avas graduated in 1888. En tering his father's firm, he learned the real estate business, inaugurated many of the large enterprises undertaken by it and after his father's decease carried to completion all the cherished schemes of his parent. Notably, I Avant to speak of his connection Avith the Manhattan Real Estate and Buflding Com pany, of which he is president. Its activities are ceaseless. Mr. Reynolds served for ten years Avith the Sixty-ninth Regiment, N. G. N. Y. He is president of the Corn Exchange, Speculator, Financiers', Lorillard and Throgg's Neck Realty Companies. Few real estate operators, as agents or buflders, have done more toward the AA'onder ful development of what is described as "the Upper West Side" — meaning the section of Manhattan extending from Central Park to the Riverside Drive — than Frederick G. Hobbs. The firm to which he belongs, SlaAAson & Hobbs, occupies a new and handsome marble front structure on Seventy-second Street, near BroadAvay, and carries several hundred apart- 414 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ments of the highest class upon its books. Mr. Hobbs hails from Connecticut. Avhere he Avas born June, 1864; but he aa'cuI to Middle- ton in this state to attend the Wallkill Academy. He plunged into the real estate business in 1889, selecting, as I have said, aa'csI side Man hattan property. By energy and popularity Avith his clients, he has achieved success. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Ncav York Historical Society, National Geographic Society, West End Association, Lotos and West Side Republican clubs. Deeply interested in art, Samuel Borchardt, has contributed to the "city beautiful" several apartment houses, Avhich in architectural de sign and elegance of interior surpass any SAMUEL BORCHARDT buildings of like character in the metropolis. Especially is this the case Avith "The Bor chardt" at 98th Street and BroadAvay, a tAvelve-story buflding 180 x 100 feet. In the erection of this house, Mr. Borchardt spent $150,000 more than AAas necessary to beautify the structure Avith the result that it stands to-day the most beautiful apartment on Broad Avay. Mr. Borchardt is a very Avealthy manu facturer, Avho invests his spare capital in this manner, not alone for the return he gets, but in a desire to improve the localities Avhere he builds. He AAas born in San Francisco, Cal., June 19, 1866. but came to this city with his parents Avhen only tAvelve years of age and received his education at the public schools and at the College of the City of Ncav York where he took a scientific course. He passed through Avith credit and Avas elected president of the Phrenocosmian Society Avhile a member of the Class of 1885. After leaving college he became a repre sentative for a mercantile house and after a couple of years of service, organized the firm of S. Borchardt & Co., manufacturers of shoes, sandals and leggings, now employing seven hundred persons. In addition to "The Borchardt," Mr. Borchardt oavus "The Wfl- mington" at 97th Street and BroadAvay, and "The Stuart Arms" adjoining on 97th Street, "The Winthrop" and ""The Melvflle," both located on opposite corners at 118th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, facing Columbia Uni versity and a number of parcels in Spuyten Duyvil and ocean fronts on the Rockaway coast. He is very fond of art and at his home possesses several masterpieces by old painters of the Dutch and Flemish schools. Mr. Borchardt is domestic in his tastes and cares little for the club life of the city, finding relaxation from business cares in golfing and automobiling and touring Europe. He married Avhen thirty-five years of age, Miss Eva Rosenfield, a beautiful young lady of Detroit, INIich., and they have Iavo children, a son and a daughter. Mr. Borchardt gives liberally to charity and is a member of numerous organizations de voted to that Avork. Alfred Y. Amy Avas born in Ncav York in 1868, and is a son of the late Henry Amy, a Avell knoAvn banker. He Avas educated at Fordham University and the Columbia College Law School, from which he received his de gree upon graduation, commencing his busi ness career Avith R. V. Harnett & Co., real estate auctioneers. Becoming familiar Avith the details of the business, he, in 1892, commenced operations for himself, Avith offices at No. 7 Pine Street, THE BOOK of NEW YORK 415 and confined his Avork principally to sales of Murray Hill and West-Side property. His acquaintances Avere many and his efforts met with considerable success, many of his impor tant sales being in the heart of the present Herald Square section. Having for years kept in touch Avith the developments of those sections of Manhattan, north of Central Park, and the upper West Side, Mr. Amy, of the firm of A. V. Amy & Co., became an expert appraiser, his services as such being continually in demand by real estate OAvners, laAvyers, estates and corpora tions. With the future groAvth of the West Side especially to the management and care of apartment house property of the larger and better grade, the oAAuers of Avhich, in many cases, being representative old X^cav York estates and conservative investors. Mr. Amy is a member of the Real Estate Board of Brokers, being one of its Governors, on its Board of Appraisers, and at present holding the office of treasurer. He is also a member of many social and charitable organi zations, and given to outdoor sports. Thirty-two years of constantly increasing business has placed John C. R. Eckerson among the leaders in the real estate business in Ncav York City. Mr. Eckerson, Avho is a member of the firm ALFRED V. AMY JOHN C. R. ECKERSON JOSEPH BERGER and Harlem shoAving great possibilities, Mr. Amy, in 1901, moved his offices to One Hundred and Fifteenth Street, corner of St. Nicholas Avenue, and admitted L. V. O'Dono- hue, son of the "Coff'ee King," to partnership. His connection continued until 1905, Avhen other interests caused Mr. O'Donohue's re tirement. Since that time, Mr. Amy has oper ated alone under the old firm name, being ably assisted by a force of competent em ployees. In 1907 the business had increased to such proportions that more room AA'as required and the firm removed to its present spacious quar ters at the corner of 7th Avenue and 115th Street, facing the newly constructed Parkway and directly opposite the old office. The firm, of late years, has confined itself of Thomas & Eckerson, Avas born in this city, and obtained his education in the public schools. His first connection Avas AA'ith a banking house and he subsequently entered a laAA'yer's office, Avhere he gained a knoAvledge of realty conditions. The business strongly appealed to him and finally determining to embark in it, he, in 1880, became a member of the firm, Avhich for over thirty years has occupied the same offices at No. 35 West Thirtieth Street, mak ing a specialty of handling estates and con ducting a general real estate and insurance brokerage business. Mr. Eckerson is connected Avith several other corporations and has been a member of the Real Estate Board of Brokers since its organi zation. 416 THE BOOK of NEW YORK What can be accomplished by close appli cation and fidelity to an employer is illustrated in the career of Joseph Berger, of the real estate firm of John J. Clancy & Co. Mr. Berger Avas born in Ncav York City in 1886 and entered Mr. Clancy's employ at the age of ten years. He Avas then earning $2.00 per Aveek, but being painstaking and observing he Avas soon getting a considerably larger salary and Avas given the opportunity of graduating from Public School X^o. 69 and completing- his education at the City College. He had scarcely reached his majority when Mr. Clancy, Avho Avas quick to recognize merit, admitted him to partnership and the UCAV firm became John J. Clancy & Co., with offices at Fifty-seventh Street and Broadway. Mr. Berger at once became the active man in the firm and carefully attended to all the detail Avork, Avith the result that the busi ness expanded and at the time of Mr. Clancy's sudden death Avas, and still continues, the most prosperous up-town. The value of Mr. Berger's services to, and the esteem in Avhich Mr. Clancy held him, is attested by the latter's Avill, Avhich left Mr. Berger the entire business, and besides contained a bequest of $25,000. While the story of Mr. Berger's success reads like a romance and while Mr. Clancy's gener osity seems unusual in these prosaic days, there is nothing remarkable about either event. Mr. Berger Avas energetic and creative and Mr. Clancy's act Avas an acknoAvledgment of his former partner's value and a reward for faithful service Avhile an employee. The folloAving from a letter Avritten by Mr. Joseph P. Day to Mr. Berger after Mr. Clancy's death is self-explanatory: "I can assure you that it Avill afford me great pleas ure to continue our very pleasant relations and I do this Avith the same degree of con fidence in your ability and management as I had in Mr. Clancy's. I could not but place the greatest trust in the man Avho was so closely connected Avith him for so long a time." As I have had occasion to say before, real estate has engaged the best ability of the clever est men in Ncav York. Among such persons is F. R. Wood, born in Washington, D. C, and educated at the public schools of this city, Clinton Grammar School, Oneida Co., N. Y., and Packard's Business College. He began active business as a clerk in a Fifth Avenue bank, where he remained two years, next serving an equal length of time in the Ameri can Exchange National Bank. He then aa'cuI West, Avhere he first realized the importance of the real estate business in Manhattan. The growth of Avestern cities AA'as sIoav compared Avith that of the metropolis. After eight years in Denver, he returned East, satisfied that nobody could go wrong in the purchase of property on this island. Mr. Wood deserves distinction for selling the first million dollar apartment house north of Fifty-ninth street (1902). He holds official relations Avith the Dorlton Corporation, the El Dorado Realty Company, Waywood Realty Company and F. R. Wood, W. H. Dolson Co. He is in sympathy with the Republican party. In the comparatively fcAv years since his entry into the realty business in New York City, Robert P. Zolael has been wonderfully successful and is uoav recognized as an expert in values in that line. Possessing the power of discernment, intuitive knowledge and a very retentive memory, he soon learned all the details of the business, becoming perfectly familiar Avith the district in which he operates — from Fourteenth to Fifty-ninth Streets, betAveen Third and Eighth Avenues, and can tell, Avithout recourse to records, the value and last selling price of almost every piece of realty in that district. This knowledge has been one of the secrets of his great success and has led to his being frequently called upon as an appraiser and ofttimes as an expert Avitness in court proceedings. Mr. Zobel Avas born in Breslau, Germany, December 26, 1869, and Avas educated in Berlin, becoming pro ficient in French, Latin and Greek before he Avas fifteen years old and acquiring a knoAvl- edge of English that aided him greatly, when, in 1884, his father, Adolph Zobel, Avho Avas a successful merchant, met with reverses and brought the family to America. Mr. Zobel's first experience with New York City was in a lawyer's office Avhere he studied to perfect himself in English, but did not finish the course as the possibilities of ultimate success looked too remote. He then entered THE BOOK of NEW YORK 417 the employ of a Wall Street banking house where his knoAvledge was greatly added to and subsequently became a salesman for a mer cantile house. It was at this period that Mr. Zobel realized that the amount of energy re quired to sell a small bill of goods would bring greater results if expended in another field, and at the age of nineteen, deciding that real estate offered the best possibilities, opened an office at No. 136 Liberty Street and em- ROBERT P. ZOBEL barked in that line. He devoted several years to mastering the details of the business and in 1895 decided that the best field of operation was in the central part of the city. He re moved his office to Twenty-fourth Street and looking the territory carefully over, came to the conclusion that if suitable bufldings were provided, the wholesale and light manufac turing lines would soon invade it. He then commenced to erect store, loft and office buildings, being the pioneer in steel construc tion north of Fourteenth Street, and his judg ment has been verified by some of the biggest wholesale houses in the city locating in the district, in which he has erected or caused to be erected, fifty buildings of the most improved character. Mr. Zobel has always been deeply interested in the improvement of Fourth Avenue, and the marked change in the char acter of buildings on that thoroughfare is largely due to his efforts and initiative. Mr. Zobel is president of the BrunsAvick Realty Company, AA'hich buys and sells sites for mercantile buildings only; of the Stone wall Realty Company, Avhich buys and sells ?roperty of every description and of the ourth Avenue Holding Company, Avhich operates principally in leases. He is also a director of the Century Bank and is uoav de voting much attention to financial Avork, his aim being to eventually enter that field. Mr. Zobel belongs to no clubs, being do mestic in his tastes and finding diversion from business cares in his home circle and in social gatherings Avith his relatives and intimate friends. He makes frequent trips abroad and, being a fluent linguist, is perfectly at home in most of the Continental cities. In this country his vacations are spent at Lake- wood, X^. J., Avhere he thinks the climate is most conducive to mental rest and a remedy for physical fatigue. He is a Democrat in national politics, but absolutely independent in state and municipal affairs, using his in fluence for the candidate Avho, in his judg ment, is by reason of integrity and ability best fitted for office. He has ahvays been deeply interested in charitable undertakings and lends his support to hospitals and asylums, which he considers the best way of rendering aid to the unfortunate and AA'orthy. Many qualities are required for a successful real estate auctioneer and Joseph P. Day possesses them. Although less than forty years of age, he has handled several of the largest partition sales of city property ever held in Ncav York. He started out in business for himself at twenty-one, after a common school education. His first achievement that at tracted attention Avas Avrfling the heaviest accident policy previously known in this country, covering all disabilities arising from change of motor poAver of the Third Avenue Surface Railroad and the Forty-second Street, Manhattanville and St. Nicholas railroads. 