PLAN OF MEDIEVAL CAIRO

A Kal'at el-Kebsh
B Mosque of Ibn-Tulun
C Mosque of el-Hakim
D Space between lat and 2nd wall
E Bab-Zuweyla

p Bab-en-Nasr
G Bab-el-Futuh
H Bab-el-Hadid
1 Bab-el-Barkiya
K Mosque el-Azliar

L Site of Fatimid Palaces Gl
M Site of Garden of Kafur R
N Harat er-Eum S
O Mosque of el-Muayyad T
p Mosque of el-Ghuj'y V

Mosque of Kalaun
Mosque of el-Ashraf
Mosque of Hasaneyn
Mosque of Sultan Hasan
Mosque of ez-Zahir

CAIRO
FIFTY YEARS AGO

By EDWARD WILLIAM LANE
AUTHOR OF ' THE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE MODERN EGYPTIANS,'
AN ARABIC-ENGLISH LEXICON, ETC

EDITED BY
STANLEY LANE-POOLE

WITH A PLAN OF MEDIEVAL CAIRO

LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET
1896

LONDON
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LTD,
BT. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C

Ef^a.S3S

PREFACE
Sixty years have passed since Lane pub
lished his ' Modern Egyptians.' The book
was recognised at once as a work of high
authority, and the two generations of travellers
and writers that have grown up since its first
appearance, so far from superseding it, have
confirmed the original judgment. The
' Modem Egyptians ' still holds its place
unchallenged as the classical description of
the life and manners of the Mohammadans
of Egypt, and especially of Cairo.
Yet it must have occurred to many readers,
as a singular omission, that although the
larger part of the ' Modern Egyptians ' refers
to the inhabitants of the capital, where Lane
spent many years, the book contains no
description of Cairo itself. The ' Modern
Egyptians,' it must be explained, was but an
expanded and elaborated transcript of some
chapters of a general ' Description of Egypt,'
written by Lane during his first visit to the
Nile in 1825-8, and this work, with the

vi Preface
exquisite sepia sketches designed to illustrate
it, still remains an unpublished manuscript in
the British Museum, where it is catalogued
under the numbers Add. 34080-88. The
' Description of Egypt,' it will there be found,
contains an account of Cairo, and it is
probable that, as Lane was still expecting
the speedy publication of this manuscript,
he reserved his description of Cairo for
the purely topographical work, instead of
transferring it to the special treatise on the
manners and customs of the modern inhabi
tants. Nevertheless, he seems at one time
to have contemplated a different plan, and to
have revised and enlarged his description of
Cairo with a view to its insertion in the
' Modern Egyptians.' This would explain
the origin of the manuscript which is now for
the first time published. The chapters on
Cairo in the MS. ' Description of Egypt '
are much less detailed than the present work,
and from internal evidence it is clear that
the MS. upon which this volume is founded
was written about 1835 — the year when Lane
was revising and expanding his account of
the ' Modern Egyptians.' On reconsidera
tion, however, the description of Cairo was

Preface vii
excluded from the ' Modern Egyptians,'
though some passages containing general
descriptions of the streets and mosques were
transferred to that work. The rest remained
in manuscript, and was used by Mrs. Poole
in the historical portions of her ' English
woman in Egypt,' written in 1842-6, where
she frequently refers to her brother's ' notes '
and 'manuscript.' The attention thus drawn
again to the description of Cairo induced her
younger son, Reginald Stuart Poole, to copy
his uncle's manuscript in 1847, and it is from
this copy, which he gave me some years ago,
that the present text is printed.
Mr. Stuart Poole, at the date when he
made this copy, was in his sixteenth year,
a lad of eager intelligence, living since 1842
with his uncle and mother in Cairo, and
deeply absorbed in the history and antiquities
of Egypt. A year later he was writing his
ingenious letters on ancient Egyptian chrono
logy, published in 1851 under the title of
' Horae Aegyptiacae,' which, apart from
theories which he afterwards abandoned,
testify unmistakably to his intellectual powers,
his learning, and his industry in research, at
an age when youth does not commonly

viii Preface
adventure in such fields. It is not likely
that he would have copied his uncle's manu
script without verification ; indeed, the copy
contains evidence of collation with the monu
ments, in occasional notes and corrections,
made after consultation with the author him
self; the work was undoubtedly brought up
to date. This is why I have given it a title
referring not to 1835, but to 1847, although
it unquestionably reached very nearly its
present form at the earlier date. In the
absence of the MS. of 1835 itis impossible
to determine the exact amount of the revision
of 1847 ; but it is safe to say that whatever
corrections and additions were made, they
were inserted after careful observation and
were individually examined and approved by
Lane himself. The alterations must in any
case have been slight, for, except in a few
imitations of European examples, Cairo in
1847 was practically the same city as in 1835.
The work, small as it is, has a special
value, since it describes, with Lane's uncom
promising accuracy, the characteristics and
chief buildings of Cairo at a time when
western innovations were almost unknown.
The introduction of glass windows in houses

Preface ix
of ' Turkish grandees,' the opening of Euro
pean shops in the Musky, the occasional use
of the black coat and trousers by ' P" ranks '
and officials, and the employment of European
workmen in the arsenal, are all the signs of
western influence that Lane has to record.
The Ezbekiya was then distinguished by the
palaces of pashas, but the beginning of its
present state was seen in its one hotel and
its almost European gardens (pp. 70-73).
The visitor to Cairo in 1896 will hardly
recognise the description of the approach Yd
the city from Bulak in the days when every
body came from Alexandria by the Mah-
mudiya canal. The ' uneven ' road, raised
above the level of the inundation, and sur
rounded by marshes or beanfields, according
to the season, with rubbish mounds from the
top of which one obtained a first view of
Cairo, have given place to the villas and
wellrkept roads of Tawfikiya and the Euro
pean colony, the whole of which has grown
up since this book was written.
Besides its importance as a picture of
Cairo fifty years ago, by a peculiarly quali
fied observer, .the work possesses a distinct
interest in its historical account of the various

X Preface
walls, gates, mosques, and other buildings,
drawn from el-Makrlzy's Khitat. This in
valuable ' Topography of Cairo,' written in
141 7, has of course been extensively used by
every serious student of the antiquities of the
city, but has never been translated as a
whole, and many of the extracts now pub
lished from the Arabic will be new to most
readers. Lane had evidently made an atten
tive study of el-Makrizy, and compared his
statements with the remains existing in his
own day, and his comments are the more
valuable because much of what he describes
has since disappeared.
At the same time I should be the first to
admit that Lane might have made a larger
use of the mine of precious information con
tained in the Khitat. That he did not avail
himself of it to the fullest extent is partly
explained by, the fact that he was not writing
a special history of Cairo, but merely a few
chapters dealing historically with its existing
characteristics, as part of a general descrip
tion of Egypt. But, beyond this self-imposed
restriction. Lane had never made a technical
study of the history of Saracenic or Arab
architecture, as his descriptions of the

Preface xi
mosques sufficiently prove. His notes on
the pointed arches of Ibn-Tulun and the
Nilometer, and his records of late restora
tions, are evidence that he was (as need
hardly be said) a careful observer ; but he
passes over details of architectural style and
decoration in a manner which shows that
here he was not in his element. His descrip
tions of the principal mosques, as they ap
peared in 1835 and 1847, are not, however,
to be undervalued because they are not the
work of a trained student of Saracenic art.
They preserve for us features which have
since vanished, and they enable us to com
pare the present state of these monuments
with their appearance in the first half of this
century. In preparing the MS. for the press, besides
bringing the transliteration of Arabic names
into accord with modern systems, I have
omitted a good deal that appeared to me
redundant, or that has already been published
in the ' Modern Egyptians ' or the ' English
woman in Egypt.' But I have inserted
nothing in the text without the distinctive
mark of square brackets. In the footnotes
I have given the references to el-Makrizy

xii Preface
(Bulak text, 2 vols.), which were omitted in
the MS., but I have not revised the transla
tions from the Khitat, although I am aware
that Lane's fastidious scholarship of later
years would have introduced various emen
dations in minor details. In the Notes at
the end of the volume I have pointed out a
few results which recent research has brought
to bear upon the subject, without, however,
attempting a detailed commentary. I have
also prefixed a plan of Cairo, based upon
Lane's original draught, and appended a full
index, which will, I hope, make this Httie
work useful to the ever-increasing number
of visitors to Cairo who are also students of
its history and antiquities.

STANLEY LANE - POOLE.

The Athenaeum,
September .^ i8g

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
fAGE
THE OLDER CAPITALS I
Successive capitals i — El-Fustat (Masr) 3 — El-
'Askar 7 — Ibn-Tuli^n founds el-Katai' 9 — Descrip
tion of the Tulunid capital iq — 'Abb^sid conqueror
revives el-'Askar 14 — El-Maks 15 — Changes in the
course of the Nile 15 — Legend of the Sphinx and
its mate 16 — Gardens of ez-Zahry 17 — Gezirat el-
Fil 18 — Origin of Bulak 20.
CHAPTER II
THE FOUNDING OF CAIRO 22
El-Kahira = Masr = Cairo 22 — Gohar founds el-
Kahira 23 — Astrological precautions 24 — First Wall
of ' the City ' 26 — Original gates 27 — Palaces of
the Fatimid Khalifas 28 — Azhar Mosque 29 — Second
Wall 29 — Citadel and Third Wall begun by Saladin
30 — Suburbs 31.

xiv Contents
CHAPTER III

PAGE

CAIRO IN 1847 34
The approach from Bulak 34 — Canals 35 — Area
and population in 1847, 36 — State ofthe walls 36 —
Gates 37 — Change in position of the Bab-en-Nasr
38, of the Bab-el-Futuh 39, and the Bab-Zuweyla 40
— Minarets over the Bab-Zuweyla 42 — Place of
execution 43 — Bab-el-Hadid 43.
CHAPTER IV
THE CITADEL 44
Site and foundation of the Citadel 44 — Saladin and
Karakush 44 — The Rumeyla 45 — Bab-el-'Azab 45
— Kasr Yusuf 46 — Old mosque of en-Nasir 48 —
'House of Saladin' 48 — View 49 — Well of the
Winding Stairs 51 — Hall of Audience 52 — Modern
works 53. CHAPTER V
*¦ THE STREETS AND QUARTERS 54
Arabian style 54 — Widening the streets 55 — Main
streets 55 — Shops 56 — Bye-streets and private
houses 57 — Quarters 59 — Markets 59 — Khans
61 — Khan el-Khalily 62 — Public auctions 63 —
Wekalas 65 — Slave market 66 — Jews' quarter 68
— Greeks', Copts', and Franks' quarters 69 — The
Musky 70 — Ezbekiya 70 — Palaces there 71 —
Birket el-Fil 72 — Cemeteries and gardens ' 73 — The
Canal 73.

Contents xv
CHAPTER VI
_ PAGE
THE MOSQUES OF EL-KAHIRA 75
Mosques 75 — Garni', Medresa, Mesgid, Zawiya 76
— General plan 77 — The Azhar University Mosque
78 — Mohammad Bey 83 — Hasaneyn 83 — El-Hakim
86 — BarkQklya 87 — Kalaun 88 — Maristan or
hospital 92 — Ashrafiya 94 — Ghuriya 94 ^- El'
Muayyad 95. CHAPTER VII
THE MOSQUES OUTSIDE ' THE CITY ' 99
Sultan Hasan 99 — Ibn-Tulun 103 — Kal'at el'
Kebsh 109 — Mastabat Far'un iii — Seyda Zeyneb
112 — Seyda Nefisa 1I3 — Seyda Sekina 113 — El-
Maridany 113 — Iskender 114 — Sebils or fountains
114. CHAPTER VIII
THE CITIES OF THE DEAD II7
Mount Mukattara 117 — Kubbat el-Hawa 118 —
Mosque of ez-Zahir 119 — Cemetery of the Bab-en-
Nasr 119 — Cemetery of Kait-Bey ('Tombs of the
Caliphs ') 120 — Mosque of Barkuk 120 — Mosque of
Kait-Bey 122 — TheMugawirin 123 — The Southern
Karafa ('Tombs of the Mamluks') 124 — Imam esh-
Shafi'y 125 — Mohammad 'Aly's family tombs 126 —
'Eyn es-Sira 126.

xvi Contents
CHAPTER IX
PAGE
THE ISLAND OF ER-RODA 1 28
Kasr el-'Eyny 128 — Tekiya el-Bektashiya 129 —
Aqueduct 130 — Gezirat er-Roda 133 — Nilometer
134 — Mosque 136 — Castle of er-Roda 137.
CHAPTER X
MASR EL-'aTIKA I39
• Masr el-'Atika ('Old Cairo') 139 — 'Granaries of
Joseph ' 140 — Mosque of 'Amr 140 — Kasr esh-
Shema' 143 — Coptic churches 145 — Babylon 146
— Antar's Stable 147 — Athar en-Neby 147 — El-
Giza 147.

Notes

149

Index  15

3

Plan of Cairo .... Frontispiece

CAIRO FIFTY YEARS AGO

CHAPTER I

THE OLDER CAPITALS

' After the building of el-Fustat by the
Muslims [immediately after their conquest of
Egypt, in 641], the seat of government was
transferred from the city of el-Iskenderiya
[Alexandria], after it had been the royal
residence and place of the government above
nine hundred years. From that time el-
Fustat became the seat of government,
where the governors of Egypt made their
abode ; and so it continued until el-'Askar
was built outside el-Fustat, and the gover
nors of Egypt too'K up their abode in that
place and remained there ; but some of them
sometimes dwelt at el-Fustat. Then, when
the Emir Abu-1-' Abbas Ahmad ibn Tulun
founded el-Katai', adjacent to el-'Askar, he
£

2 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
resided there ; and the Emirs after him
made it their abode until the dynasty of the
Tulunids came to an end. After that the
governors of Egypt dwelt in el-'Askar, with
out el-Fustat ; and they continued to do so
until the arrival of the troops of the Imam
el-Mo'izz H-dini-llah Abu-Temim Ma'add the
Fatimid, with his secretary Gohar el-Kaid,
who built el-Kahira \_Cairo], and took up his
abode there with his army. Then came also
el-Mo'izz, and took up his abode in his
palace at el-Kahira, and this became the
residence of the Khalifas.' ^ ' So (says el-
Makrizy) ^ el-Kahira became the seat of
government, where dwelt the Khalifa, with
his women and court, until the Fatimid
dynasty became extinct. After them the
Sultan Salah-ed-din Yusuf [Saladin'] the
son of Ayyub resided there, and his son el-
Melik el- 'Aziz 'Othman, and his son el-Melik
el-Mansur Mohammad ; and el-MeHk el-
'Adil Abu-Bekr ibn Ayyub, and his son
el-Melik el-Kamil Mohammad, who removed
from el-Kahira to the Castle of the Mountain
[the Citadel which Salah-ed-din had founded],
• El-Makrizy, Khitat, i. 285.
= M., i. 348.

The Older Capitals 3
where he resided with his women and court ;
and the kings who have succeeded him have
dwelt there unto this our day.'
When 'Amr ibn el-'Asy, the Arab con
queror of Egypt, commanded his servants to
strike his tent previously to his commencing
his march to Alexandria, it was found that
a dove had built her nest and hatched her
eggs within it. He therefore forbade the
removal of the tent, and charged the governor
of the neighbouring Roman fortress [Kasr-
esh-Shema', or Babylon] to watch it during
the absence of the army. When the Mus
lims returned from Alexandria, they asked
where they should encamp : he replied, ' El-
Fustat,' that is, ' the Tent,' meaning his
own, which was stiU standing as he. had left
it ; and they built around it the city which
was therefore called el-Fustat. This was
in A.H. 20, A.D. 641.^
' The site of el-Fustat, which is now \i.e.,
A.D. 141 7] called the city of Masr [for the
name ' Masr,' correctly Misr, had not then
been transferred to el-Kahira], was waste land
and sown fields, from the Nile to the eastern
^ M., i. 296.
B 2

4 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
mountain, which is known by the name of
Gebel el-Mukattam ; there were no buildings
there except the fortress, now called Kasr
esh-Shema' and el-Mo'allaka. There the
Roman governor, who presided in Egypt on
the part of the Caesars (the Kings of the
Romans), used to reside when he came from
Alexandria ; and he was accustomed to
remain here as long as he pleased, and then
to return to the seat of government, which
was the royal palace at Alexandria. This
fortress overlooked the Nile, and the boats
came close up to its western gate, which was
called el-Bab el-Gedid, or the New Gate.
There el-Mukawkis [the Pagarch or Governor]
embarked when he was overcome by the
Muslims at the fortress, and thence he went
over to the island which is opposite the
fortress, and which is now called er-Roda,
opposite Masr [that is, old Masr, or el-Fus
tat J. There was a Mikyas [or Nilometer]
by the side of this fortress. Ibn-Mattug
has said, •"¦ The pillar of the Mikyas is still
standing, in the lane of the mosque of Ibn-
en-No'man''; and I add that it remains in
this our time, that is, in the year 820 [a.d.
141 7]... In the neighbourhood of the

TJic Older Capitals 5
fortress, on the northern side, were trees and
vineyards ; and that place became the site
of the Old Mosque [or Mosque of 'Amr].
Between the fortress and the mountain were
many churches and convents ofthe Christians.
Most of these were in the part which is now
called Rashida ; and in the vicinity of the
fortress, in the tract between the vineyards
and the eminence now called Gebel Yeshkur,
the site of the Mosque of Ibn-Tulun and el-
Kebsh, were also many churches and con
vents of Christians ; they were in the tract
which was known, in the first ages of el-
Islam, by the name of El-Hamra, and is now
called the quarter of the Kanatir es-Siba'a,
and the Seba' Sikayat. There remained in
the district of el- Hamra many of these con
vents, until they were pulled down in the
reififn of el-Melik en-Nasir Mohammad ibn
Kalaun... When 'Amr ibn el-'Asy had
taken Alexandria for the first time, he came
to the neighbourhood of this fortress [of
Babylon], and founded the mosque called the
Old Mosque, or Mosque of 'Amr ibn el-'Asy :
then the Arab tribes built around it ; and
thus arose the city called el-Fustat, in which
they took up their abode. Some years after

6 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
the conquest the Nile retired from the
immediate vicinity of the fortress and the
Old Mosque, and the Muslims used to
exercise their beasts of burden along the
intermediate tract. Afterwards, by degrees,
houses were built there.' ^
Ibn-Hawkal [a.d. 978] describes el-Fus
tat as a large city, equal in extent to about
the third part of Baghdad [but he includes
el-Katai'], containing fine markets, and
surrounded by gardens and pleasure-grounds.
The houses, he says, were six and five
stories high ; and some of them capable
of accommodating two hundred persons.
The streets were narrow, and the houses
built of brick.^ The mosque founded by
'Amr was the most remarkable of its
public buildings. There was formerly a
bridge of boats from el-Fustat to the
island of er-Roda, and another from the
island to el-Giza ; and the Nile then sur
rounded er-Roda during the whole of
the year.
The fall of the city of el-Fustat was owing
to two causes — first, the great famine which
' M., i. 286. ^ Quoted by el-Makrizy, i. 341.

The Older Capitals 7
happened during the reign of the Fatimid
Khalifa el-MustansIrbi-llah [and which lasted
seven years] ; secondly, the burning of Masr
[Fustat] in the time of the Vezir Shawer,
A.H. 564 (1168), to prevent its being taken
by Almeric, king of Jerusalem, when he in
vaded Egypt. When el-Fustat was burnt,
the inhabitants repaired to the neighbouring
fortified city of el-Kahira. The conflagra
tion lasted more than fifty days. After the
departure of the Franks the inhabitants who
had fled returned, and rebuilt many of their,
ruined houses ; but El-Fustat from that
period rapidly declined, while el-Kahira,
which during the time of the Fatimids was a
much smaller city, daily increased, until it
became the chief city in Egypt.^
El-Askar was founded in 133 a.h. (750-1).
The name, which signifies ' the army,' was
given to the new town because it was founded
on the site of the camp of the army of Saiih,
the brother of the first 'Abbasid Khalifa, who
established the dominion of that dynasty in
Egypt. The Governors appointed by the
Khalifas of Baghdad disdained to reside in
1 M., i. 286.

8 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
the city where their predecessors under the
hated Omayyads had fixed their seat of
government ; they all therefore dwelt in
el-'Askar, which, however, never was the
rival in extent or magnificence of el-Fustat,
which was still the capital. ' El-'Askar, in the
first ages of Islam, was called el-Hamra el-
Kuswa ; . . . this was the quarter of the Beni-I-
Azrak and Beni-Rubil and Beni-Yeshkur-ibn-
Gezila (or Hodeyba). This tract was after
wards deserted, and it became a waste place.
Afterwards, when Marwan ibn Mohammad,
the last of the Omayyad Khalifas, came to
Egypt, and was pursued by the forces of the
'Abbasids, the armies of SaHh ibn 'Aly
and Abu-'Awn 'Abd-el-Melik took up their
quarters in this tract, near Gebel Yeshkur,
and they occupied all the vacant district ;
and Abu-'Awn gave orders to build there, and
they built. This was in 133 (750). When
Saiih ibn 'Aly departed from Egypt, the
greater part of the new town was reduced to
ruin ; and so it remained till the time of
Musa ibn 'Isa el-Hashimy, who built there a
palace, where he placed his servants and
slaves ; and others of the people dwelt there.
Then succeeded es-Surey ibn el-Hakam,

The Older Capitals 9
and gave permission to the people to build ;
and they built there, and had possessions,
and the buildings became united with those
of el-Fustat. A Government -house was
erected there, and a congregationsil mosque,
which was called Gami' el-'Askar, and
Gami' Sahil el-Ghalla.' ^
In 256 (869), Ahmad ibn Tulun, having
been appointed Governor of Egypt, threw
off his [temporal] allegiance to the Khalifa
of Baghdad, rendered himself sole master of
Egypt and Syria, and founded the royal city
of el-Katai' . El-Katai', or el-Katayi', signifies
' the wards,' or ' the quarters,' and this name
was given to the new city because it was
divided into distinct quarters, each of which
was inhabited by a certain class of people.
It was remarkable rather for the magnificence
of the buildings which it contained than for
its extent. The Great Mosque is still one
of the finest monuments in Cairo. The
palaces, hippodrome, and gardens of el-
Katai' were on the same grand scale as the
mosque, and its markets were even better
supphed than those of el-Fustat, which was
1 M., i. 304.

10 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
a much larger city. El-Makrizy says,
' Know that the vestiges of el-Katai' have
disappeared, and there remains no trace [of
its extent] that is known. Its site was
between the Kubbat el-Hawa [a building
different from that so called at the present
time, which is behind the Citadel], where the
Castle of the Mountain [or Citadel] was
afterwards built, andthe Mosque of Ibn-Tulun.
It is most probable that such was the length
of el-Katai'. Its breadth was from the top
of the Rumeyla, below the Citadel, to the
place which is now called Ard es-Safra, by
the Meshheder-Ras [or Shrine of the Head],
which is now called Zeyn-el-'Abidin. The
extent of el-Katai' was a mile either way.
The Kubbat el-Hawa was on the flat top of
the hill upon which is [now] the Castle of
the Mountain ; and below the Kubbat el-
Hawa was the Palace of Ibn-Tulun ; for the
site of this palace was in the Meydan es-
Sultany [or Royal Hippodrome], below the
Citadel. The Rumeyla, below the Citadel,
which is the market-place for horses and
asses and camels, was a garden ; and ad
jacent to it was the Meydan, in the part
which is now called el-Kubeybat. [This was

The Older Capitals 1 1
on the west of the Kara-Meydan, as is proved
by the situation of the mosque called Gami'
el-Bakly, still existing, which el-Makrizy
says was in the quarter of el-Kubeybat.]
The Meydan was between the palace and
the Mosque of Ahmad Ibn-Tulun. Adjacent
to the mosque was the Government-house,
on the southern side ; and there was a door
in the side of the mosque by which one
passed to the Maksura which surrounded
the Musafla [or Oratory] of the prince,
near the Mihrab [or niche which marks the
direction of Mecca]. There also was the
Palace of the Women. El-Katai' consisted
of a number of quarters, in which dwelt the
slaves of Ibn-Tulun and his soldiers and
attendants : each quarter was allotted to a
certain class of persons ; they were called
the quarter of the Sudan [or Blacks], and
the quarter of the Rum [or Greeks], and the
quarter of the Farrashin [or household ser
vants], and so on: in each dwelt a certain
number of persons, as [now] in the quarters
of el-Kahira.' "^
1 M., i. 313. What follows is abridged from the
same.

1 2 Cairo Fifty Year's Ago
In Sha'ban, a.h. 256 (870), Ibn-Tulun rode
to the foot of the mountain and ordered hi^
people to destroy the tombs of the Jews and
Christians. There he founded the Palaccj
artd marked out the Meydan, and com
manded his subjects to build for themselves
around that palace. The buildings which they
raised extended as far as el-Fustat [or rather
as far as el-'Askar, which was adjacent to
el-Fustat]. Handsome mosques were erected
there,- aild baths, market-places, &c. ; and
everything that could be procured in el-
Fustat was found in greater abundance and
of a better quahty at el-Katai', which soon
became a place of greater resort than
Damascus. The Meydan was entered by
several gates ; there was one gate by which
the troops entered, another for the prince's
household officers, another for his women
and eunuchs. The principal street, which led
from the Great Mosque to the Palace, had
three gates, side by side ; aiid when Ibn-
Tulun went out with his escort, the soldiers
passed in regular order through the side
gates, the prince riding by himself through
the middle gate. When he died, his son
Khumaraweyh enlarged the palace, and con-

The Older Capitals 13
verted the Meydan into a garden, which he
stocked with various kinds of sweet-smelling
flowers, some of them sown in the forms
of letters and sentences. He transplanted
thither all kinds of rare trees, with palm-trees
of a very fine kind, the dates of which were
within reach of a person standing or sitting,
and surrounded the trunk of each palm-tree
with a cylinder of gilded brass, which was
filled with water. He also formed channels
for water throughout the whole garden, to
irrigate it ; and made there an aviary, which
contained all kinds of birds remarkable for
the beauty of their plumage or the sweetness
of their notes. He likewise built a hall, the
waUs of which were gilded, and the interior
adorned with carved and painted images of
himself and his wives and female singers,
notwithstanding the prohibition directed
against such things by his religion. But the
most remarkable of his works was a lake
filled with quicksilver. It is said to have
been fifty cubits [97 feet] square. A bed of
leather filled with air was placed upon the
surface of this lake, and secured by silken
bands, each of which was attached to a silver
ring fixed at the margin. The prince, being

14 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
troubled with restlessness at night, adopted
this contrivance in order to procure sleep,
which was agreeably induced by the rocking
of the bed. He also made another Meydan,
larger than that of his father.
On 1st of Rebi' I, 292 (905), the 'Abbasid
general, Mohammad ibn Suleyman, ' entered
and set fire to el-Katai', and his army plun
dered el-Fustat, and broke open the prisons
and set at liberty all those that were in them,
and destroyed the houses, and committed
all kinds of excesses.' ^ Thus was Egypt
restored to the Khalifas of Baghdad. El-
Katai' was not, however, utterly destroyed,
for we read that it was again ' desolated at
the time of the great famine in the reign
of the Khalifa el-Mustansir, when all its
inhabitants perished. It consisted of more
than 100,000 houses, the delight of beholders,
surrounded by gardens and pleasure-grounds.'
Thus el-Katai' ceased to exist at the period
when el-Fustat began to decline ; but after
A.D. 905 the successive Governors of Egypt
resided again in el-'Askar.
There was another town in this neighbour-
1 M., i. 322.

The Older Capitals 15
hood, which existed before the foundation of
el-Kahira, and even before the conquest of
Egypt by the Arabs. This town was called
el- Maks. The north-western suburbs of
Cairo now occupy its site. ' Know that el-
Maks was an ancient town, and was known
in the Times of Ignorance [i.e. before
Islam] by the name of Umm-Denin. It is
now a suburb of el-Kahira, in the tract on
the west of the canal, and at the time when
el-Kahira was founded the Nile flowed by
the side of this place. Here the Imam el-
Mo'izz made the dock-yard . . . Here also
the Imam el-Hakim founded the Gami' el-
Maks, which the common people in Masr in
our time call Gami' el-Maksy, and which
overlooks the Khalig en-Nasiry.' ^ Maks, it
is added, is a corruption of Meks, which
means ' a custom -tax' ; for it was the station
of the receiver of the customs.
The account which el-Makrizy gives of
the changes in the course of the river near
Cairo, since the foundation of that city, is
very interesting. All the islands opposite
Cairo, except er-Roda, have been formed,
1 M., ii. 121.

i6 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
he says, since the conquest of Egypt by the
Muslims. ' It is said — but God knows best —
that the figure known in the present day by
the name of Abu-l-Hol [' Father of Fright,'
i.e. the Great Sphinx] was a talisman con
trived by the ancients to keep away the sand
from overspreading the fields and obstructing
the river ; and on the opposite side of the
river was another figure, corresponding with
Abu-l-Hol, by the Kasr esh-Shema', also
facing the east, which was for the lil<e
purpose of keeping away the sand from the
eastern side of the river. This latter was
destroyed by some of the Emirs of the
Sultan Mohammad ibn Kalaun, in 711
[131 1- 1 2]: they dug up the ground beneath
it until they came to water, thinking that
they should find treasure, but found none.
This image was called the Concubine of
Abu-l-Hol [Suriyet-Abi-l-Hol]. Soon after
its destruction the sand advanced on the
eastern side, and the islands which now exist
were formed. Also a certain person, called
Sheykh Mohammad Saim-ed-Dahr [' the
continual faster'], one of the Sufis of the
[convent called] Khanikah es-Salahiya, dis
figured the faces of the two lions [carved]

The Older Capitals 1 7
upon the Kanatir es-Siba'a [two bridges over
the Canal of Cairo], and the face of Abu-l-
Hol, about 780 [1378-9], and the sand
advanced upon the district of Giza.' ^
We have seen that the river formerly
flowed by the side of the fortress called Kasr
esh-Shema', whence it gradually retired. El-
Makrizy informs us further that the Nile in
former times flowed by the side of el-Hamra
[which was the site of el-'Askar] and by the
west of the garden of ez-Zahry,^ and along
the tract which after the water receded from it
was called el-Luk, and so onward to el-Maks.
The part where Bab-el- Luk is situated has
1 M., ii. 177.
2 El-Makrizy very plainly describes [i. 114, 115] the
situation of the garden or gardens of ez-Zahry, as
extending from the Kanatir es-Siba'a northwards, and
including the part where the mosque of the Sitt Miska
is situated, and the Gami' et-Tabbakh, and the Kan-
tarat el-Khurk and the Butin [Batn] el-Bakara ; or
rather a portion of the last-named tract ; for he says,
in his 'Account ofthe Lakes' [i. 163], that the Butin
el-Bakara, or lowland [belly] of the cow (of which a
part is now called the Ezbekiya), was between el-Maks
and the gardens of ez-Zahry: so that these gardens
extended, behind the part called el-Luk, as far as the
Ezbekiya, and perhaps further. C

1 8 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
been left by the river. Ez-Zahry and the
gardens adjoining it, as well as el-Maks,
aU overlooked the Nile ; and the tract on
the west side of the Canal was not of great
width, for the Nile flowed on the west of
these gardens, along the tract which is now
known by the name of el-Liik. El-Maks
was close to the shore of the Nile, in front
of el-Kahira ; and the space between it and
Minyet 'Okba, in the district of el-Giza, was
occupied by the river. The course of the
Nile remained almost the same until nearly
two hundred years had elapsed after the
foundation of el-Kahira.
One of the chief causes of these changes
in the course of the river is thus narrated by
el-Makrizy : ' This island [Gezirat el-Fil,
' Elephant's Isle'] is now a spacious tract in
the neighbourhood of the gate called Bab-
el-Bahr, . . . with a congregational mosque
and a great market, and many fine gardens.
Its place was formerly occupied by the
water of the Nile, in the time of the Fati
mids ; but after that a large vessel named
el-Fll [' the Elephant 'J was wrecked there,
and the sand accumulated about the wreck,
and the water was diverted from it, and an

The Older Capitals 19
island was formed, extending from el-Minya
to Ard et-Tabbala, to which island the
people gave the name of Gezirat el-Fil. The
water flowed on both sides of it ; that is,
between it and the western shore of the Nile ;
and on the other side of the island the river
flowed by the side of [the garden called] el-
Ba'al, which is before the Kanatir el-Awz [or
el-Wizz]. The Nile flowed by el-Maks and
the Mosque of el-Maks, which exists in the
present day, and along the tract of the
Khalig en-Nasiry, and along Ard et-Tabbala,
by the west of the Musalla, and by et-Tag
[which was a garden] to el-Minya [Minyat
es-Sireg].'^ ' It has been related . . . that the shore of
the Nile was by el-Maks, and that the river
retired after the year 570 [a.d. i 174-5] from
the island called Gezirat el-Fil, and retreated
from the wall of el-Kahira, which reached as
far as el-Maks ; and there arose sand-banks
and islands in that part. The water of the
Nile did not flow there, excepting during
the time of its increase only ; and during the
1 ii. 185. [See Lane's plan, showing the medieval
topography, prefixed to this volume.]
C 2

20 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
rest of the year reeds and coarse grass grew
there, and the mamluks of the Sultan used
to repair to those sand-banks to practise
with the bow and arrow. In the year 713
[13 1 3] the people began to erect buildings
there, in consequence of the improvements
made in that part by el-Melik en-Nasir, and
his assiduity in carrying on the works there
[as the digging of the Khalig-en-Nasiry, &c.J ;
and a proclamation was made in el-Kahira
and Masr [el-Fustat], inviting everyone to
build there without delay : so the Emirs, and
the soldiers, and the merchants, and the
common people erected houses there, and
Bulak originated at that period, opposite
Bulak et-Tukrury. Sugar-cane and colo-
casia were sown there ; and the water for
irrigation was raised from the Nile by a
sdkiya situated at the spot where is now
the Gami' el-Khatiry,' ^ This shows that
the land has increased but little since that
period ; for the shore is at present [1847] not
more than 250 feet distant from this mosque.
It would appear from this passage that the
Gezirat el-Fil was united to the raainland
1 M., ii. 130-131.

The Older Capitals 2 1
only when the Nile was low ; but since el-
Makrizy says in another place that the
entrance of the eastern branch was choked
up in A.H. 570, it is evident that for some
time this tract was only partially inundated,
and at last almost wholly deserted by the
Nile. The Island opposite Biilak [Gezirat
Bulak] was also formed about 700 [a.d.
1300-1].

CHAPTER II
THE FOUNDING OF CAIRO
Cairo, the name given by Europeans to the
present metropolis of Egypt, is a corruption
of the original name el-Kdhira ; but the
Egyptians call it Masr (properly Misr), a
name applied by the Arabs to whatever city
was the capital of Egypt. Thus el-Fustat
was called Masr ; and it retained that name
long after el-Kahira was founded [even in
el-Makrizy's time], though the seat of
government had been transferred to the
latter place, for el-Fustat continued many
years to be the larger city : but when
el-Kahira had become more extensive and
populous than el-Fustat, which rapidly de
clined, it received the name of Masr, and
the town which had before borne that title
was thenceforth caUed Masr el-'Atika or

The Founding of Cairo 2 3
Old Masr.^ In letters, as well as in other
writings, the epithet el-Mahrusa [or the
Guarded'] is usually added to Masr, and this
epithet is sometimes used alone as a name
of Cairo.
In 358 (a.d. 969) the Fatimid Khalifa
el-Mo'izz, whose capital was el-Kayrawan,
sent a numerous army, under the command
of a Kaid (or General) named Gohar (for
merly a slave of his father el-Mansur, and
a native of Greece), to take possession of
Egypt. Crossing the Nile at el-Giza, Gohar
entered el-Fustat on the 17th of Sha'ban,
and caused prayers to be offered up for
el-Mo'izz (as the sovereign of Egypt) in the
Mosque of 'Amr. Gohar encamped that day
in the neighbourhood of el-Fustat, and laid
the foundations of el-Kahira.
The site chosen for the new city was about
a mile distant from the bank of the Nile, and
the town of el-Maks became its port ; subse
quently, the suburbs of the capital extended
as far as the shore of the river, uniting with
and almost surrounding el-Maks. The site
of el-Kahira was a sandy waste, over which
1 [Called ' Old Cairo ' by Europeans.]

24 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
lay the road from el-Fustat to 'Eyn Shems
[Heliopolis] ; there were no buildings in that
part, nor any cultivated spots, when Gohar
arrived there, excepdng the garden called
Bustan el-Kafury, a Christian convent known
by the name of Deyr el-'Izam (or the
' Convent of the Bones '), and another build
ing called Kasr esh-Shok.-^
Having chosen this situation, Gohar pro
ceeded to lay the foundations of the wall
within which the city was to be built. This
wall encompassed but a small space, con
siderably less than a square mile. As the
Arabs were firm believers in astrology, Gohar
consulted certain professors of that science,
and desired them to observe the aspect of
the heavens, and to decide under what as
cendant he should lay the foundations of the
city wall. The astrologers made their cal
culations, and advised that the foundations
should be laid during the ensuing night^ — the
first night after the arrival of Gohar. He
1 El-Makrizy's ' account of what was on the site of
el-Kahira before that city was founded.'
^ M., i. 384.

