^(3le^]ll¦we^si^fllbw| 39002009847022 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY HISTORY NORTHAMPTON, LEHIGH, MONROE, CARBON, AND SCHUYLKILL COUNTIES; CONTAINING A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FIRST SETTLERS, TOPOGRAPHY OF TOWNSHIPS, NOTICES OF LEADING EVENTS, INCIDENTS, AND INTERESTING FACTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF THESE COUNTIES: WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING MATTERS OF DEEP INTEREST. EMBELLISHED BY SEVERAL EN&KAVINGS. Compiled from various anthentlc sources BY I. DANIEL RUPP, Au\hor of "Der Maerlyrer Geschichte," "He Pasa Ekkleeii," &c. &c. &c. &c. Published and sold BY G. HILLS, PROPRIETOR, LANCASTER, PA. HARRISBURG : HICKOK AND CANTINE, PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1845. Entered in the OiEce of the Clerk of the District Court of the Eastem District of Pennsylvania, in 1844, BY G. HILLS, PROPRIETOR, in conformity with An Act of Congress, entitled "An Act to amend the several Acts respecting Copy Rights." c 'V tt ^«6 PREFACE. When local events and incidents are merged in the general history of a country or nation, it would be a fruitless attempt to give causes and notice effects, and at the same time preserve a consecutive chronological arrangement of facts. This may be done in regular history; but it cannot in a local history, without much amplification, and the introduction of that which is apparently irrelevant. All that the writer has aimed at in this compilation, was to embody in a convenient form, the prominent events, leading inci dents in the early and continued history of these counties, without regard to strict chronological order j topographical description of townships, towns vil lages, &c. How far this has been accomplished, is left to the candid reader to say. Nothing has been left undone on the partof the compiler, to collect ma terials of a historical and topographical character and arrange them according to the best of his judgment. Touching the matter itself contained in this book, the writer hesitates not to confess, that his claims to IV PREFACE. originality are none ofthe strongest. Circumstanced as he was, when preparing this work for press, he had to avail himself of the labors of others. Passing over some defects, the reader will readily grant that the writer may, at least, lay claim to the merit of being a faithful and laborious compiler. He would here frankly make an avowal of the sources to which he chiefly repaired for compilation, viz : The MSS. Provincial Records, Reports, Letters, in thfe office of the Secretary of State, at Harrisburg, the votes of Assembly, Loskiel's History of the Mo ravians, Heckewelder's Narrative, Crantz's Brueder' Geschichte, Spangenberg's Leben, Hazard's Register, Gordon's Gazette of Pennsylvania, Day's Historical Collection, Dunlap's and Claypool's Daily Adverti ser, Hall and Seller's Pennsylvania Gazette — ^besides many others noticed in the body of the work. Numerous are the works dravrn from^ and the au thorities referred to. And now to those who may feel disposed to suggest that the compiler has made a book from the labors of others — " for we find all this in a number of volumes" — he would beg leave to re mark, if they shall be pleased to think that they have found the substance of -man-y books in this com pilation, he shall consider it the highest enconium that can be passed upon it. Those who may think it an easy tai^k to compile ¦ a work like this, are referred to experience of this PREFACE. V kind, as expressed by another. Major William Stahle, who has written a pamphlet of nearly two hundred pages, entitled " The Description of the Borough of Eeading," says : " That the execution of his design was not free from difficulty, may be in ferred from the fact, that it was undertaken many months ago, and has been prosecuted with unremit ted diligence to the present moment. It was the gath ering of the materiali\x&i gave me the most trouble." Well might the writer be allowed to complain. To collect materials, and prepare a book of between five and six hundred pages for press, gave him much trouble. In view of these difficulties attending his compilation, he would claim the indulgence of the reader — and with these facts before him, the good natured critic, it is believed, will have some compas sion upon the compiler, and remember that, "In -manchem sind Unvolkommenheiten." Lancaster, January, 1845'. OMISSION. The following should have been noticed in speak ing of Easton. There was also an Indian treaty held at Easton, January 30, 31 — February 4, 6, 1777, be tween Commissioners in behalf of the United States, and a number of Indian Chiefs, in behalf of the Six Nations, and their confederates, held in the German church. Present, the Hon. George Walton, and George Taylor, Esq., Members of Congress ; Col. Lowry and Col. Cunningham, from the Assembly of the State of Pennsylvania ; Col. Bull and Col. Dean, Members of the Council of Safety of the State of Pennsylvania. Secretary of the Commission, Thomas PainE. The following were the Indian Chiefs : Kayugas — Taasquah, or King Charles. Senecas — Tawanah, or the big tree. Munsies — Mytakawha, walking on foot. Kaknah, standing by a tree. Nantikokes — Amatincka, raising any thing up. Kanois — Wilaknko, or king last night. Interpreter, Thomas Green, a Mohawk, CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introduction; Swedes settle; William Penn born; Penn obtained a charter ; first settlers sail for America ; Penn follows ; accession of settlers from London, Holland, Germany, &c. ; Penn holds conferences with the Indians ; purchases their lands ; Pena returns to England ; Penn again in Pennsylvania ; returns again to England; Penn's death ; number of Indians in Pennsylvania on Penn's arri val ; Lenapi, Delaware and other Indians ; Germans, Welsh and Irish arrive. — p. 1 — 5. CHAPTER H. The Germans ; German Quakers settle at German- town ; Frankfort land corapany ; German immigrants from 1709 to 1720 ; Dickinson's remarks on- the Germans ; Ger mans from the Palatinate, and from 1720 to 1725 ; from 1725 to 1740 ; their character according to Dickinson ; from 1740 to 1752 ; Neulaendar ; Redemptioners ; from 1753 to 1756 ; Germans used as Make- Weights ; Wharton's MSS concerning the Germans ; Germans numerous in North ampton, Schuylkill, &c. — p. 6 — 12. CHAPTER m. The Welsh ; their character; influential at an early day ;- Thomas Lloyd ; the Welsh had early purchased of Wil liam Penn; their number increased; their cusioms ; W«lsh pioneers ;, many Welsh, arrive in 1698 ; few Welsh, settled X CONTENTS. in Northampton ; many Welsh in the coal regions ; Lord's prayer in Welsh. — p. 13 — 15. CHAPTER IV. The Irish ; time of their immigration to Pennsylvania ; principally from the north of Ireland ; Parliament attempts to prevent their emigration from Ireland ; tax imposed on them by the Assembly ; character of the Scotch Irish ; Irish settle in Northampton county ; Craig's settlement ; names of first settlers ; lately many immigrated into Schuylkill county ; Lord's prayer in Irish. — p. 16—18. CHAPTER V. Erection of Northampton County ; Penn organized several counties in 1683; Northampton erected; extracts from records of court ; petitions for tavern license ; names of the first Grand Inquest ; Supervisors ; Constables ; town ships organized prior to 1763 ; mills before the county erected. — p. 17 — 23. CHAPTER VI. Present Limits, &c. of the County ; limits &c. ; number of acres; physical appearance ofthe county ; Little Gap ; Wind Gap ; Delaware Water Gap ; Delaware river. p. 24—30. CHAPTER VII. Easton, Early History of, &c. ; Easton ; councils held at Easton ; one in July, 1756'; another in July, 1757 ; another in 1758 ; another in October, 1759 ; another in 1761 ; Easton incorporated; taverns, stores, manufactories; churches ; newspapers ; high water and loss of property ; freshet of 1840.— p. 30 — 58. CHAPTER Vni. Topography of Townships; Upper Mount Bethel; CentreviUe ; Williamsburg ; Dills Ferry ; Lower Mount CONTENTS. XI Bethel; Richmond; Flatfield; Allen township; Kreiders- ville ; Hauertown; Weaversburg; Nelighsville ; Plain- field township; Bellville ; Wardsburg; Jacksonville; Lehigh township ; Berlinville ; Cherryville ; Moore town ship ; Kernsville; Klecknersville ; Saucon township; Hel- lerstown ; Hanover township ; Williams township ; South Easton ; the Lehigh works ; South Easton furnace ; Glehdon iron works ; WiUiamsport ; Bushkille township ; Jacobsburg ; Forks township ; Stockersville ; Lower Naza reth township; Hecklown ; Newburg; Upper Nazareth township; Nazareth; The Rose ; Bethlehem township; Freemansburg ; Bethlehem ; Frieden-Huetten ; number of interesting letters, &c. — p. 58 — 109. CHAPTER IX. Lehigh County; Lehigh county erected in 1812; Le high, or Leckhaw ; Lehigh Water Gap ; number of town ships ; extract from court records ; first Grand Jurors ; Fries' opposition to tax collectors ; Fries' trial. — p. 109 — 125. ' CHAPTER X. Topography of Townships ; Hanover township ; Biery's Port ; Rittersville ; Heidelberg township ; Segersville ; Germansville ; North Whitehall township ; Siegersville ; Snydersville; Kernsville; Slate Dam; South Whitehall township ; Linn township ; Linnville ; New Tripoli ; Jack sonville ; Low Hill township ; Clausville ; Upper Macunjy ; Foglesville; Trexlerstown ; Lower Macunjy ; Millerstown ; Breinigs ville ; Upper Milford ; Scheimersville; Dillingers ; Weisenburg township; Mount Pleasant; Upper Saucon township ; Freystown ; Salisbury township ; Emaus ; Northampton township ; AUentown ; freshets at AUentown ; Lehigh Port. — p. 125—144. CHAPTER XI. Monroe County Organized, &c. ; Monroe county erected ; Stroud township , Stroudsburg ; Fort Hamilton ; disastrous flood ; Smithfield, or Lower Smitfield township ; xu contents. Dutotsburg; Craig's Meadow ; Branchville ; Upper, or Middle Smithfield township ; Indian massacres ; Coolbaugh township ; NagleviUe ; Spruce Grove ; Saxville ; Toby- hanna township; Great Swamp ; Pokono township ; Bar- tonsville; Tannersville ; Chestnuihill township; Ross township ; Wind. Gap ; Kunklesville ; Hamilton town ship; Snydersville ; KellersviU; Fennersville ; SaylorsviUe. p. 145—180. CHAPTER XIL Carbon County Erected, &c; ; Act for erection of county; extracts from records of court; first Giand Jurors ; Attorneys at the first court; physical appearance of the county; boundaries; principal streams; Lehigh river, its scenery, &c. ; number of townships. — p. 181 — 186» CHAPTER XIIL Topography of Townships ; Mauch Chunk township ; Mauch Chunk ; Mauch Chunk Hotel ; Public buildings ; Mauch Chunk mountain ; discovery of coal ; Lehigh coal and navigation company ; railroads ; Lausanne ; Nesqui- honing; Lausanne township; Lawrytown; Lockport; Clifton ; Penn Haven ; Beaver Meadow ; Hazelton ; Banks township; Penn Forest township j Upper Towamensing township; Parrysville; Weissport; Fort Allen, or New Gnaden Huetten ; Tippey's flood, or flood of '86 ; num ber of interesting letters relating to Fort Allen ; Lower Towampnsing township ; the Gap ; East Penn township ; Mahoning township ; Burlington ; Lehighton ; South Le- highton ; Gilbert and family abducted. — p. 186 — 238. CHAPTER I. Schuylkill County Erected ; Tulpehoeken lands ; petition lo erect Berks ; Readingtown; Act of March llth^ 1752; Schuylkill county erected out of Berks and North ampton, March 1st, 1811; extracts of court records; At torneys admitted at the first court ; townships ; constables • Graad Jurors.— p. 241—348. '' CONTENTS. XIU CHAPTER n. Topography, &c., of Townships ; East Brunswick township ; Port Clinton ; Manheim township ; Schuylkill Haven ; Branch township ; Minersville ; Llewellyn ; Lower Mahantango township ; Barry township ; Pine Grove town ship ; Pine Grove ; Swataraville ; Rush township ; Home ; Patterson; Tuscarora ; Tamaqua; Schuylkill township; Loulsburg; Schuylkill valley; Union township; Upper Mahantango township ; Zimmermanstown ; Wayne town ship ; Friedensburg; West Brunswick township ; Orwigs- burg; McKeansburg; Landisville; West Penn township ; Norwegian township ; Pottsville and vicinity ; John Pott's father, Wilhelm Pott ; names of first settlers about Pott's ; early history of Pottsville ; Pottsville in 1842 ; in 1829 ; in 1830; in 1831 ; present state of Pottsville, public buildings, &c. ; freshets at Pottsville in 1831 and 1841 ; Port Carbon ; Irishtown, Rhoadstown, Lawtontown, Acretown and Young's Addition; Coaquennac; St. Clair ; Coal Castle ; Mackeysville.— p. 248—297. CHAPTER in. History of Coal, &c. ; Early history of coal ; first engaged in the coal enterprize; William Morris ; Colonel Shoemaker ; small openings made in 1813; improveraents in mode of mining, 1823; Mill creek railroad commenced in 1829 ; SchuylkiU railroad ; Norwegian and Mount Car bon railroad ; Mine Hill and SchuylkiU Haven railroad ; Little SchuylkUl railroad; total of railroads prior to 1833 ; araount of anthracite coal ; amount sent from the several dis tricts, from 1820 to 1844; number of steam engines em ployed ; Battin's coal breaker ; improvements in machinery; freight on coals, «Sz;c.— p. 297 — 330. CHAPTER IV. Coal Region and Mining Operation in Schuylkill IN 1844; Origin and formation of coal; Schuylkill coal field ; coal raining ; Schuylkill valley district ; the Tusca rora collieries ; Belmont collieries ; Kinsley's collieries ; Freeman's collieries ; Uren's collieries ; Thompson & XIV CONTENTS. Pennman's collieries ; Patrick's collieries ; the Mine Hill collieries ; Lick run collieries ; Kinsley's colliery ; Wil liams' and Davis' colliery ; Silver creek collieries ; the Union coUieries ; Belmont collieries ; David Richard's col liery ; Fitzimmon's colliery ; Hendersons colliery ; James Berry's colliery ; the Belfast colliery ; Heebner's colliery ; the Junction collieries ; Bolton & Go's collieries ; Port Carbon district; the Salem collieries; Mill creek district; Ronaldson's coUiery ; Rainbow collieries ; Sillyman & Evan's colliery ; Pinkerton's colliery ; Mammoth colliery. p. 330—380. CHAPTER V. Education ; Common schools; Prediger und Schulmeis- ter in one person ; scheme of instructing Germans, &c., in 1751 ; first members of this society ; school established un der this scheme at New Hanover, New Providence, Reading, Lancaster, York, Easton, &;c. ; Easton free school in 1755 ; contributors towards the free school; Lay fayette College; course of instruction; lectures; terms of admission to the college classes ; examination ; expenses ; the model school ; seminaries of Nazareth and Bethlehem; common school system.— p. 380 — 403. APPENDIX. A Journal or James Young, Commmissary Gen'l, from June 19, to June 26, 1856 ; A Journal of Capt. John Van Etten, at Fort Hyndshaw and Fort Hamilton, &c., from December 1, 1756, to July 21, 1757 ; Col. James Burd's Journal, who visited a number of Forts in 1758. — p. 405 — 459. ADDENDA. Fragment of a Journal, detaling the " doings" in and about Fort North KiU; Teedyuscung; Religious notice. p. 461. HISTORY OF COUNTIES. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. Scarcely two centuries have passed by since the white man held any possessions among the red men of the woods, within the limits of Pennsylvania. A little more than two hundred, years ago, the Indians held 9. sovereign right to the soil of Pennsylvania ; and there was none beside his own forest brethren, in all the wilds, glens, vales and mountains, to' molest or disturb him in his peaceful abodes.of the extended "Sylvania." In the progress of time, however, the Swedes came and settled within the limits of Pennsylvania, about the year 1638 — they purchased lands at a cheap rate, from the Indians in and about Tinicum Isle, which afterwards became the seat of government ofthe New Sweden colo ny; for as early as 1642, John Printz erected there a spacious mansion, well known in history as Printz' Hall. Here the Swedes held possessions till 1655, 'when the Dutch subdued them, and brought them under the juris- dictioh of Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Nether lands, who, however, in his turn, was soon afterwards conquered by Charles II. of England; and New Nether lands, named New York. Thus, the settlements made by the Swedes, and held a short time by the Dutch, feU into the possession of the English in 1664. In Europe, a spirit of religious persecution caused ma ny an aching heart to yearn after a place of peace and repose ; where, in obedience to the dictates of conscience, the Almighty might be worishipped without an impious interposition by man between the homage of man and A 2 INTRODUCTION'. his Creator. At this time the founder of Pennsylvania, on account of his religious sentiments, suffered much in this way ; and in order to escape persecution, and to es tablish a colony for the oppressed of all denominations, turned his eye upon the western World. William Penn, was born in London, October 16, 1644, grandson of Giles Penn, and son of Sir William Penn, Admiral of the EngUsh Navy, availed himself of the claims he had upon the British Government, on account of the eminent services his father had rendered that coun try, petitioned King Charles II., that, in lieu of a large suna of money, sixteen thousand pounds, due the Admi ral, at his death, to grant him letters patent for a tract of land in America, " lying north of Maryland ; on the east bounded by Delaware river; on the west, limited as Ma ryland ; and nbrthward, to extend as far as plantable." Penn obtained a charter from Charles IL, dated at Westminster, March 4, 1681. Having now been sole pfoprietary of Pennsylvania, he made sales of lands to adventurers, called first settlers, who Embarked, some'at London, others at Bristol, in 1681, for Ahierica, and ar- arrived at Upland, how Chester, on December 1 1. Penn, With many of his friends, chiefly from Sussex, England, sailed for America,' and landed at New Castle on the 27th October, 16jS2, where he was received with demonstra tions of joy. Penn went to Upland, where he convened an assehibly, Dec. 4th ; and in a brief session of three days, enacted several important laws, one of which was an act to naturalize the Dutch, Swedes, and other foreigners. The same year that Pienn arrived, there was quite an accession. , The two, next succeeding years, settlers from London, Bristol, Wales, Holland, Germany, &c., arrived^ to the number of 50 sail; among these Were German Qua kers from Cresheim, near Wdi-ms, in the Palatinate. Th«^ banks of the Delaware were one bustling scene— .soai^ lodged in the woods in hollow trees, some in caves, which were easily dug on the high banks ofthe Wissahickon, and the Delaware, and others in haste erected buts. * •Proud' II, 280. introduction. 3 To dp justice, secure the smUes of the Indians, and to meet the approbation of Heaven, Penn held treaties of peace and friendship with the tawny sons of the forest, and contracted with them for their lands — this done, he proceeded to lay out a cjty, by the assistance of his sur- 'Veyor, Gen. Thomas Holme. Eighty houses were erect ed, the first year, in Philadelphia. Ne;s:t was a survey of lands for the first settlers. This having been complet ed, the proprietary, in 1682, divided the country into six counties — three in the territory of Delaware ; namely. New Castle, Kent, and Sussex ;, three in the province of Pennsylvania; namely, Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester; the first and last, embracuig all, and much more, of the land within the present limits of Berks and Lebanon. , Penn remained but a short time on his first arrival ; he sailed for Europe, August 16, 16 84, leaving the province under the government of five commissioners, chosen from the Provincial council; however, previous to his. depar ture, he- made a league of amity with, nineteen Indian nations, between them and all the English America. '* In 1699, Penn again visited the colony, and remained only till Npvehiber 1st, 1701, when he returned to Eng land, where he died, July SOth, 1 718, at Rushcomb, near T-wyford, in Buckinghamshire, aged about seventy-four years. In 1712, he had been seized with some fits ofthe apoplectic kind, which for the last six years of his life, had rendered him incapable of doiilg public business. When the Swedes first arrived, and settled on the shores of the Delaware, and when the English landed in 1681, they found a numerous race of Indians, who met the white strangers in a friendly ijianner ; and when the following year, William Penw, with his train of pacific friends arrived, he was also hailed with afiection, and treated as their Miquon or elder brother. At the time of Penn's arrival, there were not less than ten native tribes in Pennsylvania, comprising about six thousand in number ; these, however, formed only a por tion of the Indians inhabiting the country between Vir- * Oldniixon. 4 WtroduCtio*. ginia and Canada ; those who were prmcipally seated oil the Delaware, were the Lenni Lenape, and were consi dered the grandfathers of near forty tribe3. The other* were the Mengwe, or usually called Iroquois, who in* habited the more northern portion of the United States. The Iroquois were also divided into numerous tribes. According to popular tradition, the numerous tribes of the Delaware and Iroquois, trace their origin to two sources. The traditions, as handed down by their an cestors, run thus : The Lenni Lenape, or, for brevity's sake, " Lenape" meaning The original peophj-were an unmixed and unchanged race, residing, many centuries ago, towards the setting of the sun — somewhere in the west of this continent. For some reasons, not explained, they determined to migrate towards the rising ofthe sun. After their journeying they arrived at the Fish River, the Namasi Sipu, (Mississippi ;) here they fell in with a nation, also in quest of a new home eastward^— these were the Mengwe, or Iroquois, as they have since beeft called. They here united their forces, anticipating op position from a people of gigantic form, and a populous , race, the Alligewi, on the east of the Mississippi. Not many days after their union, before they advanced, mai- ny and mighty battles were fought — ^the Alligewi to es cape total extermination, abandoned the coimtry to the people of " The New Union," fled far southward, and never returned. The victors now divided the spoil; the country was shared out among themselves — ^the Iro quois made choice of the north — ^lands in the vicinity of the great lakes, and on their tributary streams ; the > Le nape took possession of more southern parts, where they lived in peace for many years, till the Europeans came. The Lenape ; or, as they were called by the Europe ans, Delawares, were divided into three tribes — ^the tJna- mis, or Turtle ; the Wunalachtikos, or Turkey ; and the Mrnsi, or Wolf. "The Minsi, or Monceys, the most Warlike of the three tribes, inhabited a country that ex tends from the Minisink on the Delaware, to the Hudson on the east, to the Susquehannah on the southwest, to the head waters of the Delaware ahd Susquehanna ri- introduction. vers on the north, and to that range of hills now known in New Jersey by the name of Muskenecum, and by those of Lehigh and Coghnewago, in Pennsylvania." The Monceys embraced a number of subordinate tribes, who were known by names derived frohi their residence, or some accidental circumstance. Such were the Sus- quehannas, Neshamines, Conistogas, and other tribes in the province of Pennsylvania. Shortly after the arrival of WiUiam Penn, a number of Germans, Welsh, Irish and others, immigrated to the provinces ;,many of whose descendants are to be found within the coimties of which it is intended to give a his tory. Of tliese, something wiU be said, befpre entering upon the historical part of this work. CHAPTER II. THE GERMANS. The Germans, who first emigrated into the Province of Pennsylvania, came chiefly for conscience' sake ; those who arrived at a later period, came to improve their tem poral, as weU as their spiritual condition. Not many names of the first German emigrants, except a few of the German Quakers who came in with Penn, are preserved. Among the very first, whose name has been handed down, is that of Henry Fry, who arrived two years he- Tore William Penn. His widow was stiU living in 1 754.* One Platenbach came a few years later, t In 1683, a considerable number came from Cresheim — these were principally Quakers. They settled at Germantown. About the year 1 684 or '85, a company was formed in Germany, called the "Frankfort Land Company," con sisting at first of ten gentlemen, living in Frankfort, on the Mayne ; their articles were executed in that city on the 24th of November, 1686. They seem to have been men of note by the use of each ofhis separate seal. Their names were G. Van Mastrick, Thomas V. WyUck, John Le Bran, F. Dan. Pastorious, John J. Schuetz, Daniel Behagel, Jacobus Van Dewaller, John W. Peterson, Jo hannes Kimber, Balthasur Jowest. They bought 2 5,000 acres of land from Penn. The Germantown patent for 5350, and the Manatauney patent for 22,377 acres. T. D. Pastorious was appointed the attorney for the compa ny, and after his resignation, Dan. Faulkner was, in 1708, made attorney. In 1708, 1709, 1710, to 1720, thousands of them emi grated who were known as Palatines, because they had come from the Palatinate, whither some had been forced to flee from their homes in other parts of Europe. Many * Hal. Nach. -j- Ibid. history op NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 7 of these had gone first, to England on the invitation of Queen Anne, at whose bounty, not a few were trans ported to Amefica. Hundreds of them were gratuitously furnished with religious and useful boPks, before their departure, by the Read Anton Wilhelm Boehm, Court- chaplain, of St. James. The prmcipal book was Arndt's Wahres Chp^^tenthum. Arrtojig these German einigrants were Mennonites, Dunkards, German Reformed,, and Lutherans. Their number was so great, as to draw the remarks from James Logan, secretary ofthe province of Pennsylvania^ in 1717—" We have," said he, "of late, a great number of Palatines poured in upon us without any recommendation or notice, which gives the country some uneasiness, for foreigners do not so well among us as our own English people." In 1719, Jonathan Dickinson remarks, "We are daily expecting ships from London which bring over Palatines, in number about six or seven thousand. W^ had a par cel who came otit about five years ago, who purchased land about sixty miles west of Philadelphia, and prove quiet and industrious. Some few came from Ireland lately, and more are eX;pected thence.* This is besides ©ur common supply from Wales and England. Our friends do increase mightily, and a great people there is in the wilderness, which is fast becoming a fruitful field." From 1720 to 1725, the number of Germans from the Palatinate, Wurtenberg, Daripstadt, &c., increased ; these settled prineipally in what is Montgomery, Berks, and Lancaster county. Those who came in between 1720 and 1725, were accompanied by ministers of the gospel, and some scihoolmasters— ampng the German Reformed was Rev. Bochm, who had come in prior to 1720, and Rev. George Michael Weiss, who came subsequent to 1720. Among the Lutheran ministers were the Rev. Fa;lckner, Hinckel, and Stoever. Their schoolmasters, fpr the want of a supply of ministers, read sermons and prayers. Among , the Diinkards were the Rev. Peter Becker, and Alexander Mack, as ministers. * These were the .Mennonites in Pequea valley. 8 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. In the period between 1720 and 1725, a number oi Germans emigrated from the State of New York, and settled at Tulpehocken. Of these, a detailed account will be given when speaking of Tulpehocken township. ,From 1725 to 1740, there was another great infliix of Germans of various religious opinions, German Reform-, ed, LuUierans, Catholics, Moravians, and SwenckfelderSj, arrived ; of the latter, a particular account wiU be given; when speaking of Hereford township. It appears, from a letter written by James Logan, in 1725, that many of the Germans were not over scrupulous in their compli-. ance with the regulations of the Land Ofiice. He says, and perhaps with much truth, " they come in, in crowds, and as bold, indigent strangers from Germkny, where many of thein have been soldiers. All these go ih the best vacant tracts, and seize upon them as places ' of common Spoil. He says they rarely approach him on , their arrival to propose to purchase ; and when they are sought out and challenged for their right of occupancy,; ' they allege it was published in Europe fhat we wanted' ¦ emd solicited for colonists, and had a superabundance of land, and, therefore, they had come without the means to pay. The Germans in after time embroiled with the Indians at Tulpehocken, threatening a serious affair. In general, those who sat down without titles acquired enough in a few years, to buy them, and so generally they were left unmolested. The character then Imown to him, he states, are many of them a surly people — divers of them Papists— the men well armed, and, as a body, a warlike, morose race. In 1727, hc states that 6000 Germans more are expected, (and also many from Ireland,) and these emigrations, he hopes, may be prevented in future by act of parliament,, else he fears those colonies will, in time, be lost to the crown !— a future act. « In 1 72 9, he speaks of being glad to observe the influx ¦ of strangers, as likely to attract the interference of parlia-^ ment ; for truly, says he, they have danger to apprehehdrj for a country where not even a militia exists for govern- '¦ ment support. To arrest, in some degree, their arrival % HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 9 the I Assembly passed a tax of twenty shilluigs a head on new arrived servants. " In another letter, he says, the numbers from Germa ny at this rate will soon produce a German colony here, and perhaps such an one as Britain received from Saxo ny in the 5th century. He even states, as among the appre hended schemes of Sir William Keith, the former gover nor, that he, Harland and Gould, have had sinister pro jects of forming an independent province in the west, to the westward of the Germans, towards the Ohio — ^proB^a- bly West of the mountains, and to be supplied by his friends among the Palatines and Irish, among whom was his chief popularity at that time. " From 1740 to 1752, emigrants came in by hundreds. During this period a number of Moravians and Swenck- felders arrived, and settled, principally, within the pre sent limits of Northampton county and Lehigh. Of these a detailed account will be given when speaking of those counties. "In the autumn of 1749, not less than twenty vessels^ with German passengers to the number of twelve thou sand, arrived at Philadelphia. In 1750, 1751, and 1752, the number was not much less. Among those who emi grated in the years from 1740 to 1752, there were many who bitterly lamented that they had forsaken their homes for the Province of Pennsylvania. ^At that time there was a class of Germans who had resided some time in Pennsylvania, well known by the name of Nenjtlaender, who ihade it their business to go to Germany and pre vaU on their countrymen to sacrifice their property, and embark for America. In many instances,,persons in easy circumstances at home, with a view to better their con dition, came to America, but to their sorrow found that their condition was rendered none the better, but in nu merous instances Worse, if hot wretched. Others again, who had ilot the means of paying their passEtge across the Atlantip, were, on their arrival at Philadelphia^ ex posed at public auction to serve for a series of years to pay their passage. Those, thus disposed of, were term ed Redemptioners. The Palatine Redemptioners were 10 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. usually sold at ten pounds) for from three to five years servitude. Many of them, after serving out their time faithfully, became, by frugality and industry, some otthe most wealthy and influential citizens of the State. Ifte years that were pecuUarlv remarkable for the importation, of Palatine Redemptioners were, 1728, '29, '37, 41, 50, and '51. Of this class many had become men of wealth and influence in their day, and whose descendants are among the first in society, as to intelUgence, wealth and respectability. "In later. times, say about the year 1753 to 1756, the Germans having become numerous,and therefore power ful as make-weights in the political balance, were much noticed in the publications of the day. They were at that period of time, in general, very hearty co-operatorS with the Quakers or Friends, then in considerable rule in the Assembly. A MSS. pamphlet in the Franklin Library at PhUadelphia, supposed to have been written by Samuel Wharton, in 1755, shows his ideas of the passing events, sayijrig, that the party on the side pf the Friends derived much of their influence over the Ger mans, through the aid of C. Sauers, who published a Ger man paper in Germantown, from the time of 1729, and which, being much read by that people, influenced them to the side ofthe Friends, and hostUe to the Governor and councU. Through this means, says he, they have persuaded them that there was a design to enslave them'; - to enforce their young men, by a contemplated militia law, to become soldiers, and to load them down with taxes, &c. From such causes, he adds, have they come down in shoals to vote, (of courscj many from North ampton,.) and carrying all before them. To this I may, says Watson, add, that I have heard from the Norris family, that their ancestors in the Assembly were warm ly patronized by the Germans in union with Friends* His alarms at this German influence at the polls, and his proposed remedies for the then dreaded evils, as they show the prevalent feeUngs of his associates in poUtics, may serve to amuse the, present generation. He says the best efl'ects of these successes of the Germans will HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 1 1 probably be felt through many generations ! Instead of a peaceable, industrious people, as before, they are now insolent, sullen, and turbulent; in some counties threat ening even the Uves of all those who opposed their views, because they a"re taught to regard government and sla very, as one and the same thing. AU who are not of their party, they call " Governor's men," and them selves, they deem strong enough f P make the country their own ! Indeed, they come in, in such force, say up wards of 5000 in the last year, I see not but they may soon be able to give us law and language too, or else, by joining the French^ eject all the English. , That this may be the case, is too much to be feared, for almost to a man they refused to bear arms in the time of the late war, and they say, it is all one to them which king gets the country, as their estates wUl be equally secure. In deed it is clear that the French have turned their hopes upon this great body of Germans. They hope to allure them by grants of Ohio lands. To this end, they send their Jesuitical emissaries among ihem to persuade them over to the Popish religion. In concert with this, the French for so many years have encroached on our pro vince, and are now so near their scheme as to be within two days' march of some of our back settlements " — al luding, of course, to the state of the western wilds, over run by French and Indians, just before the arrival of Braddock's forces in Virginia, in 1755. "The writer (Wharton) imputes their wrong bias in general to their " stubborn genius and ignorance," whieh he proposes to soften by education — a scheme still sug gested as necessary to give the general mass of the in land country Germans right views of public individual interests. ' To this end, he proposes that faithful Protes- , tant ministers and schoolmasters should be supported among them. That their children Should be taught the English tongue ; the government in the mean time should suspend their right of voting for members of Assembly; and to incline them the sooner to become English in edu cation and feeling, we should compel them to make aU bonds and other legal writings in English, and no news- 12 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. paper or almanac be circulated among them unless also accompanied by the English thereof." "Finally," the writer concludes, that "without some such measure, I see nothing to prevent this province from faUing into the hands of the French." Before and from the Revolution of '76, Germans emi grated from Europe, and settled in those parts of Penn sylvania — ^nine-tenths of the early settlers in Northamp ton and Schuylkill counties, which embraced, at their first organization, aU those counties of which it is proposed to give a history. Since 1823, many Germans, principally miners, have settled in the coal regions *of these counties. CHAPTER III. THE WELSH. In the very incipient stage ofthe first settlements made in the Province, many Welshmen arrived in Pennsylva nia. They were of sterling worth and of a most excel lent character. " They werb," says a certain writer, of the last century, " A. hardy, active, hospitable and kind- hearted people — ^only a little hasty and quarrelsome." Among the most influential, at early day, was Thomas Lloyd, one of Penn's Deputy Governors. He died in 1694, aged fifty-four years. His father, says Proud, waa a person of fortune, rank and esteem ; of an ancient {a,- mily and estate, called Dolobran, in the North of Wales. Thomas Lloyd, the late Deputy Governor, was educated in the best schools ; from which he was removed to the University at Oxford ; where, it is said, he attained con siderable proficiency ; and being endowed with good na tural parts, and an amiable disposition of mind, he at tracted the regard and esteem of persons of rank and figure, and was afterwards in the way of considerable preferment in the world ; but being of a sober and reli gious way of thinkingj he joined -^ith the Quakers, and renounced all worldly considerations, for that peace of mind, and real mortal felicity, which he believed to be the effect of true religion ; and become a highly esteemed preacher in that Society. In consequence of which, hav ing suffered much unmerited reproach, persecution and loss of property, in his native country, he afterwards re moved to Pennsylvania, among the first or early settlers, and was one of WiUiam Penn's most intimate friends. He was mostly one of the principal persons in the government, from his first arrival, and of very great service in the public affairs. The Welsh had early purchased of WUUam Penn, in England, forty thousand acres of land, and settled on the 14 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. west side of the SchuylkiU river. Only a few years elapsed when their number was considerably increased ; it was sufiiciently augmented, that they had settled, be fore the year 1692, not less than six townships in Ches- , ter county. The custom of the Welsh, and that of the Swiss and Palatines, in settling parts of Pennsylvania, was simUar. They would either purchase extensive tracts in England, tb settle many of their friends in pne body, as did the Menonite,s in Pequea valley, in 1709 and 1710 ; or like the Frankford company in 1686, or as they did, as just aUuded to above ; or they did in some instances, send persons across the Atlantic, to take up land for them, and make some preparation for the reception of their friends and families. Among the Welsh, who thus acted as pioneers, was the well known Rowland Ellis, who sent over Thomas Owen and family to commence a settlement. No sooner had O^en made improvement, in which he spent a few years, when Ellis and one hundred other Welsh passen gers left Wales, and embarked for America in 1686. In 1698 many other Welsh famUies arrived, among whom were WiUiam Jones, Thomas Evans, Robert Evans, Owen Evans, CadwaUader Evans, Hugh Griflith, Edward Foiilke, John Humphrey, Robert Jones,. and others, who purcheised ten thousand acres of land from Robert Turner, in Guinedd township, Chester county. There were only few Welsh settled at an early period in these counties ; however, within the last ten or fifteen years, many of them are to be found in the coal regions, where they number several thousand. They have, at present, among their ministers ofthe gospel, who preach to them in the Welsh tongue. The Welsh is pretty generally spoken by the adults and the young. Here a specimen of the Lord's prayer is given in their language, as we find it in a London edition ofthe Welsh Bible, printed 1718: Ein Tad yr hwn yn y nefoedd, Sancteiddier dy Enw. Deled dy deyrnas. Gwncler dy ewyUys, megis yny nef, felly ar y ddaear hefyd. Dyro i ni heddyw ein bara HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 15 beunyddiol. A madden i ni ein dyledion, fel y maddeuwh ninau i'n dyledwyr. Ac nacarwain ni i brofedigaeth, eithr gwared nirhagdrwg. Canys eiddot ti yw 'r deyrnas, a'r nearth, a'r gogoniant, yn oes oesoedd. Amen. CHAPTER IV. THE IRISH. The Irish emigrants, says Watson, did not begin to come to Pennsylvania tiU about the year 1719. Those' which did come were generally from the north of Ireland, Such as come out first, generally settled at, and near the disputed Maryland line. James Logan, writing of them to the Proprietaries, in 1724, Says, they have generally taken up the southern lands, (meaning in Lancaster, to wards the Maryland line,) and as they rarely approach*; ed him to propose to purchase, he caUs them bold and' indigent strangers, saying as their excuse, when challeng ed for titles, that we had solicited for colonists, and they had come accordingly. They were, however, understood to be a tolerated class, exempt from rents by an ordinance of 1720, in consideration of their being a frontier people, forming a kind of cordon of defence, if needful. They were soon called bad neighbors by the Indians, treating them disdainfully, and finally were the same race ti^ho committed the outrages called Paxtang Massacre. The general ideas are found in the Logan MSS. collection. Some of the data are as follows : "In 1735, James Logan states, that there are so mahy!) as one hundred thousand acres of land, possessed by per- ' sons, (including Germans,) who resolutely set down and improved;! without any right to it, and he is much at a Ipss to determine how to dispossess them. i "In 1720, he expresses himself glad to find that the Parliament is about to take ijfieasures to prevent the too i| free emigration to this country. In the meantime the" Assembly had laid a restraining tax of twenty shillings ' a head for every servant arriving ; but even this was evaded in the case of the arrival of a ship from Dublin, with one hundred catholics and convicts, by landing them at Burlington. It looks> says he, as if Ireland is to send- HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 17 all her ijihabitants hither, for last week, not less than six ships arrived, and every day two or three arrive also. The common fear is, that if they continue to come, they wiU make themselves proprietors of the province. It is strange, says he, that they thus crowd where they are not wanted. But besides these, convicts are imported hither. The Indians themselves are alarmed at the swarms of strangers, and we are afraid of a breach be tween them — for the Irish are very rough to them." " In 1730, he writes and complains of the Scotch Irish, in an audacious and disorderly manner, possessing them selves of the whole of Conestoga manor, of fifteen thou sand acres, being the best land in the country. In doing this by force, they .alleged that it was against the laws of God and nature, that so much land should be idle, while so many Christians wanted it to labor on, and to raise their bread, &c. The Paxtang boys were great sticklers for religion and scripture quotations against " the heathen." They were> however, dispossessed by the Sheriff and his posse, and their cabins, to the number of thirty, were burnt. This necessary violence was, per haps, remembered with indignation ; for only twenty-five years afterwards, the Paxtang mg,ssacre began by kUling the Christian unoffending Indians found in Conestoga. The Irish wqre generally settled at Donegal." But few Scotch Irish settled within the limits of these counties at an early period, except some twenty or more families, in Northampton county, AUen township, a place known as Craig's Settlement. " This settlement was made, says the Rev. Webster, of Mauch Chunckj from the north of Ireland, about the year 1728-30. That was the period at which the tide of Presbyterian emigration began to take place. " WU Uam Craig, Esq., and Thomas Craig, appear to have been the principal settlers ; their residence was not far from where' the Presbyterian church in Allen township now stands. Others^men of property, influence and religious character — were John Ralston, Robert Walker, John Walker, John McNair, John: Hays, James King, Gabriel King, liis only son, eminent for his piety; Arthur Latti- B 18 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. more, Hugh Wilson, William Youpg, George Gibson, Robert Gibson, Andrew Mann, James Riddle, Jolm Boyd, Widow Mary Dobbin, Nigel Gray, and Thomas Arm strong." There are still some ofthe descendants of these people, occupying the very farms first settled by them. Of late years, many Irish have emigrated into Schuylkill and Carbon counties, and are principally found in the coal regions. The greater proportion of them are Catholics,.' and have priests officiating in the Irish language, which is spoken by many of the laboring classes. To give the reader a specimen of the printed language pf these sons of Erin, the Lord's prayer has been copial from Gr. Daniels' edition of an Irish Bible, printed 1602. Air nathir ataigh air nin. Nabz fat hanimti. Tigiuh da riathiate. Deantur da hoUamhuoil Air nimli agis aii' thalambi. Air naran laidthuU tabhair dhuin a niomb. Agis math duin dairf, hiacha ammnU Agis mathum vid dar feuthunaim. Agis na trUaic astoch sm anau sen. Ac sar sino ole. Amen. English, German, Welsh, and Irish, were the original settlers of this region, with an occasional Frenchman and Dutchman. Of the t wo latter, some famiUes, Van Etlan,' and Depui, and others, settled at the Minisinks, on the. borders of Monroe and Pike counties. Here settlements,"^ it is probable, had been made prior to 1682. For an ac count of the Minisink settlement, the reader is referred to the history of Monroe county. CHAPTER V. ERECTION OF NORTHAMPTON, COUNTY. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, shortly after his arrival in 1682, cauSed several counties, in the province of Pennsylvania, to be estabUshed, namely, Philadelphia, Delaware, Chester and Bucks. When this county Avas erected, and for eighty years afterwards, it comprised all, and even more than is within the pre sent bounds of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Pike and Carbon counties. It was sufficient, as to extent of terri tory, to form a "Helvitic Eepublic." After repeated efforts to erect a new county out of the north part of Bucks, the inhabitants of that part of the county succeeded. None was more active in effect ing this than Mr. William Craig. Itis set forth in the records of the County Commissioners^ in 1753, "that WiUiam Craig sent, a letter to the Commissioners, setting forth that he had been at considerable expense in pro curing Northampton county lo be divided from Bucks county; and requested that they would be pleased to reunburse him the said expenses: whereupon they took the same intp consideration, an(^ agreed to allow him £,2,^, and ordered the Clerk to draw an order on the Treasurer for that sum. An order was drawn." By virtue of the following act of Assembly, passed March llth, 1752, the county of Northampton was erected: « Whereas, a great number of the inhabitants of the upper parts of the county of Bucks, by their petition, have hereby represented to the Governor and the Assem bly of this, province, the great hardships they lay under, by being so remote from the present seat of judicature, and the public offices ; that the necessary means to be used for obtaining justice is attended with so much difii culty and expense, that many forego their right, rather 20 HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. than attempt the recovery of it under such circumstances ; while others, sensible pf these difficulties, commif great villainies with impunity. For remedying whereof, and for the relief of the inhabitants. Be it enacted by the Hon. James Hamilton, Lieut. Governor, under the Hon. , Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, true and solvent proprietaries of the province of Pennsylvania, and of the counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex, upon Dela ware, by and with the advice and consent of the repre sentatives of the freemen of the said province, in general assembly met, and by the authority of the same, that all and singular the lands, lying within the province of Pennsylvania aforesaid, be erected into a county ; and the same is hereby erected into a county, named, and hereinafter to be caUed, Northampton ; to be divided from the county of Bucks, by the upper or north-western line of Durham tract, to the upper corner thereof; thence by a straight Une to be run south-westwardly, to the luie dividing the township of Upper and Lower Milford; thence along the said line to the line dividing PhiladeU phia and Buc^s counties ; and thence by a line to the extremities ofthe said province. The same act provided that Thomas Craig, Hugh Wil son, John Jones, Thomas Armstrong, arid James Mar tin, or any three of them, were to purchase and take eis- surance to them and their heirs of a piece of land, situate in some convenient place, at Easton, on Lehietan,m the Forks of the river Delaware, in trust, and for the use of. the mhabitants of the said county, and thereon to erect and build a court house and prison, sufficient to accom modate the public service ofthe said county, and for the ease and convenience of the inhabitants. For that pur pose, a sum of money, not exceeding three hundred pounds, was to be raised by tax. A few years after the county had been erected, a court i house and jail were built— the latter in 1753, and the ' former m 1754. The courts were held at the house of Mr. Jacob Bachman, as appears from the following • "February 19, 1745— the commissioners hadanordelli drawn m favor of Jacob Bachman for £6, for one year's' HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 21 rent of hi^ house in Easton, for holding the courts and elections." The first court was held the 16th of June, 1752. Some extracts of the proceedings are given : " At a court of our Lord the King, held at Easton for the county of Northampton, the 16th day of June, in tlie 26th year of our Sovereign Lord, George II, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, Ireland, &C., A. D. 1752, before Thomas Craig, Timothy Horse- field, Hugh Wilson, James Martin, and WiUiam Craig, Justices of our Lord the King, the peace in the said coun ty to keep, as also divers felonies, trespasses and other offences, in said county commhted, to hear and deter raine, assigned by commission, dated the 9th day of June 1752. "June 16, 1752, Lewis Gordon having presented him self to the court that he was admitted an attorney to practice law in Philadelphia and Bucks, was, upon his prayer, admitted an attorney to practice in the courts of Northampton. , ^ " A draught, and return of Heidelberg township, under the hand of David Schultz, was allowed a.nd ordered to be rninuted. " The petition of a number of the inhabitants settled on the back parts of Maconjie, praying that they might be formed into a township, was allowed, and Mr. Scull, surveyor of the county, to run out the same. " The several petitions of Adam Teets, Christian Hay maker, WiUiam Craig, WiUiam Anderson, Paul MUler, Paul PoUyard, (Balliot) Elias Painter, George Zewitz, Hemy Hiliman, George Cleirn, David Geery, David Owen, Christopher Walber, John Lighten, George Good, and John Lefever, for recommendations to his Honor, tlie Governor, for license to keep public houses, were al lowed ; and those of Nathanial Vernon, and John Atkin- spn, were rejected. "Upon the petition of , diverS inhabitants of Lower Smithfield township, Joseph Seely was appointed con stable of the said township — ^the former constable being dead. 22 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. « The following constables made default in their ap pearance, viz : the constables of Upper Saucon, Mac^ oniie, Heidelberg, Durham, Bethlehem, Upper Smith- field, adjacent to Heidelberg, Upper MUford, AUemen- geU, Lynford at Piketon, Forks of Delaware ; adjacents ; of AUentown; adjacent to Upper Smithfield, Lower,, Smithfield. iVb/e— the constable of Durham is in Bucks county." 1 , -, "At a Court of Record of our Lord the Kmg, held at Easton, for the county of Northampton, the 3d day of October, in the 2 eth year of our Sovereign Lord, George II, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, Ireland, &c., A. D. 1752, before Thomas Craig, Daniel Broadhead, Hugh Wilson, James Martin, Aaron Depui, and John Venetta, Esqrs., of our Lord the Kmg, the peace in said county to keep, &c., by commission, dated ' June 9, 1752. « The Court bemg opened, the Sheriff, one Joseph Hart, Esq., returned the precept to him directed, and the. following persons were qualified to serve on the Grand Inquest : " Samuel Depui, Foreman, James RaAvlston, William ; Casselberry, Robert Gregg, Robert LUe, Lawrence Mar- keU, Alexander MUler, Michael Moore, Garrett Brink,;. Charles Broadhead, James Horner, John Atkinson, John ' McFarring, David Owen, Nathaniel Vernon. "iVo^e— Isaac Vancampen, Benjamin Shoemaker, Joha Walker, John Cowken, summoned to serve on the Grand Inquest, made default in their appearance. " The following persons were made Supervisors, viz :¦'¦ « Isaac Telb a'nd Christian CraU, for Upper MUford^* James Cooker and Philip Schlauge, for Lower Saucon ; Conrad Hess and PhUip Podewalder, for WiUiamtoh. . " The foUowmg, constables, viz : '<;: "Thomas Clarke, for the Forks of Delaware; ChristiaHf Newcomer, for Upper Saucon ; Joseph Olbert, for Ma- cunjie ; Michael Hoffman, for Egypta ; Com-ad Elose, fpr Heidelberg ; Adam Schuler, for Upper Milford ; David Bellman, for AUemengell.; Samuel Bougher, for Lower Saucon; Michael Shoemaker, for WiUiamton; James HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 23 Perry, for Bethlehem; James Craig, for AUentown; PhUip Trom, adjacent to AUentown ; Adam Plank, for Salisbury; Johannes Venetta, for Upper Smithfield. Joseph Seely was appointed in June term, constable for Lower Smithfield. " The Sheriff stated that Robert Gregg, Peter Traxler, and Benjamin Shoemaker were chosen commissioners ; that Frederick Scull, George Custard, John Holder, James RawlSton, John Walker and Joseph Everhart were elect ed assessors. ' " The petition of divers persons, inhabitants of a tract of land eight miles long by three miles broad, bounded on one side bythe West Branch of Delaware, and on the other side by the respective townships of Upper Sau con, Upper Milford, Macunjie and Whitehall, praying that the same may be laid out in a township to be caUed Salisburg, was allowed." At the. time Northampton was erected, it embraced all that is now comprised with the counties of Monroe, Pike, Wayne, Susquehanna, Wyoming, Luzerne, Carbon, Le high, and a portion of SchuylkiU ; but it was gradually reduced, as will appear in the sequel, by erecting other counties out of it. The following townships were organ ized in Northampton county, prior to 1763, viz : WhUehall,' Lynn, Heidelberg, Weissenberg, Lower Sau'con, Mount Btethel, Forks, WUliamstown,, Salisbury, Upper Milford, Low HUl, Macunjie, AUen, Plainfield, Easton, Lehigh, Upper Saucon, Lower Smithfield, Up per Smithfield, Towam'insing, Moore, Bethlehem, Chest- nuthiU, Hamilton, Northampton, Delaware, Penn. The foUowing 'mUls had been buUt before the county was erected — Schultz' miU, Bropi's, Samuel Depui's, WUson's, Trucker's, Mayer's, Friedenthal's, George Sewitz', Frederick Isen's, John Jones'. CHAPTER VT. PRESENT LIMITS, &c. OF THE COUNTY. The limits of Northampton county were gradually reduced. By an act passed March 21, 1772, Northum berland county was erected out of parts of the counties of Lancaster, Cumberland, Bedford, Berks, and North-, ampton ; and by erecting Wayne county, according tp act of Assembly, March 21st, 1798, Northampton had more than half of its temtory " lopped off." The act of 1798 required that, "all that part of Northampton county, lying to the northward of a line to be drawn, and begin ning at the west end of George Michael's farm on the river Delaware, in Middle Smithfield township, and from thence a straight line to the mouth of Front creek on the Lehigh, adjoining Luzern county." In erecting Schuylkill cpunty, according to an act passed March 1st, 1811, WiUiam Penn and Rush town ships, of Northampton county, were separated from this county, and included within the bounds of Schuylkill. Like the farm of a Roman patriot, Northampton had . to surrender territory for an entire county — Lehigh, which was separated from Northampton by an act of Assembly passed March 6th, 1812. In 1836, according to an act passed in April of that year, another portion was taken from it to form Monroe county. And stiU another considerable portion was separated in 1843 ^"aU that portion of Northampton which lies north ofthe Blue mountain," was taken to form part pf Carbon countj. -, Its present area is about three hundred and seventy^ sqiiare miles — contahung rising of 230,000 acres of land. The county, as at present reduced, is bounded on the ' north by Carbon and Monroe ; east by the river Dela ware, separating it from New Jersey ; south by Bucks, ¦ and west by Lehigh county. Its population exceeds 35,000. The county is divided into the following to wnr« HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 25 ships : Allen, Bethlehem, BushkUl, Forks, Hanover, Le high, Lower Mount Bethel, Lower Nazareth, Moore, Plainfield, Saucon, Upper Mount Bethel, Upper Naza reth, Williams, two boroughs, Easton and South EastoU. The county, as now limited, is entirely within the range south of the Blue mountain, some times caUed Kittatin- ny — originally called by the Indians Kau-ta-tin -chunk, i. e. the Main, or principal Mountain, which forms at present the northern boundary of the county. It is a very regular ridge, nearly uniform in height ; averaging about twelve hundred feet. There are several gaps or passes through the Blue mountain, within the county. These are the Delaware water gap, .where the Delaware river passes through it ; the Wind gap, fifteen miles above the Delaware ; the Little gap, and the Lehigh loater gap. The mountain is generally steep, rocky, unfit for cultivatibn, and not well timbered. A description of these several gaps, is attempted below. The county is unsurpassed by any in East Pennsyl vania for fertility of soil, improvements of various kinds. The general appearance!, of the country every where, in dicates prosperity and plenty. Wherever the traveller turns his eye, he sees substantial, neat store-houses — huge barns^ — fine churches — beautiful orchards, burdened ' down with fruit. German industry every where richly crowned. The few Irish descendants remaining, differ herefrom that class of people elsewhere in the State. These are nearly all s]iccessful farmers. MUls of every description are abundant and convenient.* ¦To return tP the Gaps in the Kittatinny mountain : ' The Little Gap, or "Dei Kleine Kaft," or Smith's Gap, is between the Lehigh Water Gap and the Wind Gap. Die Wind Kaft, or the Wind Gap, is a depression, notch, or opening "in the Blue mountain, which is very abrupt, and extends from the top nearly to the bottom of the mountain. No stream passes through. Various •For a description ofthe soil, &C., see the description ofthe several to^mships. 26 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. have been the conjectures touching the cause of this notch. The conjecture most prevalent as to the origin of the Kaft, is, that it was caused by the Delaware river,/ where, as is supposed, it formed a lake behind the moun tain, and may have opened a passage at the notch or , gap. Those maintaimng this view, theorize thus : " That ' at some time, anterior to the Delaware river having burst its way, where it now runs, there may have been some slight depression at the Wind Gap, and subsequently to the Delaware passing its barrier, vast masses of ice may have choaked up the passage below, Avhere the river again formed a lake, many feet higher than it was in days of yore, and this water may have been dischargedj till the ice 'yielded, and suffered the river onCe rnore, and ever since, to pass." This is, however, mere theory. The Wind Gap is fifteen miles above the Delaware Water Gap. The mountain is here depressed nearly as low as the country on» each side, for a gap of peculiar convenience for the passage of traveUers and teams, and towards which the leading roads converge and pass through in one great thoroughfare. The turnpike road passes ¦ through here. In the year 1774, Simon Heller, Casper Dull, Jonas HartzaU, Adam Hubler, Abraham Labor, , and Adani Joke, were appointed to lay out a public road, or King's highway, from the north side of the Blue mountain, be ginning at the Wind Gap, in the most direct and conve nient course to Wyoming, so that the communication be-i tween said places may be rendered safe and easy. Gen, Sullivan, with an army, marched from Easton to Wyo ming on this road during the Revolution, in Jmie 1779. The Delaware Water Gap is thirty miles above Easton, and is worth a voyage across the Atlantic to see it. Va rious are the theoretical conjectures as to the cause of this re-nt in the rocks — disarrangement of the rupic moun-i tain mass. It is a stupendous work, and the " rent " \s chas-maticis simus. The estimated height of the mountains, on either side, is from 1500 to 1600 feet ; the width ofthe space between HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 27 the two mountains at the base, one thousand feet ; and at the summit, two thousand feet ; the whole distance through the mountain is about two miles. In making an estimate of the amount of matter thrown out by the passing of the Delaware, if only one mile in length is taken into the account, would then give the enormous amount of cubic feet to be 12,672,000,000, a sufficiency of matter to cover a township of five miles square, or twenty-five square miles, fifteen feet in depth ! Well might it be said, "Here has been a convulsion that must have shaken the earth to the very center, and the elements to give signs that all was lost." " But He who governs the world and has all things at His command^ — He who holds the globe by the might of his power, can remove the mountains from their foundations and bury them in the deep, and the great machinery of the universe continue to move, and lose none of its func tions." Various are the conjectures as to the formative cause of these Gaps in the mountain. " It would seem," says a certain writer, in speaking of this Gap, "from the quan tity of aUuvial lands above the mountain, that, at some remote period, a dam of great height here obstructed the progress of the Delaware. If it had been as high, or half as high as the mountain, it would have raised the water that it might have run into the North River. It probably had an elevation of 150 or 200 feet, forming a lake of more than fifty nules in length, covering the Meenesink settlements. This height must have formed cataracts similar, the quantity of water excepted, to that of Ni agara. " It has been conjectured, that this dam was engulfed by some great convulsion ofthe earth : and the following reasons have been assigned for this opinion: The dis tance thrpugh the mountain is about two mUes, within which the river has an average width of half a mile, and the water is as still as a mill-pond, so that a raft wUl be .driven by the impulse of the wind up or down; and the boatmen report that a hundred and ten years ago, no bottom could be found with their longest line. 28 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. " Had the mountain been worn by abrasion, such a gulf would not have existed, and the bottom of the riye:^ here would have consisted of the same material which forms the side of the pass ; but the bottom is of aUuyial mud, and the nucleus ofthe mountain is of a hard granite, peculiar to the place. It is also well known that alluvial particles, which float in the swift current subsides in the pools ; and it has been noted by an accurate observer, that the river is always much more muddy, or rily, as the phrase is, above than below the Gap. Hence a large proportion of the alluvion carried down the stream must have been deposited in this gulf. Supposmgthe dam to have sunk one thousand years ago, and two feet of -earth per annum tb have been thus deposited, 2000 feet must thus have been heaped upon the original dam, supposed, to have been one hundred and fifty or two hundred feet high." All are agreed that it was owing to some great cause, a mighty disturbance of elements, which wrought a change in the current, as well as the strata of rock. Pro fessor Rogers mantains, while some hold some vast lake had burst its barriers, that by some mighty conviUsibn,' which produced transverse dislocation in the Appalachian diange, may have caused this rent, or chasm. Speaking of this great convulsion, he says: "The numerous gaps and breaks in the line of the Blue moun tain, or Kittatinny, exhibits, very generally, a correspond ing law. " This is shown by the measurements at the wide Gap of the Susquehanna above Harrisburg, and is manis, - fest to the eye in the bold no^cA caUed the Water Gcep qf the Delaware, where the strata that rise into the sum mit of the mountain on the New Jersey side ofthe river, are thrown several hundred feet to the north of those in a corresponding position. In Pennsylvania, I conceive tiiese transverse locations to pervade all the great ridges and vaUeys of our Appalachian region, and to be a prima ry cause of most, if not all those deep notches, which are known by the name of Water Gaps, and which cleave HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 29 so many of our high mountain ridges to their very bases."* Both theories, and the theory of a gradual abrasion, may be supported by some plausible facts. However, may it not be that" those stupendous steeps were erected for the sole purpose of man's observation ; that he might be impressed with a proper train of refiections upon the power and dignity of his Maker^-of the inferiority of man, and the instabUity of human things ? But, what caused the opening of the mountains, whether by one mighty explosion, or by gradually wearing down to the present bed of the river, is a subject too capacious for the limited genius of man tP dweU upon."t May not Job be right? "He putteth forth his hand upon the rock, he overturneth the mountains by the roots. He cutteth out rivers among the rocks, and his eye seeth every precious thing. Job 28; 9, 10. On the sPuth side ofthe county are « the Lehigh hills," locaUy known as the South Mountain ; though scarcely deserving that name. " In spme places, however, they are quite steep, and when viewed from the level country below them, appear very formidable. This county is weU watered, and the streams afford abundant water power. The rivers of the county are the Lehigh and Delaware, with numerous tributaries. DELA'WARE RIVER. The Delaware river, which forms the eastern bounda ry of this county, is so called from some French, who, ir is said,- commenced settlements near the head of the Bay. It was called by them "La reviere de la ware," or "De- la-ware," which words at length formed Delaware. This river was kriown among the Indians by various names, as Pontaxas, Marisqueton, M^keriskitton, Makerisk- kiskon, Lenawihiltuck, (Stream of the Lenape.) By the • Second Annual Report on the Geological Exploration ofthe State of Pennsylvania, pa. 79. t Editor of New York Sun. 30 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. Dutch it was called Zuydt,ov southibreT, Nassau livei; and by the Swedes, New Sivedeland Stream. The Delaware rises by two principal streams in the State of New York. It is rather crooked m its course, until it passes the Gap. Its principal tributaries from the west, in Monroe county, are MarshaU's cre#k. Cher ry creek, Smithfield creek ; Broadhead's, Pocono and M'Michael's, branches of Smithfield creek. From North ampton county are the Cobuss, Oquirton, Martin's creek, and BushkUl ; and at Easton it receives the Lehigh with its numerous tributaries, and flows onward. * * A full description of the river is deemed unnecessary. The character of this work precludes lengthy descriptions. CHAPTER VII. EASTON, EARLY HISTORY OF, &c. Easton, the seat of justice, it sppears,was laid out by Hugh WUson, of Allen township, and Col. Martin, of Mount Bethel, commissioners, and WUUam Parsons, Sur veyor, about the year 1737 or '38. The Moravians had a Brother house here at an early period — a large edifice of stone — it is now one of the oldest buildings in the place, forming a part of Mr. John Bachman's hotel. The town did not improve rapidly till after 1752, when it became the seat of justice of the new county. It was a favorite place between the years 1755 and 1762, for holding treaties with the Indians. These trea ties were usually attended with much pomp and cere mony. The limits of this work preclude giving all the treaties at length. One, which it is believed' wiU be read with interest, is inserted at length. ' Council held at Eastpn, Saturday the 24th July, 1756. Present — The Hon. R. H. Morris, Lieut. Gov. of Pa.; William Logan, Benj. Chew, Richard Peters, John Mif flin, Esqrs. Three members of the council were sent with a string of wampum to the Delaware King, to acquaint him that the governor was come, and, by them, bid him and his company welcome among the inhabitants, and assui» him that, as the Indians were come on the invitation of the governor, their persons should not be hurt ; he would afford them protection, and charge his people to treat them with kindness. That to-morrow being Sun day, no business could be done, but on Monday morning the governor would hold a council, send for them, and begin the conference. The string was given to New- 32 HISTORY OE NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. castle first, as one of the Six Nations, to be given to the Kmg. The members, being returned from Teedyuscung, in formed the governor, that when they attempted to use John Pumpshhe as interpre^ter, the King said he had an interpreter of his own, and presented a young Indian called Benjamin, an impudent, forward youth, who had Milisted in the Jersey companies, and afterwards desert ed, and went over to the enemy Indians at Diahoga ; John Pourshire said he could not be concerned m inter preting, if Benjamin was allowed to speak, but he ¦\Yould attend to what should be said by the King, and. in case of forgetfulness- or misapprehension in Benjamin, he would endeavor to set him right; and as Benjamin ' un- detrstood English, he might be allowed. , ' ' • ' Themembers further acquainted the governor, that the King thanked him for his kind message, and the as surances of protection to him and his company ; that it gave him great sg^tisfactipn,. and he would let the Six Nations know this, and eVery thing else that should be done. He said the Indians knew nothing of Simday, but the governor did well to rest himself after his journey, and when he had rested, the. Indians would return him ¦ an answer to his message. He was told that the Chris-', tians employed Sunday in the service of God, the one great Creator and Governor of the world. (Q^ On the twenty-fifth, Teedyuscung waited on the governor, thanked him for his message, and gave a string to open his eyes and clear his throat ! Easton, Monday, 26 July, 1756— present,' the same persons as before. After reg,ding the several papers relative to the propos ed treaty, the governor desned the councU would draw up a speech to the Indians. And then the Indians were sent for into council, and the. governor made them the usual addresses of clearing their throat, ears and eyes, and healmg the hurt of their legs. The King gave a string, to assure the governor that HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 33 sincerity should attend every thing he spoke on the pre sent occasion, and the governor made the same profes sions. Then the Governor told him Mr. Weiser, who was one of the Six Nations, and Provincial interpreter, not being yet come, he was obliged to put off the con ference tiU his arrival; of which the King approved, and the Governor invited him to dine with him. . Easton, W-ednesday, 28th July, 1756. Same persons present as before, adding Conrad Weiser and Pourshire. Mr. Weiser coming to Easton yesterday, he was sent for into, council and conferred with. The matters that had passed since the Governor's arrival at Easton were related to him, the governor's second mes sage, and Sir WilUam Johnson's letter to Gen. Aber crombie were rpad. It was Mr. Weiser's opinion, that, as no answers were retumed to the governor's second message, it was the business of Teedyuscung to give the answers first, befpre the Governor said any thing ; and accordhigly Pourshire was sent for, and this was mentioned tP him, who thought the conference should begin by Teedyuscung's delivering the answers of the Diahoga Indians. He went to Tee dyuscung and acquainted him with it, and returned to the Governor and informed him, that this proposal - was agreeable to the King. At a conference held at Easton, Wednesday, the 2Sth 'July, 1756. -, Present — The Hon. R. H. Morris, Escf., Lieut. Gov.; WiUiam Logan, Richard Peters, Benjainin Chew, and John Mifflin,, Esqrs., of the councU. John Fox, John, Hughes, and WiUiam Edmunds, Commissioners. > TeedyusqUng, thie Delaware chief, and fourteen other chiefs. Conrad Weiser, Esq., Interpreter for the Six Nations. John Pumpshire, Joseph Peepy, Ben., Interpreters for «he Pela'W'^res. A large company, consisting of officers of the Royal c 34 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. American Regiment, and of the Provincial forces, magis- trates and free-holders of this and the neighboring pror vince, and about thirty citizens of Philadelphia. The govemor acquainted the Indians that he was going to speak, and desired them to be attentive. Brother — By a belt, which I sent by Newcastle, and the other Indian messengers to Diahoga, I informed the Indians there, that I had kindled a council fire. By another string, I invited them to it ; and by a string of wampum, I cleared the road that they might come in safety to us. I assured you of a hearty welcome as soon as I came here, and of my protection, and I new, in the name of this govemment, again bid you welcome. As Capt. Newcastle brought me no answers to some part of the messages I sent last byhim, I expect to receive those by you, I hope you come prepared to speak to us sin cerely and openly, and desire you may do so. Ji string. To which Teedyuscung immediately answered : Last spring, you sent me a string, and as soon as I heard; the good word from you, I was glad, and as you told us, we believe it carae from your heaxts, so we felt it in our hearts, and received what you said with joy. Brother — The first messages you sent me came in the spring ; they touched my heart ; they gave me abun dance of joy. I returned an answer to them, and waiteii for your second messages, which came after some time, and were likewise very agreeable. By the last, you ac quainted me tbat you had kindled a councjlfire, and in vited me and my people to it. We accepted the invita:- tion and I came accordingly, and have staid severaldays smoking my pipe with patience, expecting to meet you here ; we are ready to hear what you have to say, and not only we, but five other Nations, in all ten Nations, are now turning their eyes this way, and wait wh9.t shall" ¦be Said and done at this meeting. Brother— I solemnly and with the utmost sincerity declare, that, though you may think I am alone here, yet It wiU not be long before you wUl be convinced that I am here by the appointment of ten nations, among which .are my uncles, the Six Nations, authorized me to treat- HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 35 with you, and what I do they will all confirm — ^the truth of this, you will soon have made evident to you. Brother — ^Hearken to what I am going to say ; I de clare in the most solemn manner, that what I now relate is the truth. Abundance of confusion, disorder and dis traction, has arisen among the Indians, from people tak ing upon them to be kings and persons in authority. In every tribe of Indians, there have been such pretenders, who have held treaties, sometimes public and sometimes in the bushes ; sometimes what those people did, came to be known, but frequently it remained in darkness, or at least no more was imparted or published than they were pleased to publish ; to some they held up their belts, but others never saw them. This bred among the Indians grea,t heart-burnings and quarrels, and I can assure you that the present clouds do in a great measure owe their rise to this wild and irregular way oi doing business. The Indians, sensible of this mistake of our ancestors, are now determined to put an end to this multitude of kings and to this dark way of proceedings ; they have agreed to put the managenient of their affairs into the hands of a very few, and tliese shall no longer have it in their power to huddle up and give partial representations of what is done. I assure you that there are only two kings appointed to transact public business, of which I am one ; for the future, matters wUl go better on both sides ; you, as well as we, will know with whom we have to deal. We must beseech the most High to scatter the clouds which have arisen between us, that we settle peace as heretofore. •/? string. BrPther — Tha English, and particularly the Gover nor of Pennsylvania, you know, have invited me here ; I came, .therefore, and my uncles, the Six Nations, will confirm what 1 say. In your messages to the Indians at Diahoga, you signified to us that you heard we were in want and distress, Avhich, to be sure, we were; and pitied us and our poor wives and children ; we took it Icindly and as a Word that came from your heart ; now is the time for you to look about and act the part of a chari- • table and wise man ; be therefore-strong.' Be assured that 36 HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. although I am poor, I wUl do my share ; whatever kind ness you do to me or my people, shall be published at the Ten Nations ; we wont hide any presents you shall give us ; every body shall know that we have heard your good words ; we wUl not do as others, and some of our uncles, the Six Nations, have done, sneak away and hide your words and presents in the bushes ; but shall publish far and near that all may join with us. Exert yourselves' now in the best manner you can, and you wiU obtain your end. Brother — ^The conclusion of my words is no more thaa this': the raatter in hand is of too great raoment for ohe^ man. I am but a messenger from the united Nations ; though I act as a chief man araong the Delawares, I must now hear what you have to say to my people,, at this council fire. If ithe good, I shall lay hold of it and carry it to the united Nations, who wUl smile and be pleased to hear good news ; if what you say be disagreeable, I will notwithstanding keep it close (there he closed his fist) and deliver it faithfuUy to the united Nations, and let them, as they are my superiors, do as they see cause. Being asked if he had! done speaking, he said he had for the present. The main thing, he added, is yet in my breast, laying his hand to his heart ; but this wUl depend on what words the Uovernor wiU speak to us. Then he re peated the Delaware word Whishshiksy, the same in Mo hawk language as Jago, with great earnestness, and in a very pathetic tone. Mr. Weiser, who knew the word to have a very extensive and forcible sense, desired the In terpreter to ask him what he meant by Whishshiksym this particular occa siPn, and explained himself in the fol lowing manner : "Suppose you want to move a large log of wood that requires many hands, vou must take pains to get as many together as will do the business ; if you fall short of one, though ever so weak a one, aU the rest are to no purpose ; though this being in itself nothing, , yet if you cannot move the log, without it, you must spare no pams to get it— Whishshicksy, he strong, look arounil you, enable us to get every Indian nation we can to put ..the means into our hands; be siue, perform every pro-' HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON OOUNTY. 