418 THE BOOK of NEW YORK .lOSEPH P. DA\' WILLIAM P. RAE T. WARD WASSON Thereafter, Mr. Day developed capacity as an auctioneer, selling the famous Ogden estate, 1,500 lots; then the Doherty estate, bringing $1,913,600, in a single afternoon's selling. In May, 1908, he disposed of over 2,000 lots, a feat achieved at a time of money stringency. In six years he revolu tionized the real estate auction business, his sales in one year aggregating $30,000,000, — a record. The wonderful developments of Brooklyn and Long Island have not a more enthusiastic "boomer" than William P. Rae. His long- residence in Brooklyn and his large business interests find him identified Avith almost every important movement tending to advance real estate developments. He Avas born in Man hattan, 1861, and educated at its public schools. He started as a boy of fourteen in a hardAvare store, soon going Avith Tefft, Weller & Com pany, Avholesale dry goods merchants. Next AVC hear of him as a clerk in the Amsterdam State Bank, on the BoAvery, and, in 1879. he made his first entrance into real estate business, leading ultimately to a partnership Avith Paul C. Grening. In 1900 he Avithdrew from that firm to establish a business of his oavu under a corporate name of the William P. Rae Com pany. He has conducted since that time a general real estate business in the management of estates, dcA'cloping suburban tracts and auctioneering; Mr. Rae being the official auctioneer for several terms under Sheriff's Nor man F. Dike, Alfred T. Hoblev and Chas. B. LaAV, and has acted for the city and other prop erty interests in many condemnation proceed ings and elevated railroad cases. He is a close student of the development of the city and Long Island. Mr. Rae is president of the Jamaica Hfllcrest Company, of the Asso ciated Realty Improvement Company; treas urer of the Sea Gate Improvement Company, and secretary and manager of the Norton Point Land Company, Avhich developed Sea Gate. T. Ward Wasson, a native of Detroit, Mich., began his business career in that city Avith the firm of Parke, Davis & Co. He served in the Registrar of Deeds office there and had the management of property for his father. Thus he acquired familiarity Avith real estate trans actions. This fact led the Avay to his choice of a livelihood. He moved to Ncav York City, and during- the first year of his residence in the metropolis he forsook five dift'erent positions for others, each a step up the ladder. He remained Avith the McVickar-Gaillard Realty Company for five years and, in 1909, the firm of Knapp & Wasson Co., Inc., Avas formed, Avith Mr. Wasson as secretary and treasurer. Since that time the company has been success ful in its operations. Originality applied to business sometimes produces astonishing results. The practice of selling real estate through ncAVspaper adver tising Avas founded on a theory of George D. Grundy. Beginning Avith an advertising ex penditure of $5.00 a Aveek, the firm of W. C. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 419 Reeves & Company, of Avhich Mr. Grundy is President, now spend $500 a week to reach the public. Mr. Grundy is a native of Long Island and was born at Blue Point in 1872. Entering into partnership in 1904 Avith W. C. Reeves, his brother-in-law, under the firm name of W. C. Reeves & Company, AA'ith offices at No. 124 East 23rd Street, Mr. Grundy has since then, by steadfast adher ence to his convictions, sold upwards of IavcIvc millions dollars' worth of real estate on Long Island alone and four thousand acres in Ncav Jersey in small tracts. Mr. Grundy after a short time bought out his brother-in-laAV and had the firm name incorporated. The firm is interested more particularly in the splendid class of property to be found in Hollis, Rich mond Hill, East Hampton and Southampton, and has an enormous clientele numbering over 17,000 people, which is drawn from every state in the Union. Any account of the tremendous activities in real estate in Greater Ncav York Avould be in complete Avithout distinct reference to the prominent firm of Adrian H. Muller & Son, the present partners in AA'hich are William F. Redmond, Andrew J. McCormack and Sam uel G. Redmond. Ad rian H. Muller, founder of the house, started business in 1840 and, during his life, con ducted many of the largest auction sales of real estate in Ncaa' York City. Among them Avere the estates of Harsen, Burr, Fur- niss, Faile, Post, Fogg, Boggs, Chittenden, Brooks, Embury, Mar tin and Leake, and the Watts Orphan Asy lum. He was one of the appraisers appointed by the City Comp troller to value all the property belonging to the City of Ncav York, his associates being Anthony J. Bleecker and Homer Morgan. He was one of the trustees named in the will of James Roosevelt to found Roosevelt Hos pital, of Avhich he Avas president several years. Since his death the firm has continued to ADRIAN H. MULLER conduct Aveekly auction sales of real estate, stocks and bonds at the Real Estate Exchange. The present head of the firm, William F. Redmond, has had long experience in everv branch of the business. One of the knoAvn "hustlers" in Manhattan real estate is John X^oble Golding. born in this city, 1860, Avho has literally felt the groAvth of Manhattan because he has been a part of it. He Avas educated at Trinity School and at Grammar School 35. At the age of 19 he entered the real estate office of B. K. Stevenson, Jr., but three years later joined the active house of A. H. Muller & Sons. where he remained four years, during Avhich time he acted as a broker for the late Henry B. Hyde, President of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, in acquiring the block of property on which the Equitable building uoav stands. Subsequently, OAving to the success with which he had served Mr. Hyde, he be came identified AA'ith the Equitable organiza tion as its real estate attorney, — Avith the firm name of BroAvn & Golding, — and managed all the property under control of that great cor poration. Mr. Golding began business for himself as a real estate broker in 1890. It Avould be almost impossible to chronicle all the achievements of Mr. Golding. He leased 44 and 46 BroadAvay to the Standard Oil Company, for $60,000 a year; sold to the Ncav York Central all the property acquired at the Grand Central terminal; also for the Erie terminal in New Jersey; sold the old Plaza Hotel to the syndicate that erected the present building; sold the Langham Hotel on Fifth Avenue; managed the entire real estate deal for John W^anamaker in acquiring the site for his new BroadAvay store, and sold the Park Place, Barclay Street and Broadway property to F. W. Woohvorth for the tallest building in the Avorld. On Fifth Avenue, betAveen Fifty-ninth and One Hundredth Streets, he has sold practically every lot on AA'hich millionaires have erected mansions. He sold the site on Avhich stands the Singer building, loAver Broad Avay; that of the LaAvyers' Title Building; that of the Second National Bank and the Orphan Asylum block. He has been connected Avith nearly all the large real estate deals in this city during recent years. 420 THE BOOK of NEW YORK THOJIAS J. O'REILLY JOHN N. GOLDING WILLIAM H. MOFFITT It is a pleasure to knoAv that the ncAA'spaper business may be made a preparatory course for successful achievement in the real estate field. Wflliam H. Moffitt, to-day one of the leading real estate operators in this city, started his career in that way. He Avas born at Black- stone, Mass., November, 1858, but early in life, was removed to Auburn, N. Y. where he was graduated at its Academy in 1877. After three years' experience in dry goods, he associated himself Avith the Evening ^iuburn- ian, a small daily, as assistant city editor and advertising manager. A Avide circle of ac quaintances formed through this connec tion, and the obvious necessity for a live man in a dead town of 25,000 people im pelled Mr. Moffitt to enter the real estate business. In Iavo years he developed every acre of land within one mile of Auburn and sold houses and lots on the installment plan. He soon exhausted the supply and, in 1886, left for Kansas City, Avhere he spent one year. Next he went to Chicago and studied the real estate business for one year and then came direct to the metropolis. He began business here in a small office on Liberty Street, hiring desk room at $5 per week. His offices to-day occupy the entire third floor of a large build ing on Madison Avenue — 4,500 square feet of floor space. He has a country home, "Wil low Brook," at Islip, comprising 250 acres. Avith a house of steel and concrete, Italian style, that cost $125,000. Mr. Moffitt believes his experience in journalism, brief as it was, laid the foundation for his success in meeting Avith his fellowmen. He is president of the W. H. Moffitt Realty Company, Ocean Shore Realty Company, and Penatagust Lumber Company. He is commodore of the Bay Shore Motor Boat Club, president of the Islip Board of Trade, of the South Side Fair and of the South Side Kennel Club; a member of the Chamber of Commerce of New York; belongs to the Ncav York Athletic, Catholic, South Shore Golf and Columbia Yacht clubs. Another successful competitor in the real estate business is Thomas J. O'Reilly, born in this city, August, 1879, and educated at the parochial and public schools. He entered the employ of the New York Life Insurance Com pany, in 1895, at its Union Square branch, after finishing a commercial course, and re mained Avith that institution until 1907, hav ing been advanced to different positions in the Agency Department until he was created Agency Instructor. He then resigned to enter the real estate business. In this he has been successful. In addition to general brokerage, he has the management of several of the largest apartment houses on the west side. He has frequently served as an appraiser and as an expert. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 421 GERALD R. BROWN Gerald R. Brown AA'as born in Brooklyn, May 3, 1857, the son of Theodore Rudderow and Caroline Edwards (Timpson) BroAvn. The family is of English, Irish and Dutch descent, the American branch being founded by Robert Brown who came to this country in 1750. Mr. BroAvn AAas educated at Lockwood's Academy, Adelphi Academy and the Poly technic Institute in Brooklyn, and after finish ing his schooling entered the employ of the Equitable Life Assurance Society as an office bov. He was attentive to his Avork and the value of his service AAas recognized by pro motions until he was given charge of all build ings and real estate of the company and in 1907 was made Comptroller. In 1890 he. Avith John N. Golding, formed the real estate firm of Golding & BroAvn, and although the firm has been long dissolved, Mr. Brown is still interested in real estate operations and is a member and Governor of the Real Estate Board of Brokers. His long connection Avith realty, especially in the financial section of the city, has made him familiar Avith doAvntown values and there is no man in the line that has a more comprehensive knoAvledge on that subject — a knoAvledge that has been of great value to him in his connections Avith the ad ministration of the Equitable Society's real estate interests. Mr. BroAvn is also con versant Avith values and conditions in all of the important cities of the United States and Canada. 422 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ^Ir. BroAvn is a member of the LaAvyers' Club and the Pilgrims in X'^cav York City, the EnglcAvood Club, the EnglcAA'ood Golf Club and the EnglcAvood Field Club, of EnglcAvood, X^. J., Avhere his home is located. The development of the Borough of the Bronx has been a most significant incident, due to the consolidation of the surrounding cities and villages Avith the original metropo lis on Manhattan Island. In ten years, the region has increased in population from 50,000 to 500,000. A man who has con tributed as much, if not more, than any other individual to this marvelous growth is J. Clarence Davies, Avho comes of a race of real estate developers and Avas prompt to see the impulse which the extension of the city limits over a part of Westchester County AA'ould im part. Mr. Davies Avas born in this city in 1867, and after a course at the public schools entered the College of the City of Ncav York. Recognizing the inevitable iiorthAvard groAvth of the metropolis, he abandoned the manufacturing business in 1889 to plunge into real estate enterprises. This act Avas inspired by the fact that his forebears, for three pre vious generations, had been oAvners or oper ators in city property. Since that day, Mr. Davies has sold or developed most of the large acreage tracts in the Bronx, direct from the original OAvners; he has brought millions of dollars into that borough for investment. When the subAvay opened, he sold, in eight Aveeks, $20,000,000 Avorth of Bronx realty. He is a director in several banks and a mem ber of many clubs. A young man Avho has taken part in the editorship of the Harvard Lampoon and Crim son may be expected to distinguish himself later in life. A member of the editorial staff's of both publications Avas Irving Ruland, graduated in 1889. The Institute of 1770 and the Historical Society numbered him on their membership lists and he left the University Avith honorable mention in Political Economy. Entering- the office of Ruland & Whiting, a firm established by his father. Manly A. Ru land, in 1867, Mr. Ruland has obtained for himself enviable standing- in his profession. He frequently has been retained by the City of Ncav York and by the Public Service Commission in condemnation and certiorari proceedings and has been notably successful in the carrying- out of numerous important real estate transactions. Mr. Ruland Avas for seven years an active member of Troop 2, Squadron A, and served Avith his corps in the Spanish War. He has contributed some in teresting articles to the ncAvspapers on the sub ject of real estate, is president and a goA'crnor of the Real Estate Board of Brokers, president of the R. E. Exchange and director of a num ber of large real estate companies. The Dominion of Canada has furnished one of the most active men in the real estate busi ness in this city, EdAvard D. Paulin, born July, 1866, at Woodstock, Ontario. He Avas edu cated in the schools of Canada and at the age J. CLARICNCE DAVIES IRVING RULAND EDWARD D. PAULIN THE BOOK of NEW YORK 423 of sixteen Avent to the Northwest wilderness for three years. Returning East, he halted at Sault Ste. Marie, Avhere at 21 he engaged in the hardware trade and developed a large business. Mr. Paulin came to Ncav York in 1898, and promptly entered the real estate field. He saAV the possibilities of suburban