The Fotmding of Cairo 2 5
crossed over from el-Giza after the sun had
begun to decline, on the third day of the
week, the 17th of Sha'ban, 358 a.h. The
foundation trenches being dug, poles were
erected at short distances throughout the
whole circumference of the proposed wall,
along the side of the trenches, and a rope
with bells attached to it was stretched from
pole to pole. The shaking of one of these
ropes would put in motion all the bells, and
this was to be the signal for the workmen to
throw down the mud and stones which they
held ready in their hands, at the precise
period which the astrologers had predeter
mined. But it happened that a raven, perch
ing upon one of the ropes, put the bells in
motion, and the workmen, thinking that it
was done by the astrologers, immediately
commenced building. By this accident the
city was founded at an unfortunate time : the
astrologers cried out " el-Kahir [the planet
Mars] is ascendant ! " and they prophesied
that the town would fall into the hands of
the Turks. The city was named el-Kahira,
because it was founded at that particular
period. It was, however, first named el-

26 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
Mansuriya, and it continued to be so called
until the arrival of el-Mo'izz, who gave it the
name of el-Kahira (or the Victorious).
Guided by el-Makrizy's descriptions, we
can trace the situation and direction of the
first and second walls of the city. Part of
the third wall still remains. All that was
surrounded by the second wall is still called
the City (el-Medina), the rest of Cairo being
considered as suburbs.
The first wall was built of large bricks,
and its width was sufficient for two horsemen
to ride upon it abreast. ' I saw [says el-
Makrizy] some remains of this wall of brick,
and the last that I saw of it was a large
portion between the Bab-el-Barkiya and Darb
Butut, which some people pulled down in the
year 803 [a.d. 1400-1]; and I witnessed the
greatness of the bricks, which in our times
excites wonder, for each brick was a cubit
[or nearly two feet] in length and two-thirds
of a cubit in breadth. The width of the wall
was several cubits, enough for two horse
men to ride upon it abreast. It was but a
little distant from the stone wall existing in
the present day. There was a space of
about fifty cubits between those two walls.

The Founding of Cairo 2 7
I do not think that there remains anything
now of this wall of brick.' ^
El-Kahira had, originally, on the S. two
gates, adjoining each other, called Baba-
Zuweyla; and on the N. two gates, apart
from each other, of which one was called
Bab-el-Futuh and the other Bab-en-Nasr,
not, however, in their present positions.^ On
the E. were three gates, Bab-el-Barkiya,'
Bab-el-Gedid, and Bab-el-Mahruk ; and on
the W. were also three, called Bab-el-
Kantara, Bab-el-Farag, and Bab-Sa'ada,
and another called Bab-Khokha : 'but these
gates were not situated as are the present
gates, nor do any now remain in the places
where Gohar built them.' The situation of
the wall itself on the western side of the City
is clearly pointed out, as lying parallel to the
canal, and at no great distance from it, on
the eastern side ; the street called Beyn-es-
Siireyn lying between the canal and the wall.
1 i. 377. ' See below, p. 38.
^ This gate occupied the same situation in the first,
second, and third walls as the Bab-el-Ghureyyib does
in the present wall. El-Gebarty speaks of the ' Bab-
el-Barkiya which is now called Bab-el-Ghureyyib.'

2S Cairo Fifty Years Ago
(The second wall, too, on that side of the city,
occupied the same place.) It is also clear
that the eastern portion of the first wall
nearly corresponded in situation with the
similar portion of the second and third
walls. The founder of el-Kahira built also, in the
new City, a palace for the Khalifa. The
foundations of the palace and of the city-wall
were laid during the same night. The
former was afterwards called ' the Great
Eastern Palace' {el-Kasr el-Kebir esh-
Sharky), to distinguish it from another,
which was founded by [el-'Aziz] the successor
of el-Mo'izz, and which was called ' the
Small Western Palace ' {el-Kasr es-Saghir
el-Gharby). The street which divided these
two buildings is still called Beyn-el-Kasreyn
(' between the two palaces ') ; and some
remains, which are said to have belonged
to the Great Palace, are still seen in the
eastern side of this street. The Great
Palace extended from Beyn-el-Kasreyn
beyond the mosque of the Hasaneyn ; and
its walls included the site of the present
Khan el-Khalily. AU the Farimid Khalifas
who ruled over Egypt resided in this palace.

The Founding of Cairo 29
' During their time Beyn-el-Kasreyn was a
wide space, capable of containing 10,000
soldiers ; and there they used to assemble on
the business of the Court, as now in the
Rumeyla beneath the Citadel.' In the year
after the foundation of el-Kahira, Gohar built
the Great Mosque el-Azhar within the new
city ; and the same Khalifa who built the
Smaller Palace likewise founded a grand
mosque, since called the mosque of el-
Hakim (his successor, who finished it). This
was originally outside the City, on the N.,
but it became included within the second
wall. The second -wall of el-Kahira was built by
the Emir-el-Guyush Bedr el-Gemaly (an
Armenian, and originally a slave, afterwards
Vezir of the Khalifa el-Mustansir) in 480
(a.d. 1087-8). This also was of brick (the
gates only were of stone), and its width was
ten cubits (nearly 19 feet). It included the
additional space between the Baba-Zuweyla
and the present Bab-Zuweyla, and therefore
enclosed the Harat er-Rum and several other
quarters ; and it included also the space
between the old Bab-el-Futuh and Bab-en-
Nasr and the gates now caHed by those

30 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
names, thus enclosing the great mosque of
el-Hakim.^ On the western side of the City
this wall corresponded in situation with the
first, and nearly so on the eastern side.
With the second wall were built the three
gates called Bab-Zuweyla, Bab-el-Futuh, and
Bab-en-Nasr, of which the last two be
came subsequently conjoined with the third
wall. The Citadel a.ndi the third wall -v^ere. com
menced in 572 (a.d. 1176-7), in the reign of
the famous Sultan Salah-ed-din [Saladin],
but sixteen years later, when he died, neither
was completed. The Citadel was subse
quently finished in the beginning of the fol
lowing century ; the wall, however, remained
incomplete. Instead of surrounding el-Fustat
as weU as el-Kahira (as its founder in
tended), it extended from the Citadel no
further than el-Maks, occupying the place of
the second wall on the eastern and northern
sides of el-Kahira : on the other two sides
the city remained without a wall. The two
great gates called Bab-el-Futuh and Bab-en-
Nasr, which originally belonged to the second
1 M., i. 379.

The Founding of Cairo 3 1
wall, were not pulled down, but became the
principal gates of the third waH. The Bab-
el-Bahr (or Gate of the River), more com
monly called in the present day Bab-el-
Hadid (or the Gate of Iron, from its iron
casing), was built with the third wall. This
wall was entirely of stone. ' He [Saladin]
made the wall of el-Kahira to extend from
the Bab-el-Kantara as far as the Bab-esh-
Sha'riya, and from the Bab-esh-Sha'riya to
the Bab-el-Bahr. He built also the Kal'at
el-Maks. This was a great tower (burg) by
the Nile, adjacent to the Gami' el-Maks. At
this spot the wall of el-Kahira terminated.
He had hoped to continue it until it united
with the wall of [Old] Masr. He also
extended the wall of el-Kahira from the
Bab-en-Nasr and Bab-el-Barkiya and Darb
Butut to the outside of the Bab-el-Wezir,
where it united with the wall of the
Citadel.' 1
In the reign of el-Hakim, the third of
the Fatimid Khalifas of Egypt (a.d. 996-
1020), the people began to build suburbs out
side the southern gates of el-Kahira, where,
1 M., i. 379-80.

32 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
before that period, there were no build
ings nearer than el-Katai'.^ An extensive
suburb soon arose, which, after the great
famine in the reign of el-Mustansir, in
creased rapidly, while el-Fustat decHned ;
but afterwards the Sultan Salah-ed-din,
when he built the Citadel, puHed down a
vast number of the houses of this suburb and
made gardens there, which extended all the
way from the Bab-Zuweyla to the tomb of
SItta Nefisa, which is at the extremity of the
present suburbs. The Bab-Zuweyla might
be seen at that time from the door of the
mosque of Ibn-Tulun. After 700 (a.d. i 300-1)
all this tract was built upon again, and
became, as before, an extensive suburb.^
The suburbs on the west of the canal were
the last that were built. In the ninth century
after the Flight that tract was chiefly occu
pied by gardens. The western suburbs
united with and partly surrounded el-Maks.'
The northern suburb, el-Hoseyniya (vulgarly
caHed el-Heseynlya), was built in the sixth
1 The Harat er-Rum (or Quarter of the Greeks) was,
however, outside el-Kahira, but close to it, on the
south. ^ M., ii. no. 3 M., ii. 114— 120.

The Founding of Cairo 33
century after the Hijra.^ On the eastern
side the limits of the city extended rather
further than they do at present. A portion
of the third waU is now seen among the
mounds of rubbish on that side, about one-
fifth of a mile distant from the present Hmits
of the city. 1 M., i. 136

Vii. tats. «¦ 

CHAPTER III
CAIRO IN 1847
From the shore of the river at Bulak to the
Bab-el-Hadid the distance does not much
exceed one mile, Two principal roads of
nearly the same length lead from Bulak to
Cairo ; the northern, which is somewhat irr
regular, but is the chief route of commerce,
leads to the Bab-el-Hadid, and the southern,
after having crossed two canals, enters the
western side of the Ezbekiya. We pass the
picturesque mosque of Abu-l-'Ola on our
right as we enter the latter road. The
French, during their occupation of Egypt,
raised this road. Intending also to continue it
through the town as far as the Citadel. It
is straight and wide, but very uneven, and
wanting a row of trees on its southern side
to shade it. It is raised a few feet above the

Cairo in i8^y 35
level of the plain, so as to be above the reach
of the inundation. On either side during the
inundation are marshes and inundated fields.
These, as soon as the waters have subsided,
are sown with corn, beans, trefoil, &c. Here
and there are clusters of palm-trees, and
a few sycamores and acacias. The plain
was formerly bounded on the east by exten
sive mounds of rubbish, behind which the
capital was nearly concealed. The road
crosses two canals, over each of which is a
stone bridge. The first (or more western)
of these canals was dug by direction of the
present Pasha [Mohammad 'Aly]. It forms
a communication, in a direct line, between
the Nile and the second canal, which was
formerly called the Khalig en-NasIry, and
which is a branch issuing from the great csL-nal
(i.e. that which runs through the capital) ; this
last, therefore, as well as the second, derives
a more abundant supply of water by means
of the new canal. Along the western side of
the second canal, on the right of the road, Is
a long ridge of rubbish. From the top of
this ridge, about a quarter of a mile from the
gate of the Ezbekiya, we obtain a view of
Cairo. D 2

o

6 Cairo Fifty Years Ago

The area of Cairo (not including Bulak
and Masr el-'Atika) is three square miles,
or a little more : its average length and
breadth being nearly two miles and a half
by one mile and a quarter ; in no part is it
longer than three miles. The population of
Cairo is said to be about 200,000, which is
certainly not too large for so extensive an
area. The walls which, with several inter
ruptions, enclose Cairo are built of calcareous
stone from the quarries of Mount Mukattam,
and of the stones of several pyramidal tombs
which were near the great pyramids of Giza,
and which were destroyed by Karakush
[Saladln's Vezir] to build the third wall and
Citadel. The Citadel is surrounded by
strong waHs, partly built by Salah-ed-din
and partly since his time. From that part,
along half the eastern side of the town, the
third wall still remains. It has several round
towers, is very massive, and has not yet
needed much repair. The remainder of the
eastern wall has been built recently. It is at
this part only that the Hmits of the city have
become contracted ; and the wall here is
mostly built of unwrought stones, and is very
weak. On the northern side the third wall

Cairo ?'« 1847 c7
has been repaired or almost wholly rebuilt,
and is lofty and strong. The walls of Cairo
on the western and southern sides are, with
out exception, very iU-built, mean, low, and
irregular, and in some places wholly inter
rupted. There are high mounds of rubbish
around the town on the northern, eastern,
and southern sides, and formerly there were
some also on the western side, which have
been lately removed ; consequently the wall
is a very poor defence. Upon these mounds
the French, during their occupation of Egypt,
built forts, which completely overawed the
town, but they are now without defence, and
ruined. In the same way, the Citadel is
itself completely commanded by the fort on
the mountain behind.
The principal gates of Cairo are these :
on the N. the two grand gates, Bab-en-Nasr
and Bab-el-Futuh, and another called Bab.
el-'Adawy; at the N.W. angle the Bab-el-
Hadid. On the W. the two gates of the
Ezbekiya, and the Bab-el-Luk and the Bab-
en-Nasiriya. On the S. the Bab-es-SItta-
Zeynab, Bab-Tulun, Bab-es-Seyda and Bab-
el-Karafa. On the E. the Bab-el-Wezir
and Bab-el-Ghureyyib. The grand gate,

38 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
Bab-Zuweyla, In consequence of the enlarge
ment of the town on the south, is now in the
midst of it.
I have already mentioned that the two
northern gates of the first waH of el-Kahira,
which were called Bab-en-Nasr (or the Gate
of Victory) and Bab-el-Futuh (or the Gate of
Conquests), do not occupy their original
situations, but were built on a more northerly
site by Bedr el-Gemaly, when he began the
second waU of el-Kahira, In 480 [a.d. 1087-8],
in the reign of the Khalifa el-Mustansir.
The old Bab-en-Nasr was situated near the
S. angle of the mosque of el-Hakim, then
outside the city, and the old Bab-el-Futuh
was near the W. angle. Both of these were
suffered to fall to ruin ; but the two new
gates (the noblest and the least injured of
the few monuments of the times of the
Fatimids which now remain in Cairo) became
the principal gates of Saladln's wall of stone,
' The Bab-en-Nasr was originally below [or
within] its present site, and I have seen a
portion of one of its sides opposite the
western corner of the Medresa el-Kasidiya ;
so that the square between the Medresa and
the two gates of the kibla side [that is, the

Cairo in 184.7 39
side towards Mecca] of the mosque of el-
Hakim was outside el-Kahira ; and so you
will find, in the history of the mosque of
el-Hakim, that the said mosque was built
outside el-Kahira. Then, in the days of
el-Mustansir, when the Commander of the
Forces, Bedr el-Gemaly, came to him from
'Akka and became his Vezir, he built the
wall of el-Kahira anew, and changed the
situation of the Bab-en-Nasr from the place
where the Kaid Gohar built it to the place
where it is now, so that it became near to the
Musalla el-'Id. He also made before it a
rampart) of which I have seen the remains.
When the sister of el-Melik ez-Zahir Barkuk
dug the cistern of the Sebil [or public foun
tain] which is before the Bab-en-Nasr, it [the
rampart] was destroyed, and the Sebil arose
in its place. On the Bab-en-Nasr, aloft, is
written [in the Kufic character] : " There is
no deity but God : Mohammad is God's
Apostle : 'Aly is God's beloved : the bless
ings of God be upon them both. " ' ^
' The Kaid Gohar placed the Bab-el-
Futijh below [or within] its present site, and
1 M., i. 381. [This Shi'ite formula has curiously
escaped the vigilance of the Sunnis.]

40 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
there remain, in this our day, its arch and
the left side of the doorway ; and upon it are
lines in the Kufic character. It is at the
head of the quarter of Baha-ed-din, on the
southern side, below the walls of the mosque
of el-Hakim. But the gate which is known
at present by the name of Bab-el-Futuh was
built by the Commander of the Forces [Bedr
el-Gemaly]. Before it was a rampart, which
has since been built over, when the suburb
outside the Bab-el-Futuh was built.'
The Bab-Zuweyla (or Gate of Zuweyla),^
which was the southern gate of el-Kahira, or
that part of Cairo now particularly called
' the city,' was also built with the second
wall of el-Kahira. The first wall had, on the
south, two gates contiguous to each other,
which were called Baba-Zuweyla (or the two
gates of Zuweyla). These were situated in
the Suk el-Menakiliyin (the Market of the
Sieve-makers), which is a part of the prin
cipal street. The distance between the site
of these gates and the present Bab-Zuweyla
is, moreover, shown by the situation of the
Harat er-Rum (or Quarter of the Greeks),
1 Zuweyla was the name of a tribe of Arabs, formerly
and more correctly written Za-ivlla.

Cairo in I S 4.7 41
which was without the first wall of the city,
but which became included within the second
wall. ' The Baba-Zuweyla, which Gohar el-Kaid
built when he founded el-Kahira, were two.
gates, adjoining each other, by the oratory
caHed Mesgid Sam ibn Nuh ; and when el-
Mo'izz came to el-Kahira he entered by one
of them, that which was . adjoining the
oratory, and of which the arch is still re
maining and known by the name of Bab-el-,
Kos [the Gate of the Arch]. The people
were partial to that gate, and passed in
and out through it in great numbers ; but
they deserted the gate adjoining it, and it
was commonly said that whoever passed
through this gate [i.e. the latter] would not
accomplish his wishes. This gate no longer
remains, nor is there any trace of it, but the
place where it stood is called el-Haggarin,
where musical instruments, as tamburs,
'uds, and such-Hke are sold : and it is still
notorious among the people that whoever
passes that way wiH not accompHsh his
wishes. "Some say that the reason of this
saying is because it is the place of sale for
musical instruments, which are held in dis-

42 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
repute, and the abode of musicians and male
and female singers ; but the case Is not as
they pretend, for the saying Was current
among the people of el-Kahira from the time
when el-Mo'Izz entered, before this place
was the market for musical Instruments and
the haunt of the disorderly.' ' In the year
485 [a.d. 1092-3] the Commander of the
Forces, Bedr el-Gemaly, the Vezir of the
Khalifa el-Mustansir bi-llah, built the great
Bab-Zuweyla and its towers. ... It is related
that three brothers, who were architects,
came from er-Ruha [Edessa] and built the
Bab-Zuweyla, Bab-en-Nasr, and Bab-el-
Futuh : each built a gate. . . . The two
round-fronted towers were much higher than
they are now. El-Melik el-Muayyad Sheykh
pulled down the upper part of them when he
built his mosque inside the Bab-Zuweyla,
and built upon them two minarets.' ^
These two minarets are of equal height,
and exactly corresponding with each other.
Just within the gate, on the left side, is the
fine mosque of the Sultan el-Muayyad, to
which these mddnas belong, which was
1 M., i. 380-81.

Cairo in 1847 43
founded in the year of the Flight 819
(A.D. 1 416-17). Two years afterwards one
of the mad'nas (that next the mosque) fell
down, and was rebuilt. The Bab-Zuweyla,
with the two mad'nas above, has a noble and
picturesque appearance. It is constructed
of stone, of which the alternate courses are
coloured red, every other course being left of
its natural colour. Opposite is the general
place of execution. Here Tuman Bey, the
last of the Mamliik Sultans, was hanged (or,
as some say, crucified) by order of Sultan
Selim, the Turkish conqueror of Egypt.
The Bab-el-Hadid, which was built in the
reign of Salah-ed-din, at the same time as
the third wall, was pulled down by order of
Mohammad 'Aly in 1847. The Bab-el-
'Adawy is strongly built, but has no archi
tectural beauty.

CHAPTER IV

THE CITADEL

The Citadel (el-Kal'a, or Kal'at el-Gebel,
the Castle of the Mountain) is a fortress
built upon an isolated, flat-topped, rocky hlH,
about 250 feet above the general level, at the
south-eastern angle of the town. It com
pletely commands the town, but is itself
overawed by Mount Mukattam, the point of
which, with a strong fort upon it, is behind
it and very near. The Citadel was founded
in 572 (a.d. 1 1 76-7) by order of the famous
Sultan Salah-ed-din. The eunuch Karakush,
one of the Emirs of his court, was appointed
to superintend the construction ; and to pro
cure materials for this and the third wall he
pulled down many of the small pyramids of
el-Giza, The Citadel was not finished, how
ever, tiH 604 (a.d, 1207-8), since when it

The Citadel 45
has continued to be the residence of the
Kings and Governors of Egypt. Salah ed-
din dwelt there [in its unfinished state] but
a short time, as did also his son el-Melik el-
'Aziz. The former resided chiefly in the
palace of the Fatimid Vezirs.^
Before the Citadel is a spacious open
place, or square, caHed the Rumeyla^ where
a daily market is held, frequented by con
jurors, snake-charmers, story-teHers and mu
sicians. Some wretched huts and sheds on
the western side of the square form a singular
contrast to the towering mosque of Sultan
Hasan, which they partly surround. Mean
or ruined houses encompass the Rumeyla on
every side.
The Bdb-el-Azab, which is the chief gate
of the Citadel, is on the eastern side of the
Rumeyla, and was bmlt by Ridwan Kikhya,
one of the chiefs of the Mamluks, who died
in the year ii68 (a.d. 1754-5). ^^ has two
massive round-fronted towers constructed of
stone, the alternate courses coloured red.
The road inside is narrow and very steep,
partly cut in the rock, with occasionally steps
1 M., ii. 203, ^ See above, p. 10.

46 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
to facilitate the ascent. Here the Mam
luks were massacred, by Mohammad 'Aly's
order. In 1811. Upon a lofty wall, which
fronts a person ascending this road, is sculp
tured a spread-eagle. This was, perhaps,
done by direction of the builder of the
Citadel to commemorate his own name : for
Karakush in Turkish signifies a black eagle.
It is the quarter of the 'A sabs (a military
corps), through which we pass by the road
above mentioned. Upon the flat top of the
hHl are the Citadel, properly so called, and the
quarter of the Inkishdriya, or Janizaries, which
are divided from each other by a wall, and
each is surrounded by walls.
An interesting monument stood here,
which was pulled down about [1830] seven
teen years ago. It was the old palace com
monly caHed Kasr Yusuf ox Diwdn Yusuf,
and believed generaHy to have been the
palace of Yusuf Salah-ed-din. It has also
been called by European travellers ' Joseph's
Hall'; but el-Makrizy says that Itwas the
palace which was called Dar el- Adi [the
Hall of Justice], founded many years after
the time of Saladin. A palace so caHed
was built by the Sultan Kalaun, and repaired

The Citadel 47
by his son and successor Khalil, The next
Sultan, en-Nasir Mohammad (another son of
Kalaun), puHed down that building in the
early part of the fourteenth century, and
constructed in its place another on a grander
scale, ' with a handsome dome and with huge
polumns, which were brought from the
Sa'id [Upper Egypt] ; and in the midst of
it he placed his throne, which was made of
ivory and ebony.' The columns of this
building were of red granite, each of a single
block.^ The capitals were of different shapes
and badly carved, but the shafts were of
beautiful workmanship. The two central
columns of the front, and those of the
interior, were considerably larger than the
others. The front of the building had a
very handsome appearance. It had along
the top a wide coping or shade of wood,
which had fallen down, but the frames or
brackets which supported it remained. The
dome had also fallen. It did not cover the
1 El-Makrizy, in his account of the Castle of er-Roda
[ii. 183], says that these columns were from that build
ing (which was contiguous to the Nilometer, at the
southern extremity of the island), but that they were
originally from ancient temples. See below, p. 90, note.

48 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
whole of the hall. The walls which sus
tained it were of greater height than the
exterior walls of the building, and were
supported by columns and arches, like the
front and side. In the centre of the south
eastern wall (in the inner side) was a niche
towards Mecca, like those of mosques. In
the interior as well as the exterior were por
tions of inscriptions, in Arabic, in enormous
letters of wood, which had mostly faHen.
The Great Mosque was also built by en-
Nasir Mohammad [in 1 3 1 8]. It has two mina
rets, of equal height, and a large dome, the
base of which alone now remains. Its plan
is like that of most other large mosques, a
square court surrounded by porticos. It is
altogether in a neglected and ruinous con
dition, and no more used as a place of
worship. A short distance to the west of the old
palace were the ruins of a very massive
building, which was called ' the House of
Yusuf Salah-ed-din,' but it is not men
tioned by el-Makrizy, It has been very
handsome ; some parts were constructed of
black and white marble. It stood partly on

The Citadel 49
the edge and partly on the decUvity of the
Citadel Hill.
A little to the south of these buildings, on
the brow of the hlH, is the large mosque
erected by Mohammad 'Aly, in the Con
stantinople style, and consequently very in
ferior to the old Arab mosques of Cairo,
From the edge of the hill near this mosque
we have an extremely striking view of Cairo
and the surrounding country. The most
prominent object in this view is the grand
mosque of the Sultan Hasan, the chief
minaret of which rises considerably higher
than the Citadel itself. Between the mosque
and the Citadel is seen the spacious square
of the Rumeyla, with the great gate of the
Citadel ; and nearer are some buildings in
the quarter of the 'Azabs, which occupies the
whole of the western slope of the hlH. That
part of the town which is most extensive
and in better repair than the rest Hes to our
right, with the numerous and elegant minarets
and domes of its four hundred mosques, the
whitewashed houses with flat terraced roofs,
the Turkish palaces with pointed roofs, and
the many malkafs or ventilators directed

50 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
towards the north, and a few trees inter
mixed. Beyond Cairo we see the planta
tions of Ibrahim Pasha, and the NHe Hke a
silvery line, . and the fertile plain of el-Giza
on the opposite bank. The towns of Bulak,
Masr el-'Atika, and el-Giza, on the banks
of the river, are very conspicuous, as well as
numerous palm-groves, and the gardens of
the beautiful island of er-Roda, and several
white palaces glittering in the sun. In the
extreme distance, five miles beyond the river,
and eight miles from the spectator, are the
low sandy hills of the great Lybian desert,
with the pyramids of el-Giza, to the left
of which are also seen those of Abu-Sir,
Sakkara, and Dahshur, The pyramids of
Sakkara direct the eye to the site of
Memphis, as lying between them and the
river, where forests of palm-trees occupy a
large extent of soil. To the south of the
metropolis are seen the aqueduct by which
the Citadel is suppUed with the water of the
Nile, the mounds of rubbish which cover the
greater part of the site of el-Fustat, the hlH
and fortress of Babylon, and, in the midst of
the sandy waste between the NHe and the
ridge of Mount Mukattam, the great ceme-

The Citadel 51
tery called el-Karafa, To the north is
Shubra, the country residence of the Pasha,
and the obelisk of Heliopolis.
The celebrated well in the Citadel, which
is called Bir el-Halazun (the Well of the
Winding Stairs) and Bir Yusuf (the Well
of Joseph), is more ancient than the palace
and mosque, and was excavated in the reign
of Yusuf Salah-ed-din, under the superin
tendence of Karakush. ' This weH ¦ is a
wonderful work. Oxen turn a machine at
the top, and raise the water from a reservoir
in the middle ; and other oxen at the middle
raise the water from the bottom ; and there
is a way down to the water, by which the
oxen descend. It is all excavated in the
rock ; there is no masonry in it : it is said
that its bottom is level with the Birket el-
Fil. Its water [was] good. I have heard a
sheykh relate that, when the well was first
excavated, the water came forth sweet ; but
that Karakiish or his agents, wishing to
obtain a more abundant supply, deepened
the excavation, and there came forth a salt
spring, and changed the sweetness of the
water.' ^ 1 M., ii. 204.
E 2

52 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
It has two shafts, of which the upper one
is about 24 feet by 15 in width, and about
155 feet in depth; the lower shaft is not
quite so wide, and is about 125 feet deep;
therefore the total depth is about 280 feet,
The bottom being a few feet below the level
of the NHe (when lowest), it seems that the
water of this well is derived from the river,
but that it passes through a soH impregnated
with salt. At the top is a sakiya, by which
the water is raised from a reservoir at the
top of the lower shaft, where there is another
sakiya which raises the water from the
bottom. Around the upper shaft is a stair
way, separated from the well itself by a wall
of rock, which has apertures for the admis
sion of a little light. The steps are very
low, and nearly worn to an inclined plain.
The lower shaft has also stairs to the
bottom, but without any waH or raHing next
the well,*
In the Citadel is a palace of the Pasha, in
which is the Diwan, or Hall of Audience,
1 There is another deep well in the Citadel, which
receives the water of the Nile from the aqueduct, but
it is not to be compared with the well of Yusuf.

The Citadel 53
where councils are held, and where the
Pasha, or his Kikhya Bey, hears petitions
and passes judgment in cases which do not
fall under the cognizance of common law.
The mint also is in the Citadel, In the
eastem division of the fortress (the quarter
of the Inkishariya, or Janizaries), which
was not included in the original Citadel, is
another palace, erected about twenty years
ago, on a more extensive scale than that
above mentioned. The principal hall is very
spacious : its walls and ceUing are decorated
by Greek artists ; its pavement is of enor
mous slabs of white marble, and the windows
of plate glass. A smaH magazine of powder,
on the northern side of the hill, exploded in
the year 1824, and threw down a great
number of houses and some of the works of
the Citadel. These works have been sub
stantially rebmlt, and the whole Citadel
rendered more strong. On the westem side
of the hill is the Arsenal, a cannon-
foundry, and a manufactory of muskets, &c.
The superintendents and principal workmen
are Europeans. Such were not employed in
these establishments before the year 1825.

CHAPTER V
the STREETS AND QUARTERS
Until about the end of the first quarter of
the present century Cairo was wholly an
Arabian city, and still the purest specimens
of Arabian architecture are found in its
mosques. AH its public and private build
ings are in that style, with the exception of
the palaces and houses of the Pashas and
other Turkish grandees, and some of the
middle classes, erected of late years, in
the Turkish style and with glass windows.
Some of the mosques also, erected since the
Turkish conquest of Egypt, are of a mixed
style, partly Arabian and partly Turkish.
The streets of Cairo are without pavement
and extremely narrow. Their average width
is from five to ten or twelve feet ; but the
introduction of carriages by the Turkish
grandees has of late years caused the new

The Streets and Quarters 55
streets to be buHt wider and more straight.
Formerly, when a street was lined with
shops, the mastabas or benches of stone
or brick before them extended for a con
siderable way on either side ; but, that the
streets might be rendered more com
modious for carriages, Mohammad 'Aly
caused almost aH these mastabas to be
removed. In Arabic a street is called sikka^
which is also applied to a road or path.
There are also particular names for a great
thoroughfare-street, a bye-street, a quarter
(or district), &c.
A shdri'' or great thoroughfare, although
considerably varying in Its width and direction,
generally admits of the passage of a carriage
or cart, leaving, however, but a small space
for passengers.^ It is generaHy lined on
1 Or sikkah. When this word is prefixed to another
substantive in the genitive case the silent final h is
pronounced / ; as, Sikkat Bab-el-Khark (the street
of Bab-el-Khark). The same change will be observed
in other words.
^ [The general description of Cairo streets is here
omitted, since it has been already reproduced in
Mrs. Poole's English-woman in Egypt, vol. i., pp. 140 —
144, and the street scenes are still much what they
were in 1842. J

56 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
each side with shops, which form a suc
cession of markets, and occupy part of the
ground-floor of the houses above. The
dukhan, or shop, is a cell about four feet
square and six or seven feet high, and about
two feet and a half from the ground.
Formerly there was a -mastaba, or raised
bench of stone or brick before each shop,
and level with the floor of the shop. The
shop has wooden shutters, or folding doors.
In and near the Frank quarter of Cairo there
are several shops constructed and fitted up
in the European manner, and kept by Franks.
A shop may have a small magazine or cell
behind it, but there is no communication
between it and the rest of the house. The
upper part of a house, of whicti the ground-
floor consists wholly or partly of shops or
magazines, is commonly caWedraba', and gene
rally is not tenanted by those who occupy the
shops, but by persons in lower circumstances.
The front of this superstructure projects, in
most cases, about two feet beyond the lower
part. The windows are of unpainted wood,
some projecting a foot or more, like balconies,
and constructed partly of very close, turned,
wooden lattice-work, or wholly formed of

The Streets and Quarters 57
boards ; but, more commonly, the windows
of these houses are even with the waH, the
upper part being composed of lattice-work
or of cross-bars of wood, and the lower part
closed by shutters suspended by hinges at
the upper edge. The houses are two or
three storeys high. In some parts of the
great streets the shops are built against the
fronts of the mosques, &c., and have no
superstructure. A great street has not one general name
by which it is distinguished from another
great street, but many different names, each
of which is assigned to a particular portion.
Thus a part where a number of persons of
the same trade have their shops is caHed the
market of that trade ; another part is called
after a mosque there situated. For instance,
in the principal street of the city, one part is
called Suk el-Haddddln, or the Market of
the Ironmongers, and another part is called
Suk el-Ghurlya, or the Market of the mosque
of el-Ghury. The word suk is often omitted,
and these markets are commonly called el-
Haddddtn and el-Ghuriya.
A darb, or bye-street, is a minor thorough
fare from six to eight feet in width, with a

58 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
gate at each end, often running transversely
from the great streets, and generally consist
ing of private houses two or three storeys
high, with occasionally a few shops or a
market. The walls of the ground-floor of
the private houses are faced within and with
out with stone ; and the upper storeys, which
generally project two or three feet, are of
brick, and in most cases plastered and
whitewashed. The windows of new houses
are now of the European form, and glazed ;
but in the greater number of the houses the
windows are of projecting unpainted wood and
lattice-work, and have a very picturesque
appearance. The houses being thus con
structed and the streets so narrow, many of
the projecting windows would quite meet,
face to face, were It not that few of them are
placed so as to be exactly opposite one to
another. These streets have, of course, a
dull appearance, the more so as the principal
windows of the larger houses look Into an
inner court ; but they afford a delightful
shade, and, to heighten the luxury obtained
by the exclusion of the sun, the people in
sultry weather frequently sprinkle water
before their houses. Some of the bye-streets

The Streets and Quarters 59
present a singular contrast, by their com
parative solitude, to the bustle witnessed in
the greater thoroughfares.
A hdra, or quarter, is a district which
greatly varies in extent ; some, as the Copt
quarter or the Jews' quarter, are equal to a
smaH town, others merely consist of a single
lane. A small quarter generally consists of
a narrow street, with others, which are not
thoroughfares, branching off from it,^ and
only contains, in most cases, private houses.
A small quarter which has not a darb
passing through it is particularly secure,
the gate, which is then its only entrance,
being closed at night.
A suk, or market, is generally a portion
of a great street, with shops on each side.
Some markets are appropriated to one trade,
others to various trades. Some of the bye-
streets also (or parts of them) are suks.
Most of the principal suks of Cairo are
roofed with wood extending from house to
house across the street, or with mats, either
at the top or immediately above the shops.
1 An ^atfa is a small lane branching off from a street,
and not having a gate at its entrance.

6o Cairo Fifty Years Ago
In some of them pubUc auctions are held
once In the week, or more frequently. Hence
the name of Suk el-Asr (the Afternoon
Market) is given to two places where
auctions are held in the afternoon. The
chief suks of Cairo are the foHowing : the
Sukkariya, or market for sugar and pre--
serves, in the principal street of the city ;
the Ghuriya (in the same street), a wide and
handsome suk, in which are sold the shawls
of Kashmir, England, and France, muslin
shawls of British manufacture for turbans,
the tarbushes (or red cloth caps over which
the turban is wound), European linens, &c. ;
the Goahirgiya (also in the principal street),
in which various hardwares are sold ; the
Nahhasin (in the same street), where copper
wares are sold ; the Haddadin (in the same
street), which is the suk of the ironmongers ;
the Gemaliya, where the tobacco of Syria is
sold, and coffee, soap, &c. ; the Margush,
or market for linen, cotton, and wooHen
goods of Egyptian manufacture ; the Sagha,
or market of the goldsmiths and sHversmiths ;
the Warrakin, of the paper-sellers ; the
Tarbi'a and the 'Attarin, of the perfumers
and druggists ; the Fahhamin, occupied by

The Streets and Quarters 6 1
Maghrabis, who seH the goods manufactured
in their own countries, as tarbushes, burnuses,
hirams (or woollen sheets used for night-
coverings or for dresses), yeHow morocco
shoes, &c. All the above are In the City.
Without the limits of the City, in the great
street leading from the Bab-Zuweyla south
wards, is the Kasabat ^ Ridwan {vulgo Rad-
wan), a wide and very handsome suk,
occupied exclusively by shoemakers, and
further on the Surugiya, or saddlers' market.
In a street leading to the great mosque of
Sultan Hasan and the Citadel Is the Suk es-
Silah, or market of arms. In the western
part of the town is the Musky,^ a suk occu
pied chiefly by Franks, who sell various
European goods; the Siik Bab-esh-Sha'riya,
for fresh and dried fruits, &c.
A khan is generally an extensive square
1 El-Makrizy says [ii. 94] that, according to Ibn-
Seyda, the kasaba of a town is that part which properly
constitutes the city, or it is the principal part of a
town ; and that the Kasaba is the greatest of the siiks
of Masr [or Cairo]. Again, in describing the prin
cipal street of the city, he calls it ' the Kasaba of el-
Kahira.' ^ See below, p. 70.

62 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
building surrounding a court, and similar
to a wekala. The ground-floor of a khan
contains shops or magazines ; above are
other magazines or lodgings, all of which
open Into the court. Khdn el-Khalily (one
of the principal suks of Cairo) is so called
because it was founded by el-Khalily, who
was Emir Akhor or Master of the Horse to
the Sultan Barkuk [a.d, 1400]. It is situated
in the centre of the original city, a little to
the east of the main street, and stands on
the site formerly occupied by the cemetery
of the Fatimid Khalifas. El-Mo'izz, the first
of those princes who reigned in Egypt,
brought with him [from el-Kayrawan] the
coffins of his three predecessors, and buried
them in this cemetery, where he himself and
his successors were also interred. By order
of el-Khalily their bones were dug up, put
into panniers upon asses, and thrown upon
the mounds of rubbish outside the Bab-el-
Barkiya on the east of the city, because
these Khalifas were considered usurpers and
heretics.^ There are several entrances to
Khan el-Khalily, one towards the principal
1 M., ii. 94.