37 mise you have made to us ; in particular, do not pinch matters neither with us nor other Indians; we help you ; but we are poor and you are rich ; mal^e us strong, and we wUl use our strength for you ; and besides this, what ypu do, do quickly ; the times- are dangerous — they'wiU not admit of delay, Whishshiksy ; do it effectuaUy, and do it with all possible despatch. The Governor then spoke : Brother — I have heard with attention all you have said, I thank you for the openness with which you have declared your sentiments ; the matters" mentioned are of importance ;'I have- laid them to heart; I wUl consider them with my councU ; when I am prepared to speak, I will let you know ; I will use despatch, the time being, as you justly observe, dangerpus. , Easton, on Thui-sday, 29th July, 1756. I (The same persons present as day before.) Brother^— I ara going to speak to you on the affair \ve are met about; my speech wiU contain matters of great moment. By this string of wampum, therefore, I open your ears that you may give a proper attention, ./i string. Brother — The inhabitants of this province have ever been a peaceable' people, and remarkable for their love and constant friendship to the Six Nations, and other In dians in aUiance with them. When our, back inhabitants were attacked last iaXl, we at first were at a loss , from whence the blow came, and were much surprised when we were informed that it was given by our old friends and neighbors, the cousins of our brethren, the Six Na tions. We wondered at it, and the more go as we had not, to our knowledge, given them any just cause of offence, i As soon as we knew this, we sent to the Six Nations, and informed them of it, and desired to, know, whether this blow had been struck by their direction, or with their privity or consent; and Pn receiving assu rances from them that it was not done by -their consent, and that they greatly disapproved such conduct, we 38 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. made ready to revenge the injury we had received, and we wanted neither men, arms, ammunition or strength to do it, and to take vengeance for the injury done us ; yet when we had the hatchet in our hands, and were pre pared, not only to defend ourselves, but to carry the war into the country of those who had struck us, we sent again to the Six Nations, agreeably to the treaties subsisting between us, to acquaint them of our inten tions. They let us know they had held a great council at Fort Johnson, on this matter, and that deputies from thence were sent to summon a meeting of the Dekr wares and Shawanese, at Ostanigo, who were returned with an account that their nephews had, at their inter position, laid down the hatchet, and would strike the English no more. The Six Nations having received these assurances from the Delawares and ShawanesejS' , requested us not to execute our hostile purposes, but to suspend hostUities, declaring that they would fully ac-' commodate this breach, and bring about a peace. At this request of the Six Nations, we kept our warriors at home for guarding and protecting our frontiers. I then- sent Captain Newcastle and other Indian messengers,, to you, to notify the advices of the Six Nations, with re spect to what had been determined at Ostanigo, instruct ing him, in case he found you sincerely disposedf to Iieace, and inclined to return to your aUiance with us, to assure you, on the -behalf this govemment, that we were willing to it, on just and honorable terms. New castle and the other messengers returned with your answers, in which you acknowledge you had been under the influence of an evU spirt, but were weU dis posed to ret-urn to your old amity and friendship ; at the, same time letting us know that you was sorry for what had passed-^that you was in distress, and desired we would pity your distresses. To show our readiness to enter into a treaty, and our sincerity in what was said , by Newcastle, I sent him back, again to you, to let you know on behalf of this government, that I had kindled a councU fire, invited all of your people to it, clearedi the road, washed off the blood, and promised^ if your HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 39 people would come to council and renew former leagues, and do what is further necessary on this occasion, I would bring something with me to relieve your dis tresses. I thought it right to go through this account in this particular manner, that you might know from myself what was the subject of the messages sent by Newcastle, and what was the substance of the answers received by him ; and now I suppose (as I do not see the body of your Indians here) your people in general did not beUeve Newcastle, but sent you to know if he had my authority for the several matters delivered to you, and to hear them from my own mouth. I do not blame yoiifor this caution. It bespeaks your care. The mat ters he was charged with, being of the last concern for the satisfaction of all your people, whithersoever dis persed, I do in this public assembly, in the name of the government and pePple of this province, assure you, that Captain Newcastle acted by my authority, and in confirmation of what! have said, and that what he de livered was by ,authority from me, I give you this belt, Jibelt. . Brother — Being now convinced out of my mouth of the- sincerity of my professions made to you by Gap- tain Newcastle, and of , the dispositipns of the people of this province to renew the ancient friendship that sub sisted between WiUiam Penn and th« Indians, I desire you will report this to the Indians at Diahoga and to the Six Nations, and all the Indians far and near, as my words spoken to them in the name, and on the behalf of the government of Pennsylvania. I invite them all to this cpuncU fire — the greatest number that shall come, the more acceptable it will be to rae. I invite and desire you wUl bring with you your whole people ; but then you- must bring here with you also- all pris oners you have 'taken during these disturbances. I must insist on this as an evidence of your sincerity, to make a lasting peace ; for without it, though peace may be made from the teeth putwards, yet while you retain our flesh and blood in slavery, it cannot be expected we can be friends with you, or that a peace can come from 40 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. our hearts. I repeat this article of the prisoners as a ne cessary condition of peace, and desire you wUl consider it as such ; if in this you deal with us sincerely, we shaU ' esteem you sincere in every respect;, and proceed to re new our former leagues and covenants, and become ' again one flesh as before ; and must remind you (as we are acting in concert with the Six Nations,) to bring some of your uncles along with you, that they may see aU that passes, and be witness of the good effects of their and our, message to you. S belt. Brother — In testimony of the satisfaction you have given all our people by coming to this councU fire, they have put into my hands a small present for you and your men, which will be given you at any time you shall think proper. I have likewise given orders to the captains of the forts on the frontiers, to fumish you with as much provision as you can carry, fox the use of the people you have left behind you. ^ Brother — Only a few of you are eome down; this present of goodsj therefore, is but small. When the body of your nation comes here, which I expect they wUl, and the prisoners are delivered up, and a firm peace made, large presents will be given, and your dis-;,, tresses relieved in a more araple manner. Brother — Great works require strong hands and ' many — this, is a good and great one^-the works'- of peace^it requires strong he^-ds and stought hearts — we desire many such raay be joined together. I therefore desire your assistance for Pennsylvania in this matter. Having great influence whh many who live far distani from us, you are esteemed, and will be heard ; we there'- fore choose you as agent and counsellor for this prov ince. Engage in it heartUy-r-you ought to do it — you owe it to the country in which you was bom — ^yOUiOwe it to your brethren, the English. You owe it to your own people over which you preside. We desire ^^ou will- heartily undertake it, and use your utmost endeavors to bring about this great and good work we have now begun. A large belt. , Teedyuscung answered that he had received the HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 41 Governor's words kindly, and would in a few words answer hira. Then taking a large belt in his hand, he proceeded : Brother — At the very tirae Newcastle carae with your last messages, I was in, treaty with the Six Nations, and received this authority from them, (lifting up the belt.) This belt denotes that the Six Nations, by their chiefs, have lately renewed their covenant chains with us. For merly we were accounted women, and eraployed only in woraen's business ; but now they have made men of us, and as such we are now corae to this treaty. Having this authority as a raan to make peace, I have it in my hands, but have not opened it, but will soon declare it to the other nations. This belt holds together nations — we are in the raiddle, between the French and the English. Look at it. There are but two chiefs of the Ten Nations. They are now looking on, and their attention is fixed to see — arf disposed really for peace. This belt fm-ther denotes that whoever will not comply with the terms of peace, the Ten Nations will join against him, and strike him. See the dangerPus circumstances I am in — strPng men on both .sides — hatchets on both sides ; whoever does in- cluie to peace, will I join. .Brother — This is a good day; whoever wUl make peace, let them lay hold of this belt, and the nations round shall see and know it. I desire to conduct myself according- to your words, which I will perform to the utmost of my power. I wish the same goPd that pos sessed, the good old man, Wiiliam Penn, who was a friend to the Indians, may inspire the people of this province at this time. Then delivered the belt. The govemor received it. I take hold of this belt, and am pleased with what has been said. It is aU very good. Teedyuscung then explained the belt, saying it was sent by the Six Nations, and he accepted it ; you see, says he, a square in the raiddle, meaning the lands of the Indians, and at one end the figure of a raan, indicating . the English, and at the other end another, raeaning the French. Our uncles told us that both these coveted our 42 HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. lands ; but let us join together to defend our lands against ' ' both ; you should be partakers with us of our lands. Teedyuscung and his son came and dined with the Governor ; and after dinner some raore of the Indians W ^ > coming, in, the Governor acquainted Teedyuscung that he had something of importance to communicate to him. The Govemor then informed him, that as he was going to council this morning, he received a letter froni the northern frontiers with very bad news, that gave him a great deal of concern. By this letter he received ad vice, that some Indians had killed four of our white peo ple at the MinUisinks. This occasioned our forces to be upon their guard, and a party of them fell in with three Indians,, and judging therri to be enemy Indians, one of them was killed in endeavoring to make his escape — and then the Governor went into particulars, relating to Van Etten's letter. The Governor said he did not know what Indians hg.d done this mischief; if the Indian who was killed, was our friend, he was sorry for it ; but if our enemy, he was glad of it. Teedyuscung said, that when he came here to council^ all the Indians thereabouts knew of it, and therefore he believed it must be the French Indians that kUled our people ; but that if his people were so foolish as to come in our borders at this time, and were killed anyhow, they raust take the reward of their folly — none of these- private deaths ought to effect a public measure, nor would this make any alterations in his councUs. Easton, Friday, 30th July, 1756. (Same persons present as before.) The goods were brought and placed on the coun(al table,. and were delivered to the Indians — the Governor speaking as follows : Brother— I acquainted you yesterday, that the peopl» of Pennsylvania had put into my hands a small presemfc '^ ' ' to relieve you, and your wives and chUdren, from their ' present distresses. I think it further necessary to inform you that, a part of this present was given by the people HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 43 called Quakers, (who are descendants of those who first came over to this country with your old friend William Penn,) as a particular testimony of their regard and af fection for the Indians, and their earnest desire to pro mote the good work of peace in which we are engaged. Brother — This is not only their sentiments, but my own, and those ofthe people of this province, who wUl all rejoice to see this good work of peace perfected ; and therefore, as you have now, received- from us, this is a substantial proof of our dispPsitions to relieve your dis tresses; you wfli. be better enabled to encourage others to return to their friendship with us. I say, brother, by this, we give you a clear testimony of our readiness and gpod dispositions for peace ;"show you the same, readiness and comply with the terms I have proposed to you. Jl string. Teedyuscung returned thanks, and repeated his assu rances of doing all in his power to perfect a general peace with the Indians. From the council the Gover nor proceeded to an entertainment that was provided for the Indians ;'the ofiicers and all the cprapany then in town, accompanied him. , , ¦Teedyuscung, whilst at dinner, was so well pleased with his reception and generous entertainment, that he declared, in the warmest manner, no endeavors of his should be wanting to bring over to peace all the In- diatis far and near, that he could speak or send to, and repeatedly desired the Governor would publish what was done, through his and neighboring provihces, and he would do the sarae at home. The PhUadelphia Quakers, after dinner, came to take their leave of him — he parted with them in a very af fectionate manner ; but the other part of the company staying, he entered into a free conversation with the Governor, wherein he related many entertaining particu lars respecting his journey to Niagoras, and afterwards made a councU speech, with a string of wampum, say ing: , Brother — You are so good, and received us so kindly, I wUl also give you of some of that good tobacco that 44 HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. the Six Nations put into ray pipe ; you shaU snioke of it yourselves — you will know it is good, and I wiU give , of the same tobacco wherever I go, (meaning the mes sage from the Six Nations to thsra, to be at peace with the English) — the sarae thuig that I have offered you, I will offer to all the Indians, and tell them that you have smoked of this tobacco ; but to do this, requires me to be rich, and yet I am poor. It will take up a long time, as there are many nations to send the pipe to. But in two months I hope to go ray rounds, and be here again with a large number of different nations. I say it raay be in two months; but it may be longer, as the people live at great distances from one another. I assure you, I will execute every thing you have desired of me, and let the Six Nations know all that has passed between us ; and that I ara your agent and counsellor m the Delaware Nation. Ji string. Brother — I -Hrill not have you mistake me, as if I meant that I could prevail on the Qhio Indians ; I can not tell that they will leave off doing mischief. I hope you will strengthen yourselves against them — pray, make yourselves as strong as possible on that side. I must warn you, likewise of another thing ; perhaps on the east side of the Susquehanna, there may be mischief done by Indians in my absence ; but be assured it will not be by any of my people ; it will be by the French Indians from the Ohio, who can easily pass over the Susquehanna and do what mischief they please — against these you be sure to arm yourselves in the best manner you can. Remember I give you this warning. A string. At a council held at Easton, Friday, the 30th day of July, 1756. P. M. ' . , Present— The Hon. the Governor, WUliam Logan, Benjamin Chew, Richard Peters, John Mifflin and Con rad Weiser, Esqrs. Mr. Weiser was asked whether it was intended that the Governor should keep the belt Teedvuscung gave, or return it. Mr. Weiser answered, that having soma HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 45 doubts about it, he put the same question to Newcastle, who said the belt was sent by the Six Nations to the Delawares, and as it was given by them to the Gover nor, it ought to be preserved among the council wam pum, being a belt of great consequence, and it would be well to retum another a fathom long, and at the de livery of it, which must be in council to-morrow, to make a proper address to Teedyuscung, that he would be dilli- gent and carry it to all the nations within his influence. Newcastle said further, thaf Teedyuscung would want abundance^ of wampum, and if he had it not, the cause would suffer exceedingly — ^he hoped the council bag was full, and desired it might be emptied into the lap of Teedyuscung. Mr. Weiser concurring in opinion^ and saying that the French gave great quantities of warapura to their Indians, and on- matters of consequence these belts were several fathoms long, and very wide. The Secretary was ordered to bring all the wampum he had into coun cil, viz: Fifteen strings and. seven belt&; a parcel of new black wampifm, amounting to seven thousand ; and hav ing no new white wampum, nor any proper belt to give in return for Teedyuscung's peace belt. A messenger was sent, to Bethlehem, and he returned witlr five thousand ; upon which the Indian women were employed to make a belt a fathom long and six teen beads wide ; in the centre of which was to be the figure of a man, meaning the Govemor of Pennsylvania, and on each other side, five other 'figures,- meaning the Ten Nations, mentioned by Teedyuscung. The King who was very irregular in his visits, as weU as his discourses, bolted all of a sudden into the room, and with a high-toned voice spoke as follows, viz : Brother — I desire all that I have said, and you have said to one another, may be aright ; some speak in the dark; do not let us do so ; let all be clear and known. What is the reason the Governor holds councUs so close in his hands, and by, candle light.' The Five Nations used to let him sit out of doors, like women ; if the Five Nations stUl malie him a woman, they must. But what 46 HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. is the reason the Govemor makes him a woman, (mean ing why he confers with Indians, without sending for him to be present, and hear what passes.) The Gover nor answered, that he held councils on a hill— has no secrets — never sits in swaraps, but speaks his raind' openly to the world— ^what happens here, he has a right to hear — the woraen were sent for to raake a belt, not to council — the Six Nations may be 'wrong, they are not under his direction, and therefore, he is not answerable for their conduct, if they have not treated the Delawares as men. The . Chief thanked the Governor — seemed well pleased, and said, to-morrow he would speak more ; what he had to say was from the Six Nations. He that wont raake peace, must die. A string. It was agreed in the morning, that the Governor should deliver the new belt, then in making, to Teedy uscung, with a proper speeeh ; that by two belts tied to gether, Newcastle and Teedyuscung should be made joint agents for this government, and they be desired to consult together, to love one another, and act for the best — that the new black wampum and all the belts and strings should be given to Teedyuscung, and a private present made to him and his interpreter, Ben. Easton, Satuday, 31st day of July, 1756. (Same persons present as before.) The naraes of the Indians present, at the treaty, were taken down by Mr. Edwards, and orderded to be en tered. Mr. Weiser having enquired of Newcastle what mes sages had been received by the Delawares at Diahoga, from the Six Nations, received the foUowing informa tion, which he took down in words that are the literal. interpretation of what Newcastle said, viz : The large belt given by Teedyuscung, was sent to the Delawares by the councU of the united Six Nations, with a: message to the foUowing import : — Cousins, the Dela ware Indians — you wUl remember that you are our women, our forefathers raade you so, and put a petty- HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 47 coat on you, and charged you to be true to us, and lie with no other raen ; but of late you have suffered the string that tied your petty-coat, to be cut loose by the French, and you lay with them, and so become a com mon bawd, in which you did very wrong, and deserved chastisement ; but notwithstanding this, we will still es teem you ; and as you have thrown off the cover of your modesty, and becorae stark naked, which is a sharae for a woman, we now desire you, that you may be a com plete man — we a^dvise ^ou not to act as a man yet, but be first instructed by us, and do as we bid you, and you will become a noted man. Cousins — The EngUsh and French fight for our lands. Let us be strong and lay our hands to it, and defend it. In the mean time we lend our eyes and ears to us, and the English, our brethren, and you will live as well as we do. Then the Governor sent to Newcastle and Teedyus cung. -The new belt not being finished, he explained the proposed figures to them, and desired the woraen might finish it on rainy days, or resting in their journey, which was pro^mised. Then the Governor spoke : Brothers Newcastle and Teedyuscung — Set an high value upon this belt— it is the peace belt which Teedyus cung delivered in council. I very cheerfuUy lay hold of it. I will lay it up with the council belt, and declare it to you, I am most heartUy disposed to effect the meaning of this belt — a speedy and honorable peace, and a return ot the pljices of love and friendship between the Indians and their brethren, the English.' In return, I give you the belt now raaking, whicli you will consider as finished, and when done, show it every Avhere, and raake our dispositions; aijd the treatraent you have raet with, known to your own people, the Six Nations, and all your allies. Here the Governor gave the new belt, as far as it was made, and all the wampum proposed for it, desiring, if it was not enough to complete it, that they would add more. 48 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. Then taking two belts, joined together in his hands, and addressing Newcastle andTeedyuscung, he declared them agents for the province, and gave them authority to do the public business together. He recoraraended to them a mutual confidence, esteem and intimacy, and wished them success in their negociations. To which they answered, that they would be mutual good friends, and lay their hands together, andf taxables, in 1844, 602. County rates and levies on professions; $95,526 ; on real estate, horses and cattle, $1,101,725. State tax, g6,672 67. Hanover township is a very small township. Its greatest length is only two miles and a half, and greatest width two miles. It is bounded on the north by AUen township, on the east and south by Lehigh county, and on the south-west by Bethleheno township, Shrface quite level, the soU limestone and well improved. The M:onockacey creek, which runs along the southern boun dary ofit, drains the township. Its population in 1820, was 358; in 1830, 348 ; in 1840, 382; and its taxables HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 69 only S3. The early history of this township, and the sufferings of its inhabitants vvere identified with those of Bethlehem township, and the adjoining townships — to which the reader is referred. The taxbles of 1844, were SO. County rates and levies on professions, iS5l6,- 213; real estate, horses and cattle, ^278,640. Amount - ef state tax, ^615 75>. - Williams township is bounded on the north by the Lehigh river, east by the -Delaware river, south by Bucks and Lehigh counties, and on the west by Saucon township. Nearly the whole surface is covered by the Lehigh hiUs, or South mountain, which abound in iron ore of various kinds. Magnetic iron ore is found, in several places on the hiUs, associated with the primary rocks. On the banks of the Lehigh, a few hundred yards below South Easton, a mine of ore has been late ly opened. The ore found in this township is of the best quality, a large quantity of which is used at the Glendon Iron Works, where sixty tons of pig iron are weeldy manufactured. The soil of this township is limestone and gravel, It is rich, well cultivated, and very productive of wheat, corn and grass. The township is drained by Fray's Run, which, by, its tributaries, receives the waters from the north and the south. There are three grist mUls and one saw mill in the township, besides those in South Easton. South Easton, a: borough, is on the right bank of the Lehigh river, about half a mile above the borough of Boston. It was^aid out and established by the Le high Navigation Company, and bids fair of becoming a great mapufa:cturing place; Many of the houses are brick, and it .presents a neat and brisk appearance. The present population is about eight hundred. There are in it, three regular stores, besides several shops, a Metho dist church, and Union church, in which all orthodox divines are aUovved to preach. At present it is occupied as a school house. The inhabitants are a "strictly church-going peeple." Business, as it should be, of all 70 history OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, kinds is suspend on the Christian Sabbath. Canal boats being reckoned public, pass on, up and down, seven days in the week ! ! There are two grist mUls, two saw mUls, and several factories in operation. Here is an extensive cotton factory, originaUy started m 1836, by Messrs. Swift & Breck, at an expense of ig70,000. About a year ago Edward Quinn, the present proprietor, commenced to carry on the factory ; having expended within the past year ^7,000 in putting it into perfect trim. Mr. Quinn gives employment to about ninety hainds- has in operation 5,000 spindles, in spm- ning cotton yarn — producing monthly 20,000 pounds of spun yarn. He expects to produce shortly 1,000 pounds daUy. AU this yarn is assigned to Messrs. Woodward & Brinckel, of PhUadelphia. An extensive machuie shop is connected with the factory. The Lehigh Works, or roUmg mfll, of considerable magnitude, owned by Messrs. Rodenbough, Stewart & Co., is also in successful operation, giving employment to fifty hands, day and night. Wire of different threads or filaments, and naUs of every kind, are produced in great quantities. The principal part of the metal used, is brought from Juniata county. , South Boston Furnace or Foundery, owned by Frederick Gooddell, of Massachusetts, and managed by George Freeborn, is also' in successfuU operation. The original cost of it was jS20,000 — ^put in operation' in May, 1844. Here employment is given to fifty hands, engaged in various kinds of castings, such as grates, fenders, flat-irons. The gross, estimated value for 1844, wUl be about ^75,6oa Shortly there wiU be an artide manufactured here (at present imported) to supply the American demand, to at least \S75,000 during next year. This small item wUl be in favor of balance of trade, to be put down on " our side of accounts."'* A few years ago, Messrs. James M. Porter & Broad- meadow, established a stUl manufactory. It was un- *!Mr. Freeborn named the article to the compiler, bnt with the re quest that it should not be made public now. It is therefore, not specified. " Something hangs by, and turns on it." , history op NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 71 successfully in operation — it failed. It is contemplated shortly to start a blast furnace here. There is also an extensive building here, in.which the manufacturing of rifles is carried on. Iraraediately above the borough of South Easton, are the GleridoH Iron Works, owned by Charles Jackson, Jr., of Boston, managed by Mr. Firmston and his clerk, Mr. E. Rockwell. One furnace h^-s been in successful operation for some time ; using for smelting, anthracite coal exclusively. The iron ore iised here, is red, brown and black oxide of iron, obtained in WUliams township. The furnace now in operation produces ten tons of pig iron daily. There is another stack or furnace, buUding, which, when completed, it is believed, wUl, produce daily fifteen tons of pig metal. The greatest success has attended the trial made, on Che most extensive scale, in reducing iron ore with anthracite coal. It is now well settled, that this kind of coal will answer exceedingr ly weU in smelting ore. Here is also a small hamlet, consisting of eight dwell ings. , WiUiamsport is a small viUage, on the right bank of the Delaware, iraraediately below the? mouth of the Le high iri ver, hard, by the base of a high limestone bluff, the rocks of which nearly overhang the town. It con sists of some fifteen or niore ordinary buildings, princi paUy one story high. It contains two taverns. It was completely inundated by the January freshet of 1841. 'The population of the township in 1820, was 1,590 ; in 1830, 2,707; in 1840, exclusive of South Easton, 1,937. Taxables in 1844, 437. County rates and levies on professions, ^72,360; on real estate, horses and cattle, $493,005. Amount of state tax, $1,172 39. The taxa bles in South Easton, in 1844, were 191. County rates and levies on professions, $31,513; on real estate, horses and cattle, $175,535; state ta.x, $442 39. Bushkill toionship is bounded on the north by Mon roe county, east by Plainfield township, south by Upper Nazareth township, and west by Moore township; The 72 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. surface ofthe country is rather thin; the soil principaUy of a wljiite gravel with some red shale, pale and olive slate. Some parts of it have been rendered very pro ductive. By a proper course of culture, it may stUl be much improved. The Bushkill, or as it ^Ivas first known, " The Lehieton," which rises near the Wind Gap, at the foot of the Blue mountain, traverses this township in a south western direction, and in its course through the township, receives several small streams. There are four grist mills, and four saw mills in it. The inhabitants of this township, with others near the Gap, were greatly exposed to the depredations of the Indians, from 1754 to 1763. Many of them fled to Nazareth, took protection there under the Brethren, which place had been for some time in 1755, and 1756, under the protection of forces commanded by Captain Anthony Wayne, Captain Trump, and Captain Aston, as appears from a letter dated, Bethlehem, January 14, 1756, written by Benjamin Franklin, to Govemor Mor ris : « Wayne's coinpany we found posted at Nazareth, agreeably to your Honor's orders. The day after my arrival here, (Bethledem,) I sent off two wagons loaded with bread, and sorae axes, for Trump and Aston, to Nazareth, escorted by Lieutenant Davis, and twenty men of M'Laughlin's, that came with me. I ordered him to reraain at Nazareth to guard that place, while Captain Wayne, whose men were fresh, proceeded with the convpy to Gwadenhuetten."* There are two small viUages in this township, Ed munds aild Jacobsburg. The former is a post viUage on the road to Smith's Gap, between nine and ten miles from Easton. It contains six or seven dwellings, and a store. Jacobsburg, a post vUlage, on the main road from Nazareth to the Wind Gap, eleven miles from Easton, It contains one storfe, one tavern, eight. dweUings, a grisi miU, a furnace, formerly owned by Matthew S. Henry,- .now belonging to Mr. Sidney Clay well, and is in sue- 'Provincial Records. HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 73 cessful operation. There is also a rifle factory in opera tion in this township. -The population of this township in 1820, was 1,262 ; in 1830, 1,402 ; in 1840, 1,716. Taxables in 1844, 375. County rates and levies on professions, $51,653; on real estate, horses and cattle, $214,340. Amount of state tax, $500 55. Forks township, so naraed frora its locality, being in the " Forks ofthe Delaware," is bounded on the north by Plainfield and Lower Mount Bethel townships, on the east by the Delaware river, and the borough of Easton, on the south by the borough and the Lehigh river, on the west by Upper and Lower Nazareth, and Bethlehem townships. The surface is generaUy level ; the soil limestone, well cultivated, and very productive, though parts of it had been not more than thirty years ago, considered a "Barrens." Pg.ssing, it may here be stated that " The Forks of the Delaware," is the name by which, a century ago, not only the present site ot Easton, but all that portion of country included between the Delaware river and the Lehigh river, and bounded on the north west by the Blue mountain, was known. This beautiful portion of Northarapton county was occupied by a part of the Delaware natives, who held it till about 1737, when Mbnockyhichan, Lappawinzoe, Teshakomen and -Noo- timas, Indian Sachems, relinguished all final claims to Richard and Thomas Penn, sons of WiUiam Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. This- township is drained by the Bushkill creek, and Several of. its tributaries, and is traversed by a number of roads radiating from Easton to the several Gaps,, towns and villages. OccasionaUy the traveller will meet with finger boards— " To Vint Cap" — "To Win ' Gap" — " To Bint Crofe." There are seven flouring mills and three grist mills in this township., Stockersville, a post vUlage, is on the right bank of the Little BushkiU, seven mUes frbm Easton, consisting of nine dwellings, one tavern, two stores, two lumber 74 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. yards; a miU contiguous to it on the left bank of the Little Bushkill, which is crossed here by a peraianent stone bridge. The village is in a very fertUe plam. The population of this township in 1820, was 1,659; in 1830, 1,989 ; in 1840, 2,166. Taxables in 1844,535. County rates and levies on professions, $134,300; on real estate, horses and cattle, $1,223,610. Amount of state tax, $2,822 50. Lower Nazareth township, so named after, Naza.- reth, where the Rev. George Whitfield purchased a parcel of ground in 1740, and commenced to .erect a large stone house, with the intention of establishing a free school for negro children.* It is bounded on the north by Upper Naz£u:eth township, on the east by Forks township, on the south by Bethlehem, and on the west by Allen township. The surface of this township is level ; the soil lime stone, and well improved by a judicious course of crops, and careful culture, and very productive. It is drained by the Monockicey creek, which affords some fine miU seats. There are five grist mills, and five saw mills in this township. There are several small towns in it. Hecktown, a post village, is handsomely located on the road from Bethlehem to the Wind Gap, seven mUes from Easton, and nine from Bethlehem. It contains fifteen dwellings, one tavern, one store, a Lutheran and German Reformed Church, called the " Dry Land Church." The country around the viUage is weU im proved. Neivberg, four miles from Bath, and seven from Easton, is in a highly imprpved limestone country. •Heckewelder's Narrative, p. 18. N. B. In a jonrnal written by WiUiam Seward, Whiifield's companion in travelling, the following is noticed : "April 22, 1740— Agreed with Mr. Allen for five thousand acres of the land on the Forks of the Delaware, at JE2,200 sterling; the conveyance to be made to Mr. Whitfield, and after that assigned to me, as security for my advancing the money. Mr. Whitfield proposes to give orders for building the Negro school on the purchased land, before he leaves the province."— JfemotVs of Whitfield, p. 50. HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 75 Contains ten or eleven dwellings, one store and a tavern. The population of this ..township in 1820, was 1,084; in 1830, 1,204 ; in 1840, 1,201. Taxables in 1844, 305. County rates and levies on professions, $38,860 ; on real estate, horses and cattle, $627,280. Amount of state tax, $2,081 11. Upper Nazareth township is bounded on the north by Moore township, on the east by Forks township, on the south by Lower Nazareth, and on the west by Allen township. The surface is, in many places level, but generally, rolling. The soil slate and gravel, and ren dered very productive. It is watered by two branches of the Monockicey creek.' " There is a small slate quarry which has been occa sionally worked, lying about one mile and a half west of the town of Nazareth. In the neighborhood of Na zareth, which is on the line dividing the slate from the limestone formation, a material is produced, which an swers well the ordinary purposes of black paint. This appears to be simply a more than usually carbonaceous black and soft variety of the slate, occurring near the base of the formation, a little above its contact with the limestone. It occurs also further east on the Biishkill." There are several prominent Moravian settleraents in this township, which wiU be noticed below. The pop ulation ofthe township in 1820, was 663 ; in 1830, 942 ; ui 1840, 1,118. Taxables in 1844, 236. County rates and levies on professions, $31,360; on real estate, horses and cattle, $372,485. Araount of state tax, $934 74. The Moravian settlernents are Nazareth, Schoeneck, Christian, Brunn, and Griaderethal, all within the vicin ity of the first naraed. ^Nazareth, on the head of a small branch of the Bush kiU creek, is the next to the principal Moravian settle- , ment in this county. Its early history is identified with the history of the county. George Whitfield, a cele brated divine, and founder of the Calvinistic Methodists, sailed for .Georgia in 1737, where he remained two years, returned to England, and soon afterwards again to 76 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. America, and made a tour through several of the proy- uices ; and in 1740 purchased a tract of land, within this township, with the intention of establishing a free school for negro children, where he laid the foundation for a large stone houses which he expected the Moravian Brethren, for some had been induced on his invitation to settle here, to finish the building which he had com menced, though attended with great danger on account ofthe Indians, who had refused to quit the country ,^ and threatened to murder the Brethren. Whitfiel4 had laid the foundation of the house, and caUed the place Naza^ reth, from which, afterwards, the whole manor received its name. The Brethren having erected the walls one story high, they were nevertheless obliged to leave the place in 1740. Whitfield had in the mean time gone to Georgia. The Brethren had another offer made them by a respectable merchant, of a piece of land, where Bethlehera now is. Some time afterwards, Whitfield offered them the manor of Nazareth ui 1743, together with the unfinished building, which they accepted. The difficulties with the Indians were settled partly by com promise, and by treaty with the Five Nations.' The house was finished, and Nazareth became by degrees a very pleasant settlement.* On the eastern border of the village, the original house comraenced by Whitfield, is still standing. Itis a large antique edifice, built of liraestone, with a high roof, and has a brick band in the wall, to raark how high the walls had been erected as the property or house of Whitfield. It raarks distinctly the height pr limits of Whitfield's labor. When the Brethren had finished the house, it was appropriated as a place of worship, in 1 744. It is at present occupied by four families, Be sides these public buildings, there are also several others worthy of notice. There are two peculiar establish ments here, in one of which a number of widows find an asyhim in their old age ; and in another imraarried •The first chiirch was a wooden building; afterwards it was rough-cast. It was contiguous to the present one. It contained appartments for the ministers' dwellings. When a larger house be came necessary, one of stone was erected, accommodating from three to four hundred persons. This proving too small, the present large building was erected. HIS^'ORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 81 women, chiefly likewise of advanced age,board together, under, proper regulations, and the guardianship of the society. Here is. also a Brothers' house, where those who choose to continue the state of single blessedness, can do so, and still gain an independent support. The Corpse House, where, on the decease of a mem ber of the sociery, the corpse is deposited for three days, is worthy of a notice. When a death occurs, a part ofthe choir ascend the church cupola or steeple, when a requi em or funeral hymn is played for the departed, and the melancholy notes as they fall on the ear in a calm morn ing, are peculiarly solemn and impressive. The body, on the third day, is removed from the corpse house, the mourners place themselves around it, and after several strains of solumn nausic, the procession forms a line of march to the grave, preceded by the band, still playing, which is continued some time after the coffin is de^ posited. The grave yard, though studiously avoided by many, is worthy the attention of the visiter, as weU as other parts of the vUlage. It is kept with perfect neatness. The graves are in rows. On each grave is place^d a marble slab, or other stone, of about fifteen inches square, on which is engraved the name of the deceased ; the date of his birth and death. The visiter looks in vain for sculptured monuraents reared over the cold clay of the departed, with labored panegyrics upon the distinguished characters of the departed. Instead of these, the blocks of " cold pale raarble," or hewn sand stone,,with a simple inscription mark the place of the remains of thedepartedi The poetical effusions of Mrs. E. C. Embury, touch ing the Moravian burial ground at Bethelehem, may afford the reader some idea of impressions created on visiting this place : When in the shadow of the tomb This heart shall rest, Oh ! lay rae where spring flowrets bloom On earth's bright breast. F 83 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. Oh ! ne'er in vaulted chambers lay , My lifeless form ; Seek not such mean, worthless prey To cheat the worm. In this sweet city of the dead I fain would sleep, ; Where flowers may deck my narrow bed. And night-dews weep. But raise not the sepulchral stone To mark the spot ; Enough, if by thy heart alone 'Tis ne'er forgot. On a visit to this place in October, 1844, the writer eopied, among others, the following epitaphs : ISAAC OLAPAWANAMEN, of Shecomeco. Bap. a. 1742. Dep. Aug. 2nd, 1746. SALOME OF Shecomeco, wife of JOSHUA. Departed Sept. "Uth, 1746. THOMAS PECHTOWAPPID, a Mohica«, OP Shecomeco. Dep., Aug.a^7th, I74&. HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. S3 In memory of Tschoop, a Mohican Indian, ^ho in holy baptism, April 16th, 1742, received the name of JOHN; One of the first fruits of the mission at Shecomeco, and a remarkable instance of the power of divine grace, whereby he became a distinguished teacher , among his nation. He departed this life in full assurance of faith, at Bethlehem, August 27th,. 1746. ^^ There shall be one fold and one Shepherd." — John x, 16 These were all Indians. Tschoop was a distinguished teacher amPng the sons of the forest. Among many others of men of distinction, may be found that of the pious and learned Rev. John Hecke- welder, who was born A. D. 1743, and died in 1823. He was many years a missionary among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians. He is author of a Narative of the Mission'of the United Brethren among the Dela ware and Mohegan Indians, from its comencement, in the year 1740, to the close bf the year 1810. Here is also a Museum of the Young Men's Mission ary Society, containing a weU selected cabinet of minerals, and a pretty extensive collection of natural and artificial curiosities, collected and sent in by the missionary brethren, from aU parts of the world; The town is adequately supplied with good water from a copious spring, situated at the foot of a hill, carr ried up one hundred and fourteen feet, perpendicularly, to a reservoir on its summit, by forcing pumps, in iron pipes, worked by the Manokecey creek, and thence dis tributed into every street. The same creek affords adequate Water power to several mills. 84 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. There are three hotels in the place ; two of them very spacious. Mr. T. Rupp k-eeps one of these. His house is very large, three stories high, and commands a fine view of the country. It belongs to the society. There are five stores in the place, a.' paper mill, grist mill, woolen and cotton factory, an iron foundry and a market house ; the population about twelve hundred, whrareof one thousand are Moravians. There is a bridge over the Lehigh here. Most of the usual mechanical trades are carried on. In the vicinity of the place are several vineyards. The house where General La Fayette lay, during his recovery from the wound he had received at the battle of Brandywine, September llth, 1777, is still standing; and the woman, who acted as nurse to the old General, is still living in the Sister houses — «he was, at least, some few years ago. This place suffered some damage from the freshet, January Sth, and 9th, 1841. Along Water street, South Bethlehem, the water forced its way into the second story of some dweUings, the inraates in one of which, were rescued from a watery grave, by means of flats and canoes. Timothy Weiss & Co. sustained a con siderable loss ; the greater part of the lumber yard was swept away. The bridge company, besides the loss of the bridge, lost a large quantity of dry boards. Mr. Doster's saw mill, fulling raill, dye-house, weaver shop, raachinery, &c. were greatly injured ; his loss was con^ siderable. Mr. BeckeFs foundry was much damaged. A smaU brick house, and a large quantity of stone coal, the property of Henry Goundie, were swept away. Mr. Owen Rice's cooper-shop was injured, and its contents, consisting of two hundred flour barrels, were carried off; The Anchor hotel of Mr. Heisser,i was in great danger of being swept away. The Bethlehem Pleasure Gar den, for giris'" play ground, was laid waste. The damage done to property of aU kinds, along the Lehigh and Monokissy, was great. Bethlehem, and its vicinity, from its earliest settle ment, and for many years afterwards, was the arena oi HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 85 many an interesting incident, and the place s>i refuge for many oppressed and marked victims of cruelty. It is so full of interesting occurrences, implicated with the general history of the country, and early efforts of missionary enterprizes, that to relate a few, in this place, is not deemed inappropriate. As early as 1742, Bethlehem was visited by that dis tinguished minister of the gospel, Count Zinzendorf; while here, in company with his daughter, Benigna, he visited the Indian vUlages in the neighborhood. His first visit was to Patemi, a distinguished Indian, who lived near Nazareth, i He found Patemi remarkably quiet a;nd modest, who had regulated his economical affairs much in the l^uropean style. The Count also visited Clistowacka, an Indian town, inhabited chiefly by Delawares. He called on an old Indian, whom the people called a priest, and whose grandson : was sick unto death. The Count prayed for the child, recom mending him to his great Creator and Redeemer. He next extended his tour beyond the Blue mountains. On this tour, a Mr. Remberger, a European trader, kindly accompanied the Count. The places he visited, beyond the mountains; were Pochapuchkung and Meniplago- mekali, notfar above Guaden Huetten, or Fort Alien, ih Mahony vaUey. He also extended his tour to Tul pehocken, the residence Of that eminent and useful man, Conrad Weiser, near the present site of Womelsdorf, Berks county. At Bethlehem, many of the believing Indians were baptized. It became a central and controUing station, from which missionaries, and the brethren, generally, received instructions from the elders, on their departure to their different out-posts. In 1746, it was the refuge of the persecuted Indians, from Shekomeko, an Indian vUlage, bordering on Connecticutt, near the Stissik moun tain, among whom the pious christian, Henry Rauch, had labored with much success. The poor Indians, to flee from those who had meditated their extinction, accepted, of an invitation tendered them by the brethren at Bethlehem, and took refuge here. Ten famUies of 86 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNfY. them, in all fojty persons, left Shekomeko in April, 1746, with sorrow and tears, and were received at Beth lehem with tenderness and compassion. Several of them immediately buUt cottages near the settlement. Their morning and evening meetings were regulated, and the service performed in the Mahikan language. This, says Loskeil, comforted them, in sorae measure, for, the loss of the regular service at Shekomeko, which was most pre cious to them. Soon after, two Indian girls were bap tized in Bethlehem chapel, in presence of the whole congregation, and a great number of friends.* This small colony of Indians, settled in the immediate vicinity of Bethlehem, was caUed Tents qf Peace, or Frieden-Huetten; subsequently, these Indians were removed on a piece of land, on the junction of the Ma hony creek and Lehigh river, beyond the BlUe moun tain, about thirty mUes from Bethlehem, now Carbon county, and near Lehighton. The place was called Guaden-Huetten, i. e. Tents of Grace.^ The Rev'd David Brainerd, the celebrated mission ary, who labored among the Indians, in the forks ofthe Delaware, visited this place in September, 1743, and remained several days, having been confined to his room by reason of indisposition. ' "Had thoughts," says he, in his journal for September 20th, 1743, "of going for ward on my journey to my Indians; but towards night, was taken with a hard pain in my teeth and shivering cold, and could not, possibly, recover a comfortable degree of warmth the whole night foUowing. I con tinued very fuU of pain aU night, and in the morning had a very hard fever, and pains almost over my whole body."t Bethlehem was a place of general refuse, during the French and Indian war, frora, 1755, to 1760. When the Mission-house, of which a fuU account is given in speaking of Guaden Huetten, in Carbon county, on * Loskeil, part ii. p. 83. ¦f Fort Allen, Carbon county, t Brainerd's , Public Journail.p. 108, as published by S. Converse, JJew Haven, 1822. HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. , 87 Mahony creek, was destroyed November 24th, 1755, the Indian congregation, at Guaden Huetten, fled for security to Bethlehem, when the foUowing interesting correspondence took place between them and the Gov ernor of Pennsylvania; viz : To the Hon.- Robert Himter Morris, &c. The hum ble address of the Indians late residing at Guaden Huetten, at their instance taken from their own mouth : First — We present our love, respect and duty to the Hon. Governor of Pennsylvania, because we are not able to express ourselves, as it should be, we beg there fore that the best coristruction be put upon what we have to lay before him. We have been heretofore poor heathens, who kr.ew nothing of God, but lived in blindness and abominable sins. The Brethren have'tpld us words from Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, who became a man for us, and pur chased salvation for us with his blood.' We have heard their words, taken them to heart, received themiin faith, and are baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. The Brethren since that time have faithfully cared for us, and not only further instructed us in God's word, but have also permitted us to live upon their land, and plant our corn, at the same time instructing our children. It is now a great many years that we have lived in quiet aH(i peace, under the protection of the government of this province, so that we have not been burdensome to none, (any,) nor has any body molested us. But now it is Come to pass, that wicked people, who serve the devU, havc committed horrible murders, and inhumanly butchered even our own Brethren. We weU knew that we had nothing better tp expect at their hands, as long as we continued with the Breth ren under this government ; for which cause we sought to save our lives by flight, leaving every; thing behind Svhich we had in Guaden Huetten, that is, not only our habitations, but also oi^r clothing and provision, fleeing in the dark night, naked and empty away with our wives and chUdren. Now we are here in Bethlehem with our brethren. 88 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. willing rather to suffer and live with them as heretofore. We cannot but declare tp our Honorable Governor: First, That we are thankful from the bottom of our hearts for the protection and peace that we have hitherto enjoyed in this province. Secondly, That none of us have any hand in the abominable murders lately com mitted by the Indians ; but we abhor and detest them. Thirdly, It is our desire, seeing we are persuaded that our lives will be principally sought after, to put our selves as children under the protection, we cannot say otherwise, but that we are entirely devoted to the English Governraent, and wish success and prosperity to their arms, against their and our enemies. We hope that our Honorable Governor will give us a gracious answer to this our humble petition, and pro vide for our future welfare and security. (Signed by the following, in the presence of Bernard Adam Grube, John Jacob Schmick and J. Okely :) Joshua, the Mohickan : Augustus, Delaware ; Jacob, Mohickan ; Anton, Delaware ; John Peter, Wamponas ; Joshua, Dela ware; Andreas, Wamponas ; Michael, Meni- sink; Jonathan, Delaware ; PhUippus, Wamppnas; John, Mohickan ; John, Delaware ; David, Mohickan ; Mark, Mohickan. Subscribed before ' / TIMOTHY HORSEFIELD, Justice for Northampton county, Nov. 30, 1755. "To the foregoing. Gov. Morris wrote the foUowing in answer : To the Indians lately residmg at Guaden Huetten, and now at Bethlehem — Greeting : Brethren — You may always depend on the most favorable construction being put on whatever you la:y before me. It gives rae a true pleasure to find you are under the force of religious impressions, and speak in so affectionate a manner of the great Author of the Chris tian salvation, our Lord Jesus Christ. As you have made it your own choice to become HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 89 members of our civil society, and subjects of the same govemment, and to determine to share the sarae fate with us,, I shall make it ray care to extend the sarae pro tection to you, as to the other subjects of his Majesty, and as a testimpny of the regard paid by the government to the distressed state of that part of the province where you. have suffered so much, I have determined to build a fort at Guaden Huetten, from which you wiU receive equal security with the white people under my care. I have not the least suspicion of your having been concerned in the late mischiefs. Your precaution and flight are an evidence of your innocence, and take in good part your professions pf truth, and fidelity to your hrethren, and thank you for them. I heartily coraraiserate your losses, and think you entitled to relief; and as I intend to send for all our frieridly Indians to come and confer with me in this lime of danger, I shall let you know the time when I shall raeet thera, and desire you to be present, that I raay speak to you at the sarae time. In the mean tirae, I desire you will be of good be haviour, and reraain where you are. ROB. H. MORRIS.* Philadelphia Dec. 4, 1755. These were trying tiines tP the people of this region of country, as may be learned from the subjoined origi nal letters : ' Letters by express from, Northampton county, inform ing the government that the Indians had begun hos tUities. A letter from Timothy Horsefield, to the Governor : Bethlehem, Dec, 12, n&5. May it please your Honor: Sir-— The enclosed are a faithful translation of two original German letters to the Rev. Mr. Spangenberg, •Prov. Kee, N. 384-326. 90 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. which are just now come to hand, and which wiU in form your Honor of the particulars which I have to lay before you. Your Honor wiU thereby see what circumstances we are in, in these parts. I would also just mention to your Honor, that the bearer brings with hira sorae pieces of arras which faU inthe using, and Which make the people afraid to take them in hand. I pray that your Honor wiU take it in your further consideration, and giveuS all the assistance that lays in your power. I arn, with all due respect. Your Honor's most obUged and humble servant, TIMOTHY HORSEFIELD. P. S. I have sent to alarm the country with aU the (expedition possible, but when we have the people, we have no proper persons to lead them, and what can we -expect? A letter from W. Nathanael, to the Rev. Mr. Span genberg. Nazareth, Dec. 11, 1755. Mr. Bizman, who just now came from the Blue moun tain, and is the bearer of this letter, will tell you that there is a number of two hundred Indians about Broadhead's plantation. Thej' have destroyed most all the planta tions thereabouts, and killed several families as Hoeth's. You will be so kind and acquaint Mr. Horsefield direct ly of it, that he raay send a messenger to Philadelphia, and let all our neighbors know what we have to expect, and that they may come to our assistance. NATHANAEL. A letter from Mr. Graff to the Rev. Mr. Spangenberg : Nazareth, December 11, 1755. An hour ago came Mr. Glotz, and told us that the 10th instant, m the night, Hoeth's famUy were killed by the Indians ; except his son and the smith, who made their escape, and the houses burnt down. Just now came old HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 91 Mr. Hartman with his' family, who also escaped, and they say that aU the neighborhood of the above men tioned Hoeths, viz:'' BrPadhead's, Culver's, McMichael, and all houses and famUies thereabouts, attacked by the Indians at day-light, and burned down by them. Mr. Culver's and Hartman's family are come to us with our wagcSns, &c. Lodged partly here in Nazareth, and partly in the tavern. Our wagons which were to fetch some corn, were met by Culver's, three mUes this side his house, and when they heard these shocking news, they resolved to .return, and to carry these poor people tp Nazareth.They say also that the number of Indians is above two hundred.' We want to hear your goo& advice what to do in this present situation and circumstances, and desire if possible your assistance. GRAFF. Letter from Horsefield to the Governor : ' Bethlehem, Dec. 12, 1755. May it please yOur Honor : Sir — I have despatched an express this morning to your Honor, in Philadelphia; to inform you of the cir cumstances we are in ; but since hearing that you were in New York, I thought it my duty to despatch another messenger with this, thinking it might yet find- your Honor there. In the night an express arrived from Nazareth ac quainting me that there is certainly people now in Na zareth, who fled for their lives, and informs us that one Hoeth and his family are, cut off, only two escaping, and the houses &c., of Hoeth, Broadhead and others, are actually laid in ashes, and people from all quarters fly ing for their lives, and the comraon report is that the Indians are two hundred strong. Your Honor can easily guess at the trouble and con sternation we must be- in on this occasion, in these parts. As to Bethlehem, we have taken all the precaution in our power, for our defence. We have taken our Uttie 92 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. infants from Nazareth to Bethlehem, for the greater security ; and these, with the rest of our children, are near three hundred in nuraber. Altho' our gracious King and Parliament have been pleased to exempt those among us of tender conscience from bearing arms, yet thereare many amongst us who make no scruple of defending themselves against such cruel savages. But, alas ! what can we do, having very few arras, and little or no aramu nition ; and we are now as it were, become the frontier ; and as we are circumstanced, our family being so large, it is impossible for us to retire to any other place for security. I doubt not, your Honor's goodness will lead you to consider the distress we are in, and speedUy to afford us what relief shall be thought necessary against these merciless savages. I am, with due respect. Your Honor's raost obedient servant. TIMO. HORSEFIELD.* P. S. Hoeth's, Broadhead's, &c., are situate a few miles over the Blue raountains, about 25 or 30 miles from here. , Benjamin Franklin, on his way to erect Fort AUen, on the left bank of the Lehigh river, where Weissport is, stopped at this place, as may be seen from the foUow ing letter, addressed to Governor Morris, viz : Bethlehem, Jan. 14, 1756. Governor Morris: Sir — As we drew near this place, we met a nuraber of wagons, and raany people moving off with their eflects and families, from the Irish settlement and Lehigh township, being terrified by the defeat of Hay's com pany, and the burnings and murders committed in the townships on new year's day. We found this place fiUed with refugees, the workmen's shops, and even the cellars, being crowded with women and chUdren ; and we learned that Lehigh township is almost entirely *Prov. Rec, N. 331-32. HISTORY OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 93 / abandoned by the inhabitants. Soon after my arrival here, the principal people of the Irish settlement, as Wilson, elder Craig, &c. came to me, and demanded an -addition of thirty men to Craig's company, or threatened they would immediately, one and all, leave their country to the eneray. Hay's corapany was reduced to eighteen men,- (and those without shoes, stockings, blankets, or arms)partly by the loss of Guaden Huetten, and partly by desertion. Trump and Aston had made but slow prp- gress in building the first fprf, complaining for want of tools, which it was thought the people in those parts might have suppUed them with. Wayne's company we found posted at Nazareth, agreeable to your Honor's orders. I, immediately di rected Hays to complete his company, and he went down to Bucks county with Mr. Beatty, who promised to assist him in recruitmg. His lieutenant lies here lame, with frozen feet, and unfit for action; but the ensign, with eighteen men, is posted among the present frontier inhabitants, to give some satisfaction to the settlement people, as I refused to increase Craig's company. In my tum, I have threatened to disband or remove the companies already posted, for the security of particular townships, if the people would not stay on their places, behave like men, do something for themselves, apd assist •the province soldiers. . The day after my arrival here, I sent off two wagons loaded with bread, and some axes, for Trump and Aston, to Nazareth, escorted by Lieutenant Davis, and twenty men of M'Laughlin's, that came with me. ' I ordered him to remain at Nazareth to guard that place, while Capt. Wayne, whose men were fresh, proceeded with the convoy. To secure Lyn and Heidelberg town ships, whose inhabitants were just on the wing, I took Trexler's corapany into pay, (he had been before com missioned by Mr. Harailton) and I commissioned Wet- terholt, who commanded a watch of fourty-four men, before in the pay of the province, ordering him to com plete his company. I have also allowed thirty men to secure the township of Upper Smithfield, and commis- 94 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. sioned Van Etten and Hinshan, as Captain and Lieuten ant. And in order to execute more speedUy the first design of erecting a fort near Guaden Huetten, to com plete the line and the rangers into iQotion, I have raised another corapany trader Captain Charles Foult, to join with Wayne in that service ; and as Hays, I hear, is not likely soon to recruit his company, I have ordered Orndt to come up from Rockland, in Bucks county, to strengthen this part of the province, convey provisions &c., to the companies who are and wUl be at work over the mountains, and quiet the inhabitants, who seem ter rified out of their senses. The arms and blankets wrote for to New York, are not yet arrived; but I hear that 100 guns and 150 blankets are on the road, sent me by Mr. Coldon ; those of Mr. Walton's being sold before. I have consulted Mr. Parsons, and if the wagons come to-day, it is pro posed that I proceed to-morrow, with Wayne's company, which is returned, Foulk's and the twenty men of, M' Laughlin's, to Guaden Huetten, to lay out the intended fort, and endeavor to get it despatched. Capt. Wayne tells me that Trump expects the first fort will be finished next week. I hope to get this done as soon, having more tools ; though at this season it seems to be fighting against nature. But I imagine 'tis absolutely necessary to get the ranging line of forts completed, that the peo ple may be secured, as soon as possible in their habita tions, and the internal guards and companies dismissed, otherwise the expense and loss tp the provmce wUl be intolerable. I want much to hear the event of the proposed treaty, a,nd the determination your Honor and the commis sioners may have come to, for the encouragement of volunteer scalping parties. I am, with dutiful respect. Sir, your Honor's most Obedient humble servant, B.FRANKLIN. HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 95 The Brethren here, as well as at other Moravian set tlements in this part of Pennsylvania, were peculiarly situated. Notwithstanding that they afforded protection to refugees from a cruel death expected tp be inflicted by the savage Indians, " the Irish ^of the Kittatinny vaUey ,viewe,d,tlie Brethren with jealousy, and openly threaten ed to exterminate the Indian converts, and it was dangerous, for the friendly Indians even to hunt in the woods," or even when sent on public business. The following letter from the Rev. Spangenberg to Governor Morris, goes to sustain the truth of this in the main: Bethlehem, May 2d, 1756. May it please yom" Honor : i I arrived at Bethlehera the 28th, 1st raonth, and com municated with our Indians, at your Honor's desire, that one or other of them might go with the messengers who were sent by your Honor's orders, to the Indians at the Susquehanna, and would soon be with us at Beth lehem, in their way thither. Augustus, a Delaware, alias George, upon serious consideration upon going and not being ignorant of many dangers he might happen to meet with, he called his wife, mother-in-law and two sons together, and declared to them his last will, in case he .should be either kiUed. or hindered some how from coming back again, viz : That they should continue with our Saviour, with whom he was. determined to abide as long as he had flesh and skin upon his back, and that they should not leave the Brethren. ' Tegrea and corapany carae from Bethlehem the same ¦ day, and when I presented to thera the said Augustus, they were very much pleased with him, he being a man of good judgment, of an honest countenance, and well acquainted with the woods up that way to Woyming ;. and so they are gone together yesterday, to Fort Allen, and to-morrow they wUl proceed, from thence on their joumey to the Susquehanna. / thought them all in greater danger of. being hurt in the Irish settlement, than any fvhere else in all the province, and therefore I did desire James Ennis and Thomas Apty, not to leave them tiU they were at Fort AUen, and so they 96 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. went along. Mr. Edmunds, David Zeitzberger, George Klein and Stephen Blum, aU of them went also with them to Fort Allen — the sheriff of this county not be ing at horae at the time of setting off. We have used thera weU at Bethlehem, and shewed them so riiuch kindnes as they were able to accept of, and I think they went away well pleased. Their last declaration, as well at Bethlehera as at Fort Allen, which he also wanted rae to write to -your Honor, was as fol- Jows, viz : " We do reraember very well the words the Governor hath put in our mouths, and wUl deliver thera faithfully. May be this affair will . take up some time, twenty, if not thirty, or thirty-five days. If we do not retum in that time, be sure that we are either killed, or that the danger is such that we cannot get through. But if we can, we will go directly to Thpraas Magee's, and so on to the Governor, for so he hath ordered us to do; and so we wiU do if we can. But if either the white people or the bad Indians are in the way, we cant go down the Susquehanna by water, then we wUl corae by Fort Allen and Bethlehem back again. " If we happen to lose our flag or passport (for the man who carries it raay be shot, and others may be forced to fly for their Uves,) then we wiU come to the forts, or any of them, and our token shall be a club'd musket and green boughs in our hats. " If we raeet with bad Indians in the woods, and some of us be killed, you may expect any one -th^t escapes, in ten days ; if we do not return in such a time, then you may think that we are luckily arrived. " If we dont corae in twenty days, then let the cap- tauis of each fort look out for us in fifteen. days, which in aU makes thirty-five days, and we will not come in the night to any of the forts." Now this is humbly to request your Honor, that if they come down to Harris' Ferry to raeet your Honor, then Augustus may have your passport, and be safely con ducted by proper and careful officers to Bethlehem again, HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 97 for so niuch I have promised him, and he expects it from your Honor. I am your Honor's Humble servant, SPANGENBERG.* The Indians at Bethlehem were repeatedly instrumen tal in preventing the-destructionof the settlers ; when they heard ofa plot against the whites by the warriors, well disposed Indis^ns would travel all night to warn the brethren and others, and thus defeat the schemes of the cruel enemy. An istanoe is related in the following letter ; Bethlehem, June 21, 1756. May it please your Honor : This morning early, about five o'clock, there arrived here two Delaware Indians, from Diahoga, who, declar ing themselves friends to the English, and peaceably disposed, were by us received as such. Their names are Nichodemus, and Christian, his son, and formerly , lived in Guaden Huetten. As soon as I heard of their being here, though sick in bed, I sent for Captain New castle, and acquainted him with it, and what I had heard of the circurastances, namely, that they left Dia hoga with a company of their friends; nine women and children, to the number of fifteen; that a day's journey beyond Guaden Huetten, they had left the rest of their company, and determined to venture their lives and come through, and see how they eould get the rest after them. When the Captain heard this, he directly re solved, in virtue of his commission from'your Honor, to go' this day with his company and Nichodemus' son Christian, attended by Mr. Edmonds, to Guaden Huet ten, and immediately proceed to bring them to the fort, arid from thence hither in safety, tUl further orders from your Honor. I thought this highly necessary to acquaint *ProT. Kee, Book O,, p. 108, 109. G 98 HISTORY OP NORT-HAMPTON COUNTY. you? with by express, that we raay speedUy know your Honor's pleasure herein. I am, with all due respect, Your Honor's most humble and obedient Servant, TIMO. HORSEFIELD. P. S; The under^written particulars I got to the knowledge of, from our Indians who had conversed with them, but as I had promised Captain Newcastle he should know the contents of my letter to your Honor, I would not insert them in it, doubting whether it might be prudent he should know so much. 1. ¦\Vhen the Indians carae away, and it was known, they found there were a great many of the same mind with.tiiem, and wished themselves under the protection of the English, and they think many wUl foUow them, pajrtieularly if they hear these have succeeded. 2. That several of the chiefs who had lived in Dia- , hoga when Captain Newcastle was last there, were now moHed higher up, and generally thought^ (though not certainly known) to have gone to the French. As^ things; are circumstanced, I humbly conceive it. wttt be highly necessary to use all the despatch imagina- blei,to send away the Captain — he himself being very iKgentfor the, messenger's return, thathe may forthwith proceed to Diahoga. TiMO. HORSEFIELD. Governer Morris' answer to Horsefield, to the above : Philadelphia, June 23,11 5&. '¦'¦' Sii-^I am favored with your's of the 21st by express, andt in. answer, think it proper that. Captain Newcastle should set off directly for Diahoga, and take with him two or three of the Indians just arrived, that they may testify along with him our good reception of them. I do hereby, empower the Brethren, and request them to^ receive into their houses at Bethlehem, aU such friendly Indians as shall come to them, and desire to be taken in, and to support and maintain them, tUl they HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 99 ha-v*e my further ordiprs, always ta-king' care to advise me from time to time, of the arrival of any Indians, mentioning their places' of abode, their tribe and sueli other circumstances as shall be necessary to give me a just and proper account of them; and any expenses at tending this service, wiU be paid by the government: I herewith enclose an additional messige to- New- castlcj which I beg you to send to him, wherever he is, with all possible despatch ; as every article is very necessary; and if he should be gone, as- you see from the first part of my letter that I 'intend some of the Iri^ dians from Diahoga should accompany him, I desire ybu, or some ofthe Brethren, wiU speak in my name, to sueh of the Diahoga Ihdians as 'you- shall think' most trusty, and sendforwarddireetly-my additional message to Newcastle. I -am -Sir, Ybuf humble servant, ROBT. H: MORRIS.' In answer to the Governor's instructions arid 'queries, the Rev. Spangenbeirg wrote the follPwing answer : -¦¦,--¦ ¦' • \ , Bethlehem, June 26; 1756. May it pMuse your Hontir^ : Having been frpm home when Newcastle came tc* Bethlehem, and your Honor's letter to me, my Brethren have taken care to see your orders obeyedy^asfaras lay in their power. What hath been spoken and 'done with Newcastle before he set off from Bethlehem, your Honor will see out of the enclosed account, dated June 15. Since that time he came back, and brought with* him Jo. Pepy and Nicodeijius and their -famUies; the list whereof your Honor will see laid by in the close of this letter. Yesterday he (Newcastle) desired to know your Honor's further ' ord^r; w^ich "was d^vered • unto • him •Pov. Bee, 0. 160-2. 100 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. accordmgly, out of your Honor's letteir, as wiU appear by record, dated 25th and 26th June. Now to tell your Honor the truth, I don't believe that either Jo. Pepy or Nicodemus and their families can stay at Bethlehem. We have been obliged to put people out of the house, to make room for them. But this is not aU ; there is such a rage in the neighborhood agaihst the said poor creatures, that I fear they will mob us and them together. For Jo. Pepy having lived among the Pres byterians, and treacherously being gone from them, hath exasperated them in the highest dfgree. We have put two men with them to be their safe guard, but your Honor knows very well that this won't hinder the streg.m, when it is coming upon them and us at the, same time. I proposed to them to-day, whether they or any of them should choose to go with Newcastle, but they did not care for it. They are afraid, I beUeve, be cause they have deserted from the Indians, as beforeTrom the English. , They have told me the famUies which are inclined tp come, and will eome, if they can, with New castle. The most of them are known here, to be good for nothing, and quite faithless creatures. I therefore humbly beg of your Honor to remove the said Jo. Pepy and Nicodemus arid their families, the sooner the better, to PhUadelphia, fox there they are in the heart of the country, and mischief may be prevented, which could breed evil consequences. As for the rest, I hear that Jo. Pepy, as well as Nico demus, have been all along employed in councils and treaties, and messengers, since the time the war began ; so that if they are friends indeed, they may give your Honor a light into many things, relating to the Indian affairs. , I am, your Honor's Most humble servant, SPANGENBERG. The names of the two Delaware families, now at Bethlehem, that came there from Diahoga, June 24, 1756: HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 101 Joseph Pepy, Wewnlaluilent ; Sarah, Natehetechque, (his wife.) Their children — James Petesch, Isaac, Sa rah, Jesaias Gonassenookj Mettshish. Nicodemus, Weshichagechive ; JustiUa, Saagochque. Their children — Zacharias, Petachtshowechive ; Chris tian PuUoky, Nathan Wonpris, Thomas Potshalagees, Gashatis, Dorathea. Substance of what was said to the Indians at Bethle hem, June 15, 1756 : The Indians, viz : Newcastle, Jagrea, John Pomshire, Thomas Stores and Joseph Mitchy, being together, and some of the Brethren at Bethlehem present, William Edmonds asked the Captain about the interpreter, and John Pomshire was appointed thereto. Then William Edmonds uiformed them from the Governor's letter, that by a letter from Mr. Charles Reed, of the Jerseys, he had intelligence that some white people were gone from Pauliri's HiU, in the Jerseys, to scout after arid scalp the Indians, and therefore he desired out of love and care for the safety of these Indian messengers, we would keep them here so long, till we 'could send| me- sengers thither to enquire into the certainty therepf, and whither they were returned, and if they had killed and done any Indistns mischief; and that two messengers were sent from here accordingly, with letters to Mr. Parsons and Justice Anderson, desiring them to assist them all they could on their journey. Further, that since the said messengers were gone, the Governor hath been pleased to, let us know by an express, that he hath been informed by Col. Claphara, thgit Ogaghradarisha, a chief bf the Six Nations, was come to Shamokin, expressing their high satisfaction at our building a fort at Shamo kin, and that another Indian of Cayuga had accom panied him as far as Diahoga, and had been afraid of going on, though he might have come saffe with Ogagh radarisha. It was on this account the Governor's desire that Newcastle and his compaiiy naight proceed on their journey for Diahoga, as spon as possible. On this New castle replied, that he would consult with his com- 102 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTT. panions, and let us know his mind to-morrow morning. The^next morning he said, that as it was so dangerous now to go up, by reason of the Jersey parties who were gone out against the Indians, andhis cousins were ready to go with him step by step, on this iraportant affair, he should be short'in duty, and always to blame, if he should proceed without first acquainting the Governor that said young men were gone, accordingto report we had by the messengers sent to Jersey, especially if they- should meet with his cousins, and do them mischief. At the sarae tirae, he desired that his companions might have what they wanted for their journey ; and was told, therei;ipoh, that the Governor had given , orders for it, and that we would not fail to let them have every thing that could hd got here. WM. EDMONDS. Substance of what was delivered to Capt. Newcastle at Bethlehem, June 26, 1756: At a solemn raeeting with Capt. Ne-wcastle and his company, and Jo. Pepy, &c. First — A string of wampum was presented to Jo. Pepy, that he and company were welcome among us. They then were told, that his Honor the Govrerrior, had given orders to provide them Jthe necessary refreshments &c., and that he wants to know what persons and fami- lie? are come, and what families are still at -Diahoga, that perhaps might come araong us. The taking of a cppy of the Governor's prpdamation for suspending all actions of hostUities, &c., with them, was recoraraended, and we found they had one. The Governor's pass was read, explained, and then delivered to thera. They were spoken to about the flag, it being the king's, which by no means should be violated, and great care thereof was recommended to them. The additional message sent by the Governor, was rea4 a,n,d jn.terpreted to Newcastle, and two strings be longing to it delivered to him, and. the writing itself also, that he may peruse it whenever occasion requires. HISTORY or NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 103 The biiilding of a fort at Shamokin, and the great necessity for it, was strongly represented to tNewcastle, viz : That the Five Nations had p^-essed it very much, -and Scarroyady urged also very much 'the finishing of it when he w'asat Philadelphia, and this matter must be represented in its real light to the Indians at Diahpga. It is for the safety of our friendly Indians along the Sus quehanna. , , They were told further, that Ogaghradarisha was at Shamokin, and very glad of the fort which they , are buUding there. That he was called by the GoverHOIr to Philadelphia, and would not be detained longer than needful. Newcastle was desired to relate this to the Indians at Diahoga; Newcastle was also informed that it would be agreea ble to the Governor's raind, if one or tAvo of those In dians, who lately carae frpm Diahpga, should go along with him. Newcastle's journey was urged that it might not be delayed ; and he proinised to ,go as soon as his health' would permit ; he being as yet a little indis posed by reason of some boils. y (A string'of wampum was sent to .TohnShickcalamy, signifying that the Governor invites him to come to him, and if possible, in company with Capt. Newcastle. At last a string of wampum was delivered to New castle, which is sent by the Governor to the friendly In dians, signifying that aS Sir WUliam Johnson hath invited the, Six Nations, and all the western Indians to Oswego, it was left entirely to their own choice, either to go to the treaty at Oswego, or corae to the Governor at Phila delphia — Sir WiUiam and the Governor being of -one and the same interest; both friends to the Indians, and servants to the same king. After we were just going to break up, Jo. Pepy de clared openly in the Delaware language, which was interpr.'ted byPompshire, that he was very sorry tha' he had taken such a misrStcp, as to leave his English Brethren, when he should have come nearer to tliem. He said further, that he since then had been excessive ly troubled in mind about it, and not being able to live 104 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTT. any longer under such oppression and uneasiness of mind, he at last resolved and ventured his life, and so returned with aU his family to the Eriglish again. Now he begs very much to be forgiven, and surrenders hun self entirely to the mercy of the govemment, to do with him as they pleased. He further said, that he knew ten or twelve families, which would be glad to corae down again to the English, but he did not think proper to acquaint them of his resolution, when he went himself, and so left them behind. Then he was told what his Honor the Governor had written concerning them, viz : That they were wel come among us, and that he expected to hear who they were, and their names, and then he would appoint for them accordingly, a place of safety. In the mean time they were to stay aniong us, and for their security we will give them two of our white brethren to be their guard, that none shall hurt them ; and in case any white man should eome and offer to speak with them, he shaU be refused, except he have an order from a magistrate ; and in this situation they are toreraaui tiU fftrther orders from his Honor, the Governor. WM. EDMONDS.* Letter from T. Horsefield, to Governor Morris. Bethlehem, July 6, 1756. May it please your Honor : 1 received your Honor's favor of the 4th inst., by re turn of the express, and agreeable to your directions have bespoke three of the Indians two shirts and a blanket for each, which shall be delivered to them in your Honor's name. The inclosed papers wiU inform your Honor the occasion of this express. The Indians desire to be despatched as soon as possible. The reason of it, your Honor wiU please to observe their families are ui much want of provision. They wUl, however, wait •Prov.Eec.,0. 166-7. HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 105 two days for your Honor's answer, by which time I hope this express will return. We labor imder much difficulty on account of fhese Indians wanting their guns repaired, and to have some powder and lead, which -we cannot by any measure do, unless we have your Honor's express comraand for it. If it be your pleasure it shall be done or nPt, please to signify it, as your Honor's coraraand shaU be strictly obeyed. I beg leave to observe Kolapecka, Paxinosa's son, seeras very desirous to carry, according to the Indian way of speaking, some words from your Honor to his father. I am, with all due respect. Your Honor's most obedient Humble servant, TIMO. HORSEFIELD.* fl;;5°^A paper enclosed in the foregomg letter. Bethlehem, July 6, 1756. Last ni'ght, in the dark of the evening, arrived at Bethlehem, four Indians from Diahoga, with a convoy from fort AUen, and a letter from Newcastle, which is enclosed. As Newcastle desired that kindness might be shown them, they were cheerfully received and en tertained. This morning they were visited, and told at the same time that a messenger should be sent to the Governor, and therefore they should let us know what they had to say to the Governor. Kolapecha, Packsinosa's son, a Shawanese, answered to this effect : — ^He did not come from Diahoga' with an intent to go to Bethlehem, but was outa hunting, his family being scarce of provisions. That Shekashano, Mekikachpe and Wenimah, all Shawanese, now of Diahoga, and formerly of Wyomink, in his company — that not being sent by the chiefs, he had no message to the Govemor, nor could he tell us any news. So much, however, he knew — that nine nations •Prov. Bee, 0. 178. 106 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. were in thef English interest, viz : The Shawanese, Tasaning, Nanticokes, Tuscaroras,, Tuttelars, Ononda goes, Cayugas, .Sankikman arid Ganossetage. And he said I am sure they are all friends to the English. Be ing asked about the Delawares, his answer was :,, About them I can say nothing. About his father he told us, that he was gone with another chief, of the Mennisink nation, whose name is Onandamokin, to raeet Sir Wra. Johnson at the council with the Indians at Onandago. Then he was asked about the Alleghany Indians, with an intent to join them and to fall upon the English, whether he had heard any thing of it. He said he knew that some were gone there from Diahoga, but for what end I do not know. I could not find out. Paxinosa's S0n told the, Brethren that if they had any message to his father, he would bring their words unto him. Hereupon he was told that the Brethren were private per&ons, and that it would be better he staid for the Governor's words. He said I can't stay long, for ray famUy is in want. I will however stay a couple of days, and should be glad to take up some words to my father. He was told that as he Avanted to bring down his family, he should be helped with some provisions.* The situation of the people at Bethlehem, became .StiU more alarming. At this critical juncture,Mr. Horse field addressed Governor Morris in the following lan guage: Bethlehem, July 7, 1756. May it please your Honor .- I think it my duty to acquaint your Honor with the great danger wherein we apprehend not only,. the Brethren at Bethlehem and their families, but all the country round about us, are in at present. Your Honor has invUed the friendly Indians, by Capt.' Newcastle, to come into this province, with a promise that they should be kindly received and entertained. Your Honor has given out a proclamation at the same •Pov. Bee, 0. 179. HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 107 time, that the Indians coming into Pennsylvania should be received as friends, and not treated as eneraies tUl the third of July, a. c. Now Capt. Newcastle sends Indians to Bethlehera, of whom we are not sure whether they are friends or enemies ; and. we may expect more are coming. And who knows how raany raay come with thera under the pretence of being friends ; therefore give it your Honor's wise consideration. 1st. Whether wicked people that are bitter against the Indians, cannot and raay not fall upon thera and de stroy them, the proclamation being expired. 2nd. Whether the Indians who come under pretence of being friends, as they have not engaged a cessation of arms, and as they actuaUy do keep their arms, may not fall, not only upon us in Bethlehem, but also upon aU the country, and do a great deal of mischief Your Honpr will please consider that either of the be fore raentioned things can prove fatal and destructive to t]ie province, and his Majesty's most dutiful subjects. It is therefore that two Brethren from Bethlehem, viz : Nathan Seidel arid Christian Thos. Benzier, are appoint ed to go in the. name of p,ll the inhabitants of Bethlehem, to represent this affair in itstproper light, to your Honor ; and they do hope that your Honor wiU not expose them Uke sheep to the mouths of the wolves ; but send such orders to the cdmmanding officers at'Fort Allen, &c., &c., that they raay either keep the Indians arriving at any of the forts, or condupt thera under proper convoy to Philadelphia, or where your Honor thinks most proper ; and let us know yoiir pleasure-, whether these Indians theit came lately to Bethlehem, viz : Repe Nicodemus, &c.,rshould not come to Philadelphia or any other place, Bethlehera being already so full and so crowded, that in most of our rooras we have been forced to lodge twenty or itwenty-five persons, and seventy of our Indians to have, Uved aU the winter in a smaU house, where they had Ijut two rooras. I am your Honor's most Obedient and humble servant, TIMO. HORSEFIELD.^ •Prov. Bee, O. 181. 108 HISTORY OP NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. Letter from Governor Morris to W. Parsons. Philadelphia, July 11, 1756. Sir — Having ordered the Indians at Bethlehem, and such other friendly Indians as shall come thither, to be removed to Easton, you will iraraediately make the ne cessary preparations of houses and provisions for their reception, and at a certain tirae to be agreed upon for their reraoval, you wUl order an escort of the town of Bethlehera, to protect them on the road. While they remain at Easton, you will take care that the soldiers and ofiicers keep strictly to their duty, that the guards and sentries are regularly relieved, and the arms kept in good order, and either discharged or drawn every other day ; and you will post them in sUch man ner as wiU most effectually protect them from the insults of the people, and prevent any evU designs, in case they should not be so friendly as they pretend. The charges attending this service, you draw bUls upon the comraissioners for, sending them the necessary accounts ; and you will inform me from time to time, what is done in consequence o4 these orders. • I am, your very Humble servant, ROBT. H. MORRIS.* Notwithstanding the Governor's orders to make pre parations to remove the Indians from Bethlehem to Easton, there were still a considerable number at the former place, araong the Brethren, as wiU appear from the following statement : The Governor mentioned to the' council, December 6, 1756, that at his instance, Mr. Spangenberg had made out a list of the Moravian Brethren belonging to the Bethlehem Economy, and a state of their society iri other, parts of Araeri, cawhich was read ; and it appeared by Mr. Spangenberg's account, that at this time (December 1756) there are at Bethlehem five hundred and ten 'Prov. Bee, O. 182. HISTORY or NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. 109 persons, besides ninety-six children, some orphans and Others, belonging to some Brethren.and friends, who are not of the Bethlehem Economy. That Bethlehem makes out a certain Religious Society, intended for the furtherance of the Gospel, as well among the heathens as christians. Forty-eight of the above mentioned Brethren and Sisters are actually em ployed for that end among the heathens, not only on the continent of America, as Pennsylvania, New England, Bsirbice, Surinam, &c. ; but also in several Islands, as St. Thomas, Croix, Jamaica, &c. Besides those raentioned just now, there are fifty-four of thera eraployed in Pennsylvania, New York, New England, Jersey and CaroUna governments, in preaching the Gospel, keeping schools and the like. Sixty-twP of them are merely employed in the education pf our chil- ' dren at Bethlehem a.nd Nazareth, as attendants and tu tors. Forty-five single raen, and eight couples of raar ried people are gone to CarPlina, to /raake a new settle ment there, and fifty more whP are corae for that end from Europe, wUl go there soon. There are seventy-two ofthe above mentioned Breth ren in holy orders, viz : Four Bishops, twelve Ordina ries, (Priests) and the rest Deacons, and as many Acolu- thi, who are preparing for the muiistry in the congrega tion, and now and then raade use of like Deacpns. About ninety of the chUdren at Bethlehera and Naza- reth^ have their parents abroad, raostly on the Gospel's account. Four hundred and twenty-five of those in the foregoing list are under age. Not all who are named in this catalogue, live in Bethlehem township, but some in Sacona, some in Licky, and sorae in another town ship, adjoining Bethlehera township. There are eighty-two Indians besides those young In dian women, who live with our young women, and besides the savages, who are going and coming, and staying longer or shorter with us.* •Provincial Records, P. pa. 109. CHAPTER IX. LEHIGH COUNTY. Lehigh County was separated from Northampton county by an act of Assembly passed the 6th March, 1812. The act defines the boundaries as follows: " That all that part of Northampton county, lying and being within the limits ofthe foUowing townships, to wit : ' The townships of Lynn, Heidlebttrg, LowhiU, Weissenburg, Macungie, Upper Milford, South White hall, Northampton, Salisbury, Upper Saucon, and that part of Hanover township within the following bounds, to wit : Beginning at Bethlehera line where it joins the Lehigh river ; thence along the said line until it intersects the road leading from Bethlehem to the Lehigh Water Gap ; thence along said road to Allen township Une ; thence along the line of Allen township, westwardly, to the Lehigh, shall be, and the same are hereby, according to their present lines, declared to be erected into a county, henceforth to be called Lehigh." This county is bounded on the nort-west by the Kitta tinny, or Blue mountains, separating it from Schuylkill arid Carbon counties, north-east by Northarapton, south east by Bucks, and south-west by Montgoraery and Berks counties. The physical appearance of the country is diversified. The surface is generally level, in some places roUing, in others rugged and somewhat broken. The lofty Kittatinny on the north, gives that portion its peculiar features. The Lecha Hill, or South mountain crosses the south-east portion ofthe county, which gives the country a rugged surface. This mountain range is of primary formation, abounding with iron ore. Be tween the South and Blue mountains, is the^ fertile Kit tatinny vaUey, perhaps unsurpassed in agricultural wealth, being highly cultivated by an industrious class < ^ 1 j(rf ',? ^ -^ ^ history or LEHIGH COUNTY. Ml of our worthy fellow citizens, Gerraans by descent, whose habits of industry and frugality they retain. Perhaps few counties in the state, are more pictur esque and varied than Lehigh. The valley portion of the county is ,nearly equaUy divided between the lime stone and flay slate formation. " The most important productions are those of agri culture. In a fertile region like this, an industrious popu lation naturally looks to the tillage of the soil, as their surest dependence for support and profit. Considerable progress has, however, been raade in raany branches of manufacturing industry^ and the developement of the mineral resources ofthe country has not been neglected. The iron ore of this region supplies material forthe operation of several furnaces, viz : The Crane Iron Works, Stephen Balliet's Furnace, Hunter's &; Miller's Fumace, and Ibach's Forge. The Crane Works, of a very lage- size, are constructed expressly to smelt iron with anthracite coal, by means Of the hot blast. i - The county is well watered by the Lehigh river and its numerous tributaries, viz : Antelauny, or Maiden creek, Caply, or Balliet's, Trout, Jordan, Cedar, Calada que, Perkiomen, and Little Lehigh creeks ; Crowner's, Linn, WUlow and Sinking runs. The Lehigh river, caUed Leckhaw, by the Indians, signifying West Branch, is a branch of the Delkware,. It .rises in Wayne, Pike and Luzerne counties, but its various tributaries unite near StoddartsviUe, om the north western border of Monroe county, and as the stream flows onward, it augments by receiving the waters of nian^ mountain creeks ; and in its course of twCnty-five miles, it raakes, at the mouth of Wright's Mill creek, a turn nearly south ; and after stealing a serpentine course of twenty miles, it reaches, by way of Mauch Chunk, Lehighton. Here it deflects to the south-east, and pur sues that direction twenty-five miles, to AUentown, when it turns at an angle of one hundred and twenty or raore ' degrees to the Lehigh HUls, flows hard by Bethlehem, and twenty-five mUes below, reaches the Delaware river. In its course it receives, within Carbon county, from the 112 HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. west side, Quacake creek, Nesquehonmg, Mauch Chunk, Mahoning and Lizard creeks ; from the east. Bear creek. Big creek, forraed of Hoed's creek, Poko-po-poko, Aquanshicola ;* frora Lehigh county. Trout creek, Jordan creek. Little Lehigh, Hockyondaque, MiU creek, or Caladaque, Monokacey ; in Northampton county, from the south, Saucon creek, besides some small runs.f The Lehigh may, with much propriety, by called, " Jl Mountain Torrent'' It rushes headlong when swoUen, and sweeps every impeding obstacle. The faU of the river- is, from StoddardsviUe, to the mouth of the Nes- quehoning creek, about two raUes above Lausanne, and three above Mauch Chunk, 845 feet ; frora Nesqueho- ningto the Lehigh Water Gap, 260 feet ; from the Gdp to Easton, 2i05 feet. Thus in a'comparative course, of less than seventy miles, it has a fall of thirteen hundred and ten feet. From Easton to tide water, in the Dela ware river at Trenton, the stream faUs about one him dred feet. The Lehigh at StoddartsvUle, is therefore elevated 1410 feet above the level ofthe ocean. The navigation of the river has been much improved. In its natural state, the Lehigh was navigable, for boats carrying fifteen tons, as far as Lausanne, at the foot of the Broad mountain, when a rocky rapid just above the Turnbole, called Hatchetooth Falls, improved the as cending navigation. When the river was low — ^in August and September — boats with loadmg could not ascend further than AUentown. The navigation of the Lehigh was improved pruici- pally by the exertions of Messrs. Josiah White and Erskine Hazard, who obtained, March 20, 1818, from the Legislature an act to authorize them to commence their operations." The improveraents made by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, are of great advantage to this county, by affording a cheap and ready means of trans- *In the Provincial Eecords, in the Secretary's office atHarrisburg, the name of Ihis stream is v/nuea Aquansh^ak. Eecord of Char ters and Indian Deeds, p. 128. ¦fPor an account of small streams, see description of townships. HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. 11-3 porting produce and merchandize, as well as consid erable home market. By this nayigation a surplus of provisions, fiour, hay, &c., is carried to Mauch Chunk, and to the timber region higher up. And th^t des^ tined for Philadelphia is sent by way of Easton, and thence by canal to Bristol and- Philadelphia. Mer chandize is brought back in return. In this connection, is presented an attempt to de scribe a stupendous work of nature, namely : Die Lecha Wasser-Kaft, i. e. the Lehigh Water Crop, in the Kittatinny, or Blue- rnountain, the divid ing line between ;Carbon county and that of Lehigh and Northampton, is so named from the river Lehigh, which steals its way through the Gap, prominently walled on both sides, fprms a sublime object of adrai ration, and presents to the observant spectator, one of the most picturesque prospects in east Pennsylva nia. At almost every season of the year, the diversi fied defile is exceedingly attractive. The writer visited this place in, Septeraber, 1844. In ascending the eajStern bank some hundred feet, the scene height ens in grandeur, and the stream — the beautiful, yet Curling, rippled waters of the Lehigh river, add much, nay every thing, to raake it irapressive beyond obliv ion. Though it is seeraingly a rugged stream here, yet as you follow it in its course, through a fertile region of country, receiving tributaries of' different seizes, until itself is a considerable river, before it reach,es its sUvery recipient, the Delaware. It is in all its ways, as weUaS at the GffljOj where it rolls majestically over a rupic bed, and reflecting a sombre shade of the im pending mountains, a grand stream. . To return to the Gap. The eastern bank is bordered fpr the distance of about a mUe %y craggy cliffs, t0\yering to an araazing height, £|.nd of forms the most bi'zarre. Between.which wall of rocks and the river the road winds along. Hastening to leave these black abodes, which seem to afford shelter to none but the ravenous beasts of the forest, the Lehigh ap pears eagerly moving on towards the fertile low H 114 HISTORY er LEHIGH COUNTY. lands, which succeed in view, on the eastem bank. Ascending the eastern height, the traveller is am ply rewarded for the exertion of climbing from rock to rock, in scaling the pine covered side of the mountain, by the rich and extensive prospect which the eye then commands. At his feet ro^l the waters of the majestic stream — on the opposite side is a towering ridge, near the summit of which appears, right oppo site, emerging from the surrounding woods, a_lonely pile of rocks, whimsicaUy called, " Die TeufeVs Kan- zel," i. e. " The DeviVs Pulpit" which indignantly suffers but a few blasted pines to shade its sullen brow. At a distance an extensive country, variegated with woods and farms, watered, by the meandering Lehigh, and ridge retiring behind ridge, till lost in the faint tints of the horizon, all bursts upon tbe sight, and- fill the mind ,with sublime ideas of the greatness of the Creator. The shattered rocks, thro wn together in wild confusion, EWd , the - strata of rounded stones, which are to be met with in passing through the Gap, have given rise to the supposition that the Lehigh, being obstructed in its course by the Blue mountain, was formeriy dammed up into a lake, which at length bursting the barrier, formed the chasm now called the Lehigh Gap, The learned have not agreed, as yet, in the decision of this mooted point. A learned writer says : " It is common fo speak of such passes as being formed by the rivers, which are often supposed to have burst their barriers, and thus to have shaped their own channels. This may have Jiappened in some peculiar cases, and there are doub ties many instances where' the lakes, of which many must have been left at the retiring both ofthe primeval and of the diluvial ocean, hE^ve worn or burst away their barriers, especially when corfiposed, as they must often have been, of loose materials. But with respect 40 most rocky passes of rivers through mountains, there appears no reason what ever to believe that the waters have torn assunder- the solid strata, A more resistless energy must HISTORY OF LEHIGH COUNTY. 