groAvth and made that his specialty. Among the most successful of his developments has been Leonia, N. J., he being president of the Leonia Heights Land Company. While at Sault Ste. Marie, he Avas instrumental in forming companies for the utilization of its water-power — enterprises that have made that town famous. His ancestry is Scotch-English; he has been entirely too much taken up with business to enter into social organizations. Charles F. Noyes is one of the younger real estate men handling a business of large proportions. He Avas born in NorAvich, Conn., July 19, 1878, and educated at the NorAvich Academy, coming to New York City Avhen twenty years old and organizing the Charles F. Noyes Company, with offices at No. 92 William Street. The business grcAV from practically nothing until it is to-day one of the leading firms in the city. Seventy employees are required to super intend the various buildings under the com pany's control and it Avas recently found neces sary to open a branch office at Sixth Avenue and Twenty-third Street. Mr. Noyes has made a number of innovations, one of Avhich is the division of profits among the employees at the end of each year, in proportion to their earning capacity and term of service. He is a member of the Union League Club of Brooklyn, the Ncav York Athletic, Crescent Athletic, Drug and Chemical and Under- Avriters clubs of New York City; the Masonic Club, Brooklyn League, Real Estate Board of Brokers, and is a director of the Realty League of New York City, a director of the Norwich Morning Bulletin and several other corporations. A life-long experience in the real estate busi ness has given George Rowland Read a knowledge of realty conditions and A'alues that places him in the expert class and makes his opinion of great value. Mr. Read Avas born in Brooklyn in 1849, and Avas educated at the Polytechnic Institute there. In 1867 he entered the employ of the real estate firm of E. H. Ludlow & Co., AA'here he remained for seventeen years, and in 1884 started in business for himself. The present firm of Geo. R. Read & Co. AA'as organ ized and it has, guided by Mr. Read's expert judgment, been successfully interested in some of the largest and most important realty trans actions in New York City and the contiguous territory lying AA'ithin the suburban zone. In addition to being president of George R. Read & Co., Mr. Read occupies a similar position Avith the Mutual Trust Company, of Westchester County and the Waccabuc CHARLES F. NOYES GEORGE R. READ D.AVID L. PHILLIPS 424 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Company. He is a member of the Metropoli tan Museum of Art and DoAvn Town, Union, Metropolitan and Riding and Coaching clubs. Having spent his entire life in the real estate business, David L. Phillips has come to be recognized as an expert in realty values in New York City and in the many beautiful sec tions within the metropolitan suburban zone. He Avas born in Ncav York City, June 3, 1861, and is of English and Dutch extraction. He was educated in the public schools, after AA'hich he entered the employ of L. J. Phillips & Co., of which his father was the head, and thor oughly mastered every detail of the business. He Avas admitted to the firm and upon his father's death became the senior member. The firm of L. J. Phillips & Co. is one of the leaders in real estate activities and does a large auctioneering and appraising business. The offices are at No. 158 BroadAvay and No. 261 Columbus Avenue. ^Nlr. Phillips is a director of the Great Eastern Casualty and Indemnity Company, and a member of several clubs and social organizations. There is practically no end to the fortunes made in real estate dur ing the past generation. The most promising field for such an active business life has been Ncav York City and its immediate environs. Among successful op erators is Fitch H. Medbury, born on a farm near Hamilton, Madison County, this state, in September, 1860. His education was obtained in his native town, Avhere he also acquired much of his business preparation for the career he followed after coming- to the metropo lis, for which he has ahvays had a natural liking. Mr. Medbury is a descendant of Governor Lewis WinsloAv, AA'ho was the sec ond Chief JNIagistrate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He never has held any political office, but is a staunch Republican. He is a member of the Crescent Athletic Club, of Brooklyn. FITCH H. MEDBURA' NoAvhere within thirty-five minutes of Herald Square is there such suburban property on the market at such favorable terms as is to be found at Massapequa, L. I., a station on the Montauk Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. It begins exactly 12 mfles beyond the Greater Ncav York line and has a frontage of several miles upon the Great South Bay. The exploitation of this large tract of high, level land has been accomplished by the Queens Land and Title Company and so pronounced has been its success that a city has risen in four years upon Avhat Avas scarcely occupied farm property. Within the borders of the UCAV city are four beautiful lakes, con served and oAvned by the City of New York for use of the Water Department of the Bor ough of Brooklyn. These charming bits of AA'ater, together with the Great South Bay and the near proximity to the ocean give a most delightful climate in summer, temperature being upwards of 15 degrees cooler than on Manhattan Island. With magnificent highways, high wooded land, the lakes, the bay, the ocean, beautiful old homes and private parks, churches, schools and clubs, golf, fishing, boating and sailing, Massapequa possesses all the natural attrac tions and advantages possible to be had in suburban home life for man, woman or child. With such a foundation to build upon it is not surprising that the development of Mas sapequa has been unusually rapid. That it is being developed along unusually high- grade lines is evidenced by the distinctive type of architecture adopted, the majority of the homes being of hollow tile or stucco, fire proof, French villa type of construction. With the exceptional transportation facilities afforded by the completion of the electric transit to the Pennsylvania depot, Massapequa Avill present an ideal suburban home site Avithin about half an hour of the heart of Manhattan. The oAvners and di^velopers of Massapequa have had Avide experi||nce in the development of high class suburKan properties, Allen T. Haight, President a^d George F. Haight, Sec retary and Treasui^l- of the Queens Land and Title Company before purchasing the proper ties comprising- Massapequa successfully THE BOOK of NEW YORK 425 Manhattan Terrace,'' Brooklvn, south in a of developed and sold large tract of land Prospect Park. The career of Charles Newmark, avIio at the age of twenty-four years, is one of the city's most successful builders, illustrates Avhat ambition and application can accomplish. He was born in Ncav York City, September 15, 1887, and AA'as educated at the public and high schools. At the age of fifteen, when most boys are thinking of play, he entered the em ploy of Robert M. Silberman, a builder, Avear- ing overalls and receiving a Aveekly Avage of four dollars. Tavo years later he Avas super intendent for the McKinley Construction Company, building thirty or forty houses annually, and at the age of tAventy years Avas in business for himself as a full-fledged builder, his first operation being Iavo eight-story apart ment houses at BroadAvay and One Hundred and Eleventh Street, Avhich he turned over at a large profit. At this period he concluded that nine-story apartment houses, on side streets, Avould be a desirable and paying proposition, and commenced such construction, being followed in this line of Avork by nearly all the realty companies, and meeting Avith great success. Mr. NcAA'mark's thorough training- in prac tical building, coupled Avith his complete knoAvledge of realty values in the sections in AA'hich he builds, are the reasons he has never yet had a losing- operation. He is uoav build ing "Laureate Hall," a ten-story apartment house at One Hundred and X'^ineteenth Street and Amsterdam Avenue, in the college settle ment. This house Avill be in suites of Iavo, three and four rooms and is especially designed for teachers and students. lie is also aljout to start another building of the same size at One Hundred and TAventieth Street and Amsterdam Avenue. In addition to his building operations, Mr. XcAAmark is vice-president of the Con solidated Chandelier ('ompany. He is a Republican, believing- that this party stands alone for the nation's commercial progress. Dissatisfied Avith mercantile pursuits to Avhich he turned his attention after leaving school, Samuel Marx became a real estate auctioneer, and in that line of Avork has built up a reputation that keeps him constantly employed. He Avas born in Ncav York City, May 10, 1867, and came of one of those old- fashioned big families of Avhich he Avas the oldest of thirteen children, and at the age of twenty-one started in business as a tailor. The prospects not being bright, he commenced to sell real estate at auction. Mr. Marx is a Democrat, and during the years of 1908-'09-'10 and '11 Avas a mem ber of the Board of Aldermen and ahvays took an active part in the deliberations of that body. He is a member of the B. P. O. Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Samuel Tichner CHARLES NEWMARK H. STEWART McKNIGHT SAMUEL MAUX 426 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Society, Independent Order Free Sons of Israel, the Cohimbia and OAvasco clubs, also of the Real Estate Exchange and is president of the "Marx Fraternity," organized and in corporated for the mutual protection of the family. It is the first of its kind; and only members of the immediate family can join. They meet at the residences of the members every second Aveek, and it is the means of preserving the family interests and unity. Long Island has been the field upon AA'hich many real estate campaigns have been planned, organized and fought out to successful real ization. I have ahvays felt a peculiar interest in the achievements of H. StcAvart McKnight and his four energetic brothers, because they came here from Chambersburg, Pa., the original home of my ancestors after Avhom the historic old Ioaa'u is named. Mr. McKnight Avas a young laAvyer, but saAv far greater possi bilities in the development of Long Island than in the sIoav growth of a legal clientage, how ever successful. He didn't haA'c a great deal of capital himself, but Avas able to ally him self Avith men of Avealth AA'ho admired his genius for organization, and, in 1905, he established The McKnight Realty Company. The first proposition grappled Avas a large tract near Bayside, beyond Flushing, Avhich at large expense he attractively laid out in villa plots. He immediately brought his four brothers, Ira Thomas, John Calvin, A. Alaxwell and Edgar Scott McKnight into active cooperation. These young men ren dered special services. The first, Ira Thomas ^IcKnight, is an engineer and naturally be came the head of the construction and de velopment department, accomplishing remark able engineering feats in landscape gardening, drainage, scAA'crage and Avater proposition. Another brother, John Calvin, became vice- president of the McKnight Realty Company, and Avas of rare value oAA'ing to his extensive acquaintance Avith prominent capitalists in the meti-opolitan district. He Avas Avell knoAvn, OAving to the fact that he had been secretary to Ex-Go V. B. B. Odell, and had served for a brief time in the same capacity with Col. Roosevelt, prior to his election to the governor ship. A. MaxAvell McKnight Avas for a time seci-etaiv of the X^cav York Produce Exchange and Edgar Scott McKnight, the youngest brother, has had a thorough training- in real estate business. The president of this invincible organization is H. StcAvart McKnight, Avho is a leader in all matters of public interest affecting- the Bor ough of Queens. He Avas president of the Long Island Real Estate Exchange and he is probably more familiar Avitli every nook and corner of the big island than any man in the real estate business to-day; not a road, lane or path is unknoAvn to him. His latest under taking is the development of the Great Neck Estates, a charming tract of high land on that Avell knoAvn promontory of the North Shore. Miles of streets Avith concrete sidewalks and many villas are already in process of construc tion. Long Island property has felt the keen impulse of groAvth during the past decade. The completion of four bridges across the East River and several tunnels thereunder has had the eft'ect of giving to residents on the south side of "the great terminal moraine" easy access to the heart of Manhattan. These activities in suburban property have developed a UCAV class of energetic men Avho talk avcII and carry conviction because they believe Avhat they say. Among- men Avho have galvanized into activity this ucav market is T. Benton Ackerson, born at Rockland Lake, this state, June, 1856. He AAas educated at Pough keepsie and began commercial life in Brooklyn, 1874, as an employee of the Knickerbocker Ice Company. He enjoyed the tutorship of his father, a successful business man; but his leanings Avere toAvard the real estate field. In thirty-odd years he has prosecuted ex tensive operations in Long Island City, Flat bush and more recently at Brightwaters, near Bay Shore — a beautiful sea, lake, pine and oak groAA'u residential park of over 1,200 acres. A pace setter in seaside suburban development. The harbor features incor porated are a most unique and ingenious conception and the five spring-fed lakes, connected by cascade dams and esplanade of fountains, encircled by Avinding driA'Cs, have all combined in creating a substantial example of the higher standard of develop ment, since copied by many other developers. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 427 Brightwaters is a veritable home community, the T. B. Ackerson Co., in Avhich all Mr. Ackerson's enterprises have recently been combined, being the first to establish its own interurban transportation system. The development of the suburban toAvn of Xutley, across the Hudson, is due largely to the energy and success as an architect of William A. Lambert, a young Englishman Avho came to this country Avith his parents in 1871, settled in X^cav Jersey and secured his education at the public schools of that state. After a thorough technical training, he began his career as an architect in 1892. In addi- comes Avith the })restige of success in that line at Auburn, Rochester and Syracuse, in each of AA'hich cities he developed large sections of realty. Mr. Tuxill Avas born at Clarkson, Monroe County, N. Y., May, 1877, and spent his early days on the farm of his father. After an education in the district school, he AA'ent to Auburn, "loveliest city of the plain," 1900, to accept a place in one of the local real estate offices. He Avas a "hustler" from the first and by 1907 had so Avidely inspired confidence that he had no difficulty in or ganizing the Tuxill Realty Company, Avitli a $300,000 capitalization, the stock of AA'hich T. BENTON ACKERSON WILLIAM A. LAMBERT CHARLES E. TUXILL tion to his collegiate studies, he had served AA'ith William Halsey Wood, of NcAvark, one of the most successful men in his profession. Mr. Lambert has made a specialty of suburban architectural AVork, having designed and con- structed about one thousand residences of that character. Among his chief successes elsewhere may be mentioned the Edgemere Club Hotel and the Colonial Hall, at Arverne, L. I. At present he confines himself to architectural work in Nutley, being President of the Nutley Realty Company. He has de signed and built 500 houses in Nutley. He is President of the Ncav York and Ncav Jersey Real Estate Exchange, a Mason, a member of the Royal Arcanum, and of many societies and clubs. A ncAvcomer in the field of Long Island real estate promotion is Charles E. Tuxill, AA'ho AA'as subscribed by some of Auburn's most prominent citizens. With this increased capi tal, Mr. Tuxill pushed his activities into other cities of Central X^cav York. Backed by friends Avho had realized large profits from his up state enterprises, he recently came to X^cav York and purchased a large tract of land on Long Island, knoAA'u as "Beacon Hill," which he is UOAV developing. An exceptionally successful young member of the real estate fraternity is Albert B. Ash- forth, born in this city, 1873. Educated at private schools, he entered his uncle's real estate office in 1890. The fact that his father had achieved success in the same business may have been a determining- factor in his choice. In 1896 he formed an independent partnership Avith Harvey H. Duryee AA'hich lasted until 1901. Since that time Mr. Ash- 428 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ALBERT B. ASHFORTH NATHANIEL J. HESS ROBERT W. HAFF forth has conducted his business under his OAVU name. Upon the outbreak of the Span ish War, Harvey Duryee and Mr. Ash- forth conceived the idea and made the sug gestion to Colonel Astor Avhich resulted in the formation of the Astor Battery by that patriot. Mr. Ashforth served eight years as a member of Company I, Seventh Regiment, N. G. S. N. Y. Germany furnished another active member of the real estate guild in this city in the per son of Nathaniel J. Hess, who Avas born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, September, 1871. This Avas after the creation of the Ger man Empire and the transfer of the Imperial Capita! to Berlin. ]Mr. Hess came to this country early in life, Avith his parents. He began a mercantile career in his sixteenth year; but, at 19, he joined the firm of M. & L. Hess, organized for the purpose of conducting a general real estate and brokerage business. Since then he has been connected Avith the Realty Holding Company, the Hess Building Company, the Empire Realty Corporation, the Pacific Realty Company, the Thirty-second Street Buflding Company, and several other associations. ^Ir. Hess is closely identified Avith many of the allied charities. For pastime he is fond of breaking horses for the Horse ShoAvs. He is also an enthusiastic hunter and disciple of Izaak Walton. He is a member of the Fulton Riding Club, Lotos Club, City Lunch Club, American Kennel Club, Long- Island Kennel Club, Bull Dog Club, and others. A successful real estate broker, activelv engaged since 1884 in the development of Man hattan and Long Island property, is Robert W. Haff'. The principal office of his company, "The Robert W. Haff' Realty Corporation," is in the Marbridge Building, Manhattan. incorporated in 1908 Avith Mr. Haft' as presi dent. One of his most recent transactions, as representative of the Degnon Realty and Ter minal Improvement Company and other capi talists, Avas the purchase of several hundred acres of meadoAv land betAveen Flushing and Corona, Queens County, bordering on Flush ing Bay and River. This large area is uoav being filled Avith city ashes. Five years Avill be required to reclaim this land, but Avhen the Avork is completed the land Avill be suitable for manufacturing plants, because it possesses both rail and Avater facilities. The business of the Robert W. Haff Realty Corporation extends OA'cr the United States and Mexico. Mr. Haff has recently returned from a three months' trip to Europe in the interests of X^cav York clients. Training in a bank is an admirable prepara tion for almost any commercial business. Douglas LudloAv Elliman, noAv a successful real estate broker, began his career as a "runner" Avith the Union National Bank and THE BOOK of NEW YORK 429 then Avent to Vermilye & Co., where he re mained three years. He entered the office of Pease & Elliman, real estate brokers, and became a partner in 1907. Mr. Elliman was born at Flushing, L. I., May, 1882, and Avas educated at the Berkeley and Cutler Schools. In eight years of brokerage experience, he "closed" nearly $7,000,000 of sales, including private houses, plots for apartments and one church. He also built up a collection busi ness of about $1,000,000 annually, including a majority of the best East Side apartments. He is president of the Douglas L. Elliman Company, and a director of the Bleecker Street & Fulton Ferry Railroad Co. He is a Re publican; his clubs are the Racquet and Tennis, St. Nicholas, SeaAvanhaka-Corinthian, Stamford Yacht and Wee Burn Golf. The development of AVestchester property, especially at White Plains and its vicinity, is largely due to the energy of E. Nelson Ehrhart, Avho early saw an opportunity for its exploita tion and gave himself resolutely to the Avork. Mr. Ehrhart was born in Ncav York City, December, 1873, prepared for college in the public schools, entered Columbia and took a special course in architecture there and agricul ture at Cornell University. After ten years' ex perience in dairy farming, he adopted his pres ent occupation. He Avas successful from the first. Mr. Ehrhart Avas acting superintendent of the Horse Department of the World's Fair, at Chicago, in 1893, AA'hile a student at Cor nell Agricultural College, and Avas named as a special expert of the Dairy Division of the Agricultural Department of the United States in 1895. He comes of an old German family, his father having settled in Michigan as a mis sionary among the Indians. Mr. Ehrhart is a Republican and a member of the Repub lican and Transportation clubs, 7th Regiment Veterans' Association and other societies. Some men are naturally inclined to enter the real estate business and others have the dutv of developing ancestral tracts of land thrust upon them. Such was the case Avith William Richmond Ware, Avho undertook the exploit ing of a large property belonging to the estate of E. R. Ware, deceased, in the city of Yon- kei-s. Mr. Ware AAas born on the banks of the Hudson, February, 1855, and AAas educated in the private schools of this city and Yonkers. Early in life he Avas charged Avith the care of large real estate interests belonging to his father's family and developed special aptitude for economical management and disposition of many kinds of property. He aa'ou general confidence by his dealings and gathered around him many patrons. He began in Ncav York City, 1880, Avith Leonard J. Carpenter, first trading- in East Side properties; but, eleven years later, he opened an office on the upper West Side, Avhere he has prospered. A direct descendant of Capt. Dolson, an early settler of X'^ew Amsterdam, is William Hamilton Dolson, uoav a prominent real estate DOUGL.AS NELSON EHRHART WILLIAM R. WARE 430 THE BOOK of NEW YORK LOUIS GOLD AARON RABINOWITZ J. ARTHUR FISCHER agent in this city. Among- many important properties under his management is that of the "Belnord," the largest residential apart ment building- in the Avorld, its court, Avith Avalks and fountains and flower beds, covering- more area than the ground space devoted to most other properties of its kind. A remark able feature of this building- is that every wall has an ornamental front and every room is an outside one, therefore the "Belnord" is, ad mittedly, a standard for architects and is likely to remain so, because there is not at present any vacant property in the developed section of Manhattan Island of sufficient size to erect another building of the kind. Mr. Dolson is a member of the Holland Society and also of the Sons of the American Revolution, Capt. Dolson, aforesaid mentioned, in 1667 built the first large vessel put upon the stocks in these Avaters. He AA'as also active in Ncav Amsterdam real estate, and Avith his son-in- laAv, Jan Kiersen, opened up the Great Maize Land, not far beloAv Fort Washington. Kier- sen's house Avas the first settlement on the hoav Avell-knoAvn Jumel homestead, and further more is believed to be the first spot permanent ly occupied on these heights. Capt. Dolson's son. Tennis, is credited as being the first male child born in X^cav Amster dam after it Avas ceded by the Dutch to the English- -being, therefore, the original native citizen of the English ruled and named City of Ncav York. His branch of the family moved up state and founded the town of Dolson. Every oAvner of rentable property under stands the desirability of having a competent and watchful agent to collect his rents and see that the character of his houses is main tained. Many excellent buildings, Avith ad vantageous sites, have been allowed to de teriorate owing to inattentive OAvners or negligent agents. Aaron RabinoAvitz belongs to the ever-Avatchful class of agent who makes his principal's interests his oavu. He Avas born in this city and derived his education from the public schools and the University of the City of Ncav York. Through the advice of Henry Morganthau, one of the leading realty OAvners and operators of this city, he entered the real estate business in 1903. Though only tAventy-seven years of age he became president of the long-established firm of Spear & Co., real estate agents, in 1905, a house that represents more than $10,000,000 in tenant property, mainly in the commercial center of the metropolis. J. Arthur Fischer is another prominent real estate dealer of the mid-toAvn section, Avho has met Avith success as agent, broker and ap praiser of some of the best property in the city during the ten years v^^hich he has devoted to building up his business. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 431 CHARLES H. PATRICK FRANK E. SMITH LAWRENCE B. ELLIMAN After retiring- from a life of business activ ity, Charles H. Patrick Avas induced to take the presidency and treasurership of the East Bay Land and Improvement Company and has demonstrated his ability along executive lines by a Avise and successful handling of the company's interests. Mr. Patrick was born in Bennington, Vermont, and started in life in a country store. He came to New York in 1860 and was connected Avith the H. W. Johns Mfg. Co., for thirty-scA'cn years. The property he is uoav interested in is located upon the East River or Sound and extends from Oak Point to the Bronx River. It has an excellent Avater front, is easy of access and is particularly adapted to residences and for manufacturing and shipping purposes. Large interests are already located on the tract, and are unrestricted by the encroach ments of adjoining property, Avhile the rail and AA'ater facilities are unexcelled. Closely associated Avith the buying and sell ing of real estate, in late years, has dcA'cloped the placing of loans for the construction of large city structures or development of sub urban real estate. In this particular line Frank E. Smith has created a place for himself. He AA-as born in Candia, N. H., and enjoyed the benefits of the local schools. He began life Avith his father, who was a mason-builder in Manchester. Thence he Avent to Chicago, AA'here he Avorked as a builder for Iavo years. He came to X^cav York in 1879, and continued in the same trade untfl 1896. Since then Mr. Smith has been a promoter and real estate broker. One of his large deals Avas the sale of the DelaAvare & Hudson property on Church and Cortlandt Streets to the City In vestment Company, and the negotiation of a loan for the latter corporation of $6,250,000. He also figured in the sale of the Hotel Vic toria property, at 27th Street, Broadway and 5th Avenue, involving $7,000,000, and sold the land and furnished the capital to erect the Hendrik Hudson Apartments at 110th to 111th Streets and Riverside Drive. He also furnished the money to erect the ChatsAvorth Apartments and Annex at 72nd Street and Riverside Drive, the Forrest Chambers at 113th Street and BroadAvay and the Adamston and Evanston Apartments. These five nego tiations represented an outlay of $4,000,000. He also negotiated the sale of the German- American Building, 35 Nassau Street, in which the consideration Avas large. One of the most prominent and best-posted real estate men in Ncav York City is LaAv rence B. Elliman ,of Pease & Elliman. He Avas born at Flushing, L. I., and Avas edu cated at the Flushing Institute, Flushing High School and the Berkeley School, Ncav York City, from Avhich he graduated in 1893, and commenced his active business career in Wall Street Avith the firm of Buttrick & Elliman. 