The Streets and Quarters 63
street of the city. Across each is hung a
chain about three feet from the ground, to pre
vent camels, horses, &c., from entering on the
days when pubhc auctions are held there.
The khan consists of several short and
narrow streets. The shops chiefly belong to
Turkish and other foreign Eastern merchants,
many of whom are rich. They sell the
goods which are most in requisition among
their own countrymen, ^uch as ready-made
clothes and almost/^very article of dress
both for men /^nd women, particularly
shawls, embroidered handkerchiefs of Con
stantinople, and Turkish silks, sabres and
other arms, and the small prayer-carpets of
the Turks. The public auctions in this khan
are on Monday and Thursday, and begin
early in the morning and continue tHl noon,
when the people disperse to say their prayers.
They are conducted by numerous delldls (or
brokers), who carry up and down the market the
goods that they are commissioned by the shop
keepers or others to dispose of, holding up
the articles andcaHing out the sum last bidden.
Sometimes a deHal is seen laden with a large
carpet ; another with various goods pHed upon
his head and shoulders ; a third, with an

64 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
upUfted naked sword, pressing through the
crowd, and striving to attract general notice by
vehemence of voice and gesture. The cries
are generally in Turkish, as the dellals and the
purchasers are mostly Turks. The materials
of which clothes are made, clothes second?
hand and new, shawls, sabres, daggers, guns,
pistols, and other arms, pipes, or the amber
mouthpieces alone, tobacco-rpurses, and, in
short, wares of almost every kind that the
capital contains, may be purchased on these
occasions, generaHy at a very cheap rate.
These auctions are beneficial to the shop
keepers as weH as to private individuals ; for
while the latter are enabled to purchase
many things that they want for less than
they could obtain them for at the shops, the
former get a considerable profit by the re
sale of goods which they buy in the same
manner. Several sakkds (or water-carriers)
attend the market. Each of these fills his
goat-skin, which he carries on his back, at a
neighbouring sebil or fountain, and pours
the water into a brass cup for anyone
who would drink. From some he receives
nothing ; from others he gets a five-faddia
piece (a farthing and one-fifth). Sherbet

The Streets and Quarters 65
made with raisins, bread, sweet cakes, dates,
&c., are also carried up and down the market
for sale, so that a person may obtain every
thing for a sober dinner without going home
for it ; and many of the shopkeepers procure
their dinner thus and eat it at the shops.
The khan called el-Hamzd-wy is another
of the chief khans of Cairo. The plan is a
square formed by four rows of shops sur
rounding other shops, one row facing another.
It is the market of the drapers and silk-
mercers. The cloths and silks sold there
are chiefly those of France ; the fine cloth
of England is too expensive for the Egyptian
market. The other khans are mostly like
the wekalas.
A wekdla is an extensive square or oblong
building surrounding a court, which has but
one entrance. The lower part of the build
ing consists of vaulted warehouses fronting
the court. Some wekalas have shops, with
store-rooms behind them ; in some others
the store-rooms are used as shops for the
retail sale of goods ; but generally they are
the depositories where those persons who
occupy shops in the street keep the main
part of their merchandise. The upper part
F

66 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
of the building consists of another range of
warehouses, or of lodgings for the merchants ;
and these are entered from a gaHery or
balcony which extends round the court.
Cairo contains about two hundred wekalas,
and about a hundred and fifty of these are
within the precincts of the city. Some of
them are more than a hundred feet in length
and scarcely less in breadth, and have a
small oratory in the centre of the court.
The Wekdlet el-Gelldba, or wekala of the
slave-merchants, a little to the south of
Khan el-Khalily, was the market for black
slaves and for some of the productions of the
countries whence they are brought. The
slaves have been lately removed to Kait-
Bey, as their crowded and unclean state was
the supposed cause of the spread of in
fectious disorders in the metropolis. Many
male and female slaves were always to be
seen in this court, with scarcely any clothing
except a piece of linen wrapt round their
loins or folded about their bodies ; except in
winter, when they were kept within doors
and better clothing was given 'them. Most
of them had a careless and even happy
look, and they amused themselves with ob-

The Streets and Quarters 67
serving and quizzing the passengers. They
are no longer in continual dread of the whip
of the slave-merchant, whose cruelty is
manifested particularly in the desert, when
there is no possibility of their escape and
when they suffer most from privations and
fatigue. They now enjoy repose and better
food. Most of them, untH their arrival In
Egypt, fancy that the people of that country
are cannibals ; but now, instead of finding
that they are to be eaten by their purchasers,
they leam that the slave of the Muslim is
better treated than his servant. The least
valuable only of the slaves are exposed to
pubHc view ; the others, as the Circassian
and other white slaves (who lodge in another
wekala), are shown to none but those who
express a wish to see them with a view
to purchase. The Gellabs (or slave-mer
chants) of Upper Egypt bring their black
slaves to Cairo, where many of them are sold
to the slave-dealers of the metropolis, who
obtain a small profit by the re-sale.
Many of the quarters of Cairo are solely
inhabited by Muslims,^ others almost ex-
1 The native Muslims are less than four-fifths of the
population of Cairo.
F 2

68 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
clusively by Copts or by Greeks, Most of
the Turkish merchants reside in the neigh
bourhood of the mosque of the Hasaneyn.
The Quarter of the Jews {Harat el-Yahud)
is in the western part of the original city,
and is very extensive. The streets and lanes
in this quarter are very irregular, and some
so narrow that two passengers can scarcely
pass each other. To ride through on horse
back would be almost impossible. Even
upon an ass, a person cannot pass through
some of these lanes without being obliged
sometimes to draw up his feet above the
saddle, in order to pass another person
similarly mounted ; and at other times, to
bend his head to avoid the corbels which
jut out from the walls of some of the houses,
supporting the projecting superstructure.
In some parts of this dirty quarter the ground
has risen more than a foot above the threshold
of the doors ; for the Jews frequently throw
rubbish before their houses, and this, in
stead of being swept away, is trodden down.
The external appearance of the houses is
very mean, but some are sumptuous within.
The whole of this quarter has a most miser
able appearance, indicating, the degraded

The Streets and Quarters 69
condition and timorous spirit of its inhabi
tants, who cautiously avoid whatever might
show them to be possessed of much wealth.
The Greeks have two quarters. One, in
the southern part of the City, is particularly
called the Quarter of the Greeks {Harat er-
Rum) ; the other quarter, which is in the
northern part, is called the Inner Quarter
{el-Guwdniya), because it was included within
the first wall of the city, whereas the former
one was without the limits of the City until
the second wall was buHt.
The Copts have two extensive quarters
and several smaller. The principal of these
is on the north-east of the Ezbekiya. It is
very large. Like the rest of the Copt
quarters, it is called the Quarter of the
Christians {Harat en-Nasdra).
The Quarter of the Franks {Hdrat el-
Ifreng) is very small, and is entered by the
Musky ; but they also inhabit the tract
between the Ezbekiya and the canal which
runs through the city. Some of the Franks
wear the European dress, others the
Turkish, and many the European dress
with the tarbush. The principal commercial
street in this part is the suk caHed the

70 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
Musky} which crosses the canal. In this,
as well as in some of the neighbouring
streets, most of the shops are constructed
and fitted up as in Europe, with glass fronts,
and stocked with almost all the luxuries of
Western countries : these are occupied by
Franks and Greeks. On the south side is
the Harat el-Ifreng, a short, narrow street,
at the end of which is a pleasant garden.
To the north-west of the Musky is another
garden, which is kept In good order, but is
not so much resorted to as the Ezbekiya.
The Ezbekiya, or Birket el-Ezbekiya, was
so caHed after Ezbek, a celebrated Mamliik
chief, and formed a part of the tract com
monly called Butin el-Bakara,^ and (if I be
rightly informed) was first surrounded by
houses about two centuries ago. Its form is
very irregular. Its length is about half a
mUe, and its breadth in its widest part about
a third of a mHe. It is entered from the
Bulak road by a plain gate of modern
erection, called Bab-el-Elfy, after the famous
1 After 'Izz-ed-din Musk, a relation of Salah-ed-din,
who built the bridge of the Musky, which is concealed
by shops.
'^ See above, p. 17, note.

The Streets and Quarters 7 1
Mamliik Bey, whose palace was on the west
fronting the Ezbekiya, and extending from
the gate nearly to the northern corner of the
' square.' This palace was the residence of
Napoleon, and of the French general Kleber,
who was assassinated in the garden. It was
afterwards pulled down, and its site is now
occupied by the palace of the late Deftardar
Bey, built in the ConstantinopoHtan style,
which is now the residence^ of Zeyneb
Khanum, the Pasha's second daughter, and
of her husband Kamil Pasha. Immediately
within the gate of el-Elfy was a large but
low and mean building, on the right, formerly
occupied by Wahhabis.
On the north-east side of the Ezbekiya is
the great Copt quarter, which a few years ago
presented a row of lofty but dilapidated and
sometimes entirely ruined houses, but where
now we see a row of houses in the Turkish
and European styles, tolerably well bmlt and
in good repair. On the south are the palaces
of Ahmad Pasha, son of Tahir Pasha, nephew
of Mohammad 'Aly ; that of 'Abbas Pasha,
son of Tiisiin Pasha, and grandson of Mo
hammad 'Aly, and of other Turkish grandees.
The fronts of these buHdings are on the

72 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
other side, towards a street, with gardens
before them. On the west is a large and
handsome hotel, the Hotel d'Orlent. When
the mansions of el-Elfy and several other
chiefs of the Mamliiks adorned the Ezbekiya,
the appearance of that place must have been
much more handsome and picturesque than
it is at present, with the modern whitewashed
Turkish houses and palaces. During the
high NHe, the water of the inundation
formerly entered this place by a canal at the
northern angle, and the whole space, except
some raised roads along the side, was con
verted into a lake ; but now oply the canal
which surrounds it is fiHed with water. The
name of Birket el-Ezbekiya, ' the Lake of
the Ezbekiya,' is still retained, though it is
now nearly all converted into a garden, laid
out in the European manner.
The Birket el-Fll, or 'Lake of the Elephant,'
is also fiHed by the NUe water of the canal
during the inundation. According to el-Ma
krizy, it was first surrounded by houses after
A.H. 600 [a.d. 1203-4], about two centuries
and a half after the founding of el-Kahira.
There were around it, a few years since,
several handsome houses, mostly belong-

The Streets and Quarters 73
ing to chiefs of the Ghuzz (or Mamliiks) ;
but many of these have been pulled down to
enlarge the garden of Mahmiid, the late
Kikhya Bey, who has built for himself a
large palace on the east of the Birket el-
Fil : a very small part of this place is open
to the public.
There are several small cemeteries in the
western part of Cairo, the largest pf which
is that of the Ezbekiya ; but the great ceme
teries are outside Cairo, on the north and
south. In the western part of the town are
Ukewise many extensive gardens. The most
common trees in them are palm-trees, mul
berries, bananas, pomegranates, oranges,
limes, citrons, sycamore-figs, prickly pears,
&c. Very few are laid out in the European
style, and they are irrigated in the same
manner as the higher tracts near the NUe,
by sakiyas or water-wheels. Some have
paths covered overhead and on each side
with trelUs, on which various kinds of creep
ing plants trail.
The Canal {el-Khallg) leaves the Nile near
Masr el-Atika, enters Cairo at the S.W.
corner, passes through the centre, and leaves
it at the middle of the northern wall. It is

74 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
lined with houses on each side, almost
through its whole length within Cairo, so
that it is not easy to see it except from
private houses, some of the best of which
overlook the canal. The dam which closes
the mouth of this canal is cut in August
every year, with great rejoicing and festivity,
and when the river begins to decline it is
closed again, and it is allowed to dry of
itself, which renders the parts of Cairo
adjacent to it very unhealthy during the
four months In which it dries. Its average
width is about 30 feet. Boats sometimes
pass along this canal through Cairo.

CHAPTER VI
THE MOSQUES OF EL-KAHIRA
The most remarkable and interesting of the
public buUdings of Cairo are the mosques.
Almost every Muslim prince of Egypt has
buUt a mosque, besides his own mausoleum ;
and many of their great ministers, and other
wealthy persons, have done the same : some
from motives of pure piety, others in the
hope of atoning by such a work for an ill-
spent life, encouraged by this saying of the
Prophet, ' Whosoever hath built for God a
place of worship — be it only as the nest of a
grouse — God hath built for him a house in
Paradise.' Cairo contains between two and
three hundred congregational mosques, be
sides many minor ones.
A mosque in which a congregation
assembles every Friday, to recite the noon-
prayers appointed for that day, is called a

76 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
gdmi'} The doors are also open every day
in the week, either from daybreak till night,
or at least at the stated times of prayer.
During the intervals between the times of
prayer, persons may be seen sleeping upon
the matting which covers the floor, their
shoes placed one upon the other, sole to
sole, beside them ; others talking or reading,
or reciting portions of the Koran ; and in
some mosques we even see shoemakers and
other craftsmen at work. Several of the
great mosques of Cairo are peculiarly
termed colleges, because lectures are (or were
originally) delivered in them. The Arabic
name of a collegiate mosque is Medresa;
but this appellation is not given to all
mosques in which lectures are delivered. A
small mosque, in which a congregation does
not meet to recite the Friday prayers, is
called a Zdwiya or Mesgid.
The more ancient mosques (those erected
before or during the time of the Fatimid
CaHphs) are more correctly placed or dis
posed with regard to the direction of Mecca
than those which have been built at later
1 Commonly pronounced gama.

The Mosques of el-Kdhira 77
periods. In the former cases that side of
the building which is towards Mecca faces
the south-east, or nearly so ; in the latter
cases it faces the east-south-east more or
less exactly. That side of the buUding is
called the side of the kibla, or kibll side.
The general plan of the more extensive
mosques is that of a square court surrounded
by porticos, which are open towards the
court. The portico on the side of the
mosque which faces Mecca has more rows
of columns than the other porticos, and its
pavement is covered with mats. In the
middle of this wall is an arched niche, which
is designed to show the direction of Mecca,
and is called the mihrab ; and the kibll
side of the mosque is often omamented with
coloured marbles to the height of six or
eight feet. On the right of the niche is
the minbar, or pulpit, which is of stone^
marble, or wood, and often beautifully oma
raented, and surmounted by a small cupola.
Steps in front lead up to it. In the centre
of the court is a tank, or fountain, or both,
for performing ablutions before prayer. All
the large mosques, excepting that of Ibn-
Tiiliin, are of stone, and the altemate courses

78 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
are coloured with red ochre externally. The
beautiful domes and minarets {mdd'nas), as
well as the waHs within and without, are
ornamented with passages frora the Koran,
forraing long friezes. The columns, espe
cially those of granite, marble, and other
rare stones, have been taken from ancient
temples. El-Gdmi' el-Azhar (the Splendid Mosque),
which is not only the principal mosque of
Cairo, but the University of the East, was
the first founded in el-Kahira,^ and was
begun by the Kaid Gohar in 359 (970), about
nine raonths after the founding of the city,
and finished in Ramadan 361, It has, how
ever, been repaired so often, and so greatly
altered and enlarged, that it cannot be sup
posed, at present, to bear much resemblance
to the original structure. It has six gates,
two of which are large and handsome. The
principal gate Is the middle of the N,W.
side, and is the nearest to the principal
street of the City. This was built about
[1765] eighty years ago by 'Abd-er-Rah-
1 The mosque of Ibn-Tulun was, of course, built
before el-Kahira was founded.

The Mosques of el-Kdhira 79
man Ketkhuda (comraonly called 'Abd-er-
Rahman Kikhya), one of the most wealthy
and raunificent of the grandees of his tirae,
celebrated for the number of mosques, sebils,
and other public buUdings, which he founded,
rebuUt, or repaired. He built both the great
gates of the Azhar, greatly enlarged the
mosque, and added to it three mdd'nas,
several apartments for students, &c., and his
own sepulchre. The open apartment above
the two doors of the gate is a school-room,
in which the poor children of the neighbour
hood are taught to read and write. The
other great gate, which is on the S.W. side,
is almost exactly sirailar to the former, differ
ing from it only in sorae of the ornaraental
details. The tomb of their founder is in a
small apartraent just within this gate, on the
left side as one enters. Another entrance,
on the opposite side, is through a small
mosque. Within the principal gate are two small
mosques, one on each side. Beyond these
we enter the great court of the Azhar, which
is very large and paved with stone, and sur
rounded by porticos supported on marble
columns. The portico on the side next

8o Cairo Fifty Years Ago
Mecca is, as usual, deeper than the others,
which are divided into apartraents called
riwdks, appropriated to students, who corae
frora every Muslira country. Those who can
not support theraselves receive daily rations
frora the funds of the mosque, and are caHed
Mugdwirln el-Azhar. Many indigent blind
persons are also fed here. None others are
admitted as residents unless they devote
themselves to study. The walls of the
ri-wdks towards the court and at the sides are
merely wooden partitions. Each riwdk is ap
propriated to the natives of some one country,
or, in the case of Egypt, of a province;
for the Egyptian students are naturaUy
more numerous than those of any other
country. The riwdks of the side porticos
are much more extensive than those which
forra the front. Each has its library, con
sisting chiefly of books on religion, graramar,
&c. Any student of a riwdk may borrow a
book, or a portion of one ; for in general
the books are not sewed, though enclosed
between ' covers and in a pasteboard case.
There are also sorae riwdks above the
ground-floor. The upper part of the buUd
ing is of brick covered with plaster. To the

The Mosques of el-Kdhira 8i
left of the great court, in the centre of a
much sraaller court, is the meydad, or tank,
at which the ablutions preparatory to prayer
are performed. The great portico is divided
from the court by partitions of wood, which
close the spaces between the piers behind
the first row of columns. Several of the
partitions have doors ; that of the central
archway is the widest. There are eight
rows of sraall light-coloured raarble colurans
in the great portico. The exterior wall for
merly occupied the place of the fifth row
of colurans, and a portion of this wall with
the old niche still remains. The rest (which
is nearly half of the great portico) was added
by 'Abd-er-Rahman Kikhya. In one respect
this mosque differs greatly frora most other
large ones : the whole of the interior of the
portico, not excepting the pulpit and niche,
is very little adorned, and the walls are
simply whitewashed. Mats are spread upon
the paveraent, A person of the upper classes
usually prays upon a small seggdda or prayer-
carpet, which his servant brings and spreads
in any part of the portico.
The great congregation which assembles
here to perforra the Friday prayers forras a
G

82 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
remarkable and impressive spectacle. Not
the slightest act of intentional irregularity
or lack of reverence is witnessed on these
occasions, and the solemn stUlness and quiet
devotion of the MusUm supplicants cannot
fail to impress the Christian, At other
times we see here lecturers addressing their
auditories,^ persons conversing together,
others eating and drinking, or asleep, and
sometimes raen carrying about bread, fatiras
(a thin kind of pastry), and other eatables
for sale. This raosque is kept open all
night, for raany poor persons sleep on the
matting. Few sights in Egypt are more
interesting than the interior of the Azhar
and its varied inhabitants, many of whom,
attracted by the fame of this university,
have begged their way from countries raany
hundred mUes distant. It is not wholly safe
for an undisguised European to enter the
Azhar, the Hasaneyn, or the mosque of Seyda
Zeyneb, without a Janizary from the Citadel,
and even then he would be in danger of
1 Most of the regular lecturers are stipendiaries of
the mosque ; but any person may lecture who considers
himself competent, and many such do so.

The Mosques of el-Kdhira ^-^
being mobbed and Ul-treated. The other
mosques may be safely entered.
Near the Azhar (separated from it only
by a narrow street) is the handsorae mosque
of Mohammad Bey [Abii-Dhahab], which
was founded at the end of the year of
the Flight 1187 (a.d. 1774). It has a
lofty and very massive mdd'na, and a fine
dome, under which lie the reraains of the
founder. This grand raausoleura shows that
between seventy and eighty years ago [i.e.
from 1847] the art of architecture had not
much declined araong the people of Cairo.
The raost sacred raosque in Cairo is that
of the Hasaneyn {or two Hasans), not far
frora the Azhar, to the north. By ' the
Hasaneyn' are meant Hasan and Hoseyn,
the sons of 'Aly, and grandsons of the
Prophet, whose daughter Fatima was 'Aly's
wife. The head of the raartyr Hoseyn is
buried beneath this mosque, which is called
his Meshhed. The sacred relic was taken
from a mosque at Ascalon (whither it had
been removed from Damascus) and brought
to Cairo in 548 (a.d. i 153-4), and there
buried within the precincts of the Great
Palace of the Khalifas, and a mosque was
G 2

84 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
buUt over it in the foHowing year.' The first
raosque that was built over the torab of the
head was accidentally burnt about a century
after its foundation [circ. 1242], It was
forthwith repaired; but about [1760] eighty
years ago it was pulled down and rebuUt by
'Abd-er-Rahraan Kikhya. During the few
remaining years of the Fatimid dynasty great
honours were paid to this tomb, particularly
on the dayof 'Ashiira (the loth of Moharram),
the anniversary of the martyrdom of Hoseyn,
when camels and oxen and sheep were sacri
ficed before the Meshhed, with great waUIng
and weeping. There is nothing very remark
able in the exterior of the Hasaneyn. It
has rather a low front, with two doors.
Within is a handsome and spacious haH,
with numerous marble colurans and a pave
raent spread with carpets, unlike most of the
other mosques of Cairo, which have only
mats. Through this haH, which is the prin
cipal place of worship, and in which service
is perforraed on Friday, we pass to the

1 El-Makrizy, describing the gates of the Great
Palace, says that one entered by the gate of Deylem
to go to the Meshhed Hoseyn (i. 435).

The Mosques of el-Kdhira 85
Medfen, or tomb-chamber. This is a lofty,
square hall, covered by a dome, the interior
of which is painted and gUt. The torab is
not under the centre of the dorae, but near
the side which is next the great hall or
portico. Over it is a tabut, or oblong case
of wood, covered with green silk, with some
words frora the Koran worked upon a white
band around it. This is enclosed within a
high bronze screen of tasteful workraan
ship, poUshed by the hands of the nuraerous
visitors, and forraing the maksHra. Around
the upper part of this, six or eight feet and
more from the floor, are suspended raany
speciraens of curious and elegant writing,
and among them is one by the late Sultan
Mahraiid of Turkey, very beautifully executed.
Most of them are framed, and some glazed.
Each visitor walks round the maksiira, frora
left to right, reciting inaudibly the Fdtiha
(the first chapter of the Koran) and a short
prayer. This ceremony is also performed in
visiting other tombs, but particularly those
of saints. The Medfen is frequented by a
number of poor persons, who receive alms
for reciting portions of the Koran. Most
of the principal Turks residing in Cairo

86 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
resort to the mosque of the Hasaneyn every
afternoon during the fast of Ramadan.
The head of the martyr lies at a consider
able depth beneath the pavement of the
mosque. It was originally deposited in a sub
terraneous apartment, to which the visitors
descended ; but this apartment was filled
up with solid masonry, in the midst of which
the head is embedded. This, it is said, was
done in consequence of an attempt that was
made to carry off the relic by a Christian,
who, pretending to be a Muslim, obtained
the post of Kady of Cairo, and resided
in a house adjoining this mosque. It is
affirmed that this raan employed several
Christian labourers to dig a subterraneous
passage from a secret chamber in his house
to the apartraent of the tomb, but that the
night before this work was completed one
of the chief Sherifs, or descendants of the
Prophet, was warned of the sacrilegious plot
by a vision. The Kady, it is said, was like
wise alarmed by a vision that same night,
and fled from Cairo before daybreak.
The great mosque of El-Hdkim is in the
northernmost part of the city, just within
the wall, the Bab-en-Nasr being almost close

The Mosques of el-Kdhira 87
to its eastem angle and the Bab-el-Futiih
as near to its northern angle. It was
founded [in a.d. 990] by the Fatimid Khalifa
El-'Aziz, the son of El-Mo'izz, and completed
in 403 (a.d. ioi 2-1 3) by the founder's son
El-Hakim. The khutba [a sort of ' bidding '
prayer for the sovereign] was, for a while,
recited there instead of in the Azhar. In
702 (1302-3) itwas considerably daraaged by
an earthquake, and the upper part of each
mdd'na fell down. The Erair Bey bars el-
Gashenkir (afterwards Sultan) restored it ;
he rebuUt the raad'nas and repaired the roof.
In the time of el-Makrizy, in the fifteenth
century, this raosque was in a state of ruin ;
portions of the roof were frequently falling,
and no repairs were done to it. It is one
of the largest mosques in Cairo, being about
400 feet square. Its plan is a square court
surrounded by arcades, which are now in a
state of utter ruin. There is a common
thoroughfare through the building, which is
no longer used as a mosque.
In passing along the principal street of
the City, from north to south, one sees many
of the most beautiful mosques of Cairo.
The first of these is the BarkUktya, a

88 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
collegiate mosque, which occupies a part
of the site of the smaller palace of the
Fatimids, of which not a vestige now remains.
This mosque was buUt in 786 (a.d. 1384-5)
by the Sultan Barkiik. It has a handsome
dorae, and a lofty and very elegant rainaret,
nearly resembling those of the sepulchral
mosque of the same Sultan in the eastern
cemetery. The lower part of the mosque
is concealed by a row of shops. The Interior
is sumptuously adorned with inlaid marbles,
and the pavement, coraposed of slabs of
marble, granite, &c., is particularly beautiful.
The Sepulchral and Collegiate mosques
and Hospital of the Sultan Kalaun, which
form but one building, are nearly contiguous
to the Barkiikiya, and are likewise upon a
part of the site of the smaUer palace. They
were buUt by el-Melik el-Mansiir Kalaiin In
683 (a.d. 1284-5). The J/(g<3/"g;« or Sepulchre
was formerly called the Kubbat el-Mansiiriya,
and the mosque el-Medresa el-Mansiiriya.
The hospital is called the Maristan (vulgarly
Murlstan). The chief entrance of these
buUdings fronts the Suk of the Nahhasin. A
passage which passes between the -medfen
and the mosque leads to the Maristan,

The Mosques of el-Kdhira 89
which is behind them, and which has also
a thoroughfare open to the public.
The Medfen, or sepulchral raosque, is on
the right of the raain passage above raen
tioned. It is buUt (Uke the gami', or con
gregational mosque, and hospital) of stone,
and its exterior is coloured red and white In
squares like a draught-board. The outward
appearance of this buUding is altogether very
singular. Several columns along the lower
part sustain as many square pilasters, of
much greater height than the columns, and
these pilasters support arches. Between the
columns and pilasters are windows. An
Arabic inscription composes a frieze along
the front a little above the columns, and
along the top of the building is an orna
mental zigzag parapet. A lofty and very
massive rainaret, having three galleries, runs
from the buUding at the right extremity of
the front. A dome which crowned the tomb-
chamber has been pulled down, and a roof
of wood substituted. The lower part of the
front of the building is concealed by a row
of shops. There are two apartments : the
great charaber with the torab, and a small
court on the opposite side, which was origi-

90 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
nally covered by a dome, but is now open
to the sky. This latter is entered by a side
door from the main passage, and through it
we pass to the tomb. The great charaber
is of a square forra, and has four enormous
monolithic granite columns,^ with Corinthian
capitals, which, together with four very raas
sive piers, support (by means of arches) an
octangular superstructure which originally
sustained the dome,^ but is now roofed over
with wood, though it still rises above the
surrounding part of the chamber. Under
this, in the centre, is the marble tomb,
enclosed within a high raiUng of curiously
carved and turned wood, and surmounted
by a canopy of wood, supported by four
marble pUlars. In this tomb are burled the
Sultan Kalaiin, his son en-Nasir Mohamraad,
^ El-Makrizy says (ii. 183) that these columns, and
those of the contiguous mosque and hospital, as well
as those of a palace in the Citadel, were from the
Castle of er-Roda, to adorn which they had been
brought from ancient temples. See p. 47 above.
2 'Abd-er-Rahman Kikhya (see p. 79) repaired this
building, and pulled down the great dome, with the
intention of rebuilding it, but instead of doing so
made the roof of wood. He also pulled down the
dome which covered the contiguous court.

The Mosques of el-Kdhira 91
and his grandson es-Salih Isma'il. The
arches and other parts of the chamber are
ornamented with devices executed in stucco,
and on the walls and square pillars are
inscriptions from the Koran. The side in
which is the niche, next the street, is adorned
with inlaid marbles of various colours, and
the niche is lined with similar materials, but
in a raore elaborate style, having several
rows of little columns, one above another,
each row divided from the next by a
band of coloured marbles composing intri
cate patterns. The pavement is likewise of
marble of various colours, and is covered
with matting. The roof is of carved
wood, painted and gilt. The windows are
of coloured glass. Certain dresses which
were worn by the princes here buried are
preserved in a wardrobe (as related by el-
Makrizy), and are believed to possess mira
culous virtues. Many sick persons pay a
small sum to the keeper of them to be
allowed to put on a robe and leathern girdle,
after which they depart in the full expecta
tion of being restored to health.
The Gdmi' is also entered by a side door
from the main passage, which divides it from

92 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
the sepulchre. It consists of an uncovered
court with a fountain for ablution in the
centre, and on one side, next the street,
the principal place of worship, open towards
the court. On the opposite side is a smaller
apartment, separated from the court by a
railing, and appropriated to the use of the
convalescent patients of the hospital.
The Mdristdn (hospital) is raore extensive
than the two raosques. The patients, as
well as the lunatics who forraerly were kept
here, have been removed to a superior hos
pital in the Frank part of the town. But
still, on account of its having been the first
hospital buUt in Cairo, it is worthy of descrip
tion. Next behind the sepulchral mosque
are two courts, surrounded by cells for the
mad persons — the men in the first court and
the women in the second. The first of these
(the only one which men were allowed to
see) is of an oblong form, surrounded by
seventeen cells, each about seven or eight
feet square, with a grated window. It was
customary for each visitor to take some
cakes of bread to distribute to the lunatics,
who consequently, when they saw a stranger
enter, made a great clamour ; but many of

The Mosques of el-Kdhira 93
them, when the bread was offered to thera,
would not receive it, or took it and thrcAV
it down, for they were plentifully fed. They
were, however, raost raiserably lodged. They
were chained by the neck to the waH, and
had only straw to sleep upon, and scarcely
any clothing. There is a sraall tank in the
court. In the raidst of the hospital is a larger
court having a colonnade along each side,
and a sraall oratory in the centre. Around
this are the apartments where the sick
were lodged, all on the ground-floor. In
the middle of each side of the court is a
wide and lofty arch, the upper part of which
is closed by boards and the lower part by
curtains. Two of these, opposite each other,
are the entrances of the two principal apart
ments, which are spacious and airy ; the
others are much the reverse. The hospital
is capable of accommodating above a hun
dred sick persons and lunatics. Among the
former were generally many suffering from
ophthalmia. Their food was bread, lentils,
rice and meat. A physician (forraerly a
barber) resided in the hospital. Among the
members of this establishment were, origi-

94 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
nally, several musicians, whose office was to
soothe and amuse the sick by vocal and
instrumental music. ^
The next remarkable raosque that we
see in the principal street is the raedresa,
or collegiate mosque, called the Ashrafiya,
founded [in 1423] by el-Ashraf Bars-Bey,
who reigned between 825 — 841 (a.d, 1422 —
1438). This is one of the most beautiful
of the mosques of Cairo, though not very
large. Part of the interior is open to the
sky and part covered by a vaulted roof, Uke
the arch of a bridge. It contains a school
for the poor chUdren of the neighbourhood.
Criminals are often hanged against a window
of this mosque, but the principal place of
execution is by the Bab-Zuweyla, as I have
before stated.
Not far from the above-mentioned buUd
ing, and on the same side of the street, is
the collegiate mosque called the Ghuriya, at
the southern end of the great market of the
same narae. Opposite, on the other side of
1 There were formerly several other hospitals in
Cairo. El-Makrizy mentions four others. There are
still many houses, called tekiyas, in which old and
infirm people lodge and are maintained.

The Mosques of el-Kdhira 95
the street, is the Medfen, or Sepulchre (as it
is improperly called) of the Sultan el-Ghiiry,
who founded both in 909 (a.d, 1503-4). El-
Ghiiry, however, was not buried in the build
ing which he intended for his tomb. In the
battle near Aleppo with the 'Othraanly army
the forces of Egypt were routed ; el-Ghury
was trampled to death by his own troops,
and was buried, I believe, at Aleppo.
Both the buUdings above raentioned are
handsome, particularly the front of the tomb-
mosque, next which is a sebil, or fountain,
with a school-room above it. The space
between the two mosques being rather wide,
a market is held there, and a roof of wood
extends across the street from the top of
one building to the other.
At the southern end of the principal street
of the City, on the right, is the magnificent
mosque of the Sultdn el-Muayyad. The
houses which originally occupied its site
were pulled down in 818 (a.d. 141 5-1 6), and
the mosque was founded in the following
year. The marble colurans and slabs with
which it is adorned were taken from private
dwelhngs, mosques, and other buUdings, and
its great door, covered with ornamental work

96 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
in brass, and a large brazen lantern in the
interior, were brought frora the mosque of
the Sultan Hasan.^ That part of the great
street which is before this mosque is called
the Sukkariya (the market for sugar and
preserves), the shops of which, on the side
next the mosque, conceal its lower part.
At the right extremity of the front is the
great door, in a lofty recess or porch, which
is of greater height than the main part of
the buUding, and constructed of alternate
courses of black and white marble. Before
it is a raised platform paved with coloured
marbles, with steps leading up to it on either
side. The rest of the front is of the cal
careous stone of Mount Mukattam, and the
alternate courses are coloured red. At the
left extremity of the front Is the Bab-Zuweyla,
with the two lofty and beautiful minarets.
There is another mad'na at the northern
most angle of the raosque, which was much
Injured by the shock of an earthquake in
1847. There Is also a door at that angle,
and another at the western angle. The plan
of this building is simUar to that of most
1 M., ii. 329.

Thc Mosques of el-Kdhira 97
of the great mosques of Cairo ; that is, a
large square court surrounded by porticos.
In the centre of the court is the tank for
ablution, shaded by a roof of wood, which
is supported by eight marble columns. The
columns of the porticos and the pavements
of the same are likewise of marble. The
portico on the side towards Mecca has three
rows of columns ; those on the other three
sides have only two. The spaces between
the columns of the front row on each side
of the court, except the side opposite the
principal portico, are closed to half the
height of the columns by partitions of wood,
of which every alternate partition has a
door. The great portico is particularly hand
some. Its wall is adorned with slabs of
coloured marbles, and the niche is richly
and tastefully lined with similar materials.
The pulpit, to the right of the niche, is
of wood beautifully carved. Opposite the
niche, but in the front aisle, hangs the
brazen lantern, surrounded by small glass
lamps. The roof is of carved wood, painted
and gUt. At the left extreraity of this portico,
near the grand entrance of the raosque, is
the tomb of the royal founder and of his son
H

98 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
Ibrahim, in a square hall under the great
dorae. Others of the Sultan's family are
buried in a hall at the other extremity of the
great portico.
This fine buUding is not kept in good
order, as, according to the Nazir (or warden),
the funds were insufficient.