115 haye been requisite for such an effect ; and we must therefore conclude that the rivers have, in most in stances, merely flowed on through the. lowest and least obstructed passages. Their channels they have doubtless deepened and modified, often to an aston ishing dergreebut they have rarely formed them 'through solid rocks." — Silliman. The county is conveniently intersected by good roads — the streams are readily crossed by substantial bridges. The county is well supplied with mUls. There are about seventy grist mills, fifty saw mUls, seven oil mills, six woolen factories, and several full ing mills, three powder mills and one paper miU in the county, besides thirty tanneries. The county is divided into the following townships, which are fully destribed in the sequel, viz : Hanover, Heidelberg, Low HiU, Linn, Lowen, Macunjy, North ampton, North Whitehall, Salisbury, South White hall, Upper MUford, Upper Macunjy, Upper Saucon and Weissenberg. The population of this county was, in 1820, 17,175 ; in 1830, 22,266 ; in 1840, 25,787. The first court held in the county met in the pub- ,lic house, now, kept by Mr. Craig, then kept by Mr. George Savitz. The court house was erected in 1814. The jail had been previously built. The fol lowing is an extract from the pi^blic records : At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, began and held at the borough of Northamp ton, for the county of Lehigh, on the 21st day of December, befpre the Hon. Robert, President, and the Hon. Peter Rhoads and Jonas HartzeU, Esq., Associate Judges of the said Court. At the Novem ber term, 1813. November 30. Court met at the house of George Savitz, and adjourned firom thenee to meet in the upper story of the county prison, prepared by the commissioners for holding the courts of the county of Lehigh, pntU the court house be erected. 116 HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. Grand Jurors. Jacob Newhard, Sr., foreman ; Zacharias Long, Casper Moyer, George Brush, Philip Kleckfter, Andrew Eisenheart, Jonathan Knauss, George Yeahle, John Cromer, John Bergenstock; John Jerret, George Wenner, Adam Singmaster, Daniel Trexall, Frederick Hyneman, George Essing, Abra ham Diehl. Lehigh having been part of Northampton county, its early history is merged with that ofthe county from which it has been formed. In 1798-'99, scenes oc curred of no ordinary degree, a' principal part of which transpired in this county. Shortly after the election of John Adams, several acts were passed by Congress, which were obnoxious to a portion oi the people of East Pennsylvania, in consequence of which, Berks, Bucks and Northamp ton, presented scenes of excitement. In Northampton, a party headed by one Fries, resisted attempts by the federal government to collect a direct tax — well known by the name of " the house tax." John Fries, a desperado, and his associates, not only resis ted the assessors, but in hot pursuit chased them from township to township. It is said there were parties of them — ^fifty and sixty in number — most of them ¦well armed. Fries himself was armed with a large horse pistol, and accompanied by one Kuyder, who assisted him in command. They seized several as sessors. In some parts of the counties named, in demonstra tion of their opp-osition to government, they erected liberty poles. To quell the insurrection, troops, in obedience to Adams' instruction, were raised in Lan caster county. Several companies marched from Lancaster, April 1, 1799 ; wendmg their ^owif toward the arena of dispute, by way of Eeading, when Cap tain Montgomery's troop of light horse arrived on the evening of the 1st bf AprU. Their first act, to display their prowess and gaUantry, was to go clan destinely to the house of Jacob Gosin, who, in the spirit of the times> had lected a liberty pole on his HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. 117 own premises, which they cut, without meeting any resistance, r , : To give undoubted proof pf their daring bravery, they brandished their damascene weapons— ^drew pistols, to show that they were armed, in the house of the inoffensive father, whose minor children were scared "half to death," at the marshal manceuvers of the Lancaster troops. To let no time slip, and while they were undaunt ed, they proceeded from Gosin's to tlie house of John Strohecker, whither their eagle eyes were drawn by a recently erected pole, tipped with a rag; "flap- pmg in the breeze." This pole, to show the inde pendence of some sturdy urchins, had been erected by some children, in Avhich Strohecker's were ring leaders. To deter these young heroes, the solders took down the pole, stripped it of its insignia— entered the house where they found the little wights — and.as they did at Gosin's, so did they here — brandished weapons of war— presented pistols and swords to the youthful company, to no smaU alarm pf both parents and children! ! To consummate their martial plans and designs, they molested the house ofi Jacob Epler— maltreated him unprovokedly. Like bravos ever merit — these merited the contempt of all reflecting persons — render ing themselves obnoxious to the orderly and weU disposed among all classes. Satisfied of having rendered their country some service, the troop next moming started for Northamp ton, to fully execute the specific purpose of their mis sion. This done, they, again returned by way of Reading, where they entered the office of the "Adler," a.'pa.^eT edited and printed by Jacob Schneider, whom they rudely denuded, by violently tearmg his clothes from his body, in a somewhat in clement season, and by force of arms, dragged him before the comraanding captain, who peremptorily ordered the editor, for writing and printing some of fensive articles, to be whipped ; « Twenty-five lashes," lis HISTORY OF LEHIGlff COUNTY. said he, "shaU be weU laid on his denuded back, in the market house"— -which order was, however, not ex ecuted, because of the timely and manly interposition of some gentlemen of Captain Leiper's company, of PhUadelphia. A few lashes, however, had been in flicted before these men had time to fully interpose— these were laid on by one accustomed to beat, when little resistance is to be dreaded — he was a drummer I Colonel Eplef, who it appears, had by this time erected, by tbe assistance of bis neighbors, a liberty pole in place of the pole erected by his children^- thither the soldiery resorted, where they attempted to compel a common laborer to cut down the " Pffen-i- sive wood," notwithstariding that he protested against doing so, at the sairie tirae, on most solemn assevera tions, declaring he was also a federalist-^Ich bin auch ein Federalihr liebe Lent ; das bin. Ja ich auch ein Federal ! They succeeded, in divesting the pole, and with it appended as a trophy, they rode, vociferating as they went through the streets of Reading, to their place of quarters. In a few days they left ; but on the 24th of AprU, an army, under the command of Brigadier General McPherson, arrived at Reading, apprehend ing some bf the insurrectionists, who were afterwards tried before Judge Peters — Some found guilty^some were fined and iraprisoned — sorae were condemned to be capitally punished, but none attoned with their lives- — they were pardoned through executive clem ency ! ' The foUowhig extracts are taken from the report of the trial of John Fries, and others, for treason : A grand Jury was empanelled, consisting of the following gentlenien, naraely : J. IlosS, Joseph Parker, Robert Ralston, John Perat, Daniel Smith, Edward Penningtpn, Benjarain W. Morris, John Craig, David H. Conynghara,. Gideon HUl Wells, Wra. Mont goraery, PhUip Nicklin, Thos. M. Willing, Samuel Coates, T. C. Fisher, WiUiam Buckley. A true bill foimd. HISTORY or LEHIGH COUNTY. 119 May 1 5, 1 79 9. Mr. Setgreaves, of Easton, opened the trial on the part of the United States, The fol lowing are extracts from his sppech: "It wUl appear, gentlemen, from the testimony which will be presented to you, tliat during the latter months of the year 1798, discords prevailed to an enormous extent throughout a large portion of the counties of Bucks, Northampton, and Montgomery; and that considerable difficulties attended the asses sors for the direct tax, in the execution of Vtheir duties — that in several townships associations of the people were actuaUy formed in order tp prevent the persons charged with the execution of these laws of the United States, from performing their duty, and more particularly to prevent the assessors from measuring their houses. This opposition was made at many public township meetings, caUed forthe pur pose. In many instances resolutions in writing were entered into, solemnly forewarning the ofiicers, and raany times accorapanied with threats. Not only so, but discontents prevaUed to such a height, that even the friends of the govemment in that part were com pletely suppressed by, menaces, against any who should assist those ofiicers in their duty ; repeated declarations were made, both at public as well as at private meetings, that if any person should be arrested by the civil authority, such arrest would be foUowed by the rising of the people, in opposition to that au-r thority, for the purpose of rescuing such prisoners ; indefatigable pains were taken, , by those charged with the execution, of the laws, to calm the fears and reraove the misapprehensions of the infatuated peo ple ; for this purpCse they read ahd explained the law to them, and informed them that they were mis led into the idea- that the law was not actuaUy in force, for that it actuaUy was ; ;.at the same time warning therti ofthe consequences which would flpw from opposition; and this was accpmpanied with promises tha:t even their most capricious, wishes would be gratified on their obedience. The favor was m 120 HISTORY OF LEHIGH COUNTY. many instances granted, that where any opposition was made to any certain person executing the oflice of assessor, another should be substituted. In some townships proposals were made for people to choose for themselves ; but, notwithstanding this accommo dating offer, the , opposition continued. The conse quences were, actual opposition and resistance ^in some parts violence was actually used, and the asses sors were taken and imprisoned by arraed parties and in other parts raobs asserabled to corapel them either to deliver up their papers or to resign their coraraissions ; that in sorae instances they were threatened with bodily harm, so that in those, parts the obnoxious law remained unexecuted in conse quence. The state of insurrection and rebellion had arisen to such a height, it becanae necessary to com pel the execution of the laws, and warrants were in consequence issued against certain persons, and served upon them ; in sorae instances, daring the execution of that duty, the marshal met with insult and almost with violence ; having, however, got nearly the whole of the warrants served, he appointed head-quarters for these prisoners to rendezvous at Bethleheiri, where sorae of thera were to enter bail for their ap pearance in the city, and others were to come to the city in custody for trial. "On the day thus appointed for the prisoners to meet, and when a number of them had actually as sembled, agreeably to appoiatment, a number of par ties in arms, both horse and foot, more than a hun dred raen, accoutered with aU their mUitary apparatus, commanded in some instances by their proper ofl5,cers, marched to Bethleheni, collected before the house in which were the marshal and prisoners, whom they demanded to be delivered up to theta, and in conse quence of refusal, they proceeded to act very httle short of actual hostUity ; so that the marshal deemed it prudent to accede to their demands,and the prisoners were liberated^ « This, gentlemen, is the general histoary of the in- HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. 121 surrection. I shall now state to you the part which the unfortunate prisoner at the bar took in those hos tUe transactions. The prisoner is an inhabitant of Lower MUford, Bucks county. Some time in Feb ruary last, a public meeting was held at the house of one John Kline; in that township, to consider this house tax ; at that meeting certain resolutions were entered into and a paper signed ; (we have endeavored to trace this paper so as to produce it to the court and jury, but have failed.) This paper was signed by fifty-two persons, and committed to, the hands of one of their number. John Fries was present at this raeeting, and assisted in drawing up the paper-, at which tirae his expressions against this law were ex tremely violent, and he threatened to shoot one of the assessors, Mr. Foulke, through the legs, if he proceed ed to assess the houses ; again the prisoner at a ven due threatened another of the assessors, Mr. S. Clarke, that if he atteinpted to go on with the- assessment, he should be coraraitted to an old stable and there fed on rotten corn. The assessor in Lower MUford was intimidated so as to decline making the assessments, and the principal assessors, together with three other assessors, were obliged to go into that township to execute the law. At the house of Mr. Jacob Fries, on the 5th March, Mr. Chapman^ the assessor, met with the prisoner, who declared his determination not to subrait, but to oppose the law, and that by nextmorning he could raise seven hundred men in opposition to it.'' [Fries and his partisans continued to follow and persecute several of the assessors, chasing them from township to township,in parties of fifty or sixty, most pf whom were in arms, with drum and fife. Fries was armed with a large horse pistol, and accompanied by one Kuyder, who assisted hiiri in command. Thus equipped they went to Quakertown, seized two as sessors, and attempted to fire at another who ran away, but the fire-arm did riot go off. They ex amined the papers of' the assessors, and exacted a 182 HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. promise that they should not proceed in the valuation of the houses in Lower MUford. They abused a traveller who had the independence to stand up for the government. At Quakertown, "learning that the marshal had taken a number of prisoners, they re solved to effect their rescue, and the people of Milford were invited to assist in this business, and a paper setting forth their design, was drawn up by Fries, at his own house, and signed by the party.] " On the moming of the next day, twenty or more of them met at the house of Conrad Marks, in arms. John Fries was arraed with a sword, and had a feather in his hat.- On the road as they went for ward they were raet by young Marks, who told them they raight as well tum about, for that the Northamp ton people were strong enough fo do the business without those from Bucks county. Some were so inclined to do, but at the instance of Fries and some others, they did go forward, and actually proceeded to Bethlehem. Before the arrival of these troops, a party going on the sarae business had stopped at the bridge near Bethlehem, where they were met by a deputation from the marshal, to advise thera to return lioriie ; they agreed to hault there, and send three of their number to declare to the marshal their demand. During this period Fries and his party came up, but it appears when thny came. Fries took the party actuaUy over the bridge,,and he arranged the toll,and ordered them to proceed. . With respect to the proof of the proceedings at Bethlehem, it cannot be mis taken ; he was then the leading man, and he appeared to enjoy the coraraand. With the consent of his peo ple he demanded the prisoners of the marshal, and when that officer told him that he could not surrender thera, except they were taken frora him by force, and produced his warrant for taking thera, the prisoner then harrangued his party of the house, and explained to them the necessity of using force ; and that you should not raistake his design, we will prove to you that he declared ' that was the third day which he had been HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. 123 out on this expedition, that he had had a skirmish the day before, and if the prisoners were not released he should have another that day.' < Npw you observe,' resumed he, ' that force is necessary, but you must obey my orders. We will not go without taking the prisoners. But take my orders — ^you must not fire first; you must be first fired upon, and when I am gone you must do as well as you can, as I expect to be the first man that falls.' He further declared to the marshal that they would fire till a cloud of smoke prevented them from seeing each other, and exe cuting the office of corariiarid of the troops, which at that tirae overawed the marshal and his attendants. He harangued' the troops to obey his orders, which they did. ' The marshal was really intimidated to liberate the prisoners; and then the object was ac complished, and the party dispersed amid the huzzas of the insurgentsj After this affair at Bethlehera, the prisoner frequently avowed his opposition to the law, and justified that outrage; and when a raeeting was afterwards held at Lower Milford to choose assessors, the prisoner refused his assent, and appeared as violent as ever." ' " Most of the above statements were proved, includ ing a variety of other details. Fries, after two trials, in both of which he wa,s found guilty of treason, was isentenced to be hung, but was subsequently pardoned by John Adams. Several others from the same vicinity were tried, and generally found guilty of the subordinate criraes of sedition, insurrection, and riot; they were iraprisoned for a time, and heavily fined, and held to bail for good behavior. George Gittman and Fred erick Hainey were also condemned for high treason. Among the disaffected who had been taken prisoners by the marshal, and who were rescued by the insur gents, was one Jacob Eyerman, a Gerraan minister, recendy arrived frora. Gerraany. He seems to have exerted nearly as much influence as Fries, in stirring up the people in Chestnut HiU and HamUton town- 124 HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. ships, to opposition. History does not state to what sect he belonged, but the testimony would seem to show that he strongly favored the " church milita,nt." One of the assessors testified that while on his round of duty in Chestnut Hill township, "the prisoner (Eyerman) came in and began to rip out in a violent manner against this taxation, saying that Congress had raade laws which were unjust, and the people need not take up with thera ; if they did, all kinds of laws would follow ; but if they would not put up with this, they need not with those that would come after, because it was a free country ; but in case the people admitted of those laws, they would certainly he put under great burdens. He said he knew perfectly what laws were made, and that the President nor Congress had no right to make thera. That Congress and the government only made such laws to rob the people, and that they were nothing but a parcel of damned rogues or ^ spitz bube,' [highwaymen or thieves.] " Were the people of the township much opposed to the law ?" " Yes, they were so violent that I knew but one man on the same side as myself." " Would this have been so if it had not been for the parson ?" " I am fully convinced it would not." " Did Eyerman appear to be a simple sort of man, easily to be led astray or deluded ?" " No, he was not thought so ; he was always a very goodpreachen." Prisoner, — " Did I not pray for the Government, President and Vice President ?" " Yes, you did when in the pulpit ; but when you were out, you prayed the other way." John Sneider deposed, that he lived in HamUton township, and knew the prisoner — as much as he understood, the prisoner raeant to, take arms against it. He said if we let that go forward, it would go on as in the old country, but that he [Eyerman] would rather lay. his black coat on a naU, and fight the the whole week, and preach for them Sundays, than that should be so. HISTORY OF LEHIGH COUNTY. 125 " How long has this raan been at HamiUon?" " About 18 months." - " The township was always peaceable, I suppose, before he came among you ?" "Yes, and believe if he had not coihe, nothing-would have happened of the kind." , Another witness said thatthe prisoner came to his house, where conversation began about the house tax, whereupon he said he did not care whether they put up with it or not, for he had no house to tax. ¦ A person present answered: But you have a great quantity of boPks to tax. The prisoner answered that "if anybody would offer to tax his books, he would take a French, a Latin, an Hebrew, and a Greek book down to them, and if they could not read them, he would slap them about their ears till they would fall to pieces." The prisoner continued preacher to that congregation until he was taken up. After the rescue, he fied to New York state, but was apprehended and brought back, and found guilty of conspiracy, &c., &c., was sentenced to be imprisoned one year, pay fifty dollars fine, and give security for his good behavior one year. AboUt thirty pthers were convicted, and fined and imprisoned according to the degree of crime. — Day's Historical Collection, CHAPTER X. TOPOGRAPHY OF TOWNSHIPS, &c. Hanover township is the only township in this county, east of the Lehigh river. It is bounded on the north, by AUen township; east, by Hanover and Bethlehem, and south, by Lehigh township — aU of Northarapton county; and south-west by the Lehigh liver. The fprra of this township is very irregular. The surface is level ; limestone soil, of an exceUent quality, well cultivated, and very productive, repay ing the labor of the farmer richly. The Caladaque creek, which rises in Allen to wUship, Northampton county, and running south-westwardly, running along the south-western boundary, through the north-east angle of this township, and foUowing into, the Lehigh river, about two miles below Hockendoque, affords home waterypower, having several raiUs upon it. The Lehigh river affords an abundance of mUl seats; there are several grist and saw-mills, two woolen factories, and a paper-mill, in this township. The AUentown bridge, across Lehigh river, con nects this township with the borough of AUentown. Formerly, there was an elegant chain bridge over fhe Lehigh, consisting of two loops and two half loops, and suspended by four chains. That bridge was two hundred and thirty feet long and thirty wide. The population, in 1820, was 866; in 1830, 1,102; in 1840, 1,343. The county tax, levied in 1844, anioimted to g70S 83 ; the state tax, ®967 28. Biery's Port, a pPst viUage, consisting pf several dwellings, two taverns, one Store, a grist raiU, a Pres by terian church, and the Crane hron works, are in this township. HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. 127 The iron works are owned by Messrs. White, Haz zard, Mitchel, Erb, M'CaUister & Co.; are of a large size, and constructed expressly to smelt iron, with anthracite coal, by means of the hot blast The water power is supplied from the Lehigh canal of the Lehigh Coal and . Navigation Company, and the furnaces, with the blowing and air-heating apparatus, are con structed in a superior manner. The works have been in successful operation since 184Q, producing, at present, Aveekly, frpm one hundred and ninety to two hundred tons of castings of various kinds. The works are about thred mUes north of AUentown, and five from Bethlehem. Eittersville is a post viUage, consisting of five dwellings, one tavern, one stPre^ — a church, near it, is located in a poor part of the township. Heidelberg township is bounded on the north-east by Carbofi county; south-east, by North Whitehall township ; south, by Low Hill township, and west, by Linn township. The figure of it is very irregular. The surface is very hilly, being partly crossed by the Blue mountain ; the , soil is white gravel, producing, if well cultivated, an, abundant crop of rye; In the north-west corner ofthe township isa singular knob, called "Bake Oven Knob." The township contains nine grist miUs, seven saw mills, one furnace, owned by Stephen Balliet; one, fuUing mUl, two woolen factories, one gun and rifle manufactory, several tan neries, and ten or fifteen distilleries in operation. The township is drained by Trout creek, which rises at the foot of the Blue mountain, and, running eastwardly, faUs with the Lehigh river^ about two miles below the Water Gap, turning several miUs, but not sufficiently large to be navigable. It is also drained by Jordan, rising at the foot of the Blue raountain, in this township, and running a very crooked course, towards the south-east, falling into the Little Lehigh creek, not raore than one hundred perches from its mouth. The Jordan, and its various 128 HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. branches, turn a great number of mills, but, is not navigable. The waters of the Jordan are much affected by wet and dry seasons. Crowner's run is also one of the small streams that drains the to^yn- ship ; it rises about the centre of it, and flowing southwardly, unites with the Jordan creek, on the line between Low HiU and Whitehall townships. The population, in 1820, was 1,900 ; iri 1830, 2,208; in 1840, 2,3,54. Amount of county tax levied inl844,:was®770 56; state tax, ^1,067 59. In 1843, ®20 52 was paid for the education of the poor. Segersville, a post viUage, about seventeen miles north-west frora AUentown, near the line of the township, contains about twenty dwellings, one store and one tavern. The only church in the township is about two mUes from the viUage. The country around the vUlage is rough and broken. Agriculture needs, some Considerable attention being paid to it, before the farraer can count on araple and certain returns for his labor. Germansville, a sraall place, one store, owned by Nathan German. During the French and Indian war, in 1755 arid 1756, the greater part of the in habitants of this township liad fled to Bethlehem and other places, for refuge, and to escape being inhu- raarily butchered by the savage hordes who were raarauding this region of country in search of huraan victims to glut their vengeance. In October, 1763, the inhabitants were again alarmed by the Indians coiriraitting cruel raurders in an adjoining township. fSee North Whitehall township. J North Whitehall township is bounded on the north-east, by the Lehigh, river, which seperates it from Northampton county ; on the south, by South WhitehaU township ; on the west, by Low Hill town ship, a[nd northTwegt, by Heidelberg tp-y^nship. The surface is level; limestone soil, rich, and generally pretty weU cultivated. , This township is singularly HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. 129 intersected by numerous roads, which centre in the main road, leading to AUentown. The Jordan creek and Coply creek, or BaUiet's creek, are the principal streams draining the township. Coply creek rises in this township — running south-easterly, falls into the Lehigh river, about five miles above AUentown. In its course, it turns several mUls. In dry seasons it faUs much. This township contains seven grist mills, four saw mUls, and a nuraber of tanneries. There are two Gerraan Reforraed and Lutheran churches in this township ; one near the north-western boun dary, and the other, on the south, near Coply creek* ' The population of 1820, was 1,807 ; in 1830, 2,008 ; in 1840, 2,324. The county tax, assessed for 1844, wasig899 25; state tax, gl, 340 83. In 1843, igl 19 78 were paid for the education of the poor. Siegersville is a sraall post village, consisting of five or six dwellings, one store, and one tavern. It is situated in a fertile and highly improved country. Snydersville, owned by George Snyder, Avho is proverbially known as the "Keeper of the Drovers' Inn." The place consists of a smaU cluster of houses and several shops. Its situation, it is said, is peculiar — it is in and between, like "George," the village being both in North Whitehall and Upper Macunjy, having the boundary line passing through it. Kern's Mills. Here is a post office, a grist miU, one store, and several dwelling houses. Slate Dam. Here is a store and dwellings, owned by Reuben Sager. Before this township was separated, or divided into North and South Whitehall, the Indians committed depredations within its borders ; even at a time when it had been supposed all hostUities had ceased, a party of savages appeared on a sudden, in this township, and did some bloody work. " On the eighth of Octo ber, 1763, a party of fifteen or twenty Indians, attack ed the house of Nicholas Marks, of WhitehaU town ship. Marks, his wife, and an apprentice boy, m*de 130 HISTORY OF LEHIGH COUNTY. their escape, though twice fired upon by the Indians, and proceeded to the house of one Adam Fashler, where there' werd twenty raen under arms. These immediately went in pursuit of the enemy. In theh' progress, they visited the farms of Jacob Meekly, where they found a boy and a girl lying dead, the girl scalped ; of Hans Schneider, where they discover ed the owner, his wife, and three children dead in the field, and three girls, one dead, the other wounded, and one of them scalped. On their return to Ashler's, they found the wife of Jacob Aliening, with a child, dead in the road, and scalped. The houses oi Marks- and Schneider, were both bmrnt."* South Whitehall township is bounded on the north by North Whitehall township; east, bythe Lehigh river, which separates it from Hanover township, and. by Northampton township ; south, by Upper Macun- j.y township.. The surface is level ; limestone soU, very well cultivated, and abundantly productive, amply repaying the husbandman for the care bestow ed upon it in a judicious course of culture. This township, is watered by Jordan creek, and Cedar creek. The latter rises from a large spring in Upper Macunjy township, and turns a large flour mill, about six perches below the fountain, and after' a course of three miles, falls into the Little Lehigh. The volume of this singular stream appears invari able in wet or dry weather. The long continued drought this summer, (1844) though affecting aU other streams, did not any the least diminish this stream. It never freezes, and the grass, which grows to the water's edge, appears green all seasons, and is always uncovered, the wa^er dissolving the snow as it falls., Sinking Rtm is another remarkable stream ; it rises in Macunjy township, and flows easterly, through this township; it sinks mto the ground about five miles from AUentown. It is supposed to have a ' Preud's History of Pa» AppeodiZr p. 624. HISTORY OP LEHIGH COUNTY. 131 subterraneous course of raore than a mile southward, and to rise at the fountain of Cedar creek, in Upper Macunjf. Cavern Spring rises near the mouth of a limestone cavern, within two miles ofthe borough of AUentown ; on the north-west is a large fountain, and pours its waters into the Jprdan creek. This cavern has an entrance of ten or eleven feet high, and has been penetrated about one hundred feet, into the hill, to a stream of Avater, This township contains five grist raiUs, two saw mills, several tanneries, and a German Reformed and Lu theran church, about four miles from' Allen township. Ibach's forge is in this township. ¦ The population bf this township, in 1820, was 1,623; in 1830, 1,952 ; in 1840, 2,290. The amount of coimty tax, assessed in 1844, was $1,230 70; state tax, j^l,757 19. In 1843, ^244 42 were paid for the education of the poor. , , It appears that this township, and others, were overrun by the Indians, in 1763; for wq find "that October 15th, 1763, Governor HamUton called the attention of the Assembly to the sad condition of the settlers of Linn, Heidelberg, WhitehaU, Macunjy, Salisbury and Upper MUford townships, of the county of Northampton, (now Lehigh.) Their houses were dpstroyed, their farms laid waste, barns, grain, fences, &c. burnt to ashes — eighteen persons murdered." The persons who had been massacred, were unof fending Gerraan immigrarits, who had never molested an Indian. This excited the suspicion of the inhabi tants, generaUy. The Indians were traced, by scdut, to wigwams of the christian Indians, at Conestoga, and to those in Northampton county, which eventuated in the total extermination of the Indians, in Lancas ter county, in December 1763. Linn township is bounded on the north, by Carbon county; east, by Heidelberg township; south, by Weissenberg ; south-west, by Berks county, and on 132 HISTORY er lehigh cocnty. the north'west, by SchuylkiU county. The Blue mountain crossing the northem part of the township, the surface along it is hUly or greatly roUing; a por tion of the surface of this township is pretty level ; the soil is gravelly — agriculture may still be much improved, though many of ithe farms yield weU. The free use of lime, as a stimulating manure, would greatly aid in improving the soil, and well repay a large per centage. This township is drained by the Antelauny, or Maiden creek, which rises here and flows into the SchuylkiU river, through Berks county. Linn run, whit^ rises in this township, near the south-ii And this deponent further saith, that the Indians frequently talked French together ; that they set off immediately with their prisoners ; that on the evening of the next day, they fell in with another corapany of about twenty-four Indians, who had Abrahara Miller, with his raother, and Adara Snell's daughter, prison ers. The Indians, with their prisoners, raarched in parties as far as Diahoga ; that at this place the In dians separated, and about eight, the foreraost, took this deponent and Abraham MiUer, with them, and they never saAV any of the other prisoners after wards ; that on their way on this side of Diahoga, they saAV Klein's daughter, who had been taken pris oner about a week before this deponent was taken ; that a day's joumey beyond Diahoga, they corae to sorae French Indian cabins, where they saw another prisoner, a girl about eighteen or nineteen years old, who told this deponent that her narae was Katharine Yeager ; that her father was a locksraith, and lived at Alleraengle, and that she had been prisoner ever since christraas ; that at this place the Indians loosed the prisoners, this deponent and Abrahara MUler, whom they had bound every night before ; that find ing theraselves at liberty, they, this deponent and Abrahara Miller, raade their escape in the night, and the next day afternoon they carae to French Marga- rett's, at Diahoga, having been prisoners nme days ; that they stayed about four weeks with her, during aU which time she concealed them and supported them ; that some French Indians came in search of 170 HISTORY OP MONROE COUNTY. the prisoners, whereupon Margaret told them it was not safe for them to stay any longer, and advised them to make, the best of their Avay homewards ; that all the Indians at, and on this side of Diahoga, were very kind to them, and helped and directed them on their way. John Cook was particularly helpfiU to them ; that whUe they were at Diahoga, they were informed that the Indians had kUled Abraham MUler's mother, Avho was not able to travel further, and Snell's daughter, who had received a wound in her leg by a faU, when they first took her prisoner ; but they heard nothing of Peter Sheaffer ; that in three days they arrived at Wyoming by water, as Margaret had advised them ; that at Wyoraing the Indians directed them the way to Fort Allen, but they missed their way, and came the road to Fort Hamilton, where they arrived last Saturday a week. And this deponent further saith, that the friendly Indians told them that the enemy had kUled Mar shall's wife, at the First mountain. And further this deponent saith not. GEORGE EBERT. -Sworn at Easton, before W. Parsons. This deponent saith, that they understood by the French Indians, that they had three days farther to go, from the place Avhence they escaped. Letter with the above deposition was also read from Major Parsoris, on the 26th June, 1757, giving an account that a large body of Indians had attacked and burned Broadhead's house, which is about a mUe ft:om, and in sight of. Fort HaraUton, and that they had killed and scalped one Tidd, besides kiUing a great number of creatures. — Prov. Eec, p. 329-31. HISTORY OP MONROE COUNTY. 171 Letter from Conrad Weiser to William Parsons. Eeading, April 21 th, 1757. Gentlemen: I ara from good authority informed, that the ene my Indians have attacked the frontiers in Northamp ton county, and that intelligence has been given to an officer of credit by a friend Indian, that a considerable body of French and their Indians design again to invade the province, and a nuraber are on their way to fall afresh on the Minnisinks, or posts adjacent. The particular view of the Ohio Indians at this time, as it is reasonably supposed, is to obstruct the Susquehanna Indians in their treaty with the English, and to prevent thereby a av ell established peace be-" tween them. How the forces within the battalion I have the honor to coraraand, raay be disposed of upon the expected incursion of the savages and the French, who prorapt them with a cruelty equal to that of the barbarians, I cannot say, but you may depend upon it, that I shall endeavor to serve the country by do ing all in my poAver to succor every distressed part, as Soon as possible. But, gentlemen, you must know that the nuraber of forts which are on the east side of the Susquehanna, will require a very large part of the first battalion to garrison them; and to alloAV of scouting parties, to watch the motion of the barbarians. It will therefore be necessary, that the inhabitants should do all in their power to defend theraselves and neighbors against an eneray, whom Ave know by experience to strike terror wherever they corarait their ravages. I i^ecoramend it to you, to persuade your neighbors to associate theraselves immediately into companies under discreet officers of their own choice, that we may be able to preserve pur own, and the lives of our tender wives and children. Great raust be the advantage we shaU give the eneray, if we are unpre pared upon their sudden invasion. It needs not 172 HISTORY OF MONROE COUNTT. much reflection, upon what happened about sixteen months agP, to bring to our minds the amazement and confusion with Avhich the spirits of our people were affected upon a sudden incursion of Indians, of whose number we were never well informed. It would ap pear as if I had an ill opiniPn of the dispositions of ray countryraen, to susggest any special motives upon this occasion. I only pray that divine providence raay direct you to propose measures, and then you cannot fail of suc cess in an endeavor to serve your country — in which service you may depend on my promise, that you wiU be ever joined. Gentlemen, Your most humble servant, CONRAD WEISER. Lieut. Colonel. Price township is one of the north-eastern town ships of Monroe codnty, and is bounded on the north and east by Pike county; on the south by Middle Smithfield township; on the Avest by Coolbaugh. The greater part of this township is hilly and broken, and a dense forest, Avith a sparse population, not ex ceeding four hundred. It is emphatically a lumber township; there are ten or fifteen saw raUls, and one grist mill in it. Agriculture has received but little attention ; though parts of it, if properly cultivated, would yield a sufficiency to repay the husbandman for his labor. Much of the land is classed among unseated lands. Eighteen thousand acres of this kind of land, in this township, were offered for sale by the county treasurer, in 1844, to pay the arrears of taxes due thereon, and the costs of such sale. The real and personal estate, exclusive of unseated lands, assessed in 1844, amounted to $25,52Z 25; trades and occupations, igl 1,700 00, Coolbaugh township, a northern township, is bounded on the north-west by Luzerne comity; oa HISTORY OP MONROE COUNTY. 173 the north by Wayne and Pike counties ; on the east by Price and Middle Smithfield townships; and on the south by Tobyhanna township. The surface of this township is hUly, and much of it rocky. Through this region there are several lakes or ponds; the Tobyhanna creek and several of its branches, rise here in the midst of a wilderness ; it runs westward, and falls into the Lehigh, be low StoddartsviUe. The strearas, through here, are generally rapid, and do afford an incalculable amount of water power for useful purposes, some of which is eraployed by saw raills and grist raUls. By far th^ greater part of this township is thinly inhabit ed. In 1840, there were only one hundred and fifty- nine inhabitants in the township. Much, or the greater portion, is unseated land. In 1844, about twenty- three thousand acres of land, in this township, waa offered for sale by the treasurer of the county, to pay the arrears of taxes due thereon, and to defray the expenses of sales. This toAvnship, and region of country, generally, present attractions to the sportsman ; deer and bears are cPramon, and all the streams abound with trout; the finny race is abundant. NagleviUe is a post viUage, laid out about twenty years ago, by George Nagle ; it is on the Drinker turnpike road, consisting of six or seven dwellings, one store, a tavern, and tAvo saw mills. Spruce Grove, a post village, laid out by Jasper Vliet, some fifteen or tAventy years ago, contains eight dwellings, a tavern, and a blacksraith shop. Saxville, a post village, laid out at least thirty years ago, by George Sax;, consisting of ten dweUings and one tavern. This place is well knPAvn as the Shades of Death. Tobyhanna t-ownship, a north-western township, is bounded on the north-west by Luzerne county ; and on the north-east by Coolbaugh township ; on 174 HISTORY OP MONROE COUNTY. the south by Pokono ; and pn the west by Carbon county. The surface of this township is hilly ; the soil gravel, and rather barren. It is watered by the Tobyhanna creek, and several smaller streams. The country, here, is a comparative desert, and very thinly inhabited. Much of the land is unseated. In 1844, more than thirty thousand acres were offered for sale by the treasurer of the county, to pay the arrears of taxes thereon. This township, it is said, contains nearly thirty saw mills. It is a great township for tiraber. Here are the Shades of Death, or the Great Swamp, covered with dense forests of pine, and, until lately, little in habited ; but since the iraproveraent frora Mauch Chunk to StoddartsviUe has been corapleted, setde- ments have been made, and saw mUls erected. It is well timbered ; besides the pine, there is an abun dance of hemlock, double spruce,oak, chestnut and wild cherry. The turnpike,, from Philadelphia to Wllkesbarre, passes through here. The population of 1830, was 279; in 1840, 595; at present, 1845, it raay exceed 900. The assessraents of real and personal property, exclusive of unseated lands, araounted to ^13,650; trades and occupations, jg950 00. In the year 1779, General SuUivan, Avith an army of tAVO thousand five hundred men, on his way to drive the British and Indians from Wyoming, passed through here. In August, the 20th, he encamped aU night at what Avas then known as Chouder Camp. On his return frora Wyoming to Easton, he again encaraped here. In his journal, it is recorded, that on the 10th of October, 1779, the array began their march from Wyoming to Easton, but on account of the badness of the road, they Avere obliged to encamp four mUes frora Wyoraing. October llth — Continued our raarch to the edge of the Great Swamp, and encamped. ^ October 12th — Continued the raarch through the Great Swamp, the road being bad. The pack horses HISTORY OP MONROE COUNTY. 175 took a wrong road, and the troops were obliged to lie Avithout their tents, or covering, during a very stormy night. Encamped at Chouder Camp. October 13th — Marched to Brinker 's miU, wher© the Pack horses came up.* Pokono township is bounded on the north-west and north-east by Tobyhanna township and Middle Smithfield ; south-east and south by Stroud, Hamil ton and ChestnuthiU township ; on the west by Carbon county. The surface of this township is mountainous; the soU, gravel, and naturally barren. It has its name from the Pokono mountain, Avhich extends across it. The Pokono , is the second range of mountains run ning parallel Avith the Kittatining, and is distant from it from seven to ten mUes. It iS very rauch broken, and irregular, more so than the Blue mountain or Kittatining. This raountain bears several local naraes. In this toAvnShip it is called Pokono; near the Lehigh river, Pohopoko or Pocko-Pockto; west ofthe Lehigh, for several miles, Mahoning and Pokono township is drained by the west branch of Brodhead's creek, and by Sullivan's, Pokono and M'Michael's creeks. Sullivan's creek, which rises in Tobyhanna township, and floAving an eastern and southern course, faljs into Smithfield creek, was named after General Sullivan, who marched through this region of country, with an army of 2,500 men, to Wyoraing, in 1774. Much of the land, in this township, is classed araoiig unseated lands. In 1844, the treasurer of the county offered to sell about twelve thousand acres, to pay the arrears of taxes due thereon. The population of this township was, in 1830, 564; in 1840, 973; there were in it, two grist mills and tAvelve saw mills. The valuation of real and personal property, in 1844, was g70,196. BartonsvUle, a post viUage, was laid out by Joseph • Haz. Reg. xir. 76. 176 HISTORY OP MONROE COUNTY. Barton, twelve or fifteen years ago; it consists of eight or nine dwellmgs, one store, a tavern, a grist mill, an extensive tannery, a blacksraith shop, and a copper shop. Tannersville, a post viUage, laid out hy Joseph' Ediriger, eighteen or twenty years ago. It consists of about twenty houses, two stpres, one tavern, a blacksraith shop, a tannery, a school house, a Luthe ran and German Reformed church. This place is remarkable for the raurder bf the Larners, by the In dians, about the year 1780.* The facts touching this murder, are, in a few words, as follows : Some time in the month of June, 1780(?) the Lar ners Avere surprised by several Indians, Avho shot the father and raother of the faraily ; the sons made their escape — one of them was hotly pursued by an In dian ; he, hPwever, succeeded to get into a standing rye-field, concealed himself behind a large stump, watching the raoveraents of the savage, whom he soon discovered, and, as he thought, unknown to young Larner, also concealed hiraself, some forty or fifty yards off, behind a stump, watingtill his marked victim should move, Avhen he would speed a bullet through him. Young Larner took off his hat, placed it on a loose root, with Avhich he Ufted the hat a few inches to one side of the stump, the Indian perceiv ing the hat, thought that he was about looking from behind the stump to see where his pursuer was — -at this instant the Indian fired ; no sooner had he dis charged his rifle, than Larner rose up and shot the Indian dead on the spot. General Sullivan, on his Avay from Easton to Wyo- mmg, in 1779, encamped here on the 19th of June. Ori the 18th he had encamped at Helliard'? tavern, eleven mUes frora Easton. June 19, raarch^ to Larney's (Larner's) tavern, or Pokanose (Pocono) • Those -who communicated the facts of this murder to tbe writer, were unable to state the precise time when it occurred; but said tbat it was about the time of the Revolution. aiSTORY OP MONROE COUNTY. 177 point— 20th, to Chouder cam^.^Sullivan's Jaur^ nal — Haz. Eeg. xiv. p. 72. Chestnuthill township is bounded on the north by Pocono township ; on the north-east by Pocono and Hamilton; on the south by Ross; on the Avest by Carbon county. The surface of this township, is partly hiUy and partly level ; the soil gravel, it is in some places being improved, and amply repays the labor of the farmers ; though some considerable por» tion of the land is classed among unseated lands— about one sixth ofthe township. There are two promi nent hills ; a lofty spur, called Chestnut hill, giving name to the township, and Prospect hill, in the norths west part of the township. The township is Avatered by Hoeth's, or Head's creek, which rises in this town ship, and by a south-western course, flows into " Big creek," in ToAvamensing township. Carbon county. It was on this creek that the Indians committed several murders, in December, 1755, as appears from the following deposition : The 12th day of December, 1755, personally ap peared before me, WUliam Parsons, one ofhis majes ty's justices of the peace, for the county of North ampton, Michael Hute, aged twenty-one years, who being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, did depose and declare, that last Wednesday, about six o'clock, afternoon, a company of Indians, about five in nuraber, attacked the house of Frederick Hoeth about twelve mUes eastward from Guaden Hutten,on Pocho Pochtocreek; that the fami ly being at supper, the Indians shot intp the house and wounded a Avoraan ; at the next shot they killed Frederick Hoeth hiraself, and shot several times more, whereupon all ran out of the house that could. The Indians immediately set fire to the house, mUl and stables. Hoeth's Avife ran into the bake house, which was also set on fire. The poor woman ran out through the flames, and being very much burned, she ran into the water, and there died ! The Indians I, 178 HISTORY OP MONROE COUNTY. cut the belly open, and used her otherwise inhuman ly. They kUled and scalped a daughter ; and he thinks that three other children, Avho were of the femUy, were burnt. Three of Hoeth's daughters are missing, with another woraan, who are supposed to be carried off. In the action, one Ipdian was killed and another wounded. Andfurther saith not.* JOHN MICHAEL HUTE. Sworn at Easton, the day and ^fear above said, be fore me. WM. PARSONS. This township contains five grist mills, nineteen saw raUls, a Luthern and Gerraan Reforraed church. The popdation in 1830, was 940 ; in 1-840, 131&. The assessment of real, and personal estate in 1844, Avas $^129,730 00 ; trades and occupations, ® 34,7 80 00^ About four thousand acres of unseated land was of.. fered for sale by the county treasurer, to pay the ar rears of taxes due thereon. Eo,is townshipis bounded on the north by Chest nuthill township ; on the east by Harailton ; on the south by Nprthampton county ; on the west by Car bon county. The surface of this township, in the south, is mountainous ; on the north pretty level ; soU gravel and some limjestone. Much of the land is pretty well improved and yields abundantly. It is drained by the head waters of the Aquanshicola creek, which rises aboul. a mile east of the Wind Gap, and running through this to-wriship a south-westerly course along the Blue mountain, falls into the Lehigh river at its entrance into, the Water Gap. It is a rapid stream, and drives several mUls. The Wind Gap is. a singular opening through the mountain, through which no stream passes ; but the almost level crest line of the mountain is here de pressed nearly as low as the country on each side ; fofi- ^li^ Prov. Bee. p. 332. HISTORY OF MONROE COUHTY. 179 a notch in the mountain, of peculiar convenience for the passage of traveUers and teams, and towards which the leading roads on both sides converge, and pass through it in one great thoroughfere. The northern turnpike from Easton to Berwick, passes through this township. A considerable por tion of the land is classed among unseated lands; several thousand acres were offered for sale by the county treasurer in 1844, to pay the arrears of taxes due thereon. It contains, eight grist miUs and nineteen saw miUs. The population ui 1840, was 987 ; at present rising 1,100. Assessment of real estate in 1844, was $113,599 00. Kunklesville, bearing the name of its proprietor, was started about fifteen years ago, consisting of seven or eight dweUings, one tavern, one store, a school house, a Gemian Reformed church and a grist miU. Hamilton township is bounded on the north by Pocono township ; on the south by Northampton county ; west by Ross ; and north-west by Chestnut hiU township. The surface of this township is diver sified, mountainous, hiUy and level ; soU gravel ; the east end of it is pretty weU improved. It is drained by M'Michael's creek, Pocono and Cherry creeks. The heads of Aquinschieola and Cherry creeks spring not very far from each other. These might be con nected, and following them by a canal, would open a new outlet for coal from the Lehigh to the Delaware. The population of 1830, was 1,428; m 1840, 1,508. The assessed valuation of real and personal property in 1844, was $129,730 00; trades and occupations, $34,780 00. Snydersville, a post vUlage, laid out by able Pat- terge, some thirty years ago, consists of eight dwell ings, one store, one tavern, and a school house. Kellersville, a post vUlage, laid out by George- 180 HISTORY OP MONROE COUNTY. Keller, more than thurty years ago, consists of ten d'wellings, one store, one tavern, a school house, a grist mill, a clover mUl, and a German Reformed and Lutheran church near it. When the county seat for Monroe was selected, there were strong hopes Kel- lersvUle would becorae the site. Mighty efforts were made to effect this — all failed— Stroudsburg. was chosen. Fennersville, a post viUage, laid out by Henry Fenner, about the time Kellersville was comraenced, consists of twelve or thirteen dweUings, one store, one tavern, two grist miUs, a carding machine, and the usual number of handicrafts in vUlages thus situated. SaylorsviUe, a post viUage, laid out by Charles Saylor, about twenty years ago, .consists of ten or twelve dAveUings, one tavern, one store, a wagon maker shop and cooper shop. i : The inhabitants of this township, as weU as the early settlers on the Delaware and Broadhead creek, were much exposed to the incursions of the savages, ¦who committed many murders, under circumstances of great cruelty. • In a letter dated December 18, 1755, it is stated, "that a party of Indians had gathered behind the Blue mountains, to the number of two hundred, and had burned the greater part of the buildings, and kiUed upwards of a hundred of the inhabitants." Another letter dated the 20th December, says : " The barbarous and bloody scene which is now open in the upper parts of Northampton county, is the most la mentable that perhaps ever appeared. There may be seen horror and desolation ; populous settlements deserted; viUages laid in ashes; men, Avomen and children massacred, sorae fomid in : the woods very nauseous, for want of interraent, sorae just reeking from the hands of their savage , slaughterers, and some hacked and covered all pii^er ¦with wounds !',' To this letter was annexed a list of seventy-eight persons kiUed, and more than forty settlements burned. ' ' ' ' -5j '. "p-?A »^ -.^ '¦= - :-sf ^.^.rs^ - ^ '"¦.*,*> a*' .'«f^ .^-^^ ~Jf CHAPTEE XIIL CARBON COUNTY ERECTED, &o. Carbon County was erected out of Northampton and Monroe counties, agreeably to the foUowing act of Assembly : Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre sentatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That all those parts ofthe counties of Northampton and Monroe, lying Avithin the following bounds, viz.t Beginning at the north west comer of Northampton county ; thence, south wardly along the said line, tUl it intersects the north ern line of Lehigh courity; thence, eastwardly along the top of the Blue mountain,, to the south-west cor ner of Monroe county; thence, northwardly along the Monroe county line, and continue the same point of compass in a direct line throuj^h Tobyhanna town ship, iri Monroe county, to such point as may strike the Luzerne county line ; thence; westwardly along the Luzerne county line, to the place of beginning, shall be, and the same is, according to the foregoing lines, declared to be erected into a separate county, to be called Carbon: Provided, Thaf territory from Mon roe county, shall only embrace the township pf Penn Forest, and that the said to wnship shall constitute; the -Hrhole of the territory taken from Momoe county, by the provisions of this act. John D. Bowman, Thomas Weiss, John Fatzinger, Abram Shprtz and Samuel Wolf, were appomted trustees, to receive written offers of donations in real 182 HISTORY OP CABBOW COUNTT. estate and money, towards defraying the expenses of the lands and public buUdings, for the use of the county of Carbon. Passed and approved March 13, 1843. — Laws of Pa., for 1843, jt7. 85. Carbon county. — Extracts from records of court. First — ^December term, 1843. Hon. N. B. Eldred, President, Asa Packer and Jacob Dinkey, Associates. The grand jurors were Charles J. BaUiet, Abraham Beer, William Baker, Jonas Bauman, Andrew Cooper, John Dengler, Henry Ebert, Jacob Fitzinger, Abner Huston, Joseph Hahn, Peter Haberman, Abraham Harris, Daniel Kister, George Kissner, John Lomison, Bamard M'- Clane, JaraeS M. Marsh, Abrahara Mayer, N. R. Penrose, WUUara Reng, Reuben Peters, John Frainer, Daniel Wentz, W. H. Wilson. Attorneys at the first court — W. H. Butler, James R. Struthers, 0. W. Wheeler, P/-05. At., F. J. Osborn, W. Davis, John D. IVIorris, SUas E. Buzzard, John W. Hornbeck, G. W. Tates, J. Glancy Jones, John Shouse, Christopher Loeser. Others have since been admitted. Carbon county is bounded on the north-west by Luzerne county ; east by Monroe ; south by North ampton and Lehigh ; and south-west by Schuylkill county. The county is about twenty miles long and nineteen broad ; coraprising an area of about three hundred and ninety square railes. The county is generally mountainous, and there is not much arable land in the northern portion of it ; Mahoning vaUey, in fhe south-west, is well adapted to agriculture, and if carefully cultivated, is abundantly productive. The south-eastern portion contains some land tolerably well adapted to cultivation. Though, in an agricultural point of view, it is not, and never wiUbe, a farming country; stiU it is rich in mineral wealth, and valuable for its forests of pine. The Blue mountain forms the southern boundary. HISTORY OP CARBON COUNTY. 183 North of this is a succession of small ridges, called by various names, such as Fire- Line-hill, Maho ning ridge, Mauch Chunk mountain, on the west of the Lehigh river. Beyond this is the Broad mountain, extending to the eastward of the river, and StUl further east, is the Pohokopo, or Pokono. North of the Broad mountain, are Spring ¦moun-' tain and Bald ridge. These mountains rise from six hundred to a thousand feet above the Lehigh river. This county is well supplied with water. Besides the Lehigh, there are raany other streams, yielding a vast amount of water power ; but little of which, how ever, has been applied in that way, except to saw mills. The principal streams are the Lehigh river Aquanshi cola creek. Big creek. Lizard creek, Mahoning creek, Nesquihoning creek, Quakake creek, Hay's Creek, Hickory creek, or Griffith's run. Muddy run, and several pthers — all of which will be noticed in the sequel. The Lehigh river is a branch of the Delaware, and receives it name frora the aborigi-ries of this country, who called it Lecha, or Lechaw, which, it is said, to signify West Branch. It rises in the Great Swamp, or Shades of Death, and in its course, divides the coimty into two equal parts. The foUoAving graphic description, frora the pen of a gentleraan who visited this county in Septeraber, 1844, is here introduced as as a description of a part of the county and the river. and the river. RAILROAD FROM -WILKESBAERE TO 'WHITEHAVEN. Bending ray course southward, I left Wllkesbarre in the morning for Mauch Chunk : — This route passes over the railroad from the former vUlage, to White haven, OAvned by the Lehigh Navigation Company, and intended to connect their improveraent Avith the valley of the Susquehannah. The work is heavy, and although not complete, 184 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. must have been already enormously expensive. A number of inclined planes are finished, and a tunnel of one thousand eight hundred feet in length is in progress. We traversed the line by horse power; ascending the planes at a snail pace, and descending ing thera by the force of gravity, with fearful rapidity. After dashing through excavations and over embank ments, in the descent of a heavy grade, for several mUes, Ave reached Whitehaven at noon. DESCENT OF THE LEHIGH. Whitehaven is situated at the head of the Lehigh Navigation, and sorae eight or ten miles above the comraencement of the coal formation. Its trade is therefore confined to the running of lumber ; and this, judging frora the nuraber of saw mills in the place, and its vicinity, and the immense quantity of board piles that for several miles above it, literally line the banks of the river, must be ex tensive. We here took passage in a packet for Mauch Chunk. You will excuse a somcAvhat detaUed ac count of my passage down this fair stream. The de scent of the Lehigh is interesting, both on account of the almost gigantic construction of the canal and the magnificent wUdness of the natural scenery. The fall in the river, between Whitehaven and Mauch Chunk, a distance of but twenty-five railes, is 642 feet, and is overcorae by twenty-nine locks, varying frora fifteen to upwards of thirty feet in depth. These locks, even be fore the destructive freshet of 1841, were substantiaUy constructed, but those that were then destroyed, have been since rebuilt on a larger and stUl more massive scale. They have been widened so as to admit two boats at once, and from the inspection of an unprac tised eye, I judged their walls to be five feet in thick ness and their abutments of solid mason work to their wickers, are filled and emptied as expeditiously as the eight feet locks on our state canals. Between HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 185 Whitehaven and Mauch Chunk, the navigation is almost entirely by slackwater. The scenery, immediately upon leaving Whiteha ven, is striking, but improves gradually, as you de scend the Lehigh, until, some miles above Mauch Chunk, it becomes wild and picturesque in the high est degree. The dark waters of the river, dyed almost to a black, bjr the sap of the hemlock soaking in it, every where enclosed by mountains of from 300 to 700 feet in height, and confined to a channel, scarcely 300 feet wide, trace a circuitous course through, per haps, the wildest and mpst rugged raountain region of the State. Determined to enjoy it to the utmost, I furnished rayself Avith a prirae principe, and taking my seat upon the deck, , fairly drank in the varied magnificence of the ever changing scene. Beneath rae, the Lehigh either reposed in a black, glittering sheet, or bounded over its rocky channel in wreaths of snow-white foara ; about rae, on every side, for hundreds of feet, rose the pine^capped raountains, here, dark, jagged and precipitous, interspersed only with occasional forest trees, growing in the ravines, or amongst the clefts and crevices of the rocks ; now, covered with rolling stones nearly to their summits, bald and desolate ; and again, sloping to the river's bank, evenly clad with bright green foliage, and af fording the eye a grateful relief from the alraost pain ful grandeur of the ruder scenes ; above rae, was the deep blue sky of a summer's eve, enhancing the effect of every view, by the contrast of its serene expanse with the wild confusion of the mountain scenery around. Every where the mountain sides AA'ere spot ted with tall, gaunt, lea,fless trunks of withered pines, blasted by lightning, or scorched by the hand of raan, and requiring but slight aid frora the excited iraagi- ng-tion, to seem the gigantic guards of these Satanic fortresses. Along the course of the river, not a single rod of arable land is to be perceived ; the raountains sink shtfer to the water's edge. In wild raagnificence of scenery, I have seen nothing on the Hudson, the 186 HISTORY OF CARBOS COUNTT. Susquehanna, or the Juniata, to compare with the banks of the Lehigh. WhUst seated, as described above, I felt a romantic ardour gradually creep along' ray nerves, and being, frora reason and experience, raost horribly prejudiced against the sentimental, I sought refuge from ray feel ings by diving to that most common-place of all places, the cabin of the canal boat ; but I was not destined to escape so easUy. Instead of the relief I anticipated, ray ears were greeted with an araorous passage between the cabin boy and our pretty-cook raaid — Bah ! I stretched rayself upon a settee, and araid pleasing reflections upon the omnipotence of love, that is able to convert the steerage of ^a canal boat -into a paradise, composed myself to sleep, and awoke at Mauch Chunk. — Lancaster Examiner and Herald Sept. 18, 1844. There are, besides Mauch Chunk, the county town, and a number of small vUlages, which wiU be noticed below. There are several grist miUs, and a number of saw mills in this cpunty; also several furnaces, forges and foundries, The county is divided into the following townships, viz: East Penn, Mauch Chunk, Lausanne, Upper Towamensing, Lower Towamensing, Penn Forest, Mahoning and Banks, having an aggregate popula tion of about eight thousand. The early history of Carbon county is merged with that of Northampton. The first settlement was made in Mahoning toAvnship, on the north side of Mahoning creek, about half a mUe above its junction with the Lehigh river. CHAPTEE XIV, TOPOGRAPHY OF TOWNSHIPS, &c. Mauch Chunk township is naraed frora Mauch Chunk mountain, in this township. Tie narae of the mountain is of Indian origin, and in the language ofthe Lenni Lenapi, or Delaware Indians, is said to signify Bear mountain. This township is bounded on the north-west by Lausanne; north-east by Upper Towamensing; south by Mahoning ; and north-Avest by SchuylkiU county. The surface of this township is mountainous, includ ing parts of Mauch Chunk, Nesquihoning and Broad mountains, on the west side of the Lehigh river ; and parts of the Broad mountain, Big Creek mountain, and Kettle raountain on the east side of the Lehigh river. The soU is gravel, and naturally, not very produc tive, yet portions of this township are arable and have been raade productive, by proper attention be ing paid to the cultivation of the land. T;he township is drained by Beaver creek, Mauch Chunk creek, Roora Run, Nesquihoning creek, and Kettle creek. The principal of these are Mauch Chunk, and Nes quihoning creeks. Mauch Chunk creek receives its narae frora the mountain, at the foot of which it takes its rise, and tracuig along the mountain, in a very direct line, falls into the Lehigh, on the west side, about a mile and a half below the Nesquihoning. It is very rapid, and has several raiUs erected on it. Nesquihoning creek rises at the foot of the Broad 18S HISTORY or CARBON COUNTY. mountain, on the south side, and running easterly, between Broad raountain and Mauch Chunk moun tain, which rise like a rampart on each side, it falls into the Lehigh, at Lausanne. It is very rapid for about two miles frora its mouth, Avhere it becoraes more gentle, passing through natural meadows. Seve ral raills are erected on it. A large portion of, this township belongs to the Le high Navigation and Coal Corapany. They own rising of thirteen thousand acres. Several thousand acres, in this township, are classed araong unseated lands, the greater portion of which Avas offered, in 1844, by the county treasurer for sale, to pay the ar rears of taxes due thereon. The population, in 1830, was 1,348; in 1840, 2,193. The county tax, for 1844, was $1,521 56; for state purposes, $1,056 29. Mauch Chunk is the principal town in this town ship, and in the county, and is, at present, the seat of justice for the county. It is on the west bank of the Lehigh river, twelve railes above the Water Gap, forty-six railes by the , navigation frora Easton, and nearly thirty frora AUentown. The situation is ro mantic and picturesque, the town, in the glen, being encircled by steep raountain acclivities, which rise,.in sorae places, precipitously from the river, to a height of ei^ht hundred or a thousand feet. The place was first started about twenty-seyen years ago, in connection with the operations of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, Avhich was formed, in its incipiency, fifty years ago, and fully in corporated in 1816. The town was originally their property, and its prosperity is wholly owing to the enterprize of the corapany. The place is rauch resorted to in the summer sea son, on account of the many stupendous attractions, and general objects of interest. The inhabitants are moral, intelligent and hospitable. Its improvement, in every respect, has been considerable, within the HISTORY OP CARBON COUNTY. 189 last ten years. Numerous are the descriptions given of this place by gentlemen who have visited here. A writer in \h& ViUage Record, says : " It was in July 1825, Avhen I last visited Mauch Chunk — a few steps from the landing bn the Lehigh, brought me to Mauch Chunk Hotel, a large and elegant building. Well finished and furnished, arid crowded with well dressed, fashionable people, evidently strangers, on a visit to the raines. A glance around the tea-table, told rae there was both beauty and grace araong the female visitants; An examination of the book, where each person's narae is recorded, inforraed me that some of the first characters and talent of the state were guests at the mansion." ; Another Avriter, in the Bucks County Intelligen cer oi 1831, says: "About two miles south of Mauch Chunk, we came upon the lower boundary of the Compa;ny's lands, where the hUls on each side of the river, acquire a great elevation, and have a very bpld appearance. The ri^er is confined ui a narrow bed, and the road on one side, and the canal and tow-path on the other, are cut along the base of the hiU, as far frora the river as the nature of the ground would ad mit. " The irregular course of the river, and the hills mounting up several hundred feet, rendered the view, up and down the river, rather wild and dreary, until we approached near enough to see the neat white buildings of Mauch Chunk, which presented a beau^ tiful contrast to the hiUs, cpyered with deep verdure above, and the swift flowing and dashing current of water below. Upon entering the viUage, the first objects Avhich presented to the eye, were the extenr sive btiUdings occupied by Mr. Kimball, as a hotel, ¦and which is kept in good style, riot inferior to raany ofthe fashionable hotels of our Atlantic cities. High er up the bank Ofthe river, are several extensive saw mills, and a large grist miU, the store house, boat house, raUrpad shoot,'&c., with here and there a dwelling. About the centre of these improvements. 190 HISTORY OF CARBON COUHTY. there is a break in the hill, and a considerable ravine, down which flows a streara, sufficient for turning va rious kinds of raachinery. Along this streSra, where- ever the ground will adrait of it, raost ofthe dweUing houses and workshops are erected." There is perhaps not another place in Pennsylva nia that surpasses Mauch Chunk, where so much of the truly sublime and picturesque is so magnificently displayed, as here. This place is well AVorthy a visit, and a journey of hundreds of raUes, to make it. To describe aU that is attractive, Avould transcend the limits prescribed us. " The coal mines, the inclined planes, and all the raachinery and appliances necessa ry for mining, transporting and shipping coal, may be seen here on a large and improved scale ; whUe the pure raountain air, gushing fountains of the coldest and purest water, with beautiful views of wild and subUrae raountaui scenery, give additional charms to the place." . The public buildings are the court house and jaU. The court house Avas presented to the county by the Lehigh Navigation and Coal Company. The citizens had it repaired, and fitted up for forensic pur poses, and erected the jail, at an expense of about four thousand dollars. There are three churches here : Presbyterian, Methodist and Evangelical Association. The Odd Fellows erected, a comraodious hall in 1844. There are three taverns and six stores here ; a foun dery, owned by John Fatzinger, Esq., and a furnace below the town, owned by Mr. Richards. There is a weekly paper published here, called The Carbon County Gazette, edited by A. L. Fos ter, Esq. Some twelve years ago, Mr. Foster com menced the Mauch Chunk Courier in this place. The population, which is an exceedingly industrious one, is between eleven and twelve hundred. One of the first public school houses that is to be met Avith in the state, out of Philadelphia,, is to be found at Mauch Chunk. The schools here are weU conducted^ HISTORY- OF CARBON COUNTT. J91 This place suffered much from the great freshet in January, 1841. At Mauch Chunk, the town was inundated, and ePnsiderable damage sustained. The Courier Extra-, says : " It is impossible to estimate any thing near the truth of the amount of damage our citizens have sustained — every one has lost more or less, and some eighteen or twenty famUies within three mUes of our village are left dependant upon the mercies of - the more fortunate, without ho'*se> bed or provisions; and three children of Mr. Adam Beer, (the raother barely escapeing with an infant in her arras,) and the rapther and three children of another, have perished in the fiood, as their houses were borne down by its dreadful course. The bodies of two of Mr. Beer's children Avere recovered frora the water, and should the other, be found, the friends of huraanity wUl re ceive the thanks of the affiicted parents, by commu'- nicating the information to them." As it raay be interesting to the general reader, place is given here to the following article. As this township forras a very distinguished portion of the coal formation of the the state : MAUCH CHUNK MOUNTAM. " Under this title, it is proppsed to- give an account of the famous coal mountain, and the magnificent irar provements of which it has been the cause. The name of this mountain is of Indian origin, and in the language of the Lenni Lenappi, (Delawares,) is said to signify Bear mountain. It forms a very distin guished portion of the coal formation of the state, and we are told that we owe our knowledge of its min- ,eral treasures to sheer acpident ; that a hunter dis covered the coal bed, while in search of garae, beneath the roots of an uptorn pine. The foUoAving account of this important event is given, by the vensrable Dr.. Thomas C. James, of PhUadelphia,, whp, in the year 1804, in company with Anthony Morris, Esq., during: 192 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. an excursion to sorae lands on the Lehigh, their joint property, visited the raountain. "In the course of our pilgriraage, we reached the summit of the Mauch Chunk mountain, the present site of the raine, or rather quarry, of anthracite coal. At that tirae there Avere only to be seen three or four small pits, Avhjch had much the appearance of the coraraeneeraent of rude weUs, into one of which, our guide (Philip Ginter,) descended with great ease, and threw up some pieces of coal for our examinaT tion. After which, Avhilst Ave lingered on the spot, contemplating the wUdness ofthe scene, honest PhiUp amused us with the following narative of the original discovery of this most valuable of minerals, now prp- misirig, from its general diffusion, so much of wealth and comfort to a great portion of Pennsylvania. " He said, when he first took up his residence in that district of country, he built for himself a rough cabin in the forest, and supported his family by the proceeds of his rifle ; being literally a hunter of the backwoods. The garae he shot, including bear and deer, he carried to the nearest store, and exchanged for other necessaries of life. But at the particular tirae to which he then alluded, he was without a sup ply of food for his family ; and after being out all day with his gun in quest of it, he was returning^ towards evening, over the Mauch Chunk mountain, entirely unsuccessful and dispirited ; a drizzling rain beginning to faU, and night approaching, he bent his course horaeward, considering hiraself one of the raost forsaken of huraan beings. As he trod sloAyly over the ground, his foot sturabled against soraething which, by the stroke, was driven before him ; observ ing it to be black, to distinguish which there was just light enough remaining, he took it up, and as he had often listened to the traditions of the country of the existence of coal in the vicinity, it occurred to him, that this might be a portion of that « stone coal" oi which he had heard. He accordingly carefully took it with him to his cabin, and the next day carried it HISTORY or CARBON COUNTY. 193 to Col. Jacob Weiss, residing at what was then known by the name of Fort Allen. The colonel, who was. alive to the subject, brought the specimen with him to Philadelphia, and submitted it to the inspection of John Nicholson and Michael HUlegas, Esqrs., and of Charles Cist, an inteUigent printer, who ascertained its natm'e and qualities, and authorized the colonel to Satisfy Ginter for his discovery, upon his pointing out the precise spot, Avhere he found the coal. This was done by acceding to Ginter's proposal, of getting through the forms of the patent office, the title of a small tract of land, which he supposed had never been taken up, comprising the mill seat, on which he afterwards buUt the mUl which afforded us the lodg ing of the preceding night, and which he afterwards was unhappily deprived of by the claim of a prior survey. " HUlegas, Cist, Weiss, and others, immediately after, (about the beginning ofthe year 1792,).formed the "Lehigh Coal , Mine Company," but Avithout a charter of incorporation, and took up 8 or 10,000 acres of unloeated land, including the Mauch Chunk mountain." " The mine now wrought was opened by this cora pany ; but the difficulties of transporting the cPal to raarket Avere then insurraountable, and their enter prise was abandoned. The mine reraained in a ne glected state, used only by the smiths and others of ' the iramediate vicinity, until the year 1806, when. Wra. TurnbuU, Esq:, caused an ark to be constructed at Lausanne, Avhich brought to the city two or three hundred bushels. A portion was sold to, the raana ger of the water works, for the use of the Centre Square steam erigine. Upon trial here it was deemed rather an extinguisher than an aliment of fire, was rejected as worthless, and was broken up and spread on the walks of the surrounding garden, in the place- of gravel. " The legislature, early aware of the iii^ortanGe' of ' the navigation of the Lehigh, passed an act for its imr- 194 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. provement in 1771, and others in 1791, 1794, 1798, 1810, 1814 and 1816. Under one of these a compa ny associated, and after expending more than 20,000 doUars in clearing out channels, relinquished their de sign of perfecting the navigation of the river. " In the meanwhile the coal mine company, de sirous to render their property available, granted leases to several individuals successively ; the last, for a term of ten years, with the privUege of cutting timber from their lands, for floating the coal to market, was made to Messrs. (Cist, Miner & Robinson, upon the condition that they should send tp PhUadelphia 10,000 bushels of coal per annura, for the benefit of the lessees. These gentleraen loaded several arks with coal, only three of which reached the city, and they abandoned the business at the close of the war in 1815. " During the war, Virginia coal became yery scarce, and Messrs. White & Erskine Hazard, then engaged in the manufacture of iron wire, at the falls of the SchuylkiU, having learned that Mr. J. MaUn had suc ceeded in the use of the Lehigh coal at his rolling mUl, procured a cart load of it, which cost them a doUar per bushel. This quantity was entirely wasted, without getting up the requisite heat. Another cart load was, however, obtained, and a whole night Avas spent in endeavoring to make a fire in the furnace, when the hands shut the fumace door, and departed from the mill in despair. Fortunately, one of them, who had left his jacket in fhe miU, returning for it in about half an hour, observed the door of the furnace to be red hot, and upon opening it, was surprised to find the interior at a glowing white heat. The other hands were summoned, and four separate parcels of iron were heated by the same fire, and roUed bplore renewal. The furnace was then replenished, and as letting the fire alone had succeeded so weU, that method was tried again with a like result. "Thenceforth Messrs. White and Hazard continued the use of anthracite coal, which they procured from HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTT. 195 SchuylkiU county, in wagons, and occasionaUy in flats by freshets, and also from Lehigh, in one of Messrs. Miner & Co's arks. Thus instructed in the invalua ble properties of anthracite, Messrs. White and Ha zard having disposed of their works on the Schuyl kUl to the city of Philadelphia, tumed their attention to the mines of the Lehigh, with a resolution of creating adequate means for transporting their Avealth to market. " In January, 1818, they jointly, with Mr. Hants, obtained the control of the lands of the Lehigh coal mine company. In the succeeding March, the legis lature granted to these gentlemen araple power for improving the navigation of the river Lehigh, and vested in them, their heirs and assigns, the absolute and exclusive use of the waters of the river, not in- corapatible with the navigation, and the right to levy tolls upon boats, rafts, &c., descending the river, and also upon ascending it, in case a slack water naviga tion should be made, upon condition : 1st. That they made a descending navigation within six years, from the mouth ofthe Nesquihoning creek to the Delaware, and from the Great faUs to the Nesquihoning, within twenty years. 2. That in case the legislature deemed such navigation sufficient, the grantees should convert the same into a complete slack water navigation, erecting one lock or other devices, overcoming at least six feet faU, yearly, untU the whole should be com pleted. 3. That in case of abuse of the privileges granted, or neglect to complete the slack water navi gation, within twenty years after requisition made, that the state might resume the grant. 4. That the state might, after the expiration of thirty-six years frora the date of the giant, pulrchase the rights of the grantees to the navigation. And 5th. That upon such purchase, or resuraption, in case of forfeiture, that the state should fulfil all the obUgations enjoined by this act, upon the grantees. « For the purpose of obtaiiimg funds to carry this «et into effect, and conduct the mining operations ad- 196 HrSTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. vantageously, Messrs. White, Hants, and Hazard, formed, with others, two associations in July, 1818;:.; the one, denominated " The Lehigh Navigation Cora- pany,"'for whose use, they granted to trustees, by deed dated 10th August, 1818, aU the right vested in them by the above mentioned act, to the benefits of the river Lehigh, reserving to themselves certain resi duary profits and exclusive privUeges in the manage ment ofthe company ; the other, denominated "The Lehigh Coal Company," for whose use they also con veyed to trustees, certain estates in sundry tracts of coal lands, reserving also to themselves certain resi duary profits, andexclusive privileges in the manage ment of such company. "The navigation company coraraenced the im provement ofthe Lehigh in August, 1818. In 1820,- ooal was sent to PhUadelphia, by an artificial navi gation, and sold at ^8 50 per ton, delivered ats the - door of the purchasers. , " The following plan was adopted, to render the passage of the river, more facUe. The obstacles in the bed) of the river were reraoved, and thirteen dams,; with sluices of various heights, were constructed of pine logs, at an average expense of three thousand dollars each. The gates of the sluices, of a peculiar- construction, were iuArented by Mr. White, (to whom the corapany are indebted for raany ingenious im provements,), and merit'particular notice. The gates in the sluice or lock were attached to the fiooring by hinges, and rose by the force of water admitted from a floom, constructed paraUel Avith the lock, and when suspended, forraing a section of the dam. When the floom was closed, the water beneath the gates passed off, and they fell by their oavu weight, and the pres sure of the fluid: from the dams. The dam served a double purpose, forming pools of navigable water,,. and: reserwohs. At fixed periods the arks were passed with great rapidity through the sluices ; and the sud den efflux of water gave additional depth and velocity^ to the stream below.. These sluices^.admiiably adapt*- •HISTORY OF CARBON 'COUNTY. 1&7 ¦©d to the original plan, have proved inefficient for *icanal navigation, and have been, in a great measure, and perhaps altogether, abandoned. From Easton, ^he ark« pursued the natural channel of the river to Trenton, whence a ste^niboSt towed them to the city in gangs of eighteen or twenty together. The arks, emptied of their freight, were broken up and sold, at a considerable loss to the-company. These arks were rectangular, barges, sixteen feet Avide 'by twenty feet in length, connected by iron hinges, so that they ac commodated themselves to the motion of the waves. " Duririg this amelioration of the navigation, the cpal company erected raiUs for grinding grain and sawing lumber, and the buildings necessary for shel tering their work people. A large quantity of coal was uncovered at the mine, by sreraoving frora its surface a gravelly loara, from a few inches to four feet in depth, and disintegrated slate from two to four feet. This process has been continued, until the ex cavation has a superficial area of ten acres, and a depth varying from thirty to seventy feet. A road Avas made to the summit of -the mountain, distant from the river nine miles, Avhich was soon after paved with stone, or turnpiked in the best manner, upon which seven .toiis of coal were conveyed with ease, on two wagons drawn by four horses. "In 1820, the two companies were amaigaraated 'under the title of " The Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company;" and Messrs. White & Hazard, having in the interira acquired the interest of Mr. Hants, they obtained for theraselves in the union, the privi leges which had been reserved in the original organi- .zation of the separate companies. "By an act of assembly passed 13th February, 1832, the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Corapany was incorporated, and the property of the prior associa- ations, and the privUeges created by the act of 1818, were invested in them. Their-capital stock was limi ted to .$1,000,000, divided into shares of $50 each; and ©f this capital, their former property formed part. 198 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. They were empowered to coraraence a slack water navigation upon the Lehigh, within a year from the date of the act. To this corapany Messrs. W. & H. became parties, as simple stockholders merely. " To faciUtate the ascent of the river, the company resolved on a lock navigation, on which steara boats might be employed. Accordingly a lock was built in 182-, at Mauch Chunk, measuring one hun dred and thirty-five feet in length, and thirty in width, and the eanal, of more than a mile in length, annexed to it, Avas excavated five feet deep, and its banks lined with stone. But as this mode was very expensive, and the state had commenced the Delaware canal fromEa,ston to Bristol, a change in the plan becarae expedient; and in 1827, the company having in creased their funds by the sale of ten thousand shares, the balance of their capital, determined on making a canal navigation, which should correspond with the Delaware canal. This great work, extending from Easton to Mauch Chunk, a distance of forty-six miles and three quarters, consisting of ten miles of pools, and thirty-six raUes and three quartes of canals, was commenced in the sumraer of 1827, and was in condi tion to authorize the corapany to exact toll thereon in July, 1829. The canal is five feet deep, forty-five feet wide at the bottoira, and sixty feet at top ; the banks are firm, and lined chiefly Avith stone ; the locks are twenty-two feet wide, and one hundred feet long, and are adapted to pass boats, suited to the Delaware canal, in pairs. The ascent pf three hun dred and sixty-four feet, is overcome by fifty-four locks and nine dams. The whole of the river ira proveraent, frora its coraraencement, as a descending navigation, to, its final completion, as above, including the amount paid to White & Hazard for their pro perty, rights and privileges, and the extinguishraent of Hants' claims, cost aboist $1,558,000. The toU houses erected along the canal, are of the most sub stantial and comfortable kiad ; and in the completion of this noble work, in, the language qf the acting, HISTORY OF CARBOIT COUNTY. 199 manager, 'there has been no money expended for ornament, though no money has been spared to render it sound and permanent.' " having thus notided the operations of this enter prising company, in iraproving the Lehigh from Easton to Mauch Chunk, we proceed to consider their labors more iraraediately connected with the raising and shipraent bf the coal. " Mauch Chunk raountain rises precipitately from the Lehigh river, where it is also the head of the Nes quihoning mountain, which, at a short distance from the river, diverges from Mauch Chunk proper,towards the N. W. The Mauch Chunk extends S. W. about thhteen raUes, to the Little Schuylkill river, which divides it from the Tuscarora mountains. Panther creek separates it on the north from the radiating hill of Nesquihoning, and the Mauch Chunk creek divides it from the Mahoning on the south. The vaUies through which these creeks run, are deep and narrow. Exploratons have been made in various parts of this mbuntain, and coal has been discovered through its Avhole extent. " The geological structure of this coal formation is extremely simple, The upper rock is comraonly a sand stone, or a fragraentary aggregate, of which the parts are raore or less coarse or fine in different situa- tionsi In this region there is rauch pudding stone, or congloinerate, and much that would be called gray- wacke, by most geologists. In these aggregates the parts are of every size, from large pebbles to sand. The pebbles areychiefly quartz ; and even in the firmest rocks are round, and appear to have been wom by attrition. The cement is silicious, and the masses frequently possess great firmness, resembling the mill stone grit, and sand stones of the English coal measures. Beneath this rock there is usually some variety of argillaceous slate, which commonly, though not universally, forms the roof of the coal ; soraetimes the sand stone is dhectly in contact with 200 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTT. the coals, the slate being omitted. The slate also forms the floor. ' " The great mine, as has already been observed, is at the summit of the mountain. The coal is un covered, and fairly laid open to view, and lies in stu pendous masses, which are worked in the open air, as in a stone quarry. The excavation is in an angu lar area, and entered at different points by roads cut through the coal, in some places quite down to the lowest level. The greatest ascertained thickness of the coal is fifty-four feet ; in one place, it is supposed to be one hundred ; but is commonly from twelve to thirty-five feet. Several banks of these dimensions are exposed, interrupted only by thin seams of slate, running parallel with the strata. The latter are in clined generally at angles, from five to fifteen degrees, and follow with great regularity the external foma of the mountain. In some places they are saddle shaped; in some positions they and the attendant strata are wonderfully cont;orted and broken ; and in one place, both are vertical, yet at a short distance return to the general arrangement. It is impossible to avoid the irapression that sorae great force has dis turbed the original forraation, by elevating or depres sing the strata." " The entrances to the mine are numbered. At No. 3, is a perpendicular section through aU the strata, down to the flooring of slate ; and the graywacke, the slate and the coal, are all raised on edge. The strata sire in some places vertical, in others, curved or wav ing, and they are broken in two at the upper part, and bent in opposite directions." " Professor SUUman asks, " Has subterranean fire produced these extraordinary locations? It wpuld seem," he adds, " to favor this view, that the gray- wapke has, in some places, contiguous to the coal, the appearance of having been baked ; it appears indur- rated, is harsh and dry, and is. inflated with vesicles, as ^f gas, produced and rarified by heat, was strug gling to escape." This is a tempting opportunity to HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 201 indulge in speculation on the origin of coal raeasures generally. But the liraits of our volurae irapel us to forbearance. Yet we wUl avaU ourselves of the oc casion to say, that we adopt the general opinion, that coal is a vegeta,ble deposit, coraposed of raasses of tiraber, coUected by powerful currents of water ; and, that we now behold new coal-beds forraing in many of the western waters, where miles of rafts are fonn- ed, sunken to unknown depths, and covered with strata of earth, variously coraposed. How far these imraense aggregates of vegetation raay, in the course of tirae, becorae causes of subterranean fires, we will not attempt to conjecture. But, that extraneous vol canic force may give new forms to the regions in which they lie, we deem probable, and that at sorae future — perhaps very reraote period, these beds of tiraber, converted into coal, and their intermediate and incumbent strata of earth turned into rpck, may be upraised and broken into the various forms which distinguish- the anthracite country of Penrisylvania. "Such a process we conceive would be but a repetition of that, which contributed to the formation of the Mauch Chunk mountain. "There are railroads leading through the mine, for the purpose of conveying fhe coal to the main road ; and others on which the refuse coal, rocks, and rub bish, are made to descend in cars, by gravity, to dif- ferent> points, at which such materials are discharged down the side of the mountain. These raU ways are , continued over the vaUeys, and the rubbish thrown from them has already formed about a dozen artificial hiUs, shaped like a steep roof, and terminating almost abruptly in a descent of hundreds of feet. The cars are guided, each by one man, who at a proper place, knocks open one end, and discharges the load. In sorae instances cars have run off from the end of the Tail way, and the guides have been thrown down the mountain ; but, falling among loose rubbish, such ac cidents have not proved fatal. " Besides the incombustible refuse, there is small 202 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. and inferior coal enough here, to supply the fuel for a large city for years. It is not now sufficiently valu able for transportation. Sraall coal is used sucessfuUy at Mauch Chunk and elsewhere, in burning lirae, and at sorae future day raay be advantageously eraployed in other raanufactures. " Two mines have been recently opened within a mile of the large one ; they are portions of the same great mass, and present an inexhaustible supply of fuel. "Notwithstanding this great abundance of coal up on the surarait, hopes of procuring it frora a part of the raountain nearer to navigation, have induced the "corapany" to excavate a tunnel two hundred feet below the precipitous ridge, and withui two and a half raUes of Mauch Chunk. This great enterprize was coraraenced on the 1st March, 1824, before the construction of the raU way to the " great mine," un der the irapression that the coal strata here dipped to the south. This supposition proved erroneous, and the corapany, for that and other reasons, suspended their labors. The tunnel is 16 feet wide, 8 feet high, and penetrates the mountain through hard pudding stone, 790 feet. Three thousand seven hundred and forty-five 5-27 cubic yards of stone have been remov ed, at an expense of $26,812, or %1 16 per cubic yard, or $33 94 the lineal foot. The following state raent of the particulars of cost, raay prove useful to persons disposed to a sirailar undertaking. The work Avas suspended on the 9th June, 1827. 