432 THE BOOK of NEW YORK From here he Avent to the Bacteriological Division of the X^cav York Board of Health, and in 1897 formed a connection Avith the firm of Pell tis: Graves, Avhere he remained until he organized the real estate firm of Pease & Elliman. The business AA'as successful from its inception and Avas incorporated in 1902. It has increased from the zero mark in 1897 to an annual gross turn oA'cr of $25,000,000. The firm has sold many of the most prominent dAvellings in the Fifth Avenue district, includ ing AndreAv Carnegie's former residence to W. P. Clyde; the W. H. Bliss house to IVIrs. Moulton; a house to J. D. Rockefeller, Jr., and many other notable homes to prominent individuals. ^Ir. Elliman is descended from the Dutch and Quakers of Long Island. One of his ancestors Avas an original settler and founder of Flushing, and another Avas one of the early mayors of X'cav York City. He served five years in the XaA'al ^lilitia and is a member of the Racquet and Tennis, Rocka- Avay Hunt, X'cav York Yacht and Cedarhurst Yacht clubs; the St. X^icholas Society, Society of Colonial Wars and the Xcav York Historical, Genealogical and Biographical Society of Xcav York City. His business connections are president, treasurer and director of Pease (1' Elliman, Inc., vice-president, treasurer and director of Pease & Elliman Agency, treas urer and director of the Woman"s Hotel Com pany and director of the City of Xcav York Insurance Company, and the Allied Real Estate Interests. Indication of the groAvth of our Avonderful metropolis is the success that has attended the organization and efficient management of several corj^orations organized for the de velopment of city and suburban real estate. The X'cav Yoi-k Central Realty C'ompany Avas incorporated in 1903, Avith a ])aid-up capital of $200,000. Their policv has been to ])urchase property along the lanes of the city's groAvth, and as it Avas improved to cut it into lots and market it. With its large re sources, the possibilities of this company are limitless. I'his fact has led to the organiza tion of a bond department, Avhich, in effect, bids for the use of money in the real estate business at legal intei-est. The Xcav York Central Realty Company is not in any sense a bond company, that department being- in cidental to its real estate interests. The successful development of acreage property on Long Island has been remarkable. This company bought one hundred acres at $800 an acre five years ago. Three years later, adjacent property sold for $2,850 an acre. OAving to the fact that the Central Realtv Company had cut its land into villa plots, a much higher price Avas realized. I merely cite this instance as one of many successful enterprises. The company's operations in Xcav Jersey and Westchester County, N. Y., are equally extensive. The theory of heredity may possibly account for the fact that Charles Shongood is a very capable auctioneer. A son of Joseph Shon good, Avho for many years folloAved that honorable and ancient profession in the city of NeAV York, Charles Avas born there on jNIay 1, 1864. Educated in the public schools, he em barked in the vocation of his paternal ancestor and distinguished him self. Charles Shongood is the first U. S. auc tioneer appointed by the Federal Court un de r the Bankruptcy LaAV. He Avas a presi dential elector in the year of Roosevelt's famous victorv and ran for Congress in 1904, but Avas defeated. He is a member of the Republican and Progress clubs, taking an active interest in politics. There is no more successful dealer in North Side real estate than John A. Steinmetz, who Avithin the short period of seven years has acfiuired a knoAvledge of realty values in the Bronx that has made him a leader in his line. He was born in West Farms, January 11, 1875, obtaining his education in the public schools in that locality and was a baker until twenty-four years of age, AA'hen he AA'ent into the Avholesale flour business. The purchase CHARLES SHONGOOD THE BOOK of NEW YORK 433 of a single lot when he was twenty-one years of age turned his attention to the groAving possibilities of the Bronx and when thirty years of age he decided to quit mercantile pursuits and go into the real estate and insur ance business. Since that time he has been very successful and his office at X^o. 1009 East 180th Street is a place of great activity. A majority of the large apartment houses in this section has been sold through his eff'orts and he completed the negotiations by Avhich the large hotel and hall immediately opposite the terminal of the West Farms subAvay line Avas erected. In addition he has conducted manv exchanges and has a large clientele in renting and insurance. Mr. Steinmetz is president of the East Tremont Taxpayers' Association and is con nected Avith the L. W. Divine Company, the Jacob Jensen Company, and the Obark Realty Company, all engaged in building operations. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and several societies. Having left home in Alsace when he Avas fourteen years old and Avorked in Paris five years, Henry Moses Weill directed his course tOAvard America. Mr. Weill reached this city Avhen twenty years old. His first occupation Avas translator to the physician-in-chief of the Equitable Life Assurance Company. This AA'ork Avas not calculated to hold a man of Mr. Weill's energy and progressiveness; nothing would satisfy him but his oavu desk. Opening an office in West TAventy-eighth Street, success soon came to him. After leasing stores and lofts in the neighborhood he succeeded in secur ing a loan of $450,000 for the Bijou Theatre. After placing this loan, his progress Avas rapid, until at the age of 33 he is recognized by the entire real estate fraternity. Besides being the president of the II. M. Weill Com pany, he is a director of the Coleman Con struction Company and treasurer of the One Hundred and Thirty West 37th Street Com pany. He is also a member of the Democratic Club, West Side Real Estate Association and Allied Real Estate Interests. After thorough training as a merchant, a Wall Street broker and a banker, Benjamin Rush Lummis finally undertook the manage ment of estates and has made himself one of the authorities in this city on the appraised values of real property. He Avas born in Xcav York, July, 1857, and received a thorough education at St. Francis Xavier's and Seton Hall Colleges. He began active business, in 1877, as shipping clerk in a AA'holesale house that did a business of $3,000,000 a year. His father had been a dry goods importer, but family reverses during the Civil War caused the young man to go to work early in life. Next I hear of him in Wall Street, in the firm of Lummis & Day of an elder brother. panics, Mr. Lummis engaged in the rea -the brokerage business After Aveathering several JOHN A. STEINMETZ HENRY M. WEILL BENJAMIN .U LUMJIIS 434 THE BOOK of NEW YORK estate field, Avhich he has folloAved ever since. He is strong in Revolutionary ancestry and a member of the Sons; is a member of the Society of Colonial Wars, is on the advisory board of the Ncav York Foundling Hospital and the Seton Hospital for Consumptives, a trustee of the Catholic Institute for the Blind, a member of the X'cav York Athletic club and the Aletropolitan Aluseum of Art. Judging from Avhat he has done and is do- ing, it is but fair to assume that among- the names of the civil engineers of to-day that Avill be long remembered is Bayly Hipkins, Avho is in the front rank of that most important branch of modern engineering — subAvay construction. Mr. Hipkins Avas born in Baltimore, July 27, 1871. After grad"- uation from the City College of Baltimore and Lehigh University, he became the resident engineer of the Tybee Railroad of Georgia; roadmaster of the Cen tral of Georgia and the Georgia and Alabama Railroad. Coming to Ncav York in 1899 he became the Chief En gineer of the Bradley Construction Company, Avhich has the contract for building the ucav Brooklyn and Lexington Avenue subAvay, aggregating an outlay of $50,000,000. This oo n o I'll' p ^ contract Avas secured in the face of tlie most aggressive competition Avith poAverful rival companies upon figures prepared by Hipkins, so complete in the details older and more experienced masters defeated. Identified Avith the real estate business for the past 20 years, it is natural that Charles W. Alix should acquire an experience that makes him a leader in the realty Avorld. He Avas born in Camden, Oneida, County, N. Y., July 29, 1868, of Xcav England ancestry, and Avas educated in Syracuse, X. Y. Before attaining his majority he embarked in the real estate business in Syracuse, that line of endeavor appealing to him as the one for which BAA'LY HIPKINS Mr. that Ave re he Avas best fitted. He Avas successful and in 1902 removed to Ncav York City, Avhere he concluded the field AA'as broader and fuller of CHARLES AV. MIX opportunities. He formed a connection Avith the Frank L. Fisher Company, an organiza tion that has been successful for tAventy-five years, and eventually he and William H. Peckham became sole stockholders of the company, Mr. Peckham being president and Mr. Mix filling the positions of secretary and treasurer. The company is recognized as en tirely responsible in the real estate busi ness. It handles no property in a speculative Avay, but has a large clientele of wealthy patrons Avho are ahA'ays looking for permanent investments in paying business properties and apartment houses and it is to this class of business alone that the Frank L. Fisher Com pany devotes its energies. The long expe rience of both Air. Mix and Mr. Peckham along these lines has given them a complete knoAvledge of realty values in all sections of the city and their advice to investors is ahvays valuable, their judgment being affirmed by clients Avhom they have served for years. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 435 Out on Fire Island, where health and happi ness go hand in hand and where the summer breezes are always ten degrees cooler than in New York City, lies Ocean Beach, one of the ideal spots in that beautiful territory of pic turesque resorts. Ocean Beach differs ma terially from nearly every town on the coast from the fact that there one can get back to nature without the handicap of modern society trammels. There are no social functions to be observed and no catering to fashion's usages — everything tends to the simple life and unalloyed enjoyment and happiness holds full sway. It is an ideal spot and is the creation of John A. Wilbur, who, in 1908, conceived the idea of locating a high-class family sea shore summer colony on Fire Island, which to his mind filled every requirement. He christened the spot Ocean Beach and at once started to develop it. That his judgment was correct is proved by the fact that since that time eighty-five bungalows and cottages have been erected by lot owners, while between 25 and 50 more have been contracted for, and during this period of development 700 lots have been sold. A pier extends into the bay and right at the landing a modern hotel, partly of concrete, and a dancing pavilion of ornate design have been erected. The beach is undulating and in many respects superior to Atlantic City and all the surroundings are conducive to health and water sports. Two steamers convey passengers to and from Bay Shore, another to Islip and one to Pat- chogue. No suburban retreat lying contiguous to New York City presents the attractions and natural advantages that can be found there. This ideal spot has pure water, surf bathing, stifl water bathing, boating, fishing, shooting and cool, refreshing ocean breezes. Here the blue fishing grounds are in front of every cottage door, and duck and snipe shooting are the best on the Atlantic coast. You can tread your own clams and have your own clam bake or indulge in a shore dinner at trifling expense. Mr. Wilbur, who conceived and developed this unique resort and who is president of the Ocean Beach Development Company, commenced his career as a mes senger boy, afterwards becoming tel egraph operator on the Manhattan Elevated Railroad. He used his leisure time in studv- ing and after saving some money became in terested in a manufacturing business Avhich he disposed of to start the development of JOHN A. WILBUR Ocean Beach. He has ahvays been a student and is an able writer on trade subjects, real estate development and political economy, contributing many articles on these subjects to the leading trade journals. He is a friend of labor and from the beginning of his career, has been bitterly opposed to over-capitalized, water-soaked, swindling trusts, believing that the laboring man should receive better wages and thereby 1)e permitted to enjoy a more liberal share of the profits Avhich accrue so largely from his efforts. He is prominent in Masonic circles, having passed through all the intervening degrees of Masonry up to and including the thirty-second. He is Past Mas ter of Bunting Lodge, a member of Sylvan Chapter, Constantine Commandery, Mystic Shrine and all the Scottish Rite bodies. He is an ex-president of the Harlem Board of Com merce and a member of the Harlem Branch Y. M. C. A. He was a school commissioner in 1906 and 1907 and during that time vigor- 436 THE BOOK of NEW YORK ously advocated improvements in the sanita tion of school buildings, particularly the ven tilation and cleanliness of class rooms. He also instituted the investigation in the matter of second-hand square pianos that had been purchased and paid for as new. He is a Democrat, and Avhile not active in politics, Avas chosen presidential elector from the Eleventh Congressional District during the 1908 cam- paign. In less than a dozen years in New York City, William Henderson, Jr., as secretary and manager of William Henderson, Inc., has be come a factor in the building trade. He Avas born in Westchester, N. Y., February 20, 1871, and educated in the public schools, and his practical knowledge of construction Avas gain ed Avith his grandfather and father. The grand father, James Hender son, had a wood-work ing mill in Westchester, and upon his death in 1886, his son, William, succeeded to the busi- ness. In 1888 he turned his attention to the construction of high class private residences, and during the four years previous to the company coming to Ncav York City, many beautiful and costlv homes and club houses Avere erected in the territory contiguous to Westchester. In all of this work, William Henderson, Jr. Avas an active factor. In 1892. Ncav York City was invaded and since that time William Henderson, Inc., has played an important part in building con struction here. At the present time the com pany is erecting a tAvelve-story loft buflding at .31st Street and Fourth Avenue and the con struction of modern ])layhouses is one of its specialties. In this connection may be men tioned the Long-acre Theatre, 48th Street Avest of BroadAvay, and the Jackson Avenue Theatre at 155th Street and Westchester Avenue, Bronx, Avhile the company's bid has been ac cepted on still another, the location of Avhich WILLIAM HENDERSdN, Jr. has not as yet been made known. Mr. Hen derson is of Scottish extraction. His ances tors located in Westchester in 1838 and since that time they have always taken an important part in the development and affairs of that section. He is a Democrat in politics and Avas at once time a member of the Assembly from Westchester, but since coming- to New York City his activities have been diverted from politics to the upbuilding of a large and successful business. WILLIAM I. BROWN KnoAving every property and every foot of vacant land in the Borough of the Bronx, bv reason of a residence of 45 years, and with a mind stored by tAventy-six years of experience in realty transactions, it Avas but natural that the services of William I. Brown should be sought AA'henever condemnation proceedings Avere instituted in that section. He is presi dent of W. E. and W. I. BroAvn, Inc., a busi ness started by his father, Robert I. BroAvn, in 1867, and in the nearly half-century of the firm's existence, sterling integrity and