CHAPTER VII
THE MOSQUES' OUTSIDE ' THE CITY '
The great mosque of the Sultdn Hasan is
reraarkable, not only for having the loftiest
rainaret and waHs of any mosque in Cairo,
but also for its architectural beauty. It Is
both a collegiate and a sepulchral mosque,
and was founded by the Sultan Hasan in 757
(a.d. 1356). The Sultan purposed buUding
four rainarets, three of which were finished ;
but one of these, which was over the entrance,
feU down, and about 300 poor children in an
adjoining school were crushed to death under
the ruins. The other two mdd'nas remain
in the present day. The fall of the mdd'na
which was over the entrance was considered
ominous, and it happened that thirty-three
days afterwards the Sultan was killed [1361].
This raosque, being opposite the Citadel
H 2

IOO Coiiro Fifty Years Ago
and very near to it, was often pnade us?
of as a battery ; for when there was any
disturbance in the state, the disaffected
Emirs would ascend to the roof, and thence
direct their missiles into the Citadel. In con
sequence of this, the Sultan Barkiik caused
th6 stairs of the two m^d'n^s leading to the
roof to be broken down, as well as the
apartments of the doctors, and also destroyed
the platform before the entrance and the
steps that led up to it, closed the great
door, and converted one of the windows
into a door. The mueddins being unable
therefore to ascend to the galleries of the
mad'nas, chanted the call to prayer upon
the steps leading up to this new door.
These dilapidations and alterations were made
in the year 793 [1391]. The great brazen
door and a lantern of brass which was in the
interior were sold to the Sultan el-Muayyad,
who appropriated them to his own mosque,
as before related. In the year 825 the
platfprm and thp stairs were rebuilt, and the
call to prayer was again raade frora the two
minarets. This noble building stands on an irregular
rocky acclivity. Its principal front, which

The Mosques outside ' the City ' loi
is on the highest part of its site, faCes the
great gate of the Citadel, and is seen to
great advantage from the intervening Square.
What we raost adraire in this aspect of the
building, besides the general raagnitude of
the sumptuous pile, are its lofty raad'nas
(the taller is nearly three hundred feet in
height from the ground). Its large dome, and
the bold cornice which cfowns the waUs.
The grand entrance is next the Market of
Arras, and reserables that of el-Muayyad,
but is more richly ornamented. Its front is
not in the sarae plane with the rest of the
side of the building, nor In a parallel plane,
but inclines outwards, as if to agree with
the curve of the street, and there is rauch
irregularity in the plan of other parts of the
mosque. By long and obscure passages we enter
a square court paved with coloured marbles.
In the centre is the meydad, or tank for
ablution, over which is a cupola of plastered
brick, supported by eight raarble columns.
Near this is the hanafiya, a smaller, octagonal
cistern, with spouts round it, and likewise
crowned by a cupola. This is for the use
of the sect of the Hanafis, as they must

I02 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
perform the ablution with running water.
On each side of the court is a hall [or deep
recess], arched over, and open in front.
That which is opposite the entrance Is the
largest, and, being in the direction of Mecca,
is the place of prayer. The arched roof,
which is about seventy feet in width, is of
brick, and plastered, as are also the others,
and from it are suspended a vast number
of small glass lamps, and two large lanterns
of brass, one considerably larger than the
other, both surrounded by glass lamps.
Around the three sides of this great hall
is an inscription from the Koran in large
Kufic characters. The lower part of the
end wall, and its niche, to the right of
which stands the pulpit, are faced with
marbles of various colours. Imraediately
beyond is the torab-charaber, having two
entrances, the door of each covered with
fretwork of bronze very beautifully executed.
The tomb, which is of white marble, is in
the centre, surrounded by a raUing of wood.
The walls of this apartment were richly
adorned with coloured marbles, to the height
of about twenty-five feet, but many of the
slabs have been broken down. Around it,

The Mosques outside ' the City' 103
above the marble casing, is inscribed the
Throne Verse,^ in large letters of wood, gilt,
upon a light blue ground. The windows
are of coloured glass. The chamber is sur
mounted by the great dome, constructed of
brick, and supported partly by woodwork,
which consists of several series of arches,
filling up the upper part of each angle of
the chamber so as to alter the form by
degrees from a square to a circle, and
beautifully carved, painted, and gUt.
In the southern part of Cairo is the
mosque of Ibn-Tulu-n (at the present day
generally called Gdmi' TeylUn), one of the
most noble and interesting monuments of
Arabian architecture now remaining, and the
only one in Egypt anterior to the times of
the Fatimids which has not undergone great
alterations in later ages. Of the many
edifices that adorned the magnificent though
small town of el-Katai' this is the only one
remaining. Though now included within the
modem metropolis of Egypt, it was built
nearly a century before the foundation of
el-Kahira. ' The 256th verse of the 2nd chapter of the Koran.

104 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
The following is an abstract of el-Ma
krizy's history of this buUding : —
The site of this mosque is called Gebel
Yeshkur [a flat-topped, rocky eminence].
It Is celebrated as a spot where prayer
is specially answered, and it is said that
Moses (on whom be peace !) held converse
here with his Lord. Ibn-Tiiliin founded
this edifice after the building of el-Katai' in
263 [a.d. 876-7], and defrayed the expenses
with a treasure which he found upon Mount
Mukattam. He originally wanted three hun
dred columns for this buUding, and was told
that they could not be procured, unless he
would take them from the numerous churches
in the country, which he declined doing,
though he was at a loss to contrive other
mean.s. This being told to his chief archi
tect, a Christian [Copt], who had incurred
his displeasure and was then in prison, this
man wrote to the Prince, Informing him that
he would undertake to build a mosque of the
desired size without any columns,* excepting
the two columns of the niche ; the Prince
1 From this we may infer that piers had not before
been used instead of columns in the construction of
mosques.

The Mosques outside ' the City ' 105
therefore ordered that he should be brought
before him. He came in a pitiful plight,
his hair having grown so that it hung over
his face. ' Woe to thee ! ' said the Prince.
'What is this that thou sayest respecting
the buUding of the mosque ? ' 'I will draw
the plan to the Prince,' replied the Christian,
¦ that he may see it with his eyes, without
any columns but the two columns of the
niche.' So they brought him skins, upon
which he drew the plan. The Prince
approved of it, ordered that the Christian
should be set at liberty, clothed him [with
a robe of honour], and gave him 100,000
dinars [about 65,000/.] to expend in the
prosecution of his undertaking, which he
commenced without delay, and successfully'
completed. Lamps were hung in the mosque
by chains, mats were spread upon the pave
ment, the chests with the mus-hafs [copies
of the Koran] were brought there, and the
readers and doctors established themselves
in the places allotted to thera. The Chris
tian was rewarded with 10,000 dinars, and
handsoraely maintained until he died. . . It
is further stated that this mosque was built
because the mosque of el-'Askar was not

io6 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
sufficiently large to contain conveniently the
nuraerous soldiers and slaves of the Prince
on the Friday. Ibn-Tiiliin desired that his
new raosque should be a structure of such
a kind that if the town were burnt it should
remain uninjured ; he was therefore advised
to construct it with mortar and cinders,
and with red brick, well burnt, and not to
raake use of raarble colurans, because they
would not withstand fire. . . In the centre
of the sahn [or court of the mosque] was
[afterwards] raade a marble basin, and over
it a painted dome supported by marble
colurans. This was destroyed by fire in the
year 379, and restored In 385 [995] by order
of the Khalifa el-'Aziz, son of el-Mo'Izz. . .
At the time of the great famine, in the reign
of el-Mustansir, when el-Katai' and el-'Askar
fell to decay, the houses around this mosque,
and the greater part of the raosque itself,
experienced the sarae fate ; and the Magh-
raby pilgriras sojourned there, with their
camels and merchandise, on their way to and
from Mecca : but since that time it has been
repaired on several occasions.^
1 M., ii. 265-9.

The Mosques outside ' the City ' 107
Its exterior is plain. It is surrounded on
three sides by a high wall, about fifty or
sixty feet distant, which, as well as the walls
of the mosque itself, is surmounted by a rich
kind of crown-work. The space which this
buUding occupies is about 400 feet square.
It encloses a spacious court, in the centre
of which is a massive building, surraounted
by a dome of plastered brick. The lower
part is of stone, of which the alternate
courses are coloured red. This buUding con
tains the tank for ablution. The court is
surrounded by arcades. On the side towards
Mecca are five rows of arches supported by
piers ; on each of the other three sides only
two rows. Both the arches and their piers
are of brick covered with plaster. The
former are pointed. The angles of the piers
are each rounded in the form of an engaged
column, with a capital. The ornaments of
the arches, and those which surround the
windows, &c., are all of plaster. The win
dows (of which there is a row along the
upper part of each side of the buUding) are
of stone, with apertures which compose intri
cate and curious pattems, without any glass.
Each has a pointed-arched top. Above the

io8 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
windows, next the roof. Is an Inscription
from the Koran, carved in wood, in the
old Kufic character, along each side of the
mosque. The roof is of wood, and is now
in a very ruinous state, several portions of
it having fallen down. The arCades on the
side towards Mecca Constitute the principal
place of worship, in which mats are therefore
spread.* This part is separated from the
rest of the mosque, having a partition of
wood across each archway along the front
next the court, and also at each end. These
partitions are nearly the height of the piers,
and some of them have doorS. The pulpit
is of wood, richly and curiously carved. At
each angle of this side of the buUding is a
small mad'na, from one of which we obtain
a good view of the mosque. It is, however,
dangerous to walk over the decayed terraces
from the great mad'na to this, a distance of
about 600 feet. The great mad'na, which
has a winding staircase around it, and is
constructed of stone, is on the north-western
side, and not otherwise connected with the
1 Few of the mats are kept clean enough for persons
to pray upon them, as the mosque is now but little
frequented and greatly in want of repair.

The Mosques outside ' the City ' 109
mosque than by an arch, over which is a way
to the terraces above the arcades.
This mosque contains the oldest pointed
arches of which the date (a.d.. 876-7) can
be satisfactorily established, older by raore
than two centuries than any that we have in
England, The great arches are but slightly
pointed ; those of the windows of the exterior
waUs and those between the great arches
are less obtuse. They are all constructed
of brick and covered with plaster, as is the
whole of the mosque, with the exception
of the buUding In the centre and the great
mad'na. There are in the Mikyas (or NUor
meter) of the island of er-Roda sorae pointed
arches which, in all probability, are about
twelve years older than those of the above
mosque, thqugh they cannot be so clearly
proved to be of that age. We may fairly
infer that they were built by the same
architect. Near the mosque of Tiiliin is an old castle
or palace caHed Kal'at el-Kebsh, or the Castle
of the Ram, situated upon a rocky elevation.
Some of the people of Cairo pretend that
this was built by one of the Pharaohs, but
el-Makrizy, who calls this building Mendzir

I IO Cairo Fifty Years Ago
el-Kebsh, or the ' Belvederes of the Ram,'*
asserts that It was built by el-Melik es-SaUh
Negm-ed-din Ayyiib, about three or four or
more years after 640 [i.e. about a.d. 1245].
' After the time of el-Melik es-Sallh it con
tinued to be one of the royal residences.
Here dwelt the 'Abbasid Khalifa el- Hakim,
when, having come from Baghdad to the
Citadel [of el-Kahira], he was installed by el-
Melik ez-Zahir Beybars. In 723 [1323] Mo
hamraad ibn Kalaiin pulled down and rebuUt
the Menazir, and raade a conduit to supply
water to the building, and added raany apart
ments and a stable. He also celebrated
there the nuptials of his daughter. . . After
wards, the Emir Suyurghatraish [who died
in 759] dwelt there, and built the gate which
reraains in the present day, and the two
[round-fronted] towers which are on either
side of the gate. . . El-MeUk el-Ashraf Sha'
ban caused this building to be [partly] puHed
down, and it reraained a ruin without in
habitants untU the year 775 [1373-4J, when
people buUt houses in it ; and in that state
it reraains in the present day.'
1 M., ii. 133.

The Mosques outside ' the City ' 1 1 1
Its principal front is on the north, towards
a wide street, and is very lofty, and con
structed of massive stones, which give it an
appearance of gre'at antiquity ; and as it is
for the most part buUt against the perpen
dicular face of the rock, it has no windows
but those of modern habitations which have
been constructed upon the top. The great
doorway, which is walled up, is between two
half-round projections, and to the left of
this is a simUar projection, but not so high,
with a flat top, which is caHed the Mas
tabat Far'un or Kursy Far'un (the Seat of
Pharaoh). To this high throne Pharaoh is
said to have ascended by a ladder, of which
the steps were alternately of silver and gold,
and from thence to have addressed his people.
This tradition, absurd as it is, inclines me to
believe that there was an ancient building on
the same spot, and that the massive front
above described raay be in part a relic of
such an edifice. The interior is occupied by
modern houses, composing a distinct quarter,
which is entered from the east. At the left
extremity of the principal front is a deserted
mosque. Its entrance is waHed up ; and
under a flight of steps leading up to it is

112 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
a wide niche or recess, in which was a beautiful
sarcophagus that was carried away by the
French, and is now in the British Museum.
The sepulchral mosque of the Seyda Zey
neb, or Sitta Zeytieb, daughter of 'Aly, in the
south-western quarter of the town, near the
canal, is one which is rauch revered on
account of the sanctity of the lady buried
there. This mosque, though not very large,
is much ornaraented, and kept in very good
order. It was rebuilt in 1174 (a.d, 1760-61)
by 'Abd-er-Rahman Kikhya. It was after
wards pulled down (whether entirely, or only
in part, I do not know) and rebuUt by the
Mamliik 'Othman Bey et-Tambiirgy, and was
finally repaired and enlarged by the Grand
Vezir, after the expulsion of the French from
Egypt. The tomb is in a dark, closed
apartment. Visitors repeat the Fatiha in
the passage, standing before a brass-grated
window of this apartment, through which
they have a faint view of the railing which
surrounds the tomb. The place of worship
is spacious and handsorae, the side towards
Mecca richly adorned with inlaid raarbles
of various colours. It is separated from the
rest of the building by a high screen.

The Mosques outside ' the City ' 113
In a small suburb at the southern extremity
of the metropolis is the sepulchral mosque
of the Seyda Nefisa, the great-great-grand
daughter of 'Aly and of Fatima the daughter
of the Prophet. The Seyda Nefisa was
highly revered for her piety, and the visiting
her tomb is considered a meritorious act.
The mosque occupies the site of her house.
Like that just before mentioned, it was re
built by 'Abd-er-Rahman Kikhya. From the
place of worship we descend a flight of steps
into a side apartment, carpeted, and furnished
with a diwan. In a recess in this apartment
is the tomb, surrounded by a raiUng of wood
inlaid with mother-of-pearl.
The sepulchral mosque of the Seyda Sekina,
daughter of the raartyr Hoseyn, is also in
the southern part of the capital. This is a
sraall, plain building, and the niche is in a
corner, as there is no side facing Mecca.
The torab, Hke that of the Seyda Zeyneb,
is in a dark, closed apartment with brass-
grated windows.
There are several raosques of less celebrity
which are very worthy of exaraination, such
as that of el-Mdriddny, a large and hand
some buUding founded in 738 (a.d. 1337-8); I

114 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
the mosque of Sheykhu, buUt [in 1355] inthe
same period as that of the Sultan Hasan ;
and the mosque of Iskender, which has four
fine granite columns and a mj^rble pulpit,
and was built by Iskender Pasha, who began
to govern In 963 (a.d. 1556).
The sebils, or public fountains, are raostly
built upon nearly the same plan. The front
is semicircular in form, having three windows
with brass gratings. Within, beneath each
window, is a trough, which is fiHed with
water from a Urge cistern. A person who
would drink thrusts his hand through one
of the apertures, and fills a brass mug, which
is fastened by a chain to one of the bars.
Three or raore steps lead up to the windows.
There is a wide wooden coping, or cornice,
above the windows, and above this coping is
a public sohoolTroom, similar to those of the
mosques, but having a projecting front, like
the lower part of the buUding, with pillars
and arches of stone or wood, or of both, and
a low railing. At the top is a wide coping,
as below.
Sorae of these fountains are very hand
sorae, being partly cased with black and
white marble alternately, and, in the wooden

The Mosques outside ' the City ' 115
parts, tastefuUy painted. Some sebils have
two small pipes of brass projecting, each
about an inch, from a marble slab which
is inserted in the front of the buUding. The
interior extremity of each of these pipes
tums downwards, and dips into a trough ;
so that a person sucking at the other end
draws the water into his mouth. There
are many small sebils which have only this
apparatus. The cisterns of the sebils are
filled once in the year, during the season
of the inundation, from the canal, which is
then quite fuU. Any person may take a
draught of water to quench his thirst at any
season of the year from the public fountain ;
and during the latter part of June and the
first two or three days of July the people are
allowed to fill their water-skins or pitchers at
the sebil ; and none need pay for this but
those who can weU afford to do so, for
during the first fifteen days after the com
mencement of the rising of the Nile, the
water of the river, which is then very turbid,
is considered unwholesome.
The public fountains of Cairo are very
numerous, and almost every one has a school
attached to it. Some sebils buUt in the time
I 2

1 1 5 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
of the Mamliiks are particularly handsome ;
those erected in the present century are
often sumptuous, but not so elegant, I may
also here remark that the art of architecture
has much declined since the commencement
of the present century ; for in the latter part
of the last century some mosques were
erected or repaired in as good style as any
built before that time; but since the Turkish
style has become fashionable the beautiful
Arab style has fallen into disuse. None
of the architects of Cairo, except perhaps
some very old men, could construct edifices
in the old style.

CHAPTER VIII
THE CITIES OF THE DEAD
El-Gebel el-Mukattam, or Mount Mukattam,*
the mountain which raises itself behind
Cairo and its Citadel, is composed of a light
1 El-Makrizy (i. 124) and other Arab historians assert
that this mountain, in the opinion of some, derives its
name from its being destitute of trees or other plants,
mukattam signifying ' cut ' or ' cropt ' ; for some say that
it was once covered with trees, which were miraculously
transferred to the mountain of Jerusalem ! They also
affirm that Musa (Moses) prayed there, and that
every tree of the mountain bowed when he did the
same; and that he prayed and held converse with
his Lord at the place where the quarries are now.
Hence this mountain is regarded with particular
veneration, and the tract along its base has therefore
been chosen as the burial-place of the Muslims of the
metropolis. Others say that it is called Gebel el-
Mukattam (that is, without the article el before the
first word), and that this name is derived from

1 1 8 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
yellowish, calcareous rock, fuH of, and some
times almost wholly made up of, testaceous
fossils, chiefly nummulites. A strong fort has
been constructed by Mohammad 'Aly upon the
flat top of the mountain. We ascend to this
fort by a steep causeway upon narrow and
lofty arches. There is also upon the moun
tain a small, half-ruined mosque, not far from
the fort, to the garrison of which it serves as
a place of worship. In the western face of
the mountain are many ancient grottoes, of
small dimensions, and not easily accessible.
They were originally sepulchres, but would
appear to have been, at some period, the
residences of hermits or persecuted Chris
tians. A little way up the northern side is
the ruin of a small building, which was sur
mounted by a cupola, and called, on account
of its airy situation, Kubbat el-Hawd, or the
Cupola of the Air.
A considerable tract on the north of Cairo
is occupied by gardens, surrounded by low,
Mukattam the son of Misr or Misraim (though some
say that no such person ever existed) ; or from a
philosopher called Mukeytam, who lived in the time
of Misraim, and who prosecuted the study of chemistry
(or rather alchemy) upon this mountain.

The Cities of the Dead 1 1 9
rude walls of stone. They abound in
palm-trees, bananas, prickly-pears, pome
granates, oranges, citrons, limes, &c., all
planted without any order. In the sarae
quarter is the great ruined mosque of ez-
Zdhir .Beybars, the Mamliik Sultan, founded
in 665 (1268). It occupies about the same
space as that of eKHakim, and its plan is
also simUar, a square building enclosing a
court. The French used it as a fort. There
are also several lakes on the north of the
metropolis. In one of these (called Birket
er-Ratly^) many lotus-plants are seen in
blossom in the month of September. The
lake at that season is quite full ; soon after
wards it dries up, and the ground is then
sown with corn. The water flows into the
bed of this lake from the western canal,
during the season of the inundation. Oppo
site the great gate called Bab-en-Nasr is a
spacious cemetery, in a desert spot. It
contains no very handsome tombs. They
are mostly whitewashed. Some are deco
rated with red and green paint. Among
1 ' The lake of the maker of pound-weights ;' so
called because there formerly lived by it a man who
made iron ratls, or pound-weights. (El-Makrizy.)

I20 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
them is that of the traveUer Burckhardt.
The remains of el-Makrizy also lie in this
burial-ground. The great Eastern Ceraetery [erroneously
caHed ' the Torabs of the Caliphs ' by
travellers] is situated in the sandy and
desert plain between Cairo and Mount
Mukattam, and reaches far Into the desert
in a northerly direction. This Is more re
markable than the Southern Ceraetery, as
it contains the torabs of raany Mamliik
Sultans. Sorae of these royal sepulchres fully equal
the finest raosques of Cairo, especially those
of the Sultans Barkiik and Kait-Bey. The
ceraetery itself, or rather the central part of
it, is commonly caHed ' Kait-Bey.' The
sepulchral mosque of the Sultdn Barkuk is
a very large and noble structure. It was
built by his son and successor Farag, who
began to reign in 8oi (a.d. 1398-9). The
principal entrance is on the northemraost
side, near the angle of the front, beside
which is a sebil, or public fountain (at the
angle of the building), with a school-room
above it. The space which the buUding
occupies is a square of about 200 feet or

The Cities of the Dead 1 2 1
more in width. It contains a large court,
with a fountain for ablutions in the centre.
The court is surrounded by arcades, the
arches of which are supported by pillars or
piers of an octagonal form. On the side
towards Mecca are three rows of these pUlars.
The pulpit is of stone, very tastefully sculp
tured. At each angle of this side of the
buUding is a large square haH, surmounted
by a square dome of stone. Both of these
correspond in size and in decorations ; their
walls are ornamented with inscriptions from
the Koran, and with inlaid coloured marbles
around the lower part, and each contains
two torabs. In that on the left is the tomb
of the Sultan, of white marble adorned with
inscriptions ; the other tombs are those of
three Sheykhs, or devout men, who were
buried there before the mosque was built, and
near whose remains Barkiik desired that his
own body should be interred. Part of the
northernmost side of the building consists of
apartments for poor persons and travellers,
and upper apartments for women. Many
poor persons lodge there, and receive alms
from those who visit the mosque. There are
two beautiful minarets, but the upper part of

1 2 2 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
the southern one fell in the shock of an
earthquake in 18471
The sepulchral raosque of Kdtt-Bey,
though not on so grand a scale as that of
Barkiik, is extremely beautiful. It is con
structed of stone, the alternate courses
coloured redi The richness and elegance of
its rainaret and dorae are particillarly remark*
able. The Sultan Kait-'Bey (a.d. 1468 — 96)
built this mosque and a number of alms
houses adjacent to it. On the left of the
entrance Is a sebil, with a school'»room above
it. A grand hall, the place of worship,
occupies the main part of the buUding. We
pass through this to the apartment of the
tomb, which is of a square forra and very
lofty, surmounted by the gi'eat dome. In the
centre of the Mecca side is a niche, before
which is the torab, surrounded in front and
on the right and left by a railing of wood,
which unites with the wall. There are two
blocks of granite which bear the supposed
footmarks of the Prophet, one on each side
of the screen.
In the neighbourhood of this mosque are
many alms-houses besides those buUt by
Kait-Bey, and a great number of persons

The Cities of the Dead 12

o

reside in them. In the tract extending
towards the Citadel the tombs are very near
together. This district of the burial=ground
is called the cemetery of the Mugdwirln,
from its having been chosen aS the principal
place of burial for the students of the Azhar^
Several roads traverse it, the tombs forming
streets in this City of the Dead. All is
desert ; not a spot of verdure is seen in any
part ; and, except near the mosque of Kait-
Bey, we meet scarcely any persons here, save
on the Friday morning, when the tombs are
visited by the relations and friends of the
dead. Then many women are seen, carry
ing each a palm-branch, which is placed
upon the tomb or stuck upright upon it or
beside it. Tents are sometimes pitched for
the women. On these occasions also com
panies of darwishes repair to the tombs of
some of their fraternity, and, surrounding the
monument, repeat, untU they are exhausted,
La illdha ilia 'lldh (There is no deity but
God) and simUar phrases, keeping time with
each other, and accompanying each accented
syllable with a motion of the head and body.
Every person on visiting a tomb recites the
opening chapter of the Koran,

12 4 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
On the south of Cairo is another spacious
cemetery, called el-Kardfa. This does not
contain such grand sepulchral mosques as
the eastern cemetery, but it is even more
extensive, and many of its tombs are very
sumptuously adorned. This cemetery also
is in a desert tract, and intersected by several
roads. Many of the Beys of the Mamliiks
are burled here. The general style of such
a tomb may be thus described. Over the
vault is a square or oblong structure of
masonry, about three or four feet high.
Upon this is an oblong raarble tomb, with
inscriptions and ornamental sculptures, which
are sometimes gilt or painted ; and at the
head and foot is an upright stela of marble :
the former of these (that at the head)* also
has an inscription, and at the top a carved
turban or skull-cap. (A flat, spreading,
circular top to the stela marks the tomb of
a female.) The tomb is surmounted by a
cupola, or pyramidal roof, with marble
columns. The tomb of an ordinary person
is not surmounted by a cupola, and is con-

^ The corpse is placed with the right side towards
Mecca, and the face is turned in that direction.

The Cities of the Dead 125
structed of the coramon stone of the neigh
bouring mountain. A small, plain, square
buUding, covered by a whitewashed dome,
generally encloses the tomb of a Sheykh
renowned for piety. Many a wealthy person
purchases a plot of ground for the burial-
place of himself and his family, and surrounds
it with a wall, within which he erects a small
house, for the convenience of those who visit
the family torabs. Sorae of these private
enclosures (which are very numerous in the
Karafa) contain gardens, or a few trees,
which have a very pretty appearance in the
midst of tombs and desert. The southern
part of the Karafa is called the cemetery of
the Imam, because it contains the tomb of
the celebrated Imdm esh-Shdfi'y (who died
in 819 A,D.), the founder of the sect of the
Shafi'is, to which most of the Cairenes
belong. A small raosque was originally built
over his tomb ; but it was pulled down,
and rebuUt on a larger scale, in 366 (a.d,
976-7), soon after the foundation of el-Kahira.
This second edifice was burned when el-
Fustat was set on fire, in 564 (a,d. 1108-9),
and nothing remained of it but its niche.
Shortly afterwards it was again rebuilt. It

126 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
is an undecorated, whitewashed building, sur
mounted by a large dome cased with lead.
This was repaired and recased by 'Aly Bey,
the famous Mamliik chief, who died in the
year 1773, and Is buried in the Karafa.
Above the dome (just beneath the crescent) is
the model of a boat, which appears like a vane.
This Is fiHed once a year, on the birthday of
the Imam, In the month of Sha'ban, with an
ardebb (or five bushels) of wheat, which Is
left to be eaten by the birds. Close to this
building, on the north side, Is a low structure
containing the tombs of Mohammad 'Aly's
family. His first wife, and their sons Tiisiin
Pasha and Isma'il Pasha, and many other
members of his faraily lie here, under hand
sorae raarble tombs gaudily adorned with
gilding and painting.
In the southern part of the Karafa, not
far beyond the tomb of the Imam, Is a wide,
shallow pit, with a pool within it, which Is
called 'hyn es-Slra, ' The spring of abiding
water,' whither diseased persons resort to
bathe their lirabs and drink the water, which
they say, restores them to health ; and they
attribute this miracle to the proximity of the
tomb of the Imam. The water is said to be

The Cities of the Dead 127
brackish, and remains at the sarne height, or
nearly so, throughout the year.
In the tract between the Karafa and the
raountain are many pits, generally from about
five to ten feet square, cut in the rock. They
are doubtless descents to catacombs in
which mummies were deposited. Some of
thera are very deep, but all are raore or less
filled with stones and sand. They show that
this tract was the burial-place of Egyptian
Babylon, which was W.S.W. by the river.

CHAPTER IX
The island of er"Roda
In the western environs of Cairo are many
gardens and some lakes. Here formeriy
were lofty mounds of rubbish, which kept good
air from the town and intercepted the view.
All the animals that die in Cairo are cast
out upon the mounds of rubbish, where they
are quickly devoured by vultures, kites, and
dogs. On the bank of the river, a mUe to
the south of Biilak, are the palace of Ibra
him Pasha and that of his harim, large
white buildings with glass windows, in the
usual style of Turkish palaces in Egypt. A
Uttle to the south of these, and like them
by the river, is the Kasr el-'Eyny, an exten
sive square building surrounding a court.
It was formerly a palace, now it isa medical
coHege. It takes its name from el-'Eyny, a

The Island of er- Rdda 129
celebrated learned man, .the site of whose
mansion it occupies. To the south of this
building is a small convent of darwishes,
picturesquely placed by the river, and half
concealed by foliage. It is called Tekiya el-
Bektdshlya, and was originally destined for
Persian darwishes. Proceeding still in the
same direction, by the bank of the river, we
arrive at the entrance of the Khalig, or
Canal of Cairo,* which is here crossed by a
bridge. 1 See above, p. 73. ' It was known,' says el-Makrizy
(ii. 130), ' in the beginning of el-Islam, by the name
of Khalig Emir-el- Muminln, ' the Canal of the Prince
ofthe Faithful,' and the common people call it in the
present day el-Khallg el-Hakimy, and Khalig el-Lulua.
It is an ancient canal, and was originally dug by order
of Tutis [or Titus] the son of Maliya, one of the kings
of Egypt, who dwelt in the city of Memphis. It was
he in whose time Abraham — the blessings of God be
upon him ! — came into Egypt ; and he it was who
took from him his wife Sarah and Hagar the mother
of Ishmael — the blessings of God be upon him ! And
when Abraham expelled Hagar and her son to Mecca,
she sent to Tiitis informing him that she was in a
barren place and begging for succour : so he ordered
that this canal should be dug, and sent to her vessels
laden with corn and other provisions to Jidda, and
gave life to the people of the Hijaz. Afterwards, K

1 30 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
A little to the south of the entrance of
the canal Is the Aqueduct {el-Megra), by
which the Citadel Is supplied with Nile water.
It commences from an hexagonal building,
about 60 or 70 feet in height, called the
Seba' Sawdky (or Seven Sakiyas), though it
contains but six of those machines, which
raise the water to the top of the aqueduct.
The whole length of this fabric, from this
Andaruyaniis, who is known by the name of Adrian,
one of the kings of the Romans after Alexander the
son of Philip the Macedonian, remade this canal, and
vessels passed along it again : and this was before the
Flight of the Prophet above 400 years. Again, 'Amr
ibn el-'Asy — may God be well pleased with him ! — re
made [or cleared out again] this same canal, when he
conquered Egypt and its capital, and he expended six
months in the prosecution of this work. Vessels then
navigated it again, to transport provisions to the Hijaz,
and it received the name of Khalig Emir-el-Muminin,
that is, [the canal] of 'Omar ibn el-Khattab — may God
be well pleased with him ! It was he who ordered the
work. Vessels continued to navigate it from Fustat
Masr to el Kulzum, which was on the coast of the
Eastern Sea [the Red Sea], near the place which is
known in the present day by the name of es-Suweys
[Suez] ; and the water of the Nile flowed into that
sea at the city of el-Kulzum until the Khalifa el-
Mansur stopped up the canal, in 105 [a.d. 723-4], and
it became as it is in the present day.'

The Island of er- Rdda 131
buUdIng to the Citadel, is about two mUes.
The channel is supported by narrow stone
arches, gradually decreasing in height, the
ground slightly ascending towards the Citadel.
Near the end of its course, the water passes
through a channel underground into a well
in the Citadel. Both the sakiyas and the
Megra or Aqueduct (as I learn from
el-Ishaky's history), were buUt by el-
Ghiiry, and therefore in the beginning of
the I oth century after the Flight (or the
1 6th of our era).* I am informed that the
old aqueduct was of wood ; and, as it needed
frequent repairs, el-Ghiiry puHed it down,
and built a new one of stone.
1 El-Makrizy, who lived before el-Ghiiry, writes : —
' All the water in the Citadel is from the Nile, and is
raised from place to place, so that it flows to every
part where it is wanted in the Citadel. The kings
have taken great pains in the construction of hydraulic
machines to convey the water from the Nile to the
Cidadel. El-Melik en-Nasir Mohammad ibn Kalaun
constructed, in the year 712, four water-wheels by the
river Nile, by means of which the water was conveyed
as far as the wall of the metropolis, and from thence
to the Citadel. . . The Emir Yelbugha es-Salimy, in
theyear 812, repaired the aqueduct which conveys the
water in the present day.'
K 2

132 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
To the south of the aqueduct is the town
of Masr el-'Atika, stretching along the bank
of the Nile to the length of rather raore than
a mUe ; the principal houses are towards the
Nile and the island of er-Roda. Gezirat
er-Roda (the Island of the Garden), so
called from its plantations and its high state
of cultivation, is about a mUe and three
quarters in length and a third of a mile In
breadth. The branch of the river between
it and Masr el-'Atika is very narrow, and
when the Nile has been at the lowest has
sometiraes become quite dry. Er-Roda
was anciently surrounded by a wall with
towers, which 'Amr ibn el-'Asy partly de
stroyed when he took this island from the
troops of the Roraan governor, who had
retired hither frora the Kasr esh-Shema'.*
During the early ages of el-Islam there was
a bridge of boats frora el-Fustat to the
1 On one side of the island, at the part opposite el-
Giza, are considerable remains of a massive wall with
round towers, built of brick, with several layers of
stone, exactly similar in construction to the walls of
the Kasr esh-Shema' and those of Nicopolis near
Alexandria, both of which are known to be the work
of the Romans.

The Island of er-Roda 133
island, and from the island to el-Giza. In
97 (a.d. 715-16) Usama Ibn Zeyd buUt the
first Mikyas (or Niloraeter) of er-Roda on
the same plan as the present one. In 263
(a.d. 876-7) Ibn Tiiliin built a fortress upon
the island as a place of security for his
treasures and women, being threatened with
an invasion by an army of the Khalifa of
Baghdad, of whom he had rendered himself
independent ; but this building was, by
degrees, undermined and washed down by
the river. He also made there a Sind' a or
dockyard. The Khalifa el-Amir built upon
the island a strange kind of pavilion, or
pleasure-house, called the Hodag (camel
howdah), for a wife to whora he was ardently
attached, and who was an Arab girl of the
Desert, to huraour her fancy for her former
mode of life. Under the Fatimids er-Roda
had becorae extremely populous ; it contained
a considerable town, with numerous raosques.
It was subsequently adorned with many fine
buUdings, particularly the palace of Negm-
ed-din, which was called the Castle of er-
Roda, and which was contiguous to the
NUometer, Er-Roda now contains several
pleasure-houses belonging to Pashas and other

134 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
wealthy Turks of the metropolis. The garden
of Ibrahim Pasha occupies about one half of
the island ; it is beautifully laid out In the
English style under the superintendence of
Mr. TraU, a Scotch horticulturist. At its
southern extremity is the Mikyds, with other
buildings contiguous to it.
The first Mikyas of er-Roda, built by
Usama, was washed down by the river, or,
as some say, was puHed down by order of
the Khalifa el-Mamiin, who founded a new
one about the beginning of the third century
after the Flight (a.d. 815); but it was not
finished by him, but under the Khalifa el-
Mutawekkil, in 247 (a.d. 861), and it received
the name of the ' New Mikyas,' ' This Is
the buUding now existing,' says el-I shaky in
his history, which he has brought down to
the year 1032 [a.d. 1622]. In 259, Ibn-
Tiiliin went to inspect the Mikyas, and gave
orders for repairing it, which was done ; 1000
dinars (about 650/.) were expended upon it.
He also built, in the dockyard of the island,
another Mikyas, which was soon after de
stroyed. The Khalifa el-Mustansir is said
to have caused some trifling repairs to be
done to the NUometer when he buUt the

The Island of er-Roda 135
a;djoining mosque in 485 (a.d. 1092-3); but
it has undergone very slight alterations since
the tirae of el-Mutawekkil. It was repaired
in some parts by the French, and shortly
after their expulsion from Egypt Mohammad
Pasha Khusruf carried on the work. The
name of Mikyds (which signifies " a measur
ing instrument," and therefore properly be
longs to the pUlar by which the rising of the
Nile is measured) is given both to the pillar
and the buUding which contains it. The
walls of the apartment, or I should rather
say of the well, in which the pillar stands,
rise but little above the level of the island.
Its interior is -about 18 feet square and
40 deep, and there are steps around it from
the top to the bottom. The pillar stands in
the midst. It is of white marble, and of an
octagonal form. It appears to have been
originally a single block, but it has been
broken in the middle, at which part it is
surrounded by a band of copper or other
metal. Each of its faces is divided into
16 cubits, and each of these is subdivided
into 24 digits. The cubit of the Mikyas is
2 1 inches and one third ; therefore the whole
height of the pillar is nearly 28 feet and a

136 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
half. A beam stretching across the weU
rests upon the top of the pUlar, and serves
to secure it from falling. On each side of
the weH is a recess, about six feet wide and
three deep, surraounted by a pointed arch,
probably twelve years older than those of the
mosque of Ibn-Tiilun. Within that which is
on the eastern side Is the mouth of one of
the conduits by which the water enters ;
this conduit passes under part of the site of
the palace of Negm-ed-din. There is another
beneath it, and a third on the southern side,
considerably below the low-water mark.
Over each of the said pointed arches is an
inscription of one short line, in old Kufic
characters ; and a simUar inscription, a little
above these, surrounds the well. They are
merely passages from the Kuran, and contain
no date. It is, however, alraost certain that
they are not of a later period than that of
the completion of this building by el-Muta
wekkil. The Mosque is on the west of the Mikyas,
It is entered on the north from a spa
cious court, surrounded by porticos. Over
the door is an inscription which states that
the Khalifa el-Mustansir founded this mosque

The Island of er-Roda 137
in 485 (a.d. 1092-3). According to el-
I shaky it was rebuilt by the Sultan el-
Ghury, consequently in the early part of the
1 6th century.
The Mosque and the Mikyas and some
remains of the old Palace are so united as
to appear, when viewed from the river, as but
one buUding. On the west are sorae stairs
descending to the water. It was on these
steps that Abii-Ga'far el-Murady, a cele
brated Egyptian poet, sat one day reciting
his verses, when a peasant, observing him,
was struck by the idea that he was a
magician repeating a spell to stop the rising
of the river ; so without hesitation he pushed
the unfortunate poet into the NUe, and he
was drowned. This was in 338 (a.d. 949-50).
The palace of Negm-ed-din, which was
called the Castle of er-Roda {Kal'at er-
Rodd), was founded in the year 638 (a.d.
1 240-1) by the Sultan es-Salih Negm-ed-
din Ayyiib, the last but one of the kings
of Salah-ed-din's dynasty. It was situated
on the east and north of the Mikyas. It had
sixty towers, contained a mosque, and was
adorned with columns of granite and of
marble, which were taken from ancient tem-

138 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
pies. By order of el-Mu'izz Eybek et- Turku-
many, the first of the Mamluk Sultans,
this castle was partly pulled down, but
shortly afterwards the Sultan ez - Zahlr
Beybars, his third successor, repaired it, and
made it the residence of his Emirs ; and in
this state it remained about twenty years
longer, till the Sultan Kalaiin, the third
successor of Beybars, pulled It down, and
took many of Its granite and marble columns
to adorn his sepulchral and collegiate
mosques and hospital.