23,129 3-4 days labor, including two, and soraetiraes four sraiths, raaking and dressing tools, - - - $18,667 19 Tools and materials for thera, - - 3,785 86 521 kegs of powder, - . - . i^s31 00 Candles and oU for light, - - 812 71 Luraber (for air-pipes and other fix tures,) hauling tools and materials, and supplies for hands, . - . 508 54 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 203 268 days, one horse blowing wind, - 160 80 Superintendance, - - . . §80 00 g26,812 00 " Shafts were sunk eighty feet in the table land, at the base of the narrow rocky ridge ; and good coal Avas found after penetrating seven feet of earth and slate. Coal has been struck in the horizontal tunnel, and though it is not deemed expedient to Avork it, the expenditure has not been in vain. The tunnel will serve to drain, and give access to the great coal bed above it. " When the comjiany becarae satisfied of the pre sent inexpediency of making further progress Avith the tunnel, they resolved to lay a rail Avay from Mauch Chunk to the great raine, which they eom- raenced under the direction of the indefatigable Mr. White, their raanager, on the Sth of January, 1827, and finished, so as to pass the first load of coal down the Avhole line, in three months and twenty-six days. " The railroad comraences at the Lehigh river, and ascends at the rate of 1 foot in 3 1-2 ofthe slant; the Avhole ascent to the top of the proraontoryis 215 feet, and the slant 700. The loaded wagons descend this inclined plane to the river. At the top of the hiU is a building, containing the raachinery, by which their descent is governed ; the raost iraportant part of which is a large cylinder, revPlving horizontally, and serving to wind th© rope attached to the cars. The latter are roUed by hand on a circular platform, whieh, revolving horizontally upon a perpendicular axis, brings the wagon upon a line with the inclined plane upon which they are launched. The rapidity of their progress is in a measure checked, by the weight of an ascending erapty wagon, which being fastened at the other end of the rope, and raoving on a parallel raU way on the sarae plane, necessarily raounts as rapidly as the erapty one descends; and when it arrives at the top, it is transferred to the upper rail way by means of the circular platform. But this partial 204 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTT. counterpoise is insnflicient to moderate properly thc speed of the descending car. This object is effectu ally gained by an iron band which clasps the drum, and which, compressed by a lever,eontrols ij;s motion. Accidents have been rare in this descent, but the cars have sometimes deviated, or broken loose, and one man has been kUled. They are now guarded against by a very simple, yet ingenious contrivance. The raU way is double, until the most rapid part of the de scent is passed; Avhen both ways curve and unite in ¦one. Should a wagon , break loose, its moraentum wUl be so great as to prevent its following the curve, and as soan as it reaches this spot, it is thrown out, overturned and lodged on a clay bank, forraed for this purpose beloAv. Farther down, a bulwark is con structed, overarching the raU way, to intercept the loose coal as it fiies frora the wagon. When the car arrives at the foot of the inclined plane, it pitches into a downward curve in the rail way, and a project- • ing bar, which secures the lower end of the car, which, for this purpose, is bung on a horizontal axis, knocks it open, and the coal slides down a steep wooden Jftmnel, into the boat or ark, which receding frora the shpre bythe irapulse thus given to it, pcca- sions the coal to spread evenly over its bottom. The length of the main railroad, from Mauch Chunk to the west end of the coal mine, is nine miles, or - - 47,520 ft. Length of branch toads to the mine, , - 8,069 Roads, and their branches in the mine, - 11,437 67,02-6 Total length of single tracks, 12 695-1000 mUes = The cost of the road was $38,726 = $3,050 per -mUe. Cost of the reservoir, brake, shute and fixtures, $9,500.Whole cost, $48,226 The saving made by this mode of transportation, ¦over that on a stone tUrnpUce road, of the best ooh- HISTORT OF CARBON COUNTY. 205" struction, on a portage of nine miles, is sixty-four cents and three quarters per ton, which, after deducting the interest on the cost of the improveraent, produced a saving in the reraainder of the season, after its com pletion, of more than $15,000, and the road, in lem than three years use, has overpaid its cost. The ac tual cost of transportation on this road, is thus stated by Mr. White, in his report of 1st January, 1829, ex clusive of tolls or repairs : Mules and horses cost 11-3 cents per ton, per milei. Hands, 1 1-3 do. Repairing wagons; 2-3 do. OU, 1-5 do> 3 53-100: cents per ton, per mUcj., full load one way, and the whole cost divided into-. the distance one way only. The wear and tear of the road is estimated, upon three years use, at 1 cent per ton, per mile, raaking the whole cost of transport tation, interest excluded, 4 53-100 per raite. He esti-. mates the cost bf tEansportation, by canal> in boats of forty tons burthen, at one cent per ton, per mUe, fulL load one way, and returning erapty. The rail Away is of tiraber, about twenty feet long, four inches by five, and set in cross pieces, raade of cloven trees, placed. three and a-half feet distance frora each other, and secured by wedges. The railia shod on the upper and inner edge, with a flat bar of iron, two and a quarter inches wide, five-eighths of an inch thick. These being bedded on the turnpike road, for the greater part of the way, afe very firm and durable. This exceUent stone road gave the com«- pany great faeiUty in raaking the rail way, and en abled thera to. complete it in the very short time emr- ployed about it. The height surmounted by the rail road, above the inclined plain, is 767 feet hi eight and' a quarter miles, equal to about one degree of acclivity in the mile. There are two places for turning- out, made as usual, by a curved railroad, lying against the- main one, and forming an- irregular segraent of a circle, resting upon its cord.- M carriages meet ons th» 206 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTT. road, the lighter must return to the place of turning out, or be reraoved from the railway track. This soraetiraes happens with the pleasure cars. Upon this road the coal is conveyed from the mine to Mauch Chunk vUlage, in cars set on four cast iron wheels, about two and a-half feet in diameter, each containing one ton and a half of coal. Fourteen of these are connected together by iron bars, admitting a sUght degree of motion between tAvo contiguous cars, and are conducted by a single man on one of them, who regulates their movements by a very simple contrivance. A perpendicular lever causes a piece of wood to press against the circumference of each wheel on the same side of the car, acting both ways from the central point between them, so that by increasing the pressure, the friction retards or stops the raotion, and as all the levers are connected by a rope, they are raade to act in concert. The observer is much interested in beholding the successive groups of wagons moving rapidly in procession, without ap parent cause. They are heard at a considerable dis tance as they corae thundering along with their dark burdens, and give an impression of irresistable ener gy. At a suitable distance follows another train, and thus from 300 to 340 tons a day are discharged into the boats. At first, the cars descended at the rate of fifteen or twenty .miles an hour; but the speed was reduced, as it injured the raachines, and by agitating and wearing the coal, involved the driver in a cloud of black dust. The empty cars are drawn back by mules, eight to a gang of fourteen wagons. Twenty- eight mules draw up forty-two coal, and seven mule wagons ; and the arrangement is so made, that the eiscending parties shaU arrive in due season, at the proper places for turning out. This is the case with the pleasure cars, and the Une of stages which pass by this route through Tamaque, and by the Schuyl kiU vaUey railroad to Pottsville. "The mules ride down the railway. They are fur nished with provender, placed in proper mangers, HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 207 four of thera being enclosed in one pen, mounted on wheels ; and seven of these cars are connected into one group, so that twenty-eight mules constitute the party which, with their heads directed down the mountain, and apparently surveying its fine land scapes, move rapidly along the inclined plane, with a ludicrous gravity, Avhich when seen for the first tirae, proves too rauch for the severest muscles. " The mules readily perform their duty of drawing up the empty cars, but having experienced the com fort of riding down, they seem to regard it as a right, and very reluctantly descend any other way. The speed first adopted in traveUing the raU way, injured the health of the mules and horses employed on it, but the moderate rate of six or seven miles the hour, at present used, does not affect thera. " The pleasure of the traveller pn returning in the pleasure car, is raingled with a sense of danger. The eight railps, frora the surarait, are frequently run in thirty minutes, arid some parts of the road are passed over at a stiU greater speed, nor is the danger appa rent only. The axles Pf the coal cars have been broken, and like accidents raay occur to those of the pleasure carriages. In one instance, at least, a carri age has been thrown from the road, and the passen gers hm't, but fortunately, not very severely. Due care, hoAvever, is taken by the proprietors to keep the pleasure cars in good repair, and to entrust thera to careful guides, who cheerfully conforra to the wishes of the passengers, relative to the rate of progress. "With the exhanstless raines ofthe Mauch Chunk, and the admirable means of transporting their pro duct, the company might have reposed in full confi dence of an ultimate and speedy and profitable return for their great expenditure. But their vigilant pre- voyant and energetic acting raanager, has found means to take a bond of fate, and to hasten this result by the discovery and development of new mines upon the adjacent Nesquihoning mountain, four miles nearer to the landuig of Mauch Chunk, and extreraely 208 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. facUe of operation. In a defile of the mountain, through which passes a sparkling and bounding rivu let, called " Eoom run" a name soon to be as famous as " Maunch Chunk," some twenty veins of coal have been explored, varying in thickness from five to , fifty feet, maldng an aggregate of raore than three hundred feet, nearly five times the thickness of the great mine. This coal field is supposed to be a con tinuation of that of Mauch Chunk, from which it is distant between four and five miles. Some of these veins have been traced three and a half mUes along the mountain. All of them are accessible abpve the water level ; some of thera have great facUities for drainage, and are provided with raost desirable roofs- and floors of slate, which render thera susceptible of cheap excavation. This is especially the case of a twenty-eight feet vein, into which three openings at different elevations have been made, whence coal of the first quality and highest lustre has been taken.. Other veins approach so near the surface ofthe moun tain, particularly the vein of fifty feet, that it may be best wrought by uncovering, after the manner of the- great -mine. And thiS labor has accordingly been coramenced. It has been observed that the most solid, homogeneous and perfect masses of coal have been found under the thick strata of slate, with a sharp dip, and that soft and pliable coal is to be ex pected beneath an earthly and' porous covering. The cause of this difference Avould seera to be, that in the first case the atmospheric water is excluded from the . eoal, and is carried away by the upper surface ofthe slate strata, whilst in the second, it percolates, and softens the coal, dividing it into smaU particles, whicb adhere feebly to each other. Professor SUUman describes a peculiar formation of the great bed of fifty feet, and its contiguous strata. They rise in form of a half eUipse, placed on end with the curve uppermost ; the forra of the raountain of which they are part. There is here, he observes,. the most strUdng a^perance, tiiat these strata have HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 309 been raised by force frora beneath ; and it is difficult to avoid the conviction that the.y were also broken at the top ; for at the upper end of the stratura of coal> there is a hiige rock, twenty feet in two of Us dimen sions, and five or six in the other, which has been broken off from the roof rock, a graywacke of which it is part, and faUen in ; and the coal seeras then to have closed all around and shut it in on all sides, ex cept, that in one place on the right hand a little below the top, the rupture is continued to the surface, and that place was then filled and concealed by the loose rubbish and soil, as was also the rock above. These circumstances, he conceives, confirm strongly the truth of the supposition, that an upheaving force, ex erted with great energy, has bent, dislocated and broken the strata. "This vein is broken by the ravine, and Avorn down by the stream Avhich passes through it, but re appears on the opposite, side, Avhere it assumes a form more curious and extraordinary. The strata, as in the corresponding part, radiate from the surface, arid, the interior upper angle, so far as it has been un covered, is fiUed with sand stone, arranged in reversed concentric arches, laid so regularly as to have the appearance of having been placed by art. . The Avriter saw three of these arches, and the abutting parts of a fourth ; the reraainder of the last was covered by earth. The stones of the respective arches increase their dimensions with the sjze of the arch. The form of these arches would seem to mUir tate against the hypothesis of an eccentric force, un less we presume, what is probably true, that the gravitatiori of the strata in opposite angles of, about forty-five degrees, produce this result. , , , « To avail themselves in the best manner,, of these new treasures, the company have raade a railway of five miles. « This road follows the curve of the raountaui along the Lehigh, for about tAvo railes, and , then still ,Tvind- ina; with the raountain, turns easterly and runs paral- N 2l0 ' HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. lel with the Nesquihoning creek, to the ravine of the raountain, raade by Roora run, Avhich it ascends. It would be difficult perhaps to conceive a method of making a road more substantially than has been adopted on this. The rails are about twenty feet long, seven inches deep and five in width. They are supported on raassive blocks of stone, placed in line four feet apart, and irabeded firmly, in smaller stone, and are secured to these blocks by iron clamps on. each side of the rail, about six inches Avide, but at right angles, and nailed to the raU and to the block by means of four holes drilled in each stone, and plugged with wood. The iron bars are two inches. and one-half wideband five-eighths thick. The whole ©f the road from ^e coal mines to the landing is de scending. On the self-acting pla,ne, the descendmg wagon will bring up an empty one. The interme diate road is graduated frora ten to twelve inches de scent, in one hundred feet ; l^is being considered the lowest grade on which a loaded AV^agon wiU descend; by gravity, and therefore the most favorable one,, that can be devised, when the freight, as in this case,. is all one way. " Doubts have been expressed as fro the continu ance of the supply of coal from this region. On this subject we will let Mr. White speak, observing that the sceptical may at any time, by personal inspection, have a full confirmation of his statements. In his official report to the company of 1st January, r830, he says: ' In. additiPn to the extensive examinations which took place previous- to my last report, explo rations have been made which prove we can uncover and quarry our coal in a continuous opening, about two miles in extent east and west^ having our present quarries about the centre. We have uncovered coal at the summit of the mountain, three hundred and twenty feet north and south, across the strata, of coal, which is ofa quality similar to that in the great quar ry ; so that we have, beyond aU dbubts, enough coal that can be (juarried, without mining,, to last more HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 211 than one generation, even supposing that our ship ments exceeded one mUlion of tons a year, and that without extending our quarries raore than one rnUe frora the surarait. And when our successors have done quarrying, they may foUow the veins under ground eastward to the river, about seven raUes more, and five miles in a westem direction.' " In his report of the 31st Deceraber, 1830, Mr. White adds: ray conviction is, that our great coal mine, or quarry, will prove to be a vein of coal about sixty feet thick between the top and bottora slate, and that its extent will bear out my last annual report. Since that report, I have examined our coal field in, and about. Room run, where that stream breaks across the coal formation, and have had the good fortune to lay open a series of veins of unparalleled extent, ofthe foUowirig dimensions; viz: 28, 5, 5, 10, 19, 39, 5, 12, 15, 15, 50, 20, 11 and 6 feet, making the whole number of veins opened 14, and the whole thickness, measured at right angles with the veins, 240 feet. Other veins have since been explored. The width of the coal basin at this place, north and south, exceeds half a mile ; and the bearing of the strata lengthwise, is south eighty-eight degrees west. If Ave allow sixty cubic feet of these veins to raake a ton of coal in the market, after leaving enough for piers, waste, &c., they wiU give four tons of coal to each su perficial square foot, (counting the whole as one vein,) or 10,560 tons for each foot lengthwise of the coal basm, and consequently 55,756,800 tons for eadh mile ; and allowing our demand to be one raiUion of tons e£ich year frora these mines, one mUe would last more than fifty-five years. The part of the coal basin belonging to the company, extends ten or twelve mUes.. « We must not omit to notice here a very important and ingenious invention of Mr. White, for the purpose of raising burdens, in which, more than one of our «perative classes wiU take a deep interest. We, 213 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. allude to the propellers, for which he has taken a patent. " That this machine is very effective, is made ap»- parent by the following minute of one day's work, done by it at the Mauch Chunk mines. In ten hours and three quarters, three horses drove the machinery, and raised two hundred and four wagons, loaded one ton and a half each, up a plane of thirty-five feet rise, and two hundred and ten feet in length. As the pro pellers require no more attention in passing a wagon, than a piece of common raUroad, and there being no gudgeons or machinery to grease, except the driving part, the expense of going up hills is reduced to a mere trifie ; being cPnfined pretty much to that of the driving power. " As farther exemplifying the facUity of labor pos sessed by the company, Ave incorporate the foUoAving note of one day's work at Mauch Chunk : ' Three hundred and forty tons of coal quarried at the mines, loaded and brought on the railroad nine miles, un loaded from the wagons, down the schute, and loaded into boats. , The boats for this coal all built the sarae day. Forty hundred feet of luraber saAved in one day and night.' " Since the above was written, great changes have taken place, several neAv raines have been opened. There is now, (1844,) a " back track," constructed, by which the empty cars at Mauch Chunk, are sent back to the smmit mines. [See the article geology of Schuylkill, Carbon, 4"C., counties.'] Since the foregoing hasbeen Avritten, the mines in this region have been much enlarged, and great addi tions and improvements made. Lausanne, a post vUlage on the right bank of the Lehigh river, two railes above Mauch Chunk, at the mouth of the Nesquihoning creek, consisting of eight or ten houses, a store and a taverri. Nesquihoning, at the raines of that narae, four mUes above Lausanne, situated at the foot of the HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 213 Nesquihoning mountain, upon the Nesquihoning creek. This village was laid out in 1831, bythe Le high Navigation Company ; it contains between twen ty-five and thirty houses, a store and tavern. Lausanne township is bounded on the north by Luzerne county ; on the east by Penn Forest ; on the south by Mauch Chunk ; on the west by Banks. The surface of this township is very mountainous, and the soil gravelly and sterUe. A great proportion of this toAvnship is classed among unseated lands ; rising seven thousand acres, were offered at public sale by the county treasurer, to pay the arrears of taxes due thereon, in 1844. The population of this township in 1830, was 508 ; in 1840, 1,590. The county tax for 1844, $276 03; for state purposes, sgl65 82. Laiorytown is an ancient looking lumbering vil lage, consisting of some thirty cabins, above the mouth of Laurel run, planted in the forest years ago by the Lehigh Coal Company. Eockport, near the mouth of Laurel run, was laid out a fcAv years ago, and bids to be quite a brisk and thriving viUage, and may soon yie with its neigh boring vUlages. Cl-^ton is a small village of recent origin, three miles north-west pf Rockport. Penn Haven, on the mouth of Quakake, at the foot of the Broad raountain, upon the west side, is a village of moderate growth. , Beatter Meadow is a post village on the Mauch Chunk and Berwick turnpike, twelve miles from Mauch Chunk, consisting of some twenty-five or more framed white houses, several stores, and taverns, tAVO churches. Where the viUage stands, some years ago, it was a vast mountain morass, however partly reelaimed to agriculture, which doubtless re ceives its name from the inhabitants who once occu pied it. It has risen into distinction by the quantity and quality of anthracite coal in this place. 214 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTT. In the immediate vicinity of Beaver Meadow, are several hamlets occupied by miners, and others labor ing at the mines, or coal quarries. The miners here are principaUy Welsh. The Beaver Meadow coal mines, which were ¦opened in 1813, by Mr. Beach, of Salem, are about a -mile and a half AVest of the vUlage. The Stafford Coal Company have a raine nearer the viUage. " This raine, says Professor Silliraan, Avas opened in 1813. The coal is universaUy regarded as being of the best quality. All persons whom we heard speak of it agreed in that opinion. The appearance of the coal corresponds with that impression, and its burn ing too, as far as we could judge by limited opportu nities bf observation. The mine is in the side of hUl ; there is np roof, or only a very thin one. It is worked open to the day, like a quarry It is already fairly disclosed, and there is no apparent impediment to obtaining any quantity of coal that raay be desired. The situation of the raine is not, however, much ele vated above the general surface of the country in itB vicinity ; but there is descent enough, to carry off the water." Hazelton is a thrifty hamlet, or village, four miles north-west of Beaver MeadoAv, " Avhich has groAvn up in connection with Hazelton Co's mine, about half a raile west of the viUage. A railroad takes the produce of these mines, and that of Suger Loaf Hill mines, also near the village, to the Beaver Meadow ¦railroad." Banks township, organized since the erection ofthe county, is the north-western township in the county, is bounded on the north by Luzerne county ; east by Lausanne township ; south by Mauch Chunk ; on the west by Schuylkill county. The surface of this town ship is mountainous and hilly; the soU gravelly ; much of it not arable ; a considerable proportion is classed among unseated lands. Its population does not ex ceed 500. The taxes assessed for comity purposes in HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 215 1844, amounted to ^376 91 ; for state pmposes, g217 06. Penn Forest township is bounded north-west by Luzerne county ; north-east by Monroe county ; east by Upper Towamensing tOAvnship ; west by Lau sanne. It is a mass of mountains. The Great Swarnp, or Shades of Death comraences here. The soil . of the township, especially the mountainous , parts, is gravel, and in many places very well timbered. The greater proportion of the township is classed among ¦unseated lands ; forty thousand acres of which was offered by the comity treasurer, at pubhc sale, to pay the arrears of taxes due thereon. There are several saw mills in this township. The township is thinly inhabited ; its population does not exceed 800. The taxes assessed for county purposes, in 1844, amounted. to sg316 30; for state purposes, $187 66. Upper .Towamensing towrtship is bounded on the .north by Penn Forest tOAvnship ; riorth-east by Chest- nuthUl township, in Monroe county ; on the south by Lower Towamensing; on-the west by Lehigh river, which separates it from Mahoning township. Much of this township is mountaino;us and hilly.; the soil is gravelly, though arable, and Avhen cultivated tolera bly productive^ . A sraaU proportion of it is stUl class ed among unseated lands. This toAvnShip is watered by Hoeth's, or Head^s Week, and the Pohopoko creek, and the Big creek, which is formed by the junction of Pdhopoko and and Head's creeks, at th^ , fopt of -the Pohopoko mountain, frora which rafts descend tp its raouth. It flows south-westerly through a cultivated valley, to which it gives name, and falls into the Lehigh river, about four miles above #ie Water Gap. It is navi gable forten miles. There are several' mills, a fur- nkce and a fojge on this •stream. TJiis township Avas settled at an early date, during 216 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. the Indian and French war ; and also during the Re^ volution of '76, the Indians coraraitted depredations ' and raurders in Pohopoko vaUey. In the raonth of December, 1755, "a company of Indians, about five in number, attacked the house of Frederick Hoeth, about tAvelve raUes eastward frora Guaden Huetten (Weissport,) or Pocho Poehto creek. The faraily Avas at supper — the Inians shot into the house, Avound- ed a woraan, shot at and kUled Hoeth himself, and then shot several times more, whereupon all ran out of the house that could.- ' The Indians immediately set fire to tbe house, mill and stables. Hoeih's Avife ran into the bake house, Avhich was also set' on fire. The poor woraan ran out through the flaraes, and be ing very rauch burned, she ran into the water, and there died ! The Indians cut- the belly open, and otherwise inhumanly- used her. They killed and scalped a daughter — ^three of the children were burnt ; these children belonged to the family. Several of Hoeth's daughters were carried off. In the action one Indian was killed; and another wounded.'"*' In the spring of 1180, during the Revolutionary war, the Indians were- marauding' through here, and, on the west side of the Lehigh river, took several of the irihabitants prteoners at the house of Benjarain GUbert, not far frora Fort Allen, (Weissport,) and abducted thera.t Parrysville, two miles below Weissport, six below Mauch Chunk, on the left bank of the Lehigh river, at the junction of the Big creek with the Lehigh, is a smaU village, consisting of ten dweUings, one tavern, tAVO stores, a schpol house, a grist miU, two saw raiUs and a lath miU. Opposite this viUage, on the west' side of the Lstbigh, was a basin and the intended depot of the Bi^ayer MeadoAV raUroad, which was swept away by ^h? great freshet in January, 1841. Weissport, sitijp,ted;on, the l^ft bank of the Lehigh, •Prov. Rec. Vol. N. 5. 332. ¦^$ee Mahoning tow&afaipv,. HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 2l7 river, above Tar run, (which now empties in the lower basin of the canal,) occupies a broad.flat ; once the site of New Guaden Huetten and Fort Allen, Avas laid out by Colonel Jacob Weiss, in 1828. Col. Weiss .purchased this tract frora the Moravians, shortly after thC; Revolutionary war. " The village is laid out regularly, and is a place of considerable business. It contains a storing house, a tavern, two stores, sorae ten or fifteen dwellings ; two churches, the one belongs to the German Reformed and Lutheran, the other to the Evangelical Associa tion. The building of the former is quite an ornament to the vUlage, and occupies the spot, once the site of an Indian village, destroyed in 1755. The proprietor. Colonel Jacob Weiss, was a native of Philadelphia, and during the whole of the Revolu-. tion, in the service of his country. Sometirae in 1784, he purchased seven hundred acres, of land from the IVIojravians ; in 1785, he removed his family to this place. Col. Weiss was an active and enterprising citizen. His name is intimately associated, with all the early efforts to improve this region of country. Mr. Weiss died in 1839, and his remains rest inthe. grave yard contiguous to the viUage on the east side of the canal, where a stone marks the spot, with the- following inscription : " Sacred to the meraory of Jacob Weiss, Sen., who was born in PhUadelphia, September 1st, 1750, and departed this life, January 9th, 1839, aged 88 years, 4 months and 8 days." His consort, Elizabeth Weiss; a daughter of Mr. Robinson, is StiU (September 1844) living, aged ninety years — ^nevertheless, of remarkable memory, especi ally Avhen it is corisidered that she has been confined to her room, through infirmity, caused by palsy, for the last eight years. Weissport, or Fort Allen, thp early history of which is givQn below, has been several times inim-^ daied^ 218 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTT. Tippey's Flood ox Flood of'S6.* On the night of the 6th October, 1786, Mr. Weiss' family Avas roused from sleep, between ten and twelve of the clock, by the cry of some one, " we dre all surrounded!" At this cry, the first thought that struck theih, was, the Indians had surprised thera; but soon found they were surrounded by water, for the Lehigh had swol len so suddenly, and so high, that the whole flat of Fort Allen was inundated. To save theraselves, they had to leave the house. They drove the sheep into the kitchen, and pent them up in the loft; the cattle Avere on the hiUs. Old Mrs. Robinson, the mother of Mrs. Weiss, and the children, were carried in a wa gon to the higher ground ; and Mrs. Weiss, between two and three in the raorning, raounted behind her husband to go on horseback, but Avas obliged to dis mount, for the horse could not possibly carry both, on account of the ground being so completely soaked ".that he sunk tis the flanks; Mrs. Weiss, however, was carried in an arra chair, by sorae men, to the hill east of the carial. At the same time, a house near the river, where the Lehigh bridge is, was swept away, with its \xv- m-dXes, Tippey, his wife, and two children. As the house was floating, each of the parents had a child by the hand — the house struck a tree, the parents caught by the lirabs, were saved, but both children perished. In this predicament, Mr. Mullen, a sailor, at the instance of Mr. Weiss, took a canoe, and res- -cued Tippey and his wife, frora the angry Avaves which had borne off their tender chUdren. In January, 1841, there Avas another .flood, by which Weissport was inundated, and the bridge, over the Lehigh, was partly swept away. The flood of 1841, was two feet higher than Tippey's flood. Weissport. The locality of this place is well known in the early history of this country as New Guaden Huet- • In a conversation -with Mrs. WeiSs, and her son Francis, iSept. 18/ 1844, this was -coiam'unicated to the writer. HISTORT OF CARBON COUNTY. 219 ten, and Fort Allen. It was once a flourishing Mo ravian missionary station. The Moravians had com menced a settleraent and raissionary station, in 1746, west of the Lehigh river, in Mahoning valley, (of which an account is given Avhen speaking of township) but subsequently, left that place and located east of the Lehigh river, in 1754. Loskiel, in speak ing of that reraoval, says, "in the reraoval of the buildings, the chapel only excepted, the Indians were Irindly assisted by the congregations at Bethlehein, Nazareth, Chrislianbrunn, and Guadenthal, who fur nished not only workraen and materials, but even contributions in money. Unanimity and diUgence contributed so much, towards the progress of this work, that the first twenty houses were inhabited by the 4th, and the foundation stone of the new chapel laid on the, lith of June. Bishop Spangenberg offered up a most fervent prayer, and delivered a poAverful discourse on this solemn ocPasion. The houses Aver« soon after corapleted, and a regulation raade in all the famUies, fPr the children, of each sex, to be properly taken care of. The dwellings were placed in such order, that the Makikans lived on one and the Dela wares on the other side. The brethren at Bethlehem took the culture 'of the old landon the Mahony, 'yv^on themselves, raade a plantation of it for the use of tho Indian congregation, and couA'^erted the old chapel into a dwelling, both for theuse of those brethren and sisters who had the care of the plantations, and for missionaries, passing, on their visits to the heathen. A Synod was held in New GUaden Huetten, from the fith to the llth August, (1754,) and the chapel con- jsec'rated. Many Indian assistants were invited to this synod, the chief intention being maturely to consider the situation of the Indian mission."* Military forces had been stationed here during 1756, and afterwards. "And," says Loskiel, "as ¦both the Indian missionaries had left their effects and ¦• Loskeil, ii, 152, '3. 220 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTT. harvest at Guaden Auetten, the Governor ofthe pro vince kindly ordered a party of soldiers to march into those parts, to defend the property of the, christian Indians, and the country in general. But on New Year's day, 1756, the savages attacked these troops, set fire to Guaden Huetten and the mUl, and destroyed , the plantations, by which the Indian congregation and its raissibnaries were reduced tothe greatest pover ty." In 1756, Dr. Benjainin Franklin erected a fort here, called Fort Alien. While here, he addressed the fol lowing to Governor Morris : Fort Allen, at Guaden Huetten, I ,' January 25, 1756. To the Hon. E. H. Morris : Dear Sir — We got to Hay's the sarae evening we left you, and reviewed Craig's company by the way. Much of the next day was spent in exchanging the bad arms -for the good, ^Yayne's company having joined us. We reached, however, that night to Up- linger's, where we got into good quarters. Saturday morning Ave began to march' foAvards Guaden Huet ten, and proceeded near tAvo railes ; but it seeraing to set in for a rainy day, the raen, unprovided with great coats, and many unable to secure, effectually, their arras from the wet, we thought it advisable tp face about and retum to our former quarters, where the men might dry themselves and lie warm — whereas, had they proceeded, they would have come in wet to Guaden Huetten, where shelter, and opportunity of drying themselves., that night, was uncertain. In fact, it rained all day, and we were aU pleased that we had not proceeded. The next day being Sunday, we marched hither, where we arrived about two in the afternoon, and before five had inclosed our camp, with a strong breast work, musket proof, and \vifh the boards brought here before by my order, frora Bunker's icniU,, HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 221 got ourselves under shelter from the weather. Mon day was so dark, with a thick fog all day, that we could neither look out for- a place to build, nor see where materials were to be had. Tuesday raorning Ave looked round us, pitched on a place, marked out our fort on the ground, and by ten o'clock began to cut tiraber for stockades, and to dig the ground ; by three in the afternoon the logs were all cut, and raany of thera hauled to the spot, the ditch dug to set thera in, three" feet deep, and raany were pointed and set up. The next day we were hindered by rain raost of the day. Thursday we resumed our work, and before night were perfectly well enclosed ; and on Friday morning the stockade was finished, and part ofthe platform, within, erected, which was completed next morning, when we dismissed Foulk's and Wel- lerholt's corapanies, and sent Hay's doAvn for a con voy of provisions. This day Ave hoisted the flag, made a general discharge of our pieces, which had been long loaded, and of our two swivels, and named the place Fort Allen, in honor of our old friend. It is one hundred and twenty-five feet long, and fifty wide; the stockades, raost of them a foot thick; they are three feet in the ground, and twelve feet out, pointed at the top. This is an account of our week's work, Avhich I thought might give you some satisfaction. Foulk is gone to build another fort, between this and Schuyl kill fort, which I hope will be finished (as Trexler is to join him) in a week or ten days. As soon as Hays returns, I shall detach another party to erect another at Surfas's, which I hope may be finished in the sarae tiine, and then, I purpose to end ray carapaign, God wiUing, and do rayself the pleasure of seeing you on my return. I can now add no raore than that I ara, with great esteem and affec tion. Dear friend, yours, affectionately, B. FRANKLIN. 222 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. Fort Allen, at Guaden Huetten, , January 26, 1756. To the Hon. Eobert H. Morris : Sir— We left Bethlehera 16th inst. with Foulk's corapany, forty-six raen; the detachraent of Mr. Laughlin's twenty, and seven wagons laden with stores and provisions. We got that night to Hay's quarters, Avhere Wayne's company joined us from Nazareth. The next day we marched cautiously through the gap of the mountain, a very dangerous pass, and got to Uplinger's, but twenty-one miles from Bethlehem, the roads being bad, and the wagons moving slowly. At present, Ave are erecting a third house in the Fort (AUen) to aeeommodate the garrison. As soon as Mr; Hays returns with the convoys of stores and provisions, which I hope raay be to-mor- , row, I purpose to send Orndt and Hays to Hoeds, to join Captain Trump in erecting the middle fort there, purposing to reraain here between them arid Foulk, ready to assist and supply both, as occasion may re quire, and hope, in a week or ten days^ weather fa voring, those two forts may be finished, and thfe line of forts corapleted and garrisoned, the rangers in rao tion, and the internal guards and Avatches disbanded, as well as some other companies, unless they are per mitted and encouraged to go after the enemy to Sus quehanna. At present, the expense ,in this country is prodi gious. We have on foot, and in pay, the foUowing companies : Trump, 50 raen ; Aston, 50 ; Wayne, 55i Foulk, 46; Trexler, 48; Wettherhold, 44—ioithout ihe Forks. Orndt, 50. Craig, 30; Martin, 30— m the Irish settlements. - Van Etten, 30 — at Minnisinks ; Hays, 45. Detachment of M'Laughlin, 20; Parson, 24— in aU,. »i82. Yours, BENJ. FRANKLIN. HISTPRY OF CARBON COUNTY. 253 James Young, Coraraissary General, visited Forft Allen in 1756. In hisjournal of June 21st, 1756, he says, "at 8, A. M. Ave set out (frora the fort above Allemenengel) for fort Allen, at Guaden Huetten ; it is about fifteen mUes from Allemengel. The first seven miles of this road is very hilly, barren and swampy — no plantations. The other part of the road, is, for the most part, through a rich valley, chiefly meadow ground— several settleraents ; but all the houses burnt and deserted. At noon, we carae to the foot. For the last half hour before we carae there, we had a very severe gust of thunder, lightriing, and a prodi gious heavy rain. "This fort stands on the river Leah, (Lehigh) in the pass, through very high hiUs, is, in ray Ppinion, a very iraportarit place,' and may be, of great service, if the officer dpes his duty. It was very well stoccaded with four good bastions. On ohe of them is a swivel gun. The woods are clear aU around it for a cour siderable Way, and is very defensible. Within", are three good barracks and a guard-room. , I found here fifteen raen without any officer, or c@riaraander. They told rae that lieutenant Jacob Miles, arid two raen frora the fort, were gone this morning with two gen tleraen frora Bethlehem, and four Indians, fifteen railesi up the- country, to bring down sorae friendly Indians; and that the sergeant, with three inen, were gone to- Captain Foulk's, late coraraander here, to- receive the pay that was due them; and one was gone to. Beth lehem, with the sergeant's Avatch ta^raen^ which was- the reason I could not muster thPse present, nor have any account of the provisions, but saw a large quan tity of beef very badly cured. I was informed that a captain, with a new compa ny, was expected there in a day. or two, to take post at this fort. Being very uncertain when the lieu tenant would return, or the new company come, I re solved to proceed to Lehigh Gap, where a detachment; 0$ a company is posted- 224 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. " Provincial stores.— 21 muskets, 50 cartouch box es, 10 pounds of powder, 60 pounds of lead, 20 rounds filled for 25 men, 19 axes, 4 broad-axes, 26 hatchets, 43 toraahawks, 3 iron wedges, and one swivel. The foUowing letters are from the commanding officer at Fort AUen, to Major Parsons, at Easton : Fort Allen, Feb. IS, 11 51. Honored Sir: — This m'orning arrived an Indian here frora DiahPga, and seven woraen and three chU dren are to corae in to-morrow or next day. His narae is Zacharias. He informs me that king Teedyuscung has sent hira With the foUowing orders, that the sarae might be shown to his honor the Governor. King Teedyuscung intended to corae in with a great num ber of Indians, the next month, to Easton, to hold a treaty there, and desires that the Governor may be ready, at that time, to raeet him at Eastpn. The In dian informs me, that the three messengers, Joseph Poppy, Lewis MontoUr, and Nathaniel, arrived well at Diahoga; and went from thence to the Mohawk country, Avith several others ; and as soon as they shall come back to Diahoga, king Teedyuscung will be ready to march from thence to corae down. Honored Sir, I ara your very hurable servant, JACOB ORNDT. Fort Allen, March 31, 1757. Honored Sir: — The bearer hereof, an Indian, named Samuel Evans, desires to have an order from your worship, to get a new stock made for his gun, in Bethlehem, and that the sarae raight be charged to the province. Since my last letter, which I haye written to you, arrived here, king Teedyuscung's two sons. Captain Harrison, and several other Indians, in number fifty HISTORY OP CARBON COUNTY. 225 men, squaws and children. They behave very civil " here — ^they have made cabins about sixty perches from the fort, where they live, and intend to tarry feere tUl the king comes. I am. Your very humble servant, JACOB ORNDT. [Prov. Eec. p. 203-4.J Fort Alien, April 5, 1757. Honored Sir : This is to acquaint your worship, that the day before yesterday, arrived here, four Indians from Susque hanna, above Diahoga, and have brought one white prisoner, whose name is Nicholas Ramston. He was taken at the same time that Christian Pember was killed. The sarne Indians inform me, that king Tee dyuscung can hardly corae down here till the latter end of this month, for the Mohawk Indians Avere not quite ready to march. Those four Indians wUl come with the bearer here of, one of ray soldiers, whom I have sent to escort them to Easton, and I have also ordered the white prisoner with them. I desire yoUr worship would be pleased to send an order to Mr. Warner, who is or dered to entertain the Indians, that he shall not give them too much rum, as he has done to those who were at Easton last week ; for sorae of thera were so drunk that they staid all night in the woods, and the remainder went to Bethlehera, and by so doing there might easily happen any misbehavior. « « » » -35 * * •» I ara. Sir, Your very humble servant, JACOB ORNDT. [Prov. Eec. p. 204.] Colonel James Burd visited this place in 1758. In his journal bf February 27, 1758, he says, « I march- o 226 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. edfrom thence (/Mi. Everitt's) to Fort Allen, at 11 o'clock P. M.; got at the top of the Blue mountain, at 2 P. M. ; from henoe saw Allemengel ; it is a'fiiue ceuntry ; but the country on the north side of the raountain is an entire barren wUderness, not capable of iraproveraent. I arrived at. Fort Allen at half after- two P. M., a prodigious hilly place, and poor land, fifteen raUes from Mr. Everitt's.^ I ordered a review of this garrison to-morrow, at A. M. Tuesday, 2§th. — At A. M- I reviewed this garri son. Doing duty, Captain Orndt, lieutenant Hays and Laugherry, and ensign Meixill and seventy -five men. This is, a. vpry good garrison. In the stores, two months provisions, two hundred and five pounds of powder, three hundred pounds of lead, five hundred. flints, two swivels, twenty-six provincial arras, (bad ones) no drura, no kettle, no blankets, one spade, one shovel, one grubbing hoe, and fourteen bad axes. This is a Very poor stoccade, surrounded with hill^ . situated on a barren plain, through which the river. Lechy, (Lehigh) runs, at a distance of seventy yards from the fort.-. There is. scarce room here for forty - men. I ordered Captain Orndt to regulate his rang ing by his iriteUigence, from time to time, as he in formed rae tha^t five, Indians, from Bethlehera, have^ promised faithfuUy to Captain Orndt, to come here a'ndrecpnripitre the, woods cons.tantly. around, and tov furnish him with inteUigence. I also directed thata target, six inches thick, should be put up, to teach the spldiers to, shoot. Lower Towamensing fownship is Bounded on the north by Upper. Towaraensmg ; on the east by Mon roe county; on the south by Northampton county, and the west by the Lehigh r'fver, which separates itt from Penn township. The surface of this township i$ diversified, mountainous, hilly, and partly level,,, eontauimg a considerable portion of arable land, and, Vf, ell improved;. Its,principal stream, besides the Le-. HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 227 high river, is the Aquanshicola * creek, which rises in Ross township, Monroe county, about a mile east of the Wind Gap; running; along the, base of the Blue mountain, it faUs intP the Lehigh riVer, at its entrance into the Water Gap. It is- a very rapid stream, and' drives several mills. The Clarissa iron works, consist ing of a forge; furnace, and several d.weUings, are on. this stream. " The Gap," a-tthe- Lehigh Water Gcq) § is a small village, on the left bank of the Lehigh, and at the ¦ mouth of the Aquanehisola creek, whieh is crossed by a substantial- and. neatly buUt bridge.. The viUage consists of sorae six or eight houses, a store and a ta vern. A hundred and, fifty yards below the bridge the Aquanchicola is crossed by the canal in an aque duct. This place sustained considerable injury from the flood m 1841i At an early date, a Mr. Uplinger, or Oplinger, lived. near, or at the Gap. In a le1>ter frora Benj. Franklin- to Governor Morris, dated Fort Allen, January 26,. 1:756, he says, "We marched. cautiously through the Gap of the raountairi, a very dangerous pass, and got to Uplmger's, but twenty miles from Bethlehem.t Alluding to^ their march on that day, Franklin says,. "that on leaving Bethlehem, we had not raarched many mUes, before it began to .rain, and it continued) raining aU day. There were no - habitations on the road to shelter us, until Ave arrivedsnear. at the house of a German, where, and. in his bam; we were all huddled together as- well as. water coiUd make us. It was well we were not attacked in our march, for our arms were of the most ordinary, sort, and. our men could not keep the locks of their guns;dry. The next day being fair, we continued our mar^h, and arrived! at the desolate Gnaden. Huetten (Weissport)." * Aquanshicola-:— various are. the orthographies-of this st^ea^l^. Aquanschicola, Aquanchicola. Xn the record of Indian deeds iu is written Aqua-nshlehaU, — Records, &c. p. 129. § For a description of the 'Water Gap, see Lehigh-couttty. ¦f, Provincial Becords. vol; 0. p.. 77; 228 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. East Penn township is bounded on the north by Mahoning township ; east by LoAver Towamensing ; south by Lehigh county; arid south-west by Schuyl kUl county. This township has the Blue mountain on the south, and the Mahoning mountain on the north of it. The surface is diversified, mountainous, hilly, and level; the soil, shale, or variegated red shale, gravel and liraestone. It is watered by Lizard creek, which rises at the foot of the Blue mountain, and following along its base, easterly, falls into the Lehigh, about a mile above the Water Gap. It is a very rapid creek, and has several mills on it. The creek gives name to a cultivated valley, through which it fiows. Stephen BaUiet's furnace and forge are in this township. An exceUent road passes through this vaUey, from the Lehigh to M'Keansburg and Orwigsburg, in Schuylkill coimty. One of the forts, in the chain of forts betAveen the Delaware and Potomack rivers, was located in this township. See Appendix, Young's, Van Etten's, and Burd's Journal. Mahoning township is bounded on the north by Mauch Chunk; east bythe Lehigh river, which sepa rates it frora Upper and lower Towaraensing ; on the south by East Penn; and on the south- Avest by Schuyl kUl CO. A considerable portion of land is very good, and reraarkable for abundant crops of rye and corn ; Avheat does very well, too. It is watered principally by Mahoning creek, which rises at the foot of Maho ning raountain, and running eastwardly through a cultivated and beautiful valley, to which it gives narae, falls into the Lehigh river, a short distance be low Lehighton, and nearly opposite old Fort Allen, or Weissport. Rafts descend this creek about four mUes, above which distance are several raills. Owl creek is in the Avestern part of the township, flows between the (Mahoning and Mauch Chunk mountains, into the Tamaqua, or Little SchuylkUl HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 229 river. There are several sraall viUages in this toAvn- ship. Taxables in 1844, 253; state tax, $403 93; county tax, $657 03. Burlington, tAVO railes north of Lehighton, on the road to Mauch Chunk, contains five dweUings and a store. This place suffered sorae by the freshet of 1841. Lehighton, a post village, laid out sorae forty years ago, by Colonel Jacob Weiss and WUliara Henry. The ground plot of the town is laid out upon an ele vated piece pf table land ; the lots are large, afford ing an extensive garden and yard to each dwelling. The vicAV frora the town, though not extensive, is beautiful. It commands a prospect of the river and canal, the valley in which Weissport is located, the Blue mountain in the distance, and a nearer vicAv of the Mahoning mountain and Lehigh hills. Within half a mile of the village, there has been discovered a riiinera.1 spring, the waters of which have proved beneficial in many cases of disease and debUity. The town contains thirty dweUings, three taverns and two stores. This viUage would prove an eligible situa tion for the Shiretown of Carbon county. May it not yet become the seat of justice ? South Lehighton, contiguous to Lehighton and the old Mahonuig church, consists of seven or eight ancient looking buUdings. A place that has attained its zenith. Near this is the Moravian grave yard of old. In Mahonmg township the Moravians had a mis sionary establishment, or station, nearly one hundred frears ago. They commenced settlements here in 1746. The station is thus described by Loskiel : " Gnaden Huetten now (1746) became a very regular and pleasant town. The church stood in the vaUey, on one side the Indian houses forming a crescent, upon a rising ground ; and on the other, stood the house of the missionary and the bmying ground. The niis- sionaries tiUed their own grounds, and every Indian 2'30 HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. family their plantation, and on the 18th of August, ¦they had the satisfaction to partake of the first fruits of the land, at a love feast." " The land on the Mahoning being impoverished, and other circumstances requiring a change, the in habitants of -Gnaden Huetten reraoved to the ,north side of the Lehigh. The dwellings were reraoved, and a new chapel was built, in June, 1754. The place was called New Gnaden Huetten. [It stood where, Weissport now is.] The dwellings Avere so placed that the Mohicans lived on one, and the Dela wares on the other side [of the street.] The brethren at Bethlehem took the culture of the old land on the Mahoning upon themselves, made a plantation of it for the use of the Indian congregation, and converted the, old chapel into a dwelling, both for the use of those brethren and sisters who had the care of the plantations, and for missionaries passing on their visits to the heathen. " The Indians in the French interest were much incensed that any of the Moravian Indians chose to reraain at Gnaden Huetten, and determined to cut off the settlement. After Braddock's defeat, in 1755, the whole frontier was open to the inroads of the savage foe. Every day disclosed new scenes of barbarity coraraitted by the Indians. The whole country was in terror ; the neighbors of the brethren in Gnaden Huetten forsook their dweUings and fled ; but the brethren raade a covenant together to remain undaunt ed in the place aUoted them by Providence. How ever, no caution Avas omitted; and because the white people considered every Indian as an enemy, the In dian brethren in Guaden Huetten were advised, as much as possible, to keep out of their Avay — to buy no powder nor shot, but strive to maintain themselves without hunting, Avhich they wiUingly coraplied with. * * * * * * ButGodhadotherAvise •ordained. On a sudden the mission house on the Mahoning was, late in the evening of the 24th Nov., HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY. 231 attacked by the French Indians, burnt, and eleven of the inhabitants murdered. " The family, being at supper, heard an uricomraoai barking of dogs, upon whicii brother Senseman went out at the back door to see what was the raatter. On the report of a' gun, several Tan together to open the house door. Here the Indians stood with their pieces pointed esides on unseated land, in 1344, was $187 96; state tax, $87 50. 256 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. The several ridges of the Mahahony and spurs of the Broad mountain cover its surface, but the intervening vaUeys have a soU of red shale and are tolerably productive. Much, however, of the land is classed araong " unseated lands." In one of these valleys, to the south-east, fiows Deep creek into Long Pine creek, which also rises in this township. The Great Mahonoy and Little Ma honoy creeks, both considerable streams, flow through tliis township ; the former rises in Bush township, and flows west, south-west, along the south side of the Mahonoy ridge, about fifty railes, and faUs into the Susquehanna river, eleven railes below Sunbury. About one-half its course towards its raouth is in Northuraberland county. In 1840, it contained two stores, one forge, three grist raills, twenty-three saw raills. Population in 1830, 443 ; in 1840, 639. Taxes levied in 1844, for county purposes, ^795 13; state tax, $235 30. Ta.xes on unseated lands, ioi county purposes, $377 36 ; state tax, $158 09. Pine Grove township is one of the south Avestern townships, and is bounded on the north by Potts township, erected since 1840 ; east by Wayne ; south by Berks county ; and west by Lebanon and Dauphin counties. The surface of this township is generally very mountainous, though we meet with here and there an inviting and fertUe spot, rendered productive by the persevering hand of industry. A considerable proportion is classed among " unseated lands." " This township is drained by the Swatara creek, whose branches traverse it in every direction. Along the main stream of the SAvatara, which fiows on the north side of the Blue mountain, runs the navigable feeder oi the Union canal, including the Great Dam, or Artificial Lake, made by the Union Canal Cora pany, in a narrow part of the gorge of the mountain through which the creek passes. This great work extends across the pass, abutted by solid rocks, four HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 257 hundred and thirty feet, and the water which is ar rested, covers between seven ahd eight hundred acres. A tOAving path is constructed along the raargin to the , head of the pond, a distance of six railes, frora, whiph place the canal has been continued four railes to the viUage of Pine Grove, where basins have been raade, to facilitate the. coal trade." ; A gentleman, William Rank, Esq.,* in a commu nication to the writer, speaking of the Great Dam, says : '.' The Union Canal Company erected a dam in the Swatara Gap, of immense ; altitude^ for a dam ; forty-five feet, is the height of it ! 'This dam inun dates about eight hundred acres of land; aiid the pond forms a complete artificial lake, arid proves, oc casionally, a death place for some deer, which, to elude the chase of dogs, take to the deep and are there taken. There are still some deer in the mPun- t^ins, not distant from the dam. The way hunters manage to take deer is, to set their dogs in pursuit of them, and during the chase, some ofthe p9.rty ofthe hunters do take stations near and along the pond or lake ; when tl>e deer are hotly pursued by the dogs, they, make for the water, and thus are taken, in some cases alive, by the hunters. - - ,,"The dam was constructed to serve as a reservpir, tpfeed the canal — ^it needs feeding, for it consumes much, to keep all its functions moving— and also to answer as a slack Avater navigation, for the distance of six miles, towards Pine Prove, and the coal region. What changes!" In 1840, it contained six stores, two furnaces, one fprge, three gristmills, twelve saw mills. Population in 1820, 1,868, (including part of Wayne;) in 1830, 1,609 ; ra 1840, 1,605, besides those .of " Pine Grove borough." Taxes assessed in 1844, for county pur poses, $1,426 53 ; state, tax, $642 47. (For the borough, $364 92; $151 57.) Taxes pn unseated •History of Berks and Lebanon, p. 350. Q 258 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. lands, for county purposes, $632 39; state tax on same, $256 71. Pine Grove, post tOAvn and borough of Pine Grove township, is a beautiful and busy place, situate at the base of the Blue raountain, on the Swatara creek, abbiit fifteen railes west of the river Schuylkill, and eighteen from PpttsVille. It may be eraphatically termed a business place, for every one in it appears- to be eraployed — " loafers and idlers are scarce." " It is the principal sliipping depot of the western section of the great anthracite coalbasin, possessii^ facilities for transportation through thp raediura of the Union canal, a branch of which extends to this place, and terminates in basins ihade for boats, froin which a raUroad leads to the coal region, and several branches of it to different coal- mines, on Larberry creek, four or five railes frora the town, by means of which coals are conveyed to the shipping depot. Here the busy hum of active employment, joined to the rurabling of the car wheels, and the rattling of the article as it is unloaded into the boats^ breaks pleasantly iipon the ear through the qdiet which en velopes the dwelling portion of the borough."* The town has several streets and about one hun^ dred dweUings ; several large, comraodious hotels, six or seven stores, a large Gerraan Reforraed aiid Lutheran, church, ah acaderay, several raiUs. There is also a forge contiguous, established since 1828. Be fore the coraraeneeraent of the coal trade, this region was sparsely inhabited by a few scattered German farmers, and sorae luraberraen ; for there was a timey not more than thirty yea.rs ago, when luraber and building materials Avere brought, in great quantities down the Swatara, and ' lantjed at JonestPwn, in Lebanon county, from which those of Tulpehocken, Muleback, and others, were supplied ; but, since the tables have turned, luraber of various kinds is brought up the canal frora Portsmouth, on the Sus- 'Anthracite Gazette, 1844. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 259 q;uehanna, to Pine Grove and intermediate places. These changes have proved rcA'^erses to many. The future prosperity of this place wUl depend much upon the faciUties afforded in transporting coal to raarket. Pine Grove was incorporated, Mardi 7, 184k Since the coraraeneeraent of the coal business, a considerable quantity of coal has been shipped frora Pine Grove; in 1837, 17,000 tons; in 1838, 13,000; in 1839, 20,639 ; in 1840, 23,860 ; in 1841, 17,653 ; in 1842, 32,381; in 1843, 22,905 ; in 1844, 34,916; making an aggregate, in eight years, of 182,354 tons. If the Union canal were widened so as to admit large boats, the qiiantity shipped here would be ma terially increased. Swataraville, near Fine Grove, is a small viUage, consisting ofa few old looking' dweUings. Eush township is bounded on the north-Ajirest by Union township ; north-east by Carbon county ; south by West Penn toAvnship ; and south-west by Schuyl kill township. This, like other to Avnships in this re gion, is coyered to some considerable extent with mountains and high hUls, not yet thoroughly explored, except the southern sectipn, which abounds With coal raines. It is said that there is a salt spring in this township, near the moiith of Panther creek, a small tributary of the Little Schuylkill river. In 1820,' this township contained only 253 inhabitants ; in 1830, 355 ; in 1840, 370. It contains several villages or towns. Home, laid out some ten or fifteen years ago, by the Messrs. Duncan of Philadelphia, is situated in Locust valley, at the intersection ofthe Caj;awissa and Berwick roads^ " It is said to possess advantages not comraon in this part oi the coimtry ; to be surround ed by good farm land, ha,ving abundance of limestone in the neighborhood." It consists of fcAV houses. Patterson, named after Burd Patterson, Esq., is on the Schuylkill vaUey railroad, about seven mUes from 260 HIStORY of SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. -Port Carbon, at the confluence ofthe Big creek with the Schuylkill river. It was laid put by Burd Patter son, Swift and Porter, in 1830, and contains twenty dweUings, two taverns. ' In the sunny days of this once bustling vUlage, Messrs. Halsey & Runnion erected a brewery, which has, however, been aban doned for sorae years. Minehill, abounding with ex cellent anthracite coal, approaches the town, and no doubt will furnish the means of the future prosperity of the place. The first settlement made in the vicinity of this village, was by JohnBushey, between 1785 and 1790. Bushey afterwards sold it to Mr. John Seltzer. Tuscarora, a post village, in Rush township, on the north side of Tuscarora raountain, at the head waters of the Schuylkill x\ve\, and on the ShuylkUl Valley •railroad, was laid o\x\ in 1830, by Joseph Lyon; It is one of ^he Alladin larap creations of the coal trade, and consists of twenty dAvellings, rauCh scattered, two taverns and One store. The principal part of the town, with a large tract of land, iS held by Stevenson, and SchuylkUl corapany. Fprraeriy it was chiefly inhabited by rainers, who depended on the coal trade. Near the viUage is an extensive coal raine, Avhich has been worited for nine years, by James Palmer, but at present it is not in operation. The vUlage is loca ted in a wild and barren country, and its future pros perity depends upon the success of coal business here. The railroad terminates here, connecting With Port Carbon. Some ten years ago. Bell &,Son, erected a large comraodious frarae building, which was occu pied several years as a hotel ; but owing to a change of times, it has not- been occupied as such for the last six years. The.first settlers in and about Tuscarora, were George Raberj Jacob Ladig, Peter Ladig and Henry "ScheU. Mr. Raber resided for many years, one mile west of Tuscarora, where he had purchased an improvement made by George Frehero, sixty years HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTT. 861 ago. Rheinhard, Kersher, and Fries, Avere early set tlers east of Tuscarora. Tamaqua, a post town and viUage, laid out by the Little SchuylkiU RaUroad Coal and Navigation Com pany, in 1830, is situated in the vaUey between Sharp and Locust mountains, on the Tamaqua, or Little SchuylkiU river, ten miles from Avhere it rises, and twenty above Us junction with the main stream, and sixteen frora PottsvUle. Atpresentit is quite a brisk place. Like raany of the coal towns, the houses are not built hard by each other — rather in straggling clusters, numbering in all one hundred and fiifty dwellings, some of Avhich are substantially built. It contains six taverns, seven stores, one Catholic church, one Methodist Episcopal, one German Reformed and Lutheran, and are about erecting a church to be call ed the Primative Methodist ; a car and coach manu factory. Population 1000 The inhabitants mainly depend on the coal trade ; for anthracite coal is abundant here, found in large veins, and of excellent quality. The coal lands in the vicinity are principally owned by the Little Schuyl kill Corapany. The coal n).ines worked here are above water level. The veins of coal are alphabeti cally enumerated ; several of them have been success fully rained. Vein D, on the east side of the Little Schuylkill, or Tamaqua river, has a drift into it 4000 feet in length, from which one hundred and fifty tons of coa(l are taken daily. From the sarae vein, on the west side of the river, sixty or seventy tons are daily taken out — one of which is worked by the Little SchuylkiU Company, and the other by Messrs. Rat- cliff & Johnson. Vein E, on the east side of Tama qua, has a drift of 2500 feet, out of which one hun dred and fifty tons are daily taken. Vein F has a drift of 2500 feet, worked on the east ; veins E and F are AVorked by Messrs. J. & F. Carter. Vein F has a drift of 2500 feet, worked on the west side by J. Taggart. Vein E is at present worked on the west by the company. Veins A, B and C, higher up the Tamaqua, have not been very extensively worked. Veins 0, P, Q and R, are south of the village ; Q is 262 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Anderson & Denniston on the east side of the river, on lands belonging to the Lehigh coinpany — a three feet vein of red ash coal, of excellent quality, on the east side of the river, on lands belonging to Mr. S, Laird & Co., by W. W. Cansled & Co. There is a railroad frora Tamaqua to Port Clinton, over Avhich the coal is transported, a distance of twenty mUes. Seven coaches arrive at and depart from Tamaqua daUy, making it quite a thoroughfare. The Schuylkill Company's works here are man aged by enterprising gentleraen — ^Messrs. J. K. Smith and Wm. Donaldson. Mr. Smith is the patentee of the self-acting brake and door fastening, and various other improveraents in the raining operations. Those who delight in raountain scenery, wUl be fully gratified in a ride on this railroad, which runs its whole distance by the side, or in the neighborhood of hills, lifting their tree-crowned summits high into the clouds. A continuation of this railroad from Tamaqua, to connect with the Quakake and Cattawissa railroad, has been projected, but never made. A stage road connects Tamaqua with Mauch Chunk, HazletoU, and Pottsville, on each of which two lines run daily. Schuylkill township is one of the central town ships of this county, and is bounded on the north west by Union township; north-east by Rush and West Penn ; south by East Brunswick and West Brunswick; south-Avest by Manheim and Norwe gian townships. - It comprehends a rich section of the coal region, having within it the Sharp raountain. Mine hill, or Locust raountain, the Broad mountain, and the Manonoy mountain, in all of which anthra cite coal abounds ; it embraces the greater portion of the SchuylkiU Valley Raihoad, along which a vast number of raines have been opened. ( See description below, of SchuylkUl valley.) The Cattawissa creek crosses the northem section of the township, where it is navigable for canoes ; and the Great and Little Ma honoy creeks cross it south-westwardly ; and south of the Sharp mountain. Tumbling creek flows in the sam'e direction towards the SchuylkUl,' below Mount Carbon. It contains the viUages of Middleport, Green- HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 263 Seld, Loulsburg, Patterson, BeU Forest, Five Poipt Mines, CurabuUa, New Philadelphia, &c. The roads from M'Keansburg to Cattawissa and Silnbury, pass through the township. The surface of the country is mountainous ; the soil chiefly of white gravel, alternating with red shale, and gener ally sterile; a considerable portion of it is classed among " unseated lands." Loulsburg, a Small viUage, on the road from M'Keansburg to Cattawissa, about eight miles north west of Orwigsburg. It consists of five or six dwell ings, one tavern and a store. This tovynship had, in 1840, two grist mills, nine saw raills and four stores. Population in 1820, 546 ; in 1830, 1,200; in 1840, 1,334«-; at present, (1845,) rising 1,500. Thp, Taxes assessed for 1844, araounted to, for county purposes, $1,877 00; state purposes, 1^743 83. Taxes on unseated lands — county tax, $im 45 ; state tax, $73 Ve. . ' Here is inserted a description of Schuylkill valley, &c., written twelve years ago, since which time, ira portant changes have been raade. It is principally from Hazard's Register : " This valley is narrow, and lies between the Sharp mountain and Mine hiU, and commencing near Potts vUle, runs eastwardly about thirteen miles. Both sides of the valley' abound with excellent anthracite coal. The river SchuylkUl, Avhich is here but a creek, has its course frora its primal fountain, through this valley; and the valuable mines are approached by the railroad that foUows the banks, Avhich are hearly parallel with the direction of the coal strata. Deep ravines extend from the road northAvard, to Mme hUI, through which commonly, a smaU stream of water runs, cutting the veins transversely, sp that they can be advantageously worked above the water level. Thus about two miles: above Port Carbon, at the mouth of Zachariah's'run, are the "Five Point Mines" which are very extensive, and produce first 264 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. rate coal. Along the run a lateral railroad raay be made communicating with many valuable Coal beds. One mile above Bolton Curry's raine, is the " Bopp Tract," OAvned by Messrs. Hubley. Indian run di vides this tract, along Avhieh a lateral road raay be also raade to raines of approved quality. The next, upon the river, is the " Barlow and Evans Tract," near the raouth of Silver creek, four railes above Port Carbon. This streara passes through Mine hiU, and gives access to the large and val uable tracts of Messrs. Burd Patterson, Geissenheimer and others. On the Glenworth and Valley Fumace tracts, is another lateral road, a mile above which is another stream, running through the Valley Furnace property, up which a lateral road has also been made to sorae five raines. Above this lies Middleport, a new post town, at the confluence of the KaskaAvilliam creek with the Schuylkill river. Up this streara, laterals have been made to the Mine hill, by the proprietors ofthe land known as the " Jacob Stahl," " Olioger" and " Bushey Tracts" on each of Avhich, open ings have been raade into beds of coal of good quality. The next lateral road is up Laurel creek, to the De- long colUeries, owned by Mr. Lauton, and Blight, W^allace, & Co. One mile above this, is the town of Patterson, owned by Messrs. Burd Patterson, Swift & Porter. Big creek, which penetrates the Mine hiU, and divides the coal strata advantageously, pajSses through this place. The river road and Mine hUl, are much nearer to each other, than below, having gradually converged from a mUe above Port Carbon. As the road follows the course of the river, at raany of the bends it intersects the veins transversely, for they range invariably seventeen degrees north of east. This circumstance is Avorthy of notice, as it shows that the coal is by no means confined to the north side of the river ; and there are on the south sidP several fine tracts, as at Middleport, the valuable property of Messrs. Robb and David Winebrenner, of Philadelphia, known as the " Jacob Ladig" and HITSORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 265 part of that owned by Messrs. Porter, Enierick, and Kom, called the " Hiester Tract." Next above Pat terson, lies the " Peter Ladig Tract" of Mr. Biddle, and the " Eaber Tract," OAvned by the same gentle man, and Mr. Edwin Swift. These are rich in coal, and advantageously situated; Pebble run divides the strata finely for mining operations, about a mUe and a half above Big creek. It passes over "Eaber Tract'' and divides Mine hill, here called " Locust mountain." Next to the " Eaber Tract" is the " Tuscarora Tract" of Mr. William Lawton, BUght, Wallace & Co. — a large tract. The next tract above this, is also a large one, belonging to Joseph Lyons and Jacob Alter. The river rises from the springs of this tract, Avhich divide the ground advantageously for mining. The veins Avhich we have just noticed, are said to have four hundred breast above the water level." ~ ' ¦ Uriion township is in the north-eastern part of tlie county, and is bounded as foUows : On the north by Luzerne county ; south-east and south by Rush and SchuylkUl townships ; west and north-west by Colum bia county. This township is mostly covered Avith mountains, and high rugged hills ; and until late had been but little explored, except the southern portions of it. A considerable proportion of it is classed araong unseated lands. It is but sparsely populated. In 1840, it contained 906 inhabitants. The county tax assessed in 1844, on real estate and personal property, araounted to $640 79 ; for state purposes, ^308 85. Upper Mahantango township, a north-western township, is bounded on the north and north-west by Northumberland county ; east by Norwegian town ship; south by Barry and Lower Mahantango towrh ships ; on the west by Dauphin county. The surface is hUly — it is a " congregation of hills ;" having the Mahonoy mountain on the nbrth, and Mahantango on the south. It -is watered principally by two 266 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. branches of the Mahantango creek, flowing west wardly through it; after uniting, they flow onward for eighteen or twenty railes, into the Susquehanna river, about twenty -five raUes above Harrisburg. The soil is red shale and white gravel ; the forraer is sus ceptible of iraprovement ; but the latter requires more labor to be bestowed upon to make it yield, than will repay the husbandraan. A portion of it is classed among " unseated lands." The population in 1820, was 863; in 1830, 1,150; in. 1840, 1,291. The taxes assessed for 1844, were, for county purposes, ^1,194 22 ; state tax, $520 41 ; on unseated larids — county tax, ®21 85; state tax, $8 75. In 1840, it contained eight grist mUls, eight saw mills, five stores, and one distillery. Zimmermanstoion, is a sraall cluster of houses in the northern part of the township. It contains a store and tavern. Wayne township is bounded on the north by Branch to.wnship; east by Manheim township; south by Berks county; and oh the west by Pine Grove township. A great proportion of this township is mountainous and hilly; soil gravel, though considera bly iraproved, it is watered by several small streams, tributaries of the SAvatara creek and the SchuylkUl river, affording mill seats for a nuraber of grist raills and some twenty-five saw raills. Population in 1840, 1,621. Tax;es for 1844 — county tax, § 1,5 13 25 ; state tax, ^665 47. Taxes on' " unseated lands" — county tax, 1^61 89; state tax, $24 82. Friedensburg, a post village, nine mUes from Pine Grove, and five from SchuylkUl Haven, consisting of some fifteen or eighteen dwellings, two taverns and one store. The surrounding country is pretty weU improved. Agriculture receives considerable atten tion. Lime, as a raanure, is beginning to be used. ' Its application rewards the farmer amply. The few scattering inhabitants of this region of HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 267 country in 1755 to 1763, were greatly alarmed on account of the nuraerous raurders coraraittd by the savage Indians. The greater part, or all, had fled frora their plantations into the raore southern parts of Berks county. In Octoberj 1755, the Indians were traversing this region of country, and coraraitted several raurders under circurastances, of rauch cruelty. Mr. W. Parsons addressed a letter to the Rev. Kintz, dated October, 1755, as follows: " This raorning, very early, between four and five o'clock, Adara Rees, an inhabitant over the first mountain, about six miles from Lawrance Hant's house, who lives on this side of the mountain, came to my house, and declared that yesterday, between eleven and twelve o'clock, he heard three j.uns fired toward the plantation of his neighbor, Henry Hart man, which made hira suspect that soraething raore than ordinary had happened there. Whereupon he took his gun and went over to Hartraan's house, be ing about a quarter of a raUe off, and found hira lying dead upon his face ; his head was scalped ; but saw no body else. He raade, thereupon, the best of his way through the woods, to the inhabitants on this side of the raountain, to inforra thera of Avhat had happend."* In another letter to Adara Reed, Mr. Parsons says : Sir : — I wrote you yesterday, that I intended to be with you at the unhappy place, where Henry Hart man was murdered, but when I got to the top of the mountain, I met some men, who said they had seen two men lying dead and scalped, in the Shamokin road, about two or three miles frora the place whefe we were ;. wherefore, we altered our course, being twenty-six in number, and went to the place, and found the two men lying dead, about three hundred yards frora each other, and aU the skin scalped off' their heads. <. •Provincial Records, N. p. 258. 868 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. We got a grubbing hoe and spade, and dug a grave as well as we .could, the ground being very stony, and buried them both in one grave, without taking off their clothes or examining at all their wounds ; only we saw that a buUpt had gone through the leg of one of thera. I thought it best to bury thera; to prevent their bodies frora being tom to pieces by wild beasts. One of the men had a daughter with hira that is yet raiSsing; and the other raan had a wife, and three or four children, that are also raiss ing. I shall be obliged to return home in a day or two, but hope to see you sometime about Christmas, and to find my unhappy countrymen somewhat relieved from this distressed Condition. I can't help thinking that it Avould be well for a good number of the in habitants to go next Monday, and help to bring the poor people's grain and corn to this side of the raoun tain — it will help to raaintain. them, which we must do, if they can't maintain themselves; and 'tis very Ukely those barbarous Indians will set fire to,, and burn all, if it be not soon secured.* I ara. Sir, your very humble se'tvant, WM. PARSONS. West Brunswick townsliip is bounded on the north by SchuylkiU township ; "east by East Brunswick; south by Berks county ; and west by Manheim town ship. The surface is diversified ; raPuntainous, hilly, and a sraall portion of it is level. It has the Blue raountain oh the south, and the Second mountain on the north ; and the intermediate portion is diversified by many hiUs, of which the Little mountain is a part. The soil is red shale and Avhite gravel. All along the north side of the Blue mountain, is a'belt of red shale, succeeded by a thin Uraestone formation. ' A con siderable portion of which occurs near Orwigsburg, This township is pretty weU watered. Pine creek is *Provincial Records, N. p. 258. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 269 the principal streara flowing through this township, in a sputh-western direction — it falls into the Schuyl kiU river six mUes below SchuylkiU Haven. There are several raiUs on it. There are still some lands in this township . classed among " unseated lands." The taxes a^ssessed in 1844, for county purposes, amounted to, exclusive of Orwigsburg, $1,434 33 ; for state pur poses, $626 28. Population in 1840, 1,701. Be sides Orwigsburg, there are several small vUlages in the township. Orwigsburg, posttOAvn, borough and seat of jus tice of SchuylkiU county, stands on a rising ground, near a small stream,* which flows into the Schuyl kiU river. It was laid out by Peter Orwig, in 1796, but was not much settled tiU after 1811, when Schuylkill county was separated from Berks, when it Avas made the county seat, and incorporated, March 12th, 1813. ' ; ' The valley in which this toAvn lies, is surrounded by lofty and beautiful hills, which adrait of cultiva tion to their very summits. The lands, thoiigh much broken, are well cultivated, and very productive. The town consists of about two hundred dwellings, many of Avhich are three story, and of brick, con venient and handsome. The ppUrt house and public offices are of brick; the forraer, a large substantial buUding, surmounted by a cupola, and the academy is a spacious building, also Avith a cupola. This insti tution was incorporated in 1813, and received a dona tion of $2,000 frora the state ; four public schools. There are several fine churches .here, viz : The Lutheran, which is a spacious building ; the German Reforined, the corner stone pf Avhich was laid, August 2Sth, 1831, and the one held by the ".thurch of ?Tradition has il, that at the junction of the litt|e creek which runs around Orwigsburg. wilh the Schuylkill, was once a con siderable Indian town, on or near Scollop Hill. The tunnel ofthe canal passes through this hill. 270 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. God," and one by the Evangelical Association; five stores, and four taverns, one printing office, issuing a weekly paper called Die Stimmedes Volks, The population of the town was, in 1820, 600 ; in 1830, 773 ; in 1840, 779 ; at present (1844,) rising 800. The turnpike leading frora Reading to PottsviUe, on to Sunbury, passes through here. The town is twenty -six railes from Reading, and eight south-east of PpttsvUle. McKeansburg is a brisk post viUage, four miles north-east of Orwigsburg, contains about thirty dweU ings, two stores and several taverns. Landisville, on the Reading railroad, two miles from Orwigsburg, contains sorae thirty dwellings, two stores and tAvo taverns, and public school houses. West Penn township is in the north-eastern part of the county, and is bounded on the north by Rush tOAvnship ; north-east by Carbon county ; south-east by Lehigh county; south and south-west by East- Brunswick township. The surface is hilly, the soil gravelly, and naturally not very productive — ^rather sterile. A considerable proportion of the land is classed among "unseated lands." The Tamaqua, or Little SchuylkUl river, drains it on the north-west, which rises in Rush township, and near the boundary of Northampton county, and at the foot of the Spring mountain, and by a devious, but southward course, joins the main streara or SchuylkiU at Port Clinton, on the north side of the Kittatinny or Blue raountain, receiving raany sraall tributaries. Along the valley of this stream is a railroad from Port Clinton to Ta maqua, a post viUage in Rush township.' Lizard creek and Mahoning creeks rise in this township, mnning eastwardly and emptying into the Lehigh river!; These streams afford considerable water power. The coal hills of Mauch Chunk and Tuscarora raoun tains give it a high value. It abounds with anthracite coal. It contains several mills — a German Reform and Lutheran Church. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 271 The inhabitants of this township, on the southefn border, were, in 1755-'56, and later, rauch exposed to Indian depradations. [See East Brunsvirick town ship.] The population of 1830, was 1,379 ; in 1840, 1,230. Taxes assessed in 1844, for county purposes, ®1,074 63 ; state tax, ®456 63 J on unseated lands, county tax, $204 41 ; state tax, $81 73. Norwegian township is one of the northern town ships, and is bounded on the north by Broad raoun tain; north-east by SchuylkiU township; south by Manheira; south-west by Branch and Barry, and west by Upper Mahantango township. This town ship, though covered with raountains and hills, and containing little arable land of good quality, is one of the raost iraportant ones in Schuylkill county, if not in the state, and has been the principal scene of won drous iraproveraents, of which PottsviUe is the centre. The Sharp raountain, the soufhern boundary of the anthracite coal forraation of Pennsylvania, forras its sohthern line, and the north is raarked by Broad mountain. The main branch of the Schuylkill river enters it frora the north-ea$t, and receives Mill creek and two branches of the Norwegian creek. The West Branch, and the Avest-west branch of the Schuylkill, ent,er it from the north and west, eUI of Avhich give ready access to the veins of coal, by the facUities which their valleys afford for the construction pf railroads and penetration of the hills. The main river has two dams, with canals in the township ;* the first forms the basin at Mount Carbon and Potts viUe, and the other the basin, at Port Carbon. A railroad foUows the main streara frora the latter place to its source — .another on Mill creek, which extends about four miles, and a third on the two branches of the Norwegian. The latter is known as the Mount Carbon railroad. On the West, and West-West •Hazard's Reg. of Pa. for 1831. 278 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Branch, a , fourth . railroad penetrates the Broad mountain. There are several towns g.nd vUlages in this town ship, noticed below. Pottsville and Vicinita'. Before 1790, there Avere, comparatively speaking, few settlers north of the Blue, or Kittatinny^ mountain, within the limits of Schuylkill couhty, except in the valley south of the Second rapuntain. About the year 1795, or '96, twp individuals, Lewis Reese and Isaac Thoraas, settled on the north of the well known " Schneid Berg," i. e. Sharp raountain, in the Schuylkill Gap. ' Having purchased a tra,ct of land, arid erected a sraall furnace, carrying it on for sorae time, they sold it in 1806, to John Pott, of District township, Berks county.* Mr. Pott tore down the furnace, and erected in its stead, GreeuAvood forge, the remains of which are stiU visible. In 1 807, he jSuUt Greenwood filrnace, which was sucPessfuUy in operation till 1827, the tirae of John Pott's death ; then it passed into the hands of Benjarain Pott, son of the deceased, and, since through several hands. That fumace is, hoAvever, no raore. The Greenwood Basin occupies the site of the old furance. When Reese and Thoraas erected the fur- *J6hn Pott's father, 'W'dhelm PoW, came to Ainerica, in 1734. We find his name, among others, noticed in the following re cords : At the court, house of Philadelphia, September 12th, 1734, present, the Honorable the Lieutenant Governor, the Mayor of the city, and others ofthe Magislracy^eighty-nine Palatines, who, Afith Jheir families, rnaking in all two hundred and sixty-one persons, were imported here in the ship Saint Andrew, John Stednsan, Masier, from Rotterdam, but last from Plymouth; as by clearance from thence, this day took and subscribed the effect of the government oaths, and also the declaration prescribed by the orter of council of the 21st of September, 1727. On his arrival, Wilhelm Pott settled first at Germantown.^thea in Berks county, where John Pott was born. John married a Miss LeSher, of Oley, wiih whonrt he had several sons, viz; John, Benjamin, James, Abraham, William and Jacob; three of whom are still Uving : John, Benjamin and Abraham. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 273 nace, they, as is coraraon erected a nuraber of small hbuses for " the hands at work," and were occupied by some eight or raore farailies ; the heads of these were John Else, Henry Bolton, Daniei Focht, the clerk; Thomas Swayer, Anthony Schott, George Frievie and George Reimer ; these all lived at the farnace before Mr. Pott moved his famUy here ; he had erected all these tenant ho uses, before 1809. Besides Mr. Pott, the following, were araong the first, or pioneer settlers^Henry McClattery, and one Newsch wander settled a short distance west of Pott's, at the place known as Mount Carbon. Michael Boechtel had settled on the fatm now owned by Cary, Lee & Hart, of PhUadelphia. About one-half mUe further west, lived Jacob Yoe. At the present site of MinersviUe, lived Thomas Reed and Isaac Reed. Three miles north, of Pott's, John Boyer had settled, at the well known- place called "Flowing Field ;" sprae four railes north of this lived the well known Nicho Alien, at the Big Spring on the suramit of the Brpad raousitain. His residence was. known as the " Black Cabin." Two miles north-east of Pott's, lived P.eter NeAvschwander, John, Hughs, Philip Dil- cprap, Solomon Reep, Jaicob Reep, Peter Reep, Geo. Reep, Conrad Keira and John Keira. At the present Port Carbon, several families had settled; these wgre Mr. Stitzel,lmOAvn in his day as " Der .Zimmerman," i, e., the carpenter ; Shadrack Lord, father of Mr. Lord at Bayhill. Shadrack had settled on Eagle hilL These families, Avith Mr. Pott, were the pioneer set tlers of this portion of the anthracite Region. Other than the natural increase of the population Avas slow — little or no accession pri6r to 1810 or 1811, Jt was sorae eight or ten years after the discovery of coal, before this place attracted much attention. The first coal discovered here, was, according to the state ment of Abraham Pott, sPri of John, in 1807,* when • On examining a copy of Scull's Map of the Province of Pennsyrvawa,- publisted in 1770, 1 see " cual marU" north of th'e R 274 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. the foundation for Greenwood fumace was dug» iri digging which, a vein of eoal was found; and in dig ging the foundation of Pott's grist mill, in 1810, a vein of nine feet thick wets struck, and now success fuUy worked by Mr. Joseph Beddle ; but its use and value Avas- not then known and fully appreciatedl fi After the indefatigable effo-rts of Doctor McFarland, a scientific gentleraan, to- bring, the- eoal here" into notice, who had opened a vein on the ',' York Farm," in 1814, ten mUes Avest of Greenwood furnace, and the laying out of PottsvUle, by John. Pott, in .1'816, this place increased rapidly, and soon a considerable town grcAV up in the forest: The ground or town plot was surveyed and laid off for the proprietor, by Henry DonneU, who Avas also among- ehe first to erect a house. WUliara Casley, Joseph Leckey and Geoi Dengler also, each of thera, put up dwellings here, shortly after PottsviUe- was laitJ out. About this time, or shortly aftei'wards, in 1818, Mr. Jacob Reed opened a vein of coals at Miners ville. From this tirae onward speculators, and a consequent tide pf immigration, tended to this region of country. PottsvUle- formed the nucleus ofa dense settlement — '.' an oppidan settlement," for it is sur rounded by towns, hamlets and villages. John Pott, son of J'ohn Pott, deceased, erected a distillery about the year 1'819. Lewis Ebert built a house the same year. Frora 1820 to 1824, a num ber of persons settled here ; among others of enter prize, was Col. GecH-ge Shoemaker, wh© had,as early as 1813, opened- the Spohn vein of coal, began to build in PottsviUe. From 1824, the growth of the town was rapid, and the iraproveraents in the vicinity correspondent with the town: — ^both unprecedented in the history of the country ; for, in 1S22, the house, Tuscarora mountain, or north-east of Reed's, not many miles from the Schuylkill Gap, within the then limits or bounds of Berks county. See also the First Annual Report of the Coal Mining Asseciation) of Schuylkill Qounty, in, ^obsequenc page, Ghap. IIIv HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 275 since known as the White Horse tavern, was kept by Mr. John Pott, the proprietor, and who owned land in the vicinity, as a sort of watering place for the stages on the Sunbury road. In 1824, we hear of five scattered dwellings in the vicinity. The causes which led to the influx of miners and speculators about the year 1825, have been stated above — the town was soon laid out — or rather several towns were started — ^for each prominent adventurer had his favorite location, and as each successive arrival of greedy adventurers tended to fan the flame of specu lation, town lots and coal tracts {some with coal, and many whose coal was but imaginary,) doubled, tribled and quadrupled in Aral-ue, and passed from hand to hand like currency. Houses were rapidly constructed to accommodate the imraense crowds that came to search for lots and^ lands, ^nd in 1828, Ave hear of several excellent stone houses and stores, others of brick and frarae, a weekly newspaper — The Miners' Journal— -a reading roPm, hotels;&c. Messrs. John and Benjamin Pott had, as said above, erected Greenwood furnace and forge, and were making iron from ore obtained below the Blue mountain. The next year, Clinton Row; ox Mahantango street, and another row of houses, were erected ; and such was the activity in building, that it became necessary to send to Philadelphia for lumber, to use ina region that hitherto had exported little else than lumber and coal. A daily stage to Philadelphia was also established in that year, and a trip of fourteen hours was cracked up as something remarkable. A dozen little towns had already risen around PottsviUe. RaUroads also began to be introduced, imparting a new impetus to the coal trade. The SchuylkUl vaUey, the MUl creek, and the Mount Carbon railroads were started in that year. The foUo^ving extracts from the Miners' Journal for 1829, Avill afford an idea of the rapid rise of coal iands : " Five years ago the Peacock trade of coal 276 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. land, belonging to the Ncav York and SchuylkiU Coal Company, was purchased by thera for the sum of i89,000. Last week it was sold, and bought in by the original seller, for the sum of $42,000. The present owner, Ave understand, would not dispose of it for $70,000." The following shows the condition of Pottsiville, in 1830: " We are," says the editor of the Miners' Journal, " sadly in want of mechanics here. A half a dozen gopd raaster blacksraiths, with three or raore journey- raen each,, would find plenty of business. The horse shoeing custora is iraraense. A regiraent of carpen ters, bricklayers, and stone masons, with a strong de tachment of sober laborers, av ould find .employment. House paintets, who understand mixing paints and using them Avithout daubing the fioors, are very rare among us. . Our town supports tAJ^ro paper hangers handsomely; thirty-one cents a piece for hanging paper is too much — a little competition will regulate this branch. A wheelwright, a cabinet-maker, and a pump-borer, might crowd in araongst us to advantage. A good barher shop, Ave have not got. Our barbers are all stationed in the bar rooms of the taverns, for want of room elsewhere ; the accommodations are consequently very inferior. Ourborough would sup port a tpbacco spinner, and a good cigar maker. We see no reason why a pottery Avould not succeed ; the raw raaterial is abundant in the neighborhood. A few tanners in the suburbs would find plenty of hides, Avhich, for want of sale, are hung up under our noses, this hot weather, spreading pestUence abound, and de stroying the comfort of aU the farailies within reach of their efiiuvia. We are glad to hear that a fine was inflicted lately on a person for the filthy practice aUu ded to. A few more clean butchers, who would slaughter out of town, and deliver their meat to the citizens with a pleasant countenance, would be raore popular. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 277 " We really want a, good clean bakpry of bread and crackers, and half a dozen of huckster's shops. We have no ice houses, and no raUkman yet ; . both are very much wan teti. About a thimble full of milk for a cent, may be had some times, after a real hunt thrqugh the lanes and alleys — nor can it always be called water poof And if we may judge frpm the quantity of rum consuraed, Ave raay venture to hold out flattering hopes to a distiller. He can lay up a good store of grain in winter, for much of Avhicli he raight barter his liquors; he cannot fatten, too many swine on the malt for this raarket. A rope walk ought to succeed. An, eating house on the plan of the New York Fulton Market shops, would be exactly adapted to this place . Our hotels charge thirty-seven and a half to fifty cents a raeal, and sleep often on the floor — a genteel oyster house would hit it exactly. A large hat store, with a raanufactory of the article attached, is much wanted ; you cannot buy a hat now without going to a grocery or liquor store for it. A tasty fruit, confectionery and, mineral wa- water establishraent, would be Avell patronized. Mora dry good and grocery stores are wanted. It is high time that the union of all kinds bf goods and wares, wet, dry, soft, hard, and grocery, in one roora, was abolished. A snug grocery and liquor store has lately been Ppened here, Avhich is doing an elegant business. A dry good store is found to answer very well. Twp hardware stares are doing very well. A new apothecary store, arid one established last fall, (1829) are flourishing. Goods of aU kinds.seU enor mously high, for want of corapetition. Owing to the scarcity of houses, the business is in the hands of a favored few. We see no reason why a snug fg.ncy store would not do business. But we. are certain. there would be no raistake in a good millinery, man- tua-making and sewing establishment. A lady can get nothing in the line of the forraer two, under a long notice, and the young men don't know where to get their linnen made up. A good saddlery; would da 278 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. A bath house, well kept, with apartments for both sexes, would not fail to receive extensive patronage in our alternately dusty and muddy borough. About twenty women, who would hire out to wash clothes, scrub houses, &c., might earn their fifty cents a day, and find ample employment. A hundred good ser vant girls, who know how to stay at a good place when procured, would make their dollar a week. We need hardly say that more boarding houses are wanted, especially for the middling classes of persons. There are at present three large buUdings in progress for the accommodation of the first class, which, when finished, wUl help to thin the floors of our hotels, which are frequently covered at night with per sons who cannot find beds. Corapetition in tavern- keeping would be as salutary as it would be novel in this town. "Having given a hasty hit of our wants, it just occurs to us, that were these persons to come here en masse, they would be in a great predicament for houses, wherein to put their faraUies, and pursue their different avocations. Those who are here can hardly live for want of roora. For our part, being in the building line, we are daUy, indeed alraost hPurly, beset with applications for houses to rent. No capi talists could hit upon a better investraent than in building blocks of snug substantial houses for trades men and mechanics. They would not pay less than twelve per cent, per annura — the present scarcity has raised rents fifteen to twenty per cent. " It would," continues the editor, "be a great bles sing if about fifty industrious farmers from the lower counties, (who at the end of a hardy year's labor cannot lay by six pence,) Avould come up here and pmchase sorae of the uncultivated land along the Mahonoy river, ten or fifteen miles from PottsviUe, where the bottom land is rich loam, and the ridge strong red shale, and susceptible of the highest state of cultivation. The brightest success would smUe HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 279 lapon their enterprize. Many a fortune is waiting to fee ploughed up by sorae favored farraer in the few fertile valleys within raarketing distance from this town. "We do not think that we overstep the bounds of truth, when we assert that Pottsville is the best market in the State. By way of exercising your own judgment, take a glance at our prices current. Hay, twenty-five dollars a ton, scarce, and quality too often inferior ; straw, twenty cents a bundle, scarce, and bundles about half the weight usual in other places ; flour, five doUars seventy-five cents a barrel; scarce, and as AVe have no inspector, the quality is often very inferior ; oats, forty cents a bushel ; rye, sixty cents; potatoes, 'seventy -five cents a bushel; fresh butter, sixteen cents a pound, always very scarce; any kind bf grease, resembling butter, coraraands twelve and a-half cents ; eggs, twelve and a-half cents ; fowls, forty cents a pair, scarce; apples, as big as a hazlenut, eagerly carried off at a cent a piece ; garden stuffs bring any price ^'¦our conscience perraits you to ask ; cattle of aU kinds, frora the ox to the sheep, cora mand at least as high a price as in PhUadelphia; milk, a thirable full for a cent, scarce; cream, so rarely seen that no price can be affixed. "All other things in the farmer's line wUl be found proportionate. Manure can be had hi abundance for a trifle ; alraost for the hauling away. Let any enter- prizing farmer take a trip this way, ahd satisfy hiraself of the correctness of these representations ; and when he finds that land, susceptible of good cultivation, can be bought for ten dollars an acre, on a good stream ten or fifteen miles from such a market, he will not hesitate a moraent to raake such a deterriiination as will add to our corafort, and ensure to hiraself an accession of wealth, and the real independence which an industrious farraer ought to enjoy." In 1831, the nuraber of bafldings had increased t0 five hundred and thirty-five, of which there were 280 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. sixty-two of brick, and sixty-eight of stone ; together Avith an Episcopal church, a meeting house, and a beautiful structure for the Miners' Bank, of which file front is of cast iron ; and the comraodious hotels of Mr. Seitzinger and Colonel Shoeraaker. There were also seventy stores, richly stocked, araong Avhich were those of two booksellers and stationers, and of tailors, railliners, and dress-makers. Andthey boast ed too, of a circulating library, and Exchange Read ing Rooms; two. newspapers, and a serainary. For any one frora Cape Cod to New Orleans, to say that he had not heard of the renowned town Pf Pottsville, would sound as.marvellous as if an Arabian, were to declare that he had never heard, of Mahomet, or Mecca, of Kanba, or of the Holy Well. There is scarcely a vaUey, however reraote or cut off from the rest of the world, frora, Eastport to the Sabine, or frora Cape Hatteras to LittJ© Rock, that has not heard pf the farae of Pottsville. Here, half a dozen sura-. mers since, there was not raore than one shabby log hut standing, and the wild scpnery pf the spot where are now- to be seen so rauch enterprize, activity and bustle, lay; undisturbed in aU its priraitive grandeur and lovelj^iess. The road to Sunbury, over the Broad. raountain, ran. through it, and the weekly stage, in all its course fcjam PhUadelphia to the place, of its destination, did not witness a wilder or more desolate scene. Here and there smoke might indeed be seen; curling from some German's cottage, and Avaving in graceful folds above the trees, showing that man had dared to invade the forest ; but these instances were few and far between; anti the bear, the deer, and the fox, divided the empire of the woods ainong^ them- But now what a eoptrast ! The genius of man has seldom raised such a raonument to his own poAvers. The town of Pottsville— for under that narae we shaU include Mount Carbon and Port Carbon, for they are three in one — containmg upwards of fotir t^ipusand people, bjesides, thp, hgydes .«»f TJartai;, %i^. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 281 ing population hovering on its skirts. Many of the latter cohabit together in shantees or tents raade of heralock, and covered Avith branches. They are all engaged in the laudable business of "penetrating the bowels of the earth." But raark, gentle reader, and inwardly digest, when you hear that frora this port, which is raore than a hundred raUes above tide water, there is a fleet of upwards of four hundred vessels — a fleet more formidable than that which bore the Greeks to the Trojan war, and coraposed of vessels, the smallest of which is alraost as large as that in which Columbus ventufed to cross an unknown ocean. In the first week of October last, seventy-eight ves-. sels cleared from PottsviUe, carrying to the sea-board the rich mineral treasures of this district, and during the same period, twenty-two arriv^ from Philadel phia, laden Avith the luxuries of every clime. The situation of the toAvn is reraarkable, being era- bosomed in lofty hiUs. Sharp raountain in front (south) of it, presents a sUrly and alraost savage aspect, heightened by the alraost black, dismal cav erns excavated from its side, and looking like entrances to the abode of Pluto. ; and the Norwegian, covered with coal dust and sluggishly moving on, is no bad type of Styx. The feeling produced on visiting Potts-^ ville, is, that it is no place for trifline, for every one wears a look of iraportance, and is plainly intent on playing his. cards, so as not to lose a trick. A strong inclina,tion is felt by the spectator tp. join in and take a hand. The interest of the garae has overcorae the scruples of raany devout people; fpr you may see the grave (Quaker,. the ejaculating Methodist, and the sober Presbyterian, sitting at the samp table, and using all their ingenuity to get the odd trick ; but Avhat is mpst surprising, is that they all appear to get good cards, and are perfectly satisfied .with the result of |he garae. It is curious to observe the raotly raixture of peo-' ^e of aU cliraes^and complexion, that have come to. 282 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. worship here. Then you may see the pale citizen, who has been engaged aU his life in measuring goods behind the counter, and who has never before been out of the sight of the smoke of his own chimney, until he Avas tempted to go in quest of the golden fleece in the form of ¦coal, in consultation deep with a hardy, florid countenance, and, you may perceive from their eager looks and animated gestures, that a spec of some magnitude is afloat. Then again may be seen the German, whose ancestors came to kindly Pennsylvania nearly two centuries ago, a period, as historians tell us, raore than sufiicient to blend tAvo hostile races ; and here he is, the sarae in dress, language, manners and hoary prejudice, as when the first of his name left Rotter dam. There he stands, with the title deed of his farm in his hand, and surrounded by a half a dozen of sharp looking fellows, who are trying by words and signs to close a bargain with him — but he is keeping them at bay, as a good stout bull-dog would a parcel of curs, though he seems at the same time to be afraid of being bit. No tOAvn of its size is so well supplied with every essential of luxury and convenience. Of attorneys, there are plenty, of the first repute, and with enough of activity to prevent the people frora stagnating for want of exciteraent. And there are agents, who wUl gladly execute any commission, from oneto ten thou sand dollars. Fancy stores, well supplied with rib bands and artificial flowers. A perfumer advertises aU sorts of cosmetics, and a Yankee school master for scholars. Doctors are there too, fresh frpm college, and shining with the reflected science of Physic and Chopman. There is a ball-roora, a church, and sev era,! excellent hotels and boarding houses, and the newspaper is one of the best conducted journals in the country. Two daily lines of stages run from Philadelphia — Reeside against Coleman — and they merit a eulogium for the vigor with which they crack HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 283 their Avhips, the raatchless fury of their driving, and for their exquisite skUl in upsetting. Pottsville has every requisite for becoraing a great city — an unin terrupted navigation by the canal to PhUadelphia, coal enough to supply the Avorld for thousands of years ; and if the resources of the country should be developed with the same untiring activity by the next, as it has been by the present generation, PottsvUle, bold as the assertion may seem, avUI rival the large cities of the sea-board in population and wealth. A writer in the Pottsville Advocate, early in 1831, thus speaksof the place: "The.townof Pottsville, by the late census, con tains upwards of 2,500 inhabitants. The fluctuating population having Avithdrawn, there raay be a trifling decrease; for, at the time when the census was taken, we were thronged with strangers, drawn to the place by the ill-advised and premature uproar so foolishly raised about it. That, however, fortunately, did no essential harra, and is an earnest that, for the future, it is not even in the power of our friends to injure us. We have now seventy stores, of various kinds, richly stocked, many of them rivalling those of Philadelphia in appearance. " Since last spring, about fifty new brick buUdings have been erected in the town, more th^n half of which are large three story houses. Among these are the uniform stores erected by Jaraes Appleton, at the upper part of Centre street, Jacob Alter has also erected ' three handsome stores, in the neighborhopd of the Arcade. " Nor are our private houses less creditable to us than our public improveraents. Araong those Avhich have lately been corapleted, we would raention Fran cis B. Nichols' and Abraham Pott's, on Market street; J. Sanderson's, Burd Patterson's, on Mahantango street ; J. C. Offerman's, on Centre street ; and raany others less remarkable ; but imparting an air of neat ness and comfort not often seen in towns of such rapid 284 ' HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTT. growth. In the lower part of the town, we have- Thomas Ridgeway's, and several others, comprising part of what is usually called MorrisvUle, which, with Mount Carbon, forms a striking entrance to the town from the south. "We must not omit to mention M. B. Buckley's beautiful addition to PottsviUe, distinguished by the name of Greenwood, occupying a point remarkable for its beauty, and the varied scenery which it coraraands. Araong the iraproveraents, we reraark a large stone hotel, and a row of handsome stone houses. In the rear, on the river road to Port Carbon, there is a large brewery, in full operation, established by A. Y, Moore, enabling us to boast of beer fully equal to that of Philadelphia. , ' "Adjoining MorrisviUe, as we remarked above, stands Mount Carbon, which, under the fostering care of John White, now fully equals any part of the town in appearance. During the past season, many valuable additions haVe been completed ; particularly a hotel, Avhioh would do credit to a city, and a roAV of stores. The Norwegian railroad terminates here. " Mount Carbon comprises the southem extremity of Pottsville. It stands on the Sohuylkill, at the foot of the Sharp mountain, lying in the valley between that and Sdfcond mountain. Its situation is romantic j the abrupt hills, rising almost perpendicularly around, are strikingly grand ; Avhile the Schuylkill; winding through, the gorges of the mountain, completes a scene of picturesque beauty unsurpassed by the points. in Avhpse praise our northern tourists are so fluent. Sharp mountain itself is a reraarkable natural curi osity, reserabling a rarapart-boundary to the coal region on the south. "The original town of Mount Carbon received considerable additions during the last year. Since the closmg of navigation,the lock at the raouth of the canal has been renewed, under the superintendence of Mr. MiUs, the agent for the canal company, hx aiTSORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 285 the pool above, are the docks of Messrs. Elmaker, Audenreidj and White & Coombe, who have tAvo docks at the rear of their store houses, each twenty- eight feet wide, and in length one is one hundred, and the other one hundred and fifty feet. . Beyond are Mr. Eldridge's landings, adjoining the range now con* structing for Messrs. Thourori and Macgregor. On the opposite side, lie the boat yards of Mr. Shelly, and the extensive landings of the North American Compa-' ny. Again on the left are Mr. S. J. Pott's wharves; those of Messrs. Morris ; and Mr. C. Storer 's boat yard, on which we perceive he is erecting a screw dock. The latter lie at the foot of MorrisvUle. " The pool below the bridge affords Avharves to the store houses of Messrs. Moore & Grahara, Nathans, Thurston, and, others. Several new landings are here constructing, the margin of the river presenting every facUity for works of this nature. The principal build ings lately erected are a range of stone stores and dwelling houses, the hotel, on Centre street; on Market street, six stone and twelve frame buUdings. The hotel is a beautiful edifice of stone, forty-five feet Avide by eighty-two, exclusive of the, piazza, which presents a promenade to each story, embracing a view of the mountainous scenery around. These improvements are owing to the enterprizing spirit of Messrs. White and Coombe. "The Mount Carbon railroad, projected as an. out let for the rich coal formations of the ' Norwegian creek valleys, was commenced in Oct. 1829, under the superintendence of WUliara R. Hopkins, chief- engineer, and John White, president. At the terrai-' nation the road is elevated upon 81 piers of masonry, erected upon ithe landings; thence it passes tjirough the gap of Sharp raountain, across the landings be fore mentioned, following the valley of the Schuyl kiU to MorrisvUle. At this point we have, on the left, Messrs. Morris' mines, and on the apposite side ,pf the river, on the Lippincott and Richards tract, 286 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. the mines now worked by Mr. Baraelough. The road here leaves the Schuylkill, at its junction with the -Norwegian creek, stretching up the valley of the latter, parallel with the Greenwood improvements, directly through Pottsville, to the forks : a distance of 6;208 feet from the piers. Below this are the raines now Avorking by Mr. M'Kechney, and several openings on land belonging to D. J. Rhoads, Esq. "On the last branch, which is 14,200 feet in length, the first lateral above the forks belongs to the North Araerican Co., and leads to their CentreviUe collieries, where they have twelve openings, upon the celebra ted Lewis and Spohn veins. This coal is in high estimation, and has greatly aided in establishing the reputation of Schuylkill county coal, in the eastern markets. Beyond this, the road passes through Ben jamin Pott's lands, anti again strikes the Spohn vein at the east mines of the North American Co. The HiUsborough tract coraes next, on the right, on which are several openings. Here we diverge to the left, through the celebrated Peach raountain tract, belong ing to J. White, and pass five openings raade by him. Next the Rose hUl tract, owned by L. Ellraaker: on these lands- are several raines, leased fey the Messrs. Warner, Wade, and others, near the town of Wades- viUe : a thriving little place, laid out by Mr. Ell- maker. Above the town, the lateral road from Capt. Wade's raine comes down. The east branch termi nates upon the Flowery field tract, belonging to Messrs. Bonsall, Wetherill, and Cumraings. This land has been extensively worked by various indi viduals. " The West Branch coramences at MarysviUe, on the Oak hUl tract, and is 16,400 feet in length. On this estate are the raines leased bj^ Messrs. Smith,. Hart, MaxweU, Wade, Hall, Dennis, Gallagher, and Martin. Among those are the celebrated Diamond and Oak hUl veins. We must not orait the hotel kept here, by Mr. B. Gallagher,, at a convenient dis^ HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 287 tance from PottsviUe for an excursion. Below Oak hUi are the Green park and Clinton tracts ; the former belonging to John White, and the latter to Mrs. Spohn. At Green park there is one opening under the superintendence of Mr. James Dill. Adjoining this is the Belmont estate — also John White's. Next the Thouron tract, a portion of which has been pur chased by Benj. Pott; the Spohn vein passing through it. Contiguous are the Spohn, Lewis, and Duncan estates. The railroad here passes B. Pott's saw-mill, and extends in a perfectly straight liiie, a raile in length, nearly to the junction with the main road." Since the above extract was published, noAV fifteen years, many important changes have taken place. Old raines have been exhausted, or abandoned,and new ones b'pened ; a great nuraber of new railroads have been constructed ; several raines ha Are been explored, and pofitably worked, below the water level. The geology of the region has been fully explored ; Potts vUle, Reading, and Philadelphia railroad has been opened, in 1842, affording daily comraunication in seven hours to PhUadelphia, and proraising to effect a complete revolution in the transportation of coal ; the speculations of 1836, have expanded and exploded. Pottsville has itiCTeased its population from 2,424, in 1830, and 3; 1 17 in 1835, to- 4,345, in 1840; and is now a compact, bustling place. Its tafade, no longer driven back and forth by the tide of speculation, has settled, or is settling, into a steady channel, well un derstood, and well raanaged by capita&ts, raerchants and minei:s. The town now contains a handsorae Epis copal church, and a splendid new Catholic cathedral, both in the Gothic style ; a German Catholic church, and neat edifices for the Presbyterian, Gerraan Re formed and Lutheran, Episcopal Methodist, Welsh Methodist, UniversaUsts, Welsh Baptist, Welsh Pres byterians, Welsh Calvinists, Quakers, anti an African ; in all, 14 churches; two academies, a number of public schools, a spacious toiwn haU ; a splendid hotel, caUed 288 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Pennsylvania HaU, and several other spacious hotels; a furnace, at whicii iron has been successfuUy made .with anthracite coal ; a forge and rolling raiU ; several large foundries, steam engine factories and machine shops, &c. The Greenwood furnace lately repaired, and under the superintendence of Dr. Palmer, & Co;, is now in successful operation. Messrs. Haywood & Snyder's foundry, machine shop, &c., Avas erected in 1834 — is avery extensive establishment. The Pottsville Iron foundry and machine shop, owned and carried on by E. W. McGimiis, employs constantly from fifty to sixty hands. FarreU's foUndery, was started a few years ago — gives einployment to some six or eight hands. These several foundries manufacture annually articles to the amount of ® 140,000, Clemen's steara raill has been in operation since 1836. There is an extensive board yard here, several breweries, and scores of stores, groceries, shops, &c.j &c. There are four weekly newspapers published, and ably conducted, viz : " The Miners' Journal," edited by Benjamui Bannan, Esq. ;. " The PottsviUe Empoj- riura," by E. 0. Jackson, Esq. ; " The Anthracite Gazette," by Messrs. Wynkoop & Kershner, Esqrs. ; and one, a German paper, "Die Freiheist Presse." The DanviUe and Pottsville railroad, designed to connect the SchuylkUl Navigatioff, at PottsArille, with the Susquehanna at Danville and Sunbury, was pro jected in 1826, and was completed in 1834 as fair as GirardvUle, a small hamlet of three or four houses, ten miles north of PotisvUle. Sixteen railes are also corapleted on the Sunbury end. The death of its chief patrons, the late Stephen Girard, and Gen. Daniel Montgomery, of Danville, Avith whom the pro- .ject originated, has retarded the progress of the work. On the ten miles near PottsviUe, a tunnel of 700 feet long, and four mchned planes, have been constructed at an enormous expense; but the tunnel -2,600 feet HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 289 iai^, into the Girard coal mines, on Mahonoy, is but partially completed. UntU this is done, this part of the road cannot be profitably used, and the super structure is now rotting in the sun. As the raines in favorable situations, above water level, becorae exhausted, it is necessary either to seek npw ones at a greater distance, and an increased cost of transporta,tion, or to dive deeper into the bowels of the earth. The latter course has , been adopted in several valuable mines, about Pottsville, hy Mr. Charles Lawton, Messrs. Pott and Bannan, Mi*. Gharies EUet, the DelaAvare Coal Company, MUnfe and Haywood, and'Mr. George H. Poft, and others. Mr. Lawton is undermining the very town of Potts viUe itself. These veins are inclined at an inclination of abPut forty degrees. A wide shaft, or descending passage, is first Sunk, at the inclination of the vein, wide enough for a double track railroad, upon which the loaded cars are hauled to the top of the mine. The Miners' Journal says, in 1842 ; " The colliery of Pott and Bannan is of the most interesting of the kind in tlie region, and avUI well repay the trouble, and we raight add the fatigues, of a visit. The COUiery is better known as the Guinea hUl, or Black mine, anti is one of the deepest in our coal basin. The depth of the slope is 400 feet, which, at the inclination of forty degrees, Avould give a per pendicular depth of 252 feet into thp very bowels ofthe eairth. The pitch of the vein, as soon as it loses the influence of the hUl, is very regular, and th,e coal be coraes of a purer and better quality, arid is found in greater raasses between the slates. The colliery is worked with two steara engines — one of fifty horse power, and the other of twenty. The forraer is used in puraping the water' which accuraulates in the mines, and the latter in hoisting the coal in cars to the mouth of the slope. The pump used in the coUiery is of cast iron, twelve inches in diameter, and extentlii the enture depth of the slope — 400 feet. The columra S 290 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. of water brought up by the engine, at each lift of the pump, is equal in weight to about eight tons and a half " At the depth of 200 feet of this slope, a tunnel has been driven ninety yards south to the Tunnel vein, and , 70 yards north to the Lawton vein-^bbth through, solid rock; which enables the proprietors to work three veins, Avith the present engines and^ fixtures.. ' As the. visitor leaves the slopp, and finds hiraself, lantern in hand, groping his way thrpugh the gangway into the heart ofthe raine, he is half bewildered and.startled, as. the almost indistinct masses of coal, slate, dirt, &c.,;. fashion themsjelves into soraething bordering upon a'. dark, dusky, and even forbidding outline. It seems as if you had faUen upon a subterranean city, buried-, by some great convulsion of nature ; and the illusion is still further heightened by observing - workmen busily engaged, apparently in excavating, the ruins. Or, if you are highly imaginative, and have. read, the Odyssey, you:, raight readily fancy the feelings of Ulysses, that "god-like arid rauch-enduring man," when he paid a visit to the infernal shades, for the purpose of ascertaining the shortest and most direct cut to his beloved Ithaca. Horaer, hoAvever, does , not inforra uSr-whether or not the shades carried laraps , in their caps,, without which the pick would be. of lit tle use to our, miners."* On seyerg-l occasions PottsviUe. sustained injury frora freshets— iri October,. 1831, and Janua,ry, 1841., The following frora the Miner's Journal gives an ac- - count of these freshets :. " Since the recoUection of our pldest inhabitants, this . portion of the country bas not been visited' by so con siderable a freshet as was witnessed in the early part - ofthe Av^ek. It is not less reraarkable that the loss of property-susfained by this accumulation of waters, has proved, so far as is ascertained, entirely dispro portioned to the..geners,l apprehensjion— another proof , HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 291. of the pervading strength and solidity of the resuUs of enterprize. •- The rain has fallen copiously, during several nights preceding Tuesday, on which day it subsided, exhibiting in its effects in the accumulated: torrents Avhich rolled down the declivities of our mountains. Many of the low grounds were involved in inundation. " The Schuylkill rose to an unusual height. A por tion of the main high way, near Mdjc Kepner' s, was . overflown ; traveUing in carriages was, checked, and the mail from that point, was carried to our bproughi on horse-back.. The SchuylkiU navigation dam, in tills vicinity, received sorae damage, which was speedily repaired. Several coal wharves at fort Carbon were SomeAVhat injured, by the reraoval of a part of the structure supporting thera. Several boats . were swept away. Mr. Crawley, the owner, with difficulty preserved; his dweUing house, by erecting in, front a strong stone barrier four feet in height, froni i the devoming flood. His barn, however, was carried- away. " The destruction of property has (January, 1841,). been considerable, by filling up fhe ceUars, &c.., inthis . borough, Avhich in some instances was so sudden that the raerchants had no time to. remove their goods. Our friends, in Coal street had their comraunication , Avith the rest of the town, completely cut off, by the water in the Norwegia.n, Avhich corapletely inundated . all the houses bordering on the streara. Part, of the embankment of the Greenwood canal has been sAvept away, below the aqueduct-^and the. houses on the I'sland Avere all completely surrounded, with water. The families from sorae were carried 'out Avhen the water AV^as raiddle deep. The water completely :sur- rounded Clemen's & Parvin's steam mill, and the wharves below the mill were washed into the basin. " About fifty yards of theembankraenfeof the Navi gation Company's-.canal, has been swept;away, oppo™- site TumbUng run dam, and about one. hundred Jseti 292 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COtjNTY. ofthe embankment opposite C. Lawfon's wharf, car rying away his schutes and the old boat house, and the old bridge connecting the new turnpike with Mount Carbon, Avas also carried , off. The towpath bridge opposite Lewisport is carried away. — and a l>reach has been raade in the canal at Adara's locks. Dribelbi's dara is also injured. ¦" The Schuylkill bridge below this borough, is so much injured, that it is considered dangerous to pass 'over it. • " At the first dara above Audenreid's mill, the water broke out and completely surrounded the lock-house, carrying away the stable, uUderralning the founda tion of the house, and the lock also, the Avails of both of which wiU probably fall down. About one hun dred yards of the erabankment of the canal has also been carried away. A sick person in the look-house was rescued with great difficulty. " The railroads in this region are all more or less in jured by the destruction of bridges, undermining, &c. The town of Port Carbon Avas completely inundated— the water reached up almost as far as the bank; but two bridges are left standing. Mr. Kinsley has lost considerably, and Mr. Pott has lost his garden — an acre lot. "At SchuylJiiU Haven, the damage has also been very great. Several bf the coal wharves have been washed away, and the balance fiUed up. Mr. Lewis Daugherty, we leam, lost several railroad wagons. The coal has also disappeared from the wha.rves. " The Tumbling run dam narrowly escaped from beingf'carried away. The water had made a passage inside the wing wall of the water-way — fortunately, it was discovered in time, otherwise the dam would have been swept away, and Mount Carbon would .have suffered severely.", HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 2SS' Port Carbon, a post town, was first laid out in 1826, by Mr. Abrahara Pott ; he first laid off one hundred lots, of one acre each, from the mouth of MUl creek to the Salem landing. In 1828, he sold the lots and thirty-four acres of his farm, to Messrs. Seitzinger and Wetherill, for forty-five dollars per acre, Avho laid off the Avhole into suitable town lots ; and as the place Avas created by the coal trade, it was called Port Carbon. The first house buUt in Port Carbon, was erected by A. Pott, in 1826, when, to use his own language, " We had a real log-cabin-raising." In 1 82 9, Mr. Pott sold sixty-four acres to Daniel J. Rhoads, for four thousand dollars, who afterwards laid out Rhoads town. In 1829, Mr. Pott laid out Irishtown, and sold one-half of it to Burd Patterson, Es^., and Mr. Joseph Swift ; stUl owning the half hiraself In 1829, WiUiara Lawto,n laid out Lawtontown. The sarae year, A. Pott and John B. Gardener, laid out Acre- town. Young's addition Avas raade in 1828. From these five original "startings," viz : Port Car bon, Irishtown, Ehoadsiown, Laiotontown, Acre- ¦town, and Young's Addition, now merged into, one, arose a town, that numbered, at the tirae of .taking the census in 1830, about one hundred dwelling houses, and nine hundred and twelve inhabitants. The place is now known aS Port Carbon. The place met with soriie reverses in 1831 and '32, "In the syncope," says a writer of 1832, « av hich followed the extreme excitement in the coal region, many of the hPuses are at present (1832) without tenants; some of them unfinished, anti falling to decay." « But the- site," continues the same Writer, "has many advan-i tages for a tOAvn, and as the shipping port for a large and rich eoal, region, raust have considerable busi ness. It lies at the confiuence of MiU creek with she SchuylkiU river, and upon the head of the navi gation of the latter. The pool here gives great facili ties for ladmg places, which are connected with then 294 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. -coal mines on both sides of the river, by raUways, — the chief of Avhich is the MUl creek road, and, the SchuylkiU valley road. The former extends up Mill -creek. It has Ponnected with several lateral roads." The SchuylkiU railroad connects with Port Carbon and Tuscarora. Port Carbon is a place of considerable iraportance. It stands unrivalled as a place for shipping coal. A nuraber of railroads center or ferrainate here!, from numerous coal raines. The SchuylkUl valley raU- -road, the MUl creek raUroad, the Port Carbon and Mount Carbon roads, (the latter connecting with the Reading railroad,) all centre here. More coal" is shipped here than at PottsviUe. Port Carbon consists of rising one hundred dwell ings ; raany of thera raake a fine appearance ; six taverns, thirteen dry goods, grocery and feed stores; a steara-raUl, owned by Ll F. Whitney, Esq. ; iron foundry and raachine shop, by T. H. Winterstein; a shovel factory, by A. G. Brook ; several warehouses ; two churches, English Presbyterian, and Gerraan Reformed and Lutheran ; also, a public school house. There are several coal mines contiguous to it ; one owned by , Michael McDormut, Avorked by Charles EUett, with a slope six hundred feet deep, and two stationary engines ; one immediately above Port Car bon, on the North Araerican corapany lands, worked by Mr. ChUlas. This raine was set on fire sorae twelve years ago, and burned for sorae time ; but has been again re-opened, and now successfully worked under the superintendence of Mr. Hodgkiss. It has a drift of three hundred and fifty yards in length. " We do not know," says the editor of the Anthra cite Gazette,* ' " a iriore busy or industrious popula tion, than that contained in our sister borough of * Pottsville, May 11, 1844. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 295 Port Carbon. Beiug a depot of considerable irapor tance in the coal region, throughout the business sea son, it exhibits one unvaried scene of enterprize and active labor. Laden cars of coal frora the various mines, extended along eight mUes of the SchuylkUl valley railroad, are continually pouring their useful freight into the boats at that place. The continual clatter of unloading, shoveling and screening coal, resounds from raorning till night. The chink of the blaoksraith's hammer — the hum of machinery, and deep-mouthed breathing ofthe poAverful steam engine, are all wonted accompaniraents to the labors of the day. Every thing denotes energy and activity, arid lazy men are scarce comraodlties in that neighbor hood. The favorable change which avUI be brought in the increase of population, business, and facility, after the corapletion of the Mount Carbon and Port Carbon railroads, will add greatly to' the already fine prospects of the district. Port Carbon presents a fine site for a large town, and we confidently anticipate, that the day is not far distant, Avhen all the fine buUding lots, Avith which the vaUey abounds, avUI be "covered by good and substantial edifices. It will yet become (and this prediction may be recorded against us) one of the greatest and most iraportarit points in the SchuylkiU county c»al region. "The business noAV done in the borough, apart frora the coal trade, is considerable. There are already large stores engaged in selling merchandize, aU doing a good business, deriving their custora, not only frora the iramediate neighborhood, but principally frora the numerous mining villages, located at differ ent points along the routes of the above raentioned -railroads. " In speaking of Port Carbon, Ave have taken in the several additions knoAvn as Lawtontown, Irish- tOAvn, &c., as they are all comprised within a short limit, andvare, in- fact, always considered as the. place .itself." 296 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Codquennac, in Norwegian township, two railes above Port Carbon, on Mill creek — is a regularly laid oUt toAvn, of two hundred and twenty lots, on a tract of land OAvned by the North American coal company. Little Wolf creek passes through it. It- contains one tavern. St. Clair is one mUe aboye CoaqupnnaG ; consists pf several dwellings, onf tavern and a store. A poAvder mUl, OAvned by Messrs. Frack and Seltzer. New Castle is a- post-tbwn, in Norwegian town ship, on the Sunbury turnpike, situated about four raUes northrWest pf PottsviUe, in a narrow valley of Mine hUl. It was laid out by LcAvis Ellraaker, and others, in l'fi30. It is a coahcreation,; it contains be-. tween fifty and sixty dAvellings, some of Avhich ara substantially built,; one ta.vern, three stores, and a public school house. The. population exceeds four hundred. Coal Castle, in Norwegian tpAvnship, on the West Branch of the Schuylkill river, and' on the raihoad, at the foot of the Broad mountain, is a cluster of seventy small houses, or a miners' hamlet, about three railes above Minersville. "A little west of this place, at the "jugular vein,""' ,in Brpad rapuntain, a coal mine on fire in the win-. ters of 1838 '39, and has since defied alt atterapts to,, extinguish it. It has even roasted the rockyj strata of the raountain above it, destroying every trace of A^egetation along the line of the breast, and causing vast yawning chasras, Avhere the earth has fallen in, frora which issue hot and sulphurous fumes, as from a volcano. The mine was ignited by a careless mi ner, who, to raoderate the temperature, placed a hanging grate at the' mouth of the drift.- The fire communicated, to the props, and then to the raUroad, and such a heat,was caused, that it must have cracked off lumps, of coal to feed the flames. It seeras scarcp nossible that the corapact vein; itself can be on fire,^ HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 297' 1 although such may be the case. Two unfortunate miners perished in the mines. The lessee, Lewis C. Dougherty, after trying various experiments to ex tinguish it, abandoned it, with a heavy loss." "* Mackeysville, two miles Avest of Coal Castle, is a miners' hamlet, consisting of sorae thirty sraall dweU lings. The mines are worked by Col. G. C. Wyn-. koop. •I>ay.'s.H,is. Col.,,p. 613. CHAYIEU III. HISTORY OF COAL, &c. Having given a brief topographical sketch" of the ¦several townships and tPwns in this county, this part of the AVork may be appropriately closed by giving a history of the discovery of coal, and coal operations in this. region. To do this, pkce is given to the first and latest annual report of the Coal Mining Associa tion of SchuylkiU county ; the forraer made bythe board in 1833, and the latter in-1845: The Board of Trade deem it proper, at this, the an- .nual meeting of the "Goal Mining Association of Schuylkill County,^' to take a review of the state of the coal trade, from its commenceraent in this county, to the present time; and give their vIcavs of the future prospects of the miner, together with such -coraparisons and inferences as may be thought rela- verit to the subject. So early as 1 7 90, * coal was known to abound in '^his county ; but, it being of a different quality from thatknown'to our smiths as bituminous coal, and be ing hard of ignition, it Avas deemed useless, until about the year-179S, when a blacksmith, named Whet stone, brought it into notice, by usirig it in his smifh- ery. His success induced several to dig for coal, and when found, to attempt the burning of it; but the difficulty was so great, that it did not succeed. Abput the year 18Q0, a Mr. WiUiam Morriss, '•¦who owned a large tract of land inthe neighborhood HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 29© of Port Carbon, procured a quantity of coal, and took -it' to Philadelphia, but he was unable, with all his ex ertions, to bring it into notice ; and abandoned all his plans, returned, and sold his lands to Mr. Pott, the late proprietor. From that tirae, to about the year 1806, no farther efforts to use it were raade. About that tirae, in cutting the tale race for the VaUey Forge on the SchuylkiU, they struck on a seara of coal, which induced David Berlin, a blacksmith in the neighborhood, to make trial of it ; his success was complete, and from that period, it has been partially used. ' In the year 1812, our fellow citizen. Col. George Shoemaker, procured a quantity of coal,' from a shaft surik on a tract he had recently purchased on the NorAvegian, and how owned by the North Arioierican Coal Company, and knoAvn as the CentreviUe Mines. With this he loaded nine wagons, and proceeded to PhUadelphia ; much time was spent by him in en deavoring to introduce it to notice, but all his efforts proved unavailing. Those who deigned to try it, de clared Col. Shoeinaker to be an irapostor, for attempt ing to impose stone on them for coal, and were clamorous against him, Not discouraged by the sneers and sarcasms caSt upon him, he persisted in the undertaking, and at last succeeded in disposing of two loads, for the cost of transportation — and the remaining seven he gave to persons who promised to try to use it, and lost all the ' coal and charges. Messrs. Mellon and Bishop, at the earnest solicita tions of Col. Shoemaker, Avere induced to make trial -of it in their roUing mUl-in Delaware coUnty, and finding; it to answer fully the character given it by Colonel Shoemaker, noticed its usefulness in the PhUadelphia papers ; and from that period, we may date the triuraph of reason, aided by perseverance •over prejudice. At this ..period, the raountains were birtpartially e^ 300 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. plored, and the scant, but hardy population of the- county, depended in a great raeasure on hunting„for their immediate Avants, and on lumber, for supplying those articles of foreign ' product, that were required for their comforts or necessities. The lumber, procured during the Avinte'r, was formed into rafts, and sent down Avhen spring freshets rendered, the river navigable. By this uncertain, and at all times precarious mode of conveyance, the pro duct of this county was conveyed to raarket, until, the canal was corapleted, in the year 1825. Inthe year 1814, a few ofthe raost enterprising of the citizens projected a canal from Philadelphia to Shis place, under an impression that, the lumber of SchuylkiU county, and the grain of the counties bor dering on the Susquehanna, would find a vent, and ultiraately afford a dividend to the stockholders. At that period there were a fcAV who looked for ward to a time, when the eoal frora this county would be the principal article of export, and would becorae an article of general use ; but the nuraber was sraall, and a vast majority looked on the formation of a canal through this wild and mountainous region, as a chi merical scheme, raore fitted for speculators in a stock raarket, than from any benefit that raight resiUt to tho stockholders, or the public. But, with all the discourageraent attendant on a measure so opposite to public opinion, the stock was taken by the enterprising capitalists of our metropolis, and the work pushed with vigor to a completion, which Avas so far accomplished in the suraraer of 1825, as to enable boats to pass frora Pottsvillfi to. PhUadel phia; As was to be expected; from a work of such mag- nUiide, being undertaken and finishpd under such dis couraging prospects, the canal ,was in many places defective ; and owing to the embankraent being new, br,8qcbJ5S occurred so frequently, for some years after,. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 30l that it was at all tiraes an uncertain conveyance, un til, by the unreraitting exertions, and laudable and praiscAVorthy perseverance of the Directors of the Navigation Corapany, the work was, last year, brought to that state of perfection, that warrants the assurance that the navigation may noAV be depended on. It has been urged as a complaint against the Navi gation Company, that the tolls required are higher than they should be, and to enable us to sell coal as low as the citizens of our Atlantic cities require of us, that a reduction should be made — but when Ave take into view the heavy araount that has been expended by the company ; and that for raany years no divi dend had been raade ; and that frora the coraraence ment of the work, up to the present time, the dividend on the stock Avill not average raore than onCrhalf per ¦cent, per annum; in addition to "which, the projected inaprovemexts, for the corairig arid succeeding years, are of such magnitude, as avUI absorb the greater part of the reyenue ; it cannot, in reason, be asked of them to reduce the rate of tbUs ; and your board can not Avithhold from the directors of the corapany, the expression of their approbation and praise, for the liberal and erilightened course they have pursued, in bringing the work to so perfect a state ; and they feel gratified iri anticipating t^e profitable retum that will, ere long, be made thera for their capital, so long un profitably employed in a AVork that requires such un tiring zeal and perseverance, as has been seldora dis"- played in this or any other country. In raaking the foregoing remarks, your board have been led some years in advance of their subject ; but feel it due to the Navigation Company, to give a view of their operations, to correct mis-staleraents raade of them, and to place the subject in its true light before the association. They "will now proceed to give a brief outline of 302 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. the coal busiriess, from the best information ih their. possession. In the year 1813, several small openings were made in different parts of the county, by sinking shafts ; and the coal taken out, was vended to the smiths and:. others in the neighborhood, at twenty,-five cents per bushel, or three dollars and fifty, cents per ton, at the pit's raouth. These shafts were sunk.but a few feet, in the crop ofthe vein, and the coal raised by raeans bf the coraraon windless and buckets, and so soon as they attained a depth where the water becarae trouble-. - sorae, (which seldora exceeded thirty feet,) the shaft was-abandoned, and another simk, and the same pro cess, undergone. In the year 1823, an improveraent was made in the mode of Avorking, by substituting horse power and the gin, for the windless heretofore used ; by which .. they were enabled to clear the Avater from the shafts with great facility, and to sinkvfarther on the veins. But with this, (as it was then conceived greaf; im- - provement) they, were only enabled to run down the vein for a short distance ; and the coal, in point of coraparison, was inferior ; as experience has since taught, that the crop is. not equal to the eoal that is taken out lower ; and when the roof and floor have attained the regularity, and hardness, so necessary to . ensure good coal. At the period alluded, to, railroads were unknown i araongst us, and the mode of transporting was by. common wagons, over roads- at all times bad, and through a couutry, where, from its mountainpus character, the horse was able to do but little, in com parison to what can be done on a plain and level couutry. Yet, with all these difficulties, the work was con tinued ; and the price attained, (owing to the heavy expense of woricing) afforded but a scanty pittance to. the men enc^loyed, without, in any mariner, reim- teursing the owner of the land for the loss of the<' HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. ¦ 303 " timber, exclusive of the impoverishing of his epal beds. As far back as 1-814, drifts had been run on the heads of veins, in several places, andthe coal brought from them in wheelbarroAvS ; but it was not tiU 1827, . that the raUroad w^is introduced into drifts, and from that period to the present, drifts have been: the urii"?pj- sal mode. Improvements have been making from that to the present time, and it is believed they have attained that degree of perfection, which has so long been desired, and sueh as to enable the rainer fo work on the best, and cheapest plan. The introduction of raUroads into this county forms an important, era in the history of this4istrict, and de serves the attention of all Avho are engaged, or-in any manner interested • in mining ;, as by their intro duction, those distant beds of coal, that, a few years- since, were believed to be too remote to admit of be ing worked, but were held as a reserve,,for a future generation ; and were suppPsed to be unavailing, un til all those beds lying on the canal were exhausted, and which are noAV brought into a,Gtiveuse, and the whole region, forming- a district, averaging eighteen riaUes in length, rfrom east to west; and in breadth, from north to .southj four miles, is trstversed or inter sected by railroads, and is rendered capable of being. worked. Previous to- the erection of any of the piiblie. rail roads, our enterprizing fellow citizen, Abrahara Pott, constructed a raUroad from his mines, east of Port Carbon, to that place, raaking half a raile. This served.. as a raodel, and lUay be termed the beginning,,from:. which all originated. , The MiU Creek . raihroad was begun in 1829, and finished in the i^m.e year ; it is a single track, 40 inches, and extends - from Port Garbon to the, Broad mountain. It . 304 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. is now intended to lay a new road to intersect the Danville road at the Broad raountain, which can be done at a sraall expense. This rPad'runs through the coal region, from east to west, and cost, origi naUy ;?5,ooo The laterals leading into it, cost .4,000 $9,QO0 'the Schuylkill Valley raUroad ivas commenced in 1829, and fin ished in 1830. It extends from, Port Carbon to Tuscarora, is ten mUes long, with a double track of 40 inches, and cost , 63,000 Add to which, laterals, that in tersect it in every direction 20,000 83,000 The Norwegian and Mount Car bon railroad, which is designed to form a part of the Pottsville and Dainville raUroad, was coramenced in 1829, and finished in 1831. About one mile above PottsviUe, -it branches and runs up the east •and west branches of the NorAV-e- gian. For three raUes it is a double track, fifty-six inches and a. half, buUt in the raost substantial raan ner, and cost 97,000 ¦Its laterals cost about 3,000 The next in order is the Mine HiU and Schuylkill Haven rail road, which extends from Schuyl kiU Haven, (5 mUes below Pdtts"- vUle,) to the Broad mountain, a •disfarice of 1 1 mUes, and with the, West West Branch connectilig 100,000 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL OOUNTY. 305 with it, forras a line of 15 miles, at a cost of 182,000 To this road there are several mUes of lateral, costing 20,000 I 202,000 The Little SchuylkUl raihroad, extending from Port Clinton to Tamaqua, a distance of 22 mUes, touches but for a sraaU distance on the coal region, until it ap proaches the valley of Taraaqua. The road is at present laid , down Avith a single track, fifty-six inches and a half; but as it is not yet completed, but is designed for a double track, calculated for a loco motive engine, it will cost, when finished 260,000 To which raay be added the roads and laterals connected with mines, iraraediately on the line of the canal ; , which, at a moderate estiniate, cost 2,000 262,000 Making a total of raUroads, of (^656,000 The amount invested in lands and buildr ings in this county, is estiraated at 6,000,000 The araount expended in opening veins, fixtures, cars, &c., &c., connected with mining 200,000 To which may be added 500 ^oats, averaging ®500 each - 250,000 Making a total of money invested, araounting to jg7,106,000 Although raining was carried on here frora 1813, it was not untU the canal AvaS completed, that any correct account of the coal sent, could be obtained. T 306 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Under that period, arks and river boats were used' j and the quantity sent down was small, and the diffi culty in seUing was great at any price. UntU the year 1820, wood Avas the only fuel used in PhUadelphia; but, from the imraense quantity required to supply the city, the forests in the neigh bourhood were fast disappearing, and a raeans of a future supply had for some tirae occupied the atten tion of the econoraist and philanthropist. The discovery of coal, in the counties of Lehigh and Schuylkill, appeared to offer the long desired raode of furnishing a supply, when the forests were exhausted ; and as wood had attained even at that date, a. high price, (being frequently frora ten to fifteen dollars per cord, during the winter, when the navigatiPn was closed,) and every year increasuig, the introduction of coal, as a substitute for wood, was attempted ; but it being of a quality unknown to most of the citizens, great difficulties were to be overcome, before it could be introduced to any extent. , To accpmplish this object, it was necessary to com bat and remove old anti long established habits and prejudices ; and to satisfy the public, that a saving would be made. In addition to the habits of the people being fixed, all the preparations for consu- rauig fuel AYere made for Avood, and before coal could be used, grates must be substituted for the open fire places, at a heavy expense, which was thought too great to be hazarded for an uncertainty. It was a long time before grates were broUght to that degree of pesfeetion, suffident to satisfy the pub lic that Anthracite coal could be used ; as the early friends of the raeasure, in their zeal to introiiuce it into general use, held out to the public the idea, that so sraall a quantity Avas sufficient to answer for heat ing rooras, that raany, acting on their suggestion, had tl^eur grates constructed on so sraall a scale, that they were found totally inadequate for the purpose, and HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 307 were thrown aside by many in despair, and wood was again resorted to. The experiment, after repeated trials, succeeded ; and, in 1825, they were brought to such a state as to satisfy the public that coal, as an article of fuel, could be used with safety and economy. In addition to other causes that operated against the general use of Anthracite as a fuel, its general hardness and want of bitumen, prevented its easy ignition, and required some practice to enable the citizens to make their fires; and it was considered quite a recoraraendation for a servant, if they were able to raake coal fires. The year 1825 raay be cpnsidered as the era from which we raay date the fair introduction of Anthra cite coal ; as grates were then brought to perfection ; and frora then to the present date, the consumption has graduaUy increased. To bring before the Asso ciation at one view, the increase of the trade, we annex a statement of coal shipped frora this section, frora the year 1825 to the present date, with the price paid at this place. per ton. 1825, 6,5qp tons at $3 08 1826, 16,767 do 2 80 1827, 31,360 do 2 80 182,8; 47,284 do 2 52 1829, 79,973 do 2 52 1830, 89,984 do 2 52 1831, 87,854 do 1 50 1832, 209,271 do 2 37 Frora the foregoing stateraent, it appears that from 1825, the increase has been gradual, and at an aver age price of $2,51 per ton. From documents in possession of the Board, it appears there were sent to tide water during the last season, from aU sources, 373,871 tons, and from the best information we are able to collect, the supply on 308 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. hand in all our cities, when the navigation opens, wUl not exceed 20,000 tons, which wUl leave for the last year's consuraption, 353,871 tons. As it is fair to infer that the increased consuraption will keep pace with that of forraer years, we raay put down the demand for 1833, at 480,000 tons, of which -20,000 are already in market, leaving 460,000 tons to be suppUed frora aU sources. Of this quantity it is possible the Lackawana works may be able to fur nish 90,000, and the Lehigh 100,000 — ^leaving to be supplied frora this county, 270,000 tons. Agreeably to the circular of the Lelygh Corapany, they will be able to furnish, the coraing season, 150,- 000 tons : but, as they have for sorae years been in the habit of estimating^their capabilities at 100,000, which they haVe never reaUzed, and as their raeans of transportation will be no greater next season than they were last, it is believed 100,000, tons will be the maximura of their product. The Lackawana, from the Ppinion of experienced engineers, is able to fur nish on their present rpad, no raore than 90,000 ; af which araount we have rated thera. Assuraing 270,000 tons as the quantity that wUl be required frora this region, the next enquiry is, are we capable of furnishing that amount ? and for what price can it be delivered in the boats? It is the opinion of the Board, that the quantity required can be furnished, if the drifts, now in order, and about being put in order, are worked vigorously; but, should purchasers be backward in giving their orders, that quantity cannot be had^ as it required strong exertions tp yield the quantity sent last season, although raore than 30,000 tons of that quantity was of old stock that had been rained the year previous; but, owing to the depressed state ofthe trade,,and the consequent low price in 1831, had lain at the mines, untU a price could be pbtained that would save the owners from loss. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 309 It is beUeved frora the panic that pervaded the dealers in Boston, New York and PhUadelphia, that the orders in the spring wiU be liraited, and that but a sraall business Avill be done in the early part of the season. Should this be the case, the quantity rained Avill faU far short of that required — as frora the na ture and situation of raany of our openings, there is not roora to stock up a large quantity— and, in con sequence, the AVorks raust be suspended, or Avorked weak handed. In either case the operators will be forced to seek other eraployment, and becorae scat tered over the country, and when wanted cannot be had. It appears by the statement heretofore given, that the price of coal delivered on board the boats, prior to 1831, was $2,70 per ton; and that the average fi'ora the commencement of the business was i^2,51. To those at a distance that sum raay appear large. A slight acquaintance with the busiriess will satisfy every unprejudiced raind, that it is not raore than sufficient to reiraburse the coUier for his capital era ployed. To the unexperienced it bears the appear ance of a safe and lucrative business — and, were fire-side calculations to be relieti on, this assumption would hold good. But to those who have had experience in mining, and have known the actual charges, the sura hereto fore charged is known to be no raore than a fair profit on the capital invested. Could all the veins opened be relied on, and Avere there no faults to be encountered, coal would afford a fair profit at i?!2,00 ; but as these are cases that none have realized — but, on the contrary, all veins are npt only liable to, but actually are troubled Avith thera, it cannot be consid ered as a corapensation. It is weU known to all of this association, that faults have occurred at tiriies when leaSt expected, and when every preparation was made for doing a large business; and that it is no uncommon occur- 310 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. rence to meet them when every appearance indica ted a fair and prosperous issue. Weeks, and some times months, are required to cut through these faults, before a ton of coal can be again taken from the vein ; and breasts are again to be opened, shafts sunk for ventUation, and a long tirae spent in preparing. Be sides aU this, the constant wear and tear of wagons, fixtures, &c., forra a series of iteras, together with numerous etceteras that cannot be taken into calcu lation, until actual experience has pointed them out. To afford the collier a fair profit on his investment; and enable him to keep his works and fixtures in order, the Board feel confident that nothing less than $2,50 per ton at PottsvUle or Port Carbon, and $2,75 at Schuylkill Haven, will be sufficierit. The differ ence of 25 cents between PottsviUe and Schuylkill Haven is a fair allowance, as the increased distance they are required to haul on the West branch rail road wUl require all that sum ; and as the difference in freight and toll betweeri the places is 25 cents in favour of SchuylkUl Haven, the places, by this differ ence, are brought to a perfect equality. The board haVe seen, with astonishraent, the charge of monopoly brought against the colliers of this region, and the high price of coal, in our Atlantic cities, attri buted to the grasping spirit of colliers here. They would pass this unmerited charge by aS unworthy of notice, but that the accusation having been so long made, and undenied, has induced a belief in many that there is foundation for it ; and, under a belief of the truth of the accusation, petitions are about being presented to Congress, praying them to reduce or abolish the duty on foreign coal. They have seen, with equal astonishment, that the Board of Alderraen of the city of New York, (under an impressipn, as they presurae, that the charges against us are fomid- ed in fact,) have also, as a body, petitioned for a re peal of duties. A charge of so grave a nature, coming from so HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 311 respectable a source, requires frora us a firra denial ; as well as proof of the unjustness of the charge. We have already, shown that, with the exception of the year 1831, coal was never sold lower than it was the last year ; and it is well known to all engaged in the trade, thett the price of 1831 Avas far below what the article cost. The price of that year was not suffi cient to pay for the labor of taking the coal frora the mine, and delivering it on the landing, and the owner received nothing for his coal. It is a well knoAvn fact, that a perch of building stone, or 24f cubic feet, costs in Philadelphia frtftn $1 to $1,25. It is quarried from the mines, two raUes from the city, and is known to be much easier obtained than coal; it does notrequire orie-fourth the labour, and is of np intrinsic value : whereas a ton of coal, or 28 cubic feet, is hauled on an average 10 miles, and AV"as delivered in 1S31, for $1,50, making a dif ference in the cost, of not quite one-third of a cent per cubic foot more for coal, than for building stone. This fact needs no comraent, and raust, at first blush, satisfy all. ' The true cause of coal costing raore last season at tide water, than of right it should do, was not owing to the price at which it was sold here, as we believe we have fully sliOAvn it Avas quite as low as it could be afforded, but was'oAving to the extravagant freights that were paid for carrying it on the canal. - The depressed state of the trade in 1831 discour aged the buUding of boats, and when the canal opened in 1832, it was found there were not suffi cient to carry to raarket the quantity required. In consequence, freight opened at ^1,50, which was deemed, by the, dealers here, a fair rate; and as it paid a good profit to the boatmen, it was believed it would have a beneficial effect, as aU our boat-build ers were put in requisition, and there was a fair pros pect that there would, in a short tirae, be a suffi ciency, and that we could safely depend on freights 312 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. going no higher. This raight have .been the case, had not the cholera appeared in PhUadelphia ; but, so soon as that scourge was known to have raade its appearance, the boatraen becarae alarraed, and raany of them drew off their boats, and the few who con tinued, were only induced to remain by the increased wages they received. From $1,50, freight Avent up as high as $3,75 ; in the meantime, boats were being built at every yard, and it was confidently anticipa ted by those "who are engaged in mining, and whose interest it is to deliver coal at the cheapest possible rate, that, as soon as the alarm should subside, busi ness would resume its usual course, and that freight Avould corae down to a fair standard. But the par tial stop put to shipping, and the cpnsequent smaU shipments, caused purchasers to instruct their agents, (raany of whom have no interest farther than the commission they receive,) to forward, as fast as pos- sible^n consequence, a competition took place be tween the agents, of who should do the most. The boatraen took advantage of the contention, and all hopes of reducing freight to a fair standard, were dis-' sipated. In consequence of this, an average of $2 was paid for freight, more than should have been done, and that sura was added to the cost of coal at tide Avater. It is believed by your Board, that there will be a sufficient nuraber of boats on the line, at the commencement of the coming season, to carry all the coal that may be required, arid that freight may be had, the season through, at $1,50, provided that agents of houses in our cities be instructed not to raise on each other. As a great portion of the evil may be traced to the unlimited orders given to agents, we would suggest the propriety of each member advising their custom ers, to select frora araongst our citizens, a coraraittee, who shall serve as advisers for agents in aU cases ; and it is believed an arrangement may be made, that AviU insure a fair price to the boatmen, and, at tha HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 313 same time, save the , distant purchasers from ex tortion. From information derived from sources that may be relied on, we feel warranted in saying there will be 600 boats on the canal, at the ppening of the sea son, and as the average burthen last year was rieai 35 tons, and erabraced a large number of "Union, Boats," and as all fhe new boats are of 45 tons and over, it will be safe tp average the boats for next sea son at 38 tons, raaking a tonnage araounting to 22,800. Allowing 16 trips for the year, they wUl be able to transport 3^4,800 ; but, as a, portion of the boats will be used foj transpprting other articles than coal, it wiU be safe to estimate at 270,000 tons for coal, which i? the araount that will be required, and as we niay conclude $1,50 as't;he highest freight, the cost of a ton of coal, delivered at tide water will be : Delivered in the boats at Port CarbPn, $2 50 I ToU on the canal, ' 1 00 - Freight to Philadelphia, 1 50, : $5 00 At, which price it will be the cheapest fuel that Can be used, and below which it wiU be impossi ble to deliver it, with any prospect of profit forthe collier. It has been urged on the publjc that if the present duty is taken off, coals may be imported from Eng land, and sold at prices below what they are noAV selling for. To thpse engaged in mining anthracite coal, It is of little consequence whether there is any duty on the article or not, as it is confidently believed by your board, that the superiority of oUr article for domestic purpose's, as weir as for generating steam, is so great over bituminous, that it can never be brought to compete with it, even if sold at a lower price; as it must be evident to all, that those who have once used anthracite, wiU never wiUingly abandon it for 314 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. bituminous. But as there are large beds of bitumin ous coal in this state, as well as in Virginia, that might be affected by a reduction of duties, it may be well to exaraine into the truth of the assertion. It is well known to all raercantile men, that the principal part, if not aU the coals brought frora Eng land, are brought as ballast; and if the shipowner can realize cost for the article, he is satisfied to lose the freight and charges, as, frora the nature of the artkles brought frora England, he is corapelled to take coal or salt as baUast, of purchase stone or earth, which is utterly useless when brought to this country. But adrait for a moraent that the whole country is to be supplied from England, it raust be evident that a large nuraber of vessels wUl be eraployed, and if a fair freight is paid, so far frora reducing the article, it wUl enhance the price, exclusive of renderuig it at all times a fluctuating article. In the year 1830, a comraittee was appointed from both branches of the British Parliament, to exaraine into the state ofthe coal trade, and report. The com raittee was appointed on the petition of the citizens of a district, who considered theraselves agrieved by a tax or charge on coal, to the extent of less than one cent per bushel ; but with that prudent foresight that has always characterized that island of raerchants, they exarained, with minute care, into every branch of that important trade, and after an investigation of near four months, the coraraittee of each branch pre sented a report, which coraprises. 390 quarto pages, and were of opinion no alteration should be made, which opinion was adopted. We find, by referring to that report, that the price of coal at New-Castle-upon-Tyne, in 1829, was ^3,10 per chaldron, transporting from Ncav Castle to Lon don, #2,40, and deUvering from the vessels to the purchasers, #3,05 — and, that with all charges added, it cost the consumer in London, in the year 1829, for HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 315 one chaldron delivered in his ceUar, #11,25, equal to #10,32s per ton. To transport the supply of London from New Castle, it required 7021 vessels. From the foregoing, which from its high official character may be relied on, it is evident, that no reduc tion in price can be expected from a reduction of duties, or a free trade. The British government has, for many years, looked to tiie coal trade, as a fruitful source for sea men, and it has with truth, been caUed the nursery of their navy ; that efficient arm of the nation. We may, from the gradual, but sure incirease of coasting vessels eraployed in transporting our product to the eastern states, look with equal certainty to this branch of trade, for a sure supply of our hardy searaen, when their country may require their aid. Your board could, by going into detaU, adduce proof sufficient to satisfy the most uiveterate advocate of free trade, that it is contrary to the interest of the nation, or of the individuals composing it, to reduce the duty oneoal,but they deem the foregouig sufficient to satisfy all, who are not, frora interested raotives, wedded to the principle of free trade, and should not have deeraed it necessary to have said any thing on the subject, but frora the respectable character of the association, who now stand raost prorainent as appli cants for a repeal. With a district of country erabracing aU the variety of anthracite coal — with a class of individuals of the most persevering industry — we raay fairly challenge a competition "with the world. Here, the eity dealer raay be supplied with any article to suit the taste or opinions of his customers. He may have it of all degrees of hardness, and frora the pure white, to the bright red ash, and of a purity, surpassed by none in the universe. Within the last two years, the business has settled down to a fau and regular trade, and the care be- 316 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Stowed in clearing the coal from slate and other im purities has increased, and SchuylkUl coal is deserv edly esteemed above all other, and will, at all times, comraand $1,00 per ton more than any other in the eastern market. To preserve the high character we have obtained, the board earnestly enjoin it on the association not to relax in their endeavors, but to continue their exer tions, to add StiU farther to the character of our staple, and by close attention to the interests of those who confide in them, to m§rit and retain a character that will warrant the foreign dealer in placing confidence in thera. As the executive of the association, the boardliold theraselves prepared, at all tiraes, to render all the aid and assistance in their power, and it will afford thera pleasure, if the experience they have had in raining, can be rendered serviceable to any meraber Of the association, or any person, in any manner interested in the trade. HISTbRY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 317 REPORT OF 1845. The period has now arrived when it becomes the duty of the Board of Trade to submit to the Coal Mining Association, their annual Report. In the perforraance of this duty, they will bring into review the coal operations of the past year, the improvements iraraediately connected with the busi ness, as well as those in progress and in expectation ; and also the routes of transportation to tide water. The araount of anthracite coal sent frora the raining districts, during the year ending on the first inst., wUl be seen by the foUoAving table : From Schuylkill. By canal 398,443 « PhUa. and Reading R. R. 441,491 From Lehigh 377,821 " Lackawana 251,005 " WUkesbarre 114,906 " Pine Grove 34,916 " Shamokin 13,087 1,631,669 Adding remaining on hand first of April last , 50,000 1,681,669 Deduct amount sent by railroad from Jan. 1, to AprU 1, 52,240 1,629,429 318 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. In making up the above table in the usual manner, including in the first place, all the coal sent down from January to January, and adding the amount on hand on the 1st of April, it then becomes necessary to deduct the quantity sent by railroad from January 1st to April 1st, in ortier to show the correct amount in the market. The foUoAving table exhibits the quantity of coal sent from all the anthracite coal basins of Pennsyl vania, since the coraraencement of the trade ; together with the annual increased supply, consumption, and quantity remaining unsold, and also that disposed of on the Ime of our canal and railroad. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. SIS' A TABLE, Exhibiting the quantity of Coal sent from all the Anthracite Coal Basins of Pennsylvania since the commencement ofthe trade, Sj'c. 4'C, SCHUYLKILL. LEHIGH. YEARS. CANAL. R. ROAD. TOTAL. TOTAL. 1820 365 1821 1,073 1823 2,340 1823 5,833 1824 9,541 1825 6,500 6,500 28,393 1836 16,767 16,767 31,280 1827 31,360 31,360 33,074 1828 47,284 47,284 30,233 1829 79,973 79^973 25,110 1830 89,984 89,984 41,750 1831 81,854 81,854 40,966 ,1832 209,271 209,271 70,000 1833 253,971 252,971 133,000 1834 226,692 326,692 106,344 1835 339,508 339,508 131,250 1836 432,045 432,045 146,522 1837 523,152 533,152 225,937 1838 433,875 433,875 214,311 1839 442,608 442,608 231,850 1840 452,291 453,391 335,388 1841 584,692 584,693 142,821 1842 491,602 49,290 540,892 272,129 1843 447,058 230,237 677,395 267,734 1844 398,443 441,491 839,934 377,821 5,587,930 721,018 6,308,948 2,773,654 00 00 ooOl o OlQD 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 l<^^i|^4^iC..U03030:u>C0U>C0COU>t5tO6StCt0tCIN)lt3i0h3 i^05tS>-'©«DOO-J05U>*^tOtSi-'0«DQO-405a'>K«OtSi— IO to W ts I— » H- H- enJ*O«Chp.t3-J--OC0*».i-'00CTi(k. i-i-imMOOtOQOtncooco— '^(I».cc-J 'oo5'tats*-col>sw'ao'o^'-co i_.05QD.00C;i«0':D--t0O0J-t0-lM00rf^ttlCntS_t-' .'.o"oo'cn"boM co a9000.>^-icoo>ooaDO>aoi-'Oi^wo9>^>4coi-'Cooci3V ts o Ui Sj Si • o H. W o H aw wwCDHHo:^ tdf o o HH :^ a a tso 1^oo oM fe-1wMoo ciB< OOODOOaOQOOOCOQOOOOOOOODOOOOCDOOODOOOOODQDQOOOODOO "5 ii^ tl^ 1^ iPi. If.. CO CO io-zo cocococococotototo to .to ts ta to to to *-eoto — ©«ooo. QocjiWco. a5ogtD.^j4»-l>co<(j>s»*.-_*>-c;iCOcncocoi-i "^ "oi t-- "S^."© "©2 ©©^M "bo'©"o'a5"cn'o'aD'^"co"."i.."co"f-''«D"66"'o eo©5Deo©©iKtocoQOQO<»© ., 5Di-'50©OCOi-.',OOCnao©i— © . l-i H-l ,j ta to 1— ,gic;i©©tn©cnc;i : M OO w aO > Q O O fU t?j ?3o w HoKi Mt* o o d •4 to 322 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. There appears to be 90,000 tons of coal distibuted along the line of our canal and railroad; and frora Wilkesbarre, Pinegrove and Shg.raokin, there appears to have been about 70,00Qlons disposed of on the lines of canal through which the coal passes.. And from the most reliable accounts that we can get possession of, we believe .the quantity- sold on the lines of transit from the Lehigh and Lackawana mines, may, be set down at 90,000 tons, which wiU make a gross amount of 250,000 tons sold "on the lines of transportation; leaving 1,381,669 tons of anthracite coal, that was sent the past year to the terminations of the canals and railroad over which it was transported, there to be consumed or.shjpped to other points. The amount of coal sent from this region the past year in boats, through the Schuylkill, and Delaware and Raritan canals,, direct to the city, of New York and its viciinity, appears to. be 111,521 tons, which is 8,451 tons: less than in the year 1843, and is owing to the large araount carried by railroad to Richraond^. thence through;, the Delaware and Raritan canal to New Yorkt The number^ of steam engines and amount of machinery at the collieries, is steadily and rapidly in creasing, and we now have- twenty-two collieries un- . der water- level, at which there are erected twenty- . eight engines- for raising the coal and draining the mines, the aggregate power of them- being eqUal to . 1,100 horses. And there has been erected within the- past year thirteen sraaller engines, equal to 178 horse power, for breaking coal ; raaking the whole number of engines in the region, eraployed in puraping, and in raising and breaking coal^ forty -one, with an ag- - gregate power of 1,278 horses. In addition to 1 the forty-one engines eraployed a]30ut".the miaes, there are fifteen others, rated 186 . horse power,- employed in other business . in the cpunty, m.aking a. total of fifty-six steam engines, with^ HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 323 an aggregate power of 1,464 horses, employed in the county ; all of which, excepting four, have been buUt by our own machinists, and these machinists have now fifteen engines in the course of construction for our region. The introduction iiito this county within the past year of raachinery for breaking coal, raay justly be considered as an acquisition of vast iraportance to" the already extensive raeans and appliances for econo mising, manual labor. The machine in general . use- was invented by Messrs. J. & S. Baffin, of PhUadelphia, and was first put up in their coal yard in that city about a year ago.. The first in this county was erected by Mr. GideOn Bast, on Wolf creek, nean Miners YiUe, and since that time they have; been put up iu'various places, and are found to answer the fondest hopes of the inventor,, and meet raost fully the wishes of the coal operators, in perforraing the work at a very reduced cost and less waste of the coal. This. raachinei'y, with the circular. screens attached, and driven by a twelve horse engine, is capable of breaking and screening 200 tons., of coal per day, which isfuUy equafto the work of frora forty to fifty men. ' Port Carbon is now connected "with the railroad to Philadelphia, through the Mount Garbon and Port Carbon raUroad, which was opened on the 1st of December last, by the unyielding perseverance of the engineers "who were actively, engaged in urging the work to its completion within the time required by the charter. The SchuylkiU, VaUey Navigation and RaUroadi Company, have a. large force employed under A. W. Craven, engineer,, in straightening and grading the- route for l?iying.downanew roadfrom.the terminousLi 324 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUXTY. of the Mount Carbon and Port Carbon raUroad at Port Carbon, to Tuscarora, a distance of nine miles. This road is to be laid with heavy iron rails, and of the same width as the principal roads in the United States, which is four feet eight inches and a half be tween the raUs,.and it is expected to be equal to any road in the country. Judguig froni the forward state of the work, and the deterrained energy of the raen who are interested in it, there can be little or no doubt of its being ready for the transportation of coal by the 1st of May next; ahd a part of it will probably be in use before that tirae. The work for grading, and relaying the Mill Creek and Mine HiU railroad, with a wide track, and. iron raU, and connecting it with the Mount Carbon and Port Caibon road, has also been comraenced, with the intention of having it ready early in the coming season. ' A bridge is in progress of construction at Port Clinton, that wUl connect the Little Schuylkill railroad with the Philadelphia and Pottsville railroad, and in less than six raonths frora this tirae, we shall see all the raUroads of the coal region, that discharge their iraraense freight through the valley of the SchuylkUl, connected with the raain artery, that leads to the tide waters of the, Delaware Riyer at Richmond. The raUroad to PhUadelphia has been in steady and Successful operation during the past^ year ; and in October last, the laying down of the second track was completed, presenting, now two tracks of iroit raUs throughtoUt the whole distance of ninety-four miles, which is not to . be seen on any other road in this country. The late improvement in the construction, of loco motive engines, by which they are enabled to draw two or three times as much as formerly, is calctilated HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 325 to cheapen the cost of transportation on railroads to an extent that few, if any, of us had ever imagined. The improvements by Baldwin & Whitney, in con necting six wheels, and using them all as drivers, with the weight of the engine bearmg equally on them, has increased the. power of the engine im mensely, as was clearly shown by a trial in October last, when 750 tons of coal was drawn by one of these engines, and since that time, they have been making regular trips with from 4'to 500 tons. Those engaged in mining and transporting coal, have preferred the railroad to the canal, at the r^tes charged upon each ; and the advantages by railroad were considered so far superior to those by canal, that the cars on the road were inconstant deraand, whUe the boats were lying at our wharves waiting for cargoes; and were principally loaded at Port Garbon, from wjience the coal could not be sent in any other way than by canal. But the quiet of the boats has been surpassed by the inertness of the canal company for some time past, by which they are likely fo lose alarge part of the coal trade for a time; at least untU they improve the canal, and put it in a condition to admit of trans portation on it being done as cheaply as on the raU road. We believe the canal company have come to the ¦ same conclusion; and learn, that they have , decided on makirig-the canal sufficiently large to pass boats carrying frora ISO to 200 tons ; and further,, that sorae individuals are so thoroughly .convinced of the advan tages of steam power on canals, that they have de termined upon trying it the coming season. We ^re fuUy satisfied that the enlargement of the canal and the application of steam, is the true and undoubted plan for cheapening the transportation on this line of improvement, and in perusing the report 326 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. of the president of that corapany, we have been much gratified with the clear business style of the document, and the abUity with- which these advanta- -ges are set forth. When such a navigation is corapleted, that boats or vessels carrying from' 150 to 200 tons" can load at our wharves, and proceed directly to New York and other distant ports without transhipment of the coal, and be propelled by steara, we think the cost of trans porting must be reduced to one-half, or perhaps, one- third of the cost in the present boats drawn by horses.. When this enlargeraent -of the canal is completed, we shall have a line of canal and a raUroad, extend ing from this place to tide water, not surpassed by any in the -country ; but it raust necessarUy require sorae time to place the canalin this position ; and in ,the meantirae the tonnage of the valley of the Schuyl kiU, which in the. past year exceeded 1,000,000 of tons, will be steadily increasing, and in a very few years wiU number 2,000,000 tons of coal and mer chandize. '. *rhus it does appear that the large araount of capi tal expended on the canal and boats, railroad and cars, is in1;ended to raeet the requireraents of a busi ness already very large, and which will, in all hu raan probabUity, be sufficient in a few years, to give active and profitable eraployraent to the millions of dollars expended for its accommodation. Five years since, the manufacturing of 'good iron with anthracite coal, was believed and asserted by some to be practicable, doubted by raany, and posi tively denied by a majority ofthe iron raasters of this State. And now there are 13 blast furnaces in operation, using this fuel, and producing the best quality of foundry metal. The furnaces are of dif ferent dimensions, .producing from 30 to 100 tons each, of metal ,p^r week, and making in the aggre- ;gate about 700 tons per week. These 13 furnaces HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, 327 feannot consume less than 70,000 tons of coal per annum ; and the additional number that is expected "wiU be put into operation within a year, will increase the' consuraption of eoal to at 'least 100,000 tons per annura for this purpose only. Another raeans of consuming a large quantity of biir coal is, in its application on boats and vessels, "traversing canals and rivers and also the ocean. There are now thirty-five steara boats and vessels ¦plying frora the^city of Philadelphia, to different-points on the Delaware ahd its tributaries, and to New York; which consume annuaUy about 45,000 tons of anthra cite coal. From the best inforraation we can get, the steam boats and vessels running from the city of New York in various directions, consume annually considerably more than 100,000 tons of anthracite coal, making the whole amount at- these two points not less than from 150 to 160,000 tonscoiisumed annually, for generating steara for the propulsion of vessels. Frora the decided econoray and advantages accord ing to the present experience, arising from the use of steam, in vessels running through our large canals and along the coast, we are 'led to the conclusion that in a few years a very large portion of the coasting trade, as well as that to the "more contiguous foreign ports, wUl be done by steam vessels, and wUl neces sarily use a lafge' amount of coal. The rate of toll on the fcanal for the past. year was reduced to thirty-six cents per ton, on coal, with ah allowance of five per cent, for waste, and we are not aware that any change in the charge is contemplated for the coming season. The average freight for the whole boating season, was '77 cents to Philadelphia, dnd $2,16 per ton to Ne"W York. -The whole charge per ton of coal by the railroaci, I 328 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. was i?!l,10 in the winter, and $1,25 from the Ist o€ July, untU the 1st of December last. The canal was open and ready for the shipment of coal on the 23d of March, and notwithstandmg the- unprecedented dry weather, there was no interruption in business, untU it was closed by ice on the 19tli of December. The amount of coal imported into the United. States for the year ending the SOth of June, 1844, is as foUows : Tons. In American vessels, 49,909 In Foregn do 37,164 Total, ' 87,073' If we add to the products of 1844, the increase in that year of anthracite coal over 1843 as a guide for the probable amount required to be produced the com ing season, we, shall find it to amount to nearly 2,000,- 000, of tons; and some of our operators are raaking calculations that about this araount must be sent into market to meet the demand ; but we think this esti-. mate may be somewhat too high, and trust that those engaged in mining will carefully watch the state of the market, in order to guard against either great ex cess or deficiency in the supply, and: thereby prevent hea"vy losses to the producer, or great increased cost to the consumer, both of ,^which will be avoided by steering between the two extremes, and steady prices preserved ; which is always desirable to the collier.. In the report of the experiments made by Profes sor W. R. Johnson, under the authority of Congress at the Navy Yard in Washington, on many specimens of anthracite and bituminous copil, we find in th& table exhibiting the quantity of steam produced by one pound of fuel, that the coal sent frora this region stands before all the other anthracites experimented upon; and second only to. two. specimens of bitu- HISTORY GF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 329 minous coal sent frora the west branch of the Susque hanna, We.deera it necessary to call your attention to the raoveraents again raade in our legislature to impose a tax on coal, as an expedient for increasing the pub lic revenue ;,.and in this last raoveraent they seem fo have forgotten, or purposely avoided bituminous coal, by haveing, specified anthrapite. One of the arguments used in favor of this measure is, that a large part of the- debt of the state was incur red for the purpose of constructing canals for the accomraodation of this trade ; and if this is the case, and the public works do accoraraodate the coal trade, we cannot see the necessity of iraposing a direct tax, separate and distinct frora the tolls; because if the tolls are increased, there will be an equal probability of an increased revenue, which can be raore readUy col lected than a separate and direct tax, and done too without any additional officers. If our legislature think that an increased charge per ton on coal and all other raerchandize, passing over the public, works, is calculated to increase the annual revenue flowing into the public coffers, we are perfectly satisfied that such a course should be pur sued, because it would operate equaUy and irapar- tiaUy. But we cannot see the justice of laying a direct tax on anthracite coal. Without at the same time im posing it upon all the other products of the state, in proportion to its value. . The heaviest portion of this tax would fall upon the coal sent from this region, for "which the common wealth has never expended one doUar to construct a canal or raUroad by which it could be carried to market. The coal lands here are valued at high rates and heavily taxed ; and but few counties in the state pay more tax than the county of SchuylkiU. 