abso lute devotion to its clients' interests, have been the Avatch Avords. Air. BroAvn's specialty is expert appraising and in this connection he has been retained bv the citv, state and attor- THE BOOK of NEW YORK 437 neys for owners in thousands of cases. For loaning institutions and attorneys of estates, he has appraised over 2200 parcels of real estate and in the suits ensuing from the con struction of the subway, he testified as an expert for the city in over 350 cases. He proved that prior to the subway's construc tion, the value of the property along the route was about $4,000,000 and three years after construction was commenced, the same property was worth $9,000,000. This show ing saved the city a large amount of money in claimed damages. In street opening proceed ings he has appeared in over 900 cases and in the suits brought against the city by reason of the change of grade made necessary bA' the depression of the Harlem Railroad tracks, from Mott Haven to Williamsbridge, he ap peared as expert for the property owners in 935 cases. The company of which Air. Brown is president, has figured in many of the most important transfers of property in the Bronx, being the agent for many of the old estates, such as the Rogers, Morris, de Peyster and Zbrowski families. A complete record of all conveyances, mortgages, leases, building plans and alterations of each piece of property in the Borough is kept, and there fore Air. Brown can tell, without a moment's hesitation, all the facts concerning any piece of property, thereby making his opinion as an expert appraiser, reliable, and his testimony of forceful effect. That success in handling New York realty does not entirely depend upon a trained knowledge of the business, is proven by the remarkable achievements of Julian Benedict, who, within a period of eleven years, has en gineered real estate sales involving nearly twenty millions of dollars. Of course, he has acquired during that time an experience Avhich makes him an authority on values, but the story of his early struggles and final success reads like a romance. He was born in Ron- mania in 1873, and graduated from the acad emy in his native city with the highest honors. He took a special course in mathematics and became an accountant, but finding the pros pects for a successful career were very remote in Roumania, he came to New York in 1888. Here he became successfully identified with bicycle interests and the cloak and suit busi ness. Whfle engaged in the latter he decided that the land of his adoption offered better chances than Avere possible in mercantile lines JULIAN BENEDICT and he decided to become a real estate agent. He had not the slightest idea of how to nego tiate a sale or to execute a lease, but this lack of knowledge did not deter him. He secured an office on Alarch 30, 1901, and began hustling for clients. Naturally a period of weary waiting folloAved. Although discour aged he held on and his patience was re warded by a rare piece of luck. This was the sale of the little building at the northwest corner of Broadway and 34th Street, and the sale brought him at once into prominence. 438 THE BOOK of NEW YORK for the price, $375,000 Avas a record one and all the papers credited him Avith being a shrewd realty salesman. Naturally owners of property Avho Avere looking for the highest possible terms hunted him up, and since that time he has been very successful. He has been the pioneer in long leases in the mid section of the city and has established a rec ord of getting the highest possible price for business properties. One of the deals AA'hich Mr. Benedict conducted is of a unique char acter and established a long-lease record on Fifth Avenue. It Avas the sale of the property, Nos. 556 and 558 Fifth Avenue for AI. Knoed- ler & Co., to Daniel A. Loring, president of the T^'tna Real Estate & Loan Co., and the subsequent leasing of the land to the original owner for a period of eighty -four years. This negotiation inA'olved the sum of $5,000,000 and was entirely consummated within a period of fifteen days. After this sale and lease were executed. Air. Loring Avrote to Air. Benedict the following letter: "I wish to thank you for the prompt and businesslike manner in AA'hich you negotiated the exchange of mv Central Park West and 91st Street lots with Air. Ronald H. Mac- donald for the property. No. 29 West 34th Street. I also feel quite enthusiastic and very well pleased Avith the negotiations made by you with Messrs. Knoedler & Co. for the property, Nos. 556 and 558 Fifth Avenue, both transactions being- very satisfactory to me." Concerning the same transaction, M. Knoed ler & Co. wrote as follows: " We take great pleasure in complimenting you on the quick and thoroughly satisfactory manner in which you carried out the sale of 556 and 558 Fifth x\venue to Mr. D. A. Lor ing, and the re-leasing of same to us for his account. AVe hope that avc may have further transactions with you." Another record established by Air. Benedict Avas the leasing of the building, No. 19 West 34th Street to Revillon Freres, foi- a period of twenty-one years, the first long lease recorded up to that time on that street. He also sold the Henry CIcavs residence for $750,000 and his record for big sales and long leases has caught the attention of the realtv Avorld. There have been many instances where success has been achicA'cd in the real estate business, but it has usually been by men carefully trained in that line. Air. Benedict was almost a stranger in this country, had no knowledge of the business, which fact makes his success a noticeable one. Forsaking mercantile pursuits on account of illness, Harry White entered the real estate business with no previous knowledge, and has figured extensively in the development of northside realty. He located eight years ago at 181st Street and St. Nicholas x\venue, when that territory, known as Washington Heights, had a combined assessed value of about $2,000,000. He had selected the sec tion as offering unexcelled chances in the line he adopted and had but a short time to Avait until his judgment was verified by the north- Avard trend of the residential and business section, until to-day the value of the property in the territory has increased to nearly $200,- 000,000, and in this appreciation he has built up a large business. Air. AVhite was born in New York City in 1870, and educated in the public schools. He is a member of the Elks and is affiliated with the Democratic party. In this connection it might be mentioned that he has refused several tenders of Assembly nominations. AndrcAv S. Brownell is President of the New York Realty Owners, organized in the year 1888, the first company which took up the business of co-operative accumulative in vestments in real estate. Associated Avith Mr. Brownell are many in vestors who believe that New York real estate is the most stable and profitable commodity in Avhich to place money for income produc tion and increase in principal. They know that for generations great fortunes have been acquired from investments in real estate, and the success of this company shows that the same results can be realized for the small in vestor, by co-operative activity, honestly and intefligendy controlled and along lines that produce profits for all stockholders equally. Mr. Brownell and his associates have ac quired for the New York Realty Owners dur ing its sixteen years of business, extensive THE BOOK of NEW YORK 439 properties in the line of New York City's growth northward that are now valued at ^ over $3,000,000, and that are destined to be developed into commercial centres in the near future. Enhancement in the values and in the income production of these properties, great as they have been, will undoubtedly be far in excess of anything now foreseen. Street names honoring prominent English men are not as numerous as those of Dutch origin.^ Most of those that remain have no affiliation Avith royalty, those reminders of British rule having been carefully expunged after the Revolution. That is AA'hy avc have Liberty Street instead of CroAvn, Cedar instead of Queen, and Pine instead of King, the pre- Revolutionary designations of royalty being regarded as out of place Avith the patriotic sen timents of the UCAV Republic. A portion of BroadAA'ay above City Hall bore the resounding term of King George Street, and, of course, that passed aAvay early. Chatham Street, now only remaining in Chatham Square, but originally all of Park Row, Avas not molested for some time. It honored the great William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, for his friendly attitude toAvard the colonies during the Stamp-Act troubles. A marble statue of the Earl Avas subscribed for and erected in Wall Street, near William, on September 7, 1770, the inscription stating that it AA'as a "public testimony of the grateful sense the Colony of Ncav York retains of the many eminent services he rendered America, par ticularly in promoting the repeal of the Stamp Act." This statue AA'as overturned and broken by the British soldiers AA'hen they entered X'cav York in retaliation for the destruction of the leaden statue of King George on BoAvling Green, but the torso still remains among- the relics in the Ncav York Historical Society. One of the leading firms forming part of New York's huge commissary department, is that of John Nix & Co., commission merchants at No. 281 Washington Street. The business was founded in 1839 and Avas incorporated in 1904 with John W. Nix, a son of the founder, as president. Associated Avith him in the company are George W. Xix, Frank W. Nix and Robert W. Nix, the com bination being knoAAu as the "big four" of the produce trade. For seventy-three years the house has handled fruits and produce, principally from Southern points, in carload lots and less, and by conscientious dealing and careful examina tion of shipments before delivery, has built up a reputation for reliability. Short shipments and prompt delivery to consumers is a rule of the house, while quick returns have made the firm popular Avith consignors. "If it's from Nix it's bound to be right" is one of the mottoes of John Nix & Co., and the reputation made in every quarter proves that the firm has observed this rule to the letter. X^assau is about the only street survivor bearing a name of royal lineage, both being in honor of the Prince of X'assau, Avho afterAA'ard shared the honors of King of England Avith his Avife, Queen Mary. The loAver part of Chat ham Street lost its name early in the last century in vicAv of its location opposite the park, and Park Roav Avas eventually continued up to its junction Avith the BoAvery. William Street is due to William Beekman, through AA'hose farm it ran. Nassau Street, like Maiden Lane, Avhich has just attained high fame in being the first street in X^cav York to have a tablet erected in its memory, once had a name of more local significance. It Avas knoAvn Iavo centuries or more ago as the "road that leads by the pie Avoman's." Evidently this un- knoAvn woman had touched the heart through the stomach of many of her neighbors to lend such distinction to the thoroughfare by her humble bake shop. The popularity of pie still lingers in Ann Street, hard by. Wall Street gets its name from the line of palisades Avhich the Dutch erected in 1656 as a protection against their foes, the Indians, Avho had a bad habit of sAvooping doAvn from the Avild country to the north and making life uneasy for the peace-loving Dutchmen. This AA'all extended across the city from the East to the North Rivers and had several gates from Avhich access could be had to the pas tures outside the AAalls. The fortifications 440 THE BOOK of NEW YORK Avere never required for actual defense but Avere kept in repair until the time of Gov. Dongan. The demolition of the Avail, in 1688, left a Avide street, too Avide for necessity it Avas con sidered, and the eminent English Governor Avho gave Xcav York its famous charter shoAved that he Avas alive to the possibilities of land speculation. He purchased through a dummy land on the north side of the old Avail having a frontage of 1,000 feet on the present Wall Street eastAvard from BroadAvay. When the Avails came doAvn he added to his property about forty feet from the street, thereby in creasing the depth of his lots from an average of 80 feet to 120 feet. In 1689 he sold most of it to Abraham de Peyster and Nicholas Bayard, including- the entire block betAveen Nassau and William Streets on the north side UOAV occupied by the Sub-Treasury, the old site of the City Hall Avhere Washington Avas inaugurated President, and many banking- and office bufldings. Xo architect in X^^cav York has achieved greater success or accomplished more for the city's beautification than Albert Buchman, of the firm of Buchman & Fox. Born in Cin cinnati, Ohio, June 11, 1859, he graduated from Cornell University in 1879, Avith a full knoAvledge of architecture, and has since been very active in his profession. His Avork has included department stores, office buildings, loft buildings and residences. He designed the Saks and BouAvit-Tcller buildings, the office building at 31st Street and Fifth Avenue and has the large office building at 42d Street and Aladison Avenue in preparation. He also designed the Times Annex on 43d Street and several hundred residences. Air. Buch man is a member of the Architectural League, the Cornell University Club and several other organizations. ROBERT F. WAGNER High in the counsels of the Democratic Partv, the majority leader on the floor of the Senate during 1910 and 1911, and a decided leaning toward reform legislation, makes Rob ert F. Wagner a prom inent figure through out the entire state and places him directly in line for future political preferment. He Avas born in Prussia, Ger many, in 1877 and came to this country with his parents nine years later. His education Avas re ceived in the public schools, from which he graduated in 1893; the City College from Avhich he secured the B.S. degree in 1898, and the New York Law School, AA'hich conferred LL.B. upon him in 1900. He Avas admitted to practice the same year. His activity in politics secured for him the Assembly nomina tion in 1905. He was elected and served continuously in that body until 1908 when he was elected to the State Senate. He has been unusually active in both legislative bodies. In 1907 he was appointed a member of the Assembly Commission on Codes, Public In stitutions and Printed and Engrossed bills, and the folloAA'ing year was made a member of the Commission on Cities, Public Institu tions and Printed and Engrossed bflls. In the Senate he has served on the Judiciary and Public Education Committee, but his greatest activity has been shown as the Democratic floor leader, his