CHAPTER X
MASK EL-'ATIKA
Masr el-'Atlka, though a small town, is very
StraggUng. It occupies but a very small part
of the site of el-Fustat. At present [1847]
the population is estimated at 4000, many of
whom are Christians, who have their shops
or counting-houses in the raetropolis, and
pretty country dwellings in this place, look
ing towards the Nile and the island of er-
Rdda, or the town of el-Giza. It is the port
for many of the vessels which bring corn,
dates, &c., from Upper Egypt and Nubia ;
and ferry-boats are constantly crossing the
river between this town and el-Giza, on the
opposite bank. There are, in one part of
the town, sorae enclosures which have long
been used as granaries, the corn being piled
up in the open air. They are surrounded by
walls, constructed partly of stone and partly

140 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
of brick. Some persons have given them
the name of " the Granaries of Joseph."
They must, however, be of later origin even
than the foundation of el-Fustat ; for, when
that city was buUt, the Nile flowed by the
side of the Kasr esh-Shema' and the Mosque
of 'Arar. Masr el-'Atika contains several
mosques (most of which are in a state of
ruin) and sorae agreeable gardens. The rest
of the site of el-Fustat is occupied by low
though widely-spreading raounds of rubbish.
Among these mounds are the Mosque of
'Amr and the Kasr esh-Shema' and other
convents. The Gdmi' 'Amr, or Mosque of 'Amr, is
also caUed el-Gdmi' el-'Atlk, the Old Mosque,
and Tdg el-Gawdmi' , the Crown of Mosques,
being the first that was built in Egypt. It
has, however, been repaired and rebuilt so
often, that by degrees it has been entirely
altered. The building occupies nearly as
large a space as the greatest mosques In the
metropolis, its area being about 350 feet
square. Its exterior merely presents high
unplastered brick waHs. On the north
western side are two entrances, over one of
which (that to the right) is a small, mean

Masr el-' A ilka 141
minaret, not of ancient erection ; there is a
sirailar one at the southern angle of the
mosque. The interior consists of a large,
unpaved court, surrounded by porticos. In
the centre of this court is a fountain for
ablution ; an octagonal building, with two
spouts on each of four of its sides, and a
wide coping, of wood, supported by eight
marble columns. The portion on the side
opposite the entrance (that is to say, on the
side which is towards Mekka) has six rows
of columns ; that on the right (or south-west)
has three rows, that on the left four, and
on the entrance side there is only one row.
One of the columns (the second to the left
of the entrance over which is the minaret,
i.e., on the left of a person entering) has
another placed behind it. It is said that a
bad man cannot pass between these ; but so
near are the two together that it is difficult
even for a thin person to squeeze through.
More than twenty years ago, a Turkish
soldier stuck so fast between these two
columns that he was nearly kiUed, and the
space between thera was for that reason
filled up with bricks and raortar ; but these
have been since removed. The columns are

142 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
all of veined marble ; some of them differing
a little from others in the height of the shaft,
but made equal by the addition of a pUnth,
or an inverted capital, for a base. The
capitals are of many different forms, having
been taken from various ancient edifices,
as were also the columns. These support
arches, upon which rests a flat roof of wood.
Across each arch is a slender bar of wood,
from which small lamps were suspended ; few
of these lamps now remain. The floor of
each portico is lined with slabs of limestone,
and the walls are plastered and whitewashed,
.In the wall of the principal portico are two
niches, plainly lined with smaH slabs of
marble. One of these Is in the centre, and
to the right of It Is the pulpit, which is of
wood, with little ornament. Mats are spread
between the wall and the nearest row of
columns. On the last Friday of Ramadan (the
month of fasting) vast numbers of the In
habitants of the metropolis repair to the
mosque of 'Amr, to say the usual noon-
prayers. It is believed that God will receive
with particular favour the prayers which are
offered up In this ancient mosque ; therefore,

Masr el-^ Atl ka 143
when the NUe Is tardy in rising and the
people fear a scanty inundation and a conse
quent scarcity, the principal Sheykhs and
Imams and learned and devout Muslims of
the metropolis are ordered to betake them
selves to the mosque of 'Amr, to pray for
an increase of the river, together with the
priests of the various Christian churches and
their congregations, and likewise the Jews ;
each of these persuasions arranged by itself,
without the mosque. Public prayers were
thus offered up for rain in this consecrated
spot, by MusUms, Christians and Jews, in a
time of unusual drought about twenty years*
ago ; and on the foHowing day it rained.
The Kasr esh-Shema' is an old Roraan
fortress. It was the fort of Egyptian Babylon,
and was the residence of the Greek army
which was attacked and conquered by the
Arab army under 'Amr. El-Makrizy says,^
.respecting this buUding : ' This Kasr was
illuminated with candles [in Arabic, shema',
whence its name] on the first night of every
month ; that is, on the sun's entrance into
each sign of the Zodiac, On that night
1 [I.e. during Lane's first visit to Egypt, 1825-8.J
2 i. 287.

1 44 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
candles were lighted on the summit of the
Kasr, and the people knew by the Ulumina
tion that the sun had passed from the sign
in which it was into another. The Kasr
remained as it was first built untU the desola
tion of Egypt by Bakht Nasr [or Nebuchad
nezzar], the son of Firiiz the Chaldean, when
it became a ruin, and so continued 500 years,
nothing remaining but its vestiges. When
the Romans conquered Egypt, and obtained
possession of it frora the Greeks, it was
placed under the government of Argalas, the
son of Makratis, who rebuilt the Kasr esh-
Shema'.' The area of this fortress is about a
thousand feet from north to south, by six
or seven hundred frora east to west. Its
walls are very lofty and solid, of brick, with
several courses of stone, and with round
towers. The old principal gate is on the
south, between two large round-fronted
towers. It is a wide, arched door, now
walled up, with a pediraent above it. Mounds
of rubbish rise nearly to the top of this door.
The present entrance is a sraall door on the
western side (next Masr el-'Atika). The
interior is occupied chiefly by houses and

Masr el-Atika 145
shops, which are entered from narrow lanes.
Most of the inhabitants are Christians. The
Kasr has within its walls several churches.
In the western side, in the upper part of a
lofty round tower, is the church of St.
George, belonging to the Greeks. This is
said to contain an arm of the saint ; and It
has a wonderful column, which (as the priests
pretend) causes a lunatic to recover his
senses if chained to it for a short time.
There is also in the Kasr another famous
church— that of St. Sergius. Beneath it Is
the grotto which is said to have been the
retreat of the Holy Family, This grotto,
which is scarcely large enough to contain
two persons in a crouching position, is at the
end of a subterraneous chapel, which has two
rows of colurans to support its roof, four in
each row, and two entrances opposite each
other, each having a descent of ten or twelve
steps.* ¦* El-Makrizy states, in his account of the Nilometer,
that in the time of the domination of the Romans
over Egypt there was a Nilometer within the Kasr
esh-Shema', and that there were some remains of it in
his time, behind the gate, on the right of a person
entering. See above, p. 4. L

146 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
The Egyptian Babylon was situated on a
rocky hill, caHed in Arabic esh-Sharaf on
the south-east of the Kasr esh-Shema', This
eminence has a flat top, and abrupt quarried
sides towards the Nile, which formeriy
washed its base ; there is now a narrow
cultivated strip between it and the river.
El-Makrizy quotes some passages respecting
this place frora the works of several ancient
Arab writers, who plainly declare that this
Babylon was the town which was also called
Masr, which the Arabs under 'Arar besieged
and took. He also shows that there was
another fortress there, besides the Kasr esh-
Sheraa'. The latter was on the north-west
of Babylon, whUe the other was upon the
hill ; and this, being within the town, was
particularly caUed by the Arabs ' the
Fortress or Palace of Babylon' {Kasr
Bdbelyun, or Bdb el-Liyun) ; though it is
clear that the Kasr esh-Shema' was the chief
fortress and defence of Babylon, for several
Arab historians give a circumstantial account
of the siege of this stronghold by the army
of 'Amr. There was on the southern part of
the hill of Babylon a spacious square build
ing, with very massive walls, which was called

Masr el-'Atika 147
Istabl 'Antar {the Stable of 'Antar), This
was probably what the Arabs formerly called
' Kasr Babelyiin.' It afterwards (like the
Kasr esh-Shema') became a convent, but is
now used as a powder magazine,
A little to the south of Masr el-'Atika are
considerable reraains of a very strong wall, .
which supported the bank of the river. It is
constructed of brick and stone, exactly like
the waUs of the Kasr esh-Sheraa' and those
of the island of Er-Roda, and Is, doubtless,
of the same date. Here commences a row
of very fine sycamores, which line the bank
of the river all the way to the village of
Athar en-Neby, a distance of about half a
mile. This vUlage, which is three quarters
of a mile frora Masr el-'Atika, derives its
narae, which signifies ' The vestige, or ves
tiges, of the Prophet,' from a small mosque,
in which is a stone believed to bear the
raark of the Prophet's foot.
El-Giza (which is opposite to Masr el-
'Atika and the southern part of Er-Roda) is
a small, mean-looking town. A small wall
surrounds it on each side except that
towards the river. When el-Fustat was the
capital of Egypt, el-Giza was a large and

148 Cairo Fifty Years Ago
handsome town, and every Sunday a great
market was held there, which was thronged
by people from the neighbouring vUlages.*
Still it has a good market, though the town
has greatly declined. 1 El-Makrizy.

NOTES
P. xii. Plan. On the early topography of Cairo
reference should be made to the learned and elaborate
essays of M. P. Ravaisse in the Memoires of the Mission
Archeologique fran9aise au Caire, T. i., iii.
P. 36. Population of Cairo, 200,000. This probably
refers to 1828, for in the Modern Egyptians (1836)
Lane estimates the population at 240,000, and the
same figures, and also 248,000, are given in Mrs.
Poole's English-vuoman in Egypt (1842).
P. 39. Musalla, el-'-Jd. A place where the special
prayers were recited at the 'Id or festival which fol
lowed the close of the fast of Ramadan. The Musalla
here referred to was built by the Fatimid Khalifa el-
Hakim in A.H. 403 (1012-13). See el-Makrizy, ii. 455.
P. 41. The Quarter of B ahd ed-din, also called er-
Reyhaniya (after a division of the Fatimid army),
occupied the N.W. corner of Cairo.
P, 48. The Mosque of en-Nasir in the Citadel has
been neglected for centuries, probably ever since the
Turkish conquest of Egypt. For a long time it was
used as a prison, and 'high walls of rough rubble
masonry were built in between the pillars ' to
form partitions. Latterly it served as ' a military
storehouse where heaps of all kinds of articles were

1 50 Notes
piled up in confusion.' In 1884, however. Major,
now Lieut.-Col. C. M. Watson, R.E., C.M.G., who
was then Surveyor-General at the Egyptian War
Office, had all the stores cleared out, and took down
as much of the modern partitions as he considered
could be safely removed. (See his paper on ' The
Mosque of Sultan Nasir ' in the Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society, vol. xviii.) Thanks to Col. Watson,
the beautiful proportions and decoration of the
mosque may now be appreciated. The remaining
partitions, however, as he pointed out, ought to be
removed as soon as the Commission for the Preserva
tion of the Monuments can undertake the necessary
architectural strengthening which their removal
involves. It is hoped that this important work may
be shortly taken in hand.
P. 88. BarktiMya Medresa. Until lately this mosque
was in a ruinous and dangerous state, and the liwan
or sanctuary was closed. It has now, however, been
completely and conscientiously restored by Herz Bey,
the talented architect to the Commission for the
Preservation of the Arab Monuments, with excellent
eflFect — except that the colouring of the restored ceil
ing needs the mellowing influence of age. A still
more successful restoration by Herz Bey is seen in the
mosque of Abu-Bekr ibn Mazhar in the Berjuwan,
founded in 1480.
P. 88. Kalditn. It was the custom in Mamliik
days for emirs to take the oath of fidelity on the tomb
of Kalaun. The finest stucco decoration in Cairo is
seen here.

Notes 1 5 1
P. 95. The tomb-mosque of el-Ghiiry was restored
some fifteen years since by Franz Pasha.
P. 95. The liwdn of the mosque of el-Muayyad
(141 7 — 1420) has also been restored by Franz Pasha,
but the other three sides are destroyed. The original
colouring of the magnificent Naskhy inscriptional
frieze has been discovered and restored, with superb
effect, by Herz Bey.
P. 99. Sultdn Hasan. Interesting discoveries have
lately been made at this mosque. The old meydad or
place of ablutions has been unearthed at a low leyel
outside the main building, and the original steps
leading to the great entrance have been traced.
Herz Bey has in the press a detailed historical de
scription with architectural plans of the mosque, giving
the results of his recent researches. With regard to
the statement on p. 103, the stained glass of the
windows has disappeared, and at present the glass is
plain. The whole building stands in urgent need of
thorough repair.
P. 108. Ibn-Taiun. It is not generally known
that a tower with an external spiral staircase, like the
great minaret of Ibn-Tiiliin, exists at Samarra, on the
Tigris, above Baghdad. It is about 200 feet high, and
must have been built in the ninth century (about the
same period as the mosque of Ibn-Tiiliin), when
Samarra was the temporary capital of the 'Abbasid
Khalifas. A sketch of the tower appears in Rich's
Kurdistan, ii. 151. Artists from Persia and Meso
potamia frequently came to work in Cairo, where the

152 Notes
finest gates were built by architects from Edessa (see
above, p. 42) ; the vanished mosque of the Karafa,
according to el-Makrizy, was built by a Persian and
decorated by painters from el-Basra. The tiled
minarets of en-Nasir's citadel mosque are said to be
copied from a model at Tebriz, and the mosque of
Kusiin was built by an architect from the same city.
P. 109. Mikyds. The statement that the pointed
arches of the Nilometer are probably 'twelve years'
older than those of the mosque of Ibn-Tuliin should
be corrected to 'sixteen years' older (a.d. 861 from
877). See 'Arabian Architecture,' by E. S. Poole, in
appendix to Lane's Modern Egyptians, Sth ed. (i86o),
pp. 584-5-
P. 112. The sarcophagus revpiONQ^ Irova. the Masta
bat Far'iin was presented to the British Museum by
George III. in 1802, and is numbered 23 in the
Egyptian Gallery. Dr. Budge states that it is the
sarcophagus of Khensu-tef, the son of the lady Hetep-
Amen, of the period of the XXVIth dynasty or a little
later, about 550 b.c.
P. 112. Some plated doors from the mosque of
Seyyida Zeyneb (restoration of 1760) are preserved in
the Arab Museum at Cairo ; and so is the carved
prayer niche of Sitta Nefisa.
P. 113. The mosque of el-Mdriddny, which has long
been in a ruinous condition, is about to be repaired
by the Commission for the Preservation of the Arab
Monuments. It is a noble monument, with some
admirable decoration and notable wooden lattice par
titions.

Notes 153
P. 114. The mosque of Sheykhu, founded in 1355 on
an unusual plan, contains a khanikah or convent with
a Zikr hall and cells for Sufy recluses.
P. 119. The great mosque of ez-Zahir Beybars, out
side the north wall, abounds in architectural features
of the greatest interest, and as the earliest Mamliik
mosque merits special notice. Some of its marble and
wood was brought from the fortress of Jaffa in 1268.
Its magnificent court, however, is encumbered with
unsightly hovels, some of which date from the French
occupation, and the sacred edifice is now the slaughter
house of the English army of occupation. It is to be
hoped that this misuse of an historical monument may
soon be discontinued.
P. 125. The tomb-mosque ofthe Imdm esh-Shdfiy, in
spite of its plain exterior, contains some fine decora
tion inside. The dome, supported by beautiful stalac
tites, and the admirable frieze of carved wood beneath
it, are unquestionably of the Ayyiibid period, and
probably belong to the reconstruction by el-Kamil in
121 I-I 2. Inscriptions record restorations by Kait
Bey and el-Ghiiry. The painting was remarkably
rich when examined by the writer in 1883.
P. 127. ^Eyn es-Sira. Some interesting wood-
carvings in the Byzantine style have been found in
the tombs of 'Eyn es-Sira, and form an important link
in the history of Coptic and Saracenic decoration.
See Herz Bey, Catalogue of the National Museum of
Arab Art, edited by S. Lane-Poole, pp. xx, xxi, 7, 47.
P. 133. The Hodaj. Ibn-Sa'id, a thirteenth cen-

154 Noles
tury writer, says that the people used to tell numerous
stories about the Bedawy girl and the Hodaj pavilion,
' like the story of el-Battal and The Thousand and One
Nights ' .¦ this is the earliest definite reference in
Arabic literature to the Arabian Nights.
P. 136. ' T-ivelve years ' : see note to p. 109, above.
P. 140. Mosque of '-Amr. For an account of the
numerous restorations of the first mosque built in
Egypt see Cairo, by S. Lane-Poole, 2nd ed. (1895),
pp. 318, 319, and E. K. Corbet Bey's admirable essay
in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series,
vol. xxii,
P. 145. Lane paid little attention to Coptic monu
ments : the best authority is Mr. A. J. Butler's
Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt (2 vols., 1884),

INDEX*

'Abbasid Khalifas 7-9, 14,
no, 130, 134
•Abd-el-Melik Abii-'Awn 8
'Abd-er-Rahman Kikhya 79,
81, 84, II2-3
Abu-l-Hol (Sphinx) 16-17
Abu-1- 'Ola, Mosque 34
Ahmad ibn Tiiliin : see TiUun
Alexandria I, 4-5
Almeric 7
'Aly Bey 126
-Amir, Fatimid Khalifa 133
'Amr ibn el-'Asy 3, 5, 132
 Mosque 5,6,23,140-3,154
Antar's Stable 147
Aqueduct 130-1
Arab Tribes 5, 8
Arch, pointed 107, 109, 136
Ard es-Safra 10
Ard et-Tabbala 19
Argalas 144
-Ashraf Bars-Bey 94
-Ashraf Sha'ban no
Ashrafiya 94
'Ashiira day 84
-'Askar I, 2, 7-9, 14, 17
 Mosque 9

Astrology 24
'Atfa (lane) 59
Athar en-Neby 147
Attarin, Suk 60
Auctions 63
Aviary 13
Ayyiibid dynasty 2
Azabs 46
-Azhar Mosque 29, 78-83
-'Aziz, Fatimid Kh. 28, 87, 106
-Ba'al, garden of 19
Bab-el- 'Adawy 37, 43
— el-'Azab 45
— el-Bahr l8, 31
— el-Barklya 26, 27, 31, 62
— ed-Deylem 84
— el-Elfy 70
— el-Farag 27
— el-Futiih 27, 29, 30, 37-
40, 42, 87
— el-Gedid 27
— el-Ghureyyib 27, 37
— el-HadId 31, 34, 37, 43
— el-Kantara 27, 31
— el-Karafa 37
— el-Khark 55

* A hyphen before a name indicates that the article el is to be prefixed.

I5S

Index

Bab-el-Khoka 27
— el-Kos 41
• — el-Liik 17, 37
— el-Mahriik 27
— en-Nasiriya 37
— en-Nasr 27, 29, 30, 37-
40, 42, 81, 119
— Sa'ada 27
— es-Seyda 37
— esh-Sha'rIya 31, 61
— Tiiliin 37
— el-Wezir 31, 37
— es- Sitta Zeyneb 37
— Zuweyla 29,30,32,38,42-3
Baba-Zuweyla 27, 29, 40-42, 96
Babylon 3, 5, 146-7, see Kasr
esh-Shema'
-Bakly, Mosque II
Barkuk 39, 88, 100, 120
 ¦ Mosque 120-122
 Medresa 87-8, 150
Bars-Bey 94
Bedr el-Gemaly 29, 38-40
Bektashiya Tekiya 129
Beybars I, ez-Zahir 110,138
 Mosque 119, 153
 II, el-Gashenkir 87
Beyn-el-Kasreyn 28, 29
Beyn-es-Sureyn 27
Bir-el-Halazin 51, 52
Birket el-Ezbeklya 72
 el-Fil 72
 er-Ratly 119
Bridge of boats 6,132
Bridges 17 : see Kantara, Ka
natir
Bulak 20, 34
Bustan el-ICafury 24
Butin el-Bakara 17, 70

Cairo (Masr, el-Kahira)
-Askar i, 2, 7-9, 14, 17
Aqueduct 130- 1
Babylon 146-7
Bridges 5, 6, 17, 19, 132
Canals 15, 19, 20, 35,
73-4> 129
Castles 31, 109-112, 137
Cemeteries 1 19-127
Citadel 44-53
' City - 26
Convents 5, 16, 24, 129
Dockyard 15, 133
Foundation of el-Kahira
22-26
Gardens 17-19, 118, II9,
etc.
Gates 27, 29-31
Hospital 72-4
Houses 54-8
-Katai' 9-14
Khans 61-5
Lakes 72, 119
-Maks 17-19, 30-1
Markets (Siiks) 59-61
Masr el-'Atika ('Old
Cairo') 139-147
Meydans 10-13, 29, 45
Mosques 75-116
Palaces 10, 28, 46, 53,
71. 73. 83-4, 109-12,
133. 137
Quarters 59, 68-70
Shops 56 ff
Slave-market 66-7
Streets 27-9, 55 ff
Suburbs 31-2
University 78-83
Walls 26, 29-31, 36-7

Index

157

Caliphs: see 'Abbasid, Fatimid,
and Omayyad Khalifas
Canals 35 : see Khalig
Castle of the Mountain, see
Citadel
Ceraeteries 119-127
Churches 5, 145, 154
Citadel 2, 3, 10, 30, 36,
44-53. 149-50
' City, the ' 26
College (Medresa) 76
Convents 5, 16, 24, 129
Copts 69, 71, 104
Custom house 15
Dar el-'Adl 46
Darb (bye-street) 57
Darb Butut 26, 31
Deftardar's house 71
Dellals (brokers) 63
Deylem gate 84
Deyr el-'Izam 24
Dhahab, Abii, Mosque 83
Diwan (hall of audience) 52-3
Dockyard 15, 133
Dukhan (shop) 56 : see Suk,
Khan, Welala.
Eagle of Citadel 46
Edessa 42
Elephant's Island 18
-Elfy 70
European innovations 53, 54,
56, 58, 69, 70
Execution, place of 43, 94
Eybek 138
'Eyn Shems (Heliopolis) 24
'Eyn es-Sira 126, 153
Ezbekiya 17, 34, 37, 70-73

Fahhamin, Suk 60
Farag, Sultan 120
Farrashin 1 1
Fatiha 85, 112
Fatimid lOiallfas 2, 7, 18, 23,
28, 31, 64, 84, 87, 106, 133
Fatiras 82
Frank quarters 69, 70
French occupation, 34, 37, 119,
135
-Fustat 1-7, 12, 14, 23, 30,
139-147
Gami' (Mosque) 75-116: see
under separate names.
Gardens 13, 17-19, 24, 50, 73,
118-119, 134
Gates of Cairo 27, 29-31 : see
under Bab
Gellabs 67
Gemaliya, Siik 60
Gezirat Biilak 21
Gezirat el-Fil 18-20
Ghuriya Mosque 94, 95, 151
 Sak, 57, 60
-Ghiiry 95, 131, 137
-Giza 6, 17, 23, 30, 44, 147-S
Goarhirgiya, Siik 60
Gohar el-Kaid 2, 23-29, 39,
41,78
' Granaries of Joseph ' 140
Greeks (Riim) 11, 23, 29,69,70
-Guwaniya quarter 69
Haddadin, Suk 57, 60
Hagar and the Canal, tradition
129
-Haggarin 41
-Hakim, 'Abbasid Khalifa 1 10

158

Index

-Hakim, Fatimid Khalifa
3i>87
 Mosque 30, 39,

29.

40,

86-7
-Hamra 5, 8, 17
-Hamzawy, khan 65
Hanafiya 101
Hara (quarter) 59
Harat-el-Ifreng 69, 70
 en-Nasara 69
 er-Riim 29, 32, 69
 el-Yahud 68
Hasan, Sultan 99
 Mosque 99-103
Hasaneyn Mosque 82-86
Hodag palace 133, 153-4
Holy Family 145
Hoseyn, head of 83-86
Hoseyniya 32
Hospital of Kalaiin 92-4
H6tel d'Orient 72
Houses 54, 56-58
Ibrahim Pasha 50, 128, 134
Iskender Pasha, Mosque 114
-Iskenderiya (Alexandria) I
Istabl 'Antar 147
Janizaries 46, 53, 82
Jews 68
'Joseph's Hair 46
-Kahira 2, 22-9 : see Cairo
Kait Bey cemetery 66,120-123
 Mosque 122
-Kal 'a (castle) 44
Kal'at el-Gebel : see Citadel
 el-Kebsh 109- 112
 el-Maks 3?

Kal'at er-Roda 137
Kalaun 46, 88, 90, 138
 Mosques and hospital
88-94, 150
Kamil Pasha's palace 71
Kanatir el-Awz 19
 es-Siba'a 5, 17
Kantarat el-Khurk 17
-Karafa(southern cemetery) 124
Karakiish 36, 44, 46, 51
Kara-Meydan 10
Kasaba 61
Kasabat Ridwan 61
Kasidiya Mosque 38
Kasr el-'Eyny 128
 el-Keblr 28
 es-Saghir 28
 esh-Shema' 3, 4, 16, 17,
132. 143-7
 esh-Shok 24
 Yiisuf 46
-Katai' 1, 9-14, 32, 103
-Kebsh 5, 109-112
Khalig, the Canal 35, 73-4,
129
-Khalig en-Nasiry 15, 19, 20,
35
Khalil 47
Khan 61-5
Khan el-Khalily 28, 62-4
Khanikah es-Salahiya 16
-Khatiry, Mosque 20
Khumaraweyh 12-14
Khutba 87
Kibla (direction of Mecca) 38-
39. 77
Kleber 71
Koran 85, 103, 105, 109, 1 36
Kubbat el-Hawa 10,118

Index

159

Kubbat el-Mansviriya 88-91
-Kubeybat 10, 11
Kufic inscriptions 39, 102, 109,
136
-Kulzum 130
Lakes : see under Birket
Libraries in mosques 80
-Luk 17 : see Bab-el-Luk
Mad-house 92-3
Mad'na : see Minaret
Mahmud II., of Turkey 85
-Mahriisa 23
-Makrizy's grave 120
-Maks 15,17-19,23,30-1
 Mosque 15, 19, 31
 Castle 31
Maksura (Screen) 11,85
Mamliiks 45, 46, 70, 72, 120,
124, 126, 138
-Mamun, 'Abbasid Khalifa 134
-Mansiir ,, ,, 130
-Mansiirlya, original name of el-
Kahira 26
Margush, Siik 60
-Maridany, Mosque 113, 152
Markets (Siiks) 59-61
Masr (or Misr) 3, 22, 146
Masr el-'Atika (el-Fustat, ' Old
Cairo ') 4, 22-3, 132, 139-
147
Mastaba (stone bench) 55, 56
Mastabat Far'un 111,152
Mattug, Ibn 4
Medfen (tomb-chamber of M.)
85, 88,. 89
Medresa (college) 76
 el-Mansiirlya 88, 91-92

-Megra (aqueduct) 130-1
Meks 15
Menazir el-Kebsh 109-112
Mesgid (small mosque) 76
Meshhed (sanctuary) 83-4
Meshhed er-Ras 10
Meydaa (ablution-tank) 81,
97. IOI
Meydan 10-13
Mihrab (prayer-niche) II, 77
Mikyas (Nilometer) 4, 109,
133-6, 152
Minaret (mad'na) 42, 43, 78,
S3, 87, 88, 99, io8, 151-2
Minbar (pulpit) 77
Mint 53
Minyat 'Okba 18
Minyat es-STreg 19
Miraculous cures 91
Miska, Sitta, Mosque 17
-Mo'allaka 4
Mohammad the Prophet 75,
132, 147
Mohammad 'Aly 3;, 43, 46,
49, 55, "8, 126, 131
Mohammad Bey, Mosque 83
Mohammad Pasha Khusruf
13s
Mohammad ibn Suleyman 14
-Mo 'izz, Fatimid Khalifa 2,15,
23, 41, 62
Mosques 75-116
-Muayyad, Sultan 42 [151
 Mosque 95-8, lOO-i,
-Mugawirin (Azhar students)
80, 123
-Mukattam, Gebel 36, 44, 96,
104, 117
-Murady 137

i6o

Index

Musa el-Hashimy 8
Musalla (oratory) 19
Musalla el-'Id 39, 149
Mushafs 105
-Miisky 61, 69, 70
-Mustansir, Fatimid Khalifa
7, 14, 29, 106, 134, 136
-Mutawekkil, 'Abbasid Khalifa
134
Nahhasin, Suk 60, 88
-Nasir Mohammad 5, 16, 20,
47, 90, no
 Mosque 48, 149
Nazir (warden of Mosque) 98
Nefisa, Seyda or Sitta, Mosque
32, 113, 152
Negm-ed-din's palace 137
Nile, changes in bed of 4, 6,
15-21, 140
Nilometer (Mikyas) 4, 109,
133-6, 145
-No'man, Ibn, Mosque 4
Old Cairo: seeMasrel-'Atlka
'Omar ibn el-Khattab 130
Omayyad Khalifas 8
'Othman Bey 112
Palaces io, 28, 46, 53, 71,
73. 83-4, 109-112,133, 137
' Pharaoh's seat ' in
Pictures 13
Prophet, footprints of the 122,
147
Pyramids used as quarries 36,
44
Quicksilver Lake 13

Raka' (upper storey) 56
Ramadan 86, 142
Rashida 5
Ridwan Kikhya 45]
Riwak 80
-Roda island 4, 6, 15, 47, 50
132-8
 Castle 137
-Ruha (Edessa) 42
Riim (Greeks) 11, 23, 29, 69,
70
Rumeyla 10, 29, 45
Sagha, Suk 60
Sahil el-Ghalla, Mosque 9
Sahn (court of Mosque) 106
Saim ed-Dahr 16
Sakkas (water-carriers) 64
Saladin (Salah-ed-din Yiisuf ibn
Ayyiib) 2, 30-2, 36, 43-8,
51
-Salahlya convent 16
Saiih ibn 'Aly 7, 8
-Saiih Negm-ed-dIn Ayyiib 110,
133, 136-7
-Saiih Isma'il, tomb gi
Seba' Sawaky 130
Seba' Sikayat 5
Sebils (fountains) 64, 79, 95,
1 14-16, 120, 122
Seggada (prayer-carpet) 81
Sekina, Seyda, Mosque 113
Shafi'y, Imam, tomb, 125-6,153
-Sharaf 146
Shari' (main street) 55
Shawer 7
Sheykhu, Mosque 114, 153
Sikka (street) 55
Sina'a (dockyard) 15, 133

Index

r6i

Slave market 66-7
Sphinx 16-17
Statues 13
Streets 54 ff.
Suburbs 31-2
Sudan (blacks) 11, S3
Siik (market) 59-61
Suk el-'Asr 60
Siik es-SUah 61
Sukkariya, Siik 60
-Surey 8
Suriyat Abi-l-Hol 16
SurOgiya, Siik 61
Suyurghatraish, Emir no
-Tabbakh, ^fosque 17
Tabiit (cenotaph) 85
-Tag 19
Tarbi'a, or Suk 60
Temples used as quarries 47,
137
Teylun 103
Throne-verse 103
Tombs 124, see Cemeteries
' Tombs of the Caliphs ' 120
Trail, Mr. 134

Tiilun, Ahmad Ibn i, 9-12,
103-9, 133-4
 Mosque 5,
9-12, 32, 103-9, 151
Tiiman Bey 43
Tutis or TItiis 129
Umm-Dkntn 15
Univeisity (Azhar) 78-83
Usama ibn Zeyd 133
Wahhabis 71
WaUs of Cairo 26, 29-31, 33,
36-7
Wanakin, Siik 60
Wekala 65-7
Well of Citadel 51-2
Yelbugha 131
Yeshkur, Gebel 5, 8, 104
-Zahir : see Beybars
-Zahry Gardens 17-18
Zawiya (small mosque) 76
Zeyneb, Seyda, Mosque 82, 1 1 2
Zeyn-el-'Abidin 10

M

THE WORKS OF E. W. LANE.

THE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE
MODERN EGYPTIANS (1836). Sixth edition.
2 vols. Murray. 1871.
THE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS (1840).
Second edition. 3 vols. Murray. 1859.
SELECTIONS FROM THE KUR-AN (1843).
Second edition, edited by S. Lane-Poole.
Triibner. 1879.
AN ARABIC-ENGLISH LEXICON. Eight volumes
(6 — 8 edited with a Memoir by S. Lane-Poole).
Williams and Norgate. 1863—93.
ARABIAN SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
Edited by S. Lane-Poole. Chatto and Windus.
188^.

Price 2s. net.
AEAB MUSEUM

CATALOGUE
07 IHE
NATIONAL MUSEUM
OF
AEAB ART
AT CAIRO

BT
MAX HEEZ BEY
CHIEF AECHITECT OF THE CGMMISSIOIT OF AEAB H0irT7MEBTS
CUEATOB OF THE MTJSEUM:
EDITED BY
STANLEY LANE-POOLE, M.A.
HOIr. MEUBBK OF THE COMUISSION' OF ABAB MONUUEITTS
Author of ' The Art ofthe Saracens in Egypt, ^ ' Cairo' ' Studies in a Mosque,*
* Tke Mohammadan Dynasties,' ' The Speeches of Mohammad,'
• The Moors in Spam,' ^c.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
LONDOlSr
GILBERT & RIVINGTON' Limited, Clerkenwell
AND
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 Piccadilly
AND SOLD AT THE ARAB MUSEUM, CAIEO

By STANLEY LANE-POOLE.

THE LIFE OF THB RT. HON. STRATFORD CANNING, VIS
COUNT STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, K.G. From his
Memoirs and Papers. Three Portraits. Library Edition. 2 vols.
Svo, pp. xxix. 519 ; xviii. 475.
Popular Edition, pp. xx. 377.
THE LIFE OF SIR HARRY PARKES, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., H. B. M.
Minister to China and Japan. Portrait and Maps. 2 vols.
pp. xxviii. 512 ; xxi. 477.
SIR RICHARD CHURCH, C.B., G.C.H., Commander-in-Chief of the
Greeks in the War of Independence. With two Plana.- Svo,
pp. iv. 73.
THE LIFE OF EDWARD WILLIAM LANE. Svo, pp. 138.
THE SPEECHES AND TABLE-TALK OF THB PROPHET
MOHAMMAD. ISmo, pp. Ixiii. 196. Golden Treaaury Series.
AURANGZIB. Rulers of India Series. Svo, pp. 212.
THE MOHAMMADAN DYNASTIES: Chronological and Genea
logical Tables. Svo, pp. xxviii. 361.
THE MOORS IN SPAIN. Illustrated. Svo, pp. xx. 2S5.
TURKEY. Illustrated. Svo, pp. xix. 373.
THE BARBARY CORSAIRS. Illustrated, Svo, pp. xviii. 316.
THB HISTORY OP THE MOGHUL EMPERORS ILLUSTRATED
BY THEIR COINS, pp. olxxvii.
STUDIES IN A MOSQUE. Second Edition. Svo, pp. viii. 326.
THE AET OF THE SARACENS IN EGYPT. Illustrated. Svo.
pp. xviii. 264. Published for the Committee of Council on
Education.
CAIRO: SKETCHES OF ITS HISTORY, MONUMENTS, AND
SOCIAL LIFE. Illustrated. Svo, pp. xiv. 320.
CATALOGUE OF ORIENTAL AND INDIAN COINS IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM. Printed by order of the Trustees. (Ouvrage
couronne par I'Institut de France.) Svo, 13 vols. pp. dlxv.,3872.
LANE'S ARABIC-ENGLISH LEXICON. Edited by Stanley Lane-
Poole. Imp. 4to, 8 vols. pp. xcii. 3064.

SEOOWD EDITION ENLARGED
CAIRO
SKETCHES OF ITS HISTOR Y, MONUMENTS,

AND SOCIAL LIFE.

STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
With Numerous Illustrations on Wood by G. L SEYIWOUR and
others; and a Plan of Cairo, showing the positions
of the Principal IVIosques.

THE TIMES. — "As good wine needs no bush, so Mr. Lane-
Poole needs no merit but his own to recommend his work on
Cairo. . . . Very charming illustrations."
THE SATURDAY REVIEW.— " Will prove most useful
to the innumerable travellers who now every winter visit the
Nile valley."
THE ATHEN.ffi;UM.— " The Author's sketches are made
attractive by an easy yet concise style."
THE WORLD. — "A most interesting as well as valuable
publication."
DAILY TELEGRAPH. — "Most interesting and instructive
sketches of the history, monuments and social life of this
ancient city."
MANCHESTER GUARDIAN.— "This beautiful book 
of so many fascinating chapters, is a thing to accept gratefully."
THE SCOTSMAN. — " A volume full of entertaining and
instructive pictures — written with abundant learning, but in
an easy, popular and readable style."
THE GUARDIAN. — " Its pages are crowded with elegant
and careful illustrations of architecture, scenery and cha
racteristic types of mankind. Mr. Lane-Poole has poured out
freely into these pages the wealth of his knowledge of things
new and old."