630 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. If, however, it- is necessary to raise more revenue, the landholders and coUiers of this county are always ready to bear -their proportioii of any tax that is laid with a due regard to even-handed justice ; but we must be watchful and constant in protesting against this system of unequal taxation, than which there is nothing raore certainly calculated to break down and destroy this branch of industry, which has been fostered into its present gigantic size, by ranch indi vidual enterprize and very heavy pecuniary losses. . All of which is-respectfully submitted. CHAPTER IY. "COAL REGION, AND MINING OPERATIONS IN 1844. {From the Arithracite' Gazette,) THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION,-©'F COAL. Previous to entering upon a , particular local de- •Bcriptiorl ox history of the. developments of this region, we shall give a rapid and condensed view of the various theories by which scientific men account fbr the existence, of, the "valuable mineral which raakes our wealth. The subject is a curious one, and will possess much interest for those engaged in mining operations, %"hile, in connection with the future arti cles of this series, it will be serviceable as a chapter of reference. For the many scientific and practical facts embraced in the following, "we are indebted to several rare and late English wori^s, but more par ticularly to our fellow tbwnsmaii, Sarauel Lewis, Esq., who, from araong his valuable store of inforraa tion and experience, has kindly petraitted us the use of many notes. ' i There are perhaps but few subjects which have given rise to' more conjecture, or opened a wider field for the raost extravagant hypothesis, than that which involves the origin of coal, and among the many -questions which call into operation the ingenious "SKorkings of human reason, tbere are none more 332 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. difficult of coraplete elucidatibn than this. The only rational course that we can pursue whilst cognizant of this difficulty, is to lay before our readers the various theories as they have arisen, and after giving the proofs advanced in favor of each, leave them to de cide upon that which appears the most reasonable. From among the many opinions which have been propounded with respect to the origin of this sub stance, we enuinerate the foUowing five : First — That it is an earth, a stone chiefly of the argillaceous genus, penetrated and impregnated with bitumen. Second — Is the opinion of Mr. Kirwan, who con sidered coal and bituraen to have been derived frora what he designated, "the primordial chaotic fluid." Third — That it is entirely of marine formation, and has originated from the fat and unctuous matter of the numerous tribes of animals that once inhabited the ocean. j^ . Fourth — That it is a marine foSsil, forraed in a raanner siraUar to the reefs of coral in the present ocean. , ¦ Fifth — That' it is of vegetable origin ; that the ve getable bodies have, subsequently to their being bu ried under vast strata of earth, been raineralized by some unknown process, of which sulphuric acid has probably been the principal agent, and that by raeans of this acid the oils of the different species of wood have been converted into bitumen, and a coaly sub stance has been formed. The first opinion as quoted aboye, has been fully demonstrated to be inefficient from the fact that a nuraber of coals are forraed, which are entirely devoid of bituraen, and also that the quantity of earthy or storiy raatter in the* mpst bituminous coal bears no proportion to them.' The other three opinions raust be looked upon ds HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 333 altogether speculative, and imaginary, although sev eral scientific and chemical arguraents may be ad duced in their support. We are thus thrown upon fhe most prevalent as well as the most reasonable opinion, viz ; "That it is of vegetable origin, derived as before . stated, from vegetables." ' In tMs inquiry we shall use the argu ments pertaining to Mr. Lewis' notion of the matter. " All are now agreed upon, what is indeed an un deniable fact, thg,t mineral coal is principally com posed of carlpon ; and it is a legitimate conclusion drawn frora the present state of geological and chemi cal knowledge, that carbon existed, either siraply or in some state of combination, previous to the deposi tion of the coal strata. For so fetr from this period being the. time ofthe creation of matter, it was pecu liarly the age.of Tjrealdng up its old forms and re arranging them anew; the Avhole amount'of the dif ference then between two opinions, is reduced to the ' simple point, whether the carbon in the coal strata was simply precipitated from some chemical solution or combination into its present form of coal, or whe ther, it first passed through the form of, organized vegetable matter, and was subsequently reduced by some unknown, process to itS' present form; " Let us adopt which of these. opinions we may, we shall find upon close examination, that the subject is by no mean^ unincumbered wifh difficulties, and that it is by no means easy to arrive at conclusions that wUl, bear strict scrutiny, and on which we can confi dently rely. It is therefore strictly in accordance with the spirit of inductive phUosophy, to adopt that theory ' which>serves to explain the greatest number of facts, and patiently to wait until a sufficient num ber of observations and experiments shall have been raade to draw satisfactory conclusions on the subject. If, I mistake iiot, the theory of the vegetable origin of coal best answers to , those conditions. It better accords with deductions, dra-^n. from the most accu- 334 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. rate and extensive observations— presents fewer dif^ ficultie&„ and requires fewer suppositions than, any other. It is true that we are ignorant, and probably always shall be, of the place frora whence such vast accuraulations of vegetables were obtained, how they were disposed in such regular strata, and afterwards Converted into coal. But the same raay be said of each of the secondary and transition strata, that in a great raeasure compose the crust of our globe. For instance, who can tell from whence was derived the great variety of pebbles that gp to make up the con-. gloraerate or pudding stone of the Sharp raountain — how they-"were broken into sraaU pieces and tritura ted' and rounded into their present shapes, and thert collected together and deposited in layers as we now find them. But because we cannot tell all this, does. any one, who has fuUy^examiiied the subject, beUeve that it has Hot happened. "Geologists have divided the strata composing the crust of the earth into five series, as follows, viz :. Primary oi: primitive. Transition,.. Secondary, Ter tiary, and Diluvial. "The primary class are principally , composed of ohrystaline matter, without the admixture of frag- raents of other rocks, and do not- possess a distinct" and regular stratification or disposition in layers. They are wholly destitute of organic remains, that is^ no trace or impressicai. of animals or vegetables' is' found araong them, and henee liiey afford no evi dence that suah existed at the tirae of their forraation. "It is further reraarkable that no carbonaceous raat ter of any value for fuel, nor any considerable quan tity of any kind has ever been found, among these' rocks. , ' ' " The next in order is the transition series ;' these,- rodis generally lie in continuous beds or strata more or less inclined. The lower beds have a serai-chrys- taline appearance, and, often contain the fragments.-el HISTORY OF* SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 335 Other rocks. The upper beds are frequently com posed in whole or in part of pebbles and fragmenta partially rounded and cemented together. In these rocks we find the first evidences of the existence of animaland vegetable organization, thus indicating a transition or change from a pure chrystg.line and .in organic -state, to that of fragmentary composition, and-- of organic life, and hence the narae — transition. The tower part of this series contains only the remains of marine animals of the lowest order, while the upper contains the remains of land or rather of marsh vege tables, plainly indicating a trarisitibn. froni water to dry land previous to the.dbposition.of the coal beds: The upper part, of the series contains- our anthraicite coa,l beds;' which are considered as dividing it from the secondaiiy. It alSo contains immense quantities ofthe casts and impressions Of plants, which fully prove tha,t they existed at the time in great numbers, whether our coal beds are made up of them or not. , " The rocks of the secondary series are less chrys- taline in their appearance than the transition, and seem to be composed Of the fragments pf other rocks ground. up and comrainuted, and then .deposited from some suspending medium. They, appear to owe their formation more, to mechanical than to chemical raeans^ The bituminous coal measures form the Io"W"est beds of this series, and the chalk the highest. They con^ tain imraense quantities of the remains bf "vegetables, a,nd of inarine and land aniraals of the higher orders and the raost gigantic sizps — plainly indicating the increase of dry land. , , - "The tertiary, series^are principaUytmade up, of thei preceding, and only contains the iraperfect Qr,'brown . coal. . ¦ ' " The dUuvial is raerely ,the effect of currents pass ing over the,surface of the earth and sweeping away, the debris of rocks and other, forraations. Peat or^ turf belongs to this formation, if it can, properly ba; said to.t.belong to any. . 336 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. ."The. rocks formed in the first geological age are tjonceived to owe their preseiit state to the coinbined effects of imraense heat and pressure, and thus to be chemically united. In the next, or transition age, they appear to have . been deposited from some sus pending raediura, and to owe thpir present state part ly to the action of chemical and partly to mechanical laws; whUein the secondary series they are wholly mechanical, except so far as they are held together by the attraction of Cohesion. " Carbon is rnost ^probably an original ingredient in the composition of our rocks, and was not origi nally forraed by any process of vegetation. Il is found hi the , priraary limestones and other primary rocks, and in many transition rocks that were formed previous f o the existence of plants. In limestones it forms about one-eight of their weight. Could the carbon be separated from the liraestone in the calca reous ranges of the Jura and the Alps in Europe, it would form a bed of pure carbon of nearly one thou sand feet in thickness, throughout the .vast extent of those mountains. The whole formation bf the tran sition and primary limestones of Pennsylvania may cover an area of ten thousand miles, and will perhaps average four thousand feet in thickness. The carbon of this would form a bed of more than fi-ve hundred feet thick over the whole extent. " All these rocks were formed priorto the existence of plants. Carbon exists in these rocks in the state of carbonic acid com bined with lime or other bases, and it is soraewhat reraarkable, that w;ith the exception of the poa.! beds, it is nowhere found in an uncombined state." - " Neither do we know of any remains of beds of its; combinations, from whence it could have, been liberated by any of the agents that have been instru mental in forming the .rocks that envelope 'the.coal beds, so far as our knowledge of these agents ex tends. Heat will expel the carbonic acid from its ¦combinations wUh lime o.r other earths, metals, &c. ; HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 337 but it requires some other process, some other agency to separate the carbon from this combination with oxygen. We know of nothing that wiU effect this but the process of vegetation; it having been proved by direct experiment, that plants, during their growth, absorb carbonic acid, and give out oxygen, thus re taining the carbon which manifestly forms a great portion of their bulk. " Admitting therefore, as we cheerfuUy do, the prior existence of carbon, it does not assist us in the inquiry how the iraraense raasses of carbon that constitute the coal strata were collected together, unless we re sort to the agency of vegetables. How they are formed from these, we are in a great measure igno rant, and perhaps always will be, but we may at least be perraitted to ofl"er a conjecture. " Carbon may have existed in the interior of the earth, and have been expeUed from thence by the great internal heat now generally admitted to have existed in the earlier stages of its forraation, in the form of carbonic acid gas, (the common choke damp or black damp of our mines and wells) this may have so fiUed the atmosphere as to render it unfit to support animal life, while it furnished the most suitable food for plants. It is also very probable that much less mould or earth may have covered the rocky strata in those early ages than at present, and that plants raust have lived more by absorbing carbon from the air through their leaves, than from the earth through their roots. That such was the primitive condition of the atmosphere, and that it was gradually purified by the growth of plants, seems not to be improbable from the circumstance, that previous to their existence, the animated races were confined to the water, and were of the lowest orders to whom a breathing ap paratus is not necessary ; to these succeeded reptiles and cold-blooded animals, which can enjoy and en dure an atmosphere that would be fatal to warm blooded animals and to man. These teptiles did not V 338 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. appear untU after the deposition of the coal strata, and it is further probable that it required many gen erations of plants to render the air respirable for birds and beasts, as it is not .untU long after that any ves tiges of these races are found. These were the im raediate precursors of the huraan race, the sovereigns of a world which they underprige, and of which they little know the wonderful structure, or the surpasing ' beauty. " At the epoch of the eoal formation, the vegetation that covered the earth was of the raost luxuriant growth and gigantic sizse, as is evidenced by their re mains found in the adjoining strata. Plants, such as ferns and equisiti, which' are at present classed with the grasses, then attained to the stature and size of trees. It consisted, in- the teraperate and colder countries of Europe and America,, of genera and species of plants now only found in the tropical coun tries. We can at this day scarcely form an idea of the amount of vegetation annuaUy produced by the com bined influence of heat, moisture and carbonic acid gas. " In the upper or diluvial formation, we find peat, which is unquestionably bf vegetable origin, as it is now forraing frora vegetables in various parts of the world ; and yet fully forraed peat has as little the ap pearance of vegetables as most kinds of coal. It is also remarkable that the further peat is removed from all traces of vegetable organization,, (within certain liraits) the better it answers for fuel. In peat we have an instance of the forraation of fuel frora vege tables, but which has no trace of a vegetable left, by a raineralizing process that is just as little understood, and is just as inexplicable as the process by which vegetables have been converted into raineral coal. Would it then be reasonable— -would it be philosophi cal to deny the vegetable origin of coal, merely be- eause we are unable to explain the process by which it has been reduced to its present state ? HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 339 " Owing to the great opacity of coal, aU attempts to examine its structure by the aid of the microscope proved abortive, until Mr. Witham, an English ex perimentalist, lately suggested and practised with singular success, the method of cutting frora fossil stems, transversely and longitudinally, thin slices, and having thera ceraented to glass, polished thera so as to render their internal structure strikingly conspicu ous under the raicroscope. Slices of coal treated in this raanner, exhibited in some parts distinct traces of woody texture, in others where the texture of the original plant could npt be distinguished, ceUs filled with a light yellow colored raatter, apparently of a biturainous nature and very volatile, were percepti ble. The nuraber g,nd appearance of those cells vary with each variety of coal; in the finest portions, where the chrystaline structure, as indicated by the rhoraboidal forra of its fra^raents, is raost developed, the cells are corapletely obliterated ; the texture be ing uniforra and corapact, and the whole arrangeraent indicating a raore perfect union of the constituents, and a raore entire destruction of the original texture of the plant. These cells are conjectured to be de rived frora the reticular texture of the parent vegeta ble, rounded and confused by enorraous pressure. "'The extrerae rarity of the irapressions of plants in coal when properly considered is no proof that it is not of vegetable origin, but rather, one of the strongest arguments in favor of such an hypothesis, when taken in connection with the profuse vegetation of that period. Vegetables at the time of the coal forraation were principally of the vascular, crypto gamic class ; that is, allied to reeds, flags, ferns, &c., with but few of a woody structure. It is stated that out of 260 species discovered in the coal raeasures, only forty were of the latter class. All traces of ve getable texture would be likely to be destroyed in the conversion of a raass of such vegetables into coal. For if coal has been formed from vegetables, it was 340 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. by some mineralizing process, that has, in conjunction with enorraous pressure, destroyed the vegetable tex ture, particularly of the soft and vascular plants, hence it is only frora sorae peculiar concurrence of cir curastances that irapressions of vegetables have been retained. Whereas, if it owes its formation, like the rocks that surround it, to the raere precipitation and consolidation of its coraponent parts, and like them been derived from siraUar raaterials in another form, we ought reasonably to expect to find the sarae im pressions of plants as in the surrounding shales. AU were once equally soft alike, and ought therefore to retain simUar impressions. " Thus we ha"ve the fullest proof that the subject is capable of, in the present state of our knowledge, that in all the different varieties of fossil fuel from peat to anthracite, vegetables did exist at the time of their forraation and in imraediate contiguity with the beds. "The raaterials composing the strata above and below the coal, are composed of fragments of rocks that previously existed, or of fhe same raaterials with those rocks. " Specimens of the same kinds stiU exist — some of thera in the greatest profusion ; but we have no re raains of beds of carbon in the older rocks, from whence our coal beds might have been derived. Nei ther do we know of any process in nature, except vegetation, by which carbon can be liberated from most of its combinations. 'Vegetables are in a great measure composed of carbon, and so is coal; some kinds of coal show evident traces of woody textme ; and as before observed, we have the most abundant proof that plants flourished and feU in immense quan tities at the time of the coal formation ; the siraplest and plainest, and therefore the most phUosophic in ference is, that it is derived from this source." AU these arguments, while they evince much re- HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 341 search and labor, bear the impress of sound phUoso- phica,l reasoning, and address themselves to the con sideration of scientific and practical men, as being free of hypothesis and possessing less of a theoretical tone than the many other suppositions, which at dif ferent periods have been forced upon the observation. To continue the arguments in support of the vege table origin of coal : " There can be no question that the Bovey or Brown coal, found in Great Britain, is coraposed principally of the trunks and branches of trees, as in sorae spe ciraens the vegetable fibre orgrain of the woodis dis- cernable at one end, while the other is reduced to coal. Almost all the varieties of this coal contain, besides carbon and bitumen, a portion of resin and other un altered vegetable products. This brown coal, if pow dered, and put into an iron tube, covered with Stour bridge clay, and then submitted to a red heat, wiU be converted into a substance having all the external character and chemical properties oi mineral coal\, and the clay will be converted into coal shale. This experiment has been tried with specimens ofthe coal having at one end of the piece the coraplete reraains of the wood. "Every eoal district has its peculiar series of strata unconnected with any other-^whUe there is a great resemblance in the nature of the different beds in each. A district with its peculiar series is caUed a field. Coal fields are generally of but limited extent, andthe strata frequently dip to a common centre, being often arranged in basin shaped concavities, which appear in many cases fo . have been originally detached lakes that were graduaUy filled up by re peated depositions of carbonaceous and mineral mat ter. In some of the lairger coal fields the original form ofthe lake cannot be so distinctly traced ; their present form seems rather to be owing to the up-rising of the strata on which the coal measures rest, and by which they are, as it were, enveloped. Thus in our 342 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. own region, if we admit the strata to have been ori ginally deposited in a horizontal position or nearly so, (and we can hardly conceive how they could have been deposited in any other position) their present inclined situation must be owing to the subsequent up-rising of the rocky strata that compose the Broad and Sharp mountains. But in many of the smaUer ones the basin shape is distinctly preserved. " The coal strata were doubtless deposited in the vicinity of extensive tracts of dry land containing rivers, marshes, fresh water lakes and mountains. — The marine beds, which are the foundation of the series of coal strate and also surround them, must therefore have been raised frora the bottora of the ancient deep before the vast accuraulations of vegeta ble matter constituting the coal beds could have been formed. " The remains of vegetables found in the coal strata belong to farailies of plants that abound at present chiefly in tropical countries, such as gigantic ferns and equisituras (or horsetaU) with jointed steras like reeds, and hence called calaraities ; and lycopodia, or plants allied to the tree. In sorae instances, the coal is decidedly forraed of such plants, and frora their soraetimes being found erect, we may infer that they grew near the place their remains are now found. "Another inference frora these facts is, that the earth must have possessed a ranch higher temperature at the time of the formation of the coal than at the present, and hence vegetables may have grown in the most profuse abundance and of the most gigantic size. More may have been produced at pne crop then, than in ten at the present day. And through the influence of the greater cheraioal energy that un doubtedly existed at fhat time, may have been pre served frora the rapid decay which takes place at the present tirae, and hence great raasses— ^the product oif many successive crops, may have been accumulat- HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 343 ed, ready to undergo the unknown process by which they Were converted into beds , of coal, when the ap pointed tinie came for this to take place." ,^ Havmg thus given our readers by way of introduc tion of the more local aarticleswhichwUl follow, many valuable facts in respect to the origin and forraation of coal, which have never yet been published, we shall proceed in our next to describe the peculiarities and developments ofthe coal fields, as far as the care-^ fully collated experience of others, added to our own observation, will enable us. SCHUYLKILL COAL FIELD. Under the head of " The Coaj Region," we gave a long and carefully written essa,y upon the origin and formation of coal, the point of which "went to prove tha.t this valuable staple was originaUy a vege table substance. We might centinue the -reasoning by the addition of a great number of interesting proofs and experiments, but as this course would be tiresome to many of our readers, a!rid as we think the conclu sion "Was fully proven, we forbear any father allusion to that raatter. The point we arrive at, and the peculiarities men tioned as accompanying the coal forraation, will apply directly to all the, anthracite coal beds in the state ; but as these articles were written for the purpose of raore farailiarly intiodUeing a particular description of our own region, usually denorainated the " Schuyl kiU Coal Field," we shall follow out the intention per haps abruptly. It may in the first place be well to remark, that aU our anthracite coal fields, are, in the opinion of many scientific gentleraen, who have spent rauch tirae in investigating the matter, but .part of an original great formation, which, at some period, has been separated by the disturbance of the underlaying strata. 344 HLSTORY OF SCHUYLXILL COUNTY. That part called the SchuylkiU Coal Field, of whicii we now intend to speak, is" about sixty-five miles in length, and about four miles and a half in its greatest breadth, which is in the vicinity of PottsviUe. This basin resembles in shape a long eliptical er oval troiigh, narrowing off towards the ends with the ex ception of the western portion which is divided into two narrow prongs. This basin is bounded by the Broad raountain on the north, and by the Sharp raountain on .the south, which boundaries are cut through, or penetrated at different points by various streams which pass through thera into the coal forraa tion. Beginning at the eastern portion, it is penetra ted first by the Little Schuylkill at Tamaqua — ^the MUl creek at Pbrt Carbon — the river SchuylkUl at PottsviUe — the West Branch of the SchuylkUl at MinersviUe— the Swatara creek at Pinegrove— and the Wisconisco and Stony creeks at the extrerae western portion of the ©lipsis. These creeks and strearas af ford admirable natural outlets for the coal, and favo rable sites for the location of railroads, which are already laid down, and in operation, through nearly all these pa;sses. Of these, however, we shall speak hereafter. ' This coal field is everywhere surrounded and rests on a thick stratum of rock composed of coarse and rounded pebbles, ceraented together, coraraonly called pudding' stone or congloraerate, which forras, as it were, an outer bed, or trough, inside of which are the various searas, or as they are raore coramonly ' called veins of coal. These veins or beds of coal lie at about every angle, from horizontal to perpendicu lar, but most generally, in the central part of the field, dip at an angle varying frora twenty-five to forty de grees with the horizon. They are separated from each other by different stratas of sandstone and slate,. which are of various thicknesses. From exarninatipns made across the centre of the field, aided by the number already workedj it is.ascer- HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 34S tained that we have in this basin about' ninety-five veins or strata of coal, and it is probable that we have not yet arrived at sufficient information,- by which to deterraine the exact nuraber. These veins run in the direction of the length of the region, and vary in thickness from twp feet to . forty or fifty feet-^nearly all of them extend for many miles in length, and some of thera, Unquestionably, extend under the whole coal field. Lying inclined, as they generally do, one edge reaches the surface of the ground, where it is called the " out-cropping" of the coal, and the other extends to an unknown depth in the earth. These beds, or veins of coal, form as much a part of the rock forma tion of the coal field, as strata of slafe or limestone do the rock formation of other parts of the country, and are as little likely to be exhausted. Both may be worked to a depth that wiU cease to remunerate the operator, but the part taken away wUl scarcely be-a-fragment of that which would be left. If we suppbse the whole nuraber of veins to be equal to fifty veins of six feet thickness, fifty miles in length, and extending to an unknown depth Iil the earth, some idea may be formed ofthe supplies our coal field can furnish, and the little probabUity there is of exhausting them in our day. Our eoal field is situated on the head waters of the SchuylkUl and the Swatara, and the surface may be - described as broken into high hiUs, and deep ravines. Many of these cross the country in a direction nearly at right angles with-the course of the veins of coal, hence rendering access to thera very easy. COAL MINING. To procure, coa:l from . one of these veins, a point is fixed upon where it crosses a ravine, and an opening is made in the vein at such a height that the water coming out of it raay freely pass off into the adjoinmg stream. This opening may. be 246 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL OOUNTF. about six or seven feet square — ^^s weU secured by timber and is continued horizontally through the earth and soft coal, which is usually found near the out-crop of the vein. In this opening or " drift" as it is technically called, a raUroad is laid and continued after the workmen, as they proceed, and when they have penetrated so far into the vein that the coal is found hard enough to be transported to market, the mining comraences. The methods of mining vary accordihg to circumstances — we will describe one. The reader will imagine a bed of solid coal, say six feet thick in cross sections, lying inclined in the earth, at an angle of thirty degrees, resting on a grey slatey. rock, called, " bottom slate," and covered by a bed of black slate, called " top slate" — this latter to con sist of one imraense continuous raass, with but few fissures in it. These strata of coal and slate, preserve their thickness or paraUelisra,'or nearly so. Into the bed of coal an opening, or " drift," has beCn raade, as above described, say at the depth of 200 feet below the "out-cropping" ofthe coal on the top ofthe hiU, at a point on the side of this drift towards the rise of the coal. An opening is cut into the coal six feet, wide, and extending frora slate to slate. This open ing raay be continued up fifteen feet — it is then widen ed out to forty feet, and a trough or schute of plank, say four feet W"ide, is laid in it. The lower end of this trough is placed high enough for a sraall or drift car (usually containing about one ton of coal) to pass under it. The coal is then loosened by cutting away a portion of it next to the bottora slate with sraall picks, or as it often happens, there is a thin stratum of soft .carbonaceous, slate near the bottom of the bed which is cut away, instead of the coal. This opera tion is called underrauiing, and is extended five or six feet under the body ofthe coal (which is teraporarUy supported by sraall props) or as far is thought safe by the workraen. The portion of coal thus undermuied, is, then brought down by means of wedges and levers, and' frequently by blasting with powder. HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 347 When it is broken sufficiently small, to be handled with facUity, it is placed in the plank schute, down which it descends by its own gravity — is readily passed into the car, and drawn out to the raouth of the drift by horses or mules. The « top slate," or roof of the mine is kept from scaling off or injuring the men by placing wooden props at suitable inter- va:ls, and the space frora which the coal is taken as much as possible filled up with refuse raatter. The portion of the vein, above described, which we called forty feet wide, is denominated a working or " breast," and is generally operated in, by three or four raen, and the coal is usually taken out as far up the breast, as it is raerchantable. As soon as the coal has been mined from it fPr a few yards in the up ward direction, another breast ihay be opened at the distance of forty feet, and the work conducted in pre cisely the same raanner. If the drift before mention ed, or "gangway," as it is some tiraes called, has been carried sufficiently in advance, the breasts raay be opened one after another, so that the gangs of raen working in thera raay appear like a large company of mowers, extending frora fhe drift pr gangway into the extrerae uppei: part. This kind pf mining is tech nically terraed "working above the water-level." The water-level, meaning in miner's language, the lowest point in a bed of coal, from^which the water will run into the adjacent strearas, and raust of course vary exceedingly with the different localities. It raust be evident that by an arrangement of this kind, a great number of hands can be employed in a mine when ever the demand for coal will warrant it, and also that it can be worked by a very few. As was before observed, there are several other plans of mining suited to the circurastances of the different veins of coal. In mining below the water-level, after deciding up on some suitable point for the -works, an inclined shaft, or « slope," as it is commonly called, is worked 348 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. down the bed of coal to any depth thought desirable, (which we may state at 275 feet,) and wide enough for a double track railroad, and pump barrell, say eighteen feet. Atihe top of this slope a steam.engine must be erected of sufficient power to draw up the coal and pump up the water. Near the bottom of this slope, drifts or gangways, are worked into the coal, to the right ind left, in which railroads are laid ; and the whole process of raining, &c., is conducted in precisely the sarae raanner as ahove water-level, ex cept that the coal is hauled by horses. to the bottom of the slope only, and is afterwards drawn up into day-light by the steara engine at the top. Having now given our readers, as prelirainary, sufficient inforraation to induct them into the peculi arities of our operations, we shall proceed, in connec tion with the topography of our region, to give a particular description of the different raines. SCHUYLKILL VALLEY DISTRICT. The coal lies in veins between the red shale of the Broad raountain, and that of the Sharp raountain. The width of the basin decreases raaterially as it pro gresses east, thus carrying out corapletely the form of an elipsis, which circles about at Mauch Chimk, where the coal is found at the narrowest point, in one com plete mass. In undertaking a description of this coal field, we have taken in only that portion, for our present arti cles, which rests between the line ofthe Little Schuyl kiU Company's land at Tuscarora, and the Swatara. We shall then coraraence at Tuscarora and foUpw the range of veins in a westerly direction until we have completed our task. The SchuylkUl Valley district is penetrated in a direction almost parallel with the veins for a distance of ten mUes by the river SchuylkUl. The canail ceases HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 349 at Port Carbon, and the only way of reaching the boats with the coal, is by means of the Schuylkill Valley raUroad, which extends along the course of the streara the whole length ofthe district. This com pany was first chartered in 1828 as a Navigation Company, to be styled, " The SchuylkiU Valley Na vigation Company." The act authorizing them to lay a railroad was not passeH, however, until Janu ary, 1829, and the road was not coraraenced . until sorae tirae during that year. It has always been sup posed, and no raan who understands the topography of the district, can doubt it, that this road wUl in a short time become the most iraportant and valuable in the whole district, and the reason for this opinion is easily explained. The railroad foUows the direc tion of the streara for ten railes as before stated — this rpad crosses frora twelve to fifteen natural ravines which penetrate the whole basin at right angles with the veins. Each ravine wUl thus develope nearly as much coal field as either of the other raUroads in the county, and all that is required for the purpose of in ducing this consequence is the construction of a good and perraanent railway in the stead of the present. Up these ravines are laid several railroads, of which we ShaU speak in their order — but to proceed with our intention. The first colliery at the eastern end of the district, is at the head of the Schuylkill Valley railroad — ia worked in at the foot of the Locust mountain abore Tuscarora, and is called THE TUSCARORA COLLIERIES. The property upon which these collieries are loca ted belongs to the SchuylkUl Bank — it contains about 406 acres, and extends in width frora the Sharp to the Locust raountain, and reaches in length about 1\ raUes on the range of the veins. The distance from the mouth of the drift to the shipping point at Port 350 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL eOUNTY. ' Carbon, is ten mUes. The openings, as we before stated, are raade in the Locust raountain, and the veins are supposed to be the saraeasthose foundin the Broad mountain, at New Castle. These veins (the Jugular and Daniels) follow the course of the Broad mountain eastwardly to Patterson, where it intersects with the Locust mountain. The Broad mountain at that point leaves the direction and takes a northeast erly course, and the Locust mountain, bemg the regu lar prolongation, carries the sarae veins on to Tanda- qua. The opening upon the veins is raade by a fun nell, which is 175 yards in length, and crosses three veins — the Greer Vein, another White Ash. Vein, and the Tuscarora Vein, averaging in thickness 9 feet each. The latter of these veins, is the principal one bow wprked— it has been operated in for 12 years, by^ WaUace & Co., who have driven, the gangway for 900 yards and have taken out frora it an iraraense quantity of excellent coal. These raines are now leased 'by Mr. James Palmer, who in 1842 and 1843 mined from it about 6000 tohs yearly. Mr. Palmer informs us that if the vein is in good order, and the state of the railroad such as to permit it, he could mine and send fo raarket 10,000 tons of coal annual ly from the Tuscarora vein. These veins all pitch pouth about 65 degrees, and coraraand about 120 feet f breasting, above the water-level. \ BELMONT COLLIERIES. ^hese coUieries are located upon the Valley rail road, about one mile west from Tuscarora, and nine raUes frora Port Carbon, near the ^oint where the irailroad crosses the SchuylkUl. The tract, which be longs to Sarauel BeU, Esq., of Reading, contains be tween 400 and 500 acres. The veins have a north pitch of, abput SO degrees, are from 4 to 7 feet in thickness, and command about 60 feet breasting. These mines are operated in by AquiUa Bolton, Esq., HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. '' 35"! and are ,in firS|t rate working order, There are al ready opened upon this tract two veins, in addition to whicii five more have been prqven, whieh can be opened at any tirae when it raay be deemed advisa ble. The openings have been made a distance of 350 yards on each vein, in addition to which is about 40 yards of tunnel cutting across two veins. The dis tance between the veins is about 19 yards. The range of veins extends through this tract for about li mUes, and judging frora the nuraber already proven, along with their, extent, the supply of coal which might be derived from this land is almost incalcula ble. There can be rained frora each vein at present, 30 tons per day, and with the proper encourageraent, and a good railroad, this araount might be increased to a much g:reater ratio, Mr. Bolton is one of our most enterprizing operators, has been for many years engaged in the busuiess, and is the proprietor of sev eral valuable coUieries in this district, of which we shall speak in their turn. KINSLEY'S COLLIERIES. The next mines in order is a. new working, com menced by Mr. Hugh Kinsley, of Port Carbon, upon the'Robb & Winebrenner tract, about 65 liiUes from Port Carbon, in a spur ofthe Sharp mountain, caUed the Bear Ridge. The attempt was raade a nuraber of years ago- to work this raine by B. Patterson, Esq., but as the vein appeared to be very sraaU, the work ing was deserted. The vein, as Mr. Kinsley has now opened it, is about 4 feet thick, and of a south pitch. He has made about 76 yards of drift into the vein, and has about 120«feet breasting. The coal is a red ash, and is supposed to be the Spohn Vein. The reason for this belief, in addition to the quality and appearance of the coal, which is identical, is the existence in this tract, of a singular feature, which only accompanies 352 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY.' that vein. This is a smaU vein of coal, not more than 9 inches thick, which always overlays the main vein, and frequently serves to dishearten operators, with the belief that they have found the prmcipal vein. It was this vein, or " the Leader of the Spohn," as it is called, which occasioned the desertion of this tract, many years ago ; the rainers raistook the leader for the principal vein, and abandoned it on account of its unprofitableness. Mr. Kinsley has about 120 yards of lateral road to connect his raines with the main road, in addition to which he has already laid 200 feet of plank road, and 104 yards of timber road. The length of range upon the vein is 1| mUes. FREEMAN'S COLLIERIES. Proceeding down the railroad, the next operation is a small working made into the hiU, on the north; of the road, about \ mile above Middleport, and 6? miles from Port Carbon. This operation is carried on by Mr. Patrick Freeman. The vein is caUed the Spohn Vein — varies in thickness from 4 to 7 feet, and is of a south pitch. This work was first comraenced about twelve years ago, but abandoned; it was re-coln- menced in 1843, by Mr. Freeman, who has now pen etrated the hiU to the extent of 200 yards, and has taken frora the vein a considerable quantity of good merchantable coal. Between Freeman's raines and Middleport, there are no intervening coUieries. At Middleport there occurs a lon^ ravine, at right angles with the veins through which runs the Casca- WUliam creek. Messrs. Olwine & Davis laid a railroad along this creek, about five years and a half ago, which is now in tolerable good order, and serves as a medium for the transpor tation of all the coal mined in its couise. HISTORY OF SCHUYLSklLL COUNTY. 3S3 UREN'S COLLIERIES. The first colliery we arrive at in passing up this "Toad is that worked by Mr. Henry Uren, who has opened two drills upon the Spohn & Lewis veins, at a distance of about half a raUe ffbra the vaUey raUroad. , These workings were commenced in the fall of 1842, and have been continued successfully and prpfitably ever sinCe. The Spohn vain, at this point, averages in thickness frora four to eleven feet, and the Lewis vein, froih four to foUr and a half feet. Both workings are in excellent order, and the quality of the coal is unexceptionable. The height of breast^- ing upon the Spohn vein is ninety yards — upon the Lewis fifty yards. The gangway has been driven on the Spohn, to a distance of 300 yards, and on the Lewis about 200 yards — ^both veins are of a north pitch. Mr. Uren tells us that if the deraand would warrant it, and the railroad to Port Carbon was such as to perrait it, he could raine and Send dbwn from each vein, at least sixty tons per day. This property belongs to the Valley Furnace Tract, and is leased by Mr. Uren. THOMPSON & PENNMAN'S ddLLlERIES. The next colliery in regular order as we pass up the Casca- Wilham road, is Thompson & Pennman's, who are operating on the Adam Sthhl tract, in the Veins which were opefied by J. C. CircoviUs, about four years ago. These veins are supposed to be the Peach mountain veins — the coal is fed ash, of supe rior quality, and has a high reputation abroad. The pitch of the vein is irregular. Messrs. Thompson & Pennman arp now working the drifts, designated as No. 1, and No. 2. They have penetra;ted about 300 yards ihto each, and are taking Put beautiful coal. W 354 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. PATRICK'S COLLIERIES. These are carried on by Mr, John Patjjck, wl;io connects with the Casca-Williain's road, by about half a mile of lateral raUway, and is about one mile frora Middleport, The vein, whicii is in good order, and producing excellent coal, is abput 4s feet thick, coraraands 50 yards of breasting, and is worked in, by gangway, to the distance of about 200 yards. The property upon which these mines are located, belongs to Messrs.. Tams & McCanles, and is estiraat ed as valuable. As we proceed up the Casca-Williara?Si road, the , next and last colliery we arrive at, is THE MUSIC, HALL CPLLlERIES. These raines are worked by Messrs. Spayd & Lu-?, ther, at the extrerae ehd or head of the Casca-Wil- liara's road, about 2 raUes- from Middleport. The . term " Music Hall," originated thusn-pne of thf houses built upon the land was occupied by a num ber of Gerraans, who papered one of the rooras,.(an unusual thing in that district) and araused theraselves. ii^ that jToora with various musical instruments — ' hence the nara.e, Messrs. Spayd & Luther are workr ing but one v^in — it is, first quality white ash, and is known as the Raven vein. This vein is twenty feet thick, pitches nearly perpendicular, and is work ed differently frora any other vein in, the region. They have aliqeady penetrated into the v^m a distance of about half a mile, and taken out from it ..ah im mense quantity , of , excellent coal. Messrs., S. & L. have, erected a .platform at their mjnes for . breaking coal, which is dope upon, a large ii;pn plate, about 6 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 355 feet by 20 feet, having octagonal holes the- size ofthe coal they wish to prepare. There are schutes ar ranged above the platform for the puEpose of distrid buting the coal fairly over it, and the whole arrange ment works admirably. We are assured that 20,000 tons of coal annually can be rained frora the Raven vein, if the deraand should. warrant it. Connected with this coUiery are 18 houses for-miners' dweUings, along with other necessary buUdings. The tract con tains about 244 acres, and is owned by the operators, Messrs. Spayd & Luther. There are several other veins upon it, of both red and white ash, which have never yet been opened. The Casca-William's raUroad is, in "whole length, about two mUes, and i&ikept, ih g,ood order .by the operatives who use it. Passing down the SchuylkiU Valley raUroad from Middleport, which was the Mst point mentioned, we meet with no collieries until' we corae to Lick run, a cHstance of 4| miles frpm Port Carbon, and Id railes; from Middleport. A lateral road is laid up this run for a space of 550 yards in length, at the extreme end . of which we come to*. LICK RUN COLLIERIES. These veins belong to the Valley, furnace tract, and' are leased to John Curry, Esq., whip leases to 'Whe lan & CO;, who are now working them. The veins, . which are two, are called Peaegck iand Peach raoun- - tain. The distance between them is-iabouti20 yards, . widening apart as the veins enter the mountain. Messrs. W. & Co. are now working the Peacock vein, ,. by means, of a level about 50 feet above the first opening. The first drift was driven into the Peacock .; vein, when,f. after ha"iring entered the hiU a short dis- - tance, a tunnel was cut across obliquely in a southern^! direction,! which struck the, Peach mountain. Botltt 356 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. veins are of a south pitch. The thickness of the Peacock vein is frora li to 9 feet, and the Peach ¦mountain from 6 to 7 feet. The height of breast from the lower to the upper level in the Peacock vein is about 150 feet, and about the sarae height from the upper level to the out-cropping. , This would give 100 yards of breasting to the Peach mountain vein, which is about the height. These veins -were first ¦opened in February, 1844 — ^the operators have just got fairly under way, and their prospects now look quite flattering. The lateral road, which is in good order, was laid by Mr. Curry, who has a lease upon the veins for 10 years. The lease authorizes a range upon the veins of one mUe in length. Returning' again to the Valley road, we find no col lieries between Lick run -and the SUver creek rail road, which Comprises an intervening distance of half a mile. This latter road is laid along Silver creek for a distance of l| miles, in nearly a northerly di rection. Passing up Silver creek from the VaUey read, the firsft -working we arrive at, is KINSLEY'S COLLIERY. This colliery, is located about 300 yards from the Valley raUroad, and is worked in the hill in an east erly direction. The vein is called the Palraer vein, from the fact that it was first worked by that estima ble and enterprizmg pioneer of the trade. Dr. G. G. Palmer. The vein was first opened by Spencer & Lawler, about five years ago. It was then leased by Dougherty & Colahan, who operated in tiU last March, when Mr. Kinsley coraraenced working it. The gangway has been driven east a distance of 130 yards, and coraraands about 150 feet of breasting the whole of that distance. The coal is an excellent red ashj and at present is 31 feet thick in the breasting. The property is owned by the Valley furnace com- HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 357 pany, and extends in a range with the vein to Lick run, a distance of about 800 yards. The next colliery we arrive at whilst passing up •Silver creek, is I. WILLIAMS & DAVIS' COLLIERY. ^ This is located" at the Valley furnace, about 20CL yards above Kinsley's, and immediately where the stage road to Middleport crosses Silver creek. This vien was opened many years ago, and was abandon ed. It was leased by the present firm, about two. years ago, and they have- been operating in, it since that period. They have but one opening — the coal is red ash, of good quality — three feet in thiclmess, seventy feet breasting, and pitches south. The vein has ben worked to a distance of 280 yards eastward ly, and coraraands an additional range of about 600 yards before reaching Lick run, which is the boun dary. WUliaras & Davis lease this vein from the VaUey Furnace tract. Between this coUiery and the head of fhe Silver creek railroad, there are several new openings which have been lately made by Mr. Gideon Bast, of SchuylkUl Haven. The veins are red and white ash, are in exceUent order^ and promise to become valua ble and profitable collieries. Mr, Bast is busily en gaged in perfecting the operations, and making allthe necessary improveraents for the purpose of getting thera fairly under way ; and we snail therefore defer a more lengthy notice until such time as the arrange ments shall be concluded. The property upon which these veuis are located, is o-vvncd by Messrs, Anspach, of PhUadelphia, The next veins we come to are those located at the head of Silver creek raUroad, and knownas. 358 HISTORY OP SOHUYLKILL COUNTY. SILVER CREEK COLLIERIES. These coUieries are 'Carried on by Messrs. Myers ' & Allen, of Port Carbon, and are valuable and exten sive workings. The distance from the raines to the Valley RaU Road, is I nules, making the whole dis tance from the point of shipment (Port Garbon) 5| miles. Messrs. MyerS & AUen are working three veins, called the Skidmore, the Raven, and the Silly- man veins. They all pUch south about 80 degrees, and are worked in the same manner as flatter veins are, viz : in breasts, by means of propping, &c. The height of the breasting on the Raven and SiUyman is about 100 yards — on the Skidmore about S3 yards. The length of range upon the veins, according to the lease, is about 1| miles. The Skidraore vein is the farthest north on this tract, and the SUlyraan the farthest south. The Skidraore is AVorked in a west ern direction frora the ravine, and the other two are worked in an eastern, direction. The Skidraore is 9 feet thick — the Raven 17 feet, and the SUlyraan 22 feet — all in excellent order, and producing sorae of the best white ash coal sent to raarket. The Skid raore has been worked to a distance of five hundred yards, the Raven five hundred yards, and the SUly raan, six hundred yards. The produce of the two latter veins is all brought out through one open ing. They having been reached by tunneling. The distance between the SUlyraan. and Raven being but 1 1 yards, it required but one length of tunnel from the opening rnade in the forraer to reach the latter. Messrs. Myers & AUen have 14 miners' houses, work shops, powder magazines, stabling, &c., &c., attached to the operations, which appear to be carried on in dustriously and methodically. We are assured that .iif the demand would warrant it, thes^e gentlemen HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 35'9 could mine 30,000 tons of coal annually from their present openings with ease. This property is also attached to the Valley Furnace Tract, and is leased of that company by the present operators. We now return to the junction of the SUver creek railroad with the VaUey raUroad, which is four mUes from Pt^rt Carbon, and pass down the Valley road for one mile; to the tract known as the Barlow & Evans -tract. The veins at -this point, have nearly all been worked out above water-level, and with the ex- •ception of two openings, which are worked for Mr. A. B. White, the place is abandoned. Whole moun tains of coal dirt and refuse coal surround the old drifts, and choke up the ravine, but it is all a momento of former greatness. Very little can be done on this tract without the aid of stationary engines, and we suppose the day is not far distant when the steady ";puff of the steam engine wiU.be heard at this point. West of A. B. White's coUieries we find no mines for tbe distance of half a. raile, when we raeet with THE UNION COLLIERIES. Thesie collieries are flow worked by Messrs. Wil liaras & SUlyraan, who leased the tract about the mid dle of February, 1844, from the Messrs. Kinsley. The veins are the Spohn and Lewis vein, and are worked below the water-level, by means of a station ary engine, which is located about half way between the two openings. This efngine' was first put up b'y Allen & Lawton, for the purpose of working the Lewis vein, down which a slope of 70 yards has been worked. Some time afterwards a perpendicular shaft was sunken on the Spohn vein, (which Ues- about 80 yards north of the Lewis,) and the engine was re- geared, for the purpose of working both veins at the samie tirae. TMs shaft was put down under the di- fedtionof "fiias. J. Ridgway, Jr., an experienced engi- 360 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. neer of this county, and is found to wpirk adrairably. It is about 120 feet perpendicular, and the coal is- raised to the top of the shaft, which is about 40 feet above the railroad, by means of chains and puUeys, working from a drum in the engine house. The chain is 345 feet in length, and is made strong, and» capable of bearing a heavy weight. The lessees tell us that the chain broke some time since, when the car laden •w^ith coal was about — from the bottom of the shaft, and the crash was treraendous, the car be-, ing broken into a thousand splinters. No person, however, was injured, and we are assured by the op erators that they have not had the slightest accident to occur about their raines, frora the period when they first took charge of them. This we thought rather singular, as the first irapression was, that the working of a perpendicular shaft would be ranch more danger ous than any other. Berth veins "wUl average more than four feet in thickness. They pitch south of the Spohn 25 degrees, and the Lewis 33 degrees. The. Lewis vein is now idle and nearly filled with water. The oparatiyes raay choose to work it again at sorae future day, but do. not design doing so at present ; both veins have been worked about 530 yards in length, and the "whole length of range perraits a working of 900 yards The coal from the Spohn. vein when brought to the top of the shaft, is unloaded., mto a schufe and by means of sereans, brakers, &c., is prepared for shipment by the tirae it reaches the bottora. The engine used for hoisting and pumping,,. is of 30 horse power, was made by Hay\yood & Sny der, and is said to be one of the very best pieces of machinery in the country. The surrounding houses upon the tract, make quite. a town in appearadce, and the place is better known in this county by the Welsh narae of " Cumbola,"" than any other. On the same tract, about 200 yards north of Wil- yams,,& Sillymanfs works, we find another qoUiery HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 361 worked also by a stationary engine of about 40 horse power. It is on the Clarkson vein, and the slope was put do-wn in 1838 or 1839. The slope was sunken and the engine erected by the owners, who leased the property to W. WaUace & Co. These gentlemen worked the vein for three years, when it was leased by AquUla Bolton, who is now preparing the mines for more extensive operation. The vein is a raost exceUent red-ash coal, frora 4 to 6 feet in width, and is a south pitch of 35 degrees. The tract coraprises an extent of about 300 acres. Mr. Bolton is also working the Spohn veui, above the water-level upon the same tract. The next tract of. coal land west of Cumbola is known as the Belmont tract. It is owned by James BeU, Esq., of Reading, and contains about 650 actes. This tract comprises within its limits a number of very valuable veins among which are the Salera, Rabbit Hole, Faust, TunneU, Black Mine, North and South Gate, Lewis, Spohn, Palraer, Chas. Pott, and Clark son veins. The corapletion of the Port Carbon and Tuscarora railway wUl add greatly to the present value of the tract. BELMONT COLLIERIES. 'Hiis coUiery is worked by our feUow-townsman, James C. Oliver, Esq., who, leases the veins from Samuel Bell, Esq., the owner. The vein which Mr. Oliver now works, is the Lewis vein, and is about 5 feet thick. It is in first rate order, and pitches south. The coal is a prirae red ash, and cannot be surpassed by any veui in the district, for quality. This vein is worked by raeans ofa slope and a stationary engine. The slope was put down and the engine erected some tune in January, 1844. The length of the slope is about 115 yards. The engine, which is about fifty horse power, was made by M%gmnis- pitches south, and coraraands about 60 yards of breastingi The first opening was raade many years ago by T. Sillyman, Esq. The railroad was laid by Mr. Andrew B. White, who owns the property. Mr. Berry has worked the gang-- way to a distance of about 1400 yards, and has about 800 yards yet to go before coraing to the line — ^he has been working this vein about one year. Returning to the junction of this lateral road with the SchuylkiU Valley road, the first collieries we corae . to, are THE BELFAST COLLIERIES. These coUieries are, situated' immediately on the, Valley railroad, about one mile from Port Carbon, and are worked by A, Bolton &'Co, , These genfle-r men have made openiiigs here into .three veins — ^the Black Mine, Rabbit Hole, and North Salera, These vary in thickness from 21 to 7 feet, and have a south' pitch of about 35 degrees — they have all been opened this spring, are in good order, and with the proper; faciUties eould be made to yield from 10,000 tp 15,000) tpnsper annum. They are aU opened upon the tract belonging to Sarauel BeU, Esq., but continue on, by right of a lease, through the ^' Junction Tract." The whole length of range is about 1000 yards. The-, coal is a first quaUty red ash, and the veins are sp> celebrated and weU known throughout the trade, that all comraent frora us would be needless. The Messrs. . B,plton havQ jnade the u§ual arragements, by raeans; . mSTORir OP^ SCHUYLKIL;- COUNTY. 3g7 of breaking400 yards. Mr. Ronaldson has also attached to his works, which are carried on in a coraplete and raethodical manner, a breaking machine upon the plan adopted HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 375 by Messrs. Haywood & Co. The rollers are driven by an engine of eight horse power, which also turns the screens. * Mr. Ronaldson has the double advantage of ship ping his coal either frora .Port Carbon or PottsviUe. should he want to s^nd a train of loaded cars down by -the Reading railroad, he can use the old drift which opens on a level with the Mill creek road, but a fe"w' yards from the schutes, and ean transport his coal through the heart of the raountain, a distance of 1,200 yards, when it wiU enter the Mount Carbon road at the old workings of Mr. Charles Lawton, at Pottsville. It is a tedious raethod, however, and is but seldom used. ; The next opCning upon the MUl creek railroad, which we arrive at after leaving the above mentioned colliery, is also worked by Mr. Ronaldsori. It is on the eastern side of the railroad, about 200 yards north of Haywood & Co's. operations, on the Lewis vein. Mr. Ronaldson at this point is working three veins by means of tunneling. ' The first tunnel is into the Yard vein — a tunnel from this point, 33 yards in length, reaches the " Spohn"— -about 40 yards further north, it cuts the " Palraer" vein — about 30 yards in the same direction, it -(viU intersect the "Cha's Pott" vein, and by another tunnel of 40 yards, will open into the " Clarkson" vein. Thus the reader wUl perceive that the product of five veins of coal, can all be brought out pf the same opening. The veins are celebrated for their purity and qua,lity, and average, at this point, about four feet each in thickness. In' a very short time we expect to see on this spot one of the largest and raost extensive collieries in the district RAINBOW COLLIERIES, These collieries are situated on Little Wolf creek, .about three miles north of Port Carbon, and are 376 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. reached by a branch or lateral road one mUe and a half in length, whioh forms a junction with the MUl creek raUroad, at about one mile and a half from the landings at Port Carbon. These collieries are worked by Mr. Sariiuel SUlyman, one of the first and most enterprizing operators in the district, and under his direction and management, have proved celebrated and profitable. The vein, whioh is a white ash coal, weU known in all the different markets, is twenty-one feet in thickness, and is approached by three openings or tunnels. It is in good order and promises to yield well for the future. Mr. SiUyman is now driving a tunnel into a vein about 250 feet north of the present working, which is ascertained to be ten feet in thick ness, and judging frdm the samples of coal taken from said vein, we have no doubt that it wUl sustain the high reputation which the SUlyman coal has justly received for the last nine years. The length of range upon these veins is about 8,500 yards. Attached to these mines are twenty-one comforta ble miners' houses^ the inmates of which appear to be happy and contented. The stranger, in passing up the road, is struck with the appearance of a small village, possessing all the outward marks of industry and happiness, and when he remerabers that but a few years since, this spot was the scene of a coraplete and sUent wUderness, he wfll see and understand the great stride which iraprovement has made in our re gion, since the first discovery of that valuable mineral which constitutes the wealth of opr district. SILLYMAN & EVAN'S COLLIERY. These collieries are located on the eastern side of the MiU creek, near the village of St. Clair. It is on the same vein as the above described working — ^is21 feet in thickness, and although one mUe west of the other, possesses all the qualities and peculiarities which attach to it. The vein is entered by three drifts or gangways. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 377 PINKERTON'S COLLIERY. This coUiery is situated on the west side of the Mill creek, in the ravine which leads from St Clair to New Castle, and extends westwardly frora a mUe to a mile and a half The outside fixtures at this colliery for breaking and cleaning coal are close upon the Mill creek raU road, with which they are connected by a short late ral road of iron rails. The veins are cut by a tunnel driven at half course across the ends of thera. The first is a vein of four feet in thidmess — ^the next nine feet, and the balance twenty feet — each of these seperated from the other by a stratum of sti'ong slate of 18 feet in thickness (measuring at right angles with the course.) The coal in all is white ash, pure and hard, commanding a ready sale at the best market price. Another vein, 17 feet in thickness, lies north of these veins about 45 yards — and is now being tun nelled to from the 20 feet vein above mentioned. Half of the distance is already driven, and it is ex pected, to be finished as soon as the first of May next ; this also, is a white ash Coal of superior quality. Communications are made at distances of from 150 to 200 yards between the three first mentioned veins by cutting through the intermediate stratum of slate, (at half course) thereby saving twnouts, and avoiding the necessity of driving up. to the surface for air, except in one vein only. The road in the 9 feet or middle veia is kept for the passing out of loaded cars, and is an iron road sa substantial and even in its grade that one horse can readily bring out a train of six or seven drift cars. 578 HISTORY OP SCHUYL^KILL EOUNTf. The drift cars used here are differently construdted from any in the region — are very strong, easily re paired, and many of thera have been in use seven or eight years. In consequence pf wanting sufficient space to stow away the dirt and rubbish necessarily occuring frora a business of the -extent conteraplated at this colliery, and also for. the purpose of procuring the required elevation for breaking and preparing the coal for market, an inclined plane has been construct ed which is 110 feet in length, at an angle of 29 de grees, making a height of 44 feet This work has been4)ut up entirely on trestles in the most substan tial manner,, and is highly creditable fo the carpenter, (Mr. J. G. Swift of our borough.) The coal willbe hoisted up this plane by a gin with one horse, which is calculated to lift and empty a car in three miniltes. Another gin is being constructed for turning three screens "with one horse. It is not intended to use any of the ' present raachinery for breaking coal, for the reason, as we understand, that the proprietor wiU sell a rauch greater bulk of what is called "lUrap" coal, than of any other kind. That which is broken, wUl be prepared by hand on cast iron perforated plates. In addition to those before mentioned, another vein, also 'of white ash coal, about 350 yards north of the former, is ho'w about being opened — the thickness oi this vein has not been ascertainedj but by trial with shafts sunk to the depth of about 70 feet, at 100 yards apart, we are told that its appearance on the bottom slate marked it -as a vein 21 feet in thick ness. It is intended to take the coal from this vein, or at least frora the two upper levels in it, by a railroad laid along the side -of the hiU, to the outside fixture? on the other veins. The breasting on the 17 feet vein before raentioned, wUl have a height of 930 feet frora the gangway, and on the other vein (supposed to be ¦34 feet in thickness) there wUl be a breasting of 1,140 feet frora the third or lowest level. HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 379 Tills coUiery promises to becorae, in a short time, one of the most extensive in the district, and we have lieatd it remarked 'by those who know the capacity ofthe works, that it might be made raore important than any other concern in the region. MAMMOTH COLLIERY. This colliery is situated four miles north from Port Carbon, on the west side of MUl creek. It is leased and worked by Joseph G. Lawton. These mines are very interesting to those visitors who desire to exaraine the raode of working those resources of wealth, and to witness "where advantages may be obtained in the coal trade by a judicious ap pUcation of labor. The vein worked is the celebrated Mammoth or Daniels vein, long worked by George & Wra. Payne, about four railes west bf this colliery, and is known to yield coal better adapted to the raanufacturing of iron than any other in the region; the coal being of the best white ash, pure and hard. The vein at this place varies frora 16 to 22 feet in thickness, and pitches at an angle of frora 23 to 90. The coal is raised frora the gangways by an engine of twelve horse power, raanufactured by our enter prizing townsman, L. W. M'Gennis, and does credit to his well known skUl. This engine, which by the way is the first engine erected in the region in a white ash vein, for hoisting coal, raises the coal forty- two feet above the level of the MUl creeik railroad, thereby giving ample height for the schutes which are put up on such a plan, that scarcely a shovel need be used in aU the process of unloading, and loading the coal. The engine is supplied wifh pure water frora a large reservoir, raade in the valley between the Broad mountain and Mine hUl, frora 3 to 400 yards distant, £rom. which the water is conducted through pipes, 380 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Ayhich discharge about 1,500 gallons a day. What is not used after first supplying a trough at the door ofthe stable, made in one of tfie exhausted breastings for the accommodation of the horses used in the mine, which do not leave their dark abode except on Sun day, is aUowed to run dawn the side of the hUl again to join those waters from which it had been separated some hundred yards back. The raines are drained by means of a tunnel about one hundred and fifty yards long, which was com menced in 1841, and driven at great expense mostly through a close grained conglomerate rock, which scarcely appeared to yield to the efforts of the hard working miners, and was finished in 1844. The internal arrangement of the mine is admirably calculated to facUitate business. The roads are all laid with heavy raihoad iron — it being of the same size as that used on the mill creek raUroad. Holes are made from the gangways to the surface, down which the tiraber for the use of the raines is thrown, instead of loading it into the cars at the head of the slppe, and thus causing detention. The proprietor of this coUiery is now erecting a water power sufficient to drive a saw mill, and break and screen his coal. The latter wiU be done on the Baffin principle, by two roUers, which he thinks wUl be sufficient, as it is not his intention to break more than can possibly be helped. He, like other dealers in white ash coal, has more demand for large or " lump," than broken coal. CHAPTER V. EDUCATION. Common Sciiools were of course encouraged as soon as the first settlers had cleared a field or two, erected a few houses, and made such other improve ments as their emergencies demanded. The School Master was abrpad. In sOrae instances, especially among the Germans, as it Was an early custom amopg them, a person was employed who discharged both the duties of the Prediger und Schulmeister. Such persons they brought with them when they first emigrated to this country. Nevertheless, schools araong the Gerraans were in a raost deplorable con dition for many years. On the arrival of the Rev. Muhlenberg, in 1742, and the Rev. Michael Schlatter, in 1746 ; the former a Lutheran, the latter a German Reformed minister, unceasing .efforts were made by those fathers, of the German churches in Pennsylva nia, to establish schools in connection with all the Gerraan churches. In 1751 an effort was made whicii promised to be crowned with more than ordinary success, to estab Ush a school in Pennsylvania. About that time, or shortly before, the Rev. Schlatter, had returned to HoUand, and on his representation of the destitute condition of the Germaris/here, to the churches in HoUand, a scheme was staffed by some noblemen of Europe, for fhe instriictipri of Germans and their de scendants in Pennsylvania. These foreign gentle men were tr-Lily cencerned to find that any of their 382 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. fellow subjects, in part of the British dorainions, were not fuUy provided with the raeans of knowledge and salvation. They considered it a matter of the greatest importance to the cause of Christianity in general, and the protestant interest in particular, not to neglect such a vast body of useful people, situated in such a dark, barren region, with almost none to protect thera, or their helpless chUdren, who are cora ing forth in multitudes, and exposed an easy prey to the total ignorance of their savage neighbors on the one hand, and the corruption of their Jesuitical ene mies, on whom they bordered, on the other hand ; and of whora there were al-svays, perhaps, too raany mixed araong thera. Moved by these interesting considerations, these noblemen and others, did accord ingly fake the good design into their immediate pro tection, and forraed theraselves into a society for the effectual raanagement of carrying out the seherae of instructing the Gerraans. Below there is. a detaUed account given of Schlat ter's success : "A brief history of the rise and progress of the charitable society, carrying on by a society of noble men and gentlemen ui London, for the relief and in struction of poor Germans and their descendants, settled in Pennsylvania, &C., published for the infor mation of those whom it raay concern, by Jaraes Harailton, WiUiara Allen, Richard Peters, Benjarain Franklin, and Conrad Weiser, Esquires, and the Rev. WiUiam Smith, Trustees General, appointed for the management of the said charitable scheme. " For several years past, the small number of Re formed Protestant ministers, settled araong the Ger man eraigrants in Pennsylvania,, and finding the harvest great, but the laborers few, have been deeply jiffected with a true christian concern, for the welfare of their distressed countryraen, and the salvation of thdr precious souls. In consequence of this, they hav& HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 383 frora tirae to tirae, in the raost solemn and moving manner, entreated the churches of HoUand, to comraisserate their unhappy fellow christians, who raourn under the deepest affliction, being settled in a reraote corner ofthe worlds where the light of the gospel has but lately reached., and where they are very rauch destitute of the means: of knowledge and salvation. " The churphes of HoUand, being accordingly moved with friendly compassion, did from time to, tirae, contribute to the support of religion in these re raote parts. But in the year 1751, a very raoving. representation of their state having been made by a person, whose unwearied labors for the benefit of his dear countryraen ha've been for some years conspicu ous, the states of Holland and West Frisland, granted 2,000 gUders per annum, for;five years from that time, fo- be applied towards the instruction of the said Ger^ raans and their children, in Pennsylvania. A consid erable sum was also collected in the city of Amster dam, and' elsewhere^ and upon a motion raade by the sarae zealous person, the Rev. Mr. Thomson* was coraraissioned by the Synod of HoUand, and Classis of Arasterdara, to solicit the friendly assistance of the churches of England and Scotland. " When Mr. Thomson arrived in Great Britain, he found the readiest encouragement among, persons of the first rank, both in church and state. In this pe culiar glory of the British.government, equally to con sult the happiness of all who live under it however reraote, wherever born, or of whatsoever denoraina- tion, wicked and inhuraan tyrants, whose arabition is to rule over slaves, find it their interest to. keep the people, ignorant. But, in.a virtuous and. free govern- management of the design upon theraselves. " This.proposal was readUy agreed. to. by those noble * Mr..T. is a minister of oBa of the Eng-lish churohes in Am sterdam,, and: a< member of said»Si!ynodand Classia.. 384 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. ment, like that of Great Britam, the case is far other wise. By its very nature and spirit, it desires every member of the community enlightened with useful knowledge, and especially the knowledge of the blessed gospel, which cpntains the best and mpst powerful raotives for making good subjects, as weU as good men. Considered in this Ught, Mr. Thom son's design could not fail to be encouraged in our mother country, since it was evidently calculated to save a multitude of raost industrious people from the gloom of ignorance, and qualify them for the enjoy ment of all those privileges, to which it is now their good fortune to bo adraitted, in coraraon with the happy subjects of a free Protestant government. "Mr. Thorason. having thus made his business known in England, and prepared the way for en couragement there, he, in the raeantirae, went down to Scotland ; and, hiraself being known in that coun try, he represented the case to the General Asserably of the church, thbn sitting at Edinburg, upon which a national collection was raade, araounting to up wards of £1,200 sterling. Such an instance of gene rosity is one out of raany, to show how ready that church has always been to contribute towards the ad vancement of Truth, Virtue and Freedom. " Mr. Thorason, upon his return from Scotland, found that his pastoral duty called him back to Hol land. He saw likewise that it would be absolutely necessary to have some person in London, not only to manage the moneys already coUected, but also to solicit and receive the contributions of the rich and the benevolent in England, where nothing had yet been collected, and where much might be hoped for. With this view, he begged a certain number of noblC- raen* and gentleraen, of the first rank, to take the * The first members of this society -were as follows, though 'we believe several are added this 'winter, (1775,) whose names have not yet been transmitted to us : The Bight Hon. Earl of Shaftesbury, Earl of Morton, Earl of HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUnVy. 38^ and worthy persons. They were truly concerned t6 find that there were any of their fellow subjects, in any part of the British dorainions, not fully provided with the means of knowledge and salvation. They considered it a raatter of the greatest importance t6 the cause of Christianity, in general, and the protestant interest in particular, not to neglect such a vast body Of useful people, situated in a dark and barren region, with alraost none to instruct thein, or their helpless chUdren, who are coriiiri'g forward in the world in raultitudes, and exposed an easy prey to the total ignorance of their savage neighbors on the one hand, and the corruption of our Jesuitical eneraies, on whom they border, on the other hand ; and of whom there are always, perhaps, too many mixed among them. Moved by these interesting considerations, the said nobleraeri and gCntlemen, with a corisidetation pecur- liar to great and generous souls, did accordingly take the good design into their iramediate protection, and forraed themselves into a society for the effectual management Of it. "The first thing said society did, was to agree to a liberal subscription among themselves ; and, upon laying the case before the King, His Majesty, like a true father of his people, granted 361,000 towards it. Her Royal Highness, the Princess Dowager of Wales, granted JlOO; and the honorable proprietors of this province, willing to concur in every design for the ease and welfare of their people, generously engaged to give a considerable sum yearly for promoting the most essential part of the undertaking. Frora such a fah beginning, and from sorae hopes they reasonably Finlater, and Lord Willoughby, of Parham. Sir Luke Schaub, and Sir Joshua Van Neck, Baronets. Mr. Coinmission Vernon, Mr. Chitly, and Mr. Fluddyer, Aldermen of Londo'n. John Bance, Eobert Furguson, and Nathaniel Paice, Esqi's., of Lon don. Rev. Benjamin Avory, L. L. Ti.,'Rev. Thomas Birch, D. D.v, Rev. Mr. Casper "Wetstein, Rev. Mr. Bavid Thoms'On, and Rer. 'Sam'Qel dfcandler, Seei'stary. Y 386 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. entertain ofa more public nature,the honorable society doubt not of their being able to complefe such a fund as may effectuaUy answer their pious design, in time cbming. ^ In the raeantime theyhave come to«the;fol- lowing-^general resolutions, "with regard to the manage ment of the whole : " I. To assist the people in the encourageraent of pious and industrious protestant ministers that are, or shaU be regularly prdained. and settled among the said Gerraans, or their descendants, iri America ^ beginning first in Pennsylvania, where the want of ministers is greatest, and proceeding to the neighbor ing British colonies, as they shaU' be enabled by an increase of their funds. " II'. To estabUsh some charitable schools for the pious education of German youths of all denoraina tions, as well as those English youths who raay re side among them. Now, as a religious education of youth, while the tender mind is yet open to every impression, is the raost effectual raeans- of making a> people wise, virtuous and happy, the honorable so ciety have declared that they" have this part of theh deisign, in a particular manner, at heart; it beirig' chiefly froni the care that shall be taken of the rising generation, that they expect the success of their whole imdertaking. " III. The said, honorable society, eonsidering that they reside at too great a distance, either to know what ministers deserve their encourageraent,, or what places are raost convenient to fix the sehools in. — and as they would neither bestow their bounty on any who do not deserve it ; therefore they have devolved the general execution of the whole upon us, under the name of Trutstees General, for the management of their charity among the German emigrants in America. And as our residence is in this province, where the chief body is settled,, and where we raay acquaint them with the circumstances of the people^ HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 387 the generous society hope that we cannot be imposed upon, or deceived, in the direction or application of their exceUent charity. " I'V. And lastly, considering that our engagements in other raatters, would not perrait us personally to consult with the people in the country, nor to visit the schools as often as it raight be necessary, for their success, the honorable society have, out of their true fatherly care, appointed the Rev. Mr. Schlatter, to act under our direction, as Visitor or Supervisor of the the schools, knowing that he has already taken in credible pains in this whole affair, and being acquaint ed with the people in aU parts of the country, can converse with thera on the spot, and bring us the best advices frora tirae to tirae, concerning the measmes fit to be taken. "This is a brief history of the rise and progress of this noble charity, tUl it was coihraitted to our raan agement under which we hope it shall be so conduct ed, as fully to answer the expectation of the worthy society, and give all reasonable satisfaction to the parties for whose benefit it is intended. We shall spare no pains to inform ourselves of the wants and circumstances of the people ; as will appear by the fol lowing plan which we have concerted forthe general exarnination of our trust, leaving roora to alter or amend it as circumstances shall require, and time discover defects in it. " With regard to that part of the society's design which proposes the encouragement of pious protest ant ministers, we shaU impartially proportion the monies set apart for this purpose according to the in struction of the said society ; as soon as such ministers shall put it in our power so to do, by making their labors and. chcurast ances known to us, either by their own personal application, or by means pf Mr. Schlat ter, or any other creditable person. "As to the important article of establishing schools^ 388 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. the following general plan is proposed, which may be from time to tirae iraproved or perfected. " 1st. It is intended that every school to be opened upon this charity, shall be equally to the benefit of protestant youth of all denominations ; and therefore the education will be in such things as are generally useful to advance industry and true godliness. The' youth will be instructed in both the English and Ger man languages ; likewise in writings keeping of com mon accounts, singing of Psalms, and the true prin ciples of the holy protestant religion, in the same raan ner as the fathers of those Gerraans were instructed, at the schools in those countries frora which they carae. " 2dly. As it raay be of great service to religion and industry, to have some schools for girls, also, we shall use our endeavors wifh the honorable society, to have sorae few school raisfresses encouraged, to teach reading, andthe use ofthe needle. And though thiswas no part of tha. original design, yet as fhe so ciety have nothing but thegeneral good of all at heart, we doubt not they wiU extend their benefaction for this charitable purpose also. « 3dly. That aU raay be indnced, in their early youth, to seek the knowledge and love of God, in that raanner which is raost agreeable to their own con sciences, the chUdren of all protestant denominations, English and Dutch, (Gerraan) shall be instructed in catechisra of sound doctrine, which is approved of and used by their own parents and rainisters. All un reasonable sort of corapulsion and partiality is direct ly opposite to the design and spirit of this charity, which is generously undertaken to proraote useful knowledge, true religion, public peace, and Christian love, araong aU ranks and denorainations. « 4thly. For the use of schools, the several cate- chisras that are now taught araong the CalvinistSj, Lutherans, and other protestant denominations, wUl HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 389 be printed in English and Dutch, (German) and dis tributed among the poor, together with some other good books, at the expense of the society. " 5thly. In order that all parents raay be certain of having justice done to their chUdren, the immediate care and inspectioji of every school will be coraraitted to a certain nuraber of sober and respectable persons, living near the place where every such school shall be fixed. These persons -wUl be denominated As sistant or Deputy Ttrustees ; and it will be their business, monthly or quarterly, to visit that partciular school for which they are appointed, and see that both raaster and scholars do their duty. It will also be their business to send an account of the state and progress of the schools, at every such visitation, to us as Trustees General. These accounts we shall trans mit frora PhUadelphia to the society in London ; and the society wUl from time to time, be enabled, by these means, to lay the state of the whole schools before the public; and thus charitable, and well disposed people, both in Great Britain and Holland, seeing the good use that has been made of their forraer contributions, wiU be inclined to give still more and more for so glorious and benevolent an undertaking. "This method cannot faU to be of great advantage to the schools, since the Deputy Trustees, being part of the very people for whom the work is undertaken, and having their own children at the same schools, they must have an interest in the reputation of them, and do all in their power to advance good education in thera. Besides this, being always near at hand, they can advise and encourage the master, and help hira over any difficulties he raay meet with. "But, 6thly. As the keeping up a spirit of emula tion araong the youth is the life of aU schools, there fore, that we raay leave as little room as possible for that reraissness, whieh sometimes hurts charities of this nature, we shall,, as. fer aaour situation wiU,per- 390 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. mjt have a personal regard to the execution of the whole. As the Assistant Trustees may often want our advice in removing difficulties and making new regulations, we shall so contrive it, that Mr. Schlat ter shall be present with them at their quarterly meet ings, to consult with them, and concert the proper measures to be taken. Besides this, we shall have one generalvisitatipn of the whole schools every year, at whieh one or more of us shall endeavor to be' pre sent On these ocCasioris, such regulations shall be made, as may be wanted ; and careful inquiry wiU.be made whether any parents think themselves injured by any unjust ex;clusion of their chUdren from an equal benefit of the common charity, or by the partiality of the masters or otherwise. At such visitations, books will be given as rewards arid. encouragement, to the diUgent and deserving schplars. The masters will likewise have proper marks of esteem shown them in proportion to their fidelity and industry in the dis charge of their Office. " 7thly. With regard to the number of schools to be opened, that wiU depend partly on the encourage ment given by the people themselves, and partly on the increase of the society's funds. A considerable nuraber of places are proposed to fix schools in ; but none are yet absolutely determined upon, but' New Hanover, New Providence, and Reading* These places were first fixed upon because the people of all persuasions, Lutherans, Calvinists, and other Protest ants, raoved with a pious and fatherly concern forthe illiterate state of their helpless children, did, with true Christian harraony, present their petitions, praying *Since the original publication, petitions havebeen sent to the Trustees General, from Upper Solfort, from Vincent township, in Chester county, from the borough of Lancaster, from Tulpehock en, and several other places, all of which will be considered as soon as possible. Feb. 25, 1755. — Penna. Gazette. Note — Schools were also established in 1756, besides the places mentioned, at Lancaster, York, Easton, and several other places. • HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 391 tha;t their nuraerous children of all denorainations in these parts, might be made the coraraon object of the intended charity. And for this benevolent purpose, they did further agree to offer school houses in which their chUdren mighft be instructed together, as dear fellow Christians, redeemed by the same comraon Lord and Saviour, and travelling to the sarae heaven ly country, through this valley of tears, notwithstand ing they raay sometimes fake roads a little different in points of smaller moment. " This striking example of unanimity and good agreeraent araong all denominations, we hope, will be imitated by those who shall afterwards apply to us for fixing schools among them ; since it is only upon the aforesaid generous plan for the common benefit of all, that we find ourselves empowered to institute such schools. But whUe the petitions are agreeable to this, our plan, as npw explained, they wUl not be overlooked, as long as the funds continue. And if the petitioners shall recommend school masters, as was the case at New Hanover, New Providence, and Reading, such school raasters will have the preference, provided they are raen of sufficient probity and knowl edge, agreeable to all parties, and acquainted with both the English and Dutch (German) languages, or wUling to learn either of these languages which they may hot then be perfectly acquainted with. ^' These are essential qualifications ; and unless the generous society had made provision for teaching Eng lish as well as Dutch, (German) it would not have answered their benevolent design, which is to quali fy the Germans for aU the advantages of native Eng lish subjects. But this could not have been done, without givmg them an opportunity of learning Eng lish, by speaking of which they raay expect to rise to places of profit and honor in the country. They will likewise be thereby enabled to buy or sell to the greater advantage in our markets, to understand then- own causes in courts of justice, where pleadings are ^93 HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. ifl English, to know what is doing in the cpuntry around them, and, in a word, to judge and act enthe- ly for theipselves without being obliged to take things upon the word of others, whose interest if may be to deceive and mislead thera. . '- " We have only further to addj that having thus- published, in our names, a true and faithful account bf the rise and progress of this excellent charity, down to the puesent t,ime, w;e hope it will candidly be re ceived as such,^ and prevent many wrong conjectures and insinuation^, that might otherwise have been made, if we had not given this genuine* and necessary informatipn concerning it. Prom the foregoing plan it plainly appears, that as Ihe chief raanageraent is in the people theraselves, it raust be entirely their own faults, if these schoolsi. do not becojpe thp greatest blessing to many generations, that ever was proposed in this country. ' Such, and sp benevolent are the de signs of this ne'w society ! " An,d surely, now, we may be permitted m their iiarae, to address^ you, countrymen and feUow Chris tians, for whose benefit the grCat work is undertaken ! We cannot but entreat you to consider, of what im portance such a scheme must be to. ybu, and your chUdren after you. 