commendable course being folloAved by reelection, with increased major ity in 1910. He is a member of the laAV firm of Phiflips, Mahoney & Wagner; of the Sigma Kappa fraternity, the Mozart A'erein, Frater nal Order of Eagles, B. P. O. Elks, the Buf faloes, Bar Association of the City of Ncav York, the Ncav York County Lawyers' Asso ciation, and the Arion, Alanhattan, City, Al gonquin, City College and Hell Gate Demo cratic clubs. THE BOOK of NEW YORK 441 CHAPTER XXXI A NATIONAL WAVE OF REFORM [ TIDE of commercial and politi cal reform swept over New York in the Winter of 1905-'06. Similar episodes had occurred before. We had had the Lexow Committee, which had "exposed" police corruption with a thoroughness that was informative, but that did not work improvement in the morals of the force or stop the " blackmafling " of saloon-keepers and unfortunate wantons upon the streets. The patrolmen were the "cadets" of those days ; now, a stern law sends to prison any man who lives off the shame of a woman. Not a single policeman exposed by the Lexow Committee of the State Senate was put be hind the bars. A word, "To lexow," was added to the language. Next we had the Mazet Committee, a reformative body that promised much but performed little. The Armstrong Committee of 1904, how ever, actually did things. This was solely owing to the energy and capacity of Charles E. Hughes, a comparatively unknown lawyer, who rose from the ashes of that inquiry to a far greater height that John W. Goff had risen from the scandals of the Lexow investigation. To indicate how little Mr. Hughes was known, I remember, at the announcement of his selec tion as inquisitor, to have searched every local and national "Who's Who" without finding the slightest reference to him ! When I learned he was a "Delta Upsflon" man in college, I was without hope. But he favorably disap pointed everybody and rendered to the Amer ican people much service. The life insur ance investigation left a trail of wrecked char acter that no previous legislative regenerative attempt had equalled. At first, the Empire State appeared to be the chief sufferers, but evidence was soon forthcoming that tentacles of corruption extended into other common wealths beside ours. The activity of a Bos ton broker, Thomas F. Lawson, Avas expended in a New York magazine. He tore masks from the "frenzied financiers." He exposed what he aptly called "The System," — a policy based upon greed of the lowest character, al though fathered by distinguished and repu table bankers. Lawson told the truth about insurance companies and was largely responsi ble for the general "awakening" that followed. A bloodless revolution began. At first, the complexions of the state and national legis latures were not materially - changed. The "interests" that had named Representatives and Senators were too strongly entrenched to be dislodged by mere popular sentiment. Ex perience with the Democratic party during the first Cleveland term had shown its unreliability for national reform. The "Trusties" fared as well then as subsequently. The problem under the Republicans was how to waste the nation's money with greatest personal profit. Under the dominance of Speaker Reed and with the aid of the McKinley tariff, patriotism weighed as lightly as feathers against special privileges. National pride hadn't a seat in Congress! The American people became thoughtful and realized their neglect. The cry of "anarchist" no longer affrighted them or served as a deterrent to an expression of contempt for the characters of most public servants. The culminating shock in the Life Insur ance scandal was reached in the proof that custodians of the widows' mites, meaning officers of the companies, had furnished their homes with rugs, tables, chairs and pictures at the expense of the policyholders. From the same source, they drew their fuel; whenever the winter's coal was ordered, a few tons were always sent to the houses of the presidents and other high officials. One life insurance head had fattened his entire family upon his com- 442 THE BOOK of NEW YORK pany. His sons and daughters lived in a splendid apartment house on Seventy-second Street, owned by the company and paid for by the policyholders' money. There they paid only a nominal rent. When the exposure came, crowds of policyholders stood before that house all day. This might have an noyed some people but, in this instance, the inmates of the building arrived and departed high headed, in automobiles and carriages. During the Spring of 1906, the entire coun try Avas aroused. The American people aAA'ak- ened to the thousand and one impositions that greedy monopolies had inflicted upon them. Revolt spread like a prairie fire! The West Avas earliest convinced; Eastern people Avere sloAver to believe the truth. Strangely, the alarum bell had been sounded in England ! A AA'age earner, John Burns, had been elected to Parliament and then taken into the Camp bell-Bannerman cabinet, a post worth $10,000 a year. That AAas greater recognition of the tofling masses than had been accorded in this country. Fifty other Avorkmen soon found seats in the House of Commons. The in dividual citizen of the United States had been speaking through the ballot in recent years, but nobody heard his voice. The hour had come for commercial nabobs in America, as elsewhere, to harken ! The meaning Avas un mistakable. A far greater proof of the actuality of the revolt AA'as shown by the development of ver tebrae among editors of ncAA'spapers Avho had previously been spineless ! Managers of jour nals not oAvned by financial interests actually came out in defence of popular rights! The cry of "socialist" or "anarchist" no longer affrighted editors. Any man Avho declared that the chiefs of corporations had reduced the accumulation of money to "A System," in which they alone shared and into AA'hich out siders could not intrude, Avas no longer "a dangerous lunatic." The social revolution grcAV like a ball of suoav upon a hillside ! The proletarians had made studies of their masters ! A "Servile War" folloAA'ed, in AA'hich the pro fessional classes, except lawyers "retained" by the nabobs, joined. After the exposure, a shout, started by the Avorkmen, became gen eral: "Hafl! Bezonians!" The christening of the class was apt. Al though a fcAv members of the greedy gang had given many millions to education, the selfish ness of the commercial nabob marked him as a true bezonian, "a shifty knave," AA'ho would get money by any confidence game, rather than not possess himself thereof! Colgrave defined a bezonian as "a base-humored scoun drel." What could better describe the typical life insurance "grafter," or the financial bunco- steerer ? If not, dictionaries are out of print ! Men of letters fell into the ranks Avith the pro letarians; the common fight Avas made side by side. Soiled as the palms of allies' hands may have been Avith the soot of the forge or the dye of the loom, they AAcre not defiled by dis honest money or taint of inhumanity to man! Many national events recalled the aAvaken ing of honesty in the City of New York that followed the downfall of the TAveed regime. Then the chime of the bell-punch Avas heard in the cars, succeeded by the clang of the cash register in the shops. Some employees needed AA'atching, so a check AA'as placed upon all alike. Noav, since the aAAakening, a AAatch has been set upon employers of labor! While a long line of Do-Nothing Presidents in the White House had reigned, the "Trusties" had been saAving Avood every minute. Like busy bees, they had "improved each shining hour," — if one knows a "shining hour" Avhen he sees it. Hoav many of our ninety-odd million citizens utilize the groAving majesty of public opinion ? In the days of AndrcAv Jackson, and later of TAveed, contempt for public opinion Avas universal. In 1908, I rode from Washington to Ncav York on the Congressional Limited, with a United States Senator from a state aacsI of Ohio. We had knoAvn each other tAventy-odd years. The acquaintance had begun Avhen he was a Representative in the House, ambflious to go doAvn in history as a pure and a wise statesman. But, in the years that succeeded, he had groAvn great only in appearance. A hundred opportunities had presented them selves to him, in Avhich he might have courage ously defended the rights of the American people against the timber thieves, the beef adulterators, the land grabbers, the railroad THE BOOK of NEW YORK 443 filchers of the public domain, and in countless other ways he might have voiced unspoken protest, already ascending to high heaven many times daily from every hamlet in this land. Never a word from him! And yet, he was pure as snow. I don't believe he ever made a dollar corruptly. But like a sleeping police man, he allowed scoundrels to steal past him and do the dirty work that he ought to have prevented. There were some honest members in the Credit Mobilier and the Pacific Mail subsidy Congresses, I said to him, with far more feel ing than I am able to reproduce here, when he complained about the way in which critics had described him. "Those pure men, who prided themselves upon the fact that they were not corrupted weren't bought because Oakes Ames didn't need them! They were reached by other influences. One of Sam Ward's good dinners, wherein a Westphalian ham, with its whisp of newly cut hay, acted as an anesthetic to conscience, sufficed in some cases; in others, a trade of votes on a River and Harbor appropriation achieved the same result. In later days, when shrewd, clever men, like Allison or Wolcott, to mention the most innocent, were kindly helping vast railroad interests in grateful recognition of continuance in office, but without other hope of financial reward, you were trailing along with the bunch. There Avasn't a price upon your head; but you were serving the vested interests quite as faithfully as if you had been hired to argue a case for them before the Supreme Court. It is a merry happening, for your peace of mind, that your conscience was under a spell ! You must have awakened, by this time, to opportunities you overlooked to stop countless maraudings of the public ? Your face is confession." "My God! It never came to me in that light before!" the Senator exclaimed. "Are you sure ? How could you have been blind to the fact that you were a valuable asset to the lobbyist who knew how to pull the social string that imparted action to your brain ? " I added. Then this United States Senator put in a special plea — a plea in avoidance. "Why should I have been on the alert to presuppose crime in others.''" he demanded. "That's the defense of Cain!" I retorted. "Didn't he say something of the same kind.'' 'I'm not my brother's keeper,' are the words put into his mouth, whether he uttered them or not. Of course, if you put in the Cain defense, the first person who reads your alleged explanation will throw your case out of Court." "But, I never made a dollar, in Senate or House, beyond my salary!" "Indeed; for example, you drcAv your mileage, didn't you, at 10 cents a mile, and always traveled on a free pass .'' " " Y-e-s, I did. That wasn't honest, I admit; but everybody in Congress did it." "That's only another version of the Cain defense. Because other people robbed the treasury, you argue that it was justifiable for you to do so. The steal Avas as petty as that of the traveling salesman who charges for a carriage ride every time he buys a new shirt. To be sure, you never got any corrupt re tainers from corporations when measures vitally affecting the popular interests were be fore your committees in House or Senate. Why should you ? Lobbyists are imbued with a high sense of economy as well as gluttonous with covetousness. When they could get your vote for nothing, why should they pay for fl.?" "But, never have I knowingly assisted in the passage of a single 'job ' through Congress," my opposite protested. "No doubt you think so; but do you re member the River and Harbor bill of last Congress ? You told me you consented to the insertion of two very objectionable items in that bill because, by giving a pledge to sup port them in committee and on the floor, you secured a half-million appropriation — I mean you made sure of votes enough to extract the money from the United States Treasury — ^for a Federal building that your city didn't need and that stands upon land owned by close friends of yours, which they sold to the govern ment for three times its value .'' Don't inter rupt! Of course, you didn't get a dollar of that blood money! But, you should have 444 THE BOOK of NEW YORK opposed the despoilment of the American people and have let your constituents grumble. Herein is the kernel of your trouble. Lust of office is, if possible, dirtier, more degrading, than lust for money!" Two years later, I A\'as dining Avith an other Unfled States Senator at the Ncav Wil- lard, Washington, when he, my host, suddenly switched the conservation to ask: "I noticed in your article of to-day a ncAV bit of phrasing. You say that the faflure of the dominant (Republican) party to keep fls pledges regarding a revision of the tariff wfll be resented by the citizens of the country at the next Congressional elections this Fall. Your words are, 'This exhibflion of indifference to the public good cannot continue, uoav that the 'bob-cats' in possession of the franchise have learned how to scratch their tickets!' Tell me, what do you mean by coining a phrase of this sort.?" When the aAA'akened majesty of the inde pendent voter had been brought to his atten tion, the growing demand for primaries that serve to indicate the popular choice of candi dates, independently of the Avflls of party bosses in state and nation, the aged Senator said: "The term 'bob-cat' is avcH chosen. It is a much better title than 'Alugwump,' AA'hich the late Charles A. Dana dug from the Eliot OjibAA'a Bible — meaning 'A big chief moping in his tent.' Scratching 'bob-cats' Avfll be the salvation of the Republic! When United States Senators are chosen by direct vote, the ' bob-cat's ' power Avill be tenfold more potent than UOAV. The Senate, too, often defeats the Avill of the majority in the popular branch of this government. The House proposes and the Senate disposes! An end of strictly party politics in this country is foreshadoAved. It sounds like a foolish thing to say, but a UCAV party ought to be born in the United States every eight or tAvelve years. We saAv the 'Silver party' come into being in 1896, and endure for fully four years. I mean that its leader Avas strong enough to command a renomination. Bryanism did this country a poAver of good. It was conceived in folly and maintained in the face of popular disapproval ; but it AA'as 'tried out' until abandoned and shown to be hopeless. We have become a