SOLO BY ALL BOOKSELLERS IN CAIRO.

London: J. S. VIRTUE & CO., Limited,
26, ivy LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.

Crown Svo. Price 12s.

THE
MOHAMMADAN DYNASTIES
BY
STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
CONTAINING CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF ALL THE
118 DYNASTIES OF THE MOHAMMADAN EMPIRE,
FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE
CALIPHATE TO THE PRESENT DAY.
With brief Historical Notices of each, Pedigrees and Tables
of their connexion, t-wo coloured Synoptic Charts
sho-wing their relative positions in History and
Geography, and an Index of all the Rulers.

" The use of the volume for reference is manifest.'' —
Spectator. " The whole of Islam is dealt with." — Saturday Revie-w.
" Admirably adapted to its end.'' — National Observer.
" Complete, thorough and rehable.*' — Asiatic Quarterly.
" This . . . admirably arranged, as well as learned, work
of reference." — The Speaker.
" Excellent matter . . . meet for the consideration of all
Oriental students." — Athenceum.

ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO.,
^^ublisi)crs to tie fniria ffifflte,
2, WHITEHALL GARDENS, S.W.

Albemakle Street, London,
August, 1896.
ME. MURRAY'S
GENERAL LIST OF WORKS.

ALBEET MEMORIAL. A Descriptive and Illustrated Aoooant
of the National Uouament at Kensington. Illustrated by numeroas
Engravings. By Doyne C. Bbll. With 24 Plates. Folio. IOZ 10s.
 Hahdbook. 16mo. !«.; Illustrated, 2s. eti.
ABERCROMBIE (John). Enquiries concerning the Intellectual
Powers and the Investigation of Truth. Fcap. Svo. 3a. Qd.
ACWORTH (W. M.) The Railways of England. With 56 Illua-
trations. Svo. lis.
 The Railways of Scotland. Map. Crown Svo. 5s.
^^——^— The Railways and the Traders. The Railway Eates
Question in Theory and Practice. Crown Svo. 6s., or Poptdar Edit. Is.
ADAMS (W. Mabsham). The House of the Hidden Places. A
Clue to the Creed of Early Egypt, from Egyptian Sources. With
Illustrations. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d.
JISOFS FABLES. A New Yersion. By Eev. Thomas Jambs.
"With 100 Woodcuts, by Tennibi. and Wolfe. Crown Svo. 2s. Si.
AGRICFLTUEAL (Royal) JOURNAL. Svo. Quarterly. Zs. M.
AINGER (A. C). Latin Grammar. [See Etch.]
•  — _ An English-Latin Gradus, or Verse Dic
tionary. On a New Plan, with careftiUy Selected Epithets and
Synonyms. Crown Svo. (450 pp.) 9s.
ALICE (Pbinoess); GRAND DUCHESS OF HESSE. Letters
to H.M. THE QUBBK. With a Memoir by H.B.H. Princess Christian.
Portrait. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
AMERICA (The Railways of). Their Construction, Develop
ment, Management, and Appliances. By Various Writers. With an
IntroductionbyT.M.Cool.ET. With 200 Ill'istration'!. Large Svo. 31s.6<2.
APOCRYPHA; With a Commentary Explanatory and Critical.
By Dr. Salmon, Archdeacon Farrar, Archdeacon Gifford, &c. Edited
by HekkyWaoe, D.D. 2 vols. Medium Svo. 50s.
ARCHITECTURE : A Profession or an Art. Thirteen short
Essays on the tjualifications and training of Architects. Edited by
R. NoEMAS Shaw, B.A., and T. G. .Tacksos, A.B.A. Svo. 9s.
ARGYLL (Doke of). The Uhseen Fouhdatiom of Society : An
Examination of the Fallacies and Failures of Economic Science due to
Neglected Elements. Svo. 18s.
 Unity of Nature, Svo. 12s.
 Reign of Law. Crown Svo. 5s.
 Irish Nationalism. Crown Svo. Zs. 6d.
 TheBurdensof Belief, and other Poems. CrownSvo. 6».
 Philosophy of Belief, or Law in Christian Theology.
Svo. 16s.
 Our Responsibilities for Turkey. Crown Sro. 3s. 6d.
ARISTOTLE. [See Gbote.]
ARTHUR'S (Little) History of England. By Ladt Oallooti.
New SditiQn,coniinMd to 1S78. With Woodcuts. Fcap. Svo. Is ed.
 HisTOBY OF Fbahob, from the Earliest Tiaaes to the
Pall of the Seond Empire. With Woodcuts. Fcp. Sve. 2s. td.

LIST OF WORKS

AUSTIN (Johk). Gbheral Jukisprddbhob ; or, The Philosophy
of Positive Law. Edited by Kobebt Oampbeli,. 2 Vols. Svo. 32s.
 Sthdemt's Edition, compiled from the above work, by
Kobert Campbell. Post Svo. 12s.
 Analysis of. By Gobdon Campbell. Post Svo. 68.

BAINES (Thomas). Greenhouse and Stove Plants, Flower
ing and Fine-Leaved. Palms, Ferns, and Lycopodiums. With full
details of the Propagation and Cultivation. Svo. 12s.
BALDWIN BROWN (Pbop. G.). The Fine Arts. WithlUustra-
tious. Crown Svo. 3s. 6d. (University Extension Series.)
BARKLEY (H. C). Studies in the Art of Rat-catching. 3s. M.
.^^———~— Ride through Asia Minor and Armenia. Crown
Svo. IDs. 6d.
BARROW (John). Life of Sir Francis Drake. Post Svo. 2s.
BATES (H. W.>. Records of a NaturaUst on the Amazons during
Eleven Years' Adventure and Travel. A new Edition of the nnabridged
work. With a Memoir of the Author by Edwabd Clodd. With
Portrait, Coloured Plates, Illustrations, and Map. Medium Svo. 18s.
——.^ Abridged Edition without Memoir. Crowu Svo. 7s. M.
BATTLE ABBEY ROLL. [See Cleveland.]
BEACONSPIELD'S (Lord) Letters, and "Correspondence with
his Sister," 1S30— 1S52. Portrait. Crown Svo. 2s.
BEATRICE, H.R.H. Princess. Adventures in the Life of Count
George Albert of Erbach. A True Story. Translated from the German.
Portrait and Woodcuts. Crown Svo. 10s. 6d.
BECKETT (Sib Edmuhd), (Lord Gbimthorpe). "Should the
Kevised New Testament be Authorised ? " Post Svo. 6s.
BENJAMIN (Db. G. W.). Persia and the Persians. Illustrations.
Svo. 24s.
BENSON (Aeohbishop). The Cathedral ; its necessary place in
the Life aud Work of the Church. Post Svo. 6s.
BERKELEY (Hastings). Japanese Letters; Eastern Impres
sions of Westem Men and Manners. Post Svo. Gs.
BEETHELOT (M.). Explosives and their Powerp. Translated
and condensed from the French by C. Napier Haee and William
Maohab, F.I.C.E. With Preface bySLt.-Colonel J. P. Cusdill, E.A.,
H.M. Inspector of Explosives. With Illustrations. Svo. 24j.
BERTRAM (Jas. G.). Harvest of the Sea : an Account of British
Food Fishes, Fisheries and Fisher Folk. Illustrations. Post Svo. 9s.
BIBLE COMMENTARY. Explanaiobt and Critical. With
a Revision of the Translation. By BISHOPS and CLERGY of tlie
ANGLICAN CHURCH. Edited by Canon F. 0. Cook, M.A.
The Old Testament. 6 Vols. Medium Svo. 61. 15«.
Vol. IV. Job — Sono or Solokoh. 24s.
Vol. V. Isaiah— 'Iebeuiah. 20s.
Vol. VI. Ezekiel — Malachi. 25s.

"^ol. I. Genesis — Deuteronomy. 30s.
Vol. II. Joshua — Kinqs. 20s.
Vui. III. Kings ii. — Esther. 16s.

The New Testament. 4 Vols. Medium Svo. il. 14«.
Vf»l. I. St. Matthew — St Luke. 18s. j Vol. III. Romans — Philemon. 28s.
Vol. 11. St. John. — Acts oe the Vol. IV. Hebrews — Bsvelation.
Apostles. 20s. 1 2Ss.

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY.

BIBLE COMMENTARY. The Apocrypha. By Various Writers.
Edited by Henry Wace, D.D. S vols. Medium Svo. SOs.
 The Student's Edition. Abridged and Edited
by Rev. J. M. Fullee, M.A. 6 Vols. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd. each.
Old Testament. 4 Vols. New Testament. 2 Vola.
BIRD (Isabella). Hawaiian Archipelago; or Six Months among
the Palm Groves, Coral Reefs, and Volcanoes of the Sandwich Islands.
Illnstrations. Crown Svo. 7s. ed.
 A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains. Illustrations.
Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither. Illustra

tions. Post Svo. 14s.
 Unheaten Tracks in Japan : Including Visits to the
Aborigines of Yezo and the Shrines of Nikko and Is6. Illustra
tions. Crown Svo. 7s. ed.
 Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan : with a Summer In the
Upper Karun Region, and a Visit to the Nestorian Bayahs. Maps and
36 lllUBtrations. 2 vols. Crown Svo. 24?.
BISHOP (Mes.). [See Bird (Isabella).]
BLACHPORD (Fredk., Lobd^, Under Secretary for the Colonies,
1860—71. Letters. Edited by G. E. Mamndin. Svo.
BLACKIE (C). Geographical Etymology ; or, Dictionary of
Place Names. Third Edition. Crown Svo. 7s.
BLUNT (Ret. J. J.). Undesigned Coincidences in the Writings of
the Old and NewTeataments, an Argnment of their Veracity. Post Svo. 6s.
 History of the Christian Chnrch in the First Three
Centnries. Post Svo. 6s.
 The Parish Priest; His Duties, Acquirements, and
Obligations. Post Svo. 6s.
BOAS (P. S.). Shakspere and his Predecessors in the English
Drama Crown Svo. es. (University Extension Series.) Also
Library Edition on larger paper. 7s. ed.
BOOK OF COMMON PRAlfEE. Illustrated with Coloured
Borders, Initial Letters, and Woodcuts. Svo. 18s.
BORROW (Gboroe). The Bible in Spaing or, the Journeys and
Imprisonments of an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the
Scriptures in the Peninsula. Portrait. Post Svo. . 2s. Bd. A'so New
Edition, Edited by Ulick Burke. 2 vols. Crown Svo. 12s.
 'The Zincall. An Account of the Gypsies of Spain ;
Their Manners, Customs, Religion, and Language. 2s. 6d.
 Lavengro ; Scholar — Gypsy — and Priest. 2s. 6d.
 Romany Rye. A Sequel to Lavengro. Post Svo. 2«. 6d.
 Wild Wales : its People, Language, and Scenery,
Post Svo. 2s. 6d.
BOSWBLL'S Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Including the
Tour to the Hebrides. Edited by Mr. Cbokeb. Seventh Edition,
Portraits, 1 vol. Medium Svo. 12>.
BOWEN (Lord). Virgil in EngUsh Verse, Eclogues and MaeiA,
Books I. — VI. Map and Frontispiece. Svo. 12s.
BRADLEY (Dean). Arthur Penrhyn Stanley ; Biographical
Lectures. Crown Svo. 3*. 6d.
BREWER (Rev. J. S.). The Endowments and Establishment of
the Chnrch of England. Edited by L. T. Dibdin, M.A. Post Svo. ts.
BRIDGES (Mes. F. D.). A Lady's Travels in Japan, Thibet,
Yarkand, Kashmir, Java, ttie Straits of Malacca, Vancouver's Island, &c.
WitbMapandlllnstrationsfTOmSketcheflbytheAuthor. CrownSvo. 16s
B 2

LIST OF WORKS

BRITISH ASSOCIATION REPORTS. Svo.
*.* The Reports foi the years 1831 to 1876 may be obtained at tbe Offices
of the British Association.

Glasgow, 1876. 258. | Southport, 1883, lit.
Plymouth, 1S77, 24«. Cunada, 1884, 248
Dublin, 1878, 24s. Aberdeen. 1886, 24s.
Sheffield. 1879. 24s. j Rirmingbam, 1886, 24s.

Leeds, 1890, 24'.
Cardiff. I89I, 34t.
Edinbureb, 1892, 24s.
Nottingham, 189!>, 24s.
Oxford, 1894, 24s.
Ipswich, 1895, 24$.

Swantea. ISsn, 24s. I Maucliestor, 1887, 248.
Tork, 1881, 24s. I Bath, 1888, 24s.
3outhampton,lS82, 24 , , Newcastle, 1889, 24s.
BROCKLEHURST (T. U.). Mexico To-day : A Country with a
Great Future. Plates and Woodcuts. Medium Svo. 21s.
BRODRICK (Miss). Outlines of Egyptian History : Bafcd on the
Work of Mariette Bey. Translated and Edited by Mary Brodrick.
A new and Revised Edition. With Maps. Crown Svo. 55.
BEOOKE (Sir Victor). A Memoir. Edited by 0. Leslie
Stephen. Portraits and Illustrations. Crowu Svo. 12s.
BROWNE (Bishop Ed. Haeold) ; A Memoir. By the Very Eev.
G. W. Kitchin, Dean ol DU'ham. With Portraits. Svo. ISs.
BRUGSCH (Propessob). A History of Egypt under the
Pharaohs. Derived entirely from Monuments. A New and thoroughly
Revised Edition. Edited by M. Brodrick. Maps, 1 Vol. Svo. IBs.
BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS (Duchess op). Glimpses of
Four Continents. Lfitters written during a tour in 'Australia, New
Zealand and Ncrlh Ame. it a in 1893. CrownSvo. 9s. net.
BUCKLAND (Dean). Life and Coirespondence. By his
daughter, Mrs. Gordon. Crown Svo. 12s.
BUN BURY (Sir E. H.). A History of Ancient Geography, among
the Greeks and Romans. Maps. 2 Vols. Svo. 21s.
BURBIDGE (F. W.). The Gardens of the Sun: or A Naturalist's
Journal iu Borneo and the Sulu Archipelago. Illustrations. Cr. Svo 14s.
BURQHERSH'S (Lady) LETTERS from Germany and France
during the Campaign of 1813 — 14. Edited by her daughter, Lady
Rose Weigali. Portraits. CrownSvo. 6s.
BURGON (Dean). A Biography. By E. Mbtkiok GonLBuaN;
D.D, Portraits. 2 Vols. Svo. 24s.
 The Revision Kevised. Svo. lis.
Lives of Twelve Good Men. Martin J. Eonth,

H. J. Rose, Chas. Marriott, Edward Hawkins, Saml. Wilberforce,
E. L. Cotton, Richard Gresewell, H. O. Coxe, H. L. Mansel, Wra.
Jacobson, C. P. Eden, C. L. Higgins. New Edition. With Portraits.
1 Vol. Svo. 16s.
BUTLER (Samuel, D.D ), Headmai-ter of Shrewsbury School, and
afterwards Bishop of Lichfield (1790—1840). Life, bj his Grandson,
Samuel Butler. With Portraits. 2 Vols. Svo.
BUTTMANN'S LEXILOGUS; a Critical Examination of the
Meaning of numerous Greek , Words, chiefly in Homer and Hesiod.
By Rev. J. R. Fishlaee. Svo. 128.
rtUXTON (Chables). Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton,
Bart. Portrait. Svo. 168 Popular Editim. Fcap. Svo. 6s.
 I Notes of Thought. With a Biographical Notice.
Second Edition. Post Svo. 58
¦ (Stdhet C). a Handbook to the Political Questions

of the Day ; with the Arguments on Either Side. Svo. lOs. ed.
 Finance and Politics. 17S3-1SS5. 2 Vols. 26*.
 Handbook to the Death Duties. Post Svo. Zs. 6d,

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY.

BYRON'S (Lord) LIFE AND WORKS :—
Life, Letters, and Journals. By Thomas Moorb. One
Volume, Portraits. Royal Svo. 78. 6'i.
Life and Poetical Works. Popular Edition. Portraits.
2 Vols. Royal Svo. I6s.
Poetical Works. Libra-ry Edition, Portrait. 6 Vols. Svo. 45«.
Poetical Works. CoitMei .BiiiioK. Plates. 10 Vols. 12mo. 30s
Poetical Works. Popviar Edition. Plates. Eoyal Svo. 7s. 6d.
Poetical Works. Pearl Edition, is. 6d. Cloth, 3s. 6d.
Poetical Works. Pocket Hd. 8 Vols. 16mo. In a case. 21s.
or separately, viz.,
Childe Harold. l6mo. 2s. Sd. Vignettes. 16mo. Is.
Portrait. 16mo. 6d. Tales and Poems. 16mo. 2«. 6U.
Miscellaneous. 2 Vols. 16mo. 5s. Dramas and Plats.
2 Vols. 16mo. 6a. Don Juan and Bbppo. 2 Vols.
16mo. 6s.
CAILLAED fE. M.). Electricity. A Sketeh for General Readers
With Illustrations. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d.
 The Invisible Powers of Nature. Some
Elementary Lessons in Physical Science for Beginners. Post Svo. 6s.
Progressive Eevelation, or through Nature to

God. Crown Svo.
CALDECOTT (Alfred). English Colonization and Empire.
Coloured Maps and Plans. Crown Svo. 3s. ed. (Univ. Extension Series.)
CAMPBELL (Lord). Autohiography, Journals and Correspon
dence. By Mrs. Hardcastle. Portrait. 2 Vols. Svo. 30b.
 Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great
Seal of England. From the Earliest Times to the Death of Lord Eldon
in 1S3S. 10 Vols. Crown Svo. 6s. each.

Chief Justices of England. From the Norman
Conquest to the Death of Lord Tenterden. 4 Vols. CrownSvo. 6s. eaoh.
 (Thob.) Essay on English Poetry. With Short
Lives of the British Poets. Post Svo. 3s. 6d,
CAEEY (Life of). [See George Smith.]
CAELISLE (Bishop of). [See Goodwin, Bp. Hakvey.]
CABNAEVON (Lord). Portugal, Galllcla, and the Basque
Provinces. Post Svo. 3s. 6d.
 (Fourth Earl of). Prometheus Bound, translated
inti English Verse. Crown Svo. 6s.
CARNEGIE (Eev. W. H.). Some Principles of Religious Educa
tion. Four addresses delivered in Worcester Cathedral. CroTra Svo.
2s. ed.
CAVALCASELLE'S WOEKS. [See Crowe.]
CECIL (Evelyn). Primogeniture. A short history of its
devel^pm9nt and practical effect. Svo. lOs 6d.
CESNOLA (Gen.). Cyprus; its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Tem
pies. With 400 Illustrations. Medium Svo. 50s.
CHAELES (Mrs. Eundlb). Onr Seven "^ ome s. Autobiographical
Reminiscences. Illustrations. Crown Svo.
CHILD-CHAPLIN (Dr.). Benedicite ; or, Song of the Three Childrei ;
being Illuetrations of the Power, Beneficence, and Pes'gn. manifeited
by the Creator in hia Works. Post Svo. Bs.
CHISHOLM (Mrs.). Perils of the Polar Seas ; True Stories of
Arctic Discovery and Adventure. Illustrations. Post Svo. 6s.

HST OF WORKS

CHURTON (Abohdeaook). Poetical Eemains. Post Svo; 7s.6d
CLAEKE (Majob Sir G. Sydenham), E.E. Fortification; Its
Past Achievements, Recent Development, and Future Progress, With
IllustratioDs. Medium Svo. 21s.
CLARENCE (H.E.H. the late Duke op). A Memoir written
with the sanction of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. By Jambs Edward
ViNOENT. With Portraits and Illustrations. Crown Svo. 9s.
CLASSIC PEEACHEES OF THE ENGLISH CHUECH.
Lectures delivered at St. James'. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 7s. Bd. each.
CLEVELAND (Duohess op). The Battle Abbey Eoll. With
some account of the Norman Lineages. 3 Vols. Sm. 4to. 4Ss.
CLODB (C. M.). Military Forces of the Crown ; their Administra-
tiou and Government. 2 Vols. Svo. 21s. each.
 A dministration of Justice under Military and Martial
Law, as applicable to the Army, Navy, and Auxiliary Forces, Svo. 12s.
COLEBROOKE (Sir Edward, Bart.). Life of the Hon. Mount
stuart Elphinstone. With Portrait and Plans. 2 Vols. Svo. 26s.
COLERIDGE (Samuel Taylor), and the English Romantic School-
By Prof. Beandl. With Portrait, Crovm Svo. 12s.
 Table-Talk. Portrait. 12mo. Ss. 6d.
COLES (John). Summer TraveUing in Iceland. With a Chapter
on Askja by £. D, Moroan. Map and Illustrations. ISs,
COLLINS (J. Churton). Bolingbroke : an Historical Study.
With an Essay on Voltaire in England. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
COLONIAL LIBRARY. [See Home and Colonial Library.]
COOK (Canon P. C). The Revised Version of the Three Fiist
Gospels, considered in its Bearings upou the Record of Our Lord'
Words and Incidents in His Life. Svo. 9s.
 The Origins of Language and Religion. Svo. 15s.
COOKE (W. H.). History and Antiquities of the County of
Hereford. Vol. III. In continuation of Dunoumb's History. 4to.
£2 12s. 6d.
 Additions to Duncumb's History, Vol. II. 4to. 15s.
 The Hundred of Grimsworth. Part I., I7«. 6d., Pt. II.,
i^Ds. 4to.
COOKERY (Modern Domestic). Adapted for Private Families.
By a Lady. Woodcuts. Fcap. Svo. 6s.
COOLEY (Thomas M.). [See America, Railways op.]
CORNEY GRAIN. By Himself. . Post Svo. Is.
COURTHOPE (W. J.). [See Pope.]
CRIPPS (Wilfred). Old English Plate : Ecclesiastical, Decorative,
and Domestic, its M»kfr» and Marks. Fifth Edition. Revised and
enlarged. With 122 llln!.trations and 2500 facsimile Plate Marks.
Medium Svo. 21s.
*,* Tables of the Date Letters aud Marks sold separately. 6s.
 Old French Hate : Its Makers and Marks. A New and
Revised Edition. With Tables of Makers' Marks, in addition to the
Plate Marks. Svo. lOs. 6d.
CROKER (Rt. Hon. J. W.). Correspondence and Journals.
Edited by ihe late Louis J. Jennings. Portrait. 3 Vols. Svo. 45s.
 BosweU's Life of Johnson. [See Boswbll.]
 Historical Essay on the GuiUotine. Fcap. Svo. Is.

PUBLISHKD BY MR. MURRAY.

CROWE and CAVALCASELLE. Life and Times of Titian,
with scrae account of his Family. Illustrations. 2 Vols. Svo. 21s.
 Raphael ; His Life and Works. 2 Vols. Svo. 33s.
 (Sir Joseph A.) Eeminiscences of Thirty-Five Years
of my Lite. With Plans. Svo. 16s.
CUMMING (R. Gordon). Five Years of a Hunter's Life in the
Far Interior of South A Irica. Woodcuts. Post Svo. 6s.
CUNNINGHAM (Prop.W.), D.D. The Use and Abuse of Money.
CrownSvo. 3s. (University Extension Series.)
CUETIUS' (Professor) Student's Ureek Grammar, for the Uppet
Forms. Edited by Sib Wh. Smith. Post Svo. 6s.
Elucidations of the above Grammar. Translated hy
Evelyn Abbot. Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
 Smaller Greek Grammar for the Middle and Lower

Forms. Abridged from the larger work 12mo. ds. Bd.
— ^— — ^-^ Accidence of the Greek Language. Extracted from
tbe above work. 12mo. 2s. Bd.
 Principles of Greek Etymology. Translated by A. S.
Wilkins and E. B. Enqland. New Edition. 2 Vols. Svo. 28s.
 The Greek Verb, its Structure and Development.
Translated by A. S. Wilkins, and E. B. England. Svo. 12s.
CUEZON (Hon. Robert). Visits to the Monasteries of the Levant.
Illnstrations. Post Svo. 7s. Bd,
CUST (General). Warriors of the 17th Ceniurv— Civil Wars of
France and England. 2 Vols 16s. Commanders of Fleets and Armies
2 Vols. 18s.
 — Annals of the Wars — 18th & 19th Century.
With Maps. 9 Vols. Post Svo. 6s. each.
DARWIN'S (Charles) Life and Letters, with an autobiographical
Chapter. Edited by his Son, Francis Darwin, F.B.S. Portraits.
3 Vols. Svo. 36s.
Or popular Edition, condensed in I Vol., crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
 An Illustrated Edition of the Voyage of a
NaturaUst Round tbe World in H.M.S. Beagle. With Views of Places
Visited and Described. By R. T. Peitchett. 100 Illustrations.
Medium Svo. 21s.
Journal of a Naturalist dobino a Voyaoe round tbp
World. Popular Edition. With Portrait. 3s. Bd.
Obioin of Species by Means op Natural Selection.' Lihrary
Edition. 2 vols. 12s. ; or popular Edition. 6s.
Descent op Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.
Woodcuts. Librarv Ed. 2 vols. 15s. ; or popular Ed. 7s. Bd,
Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.
Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 158.
Expressions op the Emotions in Man and Animals. With
Illustrations. 12j.  '
Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized
BT Insects. Woodcuts. 7s. ^d.
Movements and Habits of Climbino Plants. Woodcuts. 68.
Inseotivoeous Plants. Woodcuts. 9s.
Cross AND Self-PebtilizationintheVeoetableKinbdom. 9».
Diffebent Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same
Species. 7s. Bd.
Power of Movement in Plants. Woodcuts.
The Formation of Vegetable Mc uld throuoh the Action op
WoBMS. Illustrations. Post Svo. 6s.
DAVY (Sir Humphry). Consolations in Travel; or, Last Days
of a Philosopher. Woodcuts. Fcap. Sv 38. 6d.

LIST OF WOEKS

DAVY (Sir Humphry). Salmonia; or. Days of Ply Fishing.
Woodcuts. Fcap.Svo, St. Sd.
DE COSSON (Major E. A.), The Cradle of the Blue Nile; a
Journey through Abyssinia and Soudan. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 21s.
-^— ^— ^— Days and Nights of Service with Sir Gerald Graham's
Field Force at Suakim. Plan and Illustrations. Crown Svo, 14s.
DE CRESPI6NY (Rose). [See New Foebsi.]
DENNIS (George). The Cities and Cemeteries of Etnirift,
20 Plans and 200 Illustrations. 2 Vols. Medium Svo. 21s.
— ^  (Robebt). Industrial Ireland, Suggestions for a Prac
tical Policy of " Ireland for the Irish." Crovm Svo. 6S;
DEEBY (Eabl of), Iliad of Homer rendered into English
Blank Verso. With Portrait. 2 Vols. Post Svo, 10s.
DE EOS (Geobgiana Lady). A Sketch of the Life of: With
some Reminiscences of her Family and Friends, inclnding tbe Duke of
Wellington, by her Daughter, the Hon. Mrs. SwiHTON. With Portrait
and lllustiations. Crown Sv^. 7s. ef?.
DICEY (Prop. A. V.). Why England Maintains the Union.
Fcap. Svo. Is.
 A Leap in the Dark. Ciowu Svo. 3s. 6d.
 (Edward). A Peasant State. An Account of Bulgaria
in 1894. Svo. 12s.
DOG BEBAKING. [See Hutchinson.]
DOLLINGEE (Dr.). Studies in European History, being Acade
mical Addresses. Translated by Makgaeet Wakee. Portrait. Svo. 14s.
 Addresses on Historical and Literary Subjects, trans
lated bv Mabqaeet Waeee. Svo. 14s.
DRINKWATER (Johu). History of the Siege of Gibraltar,
1779-1783, With a Description of that Garrison. Post Svo, 2s.
DU CHAILLU (Paul B.). Land of the Midnight Sun; Illus
trations. 2 Vols. Svo. 36s.
 —^  The Viking Age. The Early History, Manners,
and Customs ofthe Ancestors of tbe English-speaking Nations. With
1,300 Illustrations. 2 Vols. Svo. 42s.
Equatorial Africa and Ashango Land. Adven

tures in Ihe Great Forest of Equatorial Africa, and the Counfry ofthe
Dwarfs. Popular Edition. With Illustrations, Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
— —  Ivar the diking. A Romantic History based on
authentic facts of III. and IV. Centuries. CrownSvo. Bs.
DUFFERIN (Lord). Letters from High Latitudes ; a Yacht Voy
age to Iceland. Woodcuts. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd,
 Speeches in India, 1S84 — 8. Svo. 9s.
 (Lady). Our Viceregal Life in India, 1SS4 — 1888.
Portrait. CrownSvo. 7s. 6d. Also 2 Vols., large crown Svo, 2»s.
 —^-^  My Canadian Journal, 1872 — 78. Extracts from
Home Letters written while Ld.DufFerin was Gov.-Gen. Portraits, Map,
and Illustrations. Crown Svo. 12s.
 (Lady, Countess if Gifford). Songs, Poems
and Verses. Edited by her son, the MAEquESS OF Duffeein and
Ava. Third Edition. Crown Svo. 12s.

(Lady, Countest of Gifford). The Song", eet to
Music by herself and oihers. Companion volume to the above. Worda
and Music. Crown Svo. 9s.
DUNCAN (CoL.). English in Spain; or, The Story of the War
of Succession, IS34-tS40. Svo. 16s.
DUNMORE (Lord). The Pamirs : a Narrative of a Year's
Expedition on Horseback through Kashmir, Western Tibet, Chinese
Tartary, &c. With Maps and Illustrations. 2 Vols. Crown Svo. 24s.

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY. 9
DCREE (Albert); bis Life and Work. By Dr. Thaubins.
Edited by F. A. Eaton. Illustrations. 2 Vols. Medium Bvo. 42s.
BARLE (Professor John). The Psalter of 1589 : A Landmark
of English Literature. Comprising the Text, in Black Letter Type.
With Notea. Svo. 166.
EASTLAKE (Lady). The Journals and Corr. spondence. Edited
by C. Eastlake Smith. 2 vols. Crown Svo. 21s.
EILEEN'S JOURNEY. A Fairy Tale fc- Children and Young
Headers. By Eksest Aethue Jelf. W th Illustrations. Crown Svo.
ELLIOT (Mas. Minto). The Diary of an Idle Woman in (Constan
tinople. With Plan and Illustrations. Crown Svo. 14s.
 Roman Gossip. New Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo. 6«.
ELLIS (Bobinbon). Poems and Fragments of Catullus. 16mo. Bs.
ELPHINSTONE (Hon. M.). History of India— the Hindoo and
Mahommedan Periods. Edited by Pbofesboe Cowbll. Map. Svo. 18s
 Eise of the British Power in the East. A
Continuation of his History of India. Maps. Svo. I6s.
 Life of. [See Colebrookb.]
ELWIN (Eev. Warwick). The Minister of Baptism. A History of
Church Opinion from the time of the Apostles. Svo. 12s.
EL WOE THY (F. T.). The Evil Eye. An Account of this
Ancient Superstition. With Illustrations. Svo. 21s.
ETON LATIN GEAMMAR. For nse in the Upper Forms.
By F. H. Rawlins, M.A., and W. R. Inge, M..4. Crown Svo. 6s.
 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR. Por use in
the Lower Forms. Compiled by A. C. Aingee, M.A,, and H. G.
Wintlb, M.a. Crown Svo. 3s. Bd.
 PEEPAEATOEY ETON GEAMMAE. Abridged
from the above Work. By the same Editors. Crown Svo. 2s.
 FIEST LATIN EXEECISE BOOK, adapted to the
Elementary and Preparatory Grammars, By the same Editors.
Crown Svo. 2s. 6d.
 FOURTH FORM OVID. Selections from Ovid and
TihuUu". With Notes by H. G. Wintle. Post Svo. 2s. Bd.
HORACE. The Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Saeculare.

With Notes. Bj F. W. Coenish, M.A. Maps. Crown Svo. 68.
 EXERCISES IN ALGEBRA, by E. P. Rouse, M.A., and
Aethue Cockshott, M.A. Crown Svo. 3s.
 AEITHMETIC. By Rev.T. Dalton, M.A, CrownSvo. Zs.
FERGUSSON (James). History of Architecture in all Countries
from the Earlieat Times. A New and thoroughly Revised Edition.
With 1,700 Illnstrations. 3 Vols. Medium Svo.
Vols. I. & II. Ancient aod Medieval. 2 Vols. 63s. New Edition.
Edited by Phen4 Spiees.
III. Indian & Eastern. 31s. 6d. IV. Modern. 2 Vols. 31s. 6d.
FITZMAURICE (Lord E.). [See PtTTv.]
FITZPATRICK (William J.). The Correspondence of Daniel
O'ConneU, the Liberator. With Portrait. 2 Vols. Svo. 36s.
FLEMING (Professor). Student's Manual of Moral Philosophy.
With Quotations and References, Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
FLOWER GARDEN. By Rev. Thos. James. Fcap.Svo. 1«.
FORD (Isabella O.). Miss Blake of Monkshalton, A Novel,
Crown Svo. Ss.
FORD (Richard). Gatherings from Spain. Post Svo. Zs. 6d.
FORSYTH (William). Hortensius; an Historical Essay on the
OfBce and Duties of an Advocate. Illustrations. Svo. 7s. Bd.

10 LIST OK WeKKh

FRANCE (History op). [See Arthur — Markham — Smith —
StITOENTS'— TOCQUETILLK.]
FRANKLIN (Sir Johb), Admiral, K.C.H,, &c. The Life. By
H. D. Tratll. Maps and Portraits. Svo. 16;!.
PREAM (W.), LL.D. Elements of Agriculture j a text-book pre
pared under the authoritv of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.
Enlarged Edition. With 256 lUuatrations. Crown Svo. 8s. 6d.
FRENCH (Bishop T. Yalpt). Life and Correspondence. By the
Rev. Hebbert BrRK3, M.A. With Maps, Portrait, (Sic. 2vols. Svo. 30s.
FRERE (Sir Bartlb), Bart., G. C.B. Life and Correspondetce,
by John Martineau. 2 Vols... 8vo. 32*.
FRERE (Mary). Old Deccan Days, or Hindoo Fairy Legends
current in Southern India, with Introduction by Sir Babtlb Fbere,
With Illustrations. Post Svo. 5s,
OALTON (F.). Art of Travel ; or, Hints on the Shifts and Con
trivances available in Wild Countries. Woodcuts. Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
GARDNER (Prop. Perot). New Chapters in Greek History.
Historical results of recent excavations in Greece and Asia Minor.
With Illustrations, Svo. 15s.
GEDDES (Prop. P.). Outlines of Modern Botany. With Illus
trations. (Univ. Extension Series.) 2s. 6d.
GEOGRAPHY. [See Smith— Students', &c.]
GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY'S JOURNAL. (1846 to 1881.)
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS. Koyal Svo.
Vol. I., Parti. Travels and Researches in Westem China. By E,
CoLBOBNE Babeb. Maps. 5«.
Part ii. — 1. Recent Geography of Central Asia; from Russian
Sourcea. By E. Delmar Mceqah. 2. Progress of Dis
covery on the Coasts of New Guinea. By C. B. Mabkham.
Bibliographical Appendix, by E. C. Rye. Maps. 5a.
Part iii. — 1. Report on Part of lhe Ghilzi Country, &c. By
Lieut. J. S. Bboadfoot. 2. Joumey from Shiraz to Jasbk.
By J. R. PEBECE. 2s. 6d.
Pai-t iv.— Geographical Education. By J. S. Keltie. 2s. Qd.
Vol. II., Part i. — 1. Exploration in S. and S.W. China. By A. K,
CoLQUHOUN. 2. Bibliography and Cartography of His
paniola. By H. Lino Roth. 3. Explorations in Zanzibar
Dominions by Lieut. C. Stewabt Smith, R.N. 2s. 6d.
Part ii. — A Bibliography of Algeria, from the Expedition of
Charles V. in IB41 to 1887. By Sib R. L. Playfair, 4s.
Part iii.— 1. On the Measurement of Heights by the Barometer.
By John Ball, F.R.S, 2. River Entrances. By H. Robebt Mill.
3. Mr. Needham's Journey in South Eastem Tibet. 2s, 6d.
Part iv. — 1. The Bibliography of the Barbary States. Part i.
By Sir B. L. Plattais, 2. Hudson's Bay and Strait. By
Commodore A. H. Markham, R.N. 3s.
Vol. III., Part i. — Joumey of Carey and Dalgleish in Chinese Turkestan
and Northern Tibet; and General Prejevalsky on the Occ-
graphy of Northem Tibet. 4s.
Part ii. — Vanghan's Persia, &c. 4s.
Part iii. — Playfair's Bibliography of Morocco. Bs.
Part iv. Milne's Jezo, &c.
Part v.— Hogarth's Asia Minor.
Vol. IV. — Ramsay's Asia Minor. 18s.
GEORGE (Ernest). Loire and South of France; 20 Etchings.
Folio. 42s.
GERMANY (History op). [See Markham.]
GIBBON'S History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
Edited with notes by Milman, Qittzot, and Sir Wm. Smith. Maps,
8 Vols. Svo. 60». Student's Edition. Ts. 6d. (See Students' ,)

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY. 11

QIBBOK (Edward). The UnpubUshed Werks of Edward Gibbon,
including Seven Autobiographies, Journals, &c. Edited with a
Preface by Lord Sheffield. 3 Vols. 8to.
QIFPARD (Edward). Deeds of Kaval Daring ; or. Anecdotes of
fhe British Navy. Fcap. Svo. Bs. 6d.
GILBERT (Josiah). Landscape in Art : before the days of Claude
and Salvator. With 150 Illustrations. Medium Svo. 30<.
GILL (Capt.). The River of Golden Sand. A Journey through
China to Bannah, Edited by E. C. Babeb. Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
 (Mrs.). Siz Months in Ascension. An Unscientific Ac
count of a Scientific Expedition. Map. Crown Svo. 9a.
GLADSTONE (W. E.). Gleanings of Past Tears, 1848-78.
7 Vols. Small Svo. ia. Bd. each.
 Special Aspects of the Irish Question ; A Series of
Reflections in and since 18S6. Crown Svo. 3s. Bd.
- The Odes of Horace and Carmen Seculare. Crown

Svo. 6s. Cheap Edition, ISmo. 3s 6d. Also Idrgt paper, 21s. -net.
—^—  The Psalter, according to the Prayer - Book
Version, with a Concordance. ISmo. Morocco, .Ts. Roan, 3s. 6 '.
Also New Popular Edition, Is. net.
GLEIG (G. B.). Campaigns of the British Army at Washington
and New Orleans. Post Svo. 2s.
 Story of the Battle of Waterloo. Post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
 Narrative of Sale's Brigade in Affghanistan. Post Svo. 2«.
 Life of Lord Clive. Post Svo. 3«. 6d.
 Sir Thomas Mauro. Post Svo. Zs. 6d.
GOLDSMITH'S (Oliver) Works. Edited with Notes by Petbe
OnHvnrGHAH. Vignettes. 4 Vols. Svo. 30s.
GOODWIN (Bishop Haevet). Life of. By Canon H. D.
Eawnslet. With Portraits. Svo. 16s.
— ^  ¦  The Foundations of the Creed.
Svo. lis.
GORE, Rev. Charles (Edited by). Lux Mundi. A Series of
studies in the Keligion of the Incarnation. By varioua Writers.
Popular Edition, Crowu Svo. 6s.
¦^^  The Bampton Lectures, 1891 ; The Incarna
tion of the Son of God. Svo. 7s. Bd.
The Mission of the Church. Four Lectures

delivered in the Cathedral Church of St. Asaph, Crown Svo. 2*. Bd,
 :  Dissertations on Subjects connected with
the Incarnation. Svo. 7s. 6d.
 (F. St. j.) Lights aud Shades of Indian Hill Life. With
numerous Illustrations, Maps, &c. Svo. 31». 6d.
G033E (Edmithd). The Jacobean Poets. Crown Svo. 3*. 6d.
(University Extension Series).
GOULBURN (Dean). Three Counsels of the Divine Master for
the conduct of Spiritual Life. CrownSvo. 9s. (See also BuEOoif.)
GRANT (A. J.). Greece in the Age of Pericles. Crown Svo.
(University Extension Series.) 3s. Bd.
GRANVILLE (Chas.). [See Sapphire Ring.]
GREECE (History of). [See Grote — Smith — Students'.]
GREGORY (Sir Wh.). An Autobiography. Edited by Lady
Ghegoev. With Portrait. Svo. 16s.
¦  (J. W.). The Great Rift Talley. A Journey to
Baringo and Mount Kenya. With Maps and Illustrations. Svo. 21s.
GRIFFITH (Rev. Charles). A History of Strathfieldsaye.
With Illustrations. 4to. IDs. ed.