'VV'e are unwiUing to believe that there are any persons, "who do not heartily wish suc cess to a design so pious and benevolent. But, if, unhappily for themselves, there should be any such araong us, we are bound in charity to suppose they have never yetreflectedthat, whilst they indulge such "wishes, they "are in fact acting a part, plainly repug nant to the interests of liberty, true reUgion, and even of huraan nature. " Mankind in general are, perhaps, scarcely raised more, by their nature, above the bribes, than a raan wellinstructed above the raan of no knowledge or education; and whoever strives to,. keep a people in ignorance, must certamly harbor notions or designs HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 393' that are unfavorable, either to their civU or religious, liberty. For whilst a people are incapable of know ing their own interests, or judging for theraselves, they cannot be governed by free principles, or by their own choice ; and though they should^nof be ira mediate slaves of the government under which fhey live, yet they raust be slaves or dupes to those whose councUs they are obliged to have recourse to, and fol low blindly on all occasions, which is the TOost dis-. honorable species of slavery. " But on the other hand, a design for instructing a people, and adorning the minds of their children with. useful knowledge, can carry nothing in it but what is> friendly to liberty, and auspicious, to all the raost sa cred interests of raankind. '? Were it otherwise, why are so many ofthe greatest- and hest raen, both of the.British and German nations,, engaged in the undertaking ? Why have they, as it were, stooped from their h|gh spheres, and even conde scended to beg frora house to house, in order tp proraote it ! Is not all this done with the glorious intention of' relieving from distressful ignorance that was like to, fall upon you ? Is it not done with a view to call you up to all the advantages of free and enlightened subjects, capable of thinking and acting for yourselves ? ¦ And shall they call you, in vain ? God forbid ! If by any infatuation, you, should neglect fhe means of knowledge and eternal happiness, now offered you, think seriously what raust be the consequence. You, will be accountable in the sighfe of Almighty God, not only for your own sad negligence, but for all that mis ery and slavery, which you m^y thereby entail upon your hapless ofi^spring to the latest generations. Your very naraes wUl be held in abhorrence by your own children, if, for the want of instruction, 'their privi leges should either be abridged here, or fhey should fall a prey to the error and slavery of our restless ene-. mies. "But on the contrary, if proper instructions are begun-, 394 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTT. now, and constantly carried on araong, you,, no design can ever be hatched against your religion or libertieSj but what you shaU quickly be able to discover and defeat. All the arts of your eneraies will be of no avail to seyer you from your true interestsj'as raen and as protestants. You shall know how to raake the true use of aU your noble privileges, and instead of moving in a dry and barren land, where no water is, you and your posterity shall flourish frora age to age, in all that is valuable in human life. A barren region shall be turned into a fruitful country, .and a- ' thirsty land into pools of w£iter. The Ayilderness and - selitary place shall be glad through you, and the de sert shall rejoice and blossom as the. rose. Isa. 35." . A school under this seherae was established at Easton, in 1755, as will appear frPra the following, copied frora a paper published at Easton, by Mr. Hetrick: EASTON FREE SCHOOL IN 1755. The foUowing is a true copy of the original sub scription list for the erection of a school house, found among a bundle of antiquated papers by a friend, who has handed it tp us for publication, (1843.) This document goes to prove that 88 {%9) years ago, a proper spirit pervaded the settlers, as respects ediica-, tion, and that they were quite as liberal as their pos terity, and perhaps raore so, especially if the restricted raeans of the donors and the siraplicity of the man ners of the people of that age, are taken into con sideration. We have raade sorae enquiry in relation to the buUding and the contributors for its erection. Our oldest inhabitants can give but little account of the free school of 1755, although the descendants of several whose naraes are subscribed, are yet araong us. It was a large one-story log building with a cellar under HISTORT OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 395 it, containing three rooras, one of them large, which was used as a church and school room. Its site was a few feet east of the German Re formed church, and was removed soon after that building was put up, about the time of the Revolution. The vane which swung over the first school house in Easton, is the only relick preserved. WUliam Parsons was a shoemaker, who after wards became Surveyor General of Pennsylvania. He surveyed and laid out the town of Easton, and was the first prothonotary of the county, which was created by the crPwn, in the year 1752. Mr. Parsons died about that tirae, and is buried in the German Reformed burial ground, where his torab-sfone can yet be seen. Of the forty-two contributors, a large number must have been buried out of town. The vUliage at that tirae did not contain half that nuraber of heads of farailies. SUBSCRIPTIONS TOWARD BUILDING A FREE SCHOOL HOUSE IN EASTON. We the subscribers, being truly sensible of the great advantages our posterity raay reap frora the excellent charitable seherae lately forraed in England, for the education of Piwfesfant youth, in Pennsylvania, and being extferaely desirous to encourage and promote the same, as far as in our power lies, have engaged and agreed, and hereby do engage and agree to, and with WiUiara Parsons, Jaraes Martin, Peter Traxler, Esq., John Lefever, Lewis Gordon and Peter Kich- line. Deputy Trustees, raentioned and appointed by the Trustees General of the said charitable seherae, that each of us wiU pay the sura of raoney, and do and perforra the work, labor and service in building and erecting a school house, which raay occasionaUy be made use of as a church for any Protestant rain ister, to our names hereunder respectfully set down 396 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTT. and affixed. Dated Easton, Pa., the 31st day of' July, A. D., 1755: William Sraith, in behalf of the proprietor and tri:^tees, 30 J 00s. QOd.. WiUiara Parsons, 5 Lewis Gordon, 3 Nicholas ScuU, 3 Nathaniel Vernon, 3 Peter Kichline, 2 Christian Rinker,. 1 Jacob Bachraan, 1 Jacob MinOr, 1 Adara Yohe, 1 Lewis Knauss, 10'- Lewis Klotz, 10 Henry Becker, 7 6; George Michael Short% 15 John Sevitz, 15 Anthony Esor, 15 Charles Reichart, - 15 John Wagle 1 George Ernest Beckerj I John Rinker, 10 N.. N., ' 7 6 Paniel Geese, 5 .Jereraiah Candy Russel,. I Paul MiUer, 1 5 John Fricker, 1 6 Pennsylvania currency) £61 Is GDd-. Myer Hart, 2.0 pounds naUs. Paul Reesor, 1,000 shingles. Jacob Miner, 12 day's work. Stephen Horn, 1 week's work. Henry AUshoUse, 5 day's work., John Horn, 5- day's work. ' John Finley, 6. day,'s work. John Nicholas, Reeder, 1 week's, work. Bartholoraew Hoffman, 5 day's mason work;, Sobert M.iller,.4^ day's mason work. HtSTORV OP SCftUYLKtLL COUNT'S". 397' ¦John George Bush, 5 day's carpenter work. Jacob Krotz, 5 day's carpenter work. James Fuller, 5 day's stone digging. John Chapman, 3 day's carting stone. Henry Rinker, 30 bushels lime. Henry Bush and John Wideman, 30 wagons stone and digging. Thomas Harris, 50 sash lights. There is perhaps no county in the state fhat can vie with Northampton for good schools, academies, seminaries, and a college of reputable standing. Lafayette College had its origin, says Day, in the public-spirited exertions of Hon. Jaraes Porter, and a nuraber of other intelligent citizens of Easton. A charter had been granted in 1826, and a board of trustees organized ; but attempts fo procure funds were for several years Unsuccessful. It was originally designed for a raUitary school, after the raodel of Capt. Patridge's acaderay; but this plan not meeting with general approbation, it was changed in 1832, for that of a collegiate institution, on the manual-labor system. The Rev. Dr. Junkin was appointed president, as sisted by several professors. The legislature having failed to make an appropriation in aid of the college, an appeal was made fo the public spirit of the citizens of Easton and Philadelphia, for funds to erect the present edifice, temporary accommodations having been rented for the first year. This appeal was suc cessful; and on fhe 4th July, 1833, the cornerstone was laid by Hon. J. M. Porter, p-resident of the board of trustees, with appropriate ceremonies. The edifice is 112 feet by 44, containing in aU sixty rooras, and has received the narae of Brainerd Hall, in meraory of the pious labors of that devoted xms^ sionary in this region. The first term was opened in the new buUding in May, 1834, when Rev. Dr. Jun kin and three other professors were duly maugurateds 398 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. The institution has continued to flourish. In 11540, or '41, the Rev. Dr. Junkin resigned and took charge of an institution in Ohio ; when he was succeeded by the Rev. Yeoraans, a graduate of Williams College, Mass. The Rev. Yeomans has since resigned, and Dr. Jmikin is again president of the institution. The faculty is composed of raen of talent and pro fessed erudition, and the institution coraraands an honorable rank among the literary institutions of this country. The course of instruction is thorough and liberal, as will appear from the subjoined extract, from the catalogue of 1844: COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. I FRESHMEN CLASS. First Term. Livy. GrsBca Minora completed. Grseca Majora coraraenced. Classical Literature, (Esch- enburg's Manual.) Algebra. Plane Georaetry, (Davies' Legendre.) Second Term, Odes of Horace. Graeca Majora. Classical Literature. Algebra corapleted. Solid and Spherical Ge ometry. SOPHOMORB CLASS.. First Term, Horace, Satires & Epistles. .SiSChines de Corona. Classical Literature. Algebra revised. Plane , Trigonometry. Application of Algebra to Plane Georaetry. Georaetrical Constructions. Spherical Trigonometry. Second Ternt. Cicero de OfficUs. Demosthenes de Co rona. *' Classical Literature. Blair's Rhetoric. Analytical Geometry. Surveying. HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 39» JUNIOR CLASS. First Term. Tacitus. CEdipus Tyrannus, (Sopho cles.) Differentialand Integral Cal culi, (Young's.) Navigation & Nautical As tronomy. Optics, (Brewster's.) Mechanics began, CYoung's.) Chemistry. Second Term. Cicero de Oratore. Euripides' Medea. Mechanics corapleted. Descriptive Georaery. Linear Perspective.. CivU Engineering. Astronomy. SENIOR CLASS. of Second Term. CampbeU's PhUosophy Rhetoric. Moral PhUosophy. Butler's Analogy. Political EcOnoray. Constitution of the United States. Review of Studies. First Term. Juvenal.Longinus. Intellectual PhUosophy. "Whateley's Logic. Carapbell's Philosophy of Rhetoric. Natural Philosophy. Cheraisfry. Anatomy and Physiology. Exercises, in public speaking are required from aU^ the classes weekly throughout the year. The Freshmen and Sophomore classes have exer cises in translation and English composition at the discretion of the Faculty. Instruction in French and German iis provided for such as deshe. The students of all the departments are requhed to attend public worship on the Sabbath, in that church which the parent or guardian may designate, or which the student, when the choice ia left to him, may prefer to attend.. 400 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. A record is kept of the punctuality, diUgerice, schol arship, and general behaviour of each student ; a re port of which is sent to the parent or guardian at his request, or at the discretion ofthe Faculty. LECTURES. Lectures on Cheraisfry are given during the first "session ; on Natural Philosophy, the last session of Junior and the first of Senior ; on Mineralogy and Geology, the second session ; on Political Economy and Jurisprudence, the second session ; on Anatomy ¦and Physiology, during both sessions ; Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, both the first and second -sessions. The means of instruction in Chemistry have been enlarged. The apparatus is now extensive and in good order, and provision is made for a full course of lectures and experiments in that departraent. TERMS OF ADifelSSION TO THE COLLEGE CLASSES. For admission into the Freshmen Class, the appli-. '•cant is examined in Arithmetic, English Gramraar, and Geography; Latin Gramraar, (Gould's Adaras',) Historia GrasCa or Jacob's Latin Reader, Csesar's' Coraraentaries, CiCero's Select Orations, Ovid's Met- araorphoses (expurgated,) Sallust, Virgil, and the first part of Mair's Introduction to Latin Syntax; 'Greek Grammar, Greek Testament, Grseca Minora (in part ;) Algebra through Simple Equations. For admission to advanced standing, the applicant must sustain examination in the studies Corapleted by the class he proposes to enter. Testimonials of good character are in all cases re quired. The earUest age at which it is advisable for a stu dent to enter the Freshmen Class, is fburteen years. HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 401 Coraraeneeraent is on the third Wednesday of Sep teraber. The vacation after coraraeneeraent is six weeks. The first session coraraences at the close of that va cation, and continues twenty weeks. The spring va cation is six weeks. The second session is twenty weeks, and closes on the third Wednesday of Sep tember. The two Literary Societies of the College hold a public exhibition at the close of the first session; The annual exhibition ofthe Junior Class is on the even ing preceding commencement. The Literary Societies have two halls in the fourth story of the raain College building, which are spacious and elegantly furnished. Each Society has also an extensive and valuable library. The Brainerd Evangelical Society has a spacious hall appropriated to its papers and library. This So ciety holds its anniversary, and has a public address, at, the close of the winter session. EXAMINATIONS. All the classes are exarained in the middle and at the close of the first session, in all the studies of the session. The final examination of the Senior Class begins on the fifth Monday before commencement. The other classes are examined in the middle and at the close of fhe second session, as in the first. The examinations are public, and are conducted befpre a cpmmittee pf the Board of Trustees. 402 HISTORY OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. EXPENSES The price of boarding in the Go ..ege refectory is 111 87^ per week, which for forty weeks is ;|7S 00 Tuition, room-rent, use of library and appa ratus, 40 00 Fuel, stoves, and tending fires for winter session, 7 00 For incidental expenses, 50 cents each ses sion, 1 00 $123 00 Pupils of the Model School, whp occupy rooms in the CoUege, pay gl5 per session for tuition and room rent ; those who do not roora in the CoUege, pay $10 for tuition. Each pupU, not boarding in the College, pays $1,50 in the winter session for fuel for the school roora. The bUls for each session are payable half at the beginning and half at the middle of each session ; ex cept the fuel bUl for the winter session, which is aU to be paid in advance. When payment is promptly made according to this rule, a deduction of 12^ cents per week is made frora the price of boarding. Washing is done in the Steward's departraent at 31k cents per dozen pieces. Students provide their own beds and furniture. Students under the patronage of the General As serably 's Board of Education, and others who are preparing for the gospel rainistry, and whose charac ter and circurastances, in the judgraent of the Trus tees, entitle thera to the benefit, have boarding in the College refectory, at $1 per week. The Trustees sup ply the balance out of funds provided for that pur pose. Students who wish to spend their hours of daUy exercise in manual labor, for their own pecuniary HISTflRT OP SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 403 benefit^ can work on the grounds adjacent to the Col lege, and receive a just compensation for their labor. THE MODEL SCHOOL Is under the immediate instruction and government «f the Principal, subject to the general direction ofthe College Faculty. The pupUs of this school who board in the CoUege, have rooms in the College buUdings, and take their meals in the refectory. They are required to attend public prayers daily in the chapel, and pubUc worship in church and the lecture in the CoUege on the Sab bath. A select course of English study is pursued in this school, by such as wish to becorae teachers of com raon schools. The course of instruction preparatory to admission into the College, is also given to such as desire to pur sue their preparatory studies under the direction of the Faculty. The Seminaries of Nazareth and Bethlehera, so well and deservedly favorably known, have already been noticed. Besides these institutions, there are several academies in these counties of advanced stand ing, exerting a happiy influence upon the community. The public coraraon school system has been adopt ed in every district in Northampton county ; in every district in Monroe, except in Penn Forest and Price townships ; in Lehigh, the townships of Heidelberg, LowhUl, Lynn, Lower Macungie, Upper Saucon and Weisenberg ; in SchuylkUl couhty, the townships of Barry, East Brunswig, Lower Mahantango, Upper Mahantango, Manheira, Pine Grove, Rush, Union, Wayne, West Penn and West Brunswig, have not accepted the system. Carbon, a newly organized county, has also adopted the systera partially. There is much room for improvement in the common schools. APPENDIX; CONTAINING THE JOURNALS OF JAMES YOUNG, COMMISSARY GENERAL, Who visited Fort Allen, &c. in 1756; CAPTAIN JOHN VAN ETTEN, At Fort Hyndsha-ur, Fort Hamilton, &c. &c., and COLONEL JAMES BURD, Who visited a number of Forts in 1758 — embracing a number of EACTS OP DEEP INTEREST IN THE EARLY HISTORY of NORTHAMPTON and ADJACENT COUNTIES, YOUNG'S JOUENAL A JOUENAL OF JAMES YOUNG, COMMISSARY GENERAL, Of the Musters — from June 19 to June 26, 1756. 1756, June 19th. At 11 o'clock in the morning I carae to Reading. I sent an express to Colonel Weiser to acquaint hira with ray intended journey to the northern frontier; that I inclined to rauster the company posted here, and that I should want some men to escort rae to the next fort. Ammunition at Reading, viz : 25 good muskets ; 20 want repairing, 11 broken ones; 9 cartouch boxes, 240 pounds of powder, and 600 pounds of lead. ' At 6 P. M., Col. Weiser came here. I mustered his company that is posted here as a guard to this place. The company consists of 30 men, viz : 2 ser geants and 28 private soldiers ; 2 of them were ab sent at Col. Weiser's house. 20. At 2 P. M., I set out from Reading, escorted by five men of the town on horse back, for the fort at 410 APPENDIX. North Kill. It is about 19 mUes froni Reading. The road is very bad and hilly — thick of wood. The fort is about nine mUes to the westward of SchuylkiU, and stands in a very thick wood, on a sraall rising ground half a raile frora the Middle North KiU creek. It is intended for a square of about 32 feet each way — at each corner is a half bastion of very little service to flank the curtains — the stockades are badly fixed in the ground, and open in many places. Within is a very bad log house for the people ; it has no chim ney, and can afibrd but little shelter in bad weather. When I carae here, the Sergeant, who is commander, was absent and gone to the next plantation half a mile ofi', but soon carae when he had inteUigence I was there. He told rae he had fourteen raen posted with him, all detached from Captain Morgan's com pany at Fort Lebanon, five of them were absent by his leave, viz : Two he had let go to Reading for three days ; one he had let go to his own house ten miles off, and two men this afternoon a few miles from the fort on their own business. There were but eight men and the Sergeant on duty. I am of opui- ion there ought to be a commissioned officer here, eis tiie Sergeant does not do his duty, nor are the men under proper coramand for the want of a superior officer. The woods are not cleared for the space of forty yaids from the fort. I gave orders to cut all the trees down for two hundred yards. I inquired why there was so little powder and baU here. The Sergeant told me, he had repeatedly requested more of Captain Mougan, but to no purpose. The provisions here are ftout and rwm foi- fom- weeks. Ms. Seely, of APPENDIX. 41.1 Reading, sends the officers money to purchase meat as they want it. Provincial, arms, &c. Here are eight good mus kets, four rounds of powder and led per man, fifteen blankets and three axes. 21. At eight o'clock Captain Busse, from fort Henry, came here with eight raen on horse back. He expected to meet Col. Weiser here, but Col. Weiser wrote him that other business prevented him, and desired Captain Busse to proceed with me, and retum him an account how he found the forts, with the quantity of ammunition and stores in each, of which I was very glad, as the escort on horse back would expedite our journey very much, and be much safer. Accordingly we set out for fort Lebanon. All the way from North KUl to Lebanon is an exceed ingly bad road, very stony and mountainous. About six miles from North KUl, we crossed the North mountain, where we raet Captain Morgan'^s Lieu tenant with ten raen, ranging the woods between the mountain and Fort Lebanon. We passed by two plantations. The rest of the country is chiefly bar ren hiUs. At noon we came to Fort Lebanon, which ie situated on a plane ; on one side is a plantation, bn the other a barren, pretty clear of woods aU round, only a few trees about fifty yards from the fort, which I desired might be cut down. The fort is a square of about one hundred feet, well stockaded with good bastions, on one side of which is a good waU piece. Within is a good g,uard house for the people, and two other la-rge houses buUt by the country people, who have taken a refugp here-^in all six families. The fort is a little too much 412 APPENDIX. crowded ; on that account I acquainted Captain Mor gan that the Sergeant at North Kill did not do his duty, and I believe it would be for the. good of the service, to have a comraanding officer there. On which he ordered his Lieutenant, with two meh, to go and take post there, and sent with him four pounds of powder and ten pounds of lead. By Captain Morgan's Journal, it appears he sends a party of ten meh to range the woods four or five times a week, and guard the inhabitants at their labor. At 1 P. M., I mustered the people, and ex arained the certificates of enlistment, which appear in the muster roU. After which I ordered the men^to fire at a mark ; fifteen or eighteen hit within two feet of the centre at the distance of eighty yards. Provisions here are flour and rum for a month. The commissary sent thera money to purchase meat as they Want it. Provincial arms and ammunition : Twenty-eight good muskets, ten want repairing, nine rounds of powder and lead, four pounds of powder, twenty- four pounds of lead, thirty cartouch boxes, forty blankets, one axe and one wall piece. At half-past three P. M., we set out with the former escort, and two of Captain Morgan's company, for the fort above Allemengel, commanded by Lieutenant Ingle — at half-past seven we got there ; it is about nineteen mUes N. E. frora fort Lebanon ; the road is a narrow path, very hilly and swampy — about halfway we came through a very thick and dangerous pine swamp. Very few plantations on this road ; most of theni deserted, and the houses burnt down. One- half a mUe westward of this fort is a good plantation ; APPENDIX. 413 the people return to the fort every night. This fort stands about one mUe from the North mountains ; only two plantations near it. This fort is a square about 40 feet — very badly stockaded, with two log houses at opposite corners for locations — aU very unfit for defence. The stock ades are very open in many places. It stands on the bank of a creek ; the woods clear for 120 yards. The Lieutentant ranges towards Fort Lebanon and Fort AUen, about four times a week. Much thunder, lightning and rain all night. Provincial stores : 28 good muskets, 8 want re pairing, 1 6 cartouch boxes, 8 pounds of powder, 24 pounds of lead, and 12 rounds for 36 men, 36 blankets, 1 axe, 1 adz, 2 planes, 1 hamraer, 2 shovels, 9 small tin kettles. , ; At 8 A. M., we set out for Fort Allen, at Gnaden Hutten. It is about fifteen miles from Alleraengel, The first seven raUes of this road is very hilly, barren and swampy— no plantations — ^the other part of the road is for the most part through a rich valley, chiefly raeadpw ground — several settlements, but all the houses burnt and deserted. At noon we came to the fort. For the last half hour before we carae there, we had a very severe gust of thunder, lightning, and a -prodigiously heavy rain. This stands on the river Leahy (Lehigh,) in this pass through very high hUls, is, hi ray opinion, a very important place, and may be of great service, if the officer does his duty. It is very well stockaded with four good bastions. On one is a swivel gun. The works are clear all round it for a considerable way, and is very defensible. Within are three good 414 APPENDIX. barracks and a guard roora. I found here 15 men without any officer or commander. They told me Lieutenant Jacob Mies and two men from the fort were gone, this moming, with two gentlemen from Bethlehem, and/our Indians, 15 mUes up the country to bring down sorae friendly Indians ; and that the Sergeant with three men were gone to Capt. Foulk's^ late commander here, to receive the pay that is due them; and one was gone to Bethlehem with the Sergeant's watch to mend, whioh was the reason I could not muster those present, npr have any account ofthe provisions, but saw a large quantity of beef very badly cured. I was informed that a captain with a new compa ny was expected there in a day or two to take post at this fort. Being very uncertain when the Lieu tenant would return, or the new corapany corae, I resolved to proceed to Lehigh Gap, where a detach^ ment of a company was posted. Provincial stores : 27 muskets, 50 cartouch boxes, 10 pounds of powder, 60 pounds of lead, 20 rounds filled for 25 men, 19 axes, 4 broad axes, 26 hatchets, 43 tomahawks, 3 iron wedges and 1 swivel gun. At 4 P. M. set out-^at 6 came to Lehigh Gap, where I found a Sergeant and eight men stationed at a farm house, with a sraaU stockade around it. Frbra Fort Allen here, the road is very hUly and swarapy. There is only one plantation about a raUe from the gap. I found the people here, were a detachraent from Captain Weatherolt's company — ^he is stationed on the other side the gap, 3 raUes from this with 12 men. The rest of his company is at Depue's, and another gap 15 miles from this. I despatched a APPENDIX. 415 messenger to Capt. Weatherolt, desiring him to come here in the morning witjh the men under his coramand, to be mustered. The people stationed here, and on the other side of the gap, I think, raay be of great service, as it is a good road through the raountain, and very steep and high on each side, so may, in a great measure, prevent any Indians to pass through undiscovered, if they keep a good guard. Here the river Lehigh passes through the raountain, and is a very rapid streara. At 7 in the raorning, I, mustered the men here. The Sergeant informed me that Captain Weatherolt was gone 12 miles from this, and he believed on his way lo Philadelphia for their pay, which was the reason the people did not corae here, and I finding this company so much dispersed at different stations, in small parties, I could not regularly rauster them ; therefore at 9 A. M. I set out for Fort Norris. The road for the first six miles is a good wagon road, along the foot of fhe North mountain ; the other seven miles very hilly and stony. Passed three plan tations on this road — all deserted and the houses burnt down. At 11 A. M. I carae to Fort Norris ; found here a Sergeant comraanding with 21 raen. The Sergeant told me that the ensign with 12 raen was gone out to range the woods fpwards Fort AUen — the captain was at Philadelphia since the 1.6fh, for the pepple's pay ; and the other Sergeant was absent at Easton, on furiough since the 20th. This fort stands in a valley raidway between the North raountain and the Tuscarora, 6 mUes from each, on the high road towards the Minnesinks ; it is 416 APPENDIX. a square, about 80 feet each way, with four half bastions, all very corapletely stockaded, finished and defensible. The woods are clear 400 yards round it. On the bastions are two swivel guns mounted. With in is a good barrack, guard room, kitchen — also a good well. . Provincial stores : 1 3 good muskets, 3 bursted ones, 16 very bad, 32 cartouch boxes, 100 pounds of pow der, 300 pounds of lead, 112 blankets, 39 axes, 3 broad axes, 80 tomahawks, six shovels, 2 grubbing hoes, 5 spades, 5 drawing knives, 9 chisels, 3 adzes, 3 hand-saws, 2 augers and two splittrag knives. ¦ At 1 P. M. the ensign with 12 raen returned from ranging; they had seen nothing of any Indians. I mustered the whole, 34 in number, stout, able bodied men. The ensign has no certificate of enlistment. The arms loaded and clean; the cartouch boxes fiUed with 12 rounds per man. Provisions. A largequantity of beef very iU cured, standing tubs ; a quantity of biscuit and flour, and about 50 gallons of rum. At. 2 P. M. Captain Weatherolt came here to us ; he had been on his way to Philadelphia ; but the mes senger I sent last night overtook hira 8 mUes from his station. He brought me his muster roll of his whole company, and certificates of enlistments, and proposed to go with me to Samuel Depue's where his lieuten ant and 26 men are stationed, to see them mustered. I accepted of his corapany. At 3 P. M. we set forth frora Fort Norris on our way to Fort Hamilton. At 6 P. M. we came to Philip Bosart's farm, 12 miles from Fort Norris ; here we staid aU night. In our way to this house we APPENDIX. 417 found the road very hiUy, the country barren — passed by three plantations ; all deserted and the houses burnt down. In Bosart's house are six faraUies frora other plantations. 24th. At 4 A. M. set out frora Bosart's ; at 6 came to Fort HamUton ; ab®ut 7 railes from Bosart's — a good wagon road, andthe land better than any I had seen on the north side of the mountain. Fort Harailton stands in a corn field, by a farm house, in a plain and clear country ; it is a square with four half bastions, all very ill contrived and furnish ed ; the stockades are -six inches open in many places and not firm in the ground, and may be easUy pulled down. Before the gate are sorae stockades driven into the gromnd to cover it, which I think raight be a great shelter to an eneray. I therefore order to pull them down. I also order to fill up the other stock ades where they were open. I found here a lieutenant aud eight raen, seven were gone to Easton with a prisoner, a deserter frora General Shirley's regiraent. Provincial stores — one wall piece, 14 good muskets, 4 want repairing, 16 cartouch boxes fiUed with pow der and lead, 28 pounds of powder, 13 pounds of lead, 10 axes, one broad axe, 26 tomahawks, 28 blankets, 3 drawing knives, 3 splitting knives, 2 adzes, 2 saWs and one brass kettle. At 8 A. M. set out from Fort HamUton for Samuel Depue's, where Captain Weatherolt's lieutenant and 26 men are stationed. When I came there his raus ter roll was not ready. - I therefore proceeded to the next fort, ten mUes higher Up the river (Delaware) — at 1 P. M. I came there. It is a good plain road from A2 418 " APPENDIX. Dupue's — ^there are many plantations this way; but all deserted and the houses chiefly burnt. Found at this fort (Hyndshaw) lieutenant Hynd shaw with 25 raen. He told rae that the captain with five raen had gone up the river yesterday, and did not expect hira back these two days. They had been inforraed from the Jerseys that six Indians had been seen and fired at the night before, 18 miles up the river. This fort is a square about 70 feet each way, very lightly stockaded. I gave some directions to alter the bastions, which at present are of very little use. It is clear all round for 300 yards — the fort stands on the banks ofa large creek, and about one-fourth ofa mile from the river Delaware. I think it is a very important place for the defence of this frontier. At 3 P. M. I mustered the people, and find them agreeable to the lieutenant's roll regularly enlisted. Finding here such a sraall quantity of powder and lead, and this fort the most distant frontier, I wrote a letter to Capt. Orndt, at Fort Norris, where there is a large quantity, desiring he would deliver, to this fort thirty pounds of powder, and ninety pounds of lead; and I promised that he should have proper orders frora his superior officers for so doing, in the mean time my letter should be his security ; in which I hope I have not done amiss, as I thought it very necessary for the good of the service. Provincial stores — 11 good muskets, 14 rounds of powder and lead for 30 men, 4 pounds of powder and 30 blankets. At 7 P. M. came to Samuel Depue's ; mustered that part of Captain Weatherolt's company stationed APPENDIX. 419^ here a Lieutenant a twenty-six men, all regularly en listed for six months, as are the rest of his company. Around Depue's house is a large but very slight and ill-contrived stockade, with a swivel gun mounted on each corner. Mr. Depue was not at home. His son, with a son of Broadhead's, keeping house. They expressed themselves as if they thought the Province was obliged to them, for aUowing this party to be m their house, also made use of very arrogant expressions of the coraralssioners, and the people of PhUadelphia in general. They seem to make a raere raerchandize of the people stationed here, seUing rum at eight pence per gill. Provincial stores — 13 good muskets, 3 cartouch boxes, 13 ppunds of powder, and 22 pounds of lead. 25. At 5 A. M. set out from Depue's for the Wind Gap, where part of Weatherolt's company is stationed. Stopped at Bosart's plantation to find our horses. I was inforraed this raorning, that two mUes frora the house in the woods, they found the body of Peter Hess, who had been murdered and scalped about the month of February. At 11 A. M. came to the Wind Gap, when I found Captain Weatherolt's ensign, who is stationed here with seven men, at a farm house — four only were present ; one was gone to Bethlehem with a letter from the Jerseys, on Indian affairs ; one was on a farm house on duty ; and one absent on furlough from the 15th to 22d, but had not yet returned. I told the officer he ought to esteem him a deserter. I found here six Province muskets, all good, and six rounds of powder and lead for each man. I told 420 APPENDIX. Captain Weatherolt to send a supply as soon as pos sible, i At 3 P. M. set out from Wind Gap, for Easton. About half post by Nazareth mUl, around whicii is a large but slight stockade, about 400 feet one way, and 250 feet the other, with log houses at the corners for bastions. At 6, 1 carae to Easton — found here ensign Enslee, of Captain Enslee's corapany, with 24 men. He told me the Captain was gone to PhUadelphia for the corapany's pay, and one man absent, sick at Bethle hem. 26. At 9 A. M. I mustered the corapany stationed here ; found thera stout able bodied men ; their arms in good order. They fired at a mark — 16 out of 21 hit within 9 inches ofthe centre, at 80 yards distance. The ensign had no certificate of enlistments, but told me that Col. Claphara had carried thera with him. Provincial stores — 25 good rauskets, 25 cartouch boxes, with 11 rounds in each, and 25 blankets. In Major Parson's charge for the use of the inhabi tants ; 37 bad muskets, a parcel of broken muskets, 24 cartouch boxes, 12 pair of shoes, 56 pounds of powder, 100 pounds of lead, 14 blankets, 10 axes, 1 broadaxe, and 6 hatchets. 27. At Bethlehem. ^ JAMES YOUNG. Co-m. Gen. ofthe Muster. Philadelphia, July ^, 1756. VAN ETTEN'S JOUENAL A JOUENAL OF CAPTAIN JOHN VAN ETTEN, At Fort Hyndshaiv and Fort Hamilton, in the Pennsylvania Forces, from December 1, 1766, to July 21, 1757. 1756, DECEMBER 1. I went out to patrol my oldest Sergeant in the company, to find out if there were any Indians on the coast, but none were discovered. We returned safe to the fort. 2. After the guard was relieved, we employed ourselves in hauling firewood, and key the garrison. 4 and 5. Paid some of the men — also for some pro visions. 6. Kept the men at their posts about the garrison. 7. I went on scout with two men, and made no discovery — ^returned safe at night, finding all in good order. 8 and 9. The men divided — one part standing sen try, while the other part hauled firewood to the fort. 10. I went on scout with one of my men — ^made no discovery ; returned to the fort. 1 1. My Lieutenant went on his journey to PhUa- 424 APPENDIX. delphia, in order to get pay for my men, for three months. About eleven o'clock, I went on scout with six 'men ; in going four railes raade no discovery ; re turned to the fort at dark. 12. It being Sabbafh and rainy, we all staid in garrison. 13. After the guard was relieved, I went on scout with six raen and one neighbor, and traveUed about eight miles from the fort, made no discovery ; re turned to the garrison. 14. After the guard was- relieved, 1 went with four men on scout, and sent two raen- with Jacob- Swartwood, to guard himj to- fake some of his grain where it might be threshed. 15. I went with five men on scout,- and the said Swartwood went again to his place, which is about four mUes from the fort, and at night when I returned home told me, that before the raen -with hira carae to the field, they saw one sraall stack of rye, set out in a large shock of thirty sheaves on a side, and places- left in the middle to shoot out at, and a bee-hive set on the top. 1 6. After .the guard was relieved, I, with' six men^ went f 0 the place, and ordered two men with wagons to come after sorae tirae, when I had surrounded the field, then to come and take their loads, whieh was done ; but no discovery was raade. I, and two men went through the woods, and the rest guarded the wagons. So all returned safe to the fort. 17. It snowed. I made a pair of moccasons for myself. 18. After the guard was relieved, I went out on scout with six men, and travelled about six mUes APPENDIX. 425 from the foj^t, and found snow in may places half-leg deep ; but I discovered no enemy ; all returned safe to the fort. 1 9. It being the Sabbath, one of the corporals went out with four men, on scout ; but made no dis covery ; returned to the fort. 20. It snowed ; we staid in the garrison. 21. The corporal, with men assisting, hauled fire wood to the fort, and I went on scout with three men ; found the snow about knee deep ; but went four mUes; raade no discovery; refui-ned to the fort after dark. 22. After the guard was relieved, we shoveled ' away the snow around the fort, in order to go to work to build a block house. 23. We all kept the fort. 24. The snow rendering, to- the end of the month, unfit for scouting, we cleared the parading place, and kept the men to their exercises twice a day, in which tirae I paid off the raen. January 1 , 1757. Kept the fort and exercised the men. ' 2. Sabbaith day ; kept the fort. 3. Stormy weather. _ 4 and 5. - Kept the fort. 6. Hauled firewood for the fortj 7. Exercised the men twice. 8. Took the advantage of the snow and hauled firewood. 9. Sabbath day ; kept the fort. 10. I went on scout with six men, and night coming on us we lodged at Daniel Shoemaker's. 11. Retumed home to the fort. 426 APPENDIX. 13, 14 and 15. In the fort. After the guard was re lieved, hauled firewood. 16. In the fort. 17. I sent out a scout with five men, but dis covered nothing. 18. ReUeved the guard; exercised the raen. 19. I went on scout with the Lieutenant and six raen ; travelled three mUes ; returned to the fort, dis covering nothing. 20. I went on scout with two men ; made no dis covery ; returned to the fort. 21. , Relieved the guard, and kept the fort. 22. I went on scout with one man, about seven mUes from the fort ; returned, discovered nothing. 23. Received orders from the Hon. Colonel,* dated the 16th instant, that as soon as the season would ad mit, to discipline the men in the English exercise, and to teach them the Indian method of war, which was immediately obeyed. 30. Received orders from the Hon. Colonel, to enlist men to fiU up ray company, to consist of fifty men, including two sergeants, two corporals, and a druraraer. February 4. I went to Major Williara Parsons, inforraing hira of the necessity we were in for the want of aramunition. 6. Received an answer, and ninety-two pounds of lead. 7. Kept the men to their exercise as usual. 9. Exercise ; bad weather. 11. After the guard was relieved, hauled wood. •Col. Conrad Weiser. APPENDIX. 427 12. Snow ; unfit for exercise. 14. Kept the raen to their exercise. 1 6. Hauled firewood for the fort. 17. The men exercised twice. 20. Sunday ; kept the fort. 21. Went on scout with four men ; but finding it so bad traveUing, and making no discovery, we turned back to the fort. 24. After the guard was relieved, we hauled fire wood. 25. Relieved the guard ; exercised the raen. March 1. Called the men tP exercise at eight o'clpck, and relieved the guard. 4. After the guard was releived, I ordered the old guard to haul firewood. 6. Relieved the guard at eight in the raorning. 7. After the guard was relieved, I went on scout with ten raen ; went about six railes ; raade no dis covery ; returned to the fort. 9.. , Exercised the men twice. 10. Relieved the guard, and exercised the men twice as usual. 11. Afterthe guard had been relieved, and the exercise had been over, I ordered the old guard to haul firewood. 12. After the guard had been relieved, I went on soput with six raen, travelled about six mUes ; made no discovery ; returned safe to the fort. 13. Sunday ; relieved the guard and kept the gar rison. 14. After the guardhad been relieved, I went on scout with eight men ; discovered nothing ; returned to the fort. 428 Appendix. 1 6. After the guard had been relieved, I ordered the old guard to procure firewood. 17. Relieved the guard and disciplined the men. 18. After the guard had been relieved, I went with five raen on scout, but discovered nothing ; re turned to the fort. 1 9. After the guard had beeii relieved, the raen Avere employed in hauling wood. 20. Sabbath day; relieved the guard at eight o'clock in the morning ; kept the garrison. -21. ' I went oh my journey to Easton, in order to attend court, leaving the charge of the company with the Lieutentant. Being obliged to tarry, by reason of the weather, I attended the whole term.* 28. I returned home safe to the fort, finding ray raen in health, and all things in good order. 29. Relieved the guard and disciplined the men. 30. Relieved the guard ; hauled firewood. April 1. After the guard had been relieved, I went on scout with four men; went about four railes; made no discovery ; retumed to the fort. 2. Relieved the guard and disciplined the men. 3. Sabbath; relieved the guard, arid kept the fort. 4. Disciplined the men. 5. Relieved the guard and hauled firewood. 6. Disciplined the men. 7. Received an order, dated 2Sth of March, from Hon. Colonel Weiser, comraanding me iraraediately to send a detachraent pf sixteen raen, with an officer, to relieve the company stationed at fort Hamilton. "Van Etten was one of the Justices of the Peace of North ampton county, and formed one ofthe Court. appendix, 429 8. I fook possession of said fort accordmg to orders, and the corapany marched off, leaving the fort in my care. , 9. Received a copy of a letter from Maj. Parsons, sent to the coraraander at fort HaraUton. I being there, and no other, I opened the same, and found it to be a copy frora the original sent by Jacob Snyder, ensign, being the then coraraander at fort Norris, with which I would not content myself, but went off immediately to Easton, to see the Major. 10. Then spoke with the Major at his own house, who ordered, that my Lieutenant with twenty-five raen of my corapany, should immediately march to Reading to, the Colonel,* there to receive further orders. 11. Returned to fort Hyndshaw, received the original by the way, and acquainted the Lieutenant ofthe affair. 12. Got the men ready fpr to march. 1 3. Conveyed the said Lieutenant, with said com pany, as far as fort Harailton. 14. The Lieutenant marched with said company about eight o'clock, from fort HamUton, and I re turned to fort Hynshaw. 15. Disciplined the raen twice. 16. I went to see the Major. 20. Returned horae and found aU thmgs in good order at both forts. The same night an express came from fort Hafnilton to fort Hyndshaw, of a murder coraraitted about sunset, by the Indians; 21. I went to fort HamUton with seven men, and * Colonel C. Weiser, who resided at Eeading at the time. 430 appendix. found it to be one Cuntraman, a lad of about seven teen years pf age, killed and scalped by the Indians ; whom I took up and hurried, and returned to fort Hyndshaw with ray men aU safe. 22. Disciplined the men twice. 23. I employed the men in hauUng firewood'to the fort. 24. Sabbath; disciplnied the men and kept the fort. ¦ 25. Sergeant Leonard Den, with two men, went off for subsistance to Samuel Depue's. Withui about two miles of said Depue's, Sergeant Den was shot ; the two men returned, and informed rae of it ; where upon the drummer beat an alarm, and the neighbors all gathered into the fort. Myself with seven raen went iraraediately off and found him scalped, and en tirely strippped, and shamefuUy cut, so rauch so that his bowels were spread on the ground. I sent off three men to Depue's for a wagon, while I with the three kept guard. They having come, we carried him to Depue's, where we kept guard that night. 26. We buried him in a christian manner, and re turned to fort Hyndshaw. 27. Disciplined the men ; increased our sentinels as far as our weak circumstances would allow. 28. Disciplined the raen ; giving them such cau tions as I thought necessary. 29 and 30. Guarded the neighbors in their neces sary business, with all that could possibly leave the fort. May 1. Kept the fort. 2. After the men had been disciplined at eight appendix. 431 o'clock in the morning, firewood was hauled to the fort. 3. Disciplined the men at eight o'clock ; then I went on scout with five men ; went about five miles ; discovered nothing ; returned safe. 4. After having disciphned the , men at eight o'clock, I went on scout with five men about six mUes ; discovered nothing ; all returned safe to the fort. 5. About eight o'clock in the morning, news came to rae that an Indian had been seen about three- fourths of a raile frora the fort. I went out iraraedi ately in pursuit of hira, with eight raen and one neighbor ; found it true by discovering his tracks, but we could not corae up with hira — the men from the fort saw the Indian running from us at a considerable distance ; and they could, at the same time, see some of my company, as the few I left to Ireep the fort af firraed to rae, at ray return ; but I seeing nothing of hira, returned with the raen to the fort. The sarae day one raan came from a field where they guarded a neighbor in his business, saw three Indians 'commg down a mountain near said field. I immediately went, out with said man, and two others, in pursuit of them ; but not thinking it proper to go far from the fort, it being very weak-handed, stood on guard on said mountain, while one went to alarm the guard that was in the field, and then returned home to the fort ; discovered nothing. 6. At eight o'clock disciplined the men, after which some of my men who had observed the night before, as they were on sentry, that the dogs kept an unusual barking and running to a particular place, 432 appendix. went ta see what the occasion should be, and found that an Indian had stood behind a tree about twenty- five yards frora the fort. I went tp see, and found it true ; his tracks being visible enough to be seen. In the afternoon I went on scout with four raen and aneighbor, but made no discovery — ^returned safe to the fort. 7. The men were called to their exercise at the usual hour ; after which, I went with four raen to a sraithshop, where we raade an instruraent to take a buUet out of ray horse, who was shot when Sergeant Den was kUled ; all returned safe to the fort. 8. Sunday ; assisted sorae of the neighbors with their goods and famUies to the fort. 9. Disciplined the men ; after which we guarded twp of the neighbors in their necessary business with what men could be spared ; and continued the sarae to the 15. Sunday ; we all kept the fort. 16. Though weak-handed, I went on scout Avith four men, and travelled about four miles; made no discoveries ; returned safe to the fort. 17. Disciplined the m^^n at eight o'clock in the morning ; then guarded the neighbors withall I could spare frora the fort. 18. Exercised the men twice, and all kept the fort. 19. After exercising the men, guarded the neigh bors with aU that conld be spared from the fort. 20. The corporal with three raen, went out on scout, by my order, traveUed about three mUes ; made no discovery, and returned to the fort. 21. At four o'clock, afternoon, received a letter appendix. 434 from Captaitt Basse, to send a corporal with five men to meet him at least on the 2iSd day, t& guard him to fort AUen. The men 1 despatched in half an hour. 22. Sunday ; we few who remained, aU kept the fort. 29. About ten o'clock in the mornings I received a letter from Major Parsons, in which he desired me to come to Easton, to receive my pay, with the pay of my men. I having thea but nineteen men Iteft me to keep the fort, I took the case, toge,tfeer with my men, into consideratiaa,. who all begged of mey not to leave the fort ; whereupon I wrote to the Majop,. and begged him to- consider our circumstarrces, and to excuse meuntU' thei men returned. 24. Disciplined the men at eight m. the merning; all kept the fort, beiiigf weak-handed 25. I went on scout with three men; travelled about three miles ui the raountains, and disco-vered nothing •, returned tothe fort. 26. Disciplined the men ; all stayed about the fort. 27. Disciplined- the men twice. 28. At two o'clock in the afternoon, the men whO; with Commissary Youilg firomi EastoUj came to fort Allen, returned alt in healths. 29. Exercised the men, and aJl- kept the fort. 30. I went on scout with three men, and traveil!- ied about four miles ; discovered n«thing 5 retarned tj the fort. Sl. Dise^lined the men a* eight o'clock iiv *» morning ; in the aftemoott I went on scout with- fom men ; went about three miles fpom the fort! ; discaver^ «d nothing; teturned t«»the'foFtx B2 434 APPENDIX. June 1. The corporal with three men went on scout, and gave account of no discovery on their re turn. 2. I sent five men to Samuel Depue's for subsist ance in the aftemoon. The fort was alarmed' by hearing several guns fired. I immediately with three men, went to find out the reason, and found it to be some who unwittingly shot at fowls in the river. Our men all returned safe about sunset. 3. I set off on my journey for Philadelphia about four o'clock in the afternoon with six men as a guard, and came aU safe to fort Hamilton, where I found every thing in good order. 4. Ateight o'clock in the moming I disciplined the men, and gave strict orders to the Sergeant to keep the men exact to their duty ; and about four o'clock in the afternoon, I pursued my journey. 5. I lay sick by the way within five miles of Easton, 6. I came to Easton and paid my respects to Ma jor Parsons. 7. Notwithstanding my illness, I pursued my journey. 8. About four in the afternoon, I came to PhUa delphia, and delivered the express sent to Major Par sons, just as it was sent to him, to his Honor the Gov ernor, who desired lae to wait on him at twelve o'clock the next day; 9. I waited on his Honor as requested. Mr. Peters-said that my business should be done the next day at nine o'clock in the morning. 10, 11 and 12. I waUed, but my business was not done according to expectation. APPENDIX. 43'5 'IS. About three o'clock in the afternoon I left the town. 14. About two in the afternoon I carae to Easton. I immediately paid rny respects to Major Parsons, who told rae that I should take a supply of ammuni tion ; whereupon I provided sacks and took one hun dred pounds of powder, and one hundred pounds of lead, and a hundred flints. I received also a copy from his Honor the Governor's orders, to reraove to fort Hamilton. I left Easton at about six o'clock 4, went about five miles. 15. I came safe to fort Hamilton with the ararau nition, about six o'clock in the afternoon, and found all things in good order. 16. At eight o'clock in the moming, I disciplined the men, and ordered them all to shoot at a mark, at arras ends ; sorae of thera did exceedingly well ; then taking an escort of raen with me, I went to fort Hyndshaw, where we all arrived safe. I immediate ly called the men to arms, and ordered every one to get his clothes, and whatever he had, together as quick as possible, and be ready to march to fort Hamilton. 17 and 18. After discipling the men as usual, we made every thing ready for our march. 19. About nine o'clock in the morning we all marched from fort Hyndshaw with aU the baggage, and all arrived safe at fort Hamilton, and met with no opposition ; found all things in good order there. 20. At eight in the morning caUed the men under arms, and after exercising them, ordered out six men at Samuel Depue's iequest, to guard him in taking^ his wife to the Doctor at Bethlehem, who tarried allf 436 A:ePENPix. night at said Depue'&i Tbe sam* day I went on scout with four men and one neighbor, to beqomc; aofiaaiated in thes w/QQdf?,, as also- to see if any dis covery coiddi be made of the: enemy ; but I made no discovery; returned to. the fort. 21. At eight o'dioek exeroisedi the men. At about twelve o'clock tbe guard that accompanied Samuel Depue and! his- wtfa, returned t@ the foct ; then I ordered a guard of ten men, who went off und^r the care of a e&ppov&l', with SiamueJ Depue, with orders. that after they had guarded said Depue as far as need ful, to carry a message from me *<* the Major at Easton, and t© return as: soon ais; an despitch; CQuld be made. 22. Exercised the men tb%ti remained at the fort as usuah Niothing extraf)idwiary' happened ; so^ aU kept the fort 2i3. Ibi the moraiog, neat eleven ©t'ciocb, the fort was alarmed by somsi of the: nejgfebeffs whO; had made tbeiB escap© from the; enemy ; five of them in company, near Broadbeadi'si house, ^ejging; their horses, in fflrdei to go toi milj^, were fired Uf on by the enemy ; and said that one of them, John Tidd by name, was fcilted. "Whereupojsk I immediately drafted nine men, myself makiBg the te^thj, ia as private a manner as possisles^ and as. pjivately weni back into the:ia0!«ntains,.in oeder tftmakeai ilJacQyery; giving stuicft ordecsi to thoseleit, t© fire the waU-pieee to alarm us if any atta«5k shauid h<^ aftterngted on the. fprt, in my absejscfi. Thar© w«i!e but sist, meat left at the fort J amt commg ia sigfet of sajiii h0i*se>.0n ttoe back side, 1 perceised soiae sm^e; ari^near the: houses Afia tr&wUing; aboiot a^ qiosrtAr- q£ » mih, ia oixier to APPENDIX. 437 surroUMd them, we heard faut guns, the first of which being much lounder than the rest, I e-xpeeted the fort was attacked ; whetewpon we retreated about a quarter of a mile, and (hearing Sio more guns, ray counsel was to go to the house ; btitmy pilots who was well acquainted with the woods, thought it best to place ourselves in ambash, for they would come that way, he said ; and as we ascended the mountain in order to place ourselves, we saw the house in a blaze, and the pilot thought best to retire a little nearer be tween the house a:nd the fort, where we might have a better view ; and in the retreat we heard fourteen guns fired as quick in succession as one could count. T^en we placed ourselves in two corapanies, the bet ter to way-lay them; the party that was nearest be tween the house and the fort, and saw twenty'-seven endeavoring to get between them and the fort. I with the other party saw five more coming on the other side; we found that we were discovered, and likely to be surrounded by a vast number, wherefore we all retreated, and got between them and the fort, then halting, they came in view ; I then challenged them to come, and fired at them ; and althoagh at a considerable distance, it was g^eneralty thought one of them was killed, by then: sqaatting and making off. Then we all retumed to the fort. Immediately upon our return, a scout of thirteen men from the JerSeys, who were in search of Edward MarshaU's wife, who was kUled sometime ago, came to the fort, being led there by seeing the smoke and hearing the guns fired, who all seemed forward to after the Indians, when I with nine men went out with them ; but having got some distance out, they would go tothe house to see 438 APPENDIX. whether the said man was kUled. Being come, we found him killed and scalped ; his body and face were cut inhumanly. There were also some cattle lying dead on the ground ; whereupon they all went off, and left rae with ray smaU number to take care of the dead raan, whereupon we took him up and returned to the fort, in, which time my men that had gone to Easton returned to the fort. 24. At about nine in the moming, having made ready, I went with eighteen men and buried the man, then went from the grave in search and found fifteen cattle, horses and hogs dead, beside two that were shot, one with five buUets, the other with one, and yet there are many missing out of which the enemy took, as we judge, the value of two beeves and almost one swine. In the evening sent an express by two men to Major Parsons. 25. Disciplined the men; nothing extraordinary happened ; all kept the fort ; at eight two men that had gone with the express to Easton, returned in safety to the fort. 26. Early in the morning, I received the Major's letter, in which he shewed himself very uneasy that the men at fort Norris had not joined me, and desired me to send to fort Norris, to know the reason, and thinking it might be occasioned for want of carriages .to bring their stores, he desired rae to endeavor to ¦send a wagon thither. Accordingly as I was en deavoring all I could, in compliance with the Major's desire, about three o'clock in the afternoon, Lieut. Hyndshaw came to the fort, with ten men from Cap tain Weatherold, and six from fort Norris, showing his'order from Colonel Weiser for. him to command APPENDIX. 439 fort HamUton, and for rae to abide with a sraall nura ber of men at fort Hyndshaw. 27. At eight in the morning, I caUed my men un der arms as usual, and drafted eleven, sent them un der the care of a corporal, with three neighbors in search of some cattle, which, they feared, had been taken or kiUed by the enemy, at which time the Lieu tenant undertook to talk with me, and proposed to me that if I would let hira have six out of the men he had from Captain Weatherold, he would go to fort Hyndshaw, and stay there until, further orders, and leave the six men j^ho he brought from fort Norris with me, which I could not comply with, as not being in my power. Having moved to fort HamUton, by his (Honor the 'Governor's order, there to be rein forced by a detachment from fort Norris, and there to stay till further orders, at which the Lieutenant went off with a sergeant and a waiter he brought with him frora fort Augusta, and left the sixteen raen -lie had brought under no ones care. The scout that had gone out, all returned safe fo the fort, finding what they went in search of, all well. 28. After exercising ray men as usual, I sent out a scout of twelve men, under the care of the Sergeant, who traveUed about six miles out; all returned safe to the fort, having made no discovery. I not being . fuUy satisfied on account of the men left with me, whora I could do no less than feed and give them their proper allowance of rum, wherefore I wrote to Major Parsons, laying the circumstances of the, mat ter as near as possible before him, desiring his advice what to do in the case, the which I sent off in the evening by the Sergeant and one of the men. 44© " APPENDIX. 39. After ex^reising the men, I sent off six men under the care of the ooporal, with six of those men that the Lieutenant left, who voluntarily went to assist and to guard one Peter Snyder in taking off some cat- iie, which he had left back sometime ago in fleeing from being killed by the enemy in the night. The Sergeant and his men returned safe from Easton with a letter from the Major, in which he advised me to put the said men on -duty, wh® were left with me ; and whereas he expected Colonel Weiser to be here in a few days, t® keep the fort untU he came. He also desiyed me to endeavor to hasten Lieutenant Eng^le's mardh to fort HamUton. , 30, I put the men left with me on duty. In the afternoon the men that guaEded Peter Snyder, all iieturned safe to.tjhe fort. July 1., In Ae morning called my men under aa'ms^; drafted ten men, whora 1 sent under the care of the Sergeant, wit|k nine of those men the Lieuten ant had left at the fort, whom 1 ordered whither and how far tlaey should travel and scout, the which they perforraed, and returned at about one o'clock in the afternoon ; the Lieutenant carae past the fort, stopping at John McMichael 's, who soon after came to the fprt and showed an order from Colonel Weiser that I should resign the coraraand at fort Harailton to him, upon which I called ray raen under arms, and as I was Sending for the Lieutenant to give up the com mand to hira, the sentinel hearing music acquainted me with it ; I expected it was the Colonel coming, I delayed untU the Colonel came, who weighing the circumstances of things, still continued me in posses sion of said fort. AP3PENEIX. 441 S. At eight in && mortimg, the men were called to arms, at which time the Colonel took a view of the men and Ibeir arms, and fi^nding aU in good order ; and after giving orders foir ite leguktioH ofthe com pany at about twelve o'<5lock,,the Colonel with his attendants marched off; after which we aU kept the fort. 3. AU kept the fort, it being Sunday. 4. After dispipling the men, a party of twelve men,. under the comraand of a Sergeant, sent to Samuel Depue's with a teara for necessary subsistance, all returned safe to fhe fort in the evening, according to» orders. 5. Very rainy weather ; unfit for scouting or exr. ercise ; aU kept the fort 6. At eight in the- morning 1 eaUed the men to> exercise and gave thsm, the necessary counsel how t& behave according to> the orders given to me by the Colonel ; at which time complaints were madle to me by some of the men, that some neighbors that resided in the fort were loaey, by which means the whole- garrison would soon be in the sameeondition. I then ordered the corporal with three men to assist him t©. make a search, and ke found that one Henry Cuntra man and his family, and one John HUlman and his. family, were lousy. I ordered them out of the fort lo their own houses, it being biMt eight or nine rods. from the fort. I then employed! the men to clean tlie fort within doors and without, which was accordingly done. I also, sent out a scout of four men, with three; neighbors, who voluntarily went, in hopes to find some cattle they had missed,, and to return the same- 442 APPENDIX. day, which they did in the evening; making no dis covery of any enemy. 7. At eight in the morning I called the men to their exercises, then divided the men into two guards, each guard to stand their day ; those tha:t were not on guard to be employed in scouting, guarding the neighbors, and in things necesssary to be done about the fort, and gave strict orders to those that were on guard, that they should not leave their post, nor go frora fort to fort ; and that every sentinel should be have well on his post. About one o'clock in the afternoon, having occasion to go to John McMichael's, I saw John Jough coming out of the woods with hoop-poles on his shoulder, who was one of the guard ; immediately the corporal came to said house. I then went home, and finding the glass run out, I exarained the raatter, and found that the sentinel had stood his proper tirae outy and ought to be relieved, I tiierefore called the next man on the list, and saw to his relief myself The raen that were not on guard, I eraployed in banking the earth against the stockades, to prevent the waters settling in and running into the well, what I found to be the occasion that the water was so bad in the well. i 8. At eight in the morning I relieved the guard; after which I employed the old guard in cleaning out the well. 9. After tbe guard had been relieved, a scout of ten raen with the Sergeant went with sorae of the neighbors to Mr. Broadhead's place, who went on necessary business ; met with no opposition; all re turned safe to the fort. la Sunday. A scout of six men went to Samuel APPENDIX. 445 Bepue's on necessary business ; on their return, they heard, they said, a person whistling, whom they sup posed to be an Indian ; but seeing nothing, all re turned safe to the fort. 11. After the guard had been relieved, the Ser geant with the old guard, ten men, were sent out on scout to the south-east, and as far as they could return by night, which was performed. Meeting no oppo sition, not discovering any signs of the enemy, all re turned safe to the fort. 12. At eight in the morning I caUed the men to their exercises, and relieved the guard; after which, on John McMichael's importunity, I ordered ten men as a guard, where he was cutting his harvest, sorae dis tance frora the fort, with whora I went rayself, and placed them to the best advantage I could, ordering none to fire his gun, except at an enemy; and that three guns should be an alarm. They meeting no opposition, all returned safe to the fort. 13. After the men had exercised, and the guard had been relieved, it was my intention to guard John McMichael as the day before, but his son-in-law coming from a long journey or voyage, detained him from labor ; wherefore I then took the old guard, consisting of ten raen and three neighbors, with whom I went on a scout, directing my course south about five miles from the fort, from thence west two railes, thence, by judgment, northerly, so as to come to the fort, in which way we came by the Separatist's meet ing house, where we found the enemy had lodged not long since ; they leaving a bed of fern even in tha pulpit ; but raeeting no opposition, all returned safe to the fort. . 444 APPENDIX. M. At seven in the raoming I called tfee men ttj. ¦feeir exercises, and the guard being relieved, t iJieii went with John McMichael and teni of my men, as a guard, to protect him and the men he employcrd at his harvest ; posting five mem a smaU distance ffom die fiicld, which I thought best to discosrer the enemy if any should attempt to faU upon the people at work,. ^)he other five I posted in the field. At abosH* three o'doek in the afternoon, I went with the corporal arcwmd the out sentinels as privately as wecould^ and found them all on their guard. 15. It being very rainy, and unfit to> be out with arms, we all kept the fort. 16. , The rain continmmg till near twelve o'dock ;: I then went to John McMichael's, and asked him whether he was. ready toigo tofefe harvest; but I saw no preparation or inclination foic it, wherefore I went to the fort, intending to go on scout with a part of the men after dinneF, but before we were ready, four men came to fhe fort, with an order itoxa Colonel Weiser, dated June 14, 1757, the contents were as follows : That he had sent orders to Lieutenant Hyndshaw, to attend the treaty with the ten men of Captain Weath- erold's corapany, and ordered me therefore, without faU to send ten laen from fort Hamilton to replace those ordered away ; whereupon I immediately draft ed nine raeiii, the eorporal making the tenth, whom I sent off to the Lieutenant the same day, as soon as they could get ready, wiiich was about half an hour after receiving the Colonel's orders, to the Lieutenant, to station them as he thought fit ; the which he posted at S. Depue's. 17. Sunday ; seven of ray smaU party, and fouj: APPENDIX. 445 neighbors went on scout under the command of the Sergeant, who travelled south westeHy about six miles, then taking a compass northerly, all returned safe, making no discovery of an eneray. 18. At eight in the raorning, I went with five raen and guarded John McMichael at his harvesting place placed them sentinels a small distance from the field, and two-in the field, with the raen at work ; meeting no opposition, all returned to the fort. 19. Early inthe morning, one Garret Broadhead applied to rae for a guard, to whora I said, I would do for him what lay in ray power with the few raen I had. I then ordered five men under the care of the Sergeant, artd went myself with one man to accom-^ pany me to the fort, and placed the sentinels in the best manner I could for safety ; leaving orders with the Sergeant,' that firing three guns should be an alarm ; and then returned to the fort, and attended guard until the second double sentry. 20. Guarded Broadhead's as the day before ; all retumed safe to the fort. 21. In compliance with the Colonel's orders, early in the morning, I sent to Samuel Depue's for the mare he had in keeping, in order to send my message to the Colonel at Easton, who returned with said mare, safe in the evening. Also four men guarded John Drake at his harvest, with orders to give an account of what happened ; which was all weU ; but as to their behavior after their coming to the fort, I shall acquaint the Colonel of the matter. BURD'S JOUBNAL. A JOUENAL OF COLONEL JAMES BURD, From February 16tb, 1758, to March 10th, 17S8. February 16,1758. Thursday. This morning I set out from Lancaster tO; visit the troops from Sus quehanna to Delaware; took Captain Harabright along with me. This evening got to Barny Hughes* where I staid, all night — severe weather aud bad roads. Friday, llth. This morning Captain Harabright was tak:en Very bad, which obliged me to stay here all this day. , Sent an express to .Lancaster for Doc tor Thomson — ^the Doctor arrived here in the after noon. Saturday, 18th. I was obliged to leave Captam Harabright here. I set off thi^ raptning at 9, A. M., for Hunter's Port; at 2, P. M-, arrived at Harris'; fouiid L(ie,iit. Broadhead and Patterson, and Commis sary Galbraitl^ here, and twenty men. After 3, P. M., I set off for- Hunter's Port : arrived there at dark : 450 APPENDIX. found Captains Patterson and Davis here with eighty men. The Captains informed me that they had not above three loads of araraunition a man — I ordered Mr. Barney Hughes to send up here a barrel of pow der and lead answerable ; in the meantime, boiTowed of Thomas GaUagher four pounds of powder and one hundred pounds of lead. I ordered a review of the garrison to-morrow morning at 9: o'clock. Sunday, 19th. Had a review this raorning of Captaui Patterson's corapany, and found them com plete, fifty-three men, forty-fora- province arras, and forty-four cartouch boxes — no powder, nor lead. I divided one-half pint of powder, and lead in propor tion,, a man. I found in this fort four month's pro visions for the garrison. Captain Davis with hia party of fifty-five men was out of ammunition-. I divided one-half pint of pow der and lead in proportion to them. Captain Davis has got twelve hundred weight of flour fdr the ba teaux. Sundry of the bateaux are lacking that they swim, and niust be left behind. Captain Patterson cannot scout at present for want of ofiicers; I ordered him to apply to the country to assist him to stockade the fort agreeable to their pro mise to his hotter, the Governor. There are three men sickliere. This day, at 11, A. M., B marched for Fort Swett- arrow (Swatara;) got to Crawford's,, fourteen mUes froin Hunter's ; here I staid aU* night— it rained hard. Had a number of applications from the couritry for protection; otherwise they would be immediately obliged to fly from their settlement. I appointed to< meet them to hear their complaints^and proposals, on- APPENDIX. 451. Tuesday, at 10, A. M., at Fort Swettarrow; The country is thickly settled. , This march was along the, Blue mountains — ^here are very fine plantations.. • Monday, 20th. I marched this raorning at 1 1, A. M.; met a sergeant and twelve men, who marched with me back to Swettarrow Fort, at 4, P. M. The roads extremely bad — the soldiers marched with great difficulty. Found Captain AUen and. thirtymen here. This is eleven railes frora Crawford's., Tuesdau, 21st. Reviewed the garrison this morn-t ing at 10, A; M., and found' thkty-eight men, viz: twenty-one belonging to Capt. AUen, and seventeen of a detachment from Captain Weiser's company; of Captain Allen's, thirteen were, for three years. No province arms fit for use ; no kettles, no blankets, twelve pounds of powder, and twenty-five pounds of lead; no powderihoms, no pou«hes, nor cartouch box es; no tomahawks, nor pEovmcial tools of any kind — ^two month's pisovisian. • . Some soldiers absent, and others : hired in their place, which has-been a custom here. The soldiers- are under' no dis^pline. I ordered a sergeant and twelve men to be always out upon the scout, from hence to Crawford's, keeping along the Blue moun tain, altering their, routes, and a target. to be erected six inches thicfcia, order to practice the soldiers in shooting; This day 12 M.,the country plepple came here ; I promised them to station an / officer, and twenty-five men at Robertson's railL This raUl is situated in the centre between the forts Swettarrow and Hunter. This gave the people content. I marched at 1 P. M., for fort Henry.; at 3 P. M.,. 452 appSiCdiX. got to Souder's, seven mUes ; left Lieutenant Broad head to raarch the party four railes, to Snevely's, there to halt all flight, and to raarch to fort Henry in thfe morning, six miles. The roads being very bad ; marched myself with Adjutant Kem and eight men oh horse back; arrived at fort Henry at 5 P. M. Found here Captain Weiser, Adjutant Eern, andthe ensigns Biddle and Craighead, doing duty with nine ty men. Ordered a review o the garrison to morrow at 9 A. M. Wediiesday 22nd. Had a review this morning at 9 A. M. ; found ninety soldiers under good comraand, and fine fellows: I exaraiined the stores, and found about two raonths' provision ih store, and ara in forraed by the coraraanding officer, there is two months' raore provision, about six railes from here, at Jacob Myer's raiU. No powder, two hundred and twenty-four pounds of leady no flints, about eighty provincial arras belonging to these two companies, bat all good for nothing. I ordered ensign Craighead with eighteen men of this garrison, to march to-raorrow morning to fort Swettarrow, and there to apply to Captain AUen, to receive from hira seven men, and with his party of twenty-five men, to march from thence to Robert son's mill; there to take post, to order from thence a sergeant, corporal and eight men to the house of Adam Read, Esq., and to employ his wliole party in cdntintel rangmg to cover these frontiers. This I found myself under a necessity of doing, otherwise several townships here, would be evacuated^n a fow days. i ordered ^^isign Haller to haafch back my escort APPENDIX. 45S to Hunter's fort to-morrow moming, and Captaui Weiser to continue to range from thk to fort North KUl and Swettarrow, to eraploy all his judgment to way-lay the enemy, and protect the inhabitants. This is a very good stockade fort, and every thing is in good order, and duty done pretty well. I marched to-day at 11 A. M., and arrived at Conrad Weiser's at 3 P. M., fourteen raUes, where I found four quarter casks of powder belonging to the province, three of which I ordered to fort H^ry, and one to fort Swettarrow; no lead here; very bad roads; cold weather; staid aU night. Thursday 23rd. I raarched this raorning and ar rived at Reading at 3 P. M. ; found Captain Morgan here. This is foiirteen railes frora Mr. Weiser's. I exarained the stores here, and found seventy-seven blankets, eight pounds of powder, three hundred pounds of lead, and half a cask of flints. I ordered fifty-six blankets to be sent to Captain Patterson's company, and eleven to Captain Allen's, two hundred pounds of lead to fort Henry, and one hundred pounds to Swettarrow. I gave the eight pounds of powder to Captain Morgan, and four hundred flints to each company. Before I carae to Reading, Adjutant Kern had sent by Lieutenant Engel, blankets for foUr companies, viz : Captains Orndit's Weatherholt's, Davis' and Garraway's, two hundred and twenty-four, and one quarter cask of powder, three hundred bars of lead, aind sixteen hundred flints. Friday 24th. This morning I set out for fort WUliam. Arrived a* Peter RodarmU'&at 2 P. M.,, 454 APPENDIX. fifteen miles from Reading. It stormed and blowed so prodigiously, so I staid here all night. Saturday ^5th. The snow deep ; I marched this morning for fort WiUiam ; arrived at fort William at 12 M. Here were Lieutenant Humphreys, and En sign Horry. I ordered a review, of the garrison at 2 P. M. At 2 P. M. reviewed the garrison, and found fifty-three good, men, tat diffident in discipline. The stores consist of three quarter casks of powder, one hundred and fifty pounds of lead, four hundred flints and fifty-six blankets ; no arras fit for use, no kettles nor tools, nor drum ; two raonths provision. Here I found a target erected; I ordered the cora pany to shoot at the sarae ; set thera the exaraple rayself by wheeling round and firing by the word of coraraand. I shot a bullet into the centre of their mark, the size of a dollar — ^distance, one hundred yards. Some of thera shot tolerably bad. Most of their arras are very bad. I ordered Captain Morgan to continue to patrol to North KUl and Alleraengel. Sunday 26th- I raarched frora here at 10 A. M.; went over the raountains to Mr. Everitt's, where Captain Weatherold is stationed. The snow exceed ingly deep ; I could raake little way. At 3 P. M. ar rived at Valentine Philteprot's, twenty raUes. Here I staid all night. Monday 21th. I raarched this raorning at 8 A. M. for Mr. Everitt's ; arrived at 9 A. M., four mUes. I ordered a review of that part of the company that is here. I found Captain Weatherholt, Lieutenat Gei- ger, and twenty-four men, three being sick and absent; three months' provision ; five pounds of powder ; no APPENDIX. 455 le$.d ; each man has a pound, of powder in his car- touch box, and lead in proportion; no kettles, no blankets, twenty provincial arms. , ; I ordered Captain Weatherholt fifty-six blankets, twenty-five pounds of powder, fifty bars of lead, and four hundred bars of lead ; also that Captain Weath erold to scout to the westward ten miles, and to the eastward ten miles; and Lieutenant Geiger from hence to his post in Colonel Armstrong's battalion. I marched from thence f o fort Allen at 1 1 A. M. ; got to the top of the Blue mountain at 2 P. M. ; from hence saw Allemengle ; it is a fine country ; but the country on the north side of fhe mountain is an entire barren wUderness, not capable of iraproveraent. I arrived at fort Allen at half after 2 P» M. A prodig ious hilly place and poor land, fifteen miles from Mr. Everitt's. I ordered a review of this garrison to mor row at 8 A. M. Tuesday 28th. At 9 A. M. I reviewed this gar rison. Doing duty. Captain Orndit, Lieutenants Hays and Laugherry, and Ensign MeixiU, and seventy- five men. This is a very good garrison. In the stores, two months' provision, two hundred and twenty-five pounds of powder, three hundered pounds of lead, five hundred fiints, two swivel guns, twenty -six pro vincial arms, bad ones, no drura, no kettles, no blankets, one spade, one shovel, one grubbing hoe and fourteen bad axes. This is a very poor stockade; surrounded with hills, situated on a barren plain, through which the river Lechy (Lehigh) runs, at a distance of seventy yards frora the fort; There is scarce room here for forty men. I ordered Captain Orndit to regulate his rang- 456 APPENDIX. ing by his intelligence, from time to time,' as he in formed me that five Indians from Bethlehem have promised faithfully to Captain Orndit, to come here, and reconnoitre the woods constantly around, and to furnish him with inteUigence. I also directed that a target six inches thick, should be put up to teach the soldiers to shoot. I set off from here at 10 A. M. for Lieutenant In gle's, or Intel's post ; arrived at Ingle's post at 4 P. M. ; ordered a review immediately, and found here Lieutenant Ingel and thirty good men, in a very bad stockade, which he is just finishing, fifteen miles from fort Allen. The stores are ten pounds of powder, ten pounds of lead, twelve provincial arras, bad ; no blankets, four spades, three shovels, two grubbing hoes and four axes. I left for, arrived at Lieutenant Snyder's station at 7 P. M., eight raUes. I ordered a review to-raorrow raorning here ; staid all night. Wednesday, March 1st. I reviewed this raorning, and found here Lieutenant Snyder and twenty raen undisciplined, fifteen pounds of powder, thirty pounds of lead, no blankets, eight provincial arras, bad. Lieutenant Humphreys relieved Lieutenant Sny der this raorning. I ordered Lieutenant Snyder to his post over the Susquehanna. I have been informed by the officers here. Lieutenants Engel and Snyder, that Wilson, Esq., a magistrate in this (North arapton) county, has acquainted the farmers that they should not assist the troops, unless thei officers irarae diately pay, and that said WUson has likewise informed the soldiers, they should not take their regimentals, as it only puts money in their officers' pockets. I found a Sergeant confined here on account of mutiny, and APPENDIX. 457 have ordered a regimental court martial this morn ing. At this station there are two baracks ; no stockade. I marched from here to Lieutenant Hyndshaw's station at 10 A. M. ; arrived at Nazareth at 1 P. M., eight railes ; dined here ; set off again at 2 P. M. ^ arrived at Tead's at 3 P. M., six miles. Here I found Ensign Kennedy, with sixteen men, who in forraed rae that Lieutenant Hyndshaw, and Ensign Hughes would be here one hour hence. At half after 5 P. M., Messrs. Hyndshaw and Hughes arrived with fourteen raen. I ordered a review, and found thirty good raen. Stores — fifty pounds of powder, one hundred pounds of lead, no fiints, one wall piece, one shovel, thirteen axes good for nothing, and twen ty toraahawks, fifty-six blankets, forty-six guns and forty-six cartouch boxes ; little provision here, and no conveniency to lay up a store. This is very bad quar ters ; fhe house is buUt in a swarap ; bad water. Thursday 2nd. I marched from here at 9 A. M. for Samuel Depue's, went by way of fort Harailton, to view that place. Arrived at fort HaraUton at 2 P. M. ; reviewed it, and found it a very poor stockade, with one large house in the raiddle of it, and some families living in it ; this is fifteen raUes frora Tead's. I arrived at Mr. Depue's at 4 P. M., six railes ; snowed rauch, and prodigiously cold ; ordered a re view to-raorrow at 9 A. M. This is a fine plantation, situate on the river Dela ware, twenty-one raUes from Tead's, and one hundred miles from PhUadelphia ; they go in boats from here to Philadelphia, by the river Delaware, which carry about twenty-two tons» This place is thirty-five; tt58 APPENDIX. miles from Easton, and thirty-eight from Bethlehera. There is a pretty good stockade here ; four swivels mounted ; good accoramodations for soldiers. Friday 3rd. I reviewed this garrison and found here twenty-two good raen, fifty pounds of powder, one hundred and twenty-five pounds pf lead,,no flmts, a great quantity of beef, I suppose eight months' pro vision for a company, but no flour ; plenty of flour at the mill, about three hundred yards from the fort. My horse being very tired, I ara obliged to halt here to-day. Extreraely cold. The country apply for -g cprapany to be stationed here. I ordered Ensign Hughes, at Swettarrow, to this post. Saturday 4th. I set off this raorning for Easton ; extremely cold ; arrived at Tead's, twenty-one mUes, at 1 P. M. ; dined here. At 2 P. M. I set off; arrived at Easton at 7 P. M., twelve railes ; staid all night. No provincial stores in this town; only ten pounds of powder in care of John Drinker, Sheriff. Sunday 5th. At 1 P. M. I set out frora here for Bethlehem ; arrived at 4 P. M., twelve railes ; no provincial stores here. Tedyuscung, Sarauel Evens, and a great many Indians came to see me ; they sup ped with me, and desired their compliments to his Honor the Governor, Commissioners and Asserably, and desired to assure them, that they remain firm friends. This evening, sent for William Edmonds and Thomas Pean, the principal men here, and acquainted them that as the governraent had taken the Indian trade , into their own hands, it was expected that they, nor no other person, ov persons in this province, would fiftgmpt to deal with the Indians, and they assured APPENDIX. 45St me they would not for the future. Here I staid aU nightt Monday 6th. This morning set off for Philadel phia ; arrived at 6 P. M., at George Good's tavern, thirty-two miles; roads bad, but good Aveather; staid here all night. Tuesday 1th. Tliis morning set out again for Philadelphia; arrived at 8 P. M., twenty -two mUes. JAMES BURD. Philadelpnia, March 10, 1758. « iDDENDA." FRAGMENT OF A JOURNAL, Containing an account of doings at Fc^ North Kill, for a period of two- mo.nths and a half, viz : from June 13 to August 31, 0^ Though the name ofthe writer is not given, nor the year, yet it may be safely set down that the doings mentioned in the journal did take place either in 1755 or 1756. — Co}Ipii,er. June 13. Received orders from Lieutenant Colonel Weiser to raarch frora Reading with all the corapany reraaining there, the rest being coraraanded to fort Augusta. Accordingly I set out frora Reading by break of day, on the 14. Arrived at Lieutenant Colonel Weiser's, where I received orders to raarch with the corapany or de tachraent to fort Henry, and from there take a detach ment of 20 raen and continue till to fort on North- Kill. Accordingly, on the 15. In the morning took the said 20 men from fort Henry, of the new levies, and marched straightway to the- said fort, accompanied with Captain Brisse and Captain Smith. As soon as I arrived I gave ensign Harry (then commander of the said fort) notice of my orders, and sent off two men immediately to the •464 APPENDIX. Colonel's, with a report of the condition I found the fort in, and sent him a list of the new levies who were detached from Captain Brisse's fort, with me to this fort. 16. Captains Brisse and Smith set off about 10 o'clock, with a scout of 10 men, which Captain Brisse had ordered from his company on the 15th, and en sign Harry maVched out of fhe fort about 12 o'clock, after delivering, it to rae, with his men, to fort Le banon, according to orders. Provision, I found in the fort, as follows, viz : 5 pounds of powder, 1 98 pounds of flour, 10 small bars of lead, 15 pounds of beef and pork, and 3. 