thinking- people since 1896! What a splendid thing- it Avould have been, for instance, had the slavery question been given the same crucial trial! Even the South would have opposed the introduction of slavery into all the North ern States! Its leaders Avould have been the first to see that the activities of the North would have driven the slave-laborer much harder than he Avas driven in the South, and that, Avith the exceptions of cotton, rice and sugar, the North Avould have still controlled the agricultural output of the country. Had the question ever been presented: 'All slave or all free!' the South would have voted for the freedom of the slave. The purchase of the human property could have been com pleted at a cost of $30,000,000; the Civfl War, that resulted in an outlay of billions of dollars and 1,000,000 lives, AA'ould have been averted. "Bryanism Avas a national question. The Avhole country Avas asked to take it or leave it. Sections of the United States favored it, just as many of the states adhered to slavery. But, like slavery, it is a dead issue. Never AA'ill it come up again!" In the Roosevelt campaign of 1904, the "Bob-cat" voter scratched his way into national prominence AA'hen more than half a million of him, Avith Democratic proclivities, cast his ballot for a Republican presidential candidate ! "Alay his tribe increase!" A "AIug-Avump" Avas defined as "one op posed to something of Avhich he Avas in favor;" the "Bob-cat" knoAA's Avhy he dislikes a meas ure or a candidate and antagonizes it or him tooth and nail. Index PAGE Acker, Charles L 204 Ackerson, T. Benton 426 Adams, Charles C 339 Agnew, George B 314 Allen, Frederick H 289-290 Allen, John J 281 Allen, William 318 Amy, Alfred V 414 Anderson, Charles W 395 Appleton, Francis R 353 Armstrong, Collin 166 Armstrong, James 268 Armstrong, Lorenzo D 312 AsHCROFT, Walter E 204 Ashforth, Albert B 427-428 Arthur, Chester 24-63 Astor, John Jacob 133-134 Atterbury, Charles L 275 Atterbury, W. W 100 Bache & Co., J. 8 386 Bachia, Richard A 151 Baird, Andrew D 392 Baker, Fisher A 227 Baldwin, Arthur J 280 Barber, Donn 176 Barlow, Peter F 261 Barney, Marshall A 259 Battle, George Gordon 239-240 Baylies, Edmund L 316 Beach, George C 312 Beach, Ralph H 144 Beardsley, Samuel A 275-276 Beckett, Charles H 265 Beecher, William C 267 Belasco, David 344 Bell, James D 257 Bell, John C 94 Belmont Hotel 366 Bemis, William E 401 Benedict, Julian 437 Bennett, James Gordon 18-52-92 Bennett, James L 228 Bensel, John A 198 Bensel, Walter, M.D 394 Berger, Joseph 415-416 BioREN, John S 100 Bird, Francis W 263 Bischoff, Henry 311 Black, William Harmon 291-292 Bloomingdale, Emanuel W 149 Bogart, John 188 BoLLER, Alfred P 189 Bond, Walter H 258 BooDY, David A 383 Borchardt, Samuel 414 Bosworth, William W 183-184 Boynton, Edward B 413 Bradbury, Harry B 314 Brady, James B 148 Braun, Marcus 352 Breed, William C 274 Breen, Matthew P 271 Brice, Wilson B 223 Brown, Gerald B 421 Brown, Lawrence E 318 Brown, Paul G 192 Broavn, William 1 436 Brownell, Andrew S 438 Brownell, Silas B 279 Browning, J. Hull 142 Bryan, Benjamin B 401 Bryant, William J 74-164 Buchman, Albert .¦ ¦ 440 Bullard, Emanuel G 293 Burgess, Edward G 204 Burlingame, Jr., A. W ^^ ^ai Burns, Walter F 391 page Burnside, Robert C 185 Bqrpee, W. Atlee 103 Burr, Jr., Charles H 106 Burr, William P 237-238 Callahan, Patrick E 248 Cantor, Jacob A 282 Carlin, Patrick J 184 Carmody, Francis X 310 Carnegie, Andrew 130 Carreau, Cyrille 412 Carrere, John M 175-176 Carter, Asa L 288 Carty, John J 191 Clapp, Edward E 388 Clark, Charles C 234 Clarke, Dumont 381-382 Clarke R. Floyd 238 Cleveland, Grover 64 Clinch, Edward S 241 Cohalan, Daniel F 245 Cohalan, John P 397 Cohen, Stanley A 167 Cole, Charles D. M 306 Cole, Fremont 227-228 Coleman, George S 232 CoLEE, Bird S 168 Coler & Co., W. N 381 Collins, Gilbert 170 Conant, Ernest L 312 Conant, Leonard H 393 Conover, Samuel S 383 Conti, Cesare 388 Conway, Eustace ' 314 Conway, Thomas F 238 Cook, Alfred A 291 Corbett, Marshall J 208 Corbin, Austin 383-384 Cornwell, William C 380 Cortelyou, George Bruce 136 Covington, George B 275 Coxe, Macgrane 250 Cozier, William C 351 Chain, Thomas C. T 262 Cranford, Charles 185 Craven, Alfred 189 Choker, Richard 399 Cromwell, William Nelson 213-215 Cukor, Morris 304 Cuyler, Thomas DeWitt 94 Dady, Michael J 186 Dalberg, Melvin H 299 Dale, Chalmers 384 Dana, Chas. A 62 Dana, Richard T 200 Davenport, Homer 165 Davies, Jr., Julian T 308 Davies, J. Clarence 422 Davies, Richard T 340 Day, Joseph P 417-418 Delafield, Lewis L 302 deLima, Elias A 379 DeWitt, George G 320 Dick, J. Henry 154 Dillon, John F 218 Dimond, Thomas 185 Ditmars, Edward AA' 304 Dittenhoefer, A. J 256 Dobbs, Willoughba' B 309 D'Oench, Albert F 183 Dolson, William H 429-430 Donnelly, James F 299-300 Doolittle, Joseph W 410 Dorrance, Charles P 241 Dos Passos, John R 250 Doty, Alvah H., M.D 352 Douglas, James 200 [445 INDEX— Continued page Dowling, Victor J 242 Drake, Lauren J 207-208 Dryden, John F 171 Dudley, Plimmon H 193 Dunn, John P 297 Durkee, Charles D 354 Dutton, Ira J 235 Dwight, Arthur S 194 Dykman, William N 265 Earl, Edward 377-378 Earle, J. Walter 353 Earp, Wilbur F 283 Eaton, Frederick H 335-336 Eckerson, John C. R 415 Ehrhart, E. Nelson 429 Elliman, Douglas L 428 Elliman, Lawrence B 431 Elliott, Mortimer F 218 Ely, James R 315 Evans, Dr. George 330 Ewing, Jr., Thomas 280 Excelsior Savings Bank 379 Fairchild, Benjamin L 252 Fairchild, Julian D 376-377 Fanning, William J 249 Farley, Terence 236 Farquhar, Percival 337-338 Fearons, George H 217 Ferris, Stark B 299 First National Bank, Jersey City 392 Fischer, J. Arthur 430 Fiske, Harrison Grey 347 Flagler, John H 207 Foelkbr, Otto G 296 Ford, John 262 Fordham, Herbert L 283-284 Fornes, Charles V 394 Fox, Dewitt 318 Fox, D. Alvin 154 Franke, Julius 181-182 Frew, Walter E 374 Friedman, Harold J 317 Frohman, Charles 344 Frohman, Daniel 343 Fuller, Egbert C 169 Fuller, Williamson W 235 Gale, Noel 273 Gallatin, Francis D 301 Gans, Joseph 287 Gardenhire, Samuel M 284 Gardiner, A. Paul 398 Garfield, James A 62 Gavegan, Edward J 255 Gavin, 2nd, Michael 258 Gaynor, William J 205 Geer, Walter 355 Gibson, William J 267 Gilbert, Charles P. H 179-180 Gilleran, Thomas 288 Gold, Louis 430 Goldfogle, Henry M 253 Golding, John N 419-420 Goodrich, Ernest P 197 Graham, George S 104 Grant, General U. S 58-59 Gray, James A 286 Greeley, Horace 11 Greene, Jr., George S 197 Greene, Headley M 289 Greenough, Charles E 384-385 Gridley, Willis T 221-222 Gbiggs, John W 241 Grout, Edward M 249 Grove, Henry S 100 Gruber, Abraham 244 Grundy, George D 418 Gubelman, Oscar L 389 page Guggenheimer, Chas. S 244 Gunn, James N 202 Guy, Charles L 242 Haan, R. M 367 Haff, Robert W 428 Haggin, Ben Ali 348 Hallowell, Thomas J 390 Halsey & Co., N. W 383 Hanna, Marcus A 67 Harahan, William J 335 Hardenbeeg, Henry J 183 Harder, Victor A 206 Harris, Sidney 246 Harrison, Benj 65 Hartridge, Clifford W 272 Harvey, George B. M 124 Hastings, Thomas 176 Hatch, Edward W 227 Hatfield, Walter 104 Hay, John 18 Hays, Rutherford B 62 Hearst, Wm. R 165 Hebberd, Robert W 396 Hegeman, Benjamin A 333 Heine, M. Casewell 310 Henderson, Henry C 274 Henderson, Jr., William 436 Hendrick, Peter A 245 Henry, Nelson H 393-394 Herbert, Victor 347 Hess, Nathaniel J 428 Hettrick, John T 287-288 Hibbard, Robert H 261 Hilton, J. Arthur 243-244 Hipkins, Bayly 434 Hirsh, William H 302 Hitchings, Hector M 238 Hobbs, Frederick G 413 Hoes, William M 313 Hoff, Olaf 187 Holm, Charles F 287 Holt, William T 230 Hooker, Henry S 235 Hopper, John J 183-184 Hough, David L 192 Houghton, Clarence S 294 House, Frederick B 288 Howell, J. Frank 386 Howland, Henry E 2,56 Hoyt, Colgate 392 Hulbert, Henry C 375 Hunt, James M 296 Hunt, Joseph Howland 179-181 Hunt, Richard Howland 179-180 Hutchinson, Joseph B 98 Hyde, Henry B 76 Iselin, John H 304 Jackson, Frank W 300 Jacobson, Isaac W 282 James, Thomas L 24 Jewett, Guernsey R 310 Johnson, Andrew 59-62 Johnson, F. Coit 156 Johnson, Henry B 300 Johnson, Lucius E 99 Jordan, Clark L 297-298 Juhring, John C 146 Kaufman, Louis G 378 Keck, Frank 256 Keene, James R 82 Keener, William A 273 Kidder, Cornelius G 273 Kimball, Francis H 179-180 King, David Bennett 276 Klapp, Eugene 199 Klein, Charles 345 446 INDEX— Continued page Klemmer, Joseph H 105 Kneeland, A. Delos 291-292 Kramer, George W 177-178 Kuhn, John J 272 Kuster, Louis E 228 Lambert, William A 427 Lamont, Daniel S 64 LaMonte, George M 166 Lapoint, William W 319 Larkin, Adrian H 271 Laughlin, Frank C 242 Lauterbach, Edward 226 Leaycraft, J. Edgar 411 Ledoux, Albert R 190 Lehman, Irving 255 Lester, George B 281 Leubuscher, Frederic C 269 Levy, Aaron J 308 Lewis, Liston L 272 Libby, William H 397 Little, Joseph J 141 Littleton, Martin W 233 Lummis, Benjamin R 433 Lydecker, Charles E 270 McAdoo, William G 355 McAlpin, Edwin A 147 McAneny, George 396-397 McAuley, " Jerry" 20 McClelland, Charles P 266 McClelland, Gen. Geo. B 81 McConnell, Samuel P 264 McCooey, John H 351 McCook, Anson G 267-268 McCord, William H 184 McCornick Brothers 386 McCrea, James 98 McCurdy, Richard A 350 McCutcheon, Charles W 143 McGovern, James P 318 McIntyre, John F 302 McKeen, James 281 McKinley, Wm 66-67 McKnight, H. Stewart 425-426 McLaughlin, D. Maujer 412 Maddox, Samuel T 262 Malone, Dudley Field 237 Mandell, Kaufman 355 Mann, William D 169 Marks, William D 199 Martin Cafe 369 Martin, Myra B 390 Martin, Samuel H 411 Marx, Samuel 425 Mason, Victor L 354 Mastick, Seabury C 294 Mathewson, Charles F 265 Maynard, George W 194 Meany, Edward P 221 Medbury, Fitch H 424 Meier, Edward D 195 Meirs, Richard W 105 Merchants Exchange National Bank 392 Metz, .Herman A 169 Meyer, Willy, M.D 329-330 Miles, George E 25 Miller, Frank E., M.D 328 Miller, Hugh Gordon 264 Miller, Jacob W 206 Miller, William W 263-264 Minrath, Ferdinand R 281-282 Mitchell, William 279 Mix, Charles W 434 Moffitt, William H 420 Molineaux, Edward L 349 Mollenhauer, Frederick D 153 Moore, Jr., Charles A 149 Moore, Charles F 298 page Moore, Robert M 306 Morgan, Edward M 271 Morgan, George W 305 Morgan, Rollin M 310 Morse, Waldo G 297 Moss, Frank 249-250 Mouquin, Louis C 369-370 Moxey, Edward P 106 Muller & Son, A. H 419 Mulqueen, Michael J 313 Munson, Walter D 139-140 Murphy, Charles F 308 Murphy, Franklin 170 Mutual Bank 390 Nathan, Gratz 250 Nemeth, John 340 Neuberger, David M 303 Newborg & Company 390 Newmark, Charles 425 Newton, Mahlon W 103 N. Y. Central Realty Co 432 New York Tribune 404 New York World 123-129 Nicoll, Delancey 260 Niese, Henry E 152 Nix, John W 439 Nordoff, Charles 10-13 Norton, Algernon S 276-277 Nostrand, Peter E 193 Noyes, Charles F 423 Oakes, Thomas F 336 O'Connor, Michael P 243 O'Gorman, James A 245 Opdyke, George H 403 O'Reilly, Thomas J 420 Osborne, James W 247-248 Page, S. Davis 93 Page, William H 247 Parker, Alton B 227 Parker, Ashton 270 Parker, Robert M 152 Parmly, Randolph 291 Patrick, Charles H 431 Paulding, Charles C 284 Paulin, Edward D 422 Penrose, Boies 95 Perkins, George F 170 Peters, Curtis A 237 Peters, Ralph 333 Phillips, david L 423-424 Place, Ira A 335 Platt, Thomas C 135 Porter, Gen. Horace 16 Pope, James E 172 Porter, Louis H 300 Post, George A 332 Post, James H 151 Potts, Joseph 253-254 Pratt, Sereno S 124 PuGH, Charles E 100 Pugsley, Cornelius A 393 Pulitzer, Joseph 128 Pye, David W 201-202 Queens Land & Title Co 424 Quinn, W. Johnson 369 Rabinowitz, Aaron 430 Rae, William P 418 Ransom, Rastus S 276 Ransom, William L 309 Rapp, John W 203 Rascovar, James 167 Rasquin, Henry S 257 Rathbone, Albert 312 Raven, Anton A 375-376 447 INDEX— Continued PAGE Raymond, Rossiter W 193 Rea, Samuel 101 Read, George R 423 Redding, William A 312 Redmond & Company 387 Reeves & Co., W. C 418-419 Reid, Whitelaw 12-70 Rennard, J. Clifford 396 Reynolds, Thomas L 413 Riker, Jr., Samuel 260 Roberts, James A 231 Rockefeller, John D 20 Rollins, Jordan J 235 Roosevelt, Theodore 67 Ross, J. Stewart 285 Roth, Herman L 307 Rothermal, Jr., P. F. 94 Ruland, Irving r 422 Rumsey, David 296 Runyon, Walter C 147 Russell, Charles M 319-320 Russell, Wm. Hepburn 298 Ryan, Joseph T 293-294 Ryan, Thomas F 401-403 Sackett, Henry W 233 Sackett, John T 315 Salmon, Arthur C 255 Schaefer, Jr., John V 182 Schaefer, Rudolph J 155 Schenck, Reginald H 305 Scheuer, Ralph 354 Schieren, Charles A 138 Schloss, Henry W 146 Schneider, William F 397 Schwab, Charles M 132 Seaman, Louis L., M.D 327 Shand, Alexander C 98 Sheehan, John C 399 Sheehan, William F 227 Shongood, Charles 432 Slater, Samuel S 292 Sloane, James R i 294 Smith, Frank E 431 Smith, George Carson 334 Snitkin, Leonard A 317 Snow, Elbridge G 386 Somers, Arthur S 356 Somerville, Henderson M 266 Spooner, Allen N 197-198 Spooner, John C 216 St. Regis Hotel 367 Stallo, Edmund K 316 Stanchfield, John B 319 Stanton, Robert B 201 Stapleton, Luke D 317 Steinmetz, John A 432 Sterling, George L 236 Stern, Nathan D 295 Steuer, Max D 240 Stevens, Dr. George T 330 Stilson, Arthur T 144 Stoddard, Charles H 306 Stone, Melville E 404 Stott, Henry G 188 Stover, Charles B 263 Strong, Mason R 190 Stroock, Sol M 277-278 Struse, Otto F 286 Sullivan, William M 268 Sulzer, William 251-252 Sumner, Edward A 291-292 Sumner, John Saxton 293 Tack, Theodore E 353-354 Taft, William H 73 Taggert, Rush 231 Tappan, J. B. Coles 271-272 Taylor, Charles 1 314 PAGE Temple, Edward B 102 Terry, Charles Thaddeus 305 Tesla, Nikola 195 Thayer, Harry B 156 Thompson, Robert M 380 Thorne, Jr., Samuel 285 Thornton, David 315 Tierney, Edward M 368 Tifft, Henry N 247 Tilden, Sam'l J 21 Todd, William R 208 Tomlins, Jr., William M 380 Topakyan, Hayozoun H 205 Towne, Edgar Owings 301 Towne, Henry R 198 Towns, Mirabeau L 229-230 Tracy, Benjamin F 279 Truax, Arthur D 277-278 Tschirky, Oscar 368 Tuxill, Charles E 427 Tweed, Wm. M 17 Tyler, George C 345 Union Dime Savings Bank 379 U. S. Brewers Association 371 Untermyer, Samuel 269 Vail, Theodore N 76 Vanderbilt, Edward W 339 Van Wyck, Augustus 225-226 Van Wyck, Robt. A 69 Vause, W. Bernard 307 Veit, Richard C 207 Vermuele, Cornelius C 187 Vorhaus, Louis J 278 Vreeland, Herbert H 138 Wagener, August P ^ 254 Wagner, Robert F 440 Walker, Alexander 375 Walker, William B 150 Walmsley, Hardie B 253 Ward, Artemas 316 Ward, John M 289 Ware, William R 429 Warfield, Lewis 200 Wasson, T. Ward 418 Watson, Archibald R 236 Watson, Edwin A 277 Weeks, Bartow S 253-254 Weill, Henry M 433 Welch, Edward J 311 Wellman, Francis L 248 Wemple, William L 296 Wetmore, J. Douglas 29 Whalen, John 25.'? White, Frank 286 White, Harry 438 Whiting, William H 411 Whitney, William C 64 Wilbur, John A 435 Willcox, William R 232 Wilson, Floyd B 300 Windmuller, Louis 168 Winslow, Wm. Beverly ! 274 Witte, Herman J 302 Wood, F. R 416 Woodford, Stewart L 220 Woolverton, William H 336 Yerkes, Harman 94 Zahm, George D 311 Zehnder, Charles H 201 Ziegler, Irving E 290 Zobel, Robert P 416 Zucca, Antonio 398 448