12 LIST OP WORKS

GROTE'S (Georob) WORKS :—
History of Greece. From the Earliest Times to the
Death of Alexander the Great. Ncmj Edition. Portrait. Map, aod
Plans. 10 Vols. FostSvo. 5s.each (J-heTTolinrns-ma-y-be-hadSeparattly.)
Plato, and other Companions of Socrates. 3 Vols. Svo. 4 St.;
or, New Edition, Edited by Alex. Bain. 4 Vols. Crown Svo. 5s. eac^.
Aristotle. Svo. Ha.
Minor Works. Portrait. 8to, 14s.
 (Mrs.), a Sketch. By Lady Eastlake. Crown Svo. 66.
GRUNDY (G. B.) The Topography if the BaHle of Platsea.
With Maps and Plans. Svo. 7s ^d.
GUILLEMARD (P. H.), M.D. The Voyage of the Marchefa to
Kamschatka and New Guinea. With Maps and 150 IlIustFatiouf.
Med. Svo, 21s.
HAKE (Q. Napier) on Explosives. [See Berthelox.]
HALL'S (T. D.) School Manual of English Grammar. With
Illustrations and Practical Exercises. 12mo. 3s. Bd.
 Primary English Grammar for Elementary Schools.
With numerous Exercises, and graduated Parsing Lessons. 16mo. Is.
Manual of English Composition. With Copious IUustra

tions and Practical Exercises. 12mo. 3s. Bd.
 Child's First Latin Book, comprising a fnll Practice of
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives, with the Verbs. 16mo. 2s.
 Introduction to the Study of the Greek Testameut, ojm-
prising a connected Narrative of our Lord's Life from the Synoptic
Gospels in the original Greek with concise gr mmar, notes, (fee. Witti
facsimiles of texts. Crown Svo. ?s. Bd.
 Translation at Sight, or Aids to Facility in the Transla
tion of Latin. Crowu Svo. 2s.
HALLAM'S (Henry) WORKS:—
The Constitutional History of England. Library Edition,
S Vols. Svo. 30s. Oalinet Edition, 3 Vols. Post Svo, 12s. Student s
Edition, Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
History of Europe durins ihe Middle Aqes. Cabinet
Edition, 3 Vols. Post Svo. 12s. Student's Edition, Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
Literary History of Europe durino the 15th, 16th, and
17th Cehtubibs. Lihrary Edition, 3 Vols. Svo. 36s. Oabinei Edition,
4 Vols. Post Svo. 16s.
HART'S ARMY LIST. (Published Quarterly a-nd Annually.)
HAY (Sir John Drummond). A If emoir. With Preface by Genl.
Sir Fbas.de Winton, K.C. M.G. Witi Portrait and Illustrations. Svo.
HAYWARD (A.). Sketches of Eminent Statesmen and Writers,
2 Vols. Svo. 288.
 The Art of Dining, Post Svo. 2«.
 A Selection from his Correspondence. By H. E.
Caeiisle. 2 vols. CrownSvo. 24s.
HEAD'S (Sir Francis) WORKS :—
The Royal Engineer. Illnstrations. Svo. 12«.
Rapid Journeys across the Pampas. Post Svo. Is.
Stokers and Pokers ; or, the L. and N. W. R. Post Svo. 2».
HEBER'S (Bishop) Journals in India. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 7s.
 Poetical Works. Portrait. Fcap. Svo. Zs. 6d.
 Life of. [See Smith, Dr. George.]
HERODOTUS. A New English Version. Edited, with Notes
and Essays by Canon Rawiihbon, Sie H. Eawlinson and Sie J G.
WiiKiNsoN. Maps and Woodcuts. 4 Vols. Svo. 4S«. Also New
Popular Edition. 2 vols. Crown Svo.

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY. 13

FOREIGN HAND-BOOKS.
HAND-BOOK— TRAVEL-TALK. English, French, German, and
Italian. New and Revised Edition. ISmo. 8s. Bd.
 HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. Map and Plans. 6«.
 NORTH GERMANY and THE RHINE,—
Tbe Black Forest, the Hartz, Tbtlringerwald, Saxon Switzerland,
RUgen, tbe Giant Mountains, TauDus, Odenwald, Elsass, and Lotb-
ringen. Map aud Plans. Post Svo. lOs.
-SOUTH GERMANY AND AUSTRIA,— Wurtem

berg, Bavaria, Austria, Tyrol, Styria, Salzburg, tbeDolomites,HuDgary
and tbe Danube, from Ulm to the Black Sea. Maps and Plans. Post
Svo. Two Parts. Part I., 73. Cd. Part II, 6s.
SWITZERLAND, Alps of Savoy, and Piedmont.

Eiited by W. A. B. CooLiDOE, M.A. Xn Two Parts. New Maps aad
Plans. Post Svo. 6s. each part.
¦ PRANCE, Part I. Normandy, Brittany, French

Alps, the Loire, Seine, Garonne, Pyrenees, &c. Maps and Flans. 7s. Bd.
PRANCE, Part II. Central Prance, Auvergne, the

Gevennes, Burgundy, the Rhone and Saone, Provence, Nimes, Aries,
Marseilles, the French Alps, Alsace, Lorraine, Champagne, &e. Maps
and Plans. Post Svo. 7s. Sd.
 THE RIVIERA. From Marseilles to Pisa, and the
Routes thither. A new Editi n, thoroughly revised, and in a great
measure re-written on the spot. With numeious Maps engraved ex
pressly ou a large scale. 6s.
 MEDITERRANEAN — its Principal Islands,
Cities, Seaports, Harbours, and Border Lands. For Travellers and
Yachtsmen, with nearly 60 Maps and Plans. Two Farts. Post Svo. 2I>.
 ALGERIA AND TUNIS. Algiers, Constantine,
Oran, Tlemcen, Bougie, Tebessa, Biskm, the Atlas Range. Edited by
Sir B. Lambebt Plaifaib. Maps and Plans. Post Svo. 10s. 6d.
 SPAIN, Madrid, The Castiles, The Basque Provinces,
Leon, The Asturias, Galicia, Estremadura, Andalusia, Ronda, Granada,
Murcia, Valencia, Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre, The Balearic Islands,
Ac. &c. Maps and Flans. Two Farts. Post Svo. 20s.
PORTUGAL, Lisbon, Oporto, Cintra, Mafra,

Madeira, the Azores, Canary Island-, &c. Map and Plan. 12s.
NORTH ITALY, Turin, Milan, Cremona, the

Italian Lakes, Bergamo, Brescia, Verona, Mantua, Vicenza, Padua,
Ferrara, Bologna, Ravenna, Rimlal, Piaceuza, Genoa, tbe Riviera,
Venice, Parma, Modena, and Romagna. Maps aad Flans. Post Svo. 10s.
CENTRAL ITALY, Florence, Lucca, Tuscany, The

Marshes, Umbria, &c. Maps and Plans. Post Svo. 6s.
ROME AND ITS Environs. Maps and Plans. New

and thoroughly Revised Edition. With Cootributions from Sir H.
Liyard, A. S. Murray, D.D. , Prof. Lanciani,&c. 10s.
— SOUTH ITALY, including Naples audits Environs,

Pompeii, HercuUneum, Vesuvius. Brindlsl, &o. Maps. Post Svo. 6s.
- SICILY, Palermo, Messina, Sj raouse, &c. Maps.

Pest Svo. es.
NORWAY, Christiania, Beigen, Trondhjem. The

Fields and Fjords. An entirely new Edition. Edited byTaoe.
Michell, C.B. Mapa and Plans. 7,-. Bd.
SWEDEN, Stockholm, Upsala, Gothenburg, the

Shores of the Baltic, &c. Maps and PUn. Poft 3vo. 6s.

14 LIST OF WORKS

HAND-BOOK— DENMARK and ICELAND, Schleswig, Holstein,
Copenhagen, Jutland. Maps and Plans. New Edition. 7i, Bd.
 RUSSIA, St. Petbhsburg, Moscow, Poland, and
Finland. Mapa and Plans. New aud Revised Edition. Post Svo. ISs.
GREECE, the Ionian Islands, Athens, the Pelopon

nesus, the Islauds of the .^gean Sea. Albania, Thessaly, Macedonia,
&c. Maps, Plans, and Views. New Edition. 21s.
CONSTANTINOPLE, BRtrSA, and thb TROAD.

Edited by Colonel Sir Chables Wilson, R.E., G.C.B. Numerous
Maps and Flans. Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
 EGYPT. The Course of the Nile through Egypt
and Nubia, Alexandria, Cairo, Thebes, Suez Canal, the Pyramids,
Sinai, the Fyoom, &c. Maps and Plans. Post Svo. 16s.
 HOLY LAND — Syria, Palestine, Moab, Hauran,
Syrian Deserts, Jerusalem, Damascus ; and Palmyra. Maps and
Plans. Post Svo. ISs.
 BOMBAY — Poonah, Beejapoor, Kolapoor, Goa,
Jubalpoor, Indore, Surat, Baroda, Ahmedabad, Somnautb, Kurracbee,
&c. Map and Flans. Post Svo. I5s.
MADRAS — Trichinopoli, Madura, Tinnevelly,Tuti-

corin, Bangalore, Mysore, The Nilgiris, Wynaad, Ootacamnnd, Calicut,
Hyderabad, Ajanta, Elura Caves, &c. MapsandPlans. FostSvo. l&s.
 BENGAL — Calcutta, Orissa, British Burmah,
Rangoon, Moulmein, Mandalay, Darjiling, Dacca, Patna, Benares,
N.-W. Provinces, Allahabad, Cawnpore, Lucknow, Agra, Gwalior,
Naini Tal, Delhi, Ac. Maps and Flans. Post Svo. 20s.
 THE PANJAB — Amiaoti, Indore, Ajmir, Jaypur,
Rohtak, Sabaranpur, Ambala, Lodiana, Lahore, Kidu, Simla, Sialkot,
Peshawar, Rawul Pindi, Attock, Karachi, Sibi. &c. Maps. 155.
 INDIA AND CEYLON, including the Provinces
of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras (the Punjab, North-west Provinces,
Rajputana, tbe Central Provinces, Mysore, &c.), tbe Native States and
Assam. With 65 Maps and Flans of Towns and Buildings. FostSvo. 20s.
JAPAN. Revised and for the most part Rewritten.

With 15 Maps. Post Svo. 16s. net.
 NEW ZEALAND. An entirely new work. Edited
by F. W. Peknefatheh, LL.D. With Maps and Plans. Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
 ASIA MINOR. An Entirely New Work, Edited
by Maj.-Gen. Sir Chables Wilson, E.E., K.C.B. With Maps and
Plans. Post Svo. 18s.

ENGLISH HAND-BOOKS.
HAND-BOOK— ENGLAND AND WALES. An Alphabetical
Hand-Book. In Oue Volume. With Map. Post Svo. 12s.
 ENVIRONS OF LONDON within a circuit of 20
miles. 2 Vols. Crowu Svo. 21s.
 ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. 20 Woodcuts. 10*. 6d.
 EASTERN COUNTIES, Chelmsford, Harwich, Col
chester, Cambridge, Ely, Ipswich, Felixstowe, Lowestoft, Norwich,
Yarmouth, Cromer, &c. Maps and Plans. Post Svo. 12s.
 CATHEDRALS of Oxford, Peterborough, Norwich,
Ely, and Lincoln. With 90 Illustrations. Crown Svo. 21s.
 KENT, Canterbury, Dover, Ramsgate, Sheemess,
Rochester, Chatham, Woolwich. MapsandPlans. FostSvo. 7s. 6<i.
SUSSEX, Brighton, Chichester, Worthing, Hastinge,

Lewes, Arandel, Ius. Maps and Plans. Post Svo. 6t.

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY. 15
HAND-BOOK— SURREY AND HANTS, Kingston, Croydon,
Reigate, Guildford, Dorking, Winchester, Southampton, New Forest,
Portsmouth, Isle of Wight, &o. Maps and Flans. Post Svo. 10s.
 OXFORDSHIRE, Oxford with its Colleges. Henley,
Blenheim, tbe Thames, &c. Maps and Flans. Post Svo. 6s.
 WILTS, DORSET, AND SOMERSET, Salisbury,
Chippenham, Weymouth, Sherborne, WeUs, Bath, Bristol, TaantOD,
&c. Map. Post Svo. 12s.
 DEVON, Exeter, Il&acombe, Linton, Sidmonth,
Dawlish, Teignmouth, Plymouth, Devonport, Torquay. Maps and Plans.
FostSvo. 7j.6<i.
 CORNWALL, Launceaton, Penzance, Falmouth,
the Lizard, Land's End, &c. Tuoroughly Revised Edition. Maps.
Post Svo. 6<.
 CATHEDRALS of Winchester, Salisbury, Exeter,
Wells, Chichester, Rochester, Canterbury, and St. Albans. With 130
Illustrations. 2 Vols. Crown Svo. 36s. St. Albans separately. 6s.
WORCESTER and HEREFORD, Leominster, Ross,

Malvern, Kidderminster, Dudley, Evesham, The Wye, &c. Map.
Post Svo. s.
 CATHEDRALS of Bristol, Gloucester, Hereford,
Worcester, and Llcbfield. With 50 Illustrations. Crown Svo. 16s,
. NORTH WALES, Bangor, Carnarvon, Beaumaris,

Snowdon, Llanberla, Dolgelly, Conway, JEC. Maps. Post Svo. 6s.
 SOUTH WALES, Monmouth, Llandaff, Merthyr,
Vale of Neath, Pembroke, Carmarthen, Tenby, Swansea, Tbe Wye, <fec.
Map. Post Svo. 6s.
 CATHEDRALS OF BANGOR, ST. ASAPH,
Llandaff, and St David's. With Illustrations. Post Svo. ISs.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE AND RUTLAND—

Northampton, Peterborough, Towcester, Daventry, Market Har
borough, Kettering, Wellingborough, Thrapston, Stamford, Uppiog-
ham, Oakham. Maps. Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
 DERBY, NOTTS, LEICESTER, STAFFORD,
Matlock, Bakewell,Cbatsworth,TheFeak,Buxton,Hardwick, Dove Dale,
Ashborne, Southwell, Mansfield, Retford, Burton, Belvoir, Melton Mow
bray, Wolverhampton, Lichfield, Walsall, Tamworth. Map. FostSvo. ]9s.
 SBROPSHIRE AND CHESHIRE, Shrewsbury, Lad
low, Bridgnorth, Oswestry, Chester, Crewe, Alderley, Stockport,
Birkenhead, Maps and Plans. Post Svo. 6s.
 LANCASHIRE, Warrington, Bury, Manchester,
Liverpool, Burnley, Clitheroe, Bolton, Blackburne, Wigan.Freston,Roch-
dale,Lancaster, Southport, Blackpool, &c. Maps & Flans. Post Svo. 6s.
THE ENGLISH LAKES, in Cumberland, West

moreland, and Lancashire; Lancaster, Fumess Abbey, Ambleside,
Kendal, Windermere, Coniaton, Keswick, Grasmere, ULwater,
Carlisle, Cockermouth, Penrith, Appleby, &c. Maps. Post Svo. 6s.
YORKSHIRE, Doncaster, Hull, Selby, Beveriey,

Scarborough, Whitby, Harrogate, Ripon, Leeds, Wakefield, Bradford,
Halifax, Huddersfield, Sheffield. Map and Flans. Post Svo. 12s.
¦ CATHEDRALS of York, Ripon, Durham, Carlisle,

Chester, and Manchester. With 80 Illustrations. 2 Vols. Cr. Sro. 21s.
DURHAM AND NORTH DMBERLAND, New

castle, Darlington, Stockton, Hartlepool, Shields, Berwick-on-Tweed,
Morpeth, Tynemouth, Coldstream, Alnwick, &c. Map. Post Svo. 10s.
LINCOLNSHIRB, Grantham, Lincoln, Stamford,

f^leaford, Spalding, Gainsborough, Grimsby, Boston. Maps and Plans.
Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
 HERTS, BEDS and HUNTS. Mips a.-d Plans.
Ts. 6d.
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Mapj and Plans. 6*.

18

LIST OF WORKS

HAND-BOOK— SCOTLAND, Edinburgh, Melrose, Kelso,Glasgow,
Dumfries, Ayr, Stirling, Arran, The Clyde, Oban, Inverary, Lech
Lomond, Loch Katrine and Trossachs, Caledonian Canal, Inverness,
Perth, Dundee, Aberdeen, Braemar, Skye, Caithness, Ross, Suther
land, Ac. Maps and Plans. Post Svo. ds.
IRELAND, Dublin, Belfast, the Giant's Cause

way, Donegal, Galway, Wexford, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, Killar-
ney, Bantry, Glengaritf, &c. MapsandPlans. FostSvo. 9s.
HEBER (Bishop). [See Smith, Dr. George.]
HICKSON (Dr. Sydney J.). A Naturalist in North Celebes ; a
Narrative of Travels in Minahassa, the Saugir and Talaut Islands,
&c Map and Illustrations. Svo. 16s.
HISLOP (Stephen). [See Smith, George.]
HODGSON (Brian). The Li'e by Sir William W. Huntbe,
K.C.S.I. With Portraits. Svo.
HOGARTH (David G.). A Wandering Scholar in the Levant.
Sec nd Edition. Crowu Svo. 7s. Bd.
HONEY BEE. By Rev. Thomas James. Fcap. Svo. 1«.
HOOK (Dean). Church Dictionary. A Manual of Reference for
Clergymen and Students. New Edition, thoroughly revised. Edited by
WalterHook, M.A.,aHdW.B. W.StephenSjM.A. Med. Svo. 21ii.
 (Theodore) Life. By J. G. Lookhart. Fcap. Svo. Is.
HORACE ; a New Edition of the Text. Edited by Dean Milman.
With 100 Woodcuts. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
 [See Eton.]
HOUGHTON'S (Lord) Monographs. Portraits. 10s. 6^.
— — — ^^— (Robert Lord) Stray Verses, 1889-90. Second
Edition, fcap. Svo. 6s.

HOME AND COLONIAL LIBRARY. A Series of Worka
adapted for all circles and classes of Readers, having been selected
for their acknowledged interest, and ability ofthe Authors. Post Sro.
Published at 2s. and Ss. Bd. each, and arranged under two distinctire
heads as follows : — CLASS A.

HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, AND HISTORIC TALES.

SIEGE OF GIBRALTAR. By
John Dbinewatee. 2s.
THE AMBER-WITCH. By
Ladt Duff Gobdon. 2s.
LIFE OF Sib FRANCIS DRAKE.
By John Babbow. 2s.
CAMPAIGNS AT WASHING
TON. By Rev. G. R. Gleio. 2s.
THE FRENCH IN ALGIERS.
By Lady Duff Gordon. 2s.
THE FALL OF THE JESUITS.
2s.
LIVONTAN TALES is.
LIFE OF CONDE. By Loed Ma
hon. 3s. Bd.
SA'.E'S BRIGADE. By Riv.
G. S. Gleio. 2s.
THE SIEGES OF VIENNA.
By LoBD Ellesmeb^. 2s.

By

THE WAYSIDE CROSS.
Caft. Miluan. 3s.
SKETCHES OF GERMAN LIFE,
By Sib A. Gobdon. 8s. 6if.
THE BATTLE or WATERLOO,
By Rev. G. R. Gleio. 8s. 6d.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF STEF.
FENS. 2s.
THE BRITISH POETS. By
Thohas Caufbell. 8s. Bd,
HISTORICAL ESSAYS. By
LoBD Mahon. Ss. Bd.
LIFE OF LORD CLIVE. By
Rev. 6. R. Gleio. 8s. Bd.
NORTH WESTERN RAIL.
WAY . By SiB F.B. Head. 2s.
LIFE OP MUNRO. By Rev. G.
R. Gleio. 3s. 6<i.

PUBLISHED BY MB. MURRAY. 17
GLASS B.
VOYAGES, TRAVELS, AND ADVENTURES.
HIGHUAND SPORTS. By
Charles St. John. Ss. Bd,
PAMPAS JOURNEYS. By
F. B: Head. 2s.
GATHERINGS FROM SPAIN.
By UiOBARD FOBD. 8s. BU
THB RIVER AMAZON. By
W. H. Edwards. 2s.
MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF
INDIA. By Rev. C. Acland. 2s.
ADVENTURES IN MEXICO.
By G. F. Ruxton. Ss. Bd.
PORTUGAL AND GALICIA.
By Lord Cabnarvon. 8s. Bd.
BUSH LIFE IN AUSTRALIA.
ByBKV. U. W. Hayoabth. 2s.
THB LIBYAN DESERT. By
Batle St. John. 2s.

JOURNALS IN INDIA. By
Bishop Hebeb. 2 Vols. 7s.
TRAVELS IN THE HOLY L AND.
By Irby and Mangles. 2s.
MOROCCO AND THE MOORS.
By J. Dbuuuond Hay. 2s.
LETTERS FROM the BALTIC.
By A Lady. 2s.
NBW SOUTH WALES. By Mbs.
THB WEST INDIES. By M. G.
Lewis. 2s.
SKETCHES OP PERSIA. By
Sib John Maloolu. 3s. t^d.
MEMOIRS OF FATHER RIPA.
2s.
MISSIONARY LIFE IN CAN
ADA. By Rev. J. Abbott.' 2s.
LETTERS FKOM MADRAS. By
A Lady, 2s.

•«• Each work may be had separately.
HUME (The Student's). A History of England, from the Inva
sion of Julius Caasar to the Revolution of ItiSS. New Edition,- revised,-
corrected, and continued to the Treaty of Berlin, 1878. By J. S.
Bbeweb, M.A. With 7 Coloured Maps & 70 Woodcuts. CrownSvo. 7s. Bd.
•** Sold also in 3 parts. Price 2s. f-d. each.
HUTCHINSON (Gen.). Dog Breaking, with Odds and Ends for
those who love the Dog and the Gun. With 40 Illustrations. Crown
Svo, 7s. Bd. *,* A Summary of the Rules for Gamekeepers. Is.
 (Horace). [See New Forest.]
HUTTON (H. B.). Principia Grseca ; aia Introduction to the Stndy
of Gieek. Sixth Edition. 12mo. 8s. Bd.
HYMNOLOGY, Diotionart of. [See Julian.]
ICELAND. [See Coles — Dufferih.]
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE YEAR BOOK for 1895. Royal Svo.
lOs. net.
INDIA. [See Broadfoot — Dufferin— Elphinstone — Hand-book
— Lyall — Suith — Temple — Monibb Williams.]
JAMES (P. L.). The Wild Tribes of the Soudan : with an account
of the route from Wady Haifa to Dongola and Berber. Wit^
ChapterontheSoudan,bytilBS. Baker. Illustrations. Cr.Svo. Ts.Bd.
Ji MESON (Mbs.). Lives of the Barly Italian Painters—
and tbe Progress of Painting in Italy — Cimabne to Bassano. With
60 Portraits. Post Svo. 12s.
JANNARIS (Pbof. A. N.). A Pocket Dictionary of the Modem
Greek and English Languages. Fcap.Svo. 10s. 6^.
JAPAN. [See Bird — Handbook.]
JEKYLL (Joseph). Correspondence with his Sister-in-Law, Lady
Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818—1838. Edited by the Hon. Algernon
Bourse. Svo. 16s.
JELF (Ernest Arthur). [See Eileen's Journey.]
JENNINGS (L. J.). Field Paths and Green Lanos : or Walks in
Surrey and Sussex. Popular Edition. With Illustrations. Cr. Svo. 6s.
JESSE (Edward). Gleanings in Natural History. Pep. Svo. 3s. 6d.
JOHNSON'S (Dr. Samuel) Life. [See Bosweh.]
JOURNAL of an English Spy in Paris, 'rom January to July, 1794.
By Baodl Hesbin. Foap. ivo. 5s.

18 LIST OF WORKS

JOWETT (B.). The Epistles of S% Paul to the Thetsalonians,
Galatians aui Romans. Edited and c .ndensei by Lewis Campbell,
M.A. .LLD. 2vi/ls. C. owu Svo. 7s, 6(/. net, each vol.
 College Sermons. With some short addrtsses to Com
municants. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
— Life bi EvELiN Ibbott, M.A., LL.D. and Rev, Lewis

Campbell, M.A., LL.D. With Portiaits and Illustrations. 2 Vols.
Demy Svo.
JULIAN (Rev. John J.). A Dictionary of Hymnology. Setting
forth the Origin and History of tbe Hymns in the Principal Hymnals,
with Notices of their Authors, &c. , &c. Medium Svo. (16x6 pp.) 42s-
JUNIUS' Handwriting Professionally investigated. Edited by the
Hon. E. TwiSLEToN. Witt Facsimiles. Woodcuts. &c. 4to. £8 Ss.
KEENE (H. G.). The Literature of France. 220 pp. Crown
Svo. 3s. (University Extension Manuals.)
KENDAL ^Mks.) Dramatic Opinions. Post Svo. Is.
KERR (Robt.). The Consulting Architect: Practical Notes on
Administrative Difficulties. Crowu Svo. 9s.
KIRKES' Handbook of Physiology. Edited by W. Moreant
Baefr and V. D. Harris. With 600 Illustrations. Post Svo. 14s.
KNIGHT (Prof.). The Philosjphy of the Beautiful. Two Parts.
Crown Svo. 8s. Bd. each. (University Extension Series.)
 The Chrietian Kthic. Crown Svo. Zs. 6d.
BUGLER'S HANDBOOK OF PAINTING.— The Italian Schools.
A New Edition, revised. By Sir Henby Layabd. With 200 Illustra
tions. 2 vols. Crown Svo. 30s.
 The German, Flemish, antt
Dutch Schools. New Edition revised. By Sir J. A. Cbowe. With
60 Illustrations. '/ Vols. Crown Svo. 24s.
LANDOR (A. H. Savage). Alone with the Hairy Ainu, or 3,800
Miles fin a Pack ::addie in Yezo, and a Cruise to the Kurile Island. .
WithMap, anj manj llluotrdtioDS by the Au'hor. Medium Sto. ISs.
LANE (E. W.;. Account of the Manners and Customs of Modem
Egyptians. With Illustrations. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 12?.
LAUD (Archbishop). Life and TiiLes of. By Rev. C. H.
Simpkinson. With Portraif. Crown Svo. 10s. Bd.
LAWLESS ^HoN. Emily). Major Lawrence, F.L.S. : a Novel.
8 Vols. Crown Svo. 31s. Bd. Cheap Edition, 6s.
 Plain Frances Mowbray, etc. Crown Svo. 6s.
LAYARD (Sir A. H.). Nineveh and its Remains, With Illustra
tions. Post bvo. 7s. Bd.
 Nineveh and Bubylon. Illusts. Post Svo. 7f, 6d.
 Early Adventures in Persia, Babylonia, and Susiana,
including a lesidence among the Bakbtiyari aud other wild tribfrb.
P.rtrait, Iilubt ations and Maps. 2 Vols. Crown Svo. 24s. ife-m
Popular Edition. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
LEATHES (SiAHLET). Practical Hebrew Grammar. With tie
Hebrew Text of Genesis i. — vi., and Psalms i.— vi. Grammatical.
Analysis and Vocabulary. Post Svo. 7s. 6d,
LESLIE (C. K.). Handbook for Young Painters. I ost Svo. 7s. 6d.
LEVI (Leone). History of British Commerce; and Economic
Progrtss of the Nation, from 1763 to 1S78. Svo. 18s.
LEWIS (T.Hayxer). The Holy Places of Jerusalem. Illustrations.
Svo. lOs. 6d.
LEX SALICA; the Ten Texts with the Glosses and the Lex
Emendata. Synoptically edited by J. H. Hessels. 4to. 42s.
LIDDELL (Dean). Student's History of Rome, from the earliest
Times to the e'Jtahlibhment of the Empire. Woodcuts. FostSvo 7s. Bd
LILLY (W. S.). The Great Enigma. Svo. 14j.

PUBLISHED BY MR. MUKKAY. 19

LILLY (W. S.). Four Humourists of the Ninr:teentb Century.
Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, Carlisle. Svo. 10s. Bd.
LIND (Jenny), The Artist, 1820 — 1851. Her early Art-life and
Dramatic Career. From Original Documents, Letters, Diai'ies, &c.,
in the possession of Mr. Goldschmidt. By Canon H. Scott Holland,
M.A., and W. S. Rockstro. Popular Edition. With Portraits
and Illustrations. Crown Svo. 9t.
LINDSAY (Lord). Sketches of the History of Christian Art.
2 Vols. Crown Svo. 24s.
LISPINGS from LOW LATITUDES; or, the Journal of the Hon.
ImpulslaGushington. Edited by LobdDuffebih. With24Plates.4to.21s.
LIVINGSTONE Pb.). First Expedition to Africa, 1840-56.
IUustrations. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d.
 Second Expedition to Africa, 1858-64. Illustra
tions. Cr WU Svo. 7». 6d.
- Last Journals in Central Africa, to his Death.

By Rev. Hobaoe Walleb. Maps and Illustrations. 2 Vols. Svo. 16s.
 Personal Life. By Wm. G. Blaikie,D.D. With
Map and Portrait. Crown Svo. 6s.
LOCKHART (J. G.). Ancient Spanish Ballads. Historical and
Romantic. Translated, wifh Notes. Illnstrations. Crown Svo. 6s.
— «  Life of "Theodore Hook. Fcap. Svo. 1».
LONDON: Past and Present; its History, Associations, and
Traditions. By Henby B. Wheatley, F.S.A, Based on Cunningham's
Handbook. Library Edition, on Laid Paper 3 Vols. Medium Svo. 8^3s.
LOUDON (Mrs.). Gardening for Ladies. With Directions and
Calendar of Operations for Every Month. Woodcuts. Fcap. Svo. 8s. Bd.
LUBBOCK (Misi). Some Poor Relief Questions. With a Preface
by the Eight Hon. Sir J. Lubbock, Bart., M.P. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
LUFFMANN (C. B.). A Vagabond in Spain. An Account of
a Journey on Foot. Crown Svo. 6s.
LUMHOLTZ (Dr. C). Among Cannibals ; An Account of Four
Years' Travels in Australia, and of Camp Life amoug the Aborigines
of Queensland. With Maps and 120 lilustratiODa. Medium Svo. 24s.
LYALL (Sir Alfred C), K.C.B. Astetic Studies ; Religions and
Social. 8vo. 129,
 The Rise of the British Dominion in
India. From the Early Days of the East India Company. (University
Extension Series.) With coloured Maps. Crown Svo. 4s. 6(2. Also
Library Edition with c nsiderable additions. Svo. 12s.net.
LYELL (Sib Chables). Student's Elements of Geology. Anew
Edition, entirely revised by Pbofessob J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S. With
600 IUustrations. Post Svo. 9s.
^^  Life, Letters, and Jou nals. Edited bj
his slste>in-law, Mss. Lyell. With Portrailf . 2 Vols. Svo. 30s.
LYNDHURST (Lobd). [See Martin.]
LYSONS (Sir Daniel). The Crimean War from first to last.
With Illustrations and Plans. Crown Sfo. 12s.
 Early Reminiscences. Crowj Svo. 9 .
McCLlNTOCK (Sib L.). Narrative of the Discovery of tht
Fate of Six John Franklin and bis Companions in the Arctic Seaj^
With Illustrations. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d.
McKBNDRICK (Prof.) and Dp.;8nodqrass. The Physiology cf tb e
Senses. With Illustration?. (Univ. Extension Series.) Crown Svo. 4s. Sd.
MACGREGOR (J.). Rob Roy on the Jordan, Nile, Red Sea, Gen-
nesareth, &c. A Canoe Cmise in Palestine and Egypt and the Water.
of Damascus. With 70 Hlustration!". Crown Svo. 7s. Bd. C2

20 LIST OF WORKS

MACKAIL (J. W.). Latin Literature (University Extension
Series). Crown 8vo. 3s. 84.
MACKAY (Thomas). The English Poor. A Sketch of their
Social and 'Economic History; .and an attempt to estimate the influ->
ence of private property ou character and habit. CrownSvo. 7t. Bd.
' — A Pleajor Liberty : an Argument against Socialism and
Socialistic Legislation. Essays by various Writers. Introduction by
Hebbebt Spenoee. Third and Popular Edition. Post Svo. 2s.
¦ A Policy of Free Exchange. Essays by various Writers

on the Economical and Social Aspects of Free Exchange and various
matters. Svo. Us.
 Methods of Social Reform, or the true and false
methods of dealing with the Social Condition of the Poor. Crowu Svo.;
7s. Bd.
MACNAGHTEN (Ceesteb). Common Thoughts on Serious
Subjects. Addresses to the Elder Students of Raj Rumar College, Katty-
war. Edited by Robebt Whitelaw. Crown Svo.
MACPHERSON (Wk. Chabibris). The Baronage and the Senate,
Or the House of Lords in tbe Fast, the Present, and the Fature. Svo. 16s,
MADISON (Dorothy Pavns). By Maud Wilder Goodwin.
With Portrait. Crown Svo. 6s.
MAHON (Lord). [See Stanhope.]
MAINE (Sir H. Sumner). A brief Memoir of his Life. By the
Right Hon. Sir M. E. Grant Doff, G.C.S.T. With some of his Indian
Speeches and Minutes. Selected and Edited by Whitley Stoees,
D.CL. With Portrait. Svo. 14s.
 Ancient Law : its Connection with the Early History
of Society, and its Relation to Modem Ideas. Svo. 9s.
 Village Communities in the East and West. Svo. 9s.
 Early Hiatory of Institutions. Svo. 9a.
 Dissertations on Early Law and Custom.- Svo. 9s.
 Popular Government. Svo. 7a. 6d.
International Law. Svo. 7s. 6d.

MALLET (0. E.). The French Revolution. Crown Svo. 3s. 6d.
(Univ. Extension Series.)
MARKHAM (Mrs.). History of England. From the First Inva
sion by the Romans, continued down to 1S80. Woodcuts. 12mo. Sa. Bd.
 History of France. Prom the Conquest of Gaul by
Julius Csssar, continned down to 1878. Woodcuts. 12mo. 3s. 6d.
History of Germany. From its Invasion by Marius

to the completion of Cologne Cathedral. Woodcuts. 12mo. 3s. 6d.
MARLBOROUGH COLLEGE. A History of, during Fifty
Years. By A. G. Bradley, A. C. Champneys, and J. W. Baines.
With numerous illustrations. Ci own Svo. 7s.Bd.net.
UARSH (G. p.). Student's Manual of the English Language.
Edited with Additions. By Dr. Wm. Smith. Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
MARTIN (Sir Theodore). Life of Lord Lyndhurst. With
Portraits. Svo. 16s.
MARTINEAU (John). [See Frere, Transvaal Trouble.]
MAUREL'S Character, Actions, &c., of Wellington, Is. 6d.
MELVILLE (Hermann). Typee : or the Marquesas Islanders.
With Memoir, Map^ and lUuBtrations. Crown Svo. 3s. Bd.
——  Omoo ; Adventures in tha South Seas. With Memoir,
Maps and llluatratioas. Crown Svo. 3s. Bd.
MENZIES (Allah). History of Religion. (Univeis^y Extension
Series.) Crown Svo. Ss.
MICHAEL ANGELO, Sculptor, Painter, and Architect. His Life
and Works. By C. Heath Wilson. Illustrations. Svo. 16s,

PUBLISHED BY BIS. MURRAY. 21

MILL (Dr. H. R.). The Realm of Nature : An Outline of Physio
graphy. With 19 Coloured Maps and 6S Illustrations and ' Diagrams
(SSOpp.). CrownSvo. 5s. (University Extension Manuals.)
MILLER (Wu.). a Dictionary of English Names of Plants
applied among English-speaking People to Plants, Trees, and Shrubs.
Latin-English and English- Latin. Medium Svo. 12s.
MILMAN'S (Dean) WORKS:—
History of the Jews, from the earliest Period down to Modern
Times. 3 Vols. FostSvo. 12s.
Early Christianity, from the Birth of Christ to the Aboli
tion of Paganism in the Roraan Empire. S Vola. Post Svo. 12s.
Latin Christianity, including tbat of the Popes to tbe
Pontificate of Nicholas V. 9 Vols. Post Svo. 36S.
Handbook to St. Paul's Cathedral. Woodcuts. 10s. 6d.
Quinti Horatii Flaooi Opera. Woodcntis. Sm. Svo. 7s. Sd.
Fall of Jerusalem. Fcap. Svo. 1«.
 (Bishop, D.D. ) Life. With a Selection from his
Correspondence and Journals. By his Sister. Map. Svo. 12s.
MILNE (David, M.A.). A Readable Dictionary of the English
Language. Etymologically arranged. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
MINTO (Wm.). Logic, Inductive and "Deductive. With Diagrams.
Crown Svo. 4s. Bd. (Universitv Extension Series.)
MISS BLAKE OF MONKSHALTON. By Isabella Ford. A
New Novel. Crown Svo. 68.
MIVART (St. George). The Cat. An Introduction to the Study
of Backboned Animals, especially Mammals. 200 Illus. Med. Svo. 30s.
MOORE (Thomas). Life and Letters of Lord Byron. [See Btron.]
MORELLI (Giovanni). ItaUan Painters. Critical Studies of their
Works. Translated from the German by Constance JoGftLTN Ffoulkes,
with an Introductory Notice by Sir Henry Latard, G.O.B. With
numerous Illustra'ions. Svo.
Vol. T. — The Borgbese & Doria Pamphili Galleries. 15s.
Vol. II. — The Galleries of Munieh and Dresden. 15s.
MOSELEY (Prof. H. N.). Notes liy a Naturalist during
the voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger" round the World in the years
1S72-76. A New aud Cheaper Edit., with a Meraoir of the Author.
Portrait, Map, and numerous Woodcuts. Crown Svo. 9s.
MOTLEY (John Lothrop). The Correspondeniue of. With
Portrait. 2 Vols. Svo. 30s.
 History of the United Netherlands : from the
Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Tmce, 1809. Portraits.
4 Vols, Post Svo. 6s. each.
 Life and Death of John of Bameveld.

Illustrations. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 12s.
MUIRHEAD (John H.). The Elements of Ethics. CrownSvo. 3s.
(University Extension Series.)
MUMMERY (A. F.) and J. A. HOBSON. The Physiology of
Industry : Being an Exposure of certain Fallacies in existing Theories
of Political Economy. Crown Svo. fis.
MUNTHB (Axel). Letters from a Mouming City. Naples dur
ing the Autumn of 1884. Translated by Maude Valerie White.
With a Frontispiece. Crown Svo. 6s.
MURRAY (John). A Publisher and his Friends : Memoir and
Correspondence of the sec-nd John Murray, with an Account of the
Origin and Progress of the House, 1768— 1S43. By Samuel Smiles,
LL.D. With Portraits. 2 Vols. Svo. 32s.
 (A. S.). A History of Greek Sculpture from the
Earliest Times. With 180 Illustrations. 2 Vols. Medium Svo. SBp.

22 UST OF WORKS

MURRAY (A. S.). Handbook of Greek Archseology. Sculpture,
Vases, Bronzes, Gems, Terra-coftas, Architecture, Mural Faintiugs,
ttc Many Illustrations. Crown Svo. 18s.
MURRAY'S MAGAZINE. Vols. L to X. 7«. 6d. each.
NADAILLAC (Marquis de). Prehistoric America, Translated
by N. D'Anvees. With Illustrations. Svo. 16s.
NAPIER (General Sir Charles). His Life. By the Hon.
Wm. Napier Beuoe. With Portrait and Maps. Crown Svo. 12s.
 (General Sir George T.). Passages in his Early
Military Life written by himself. Edited by his Son, General Wh
C. E. Napiee. With Portrait. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d.
(Sir Wh.). English Battles and Sieges of the Peninsular

War. Portrait. FostSvo. 6s.
NASMYTH (James). An Autobiography. Edited by Samuel
Smiles, LL.D., with Portrait, and 70 Illustrations. Post Svo, 6s. ; or
Large Paper, 16s.
 The Moon : Considered as a Planet, a World, and a
Satellite. With 26 Plates and numerous Woodcuts. Medium Svo. 21s.
NEWMAN (Mrs.). Begun in Jest. 3 vols. 31s. 6d.
NEW FOREST (THE). By Rse C. De Crespigny and Horace
G. HrTCHi.vso.v. With Illustrations. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d.
NEW TESTAMENT. With Short Explanatory Commentary.
By Abohdeacon Churton, M.A., and the Bishop of St, David's.
With 110 authentic Views, tic. 2 Vols. Crown Svo. 21s. bound.
NEWTH (Samuel). First Book of Natural Philosophy; an Intro
duction to the Study of Statics, Dynamics, Hydrostatics, Light, Heat,
and Sound, with numerous Examples. Crown Svo. 3s. Bd.
 Elements of Mechanics, including Hydrostatics,
with numerous Examples. Crown Svo. Ss. Bd.
 Mathematical Examples. A Graduated Series
of Elementary Examples in Arithmetic, Algebra, Logarithms, Trigo
nometry, and Mechanics. Cri.wn Svo. Ss. Bd.
NIMROD, On the Chace— Turf— and Road. With Portrait and
Plates. Crown Svo. 68. Or with Coloured Plates, 7s. 6d.
NORRIS (W. E.). Marcia. A Novel. Crown Svo. 6s.
O'CONNELL (Daniel). [See Fitzpatrick.]
OVID LESSONS. [See Eton.]
OWEN (Lieut.-Col.). Principles and Practice of Modem Artillery.
With Illustrations. Svo. 16s.
OWEN (Professor). Life and Correspondence, Edited by his
Grandson, Rev. R.Owhn. Portraits aud Illus'n". 2vols. Crown SVo. 24s.
OXENHAM (Rev. W.). English Notes for Latin Elegiacs ; with
Prefatory Rules of Composition in Elegiac Metre. 12mo. 3s. Bd.
PAGET (Lord George). The Light Cavalry Brigade in the
Crimea. Map. Crown Svo. 10s. Bd.
PALGRAVE (R. H. I.). Local Taxation of Great Britain and
Ireland, '^vo. 6s.
PALLISER (Mrs.). Mottoes for Monuments, or Epitaphs selected
for General Use and Study. With Illustrations. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
PARKER (C. S.), M.P. [See Peelj]
PARRY (T. Gambier). The Ministry of Fine Art to the
Happiness o) Life. Revised Edition, with an Index. Svo. 14s.
 'jMaj.Gambier). The Combat with Suffering. Fcap.8vo.3s.6e/,
 Day-Dreams ; being Thoughts from the
Notebook of a Cripple. Crown Svo. 7s. 6c?.

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY, 23

PEEL'S (Sib Robert) Memoirs. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 15».
 Life of: Early yeara; as Secretary for Ireland, 1812-18,
and Secretary of State, 1822-27. Edited by Charles Stuart Parked,
M.P. With Portrait. Svo. ISs.
PENN (Riohabd). Maxims and Hints for an Angler and Chess
player. Woodcuts. Fcap.Svo. Is.
PERCY (John, M.D.). Metallurgy. Fuel, Wood, Peat, Coal,
Charcoal, Coke, Fire-Clays. Illustrations. Svo. 80s.
 Lead, including part of Silver. Illustrations. Svo. 30».
 Silver aud Gold. Part I. Illustrations. Svo. 30s.
 Iron and Steel. A New and Revised Edition, with the
Author's Latest rorreciious. and brought down to tbe present time »
By H. Bauebuan, F. G.S. lUnstrailoi s. Svo.
PERRY (J. Tavenor). The Chronology of Me('ieval Architec
ture. A Date Book of Architec'ural Art. Illus*' ations. Svo. 16s.
 (Rev. Canon). History of the English Church. See
Student's Manuals.
PETTt (Sir William). The Life derived from Private Docu
ments. By Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice. With Maps and Portrnits.
Svo. 16s.
PHILLIPS (Samuel). Literary Essays from " The Times." With
Portrait 2 Vols. Fcap. Svo. 7s.
PLEA FOR LIBERTY. See Maokat.
POLICY OF FREE EXCHANGE. See Maokat.
POLLOCK (C. E.). a Book of Family Prayers. Selected from
the Liturgy of the Churcb of England. 16mo. Ss. Bd.
POPE'S (Alexander) Life and Works. With Introductions and
Notes, by J. W. Cbokeb, Rev. W. Elwin, aud W. J. Couethopb.
10 Vols. With Portraits. Svo. lOs. 6<i. each.
PORTER (Rev. J. L.). Damascus, Palmyra, and Lebanon. Map
and Woodcnts. Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
PRAYER-BOOK (Beautifully Illustrated). With Notes, by
Rev. Thos. Jambs. Medium Svo. \8s. cloth,
PRITCHARD (Charles, D.D.). Occasional Thoughts of an
Astronomer on Nature and Revelation. Svo. 7s. Bd.
PROTHERO (Rowland B.). Life and CorrespoL dence of Arthur
Penrhyn Stanley, l*te Dean of Westmioeter. With Portraits and
Illu&trationp. 2 vols. Svo. 32s.
 Letters and Verses of Arthur P. Stanlet, late Dean
of Westminster. Svo. 16s.
PSALMS OF DAVID. With Notes Explanatory and Critical bj
Dean Johnson, Canon Elliott, and Canon Cook. Medium Svo. 10s. 6d.
PSALTER OF 1539. [See Earle (Professor John.)]
PULLEN (Rev. H. W.). Handbcok o'' Riman Marbles.
Fcap. Svo. 2s.
PUSS IN BOOTS. With 12 Illustrations. By Otto Speoktbb.
16mo. Is. Bd. Or coloured, 2s. Bd.
QUARTERLY REVIEW (The). Svo. 6«.
RAE (Edwabd). Country of the Moors. A Journey from Tripoli
to the Holy City of Kairwan. Etchings. Crown Svo. 12s.
 The White Sea Peninsula. Crown Svo. 15#.
 (George). The Country Banker ; His Clients; Cares, and
Work, from the Experience of Forty Years. Crowu Svo. 7s. 6d.
EALRIGH (Prof. W.). "The English Novel. Crown Svo. Zs. 6d.
(Univ. Extension Series.)

24 LIST OF WORKS

RAMSAY (Prof. W. M.). The Historical Geography of Asia
Minor. With 6 Maps, Tables, &c. Svo. ISs.
RASSAM (Hobmuzd). British Mission to Abyssinia. Illustra
tions. 2 Vols. Svo, 2Ss.
KaWLINSON'S (Canon) Five Great Monarchies of Chaldsea,
Assyria, Media, Babylonia, and Persia. With Maps and Illustrations.
8 Vols. Svo. 42s.
 Herodotus, anew English Version. See page 12.
RAWLINSON'S (Sir Henry) England and Russia in the East ; a
qpripo of Papers on the Condition of Central Asia. Map. Svo. 12s.
RAWNSLEY (Canon H. D.). [See Goodwin, Bp. H.]
hEJECTED ADDRESSES (The). By James and Horaob Smith.
Woodcuts. Post Svo. Ss. 6d. ; or Popidar Edition, Fcap. Svo. Is.
RENTON (W.). Outlines of English Literature. With Illustra
tive Diagrams. Crown Svo. 8s. Bd. (Univ. Extension Series.)
RICARDO'S (David) Works. With a Notice of his Life and
Writings. By J. R. M'Culloch. Svo. 16s.
ROBERTS (Db. R. D.). An Introduction to Modern Geology.
With Coloured Maps and Illustrations. Crown Svo. 5s. (Univ.
Extension Seiies.)
ROBERTSON (Canon). History of the Christian Church, from tbe
Apostolic Age to the Reformation, 1617. 8 Vols. Post Svo. Bs. each.
 {ii. C.) Elements of Philotophy. Edited from
>'otes of Lectures delivered at University College, London, by Mrs. C.
A. F. Rhys Davids, B.A. CrownSvo. (University Extension Series.)
(G. C.) Elements of Psjchologj. Crown Svo,

(University Extension Series.)
liOBINSON (W.). English Flower Garden. An Illustrated
Dictionary of all the Plants used, aud Directions for their Culture and
Airangement. With numerous Illustrations. Medium Svo. 15s.
 The Vegetable Garden ; or, the Edible Vegetables,
Salads, and Herbs cultivated in Europe and America. By M. VlL-
morin-Andrjeux. "With 750 Illustrations. Svo. 15s.
 The Wild Garden. Illustrations. Svo. 12s.
 Sub-Tropieal Garden. Illustrations. Crown Svo. 6s.
¦ Parks and Gardens of Paris, considered in

Relation to other Cities. 350 Illustrations.- 8vo. ISs.
 God's Acre Beautiful ; or, the Cemeteries of the
Future. With 8 Illustrations. Svo. 7s. Bd.
 Garden Design. Illustrations. Svo. 6s.
ROMANS, St. Paul's Epistle to the. With Notes and Commentary
by E. H. Gifford, D.D. Medium Svo. 7s. Bd.
ROME. [See Gibbon — Liddell — Smith — Students'.]
ROMILLY (Hugh H.). The Western Pacific and New Guinea.
2nd Edition. With a Map. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
ROSS (Mrs.) The Laud of Manfred, Prince of Tarentum and King
of Sicily. Illustrations. Crown Svo. 10s. Bd.
RUMBOLD (Sir Horace). The Great Silver River : Notes oi a
Residence in the Argentine Republic. Second Edition, with Additional
Chapter. With Illustrations. Svo. l?s.
RUXTON (GE0.F.).Travel8in Mexico; withAdventuresamongWild
Tribes and Animals of the Prairies andRocky Mountains. FostSvo. 3s. Bd.
RYAN (Charles E.). With an Ambulance' during the Franeo-
German War, 1870-71. With Portrait aud Maps. Crown Svo. ¦ -9s.
ST. JOHN (Charles). St. John's Wild Sports and Natural History
of the Highlands of Scotland. A New Edition, thoroughly revised.
Edited, with a Memoir of the Author, bv the Rev. M. G. Watkins.
Portrait and several new Illustrations. Medium Svo. 1-ls.

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY. 26

ST. MAUR (Mrs. Algernon), Duchess of Somerset. Impres-
S'ons of a Tenderfoot, during a Journey in search of Sport in the Far
West. With Map and Illustrations. Crown Svo. 12s.
SALMON (Prof. Geo., D.D.). An Introduction to the Study of the
New Testament, and an Investigation iuto Modern Biblical Criticism,
based on the most recent Sources of Information. Crown Svo. 9s.
Appendix (1894), Is.
 Lectures on the Infallibility of the Church. Post Svo. 9s.
SANDEMAN (Sir Robert). His Life and Work on our Indian
Frontier. By T. H. Thornton, C.S.I., D.CL. With M.ap, Portrait,
and Illustrations. Svo. ISs.
SAPPHIRE RING (THE). A Novel. By Charles Granville.
Crown Svo. 6s.
SCEPTICISM IN GEOLOGY; and the Reasons for it. An
assemblage of facts from Nature combining to refute the theory, of
"Causes now in Action." By Veeifibb. Woodcuts. CrownSvo. 6s.
SCHRBIBER (Tady Charlotte). English Fans and Fan Leaves.
Collected and Described. With 160 Plates. Folio. 71. 7s. Net.
 Foreign Fans and Fan Leaves.
French, Italian and German. 160 Plates. Folio. 71. 7s. Net.
Playing Cards of Various Ages and

C'^untries. Vol. I., English and Scottish ; Dutch and Flemish. With
144 Plates. FoUo. 81. I8s. Bd. Net. Vol. II., French and German.
With 1S6 Plates. Folio. Sl. 13s. Bd. Net. Vol. III., Swiss, Swedish,
Eussian, Spanish, &c. Bl. 13s. Bd. Net.
SETOQN (Gabbibl). Barncraig. Episodes in the life ofa Scottish
Village. CrownSvo. 5s.
—— Sunshioe and Haar. Further Glimpses into Barncraig.
CrownSvo. 6s.
SHAIEP (Principal) and his. Friends. By Professor Wm.
Knight, of St. Andrews. With Portrait. Svo. > 15s.
SHAW (T. B.). Manual of English Literature. Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
-^— — Specimens of English Literature. Post Svo. 5s.
SHAW (R. Norman). [See Architecture.]
SIEMENS (Sib Wm.). The Scientific Works of : a Collection of
Papers and Discourses. Edited by E. F. Bamber, CE. Vol. 1. —
Heat and Metallurgy; ii. — Electricity, &c.; iii. — Addresses and
Lectures. Plates. 3 Vols. Svo. 12s. each.
——^—- (Db. Wbrneb von). Collected Works of. Translated
by E. F. Bambeb. Vol. i. — Scientific Papers and Addresses, ii. —
Applied Science. With Illustrations. Svo. 148.
SIMMONS' Constitution and Practice of Courts-Martial. 16>s.
SIMPKINSON (Rev. C. H.). [See Laud.]
SMEDES (Susan Dabney). A Southern Planter. Memoirs of
Thomas Dabney. Preface by Me. Gladstone. Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
SMILES' (Samuel, LL.D.) WORKS :—
Bbitish Engineers ; from the Earliest Period to the Death of
the Stephensons. Illustrations. 6 Vols. Crown Svo. 7s. Bd. each,
Geobge Stephenson. Post Svo. 2s. 6d.
James Nabmyth. Portrait and Illustrations. Post Svo. 6s,
Jasmin : Barber, Poet, Philanthropist. Post Svo. 6s.
Scotch Natubalist (Thos.Edward). Illustrations. Poat Svo. 6s.
Scotch Geologist (Robert Dick). Illustrations. Svo. 12s.

Missing Page

Missing Page

28 LIST OF WORKS

SMITH'S (Sir Wh.) LATIN COURSE.
Prinoipia Latina. Part I. First Latin Course, containing a
Grammar,Delectus,and Exercise Book, with Vocabularies. 12mo. 38.6d.
*,* In tbis Edition the Cases of the Nouns, Adjectives, and Pronouns
are arranged both as in the obdinaey Gbammabs and as in the Public
School Pbimbb, together with the corresponding Exercises.
Appendix to Pbinoipu Latina, Part I. ; being Additional
Exercises, with Examination Papers. 12mo. 2s. Bd.
Principia Latina. Part II. A Reading-book of Mythology,
Geography, Romau Antiquities, aud History. With Notes and Dic
tionary. 12mo. 3s. Bd.
Fbinoipia Latina. Part III. A Poetry Book. Hexameters
and Pentameters; Eclog. Ovidianee ; Latin Prosody. 12mo. 8s. 6d.
Pbinoipia Latina. Part IV. Prose Composition. Rules of
Syntax, with Examples, Explanations of Synonyms, and Exeroisee
on the Syntax. 12mo. Ss. Bd.
Principia Latina. Part V. Short Tales and Anecdotes for
Translation into Latin, A New and Enlarged Edition. 12mo. 8s. Bd.
Latin-English Vocabulary and First Latin-English
DiOTIONABYFOBPH.£DBUS, COBNELIUsNEFOS,ANDC.ffiBAB. 12mo. Za.Bd.
Student's Latin Grammar. For the Higher Forms. A new
and thoroughly revised Edition. Post Svo. 6s.
Smaller Latin Grammar. New Edition. 12mo, 3s, 6d.
SMITH'S (SirWm.) greek COURSE:—
Initia Grsoa. Parti. AFirstGreekCourse,containingaGram-
mar. Delectus, and Exercise-book. With Vocabularies. I2mo. 3s. Bd.
Appendix to Initia GaisoA, Part I. Containing additional
Exercises. With Examination Papers. Post Svo. 2s. 6ii.
Initia Grjeoa. Part II. A Reading Book. Containing
Short Tales, Anecdotes, Fables, Mythology, and Grecian History.
12mo. 3s. 6d.
Initia GR.E0A. Part III. Prose Composition. Containing the
Rules of Syntax, with copious Examples and Exercises. 12mo. 8s. Bd.
Student's Greek Grammar. For the Higher Forms.
Post Svo. 6s.
Smaller Greek Grammar. 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Greek Aocidenoe. 12mo. 2s. 6d.
Plato, Apology of Socrates, &c. With Notes. 12mo. 3s. 6d.
SMITH'S (Sir Wm.) SMALLER HISTORIES :—
Scripture History. Maps and Woodcuts. 16mo. 3«. 6d.
Ancient History. Woodcuts. 16mo. 3s. 6d.
Ancient Geography. Woodcuts. 16mo. 3s. 6d.
Modern Geography. 16mo. 2s. 6d.
Greece. With Coloured Map and Woodcuts. 16mo. 3». 6d.
Rome. With Coloured Maps and Woodcuts. 16mo. 3«. 6d.
Classical Mythology. Woodeuts. 16mo. 3s. 6ci.
England. With Coloured Maps and Woodcuts. 16mo. 3s. 6d.
English Literature. 16mo. 3s. 6d.
Specimens op English Literature. 16mo. 3s. 6d.
SMYTH (T. Warrington). Notes of a Journey on the Upper
Mekong, Siam. (Royal Geographical Journal.) With Maps and
Illusti:ations. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d.
SOMERVILLE (Mary). Physical Geography. Post Svo. 9s.
 Connexion of the Physical Scieaces. Post Svo. 9s.
SOUTH (John F.). Household Surgery ; or. Hints for Emergen
cies. With Woodcuts. Fcap. Svo. Ss.Bd.

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURhAY. 29

STANHOPE'S (Earl) WORKS :—
History of England from the Reign op Queen Anne to
the Peace OF Vbbsailles, 1701-83. 9 Vols. FostSvo. 6s. each.
Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wblwroion
Crown Svo. 7s. Bd.
Miscellanies. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 13s.
British Ihdla, from its Origin to 1783. Post Svo. 3s Sd
History of " Forty-Five." Post Svo. 3s.
Historical and Critical Essays. Post Svo. 3s. 6d.
RbTBEAT from Moscow, AND OTHER EssAYB. Post SvO. 7«. 6rf.
Life of Conde. Post Svo. 3s. 6d.
Story of Joan of Arc. Fcap. Svo. Is.
Addresses on Various Occasions. 16mo. Is.
STANLEY'S (Dean) WORKS :—
Sinai and Palestine. Coloured Maps. Svo. 12s.
Bible in the Holy Land; Extracts from the above Work.
Woodcuts. Post Svo. 3s. Bd.
Eastern Church. Plans. Crown Svo. 6s.
Jewish Church. From the Earliest Times to the Christian
Era. Portrait and Maps. 3 Vols. Crown Svo. 18s.
Church of Scotland. Svo. 7s. 6d.
Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians. Svo. ISs.
Life of De. Arnold. Portrait. 2 Vols. Cr. Svo. 12».
Canterbury. Illustrations. Crown Svo. 6s.
Westminster Abbey. Illustrations. Svo. 15s.
Sermons Preached in Westminster Abbey. Svo. 12s.
Memoir of Edwabd, Cathebine, and Mary Stanley. Cr. Svo. 9s.
Christian Institutions. Crown Svo, 6s.
Essays oh Chueoh and State ; 1S50 — 1870. Crown Svo. 6«.
Sbbmons to Children, including the Beatitudes, the Faithful
Servant. Post Svo. 3s. 6d.
Selections from. By Archdeacon Aglen. Cr. Svo. 7s. 6d.
Letters and Verses. Edited by R. E. Prothero. Svo. 16s.
STANLEY (Dean) Life of. [See Prothero and Bradley.]
STRATHEDEN AND CAMPBELL (Lord). Speeches on the
Eastern Questicn. Svo. 12s.
STREET (G. B.), R.A. Gothic Architecture in Brick and Marble.
With Notes on North of Italy. Illustrations. Royal Svo. 26s.
 Memoir of. By Arthur E. Street. Portrait. Svb. 15s..
STUART (Villiers). Egypt after the War. With Descriptions of
the Natives, Ac. Illustrations and Woodcuts. RoyalSvp. .81s. 6ff.
¦ Adventures Amidst the Equatorial Forests and
Rivers of South America, also in the West Indies aud the Wilds of
Florida. Map and Illustrations. Royal Svo. 2l5.
STUDENTS' MANUALS. Cbown Svo. 7s. 6d. eaoh Volume :—
Hume's History of England from the Invasion of Julius
Ciesar to the Revolution in 1688. Revised, and continued to the
Treaty of Berlin, 1S78. By J, S. Bbeweb, M.A. Coloured Maps and
Woodcuts. Or in 3 parts, price 2s. Bd. each.
%• Questions on the above Work, 12mo. 2s.
History op Modern Europe, from the Fall of Constantinople
to the Treaty of Berlin, 1S78. By R. Lodge, M.A.
Old Testament History ; from the Creation to the Return of
the Jews from Captivity. Woodcuts.

30 LiST OF WORKS

STUDENTS' MANUALS. 7s. 6d. each Yoj-vue -.— continued.
New Testament Histoky. With an Introduction connecting
the History of the Old and New Testaments. Woodcuts.
Ecclesiastical History ; a History of the Christian Church.
By Philip Smith, B.A. With numerous Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Part I.
a.d. 30—1003. Pabt II., 1003-1614.
English Church History. By Canon Perry. 3 Vols.
Ist PeTO<i,A.D.596— 1609. 2nd Period,li09— 1117 . 3rd Peiiod 17 17— iSM.
Ancient History of the East; Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia,
Media, Persia, Asia Minor, and Phoenicia. By Philip Smith, B.A.
 Geography. By Canon Bevan. Woodcuts.
Modern Geography ; Mathematical, Physical and Descriptive.
By Canon Bevan, M.A. Woodcuts.
History of Greece ; from the Earliest Times to the Roman
Conquest. By Wu. Smith, D.CL. Woodcuts.
*»* Questions on the above Work, 12mo. 2s.
History of Rome ; from the Earliest Timee to the Establish
ment ofthe Empire. By Dean Liddell. Woodcuts.
History op the Roman Empire ; from the Establishment of
the Empire to the leign of Comm dus. By J. B. BoBV. With Coloured
Maps aud many Illutitratioi.s.
Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Woodcuts.
Hallam's History of Europe during the Middle Ages.
Hallam's History of England ; from the Accession of
Henry VII. to tbe Death of George II.
History op France; from the Earliest Times to the Fall
of the Second Empire By H. W. Jbevis. Wiih Coloured Maps and
Woodcuts.
English Language. By Geo. P. Marsh.
English Literature. By T. B. Shaw, M.A.
Specimens of English Literature. By T. B. Shaw. 6s.
Geography of British India. Political and Physical. By
Geoege Smith, LL.D. Maps.
Moral Philosophy. By Wm. Fleming.
STURGIS (Julian). Comedy of a Country House. 6«.
 Count Julian. A Tragedy. Crown 8vj. 2«.
SULIfAN (Ad3i. Sir B. J.), K.O.B. Life ani Letters. By his
son, H. N. Sulivan. Maps, Plans, and Illustrations. Svo. 16s.
SWAINSON (Canon). Nicene and Apostles' Creeds; Their
Literary History ; together with aome Account of " The Creed of St
Athanasius." Svo. 16s.
TALLEYRAND. By Lady Blennerhasseit (Countess Leyden)
Tran lated by Feedeeick Clarke. 2 vels. Cruwn Svo. 24s.
TaYLOR (Thomas E.). Eunning the Blockade. A personal
narrative of ad«entiires duiing tbe American Civil War. With Illus
trations by E. T. PritcLett, and Maps. Crown Svo.
TEMPLE (Sir Richard). India in 1880. With Maps. Svo. 16s
 Men and Events of My Time in India. Svo. 16s.
 Oriental Experience. Essays and Addresses delivered
on Various Occasions. With Maps and Woodcuts. Svo. 16«.
Life in Parliament. From 1S62 to 1892 inclusive.

Croin Sro. 7s. Bd. . . t
THOMAS (Sidney Gilchrist), Inventor; Memoir and Letters.
Edited by R. W. Bdehie. Portraits. Crowu Svo. 9s.
THOMSON (J. Arthur). The Study of Animal Life. With many
Illustrations. Crown Svo. Ss. (University Extension Manuals.)

PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY. 31

THORN HILL (Mark). The Personal Adventures and Experienc«s
of a Magistrate during the Indian Mutiny. Crown Svo. 12s.
TITIAN'S LIFE AND TIMES. [See Crowe and Cavaloasblib.]
TOCQUE VILLE'S State of Society in France before the Revolution,
17S9,and on the Causes whioh led to that Event. Svo. 12s.
TOZER (Rev. H. F.). The Geography of Greece. Post Svo. 9s.
TRANSVAAL TitOUBLE, THE. Anextrac from the Life of
Sir Bartie Frere. By John MABTisLAf-. Crown Svo. 2s.
TRISTRAM (CAHO.-i). Great Sahara. Illustrations. Crown Svo. 16s
TYLOR (E. B.). Rescirches into the Early History of Mankind,
and Development of Civilization. 3rd Edition. Svo. 12s.
 Primitive Culture : the Development of Mythology,
Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. 2 Vols. Svo. 3rd Edit 21s,
UNIVERSITY EXTENSION MANUALS. Edited by Pro
fessor Wm. Knight (St. Andrew's). A series of ManuaJa dealing
-with Literature, Science, Philosophy, History, Ai-t, &c. Crown Svo.
An Iniroduoiios to Modern Geology. [See Roberts.]
The Realm of Nature. [See Mill.]
The SiuiY of AwsiiL Life. [See Thomson.]
The Elements of Ethics. [See Muirhead ]
English Colonization and Empire. [See Caldecott.]
The Fine Arts. [Sjc Baldwin Brown.]
The Tse and Abuse of Mone?. [See Cunningham.]
The Philosophy op the Bsautifui. [See Knight.]
French Literature. [See Keenis.]
The Rise op the British Dominion in India. [See Ltail.]
The PhYoIOL-GY of the Senses. [Sue McKendriok.],
Chapters in Modeln B-tany. [See Geddes.]
The French Revolution. [See IIallet.]
English Literature, [¦'ea Renton.]
Logic, Inductive and Deouctivb. [See Uinio.]
Greece in the Abe of Pericles. [See Grant.]
Jacobean Poets. [See Go£SE.]
The Esglish Novel. [See Raleigh.]
History op Religion. [Se Meszies.]
Latin Literature. [See Mackail.]
Shakspere asd His Predecessors. [See Boas.]
Llements of Philosoj hy. [See Robertson.]
Elemests of Psychology. [See Robertson.]
WACE CRbv Henry), D.D. The Principal Facts inthe Life of
^^°oi Lori fuft^eLthorlty of the Evangeli<.l Narratives Post S^^^^^
 Christianity and MoraUty. Boyle Lectures for 1874 and
1R7S Ei hth Editiou. CrownSvo. 6s.
The Foundations of Faith, being the Bampton Lectures

^^^€s^S3^«-M:^.L^^^fp<^it^^^^j":
WALLER (bIv. Horace;. Health Hints for Travellers in Central
Africa. Fcap. S^-o. Is. . • v +v^
WELLINGTON (Duke of). Notes of Conversations with the
late Earl Stanhope. 1S31-1S51. CrownSvo. 7s. 6d.

32 LIST OF WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. MURRAY.
WBLLIf GTON (Duke op). Supplementary Despatches, relating
to India, Ireland, Denmark, Spauish America, Spain, Portugal, France,
Congress ol Vienna, Waterloo and Paris. 15 \ ols. Svo. 20.'. each.
 Civil and Political Correspondence. -Vols. I. to
VIII. Svo. 2Cs.
WESTCOTT (Canon B. F.) The Gospel according to St. John, with
Notes and Dissertations (Reprinted ftom the Speaker's Commentary.)
Svo. IDs. Bd.
WESTON (Rev. Walter). The Japanese Alps. An account of
Climbing and Exploration iu Central Japan. With Maps and Illustra
tions. Medium Svo.
WHARTON (Capt. W. J. L.), R.N. Hydrographical Surveying :
being a description of the means and methods employed in constructing
Marine Charts. With Illustrations. Svo. 15s.
WHITE (W. H.). Manual of Naval Architecture, for the use of
Naval Ofdcers, Shipbuilders, Yachtsmen, &e. Illustrations. Svo. 24s.
WHYMPER (Edward). Travels amongst the Great Andes of the
Equator. With 140 Original Illustrations. Engraved by the Author.
Medium Svo. 2l8. Net.
 Supplementary Appendix to the above. With 61
Figures of Kew Genera and Species. Illus, Medium Svo. Sis. ^ef.
 How to Use the Aneroid Barometer. With numerous

Tables. 2s. Bd. Net.
Chamonix and the Range of Mont Blanc. With

65 Illustrations and Maps. 3s. Net.
Zei-matt and the Matterhorn. With 70 Illustrations

and Maps. 3s. Net.
WILBERFORCE'S (Bishop) Life of William Wilberforce. Portrait
CrownSvo. 6s.
 (Samuel, D.D.), Lord Bishop of Oxford and
. .Winchester; his Life. By Canon Ashwell, and R. G. Wilbee-
FOBGE. Portraits. 3 Vols. Svo. 15s. each.
 ^ —  (Reginald). An Unrecorded Chapter of the
Indian Mutiny. Compiled from Letters and a Diary. Cr.Svo. 7s. 6£f.
WILKINSON (Sir J. Q.). Manners and Customs of the Ancient
Egyptians. Edited by S. Biboh, LL.D. Illustrns. 3 Vols. Svo. S4s.
 Popular Account of the Ancient Egyptians. With
BOO Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 12s.
WILLIAMS (Sir Monier). Brahmanism and Hinduism, Religious
Thought aud Life in India as based on the Veda. Enlarged Edit. ISs.
 Buddhism ; its connection with Brahmanism and
Hinduism, and in its contrast with Christianity. With Illus. Svo. 21s.
WINTHROP (Margaret). Wife of Governor John Winthrop, of
Massachusetts. By Alice .Moese Eaele. J.2mo. ts.
WINTLE (H. G.). Ovid Lessons. 12mo, 2«. 6d. [See Eton.]
WOLFF (Bt. Hon. Sir H. D.). Notes of the Past. Cr. 8vp. 5s.
WOOD'S (Captain) Source of the Oxus. With the Geography
ofthe Valley of the Oxus. By Col. Yule. Map. Svo. 12s.
WOODS (Mrs.). Esther Vanhomrigh. A Novel. Crown Svo. 6»,
WORDSWORTH (Bishop). Greece; Pictorial, Descriptive, and
Historical. With 400 Illustrati< us. Royal Svo. 31s Bd.
YOUNGHUSBAND (Capt. G. J.). The Queen's Commission :
How to Prepare for it; how to Obtain and Use it. Cr.Svo. 6s.
 (Capt. Frank). The Heart of a Continent.
Travels in Manchuria, Turkestan, the Pamirs. With Maps, Illustra
tions, iftc. Third Edition. Svo. 21s.
YULE (Colonel) and A. C. Burnell. A Glossary of Anglo-
Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms; Etymo
logical, Historical, Geographical, and Discursive. Medium Svo. 36s.
BBADBUnY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE..

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBHARY

3 9002 01275 3563

¦<t'?«ys5