1-2 pounds of candles. 1 7. I, with a Corporal and 20 men, according to or ders, from Lieut. Colonel Weiser, went a scouting »nd ranging the woods tUl to fort Lebanon, where we arrived about 2 o'clock in the afternoon. We staid there all night, being not able to scout any farther, or retum home, because ofa heavy rain. 18. Set off from fort Lebanon in the morning, be ing rainy weather, and ranged the woods coming back, as before, with the sarae number of men, and arrived at fort on North KiU, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon. 19. Gave orders to Serjeant Peter Smith to scout to fort Lebanon, and to bring me report, the next day, of his proceedings. Accordingly, he arrived on the 20th, about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and made re port that he had done according to his orders, and that he had made no discoveries. Received a letter, by him, from Captain Morgan, informing me that he had no news, &c. 21. Sent off Corporal Shefer' to scout as before. APPENDIX. 465 22. Minister Shumaker came and preacheda ser mon to the company. The scout arrived frora fort Lebanon. The Corporal reported that nothing strange had corae to his knowledge. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived about 11 o'clock, and returned about 4, towards their fort; but upon the Indian alarms they iraraediately returned back to fPrt North KUl, and gave rae notice. In the midst of the rain I sent, on the first notice, Serjeant Smith, with 18 raen, and ordered thera to divide themselves in two parties. 23. Serg. Sraith returned, and raade report : that he arrived at Dietz's house about 10 o'clock in the night, where they heard a gun go off at Jacob Sraith's, about a raile frora there. They iraraediately sat off again frora said Sraith's, towards the place where the gun went off, and surrounded the house, according to my orders. They searched all the house but found no marks of Indians. From there they marched to Falk's house, in the Gap, and surrounded it, bur found no Indians. From there they went to the mountain, and arrived there at 2 o'clock in the raorn ing, where Serjeant Smith, according to orders, way laid the road in two parties, and as soon as it was day went back and buried the man fhat was kUled, to wit: Peter Geisinger, who was shot and kiUedthe day before. At burying hira, they heard 5 guns go off about two raUes frora said place, whereupon Ser jeant Sraith immediately repaired to the place, and divided themselves in two parties, (I had sent off Corporal Sheffer with eight men, on the 22d, to their assistance.) Serjeant Smith also raakes report, that this moming, at 7 o'clock, a girl of about 15 years, D2 466 APPENDIX. daughter of Balser Schmidt, was taken prisoner, by two Indians, whose tracks they saw and foUowed, but to no purpose. A party of Captain Brisse's company went along from this and remained with my men aU the time. Fifteen or sixteen of the in habitants carae to me and applied for assistance. I ordered out several detachments to assist them. 24. I set off with 20 men from this to Captain Brisse's fort, along the mountain, and caUed at the place where the murder was coraraitted. Went up as far as tha Gap of the raountain, but as I found no tracks there, I thought the Indians would be on this side the mountains, therefore I went up along the, mountains without opposition, tUl to Captain Brisse's fort ; and as it rained very hard all day, and we went far about, we arrived there towards the evening. 25. Sat off in the morning with the same number of men, and scoured the woods back, near the same way back again, and arrived, towards evening, in the fort, being rainy weather. 26. Received in the morning a letter for my posi tive orders not to neglect my scouting towards fort Lebanon, accordingly I iraraediately called in ray de tachments. This afternoon, a woman, living about one and a half miles frora here, carae to the fort, and said she had seen an Indian just now in her field, al most naked, and had a gun, but said she did not stay to look long. I iraraediately sent off Serjeant Smith with two parties, consisting of about twenty mem They searched the place, and found nothing, but saw two barefeet tracks. They divided into small parties, and scoured the woods till evening and then returned: ta the fort; and as I had to-day but men sufficient to APPENDIX. 467 guard the fort, I sent out no scout. This evening, inteUigence came to me from the Colonel's, informing me that he had notice from Captain Orndt, of fifteen Indians going to fall on the settleraent, or hereabouts. He ordered rae therefore, iraraediately to send notice thereof to Captain Brisse'^s fort, in order that it might be from there conveyed to fort Swatara, accordingly I did so. 27. Gave orders to Sergeant Sraith to go scouting the woods between this and fort Lebanon, and if Captain Morgan thought that it was serviceable, to range sorae way up SchuylkiU, as that gap is their coraraon rendezvous. 28. A scout of Captain Brisse arrived in the fore noon, and set off again this afternoon. 29. In the evening there came two men to the fort, and reported that the Indians had invaded about six railes frora there, about nine o'clock this raorning. I was somewhat concerned that I had no sooner in teUigence of it, however,! immediately sent off twelve raen under two corporals. 30. About noon the two corporals retumed and made the following report : That yesterday they could not reach the place, as they all were tired, but staid at a house tiU nigh break of day, and then set off again. They did not iraraediately go fo the place where the raan &c. were kUled, but went soraewhat farther down towards the SchuylkUl, thinking that the Indians had invaded lower down, but as it was not so, they took another route towards SchuylkUl, thinking that perhaps the Indians had invaded lower down, but as it was not so, they took another route towards the place where the murder was committed^ 468 APPENDIX. and as they came there, they found the man's wife (Frederick Myer's) who had been at a plough, and shot through both her breasts, and was scalped. After that they went to look for the man, whom they found dead and scalped, some way in the woods. They took a ladder and carried him to his wife, where the neighbors came and helped to bury them ; after which they went towards the raountain, and scouted along the sarae, and arrived here about 4 o'clock in the afternoon. It is reported by the farmer who saw the deceased a short while before, that he was mowing in his meadow, and fhat his children were about him, which makes them believe that the raan after he heard the shot (which lulled his wife) he went to run off with only his youngest child in his arras, as the man was shot through the body, and the child is one year and a half of^age and is scalped, but yet alive, and is put to a Doctor's. The other three who were with their fetiier, are taken prisoners ; one of them is a boy about ten years old, the other a girl of eight years, and the other a boy of six years. There was a baby whom they found in a ditch, that the water was just to its mouth. It was laying on its back, crying — it was taken up, and is like to do well. A boy of one Reichard, of eight years, was taken prisoner at the same time. This was all done within half an hour, as some neighbors had been there in that space of time. Jv,^ 1. Sergeant Peter Smith returned with the scout, and reported that when he came to fort Leba non, Captain Morgan sent a detachment under En sign Horry to the Gap of SchuylkUl ; and that on the APPENDIX. 469 gSth last past, they ascended the mountain, and when they came on the other side, they found an encamp ing place of the Indians, which after Ensign Horry had surrounded with his party, he sent off Sergeant Smith with another party, to lay in ambush on the Indian path all night, but as nothing was to be heard of the Indians, they met again the next day-r-the Indians as he supposes having left that place the day before. However, they found two match coats, one spear, one scalping knife, some vermilion, and eight hundred black wampum ; also great variety of salves. The 29th they yet lay in ambush in several parties, but all to no purpose. The Indians having, without doubt, discovered thera, in case there was any there abouts. The SOth they sat off from the hills, and arrived within a few miles of this fort :, and the 1st July they arrived accordingly in the fort. 2. Being rainy weather I sent no scout, but put the men to work to repair the stockades. 3. Early in the morning my men were all gatbc ered, and I ordered a Corporal to scout with a party to fort Lebanon, and return part of the way and en camp in the woods upon a rising, ground, that he might the easier discover a fire. 4. In the morning, a scout of Captain Brisse's ar rived; and retumed again in the afternoon. The scout from fort Lebanon returned, and the Corporal made report that he had ranged as directed, but had made no discoveries. 5. Being a very rainy day, could send no scout. 6. Sent Sergeant Smith on a scout, to range on that side the raountain toward SchuylkUl. 7. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived, and set off 470 APPENDIX. again directly. In the afternoon my scout returned, but had no news. It raining hard, they lay in a house about twelve mUes from here. 8. Being appointed by his Honor, the Governor, a day of Fast, I sent no scout, but had a serraon read in the fort, where nurabers of the neighbors had as serabled. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived, and returned directly. 9. Sent off Corporal Shefer with a scout to fort Lebanon, who retumed on the 10. But brought no intelligence. I received or ders to repair to Reading, where I arrived this afternoon. 11. Returned again into the fort, where Sergeant Smith informed me a scout of Captain Brisse's had arrived at the fort, and returned. That he had ranged the Gap about two railes frora this, and had been over the raountains, but had discovered nothing. 12. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived and re turned immediately. Sent a Corporal and a scout to range to fort Lebanon. 13. My scout from fort Lebanon returned. The Corporal reported he had ranged as ordered, but had no discoveries. 14. Captain Brisse arrived this morning with a party of Captain Smith's and his own, to the number of about twenty-eight. I gave hira fifteen of my men, in order to escort the treaty at Easton. 15. It being a rainy day I sent no scout. 16. Continuing rainy weather, I sent no scout. In the evening repaured some stockades, the rain having held up. ' 17. The water being high, and the bushes wet, I APPENDIX. 471 sent no scout to-day. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived, there being no water between his and this fort. 18. Sent a scout along the raountains. They ar rived in the evening, and had no intelligence. 19. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived and re turned directly. Sent Sergeant Sraith with a scout to fort Lebanon. 20. Sergeant Sraith returned and reported that he had been at fort Lebanon, and returned some part of the way and laid in the woods, but had made no fire. They made no discovery. A scout of Captain Bris se's arrived and returned instantly. 21. Having laid out part of my men to protect the farmers, and the rest being fatigued with yester day's scout, I could send none to-day. 22. Sent a scout along the mountains, who re turned without discovering anything. 23. I went scouting with a party over the raoun tains, and as it was very warm, I ordered the men about noon- to rest theraselves a couple of hours when we were over the mountains. I then ordered them to march, and as we came fo SchuylkiU, I saw it was too high for the men to wade through ; I then got horses, and towards evening we got over SchuylkiU. We arrived at fort Lebanon towards night, and was obliged to stay there that night. 24. Returned, and as soon as we came over on this side of the mountains, (it being yet early in the day,) I took quite another route through the woods, but raade no discovery ; so we arrived at the fort in the evening. I had not beenthere one-half an hour, before three farraers carae and informed me that this morning 472 APPENDIX. the Indians had taken a boy of about fourteen years prisoner, but had done no other damage. I immedi ately sent off a party, but as it happened, the boy being taken prisoner in the morning, night came on before my men could get there. 25. In the raorning I heard the boy had escaped, and that he made report that there were four white raen and four Indians wifh hira, and that at night he escaped ; they had tied hira, and he was obliged to lay between thera, but as they all got drunk, and fast asleep, he untied hiraself and ran off. He further says that when hp was taken prisoner he raade a noise, and that they struck hira, and told hira to be sUent. I iraagine they saw rae with ray raen go over the day before yesterday. The Indians were this night about the fort, but as it was very dark, I did not sally out. 26. This morning sent out Sergeant Smith with five raen to search about the fort for tracks, but he only found one, which was in" a muddy place. But it being nothing but stones, he could not follow the tracks. It rained all day very hard, therefore I could send no scout. 27. Sent a scout down on this side of the raoun tain. The scout returned in the evening, having no inteUigence. 28. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived, and re turned about noon ; nothing extraordinary happened. 29. Sent Sergeant Sraith with a scout along the mountains. He returned, having nothing particular. 30. A scout of Lieutenant PhiUp Weiser, from Captain Brisse .arrived. Having laid out several de- APPENDIX. 473 tachraents to assist the farraers, I could send no scout to-day. 31. Lieilfenant Weiser returned frora his scout ; I called in the detachments this day, and sent out a scout, which returned this evening. August 1. The raen being tired, and their feet in blisters, I let them rest this day. 2. Sent a scout along the mountains wifh orders to range to Schuylkill. 3. The Corporal returned from scout and reported he had ranged as ordered. 4. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived and returned the same day. The inhabitants desiring assistance to bring in their harvest, I gave them some men, and went altho' a scouting, but as I left few raen in the fort, I returned this evening. ' 5. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived and went off after they had rested awhile. Sent Sergeant Sraith with a scout, and ordered hira fo range the woods on this side of the raountains. He returned and had nothing particular. 6. Sent off a scout ; they went along the foot of the raountain, and returned in the evening without any inteUigence. ' 7. Being Sunday, I took a party and went to church with a party, as the church Ues near the raountain, and fhe minister could not come without a guard. 8. The centry fired at an Indian. The Indian stood behind a bri«sh about three hundred yards off, and was viewUig the fort. I went ofl" with eighteen men and parted them in six parties and went after tlie 474 APPENDIX. Indians, but could not come up wifh them ; went to clearing about the fort, it being thick of bushes. 9. Continued clearing and burning brush, so that on the south side of the fort it is cleared a full musket shot. A party of Captain Brisse's arrived. 10. Sent off a scouting party, who returned and brought no inteUigence. This night fhe centry, about an hour after dark, perceived that a fire which had been kindled to burn brush, but was, before night, gone ouf, began to burn afresh, upon which hecaUed the Sergeant of the Guard, who perceiving the same ordered the guard to fire, on which the Indians ran off. The dogs pursued them, and kept barking after them about half a mile. I had the men all under arms, but every thing being now quiet, dismissed them ordering them to be in continual readiness with their accoutrements on. In about an hour the In dian returned, and took a firebrand out off the fire, and ran off. They were immediately fired on, but in vain. 11. Ensign Biddle arrived at the fort with the detachment of our company, that were in Easton. 12. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived and re turned directly. 1 3. This day I left the fort in order to go to the Colonel's agreeable to his orders. I left Ensign Biddle in the fort. Sent a Corporal to range towards Schuylkill, who returned the same evening, and fhe Corporal reported he had ranged as directed, and had raade no dis coveries. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived, and returned the sarae evening. APPENDIX. 475 14. Being Sunday, Minister Shumaker* came here, and the soldiers being fatigued with continual scouting, there was no scout to-day. 15. Ensign Biddle sent a Corporal with a scout to range eastward towards Schuylkill, and return un der the mountains. The scout returned towards evening, and the Corporal raade report, he had ranged as directed, and had no intelligence. 16. Sent a Sergeant with fifteen men, to range eastward along the raountain. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived and returned immediately. In the afternoon the scout returned. The Sergeant raade report he had ranged as directed, but had no news. 17. Early this raorning Ensign Biddle sent Ser geant Smith v/ith fen raen, to escort Lieutenant Colonel Weiser, who was expected here this day. This day Colonel Weiser arrived, accompanied with Captain Brisse and rayself, together with the said escort. The Colonel returned the same day horae- wards, after we had chosen a place where to buUd a new fort. Ensign Biddle went along with Captain Brisse. IS. Sent off a scout to fort Lebanon, and ordered them to range the woods between here and that fort tiU night. 19. The scout returned about 4 o'clock, and in forraed that he had done according to his orders. Captain Morgan came with the scout, and returned the same evening. 20. Sent a scout of fifteen men to range fhe woods towards Schuylkill, info Windsor township, *Rei:. Shumaker was pastor of ihe Lutheran Congregation at Reading, from 1754 to '57. — Compiler. 476 APPENDIX. and with orders to call in some detachments lying in the said township, according to Lieutenant ColonePs orders. 21. The scout returned with the detachment. The Corporal reported he had done according to his orders, but had no news. The same day Captain Brisse and Ensign Biddle arrived frora fort Henry; Captain Brisse returned the sarae evening. 22. Received an express frora Lieutenant Colonel Weiser, with orders to come to his house. In pursu ance of which I set off immediately, leaving Ensign Biddle in the fort. 23. A scout of Captain Brisse's arrived. The centries heard the Indians distinctly whistle this night in the woods. 24. Ensign Biddle, according to orders, with a scout of twenty raen, went over the mountains to Captain Morgan's fort. 25. Lieutenant Philip Weiser came here from fort Henry with a scout. 26. Ensign Biddle returned from his scout, having been at Captain Morgan's fort, and from thence scouted over the raountains, into AUeraangle, and frora thence along the foot of the raountain tUl here. This day lalss arrived in the fort frora Lieutenant Colonel Weiser's. 27. Having orders frora Lieutenant Colonel Wei ser to look out for a proper place to build a new fort, this being so bad, I began to lay out one on a spot which had be'en before pitched upon, by the Colonel and Captain Brisse, but night coming we could not finish. 28. Laid out the remaining part of the fort. APPENDIX. 477 29. Had some brush cut round the new intended fort, till evening. 30. Sent off a scout towards SchuylkiU. They returned in the evening, but made no discovery ; re turned with the reraaining party of the raen. I con tinued clearing and burning of brush. 31. Sent off. Sergeant Sraith, with a scouting party, towards Schuylkill. He returned but raade no discovery. TEDYUSCUNG. Tadeuskund, or Teedyuscung, frequently noticed in the proceeding part of this work, was so conspicu ous a character in the early history of these counties, that it is deemed proper to give the following sketch of this remarkable son of the forest, by Mr. Hecke- welder, a place here : Tadeuskund, or Teedyuscung, was the last Dela ware chief in these parts, east of the Allegheny mountains. His name makes a conspicuous figure in the history of Pennsylvania, previous to the revolu tion, and particularly towards the commenceraent of the war of 1756. Before he was raised to the station of a chief, he had signalized hiraself as an able coun sellor in his nation. In the year 1749, he joined the Christian Indian congregation, and the foUowing year, at his earnest desire, was christened by the name of of Gideon. He had been known before under that of Horiest John. It was not untU the year 1754, 478 APPENDIX. that his nation called upon him to assume a mUitary comraand. The French were then stirring up the Indians, particularly the Delawares, to aid them in fighting the English, telling them that if they suffered thera to go on as they before had done, they would very soon not have a foot of land to live on. The Susquehanna and Fork Indians, (Delawares) were , then in want of a leading character to advise and govern them, their great, good, beloved and peacea ble chief Tademc, (commonly called Tattemi) having some time before been raurdered in the Forks settle ment by a foolish young white man. They, there fore, called upon Tadeuskund to take upon himself the station of a chief, which, having accepted, he re paired to Wyoming, whither many of the Forks In dians followed him. Whatever raight have been Tadeuskund's disposi tion towards the EngUsh at that time, it is certain that it was a difficult task for him, and would have been such for any other chief, to govern an exasperated people, entirely devoted to the opposite interest. This may account for his not having always succeed ed in gratifing our government to the extent of their wishes. Yet he did much towards lessening the cru elties of the enemy, by keeping up an intercourse" with the governor of Pennsylvania, and occasionally drawing many from the theatre of war and murder, to meet the colonial authorities at Easton or PhUadel phia, for the negotiation of treaties, by which means fewer cruelties were coraraitted than would other wise have been. His frequent visUs to the governor, and to the peo ple called Quakers (to whom he was much attached, APPENDIX. 479 because they were known to be friendly to the In dians) excited much jealousy among some ofhis nation, especially the Monseys, who believed that he was carrying on- some underhand work at PhUadelphia, detrimental to the nation at large ; on which account, and as they wished the continuation of the war, they became his enemies. From the precarious situation Tadeuskund was placed in, it was easy to foresee that he would come to au untimely end. Perhaps no Indian chief before him ever found himself so delicately situated ; mis trusted and blamed by our governraent and the En glish people generally, because he did not use his whole endeavours to keep his nation at peace, or compel them to lay down the hatchet ; and accused by his own people of having taken a bribe from the English, or entered into some secret agreement with them that would be of benefit to hiraself alone, as he would not suffer them to inflict just punishment on that nation, for the wrongs they had done them, but was constantly calling upon them to make peace. The Five Nations, on the other hand, (the enemies of the Delawares, and in alliance with Eng land,) blamed hira for doing too ranch for the cause which they theraselve supported, for raaking himself too busy, and assuming an authority, which did not belong to hira, the leader of a band of women, but to thera, the Five Nations alone. To do justice to this injured chief, the true secret of his apparently contradictory conduct raust be here disclosed. It is said by those Indians who knew him best, and who at that tirae had the welfare of their own nation much at heart, that his great aud sole ob- 480 APPENDIX. fe<^ was to recover for the Lenni Lenape that dignity which the Iroquois had treacherously wrested from them ; thence flowed the bitterness ofthe latter against him, though he seemed to be promoting the same in terest which they theraselves supported. He had long hoped that by shewing friendship and attach raent to the English, he would be able to convince thera of the justice of his nation's cause, who were yet powerful enough to raake their alliance an object to the British governraent, but here he 'was greatly mistaken. No one would examine into the grounds of the controversy between the Delawares and the Five Nations ; the latter, on the contrary, were sup ported in their unjust pretentions as theretofore, and even called upon to aid in compelling the Lenape to make peace. This unjust, and at the same time im politic conduct, of which I have before taken suffi cient notice, irritated to the utmost, the spirited nation of the Delav.'ares, they felt theraselves insulted and de graded, and were less disposed than ever frora com plying with the wishes of a government which sport ed in this raanner, with their national feelings, and called in question even their right to exist as an inde pendent people. Surrounded as he was, with eneraies, Tadeuskund could not escape the fate that had long been intended for hira. In the spring of 1763, when the European nations had raade peace, but the Indians were stiU at war, he was burnt up, together with his house, as he was lying in his bed asleep. It was supposed and believed by raany who were present,, that this dread ful event was not accidental, but had been raaturely resolved on by his enemies, whoever they were, and APPENDIX. 481 that the liquor which was brought to Wyoraing at the time, was intended by thera for the purpose of en ticing hira to drink, that they raight the more easily effect their purpose. A number of Indians were wit nesses to the fact that the house was set on fire frora the outside. Suspicion feU principally upon the Mingoes, who were known to be jealous of hira, and^ fearful of his resentment, if he should succeed in in sinuating himself into the favor of the English, and making good terms with thera for his nation. It is- said that those Indians were concerned in bringing the fatal- liquor whiehis believed to have been instrumen tal to the execution of the design. While Tadeuskund was at the head of his nation, he was frequently distinguished by the tide of " King of the Delawares." WhUe passing and repassing to and from the enemy with messages, many people called hira the " War Trumpet." In his person he was a portly well-looking maUj endowed with good natural sense, quick of coraprehension, and very ready in answering the questions put to hira. He was rather arabitious, thought rauch of his rank and abUi ties, liked to be considered as the king of his country, and was fond of having a retinue with hira when he went to Philadelphia on business with the govem ment. His greatest weakness was a fondness for strong drinks, the temptation of which he could not easUy resist, and would sometimes drink to excess. This unfortunate propensity is supposed to have been the cause of his cruel and untimely death. E2 482 APPENDIX. RELIGIOUS NOTICE. There is but a small space left us to notice the re ligious history of these counties. If difference of opinion on this interestingsubject, is a sure index to a deep toned piety and christian benefaction--charity in the true sense of the gospel, then raay the people of these counties lay no sraall claira to a share of re ligion ; and none who has spent any tirae araong so kind and hospitable a people, would doubt such a claira. There are not less than eight or ten distinct denominations to be found in the various parts of these counties. Perhaps in no part of the state of Pennsylvania, do we meet with larger churches than in this region. And if we are allowed to judge from the exterior of these stately temples, as to the devo tion and charity of those who worship in them, we must believe, if there is correspondence here, that the cause of Christ is cherished, and the spirit of benevo lence abroad araong the several denominations. It is to be hoped that a zeal for so good a cause will soon become commensurate with its importance and claim upon all classes of men. It is raore than probable that the Rev. Eleazer Wales, a Presbyterian clergyman, was the first who preached within fhe limits of Northampton county. He resigned his pastoral charge of the Allentown congregation in 1734. Rev. Mr. Webster of Mauch Chunk, says : " By the records of the PhUadelphia , Presbytery, it appears that the Rev. E. Wales resigned the pastoral charge of Allentown, in 1734." The con- APPENDIX. 483 gregation probably reraained vacant tiU the visit of Brainerd, 1744, who often preached at the settleraent where the church now stands. Rev. David Brainerd was born in AprU, 1718, at Haddam, Connecticut. In 1739, he became a raem ber of Yale College, where he was distinguished for application, and general correctness of conduct. In the spring of 1742, he began the study of divinity; and at the end of July, he was licensed to preach, for which a thorough exaraination had shown him quali fied. He had for sorae tirae entertained a strong de sire of preaching the gospel araong the heathen, which was gratified by an appointraent as raissionary to the Indians. At Kauneraeck, an Indian Village of Mas sachusetts, he coraraenced his labors in his twenty- fifth year of his age. He reraained there about twelve months, at first residing in a wigwam among the In dians, but afterwards in a cabin, which he constructed for hiraself, that he raight be alone, when not engaged in his duties of preaching and instruction. In 1744, he was ordained by the Presbytery of Newark, N. J., and took up his habitation near the forks of the Dela ware, Bucks, now Northarapton, county, where he resided for a year, during the course of which he raade two visits to the Indians on the Susquehanna. His exertions were not successfully crowned, untU he went to the Indians at Crosweeksung, near Freehold, in New Jersey. - Before the end of the year, a cora plete reforraation took place in the lives of the sav ages, seventy-eight of whora he baptized within that tirae. He died October 9, 1747. Brainerd left a journal of his labors, but has noted few factsj and recorded scarce any names of persons. 484 APPENDIX. that would aid in eUucidating any portion of history. In his visit to the forks of the Delaware, he says : " On Saturday, May 12, 1744, he came to a settlement of Irish and Dutch (German) people, and proceeding about twelve raUes further, arrived at TakhauwotUng, an Indian settlement within the forks of the Dela ware. "Lord's day, May 13. Rose early; felt very poorly after ray long journey, and after being wet and fa tigued. Was very melancholy ; have scarcely ever seen such a gloomy -morning in ray life ; there ap peared to be no Sabbath ; the children were at play ; I, a stranger in the wilderness, and know not where to go ; and all circumstances seemed to conspire to render ray affairs dark and discouraging. Was dis appointed respecting an interpreter, and heard that the Indians were much scattered. 0, 1 raourned after the presence of God, and seemed like a creature ban ished from his sight ! yet he was pleased to support my sinking soul amidst all ray sorrows ; so that I never entertained any thought of quittuig ray business araong the poor Indians ; but was coraforted to think that death would ere long set me free from these dis tresses. Rode about three or four mUes to the Irish people, where I found some that appeared sober and concerned about religion. My heart then began to be a little encouraged ; went and preached, first to the Irish and then to the Indians, and in the evening was a little comforted," &c. Four years before Brainerd commenced his mis sionary labors araongst the Indians, in the Forks of the Delaware, Bishop David Nitschman, with a com pany of Moravians, arrived from Europe and settled APPENDIX. 485 at Bethlehera. In 1741, Count Zinzendorff, that re markable raan, carae to Pennsylvania as an ordinary of the United Brethren, with a view of not seeing the Moravian estabhshraents in general, but especially the fruits of their labors araong the heathen. Since the days of Zinzendorff, the Moravians have contin ued to prosper in this portion of Pennsylvania. They have been laboring indefatigably in the cause of reli gion, and of their Divine Master. They have several flourishing congregations. The Lutheran and Gerraan Reformed ministers, the Reverends Muhlenberg and Schlatter, preached within these limits between 1744 and 1754, and at a later period. Congregations of these denominations, as well as Presbyterians and others, are found in va rious parts of these counties. The present religious denorainations in these coun ties are, besides those already raentioned, Episcopals, Methodists, Baptists, United Brethren, Dunkards, Evangelical Association, Quakers, Catholics, Church of God, Jews, Schwenkfelders, UniversaUsts. These all have churches, as already noticed in the body of this work. Notwithstanding this array of naraes of reli gious parties, there is much missionary ground that might be profitably occupied by ministers who can speak English and German. INDEX. Qj-N stands for Northampton county, L for Lehigh, M for Monroe, C for Carbon, and S for Schaylkill — t for township. AUen township, N 61 Aquanshicola, or Aquanshehals, 1 12, 227 AUentown, borough, 140 AUen, fort, Ul C 219 Adoption of prisoners by the Indians, 336 Abduction of GUbert's family, 233 Acretown, 293 Anders and famUy kUled, 332 Addenda, 461 B. Bath, in N 63 BeUeville, in N 66 Berluiville, in N 66 BushkiU township, N 71 Bethlehem township, 78 Bethlehera, town, 79 Brainerd Rev., -86 Biery's Port, 126 BreineigsvUle, in L 136 BranchvUle, 159 BartonsvUle, 175 Beaver Meadow, 213 Banks township, 214 BurUngton, in C 229 488 INDEX. Burd, James visited fort Allen, 325 Bethel, Mount Upper, 59 Berks co., erection of, 241 Branch t. 255 Barry t. 255 BeUeraont coUierieis, 350, 361 Berry's coUiery, 366 Belfast colliery. 366 Bolton & Co's coUieries, 369 Brunswick t. West, 268 Burd's Jonmal, 447 Burn's wife and chUd abducted^ 251 Busse Captain, C. Court records, extracts from, N 463, '4 22 CouncU held at Easton, 31 CentreviUe, in N 59 CentreviUe, or NelighsviUe^ 64 Cherryville, in N 67 Christian Brunn, 78 ClansevUle, in L 134 Craig's Meadow, 159^ Coolbaugh towriship. 172 ChestnuthiU township. 177 Carbon county erected. 181 Clifton, in C 213 Coaqueunac, 296 Coal Castle, 296 Coal &c., history of 298 Coal region and mining operations. S31, 345 Coal origin and formation. 331 Coal, quantity transported. 319 Coraraon school, D. Delaware Water Gap, 403 26 DiU's ferry, in N 60 INDEX. 4S9 uevii's pmpil, 114 DUlinger's, 127 Dutotsburg, 158 Davis' coUiery, 357 Den Sergeant kiUed, 430 Depue Samuel, E. Easton, early history of, 417, 418 31 Easton, as at present. 52 Epitaphs at Bethlehem, 82 Emaus, in L 140 East Penn township. 228 Epitaphs at Mahoning, 232 East Brunswick township, 249 Evan's coUiery, 376 Education, 380 Easton, free school at, 1755, 394 Enslee Captain, 420 Everitt's station F. Freshet at Easton in 1840, 454 S3 " « 1841, 54 Flatfield, in N 51 Forks township, N 73 Freeraansburg, in N 79 Frieden Huetten, 86 Franklin Benjamin's letters, 92, 221 Fries' trial. 118, 125 FogelsvUle, in L 135 Freystown, or Freysburg, 138 Flood at Allentown, 144 Fort Harailton, 152, 417 Flood at Stroudsburg, 155 Fennersville, ^ 180 Fort Allen, or Weisport, 217 Flood of '86 at Fort Alien, 218 490 INDEX. ')') French and Indian Wars, 250 Friedensburg, 266 Freshets in 1831-41, 290 Freeraan's coUieries, 352 Fitzimraon's coUiery, 364 Free school at Easton, 1755, 394 Fort Norris, 415 Fort North KiU, 410 Fort Hyndshaw, 418 Fabricius kUled and scalped. 231 Fort Henry, 463 Fort Lebanon, 464 Fragment of a journal. G. Germans, history of. 463 7 Glenden Iron works. 71 Guadenthal, in N 78 GermansvUle, in L 128 Great Swarap, 215 Gnaden Huetten, 218 Gap the, in C 227 Gilbert's faraily abducted. 233 Great dara, or artificial lake,. 257 Garterraeyer raurdered. 232 Geiger Lieutenant, H. 453 XI.* Hauertown, in N 64 Hellerstown, N 68 Hanover township, N 68 Hecktown, in N 74 Horsefield Tiraothy, 88, 90, 92 Hatcheltooth Falls, 112 Hanover township, L 126 Heidelburg township. 127 Harailton township. 179 Hazelton, 142 INDEX. 491 Hoeth's creek, in C 215 Home, 259 History of coal, 298 Henderson's coUiery, 264 Heebner's coUiery, 267 Hewes' coUiery, 368 Hoeth and faniuly murdered,, 21 6 Hartman murder, 267 Harriger abducted, 233 I. Irish, history of 16 ^ Irishtown, 293 Instruction, course of, at Lafayette CoUege, 398 J. Johnsonville, in N 66 Jacobsburg, ui N 72 Jacksonville, in L .132 Junction CoUieries, 268 Journal of Van Etten, 421 Journal of Young, 409 Joumal of Burd, 447 Journal, fragment of 463 K. KreidersvUle, in N 64 KemsviUe or Petersville, 67 KlecknersvUle, in N 67 Kern's Mills, in L 129 Kunklesville, 179 KUlersville, 179 Kinsley's collieries, 3S1, 356 Kurtz Rev. receives a letter, 267 Little Gap, of N 25 492 I INDEX. Lower Mount Bethel t, N 60 Lehigh t, N 66 Lehighville or Berlinville 66 Lehigh RoUing raiU, 70 Lowef Nazareth township. 74 Letters, iraportant ones, 75—109 Lehigh county organized, 110 Leckhaw, or Lehigh river. 111 Lehigh Water Gap, 113 Linn township, L 131 LinnviUe, in L 132 Low HiU township. 133 Lower Macunjy township, 135 Lehigh Port, 143 Lower Smithfield t, ¦ 157 Lehigh coal raine company formed. 193 Lausanne, in C 212 Lausanne township, C 213 -Lawrytown, in C 213 Lehigh river iraproved. 196 Lower Towaraensing township. 226 Lehighton, in C 229 Llewellyn, 254 Loulsburg, 263 Landisville 270 Lawtontown, 293 Lick Run collieries. 355 Lower Mahantango t. 255 Lafayette College, 397 Lesley kiUed by Indians, M. Moore township, N 232 67 Millerstown or MiUerville, 135 Mount Pleasant, in L 137 Mamraoth Rock, 139 Monroe county organized, 145 Meenesinks, 159 Middle Sraithfield t, 163 * INDEX. 4 Mauch Chunk township. 187 Mauch Chunk, 188 Mauch Chunk raountain, 191, 199 Mahoning township, C 228 Moravian Miss. Estab. destroyed. 229 Mount Bethel, Upper, 59 Macunjy, Upper, 134 MUford, Upper, 136 Manheim township. 251 MinersviUe, , 253 Mahantango t. Lower, 255 M'Keansburg, 270 Mackeysville, 297 Mining operations ui L co.. 331 Music HaU coUieries, 354 Mammoth coUiery, 379 Mahantango t.. Upper, 265 Merabers of education seherae. 384 Mill creek raU road. 370 Model school at Easton, 403 MarshaU's wife killed, N. Northarapton co., erection of. 437 19 Northarapton, present liraits of. 24 Nelighsville, in N 64 Newburg, in N 74 Nazareth, in N 75 North Whitehall township, L 12S New Tripoli, in L 132 Northarapton township, L. 140 NagleviUe, 173 Nesquihoning, in C 212 Nazareth, Lower township 74 Norwegian township, 271 New Castle, 296 North Kill, Fort at. 410 Norris's Fort, 415 NUschraan kUled, &c.,, . 231 494 0. Orndt Jacob's letters. 224, 225 Oplinger's, or Uplinger's, Owl creek, in C \ 227228 Orwigsburg,Origin of coal, P 269 331 JT . Property, loss of at Easton, Plainfield t, N 53 65 Pefersvilles, or KernsviUe, 67 Price township, Pokono township, Penn Haven, ui C 172173 213 Penn Forest township, Parrysville, in C Peart and others abducted, 215216 233 Petitions, 242 Port Clinton, 249 Porter, t. 255 Pine Grove t, 258 Pine Grove, 258 Pattersonville, 259 PottsviUe and vicinity, 272 Port WUhelm, 272 Port Carbon, 293 Pennman's coUieries, 553 Patrick's collieries. -354 Pinkerton's coUiery, Penn t. West, Parsons WiUiam, 377 270 395 Prisser Martin, kiUed, 232 Peraper Christian, raurdered. 225 Pairsons' letter to Rev. Kurtz, 267 Q. Quinn's cotton factory. Quantity of coal transported, 70 319 INDEX. 495 R. Richmond, in N 60 Rose, n. e., of Nazareth, 77 RittersvUle, in L 127 Ross township. 178 Rockport, in C 213 Rush t. 259 Rhoadstown, 293 Richard's colliery, 363 Ronaldson coUiery, 374 Rainbow coUiery, 375 Rank Esqr's letter. 259 Reichelderfers murdered, 250 S. Slate Port, in N 98 Saucon township, N 95 South Easton, borough. 66 South Easton, foundry. 70 Steel raanufactory. 70 Stockersville, in N 73 Shoeneck, ua N 78 Spangenberg's letters. 95, 99 SegersvUle, ui L 128 SiegersviUe, 129 SnydersviUe, 129 Slate Dara, in L 129 South Whitehall township, 130 Scheiraersville, 135 Salisburg township. 139 Stroud township, 150 Stroudsburg, 151 Sraithfield township, M 157 Spruce Grove, 173 SaxvUle, 173 SnydersviUe, in M 179 SaylorsviUe, 180 Shades of death, 215 496 INDEX South Lehighton, 229 SchuylkiU county, 239 Smithfield Lower township, 157 Saucon, Upper, 138 . Smithfield, Upper, • 163 SchuylkUl county erected, 241 SchuylkUl Haven, 252 SwataraviUe, 259 Schuylkill township, 262 SchuylkUl vaUey, 263 St. Clair, 296 Schneidberg, 272 SchuylkiU coal fields, 343 SchuylkiU VaUey District, 348 Silver creek collieries, 358 Salem coUieries, 371 SUlyraan's colliery, 376 Schlatters seherae of education, 382 Subscription towards school house &c., 395 Serainaries at Nazareth and Bethlehem, 403 Sensemans killed, 232 Schwiegert murder, 233 Swatara fort, 451 Topography of townships, N 59 Trexlerstown, in L 135 Tobyhanna township, 173 Tannersville, 176 Tippey's flood, in C 218 Towamensing, Lower, 226 Tuscarora, 260 Tamaqua, 261 Tuscarora collieries, 349 Thorapson's collieries, 353 Trustees of the education scheme of 1751, 382 Tidd John, kiUed, 436 Trump Adam, murdered, 251 Tedyuscung, sketch of 477 INDEX. 49f V. Upper Mount Bethel township, N 59 Upper Nazareth township, 75 Upper Macunjy, in L 134 Upper Milford towsnhip, 136 Upper Saucon township, 138 Upper Smithfield township, 163 Upper To waraensmg township, 215 Union township, 265 Upper Mahantango township, i 265 Uren's coUieries, 353 Union coUieries, 353 Van Etten's journal, 421 Van Etten, justice of the peace, 428 Welsh, history of, 13 Wind Gap, N S6 WUliarasburg, in N 59 Weaversburg, in N 64 Wardsburg, in N 66 WiUiams township, N 69 Williarasport, in N 71 Whitfield's purchase, in N 75 Weisenburg township, 137 Weissport, in C 216 Weiss Jacob, Colonel, 217 Wayne township, 260 West Brunswick township, 268 West Penn township, 270 WiUiara's colliery, 357 Weatherold Captain, 414, 44S F2 498 INDEX. Y. Young James, commissary in 1756, 223 Young's addition, 293 Young's commissary journal, 409 Zimmermanstown, » 266 Zeisloff George, kUled, 251. SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. KesideHce — Pottsville. Rev David Hassinger Rev Hugh Lane Charles Loeser loaac Beck Daul Larer Michael Mortimer Nicholas Fox Edwd Owen Parry Esq F W Hughes Esq Geo L Gensler Andrew B White A Lippe M D James L Yoder Jno H Clement Jacob Reed Esq Daniel Hill Edward T Taylor Thos D Beatty F Hewson Jno Franklin Esq E Chichester M D Geo W Snyder Horace Smith Esq Howell Fisher Dr G GTalmer Charles M Lewis Place of Nativity. Berks co* Ireland Montgomery co Berks county Philadelphia county SchuylkiU co Berks co Portsmouth N H Montgomery co Germany Delaware PrussiaBerks co Gloucester N J Berks co Do Gloucester N J Ne-w York City Philadelphia Luzerne co Fairfield co Conn Philadelphia Berks co Gloucester co N J Delaware co Chester co *A11 counties where tKe name ofthe State is omitted, are of Penn 'a, soo SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. Residence — Pottsville. John Hodgkiss F M Wynkoop Editor Wm Newell jr Richd J Owen CecU Berryman M D WmFox Jacob Epting John S C Martin James S Braley G W Farquhar Esq James H Campbell Esq George H Brandter M D William Morgan Samuel Thompson Samuel Russell Hiram Rigg John McCormick John Ruch Nathan Evans Franklin P Myers Lafayette J Bannan Frederick C Epting Jos Morgan Hiram Parker Geo W Slater Michael Cochran P M Jos M Freeh John G Brown E O Jackson Editor G L Vliet J P Bertram Editor Oliver Dobson Amos Enterline Rev Wm G Mennig Geo Heisler Esq Daniel Krebs B W Cumming Esq R M Palmer Esq J Sraith McMicken Esq S SiUyman Wm Wolff Place of Nativity. England Bucks CO Philadelphia Wales England Maiden Creek Berks co Lexington Ky Lancaster co Northumberland co WiUiamsport Lycomingc c© Germany Wales Juniata co Northumberland co Lancaster co Berks co Sunbury, Northumberland ca Lancaster co Columbia co Berks co PhiladelphiaSussex CO N J Worcester co Mass Union co Ireland Dauphin co Germany Columbia co Northampton co Berks co SchuylkUl co Dauphin co Lebanon co Berks CO SchuylkiU co PhUadelphia Mt Holly N J tVilliamsport Lycoming ec Hamburg Berks co Do do subscribers' NAMES. 501 Residence — Pottsville. Samuel Huntzinger J H Ziegenfus Joseph Bowen John J Jones Benjamin Cook Eev E B Evans W L Heisler Wm Major Thomas Fender Samuel Hartz Dan Stall Geo H Potts Alfred Lawton Patrick Daly Charles Berdsley Thomas Foster Jno Clayton W H Marshall A Meisse Wm C Leib Johann K Voelleaguel F D Fernsler Max Dorflinger Frank Pott James G Cochran D E Nice Esq E W McGinnes Thos S Ridgway jr Joseph George John Treagea George Mortimer M Strouse Chas W Clemens Chas Bushar C A Fox W B Morgan Geo F Mars Charles Angee Peter S Martz Charles Leib Geo Halberstadt M D Place of Nativity. ^ Berks co Schuylkill co Do Llandilo Carmarthe rehire S' S Wales [Wales Do Berks co Chester co Scotland Dauphin co Montgomery co New Jersey New York city Ireland Troy N Y Rockingham co N H Columbia co Philadelphia Berks co Dauphin (now Lebanon) co GermanyLebanon co • Schuylkill eo Ireland Berks co Montgomery co Philadelphia city Do Cornwall eo Eng Schuylkill co GermanyGermantown Phila c« Schuylkill co Berks co S Wales Lancaster co Bucks CO Milton North'd co Schuylkill co Philadelphia city 502 subscribers' names. Residence — PottsviUe. Wm Cortelyou Wm Mortimer jr Jas G Shoemaker Francis J Parvin E E Bland Daniel Schollenberger Wm Lewis Benj Haywood James F Harris Daniel Richard Lewis Rees M B Lutz Joseph Heslop D G Yuengling H Strauch John McMullen S S Stevens (Shippensbnrg)Carlisle Reese Williams S Wales Place of Nativity. Morris co N J Schuylkill co Do Maiden creek tp Berks co Berks co Berks co S Wales England S Wales Do Do ReadingEngland Germany Pottsville Philadelphia Hugh Hughs John Hopkins Evan Peter Edw W MasOn Thomas Williams David Jenkins, Nathan Cleaver John Maginnis James Focht B F Pomroy Wm H Johns Thomas Lloyd Thomas Evans James McAlearney Geo Lauer Edw N Thomas John Griffith Stephen Jones Thomas Thorn P Mc Govern Thomas Petherick Henry Davis A H Wilson N Wales S W-ales N Wales Philadelphia S Wales Do Columbia co Monogan co Ireland Brunswick forge Schuylkill co Philadelphia Pembrokeshire S Wales S Wales Chester co IrelandGermany Dowlois S Wales Carnarvonshire N Wales Northampton co New Jersey Cavan co Ireland Cornwall Eng Glamorganshire S Wales Columbia CO subscribers' NAMES. 503 Residence— Pottsville. J E Kecliam William Lerch Charles Shelley George Reichard Peter F Mudey Wra Yochan George Heaton Wm Reese Francis Malpass Watkin Prichards ^George Rich Wm Blackman Enos Blackman <5eorge S Hookey Wm McCoy Wm Zellner T A Simpson Thomas Montgomery William McCabe Nathaniel Bowen Tobias Tombleson James Downey Charles Vliet John Spohn John E Wynkoop Jereraiah Hower Joseph Shippin Isaac Severn William Carter Stephen Rogers Joshua Dodson Wm H H Russel James Bantura P E Dougherty N W Neunam Joseph Derr Stephen Hauser Edward Rehr Wm McDonnell Henry Jenkins David K Klock Place of Nativity. Tioga CO N Y Northampton co Pottsville Easton Philadelphia city Schuylkill co Yorkshire, Eng Glaraorganshire S Wales Shropshire Eng Brecknockshire S Wales , Risca Monmouthshire S Wales Wiltshire Eng Do Philadelphia Luzerne co Northampton co Bristol Bucks co Union co Monohon co Ireland -Gloucestershire Eng Schuylkill co Fermanagh Ireland Warren co N J Berks co Newton Bucks co Lebanon co Philadelphia Do Do Berks co Fort Allen Lehigh co Chester co Newark N J America Kent CO Md Berks co W Penn Schuylkill co Reading Ireland Oneida co N Y Berks CO S04 SUBSCRIBEBS' NAMES. Sesidcnce — PottsvUle. Geo W Ent Anthony Heston Capt Isaac P Lykens William Millnes Isaac Barcla Daniel Rose Robert Brown Samuel W Arms Andw N Stamm George W Good Gharka Lord Joseph Rikaid Wm Taylor L Womelsdorff J H Leib John Lanciscat W C Harlan Andw Oliphant Levi B Fair Martin Murphy WiUiara Kin(i Wm M Mann Daniel Shrfenbwger John T "Werner Editor J?acob Heiser Edward Yardl&y Eli Shively John Derr Nicholas Raher Jesse R Clark James E Mulligans Henry Lilley E N Esterline Samuel Stodd Thomas Wren Charles Strimshaw Jacob Neyhart John Richard Charles McA voy Peter Neyhart .lames Trout Place of Nativity. Columbia co Ireland Lancaster co England Cornwall Eng Reading ScotlandChester co Columbia co Lebanon co Schuylkill co Union eo Dauphiii CO Berneville Berks co Lancaster co Desks CO Chester co Northumiberland eo Berks co Connecticut Northampton co Massachusetts Berks GO Lebanon co Schuylkill co Bucks CO Pottsgrove Montgomery co Hamburg Berks co Do do Wilmington Del Cincinnati Ohio Berks co Easton Staffordshire Eng Glasgow Clyde iron works Notlfngham Eng QScotland Union co Berks co Baltimore Md ' Union co Berks CO subscribers' names. 505 Residence — PottsviUe. Adam Eiler Capt John Gillman Philip Hoffa Edward M Davis Aaron Shuck Aaron Potts William Nunemacker Michael Messner John Mclntire Daniel B Henry Daniel Christian John Kenedy Richard Winlack Isaac Rich Joseph Armstrong Abraham Camp Charles Dimmig Robert B Neligh James W Kesn© Tobias Hauser Peter Douty George Hay John Roberson Reuben Godshalt George Urch Edw Morison Stephen Rees Enos Zentrayer John Vaughton Oliver Snyder John Thomas John Jones Benjamin Thomas Shadrach Philips David Griffith Cornelius Ceary David Laraont George Dillon Prothrow Prothrow Joel Moore John Hughes Place of Nativity. Schuylkill co Dublin Ireland Womelsdorf Berks co Monmouthshire S Wales Union co Burlington co N J Pottsville Gratztown Dauphin to Caven co Ireland Schuylkill co Berks co Donegal co Ireland Derry co do Gloucestershire Eng White Haven Cumb co Eng; Northuraberland co Do Northarapton co Luaerne co W Penn tp Schuylkill co Milton North'd co Dumbartonshire Scotland Clackraananshire do Rush tp SchuylkiU co Somersetshire England Leicestershire do Glamorganshire S Wales Lewisburg Union co Longford co Ireland Northampton oo Csermarthenshire S Wales Do do Brecknockshire do Monmouthshire do Caermarthenshire do Cork CO Ireland Landrickshire Scotland Berks CO Caermarthenshire S Walesc, Lehigh co Monmouthshire S Walea 506 subscribers' names. Residence — Pottsville. WiUiam Howell Charles Worman Nathan Pisher William Prichard E McDonald Daniel Fenstermacher Edward Skeen Joseph Waggoner Nathan Moyer Isaac Tipton John Edwards Robert Casewell Wm Ashman John Jones John Templin Anthony Maddison William Waters Evan Morris Place of Nativity. Monmouthshire S Wales Berks co Yorkshire Eng Monmouthshire S Wales Delaware co Schuylkill co Lancaster co Berks co Do Shropshire Eng Perabrookeshire S Wales Glamorganshire S Wales Somersetshire Eng Glamorganshire S Wales Northumberland co DHrham co Eng Cornwall co Eng Carmarthanshire S Wales George Barton( pr engineer)Yorkshire Eng^ Samuel R Engelman Salem Brown WiUiam B Lewis William Raber D S Spare M D Isaac A Higley Benjamin Christian Jacob Christian George H Stichter Robert Roberts Isaac Williams Thomas Moss Andrew Jewitt John Irving Wra Jones Legshow David Evans Joseph Carley John S Lott John Pinkerton Jeremiah Lord Daniel Edmund J Sheafe Lehigh co Luzerne co Berks co Do Montgomery eo Northampton co Mass Reading SchuylkiU co Reading Glaraorganshire S Wales Monmouthshire do Durham co Eng Do do Cumberland co Eng Glaraorganshire S Wales Do do Durham co Eng Danville Columbia co York CO Eng SchuylkiU «5o Brecknockshire S Wales Rockingham co N H subscribers' names. 507 Residence — Pottsville. John Fox Jaraes Davis Alexander Hawkins Orlando Dufur Sarauel B Fisher Williara Lewis John WiUiaras John James Richard Kirkhara Hugh Murry D B Hass Robert Wright Michael Geiger George McElice George C Handy EUas SeUer Hiram Focht George Pifer AUen Harmor Wm Berninger A M Macdonald John H James Joseph AUison MinersviUe. Lemuel D Jones C Straub Esq John Styers Evan Price D T Jones (Chief Burgess) John Humphreys George Sepencer Rev A A Anderson C W Taylor Esq Joseph Christ James B Falls George Brumm Michael Weaver P M Richard Berryman Jos F Taylor Blair McClenachan Esq Place of Nativity. Berks co Worcester co Eng barber Albany N Y Herkimer co N Y Gloucester co N J Brecknockshire S Wales Do do Glamorganshire do Lincolnshire Eng Rotherglen Scotland Shamokin North'd co Westmoreland co Eng Berks CO Armah co Ireland Cornwall co Eng Berks co Schuylkill co Northumberland co , Chester co Roaring creek Columbia co Columbia N Y Montgomery co Westmoreland Eng S Wales Northumberland co Warren co N J S Wales Pembrokeshire S Wales Denbigshire N Wales Yorkshire Eng Delaware Union co Schuylkill co Columbia co Aus Twey-Bruecken Pfaltz Baiem Sunbury North'd co Cornwall co Eng New Jersey Montgomery co S&8 subscribers^ NAMESw Residence — Minersville. James Fox Franklin Rhoads John T G Kumsius Alexander Jaffrey James Robertson Jacob Wernart Thomas Green Stephen Squire PhiUp Jones Evan Evans Thomas Cheshire David Griffiths Thomas Davis Wm DeHaven Robert WiUiams Hugh Davis Walter Philips Samuel Woola John E PaweU M G Heilner Sarauel Gum pert Abraham Troul M S Gebler John P Powell John Rogers John Davis Noah Griffiths Jas Levan Jacob Weist Rev J P Harris George J Lawrence John Tanner Augustus Witraan David George W Matthews Franklin Seitzinger Esau McKira Casper Yost Thomas Williams Moses Weisei David Griffith Place of Nativity. Dauphin co Hamburg Berks co Hague Holland Ayreshire Scotland Lanarkshire do Bouseweiler France Monmouthshire S Wales GermanyPotypool S Wales Glamorganshire S Wales Shropshire Eng Merthyrtidvil S Wales Brecknockshire do Berks co Carnarvonshire N Wale* Brecknockshire S Wales Monmouthshire do Montgomeryshire N Wales Monmouthshire S Wales Berks co Philadelphia Northumberland co Philadelphia Merthyetidvil S Wales Monmouthshire do MyrthetidvU do Monmouthshire do Berks co GermanyPembrokeshire S Wales Northumberland co South Wales Reading Glamorganshire S Wales Brecknockshire do Pottsville Lancaster co Germany Blanarvon MonmouAshire S W Berks co Aberhavest Mont.shireNWales subscribers' names. 5m ^sidenee — Mineravillie. John Platt David Llewelyn Lewis M Jones Joseph H Richards Amos H Lewis Andrew Patten Wm Patton John Weightman David L WiUiaras Edward PlaU Thoraas Platt Reese Davies Wm Beadow John E Price David E Davies John E Davies David Price Thomas A Williams Philip Whalen John Horton James Williams George H Beach Charles Beekman Wm J Sriiith M D Daniel Weaver John S Davis Wra R Thomas Wm Kantner dscar M Robins Edward Halstein Samuel Heilner Wm Williams Wm Hendson Luke Mochan Evan Gowen Thomas WiUiams Abraham Morgati Elias Burkert John Morrison Place of Nativity. Caven Mauer Ruabon Dem- bighshire N Wales Glamorganshire S Wales Monmouthshire do CorphiUy Glamorg. do Berks co Northumberland co Eng Do do Do do Argoed Monmouthsh S "V^ales Caven Mauer Dembigshire N Wales Do do do Brecknockshire S Wales Glamorganshire do Monmouthshire do Glamorganshire do Do do Do do Brecknockshire do Ireland Llaufyrnach S Wales Brecknockshire do Staffordshire Eng Hanover Germany England Northumberland eo Carmarthenshire S Wales Monmouthshire do SchuylkiU co Sunbury t/nion CO Sulzdorf Germany Monmouthshire S Wales Durham co Eng Fermanagh co Ireland Carmarthenshire S Wales Glamorganshire do Pontypool Monmouthshire do Berks co Ireland 510 subscribers names. Residence — ^MinersviUe. George E Pewtner James Rogers Samuel Kauffman Amos Harshberger Thomas J Morgan Thoraas D Lewis Aaron Burr David Davis Richard Francis Samuel FeUx Levi Dietrich Lewis Roberts Henry Jones John D Jones (tailor) Edward Keai- Lewis W Prevost WiUiam Sharp Ebenezer Jones Jaraes Spencer Andrew Kline Charles Jodon WiUiam K Kline Herbert Thoraas sr Herbert Thoraas jr Henry Jones David Jeffries Philip Wernest Abraham E DeHaven David R Davis Thomas T Jones Charles Vaughan William L Jones Thomas Jones Daniel R Bright Jacob T Thumm J L Roberts Alexander Manning Frederick Zemhah Levi E Thomas WiUiam Lloyd Tlace of Nativity. Portsmouth Eng Letrim co Ireland Schuylkill co Lebanon co Monmouthshire S Wales^ Eglwgselian do Mifflin CO Glamorganshire S Wales CornwaU co Eng Schuylkill co Northumberland co Glaraorganshire S Wales N Castle Emlyn Carmarthen shire S Wales LlanUwyng Parish S Wales Deaa Forest Gloucester Eng Chester co Northuraberland' co Nantyglow Monmouthshire Yorkshire Eng Columbia co MUton North'd co Berks co Monmouthshire S Wales Do do Do do Glamorganshire do Bauxweiler France Union tp Berks co Monmouthshire S Wales Dowlais Glam'g sh do Brecknockshire do Glamorganshire do Liverpool Eng MUton North'd co Wirteraberg Europe Glaraorganshire S Wales Lancaster co Schuylkill co Columbia co Glamorganshire S Wales subscribers' names. Sll Riesidence — Minersville. William Prichard John Trayer Owen Hughes. Benjarain D Evans James Eustice John Robins Thomas C Mannel Peter Delcamp John Thomas Rees John Thomas Wm Ambrose D R Bennett 6«orge Hebe Henry Bruner Lewis P Garner Tamaqua. Wm Taggert Gharles W Dannenhauer John Edwards Benjamin Heilner Gideon Whetstone Xaffer MiUer A H Duel Robert Harris George Sherry Emanuel Dormitzet Jacob Glace Ralph Nattref John Tippen Wm Eastwood Hugh Tamany Evan Jones Isaac Nattrass Peter Dodson A L Boughner Thomas Meyer John Fearer Nicholas Huish Stephen Harding SeUgman Morganrotb Aaron Richardson Place of Nativity. Brecknockshire S Wales Reading Berks eo Anglesea N Wales Glamorganshire S Wales Cornwall Eng Somersetshire Eng OorawaU do Norwegian tp SchuylkiU co- Glamorganshire S Wales South Wales Do Philadelphia Wirtemburg Germany Germantown Philada co Schuylkill co Lycoming co Schoondorff Wirtemburg South Wales Manelsdorffby Cobnrg SchuylkiU co Switzarland Dutchess CO N Y England Sussex CO N J. Gerraany Lancaster co England Do Do Ireland S^Walea England Luzerne co Hunterdon co N J' Lehigh co Germany Do Hartford Susquehanna eo Memelsdorff by Coburg Middleton Durham co Eng 518 subscribers' names. Residence — Tamaqua. Thomas Vanhorn Richard Johnson John Fulton John Walker Robert Colgnhoun John Love Caleb Fisher Jacob BeU Rev Augustus Georgii James Cocklin WiUiam Barton Daniel Draper Richard Jenkins WiUiam Higgins Thomas Taggart Robert Ratcliff Charles Vaughan Thomas Johnson sen Richard Carter Thomas Morgan Richard Hoblat Isaac Hinkley Samuel M'Caffe William Donaldson John K Smith Baltzer Keilman David Meyer John Crell Rev Thomas Foster Thomas' Carrigan David Hunter M D David W Nixon William Cl,ark Rev D L Patterson William Richardson William Tamany Thom^ Booth Thomas WiUiams Jesse DodsOB Abraham Ahner Charles Walker Place of Nativity. Nescopeck Luzerne co England Northarapton co England -Scotland Do Columbia CO Berks co Germany ¦Ireland Berks co EnglandSouth Wales Ireland Carbon co England Do Do Cornwall Eng South Wales Do 3Franklin co Mass Columbia co England Salem N J Germany Lehigh co GermanyEngland Ireland Northumberland cO PhUadelphia England Lancaster co England Ireland England Do Luzenrne co Northampton co England SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 513 Residence — Tikmaqua. John Bitner Thoraas Walker Thomas Johnson jr Edward Lowther WUliam Taylor Thomas' Booth jr Patrick McNelus Daniel McConielgue John McGrail James Smithan George Welsh Lazarus Rice Philip Acker William Gwilyn Daniel Daniels John Sewalt oii. Abraham Pott L F Whitney G W Blown M D Charles Hebner Ifiigh Kinsley John C Lewis Esq Nicholas Dormitzear Lewis Heilner Esq G W Win ters teea Levi Maitson H Guiterman James Kearny Abraham Van Dyke Jonathan Schrailer _, John C rosson Jesse Turner T H Winteisteen Jacob Wentz James Smith John Estill Francis Richardson John Davies (tailor|l Michael Epiiling Howell Jenkins Ross Bull James Caueley Patrick D Bamett James Long Alexander Govern James Mohr Joseph Hummel Edward Colahan ^q Charles CuUing Matthew Richardson. P D Luther Wra Berger "Wm C Shissles. Prlaee of Nativity. Schuylkill co Gneanto Otsego co N Y Schuylkill co Berks co PhiladelphiaSunbury Nort'dco Schuylkill CO Wexford co Ireland Berks co Germany Saxony Columbia co Delaware co Memelsdorff Germany Louth co Ireland Albany N Y Moyerstown Lebanon co. Miliersburg Dauphin co Newcastle co Del Columbia co Dauphin co ¦Ireland Luzerne co Cumberland co Eng •South Wales Columbia co Monmouthshire S Wales- ©erks co SchuylkiU co Ireland Renfrewshire Scotland Ayrshire do Berks co ;Schuylkill co Galway co Ireland London Eng Do do Lancaster co Schuylkill CO Sunbury North'd co, subscribers' sames. 5U Residence — Port Carbon. Joseph Fox Charles Holden Jaraes Batchler A Bolton Frederick Mertz Thomas MuUen Matthew Smith Samuel Seitzinger Charles Raber Wra B HuU John Curry Wm B Jennings Miss Hannah Robinson Michael Connor Jacob S Gordon Stephen Halley Charles Lee Rev John A ReUey David Jones Jesse Jones Charles Bogart John Lynn John Adams Isaac Grav EAUen Philip Steinhach jr Silas Shepherd Rungan Andrew Jackson Rungan George Gkiodman James Niles Daniel Lookingbill Wm Gildroy (Engineer) Thomas Britton JiohnBarger FhUip H Dougherty WUhanv Stephenson Hirara Lexon David Lewis Henry Lumsden Thomas Graham Henry Hays Place of Nattvjty. Dauphin co Berks co Columbia co New Jersey New Berlin Union cp. Ireland Do Berks co New Rochelle N Y BalleycasUe Ireland Do do EnglandChester co Kings CO Ireland Berks co Philadelphia Columbia co Berks eo Glamorganshire S Wale* Glamorganshire S W.ales Northumberland co Leicestershire England . Worcestershire do Norfolkshire do Chester eo Berks co Columbia co. Do HoUand Lancaster co SchuylkiU co New-Castle upon Tyae Erig Nathanpool Scotland Norwegian tp SchuylkiU cp Philadelphia co Yorkshire England Xiancastershire do Port Carbon Schuylkill to Fifeshire Scotland J\I:eath CO Ireland Cumberiand co 516 subscribers' names. Resideiice— Port Carbon. Thomas Farley James Wheeler Levi Hubert Richard Richards Orwigsburg. Jereraiah Reed (Sheriff) Charles FraUy (Prothon) J H Downing (Reg& Rec) Col John Bannan C Loeser Esq John P Hobart Esq J W Rosebery Esq James H G raeff Esq Andrew J Baum M D Fred'k MiUet (Shoemaker) Joseph W Bird do G B Zulick N Wetzel (Tobaccpnist) Jacob AUebach Henry Krebs Henry CronemiUer Charles V\ itman Esq James M Riland Hon Edward B Hubley Jacob Deibert George Douglass John A Sch w aim Mark Deibert Christian Berger Esq Philip Weiser Esq Bernard Yeager Isaac DeFrehn John C Rahn George D Boyer Jacob Matthews Henry Hesser Samuel Leffler George Leffler John T Schlickenmoyer Gen John M Brickel Place of Nativity. Meath CO Ireland Carven co ds SchuylkiU co Broseley Eng Pottsville SchuylkiU eo Reading Chester co Do Montgoraery co Potts town do Orwigsburg SchuylkiU «o Do do Reading Orwigsburg Schuylkill eo Baltimore Md Berks co Do Schuylkill co Union co Reading Montgomery eo ReadingSchuylkill co Philadelphia SchuylkiU eo Do Do Berks eo SchuylkUl co DoDoDo Do Do Lancaster ce> Do Germany Reading subscribers names. J17 Rssidence — Union Township. Place of Nativity. Thomas Bitler Esq Berks co Sarauel Snyder SchuylkiU co Samuel G MUler Do Israel D Frehen Do .lohn Rupert Do Andrew Stauffer Do Daniel L Stauffer Do Isaac Dewald Lycoming co Waters S ChUlson Essex N J John Breisch Berks co Jacob Zimmerman Esq Do Mark BiUer Do James Bitler Do Musie Hall. ' Richard Mannel CornwaU co England James Fredennick Do do Mark Thomas Do do Thomas Blackney Do do Elisha Mannel Do dp Tuscarora. James Palmer England Samuel Mitchel Philadelphia co Geo R Drey Lehigh co Edward Dreher SchuylkiU co Jonathan Drey Berks co Charles Horn Hunterdon co N J Jonas Richard Berks co Henry Bezzenberger Germany Jacob H Lutz P M SchuylkiU co Patterson. P McMahon Ireland Thomas Gibson Chester co Robert Jacobs England John Colborn Lycoming co Patrick Freeman Ireland James McLaren Glasgow Scotland Matthew O Connel Kilkenny Ireland John Fogerty Sligo CO do Christopher Govert Ireland SIS SUBSCftlBERs' NASrES, Residence — Pettffl'soii. Dudley Grant David C MiUs M D Daniel Maderfort New Philadelphia, Gharles Smith Nathan Barlow Geo P Lander Conrad Bob Geo Robison Edward Hulme R G Bland Patrick Owens Millport. Isaac Marts John WiUiams Thomas Meredith Jatnes McLellan Joseph Balliet Ludwig Bensioger . Jacob Kemmel Reuben Dreher WUliam Shu«iani John Martz: Asa Balliet James Tobert Daniel Edwardb John Bartlett WiUiam Raper CJiarles Cleveland Edward Birmingham! Lick Run. John KeUy Henry Davies Jonathan WiUingham- WUliam McKean John Uren Silver Creek and VaUey Famace. Thoraas Hacket England Wm Richards (Blacksmith) Carnarvonshire N Wafcs Patrick Whalen ICilkenny eo Ireland Place of fisiiviey^ Ireland Philadelphia city Schuylkill co IrelandMontgomery co Northampton eo MbntgOBiery co Lanarkshire Scotland Humevilte Bucks co" Mt Airy Berks co Ruscommon Ireland New Berlin Unioii co Monmouthshire S Wales Brecknockshire do> Scotland Lehigh co SchuylkiU co Lancaster co SchuylkiU eo Columbia' et> Union eo Lehigh co Kilkenny Ireland Glamorganshire S Wales Mauch Chunk Shropshire Eng Massachusetts Caven co- Irelaijd Kilkenny co Ireland Brecknockshire S Wales Yorksliire Eng Donegal co Ireland Cornwall co Eng SUBSCRIBE I NAMES. Sis Residence — S.Creek&V.FuTnace.Place of Nativity. Kelkenny co Ireland Edward O'Brien George Fritz John Hutchison John James Mark Downey Robert Petrick Michael Quinn Rees Jones Alexander Lieut John McNair Hubleyville. Charles Bennett Benjamin Titus 'Samuel Keller John Lowry Hugh Carlin James Gillaspa Thomas Harratt John Rbe Joseph Beachim Evan Williams Eellmont. David Oliver Oharles Long Wm Clark 'J3[ii6s ^Vfiir Wm WiUiaras (Bl'ksraiffi) Robert Sterling Brown Richard Mison Henry King Thomas Colahan John R Jones James Lard Patrick Gamly Wm Henderson Wm Westwood Rush Township. James Blew A Boughner Esq Samuel King France Lanarkshire Scotland Brecknockshire S Wales Kerry co Ireland Ranfordshire Scotland Amagh co Ireland Brecknockshire S Wales Ranfrewshire Scotland Ramsey Isle of Man Near BeUefonte Centre co Easton Berks co Kilkenny CO Ireland Donegal co Ireland Philadelphia CO Lancastershire Englartd Montgomeryshire N Wale* Somerset co Eng Monmouthshire S Wales Morris co N J Lehigh co England Renfrewshire Scotland Carmarthenshire S Wales Ayrshire Scotland Cardiganshire S Wales Sugar Loaf Lnzerne co Gat way co Ireland Brecknockshire S Wales SchuylkiU co Roscommon co Ireland Fifeshire Scotland Lanarkshire do Somerset co N J Hunterdon co N J Nescopeck Luzerne -ee 520 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. Residence— Rush Township. Place of Nativity. John Kaup Schuylkill co Henry Dresh Do Jacob Faust Do West Penn. Jacob Longacre Esq Montgomery co Jacob Morer Northampton oo Henry Beacham Somersetshire Eng Mount Carbon. L Rothermel Northumberland eo. Wm W Bright Berks co John Patton Scotland George Grim Montgomery co Young's Landing.. George Wilde Yorkshire Eng James Hower Lancastershire England John Braddburg Do do Eagle HiU. Daniel Richards Monmouthshire S Wales Morgan Thomas (Glamorganshire de Jos Crean- Staffordshire Eng Aaron Persun Salem Luzerne co, David Lewis Glamorganshire S Wales Daniel WiUiams Merthyrtidvil do Patrick Reddington Roscommon Ireland Thomas Humble Norilmmherland co England Frederick Butler Yorkshire do Benjamin Whetstone W Penn Ip Schuylkill co David Richards Brecknockshire S Wales Thomas Maohal Do do Wmdy Harbor. Wra Gass Yorkshire Eng Sarauel Johnsor». Philadelphia Enoch Evans Staffordshire Eng Belfast. Edward Seddoi*^ Lancastershire Eng Wm Hilton Do do Isaac P Dunlap Bucks CO Bear Ridge. Wm Hacker WUkshire Eng SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 5»1 Rosidenea^Bear. Ridge.. Wm Evans John Morgan Lafayette Graham Thomas Meredith Griffiths Edwards Simpson Womer Wm Zimmerman Henry Lloyd David L Richards. John Davis Wm Hartzog John Thomas Thoraas John Patrick McGovern Samuel W Graham James Bury John Boyer David Powell St. Clear. Bartin Evans Daniel R Slobig Geo W Stokes Joshua Williams Huraphrey, Lewis John J Thomas John B Crozier Michael Jyoa John MitcheU John Heatherington Jonathan Heatherington Joseph Fostei: Jacob Melz Benj French Daniel Fack David Price David Jones W H Lawrence Jol)n Mason Daniel Hartman David Metz James Spittle Place of Nativity. Bristol England Monmouthshire S Wales Montgomery co Glamorganshire S Wales Brecknockshire do Berks CO Lancaster co SchuylkiU co Glamorganshire S Wales Monmouthshire do SchuylkiU co Carmarthenshire S Wales- Brecknoeksliire do Carlow to Ireland Montgomery co Cheshire England. Schuylkill CO Brecknockshire S Wales. Bucks CO Schuylkill co Columbia co S Wales N Wales S Wales Philadelphia city Ireland Lancaster co England Durham co Eng Cheshire d'l Columbia co Lycoming co Northampton ro Carmarthenshire S Wales Do do Columbia co South Wales Columbia co Do Worcestershire Eng, 522 subscribers' kames. 'Residence— St. Clear. Wm Chaundy John Hodgson David Rickett Ellis Rickett Henry Gwin Wm Naylor PhUip Lewis Thomas Reese Robert Hughes Daniel Sheaffer Michael Long ¦Jeremiah Wilde Aaron Hower Joel Metz Joseph E Davis MUl Creek. Samuel Capewell Thomas Manghea Robert Wall C Gormly Philip Preen John Moore Joseph Atkinson John Santee jr Richard Hill Geo W Waggoner Henry Hoffman Hugh McAllister New Castle. • Ephraim Philips John McBanon Peter K Seitzinger -Henry Rhoads Abraham Camp Wm Littlehales Oeo Reifsnyder Esq Levi Reber Thomas Young George Allen Wm Dickenson Place of Nativity. Oxford England North England N Wales Do •Columbia co England Do 'Glamorganshire S Wales Caermarthenshire do Berks co Bairen Germany Yorkshire Eng 'Columbia co Do Oaermarthenshire S Wales Staffordshire England Northumberland co KUkenny co Ireland Londonderry do W eckford do Durham co Eng Do do Union tp Luzerne co Staffordshire Eng Montgomery co KUkenny co Ireland Juniata co Northumberland co Fermanagh co Ireland Berks co Columbia co Northumberland co Shropshire Eng Montgomery co SchuylkUl co New Castle upon Tyne Eng Nottinghamshire do Do do SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 223 Sesidence — New Cattle. .Tohn Roscoe Peter Dickenson Adadis' ColUety. James Adaras B Morris Henry Lloyd John Rupp CentrevUle, Thomas C Conner Robert White WadesviUe. John Morgan jr Rees David Daniel Dillman Jas Fitzsiraraons Esq Jefferson Umbehawber] John B McCord Rees Rees Thoraas Jones Thomas Owens Wm Dabenpart John Byrne Henry Olsey David Davis Joseph Denning George Altin Dennis Fielding Wra Crisswell Floweryfield. Samuel Cliff John Daniel Thoraas Young East Delaware Mines. Thoraas Ferry John C Leibig Edward Morrison John Rees Peter McDonald Wra Lyons Edmund Pounder Place of Nativity. Nottinghamshire England Do do Antrim co Ireland Tyrone co do Llonhilleth S Wales Germany London Eng Beth Fife co ScoUand Potypool S Wales Glamorganshire do Schuylkill co Selinsgrove Union co Lebanon co Schuylkill co Glamorganshire S Wales Cardiganshire do Brecknockshire do Staffordshire Eng Wicklow CO Ireland Sussex CO N J Caermarthenshire S Wales Somersetshire Eng Derbyshire do Lancastershire do Staffordshire do Cheshire England Cornwall co Eng Yorkshire Eng Durham co Eng Berks co Lancastershire Eng Glaraorganshire S Wales Monachan co Ireland SchuylkiU co Yorkshire Eng 524 subscribers' names. Residence — E. Delaware Mines. Place of Nativity. John Peasdale Daniel Rothermel John Andrey Kirkley Jacob John PhUip Manharat Scott Steel James Gennan James McLaughlin Anthony Durkin ' Christian Zeiher Patrick Sweny Thomas Ferry r Joseph CoUier Henry James jr Thomas Morgan Wm Symmons Benjamin Smith John Hosking North American Mines. Daniel Evans Thomas Jones Daniel Rees Thomas Jones jr Wra Howell Miss Margaret Lewis Renna Jones John Martin William March Lemuel Osborn Lafy John Mann Haywood's Colliery: Nicholas Welsh George McNeille John Hadley William Harris Ralph Shaw George Milnes Michael Mangen Thomas G May Yorkshire England Northumberland co New CasUe Upon Tyne Eng Columbia co France Giasirow Scotland Kilkenny co Iieland Galway co do Mayo CO do Trear co Prussia Mayo CO Ireland Durham co Eng Kilkenny co Ireland Cornwall co Eng Monmouthshire S Wales- Cornwall CO Euff Monmouthshire S Wales Gludgen CornwaU co Eng Carmarthenshire S Wales Do do Do do- Do da Monmouthshire do Do do Union CO S Carolina Glamorganshire S Wales Fermanagh co Ireland Columbia co Manchester Eng Longford co Ireland Scotland England South Wales England Do IrelandCornwaU Eng SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. SSS Residence — Landingville. F Landerbran (Whampoa) Patrick McAtee James Brady John Sheridan John Gaynor Jaraes Gaynor Charles Mosser John Haldeman Esq Alfred Kolb, Franklin J Seigfried Paul Dray Samuel Merlz (Merchant) Henry Maurer SchuylkiU Haven. Rev George C Drake J G Kcehler M D A W Leyburn Esq Michael Beard George Kaufman Esq John Marlin Esq Robert Jones J Theophilus Rigg Samuel H Shannon M D Nathan Palsgrove W J Haas George Heisler WUliam J Dobbins James B Levan Daniel Dreher WiUiam Weaver WUliam C Guldin William Kramer John Jones Lewis G Wunder Henry S Spotwell John H Guenler ¦PhUip Boyer Charles Cantner Henry Kauffman Daniel Lavenberg Jacob FuUerton Place of Nativity. Philadelphia city Longford co Ireland Cavan co do Do do Do do Do do SchuylkiU co Do DoDo Berks co Do Do WUkesbarre Philadelphia CarlisleBerks co Do Lancaster co Monmouthshire S Walea Berks CO Montgomery co Berks co Sunbury Schuylkill co Lehigh co Kutztown Berks co SchuylkiU co Berks co Do Schuylkill co Do Germantown Philada oo Philadelphia Basle Swiizarlaod Schuylkill co Da Do Do Chester co 326 subscribers' NAMEg. Residence — SchuyUiiU Haven. Place of Natiyj^.. James E Murray Chester co D H Stager Schuylkill co Edward H Wheeler PhUadelphia Flavel Roan Northumberland co WiUiam Reber Schuylkill co Jonathan Heisler Do George Dillman Do F W Snyder, Do Nathan S Hardenstine Montgoraery co Robert Bass Ramsey England Charles Christ Readinff D D Lewis (Waterloo locks)Bucks co Llewellyn. Thomas WiUiams Pembrokeshire S Wale* James Rowe Do do Edmund Holt Lancastershire Eng Henry Bresler Pinegrove tp SchuylkUl eo- Araos Riegel Lykens tp Dauphin co Frederick Longaback Coventry tp Chester ep Wm Hoch Wayne tp SchuylkUl cp Jacob Hi me jr Do do Samuel Reed Pinegrove tp do Joseph Cockill Philadelphia county John Koch Manheim tp SchuylkiU cp^ Robert John Pembrokeshire S Wsdes Thomas B Abbot Esq Berks co Watkin Reynon Glamorganshire S Wales James Andrews Monmouthshire do Jon Thomas Carmarthenshire do David Thomas Do do John Rodgers Monmouthshire do Thomas Davis Do do James Walker Kilkenny Ireland Damon Schrop Wayne tp SchuylkiU co Francis Spencer Yorkshire Eng Jacob Scherman Berks now SchuyllriU co Costerville. James Love Glasgow ScoUand Abraham Bitten. MonmouUishire S Wales John Evans Do do AUred Ford, €loucest)sishire Eng subscribers names. 52.T Residence — CosterviUSi Mrs Emma Britten Abraham Ayres John Lazarus Solomon George Lewis Lewis Mrs Elizabeth- Britten Joseph Swanson Griffith WUliams David Jones WUliam Meling Mordecai Powell ForrestvUle and B'canch Salathiel Harris Gavin McCully David Glover, David Conway Wm R Thomas Goodman Dolban John Davis Edward Prossar Thomas Brown. Thomas Evans Robert Purslow John Jones Wm Thomas Francis Sankey Hugh McCloskey Samuel Gojeen John Dallon West^West.. Rev Daniel Rees Morgan Williams Wra Davis Howel Jappeys John Price David Webber Joseph Evans Robert Hufman John Mason Joseph Watts Gharles Hofmaa4 Place of Nativity. Gloucestershire England Devonshire Eng Do do Northampton co Monmouthshire S Wales. Peyca do Cumberland co Eng Breeknockshiee S Wales Glamorganshire do Ireland Monmouthshire S Wales. Township. Cornwall co Eng Ayreshire ScoUand Do do Do do . Monmouthshire S Wales. Dembighshire N Wales Glamorganshire S Wales. Brecknockshire do Shropshire Ehgland Do do Do do Glamorganshire S Wales. Monmouthshire do Shropshire Eng Tyrone co Ireland Staffordshire Eng West Meath co Ireland Glamorganshire S Wales^ Do do Monmouthshire do Glamorganshire do Do do Do do "Bedfordshire Eng Berks co Gloucestershire Eng. Durham co do, ^erks CO 628 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Residence — Wejt-West. John Gable Thomas George WiUiara Whitehead Peter Franck John Davis George Stall John Tonkin Lawrence Chadwick John May Thomas Kenny Hugh Murry Peter Murry Evan Evans Wm Jones Thomas Davis James Bryant Timothy Conlon Samuel Bush Benjamin Lee Othniel Gei.ger Wm Huffin-an Solomon Hass ' Jacob Britton Solomon McKinney West Wood. John Spencer Thomas Jones Wm Price Samuel Gillingham Wm Thomas Mrs Catharine Pugh John Oagers Mrs Sarah Wilde Miss Sarah Hardy Wilke Joseph Wilde Richard Heath Wm Carlyon Nicholas Thomas James Parr Charles Surrick Jonathan Wasley Place of Nativity. Schuylkill co Monmouthshire S Wales Lancastershire Eng Lehigh co Staffordshire Eng Germany Cornwall Eng Lancaster co Eng Cornwall Eng Galway co Ireland Rothergon ScoUand Antrim co Ireland Glamorganshire S Wales Carmarthenshire S Wales Glamorganshire do Gloucestershire Eng Mayo CO Ireland Gloucestershire Eng Lancas'er co do Berks co Do Sliamnkin North'd co Schuylkill co Berks co Yorkshire Eng Glamorganshire S Wales Brecknockshire do Philadelphia co Carmarthenshire S Wales Shropshire E'g C'Ornwall do Yorkshire do Delaware co Yorkshire Eng Gloucester CO Eng Cornwall co Eng Do do Lancastershire do Berks co CornwaU Eng SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 529 Residence — West- Wood. Samuel G Dobbin Sarauel Simms George Heafield John Cerbey John Parry Llewelyn Evans Richard Dennis John Philips PhiUp Detrich McKeansburg. Jacob F Freichler M D Lewis Dreher Dewald H Poff Joshua Boyer BennevUle Medler Norwegian Township. Elias Reed (Engineer) Samuel Foulds Abraham Horn David Brown William Beadle Jacob G Krieger Michael Gaghan John L Beadle Edmund Richardson Edward Pugh John Dixon William Hooler George Sidgwick Evan F Lloyd Patrick F McAndrews Samuel Zimmerman John Reed Stephen Barnes Thoraas Lewis (Engineer) Chas Reed Thomas Rees Daniel Morgan (Engineer) Mark Hadley John Woodhouse H2 Place of Nati-vify. Burlington co N J Denbighshire Eng Do ' do SchuylkiU co Brecknockshire S Wales Glaraorganshire do CornwaU co Eng Do do Schuylkill co Bucks CO Schuylkill co Berks co Schuylkill co Do SchuylkiU co Dembighshire Eng Berks co Northumberland co Eng Durham co Eng Northumberland co Kings CO Ireland Durham co Eng PhUadelphia co Gloucestershire Eng Lancastershire do Do do Durham co do Pembrokeshire S Wales Mayo CO Ireland Lancaster co Schuylkill co Philadelphia Monmouthshire S Wales Schuylkill o« Pembrokeshire S Wales Monmouthshire do Bristol Eng Staffordshire Eng 530 subscribers' NAMES. Residence— Norwegian Tp. Place of Nativity. David Powell (Engineer) Brecknockshire S Wales Wm Taylor Somersetshire Eng Stephen O'Hara Ireland Wm Davis Glamorganshire S Wales Isaac WUliams Do do Edward Hopkins Do do Edward Llewellyn Monmojithshire do Thomas Jenkins Do do Emanuel Kerbert Do do William Watkins Radnorshire do Samuel Tiiey Somerset CO England Joseph Bateman Do ¦ do RolUns' Colliery. Thomas Wigara England Thomas Young Do George Geiger Columbia eo West Branch VaU^. A A Clarkson PhUadelphia Alfred DeForestji New York Charies W HiU Do Henry Roehrig France George Dengler SchuylkUl co Rev George Jennings PhUadelphia Benj Kantner Berks co Charies B DeForrest New York Geo Payne Ireland Benj M Lewis Berks CO George Markie SchuylkUl co 'Wm S HiU New York City City of Philadeljphi* Z PraU M D New Jersey A Steinberger M D Lehigh co Samuel Laird Es({ Glasgow Scotland W W Causler PhUadelphia city Wm A Barnes Tyrone Ireland Thomas Marris Esq Bucks CO Charles Miller Esq; Philadelphia ep Walter Patterson Do Edw J Clause PhUadelphia S L Hughes Bucks CP N Lazarus Philadelphia TNBuckEscs Bridgetoa N subscribers' names. 531 Residence — W. Brunswick Tp. Place of Nativity. Gabriel Bertho Berks co Abraham Moyer Do Samuel Blackburn Donegal Ireland Charles Kramer SchuylkiU co Bernard Bannon Caven co Ireland Samuel B Medler Schuylkill co Jaraes Price Esq PhUadelphia Daniel Dreher SchuylkiU co East Brunswick Township. Jonathan Yost Montgoraery co Charles Dreher SchuylkiU co Wm B Kershner Do John Seltzer Berks co Siraon Morberger Schuylkill co John Raush Do Charles Focht Do S B Merkel Berks co Christian Koch jr SchuylkiU co Israel Staraer Do Bernard Koch Dp Jonas Bach Do Charles Koch Do Peter Sterner Berks co Jacob G Stewart Concord N H Peter Jones Berks eo Wm H HiU Do WiUiam Back Do Geo Focht SchuylkiU co Port Clinton. Jacob Casper Germany George Wiggan England Gabriel Metz Sohuylkill co John PhUipson Durham co Eng Reuben R Binder Montgomery eo Hiram Royer Berks co Wm Moyer Do George Bond Warwickshire Eng John K Siegfried Berks co Martin Hummel Schuylkill co Geo Heebnir Chester eo Jonas K Siegfried SchuylkiU co 532 subscribers' names. Residence— Port CUntbn. Place of N^ativily. Reuben Sands Northampton co Wm Provins Tyrone co Ireland James EUiott Donegal co do Geo W Heifsnyder SchuylkiU co Peter Matteson Berks co Wm Acker Do Thomas Acker Lehigh co J McCordy (Reading) Berks county MUton Nice (Hamburg) Lehigh co J Weidman (Shoem'rsviUe) Berks co SchuylkUl Forge. John SehaU Esq Oley tp Berks co Peter Boner Do Michael Hartraan Do John Gibson Maryland David Major Chester co Levfistown. Stephen RingerEsq Lehigh co Frederick Dreher (House)Schuylkill co J Seitzinger (Broad Mount Do J Fetter (Sugarloaf Luz co)Berks co John Flick (Mauch Chunk)Northampton co Manheim Towmship. John Bernheisel Schuylkill co Levi Arnold Luzerne co John Maurer Berks co Daniel Bartolet Do John Strauch Do George Kushner SchuylkiU co Wm Minnich Pottsville do L Beyel (Waterloo locks) Elsez France Chas Dengler ( do Hotel) Montgomery co Benjamin Helbert Rockland tp Berks co John Deatrich Reading Berks co Samuel Smith Coventry Chester co Wm Heffner (Lewisport) SchuylkiU co John Duncan (Lancaster) Lancaster Ohio Wm Stephenson (Barry tp) Durham co Eng A H Wilson ( do ) Columbia co G Lewis (Shickshinny Pa) Templeton Pemb'k shire S W subscribers names. 533 Resid^ice — Manheim Tp. D Schellhammer (Luz co) James Kester ( do ) Pine Grove. Williara Spangler Vincent L Conrad John StrirapUer Esq David Lomison WUliam H Reinochl Jacob March James Greager Geo W Hain David Greenawalt John Kitzmiller P M Jacob Huber Peter Filbert Samuel Guss Esq Henry Wile John A Bechtle Esq WiUiam P KendaU William Bower John Snyder WiUiam Forrey Levi Miller Daniel G Kutz John F Derby George Lauigan George Schartel K Robinson M D Jacob Christ M D Benjamin Sadtler V D M John E Fertig Lewis Lahr John Werntz Henry Werntz Lewis Reeser WiUiam Gorgas Frederick Krecker V D M Henry Shantz Raymond Ongst Joseph H Weaver Reuben H Stees Place of Nativity. Columbia co Luzenrne oo Reading Berks co Pinegrove SchuylkiU co Langansalza Germany ^ Columbia co Lebanon co Chester co Berks co Do Lebanon co Franklin co Lebanon co Berks co Do Do Do DoDo SchuylkiU co Womelsdorf Berks co Lancaster co Wayne tp Schuylkill co Albany co N Y PhUadelphia city Pinegrove tp SchuylkiU co Lancaster co ReadingBaltimore Md Wayne tp Schuylkill co Do do Lancaster co Do Berks co Lancaster co Philadelphia Lebanon Lebanon co Pinegrove SchuylkUl co Lebanon co Middleburg Union co 534 SUBSCRIBERS^ NAMES. Residence — Pine Grove. John Hoch Joseph Hom George Trostel John Guyder Mount Pero Furnace. James Betz Wra Russel Isaac Trion Wm Posey Wm Maybury Swatara Furnace^. George Betz Solomon A PhiUps Philip Umberger George Herman J B Brower Wm B Walton Jacob Focht John Kline Daniel Nogle Tremont. John Bonwitz Mahlon McLaughland Samuel Hippie Wra Foust Donaldson, Henry Lomison Jaraes M Clark Joseph Bodenstine Lorberry Mines. Boric Meek Samuel Foust Wm Netherwood Mprgan Lewis Wm Wigham Timothy Murphy Joseph Powell Samuel Warren Edward Neal Michael Duffy Place of Nativity, Lebanon co Berks CO Lebanon co Chester cp Berks co Chester co Newmanstown Lebanon co New Jersey Montgomery cO Jlewmanstown Berks co Lancaster co Dauphin co Luzerne co Berks co Do Do Spickern Erance York CO Womelsdorf Berks co DanviUe Columbia co Landisburg Perry co Montgomery co Colurabia co Ontario co N Y Halifax Dauphin co Chester co Montgomery^co Mirfield England Monmouthshire S Wales Northumberland co Eng Cork CO Ireland Radnorshire S Wales Northarapton co Eng Lancaster co New York city subscribers' names. S35 Residence — Lorberry Mines. Jacob Werntz Henry James Jacob Bickelman Griffin Slack Wayne Township, John Hummel J L Riland Thomas Acka Jacob N Fertig Henry Daniels Jacob F Faust Jacob Mennig Esq George P ShaU Daniel Fritz Joseph Berger Nathan Levy Isaac Dengler Daniel F Berger Wm F Berger Wm Wagner (W Brunsw Heckshuville. Saml Keech Timothy Hollahan John O'Bryen John Dalrymple Andrew Foulds Patrick Brennan Hugh Doolay Thomas Wright John Abling Jacob Kohler Thomas Morgan John Scott Duncan Weir Martin Boyle Weaverstown. EUas Hughs David Evans Griffith George John Griffith Place of Nativity. Laiicaster co Cornwall co England Saarbrack co Prussia Derbyshire England SchuylkUl co Near Norristown Montgom co Manheim tp SchuylkiU Co Wayne tp do Berks CO Branch tp Schuylkill cp Lancaster co Schuylkill co Pinegrove tp Schuylkill co Manheira do Northwhitehall Lehigh co N Hanover tp Montgom co Manheim tp Schuylkill co Do do 'k)Berks co Lancaster co Cork CO Ireland Queens co do Campsie co Scotland Renfrewshire do Kilkenny co Ireland Queens co do Kilkenny co do Oley tp Berks co Do do Monraouthshire S Wales Northumberland co Eng Muirkirk Ayrshire ScoUand Newport R I Monmouthire S Wales Glamorganshire S Wales Carmarthenshire do Monmouthshire do 53« SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Residence — Weaverstovsm. Place of Nativity. James Atkinson Durham co England John Conway Ayrshire ScoUand James Lightfoot (Otto tract) Staffordshire Potteries Eng Lewellen. Wm Pugh Wm Partridge Wm Robson Edw Robson Joshua Simpkins Lelah S Brock Wm Robins West Wood. John Ferrill John Nicholas Richard Trezise John Beacham Stephen Carrall Mackeysburg. Thomas Cowan Charles Wesner Coal Castle, Michael Sandojr Michael Sandosr Pottsvillev John H Rohrer F B Nichols Miss Hannah Maria Kelly , Isaac T Hedden Jabez Sparks John Smith Isaac C Hopper John Johnson Joseph Allison jr Joseph T Davis Daniel HoUen PottsviUe Library Brickonshire England Shropshire do Sheffield do Yorkshire do New Jersey Orange co N Y Northumberland co Cornwall co England Do do Do do Somersetshire do Galway co Ireland Sterlingshire Scotland New Jersey Devonshire Eng Cornwall co do Mobile Alabama Pottstown Montgomery co Womelsdorf Berks co Essex CO N J Glamorganshire South Wales Barmly Lancastershire Eng Hemlock tp Columbia co Fifeshire Scotland Durham co Eng Carmarthenshire S Wales Hamburg Berks co Founded about 13 years since SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. [537- CARBON COUNTY. Residence — Mauch Chunk. Place of Nativity. John Flick Silas Soloman Stephen L Connor Thomas R Crillin Jesse Blair Robert H Layre Major J H Bishop E A Douglass Engineer A Lockhart John Walton Geo W Dodson Teacher J T Dodson Esq Rev W Bishop O H Wheeler Esq . L D Knowles Wm H Butler Esq J H Leiwers Teacher John Mears Wra H Fisher Sarauel B Hutchison Jonathan Fincher George Weiss A L Foster Cornelius Conner John Fatzinger Esq Hon Asa Packer Conrad Miller Geo W Masser M D Asa R Vannerman Justus Gould Jno D Thompson M D Robert Batier Esq Simon Bitting WiUiam WUliams Hiram Wolf Nothampton cos Hacketstown N Y Duches CO N Y Liverpool Eng Wilksbarre Columbia co Easton Rensalaer co N Y Luzerne co Carbon co Luzerne co Carbon co Worcester co Md Galway N Y Columbia co Montgomery co Md St Johns W Indies PhUadelphia Columbia co Northampton co Columbia co Luzerne co Hampshire co Mass CatskUl N Y Allentown Northampton co N Loudon co Ct Northampton co Sunbury Northumberland co Mt Bethel Northampton co Luzerne co Meadhara Morris co N J Columbia co Montgomery co Columbia co Carbon eo 538 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. Residence.— Mauch Chunk. Place of Nativity. John P Offerman Alexander Steadman James McGiU Lewis Stiernagle Moses Farray Mark Heath Richard Blay W W Smith John Beihge Wm Muio Jacob S Wallace Esq WUliam Butier Anemon Klotz Joseph Butier Nicholas BaUiet Thoraas Sheeker Benjamin HamUton Peter Conner N M Groover James McKeen jr Esq Capt Abraham Harris Jacob Strauss Israel Beahm Maj Robert Klotz Wm De Frehn Hiram Wolfinger Wm H Jones Joseph Collins James Lyon Joseph Porter Wm Moore James Moore Samuel Hyndman Michael Kelly EUas Cremer Lewis Beer Ira Cortright Thoraas M Drake M D PhUip Mauk Abraham Andres George Kriner Philadelphia city Do do Berks co Hesse Darmstadt Germany Donegal co Ireland Hunterdon co N J Thames Oxfordshire Eng Hunterdon co N J Northarapton co Chester co Easton Columbia co Carbon co Columbia co Carbon co Do Frankford Philada co CatskiU N Y Rutland co Vt Atlantic Ocean Chestnut HiU Philada co Do do Northampton co Carbon co Orwigsburg SchuylkiU co Monroe co New Castle co Del Gloucester co N J Londonderry co Ireland Do do Do do Do do Do do Cavan co do Trenton N J Northampton co Luzerne co Wyoming Valley Luz co Northampton co Berks CO Schuylkill co subscribers' names. Residence— Mauch Chunk. Place of Nativi^. S39 Amos Stroh Stephen TutUe John Varner John Messinger Sarauel Bogert jr Hugh Maser Charles Roth Jacob Saudel John Painter Charles Snyder Sheriff Josiah Horn Lewis D West G W Sirapson George Kisner Daniel Olewine Abiel Dodson Capt Ezra Dodson Benjamin MitcheU James Line Samuel Alden Patrick Keely Wm Oakey Andrew Brown Frederick Shobart James Savage Levi Miner John Brandon N D Cortright Abraham Focht Jeremiah Andreas Stephen BaUiett John W Pryer John Pryer ' Robert WaUace Nehemiah Enbody George Shadel Col John Lentz Thomas Boyl Michael Farrell Timothy Sulivan M E Ebert Ezeikel Scott Columbia co Susquehanna co Carbon co Luzerne co Northampton co Do Salisbury Lehigh co Do do Sunbury Northumberiand co Carbon co Do Chester co PhiladelphiaColumbiS co Carbon co Luzerne co Do Philadelphia co Luzerne co Do Do Wyoming co Pittston Luz CO Luzerne co Bloomsburg Berks co Luzerne co Do Schuylkill co Carbon co Do Beaver co Bucks CO Easton Berwick Columbia co Luzerne co Lehigh co Donegal co Ireland Meath co do Cork do Fort Minden Prussia Londonderry Ireland 540 subscribers' names. Residence — Mauch Chunk. . Place of Nativity, George Dink Bairen Germany George Knickerbocker Dutchess co N Y Josiah White Erskine Haz- ~1 zard George FAH Brink \^^^^^ ^^^^ (the first white man born in Mauch Chunk) J Beaver Meadow. Hopkin Thomas WiUiara Thomas Capt A H Vancleve W B Wilson John Vogle Abraham Cool P M^. Abraham T Hunlock George H Dougherty jr Samuel M Wilson R M Stanbury M D N R Penrose Jacob Horn Samuel S Stadan Henry Hoovpr Jonas Beltz (Engineer) J R Freining John Smith sr John Johnson John Martin John Eynon Thomas B Daniels Evan PhiUips Jonah Rees Jenkins Reynolds Rees Leyson Wm Thomas Thomas Bond Stephen Smith Terrance Brady Michael Brady John Beaylis Patrick M Hugh John Llewellyn Wm Watkins Glamorganshire S Wales Do do Hunterdon co N J Luzerne co Do Do Do Northumberland co Nontgomery co New York city Bucks CO Northampton co Colurabia co Montgomery co Carbon co Bucks CO Paris France DenmarkRoscommon co Ireland Pembrokeshire S Wales Glamorganshire do do do Swansey do Do do Brecknockshire do Do do Near Louthara Warwicks Eng S Shields North'd co Eng Cavan co Ireland Do do Monmouthshire S Wales Cavan co Ireland Monraouthshire S Wales Do do subscribers' names. 541 Eeadence — Beaver Meadow. Place of Nativity. T H McCuriey Esq A Hamburger Esq A McCracken Geo Brader John J Kinsey Christian Hess Stephen Sybert Jonas Battenbender Daniel Smith Thoraas Cawley Charles Hains Jas Triesbauch (Engineer) Wm Reiley Michael Boyle John Sherdon Patrick McCarty Edward Mulharend James Evans James Fitzgerald Samuel Evans John Reed John Kearney Thomas Haley Wm Cumiskey John McC amer John Reynolds Thoraas Reynolds Richard WiUiams Wm Edwards John Watkins David Watkins Wm Muir Robert Preston Charles Brittain jr Wm Price Simon Lutz John Lomison Patrick Birmingham Matthew Donaho Thomas Karan James Brady MUton North'd co Bavaria Germany L Mt Bethel Northarapton co Bethelahera tp do Easton do Moore tp do Salem tp Luzerne co Nescopeck tp do Sugarloaf tp do Do do Sinking Springs Berks co Easton Cavan co Ireland Do do Do do Kildeayr do Donegal co do Monahon co do Queens co do Monahan^o do Antrim co do Mayo CO do Meath co do Longford co do Monahan co do Glamorganshire S Wales Do do Do do Carmarthenshire do Monmouthshire do Do do KUmarnock Ayrshire Scotland Yorkshire Eng Sussex CO N J Plainfield tp Northampton co Columbia co Easton Killdare co Ireland Cavan co do Do do Do do 542 SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. Residence — Beaver Meadow. Wm McCuUoch Alexander Moaa Abrahara Skelton Wm Skelton Capt Wm R McKean John Totten James Long Jaraes Vaughan Hazleton. Patrick Reily Patrick Higgins Michael Garrit W A Stubbs P M Thomas Wandle Lanning Blackwell John Shreck John Charles John W West Thomas Vogle Abraham Jones T Evans (Machinist) James James (Engineer) Levi Jones Jabez Phillips Lewis Lewis John Roberts Thomas Jones Owen Gorman (Machinist) James Patterson Samuel Gordon James Hunter Robert Boston Robert Wray A Ketchara Wm Frace Adam Winters Henry Finney Adam Stare (Engineer) Peter K Snyder George Brown John W Baylor Place of Nativity. Limerickshire ScoUand Douglas Renfrews'r do Staffordshire England Do do Philadelphia Quaker Valley Carbon co Mauch Chunk Monmeuthshire S Wales West Maid co Ireland Londonderry co do Mayo CO do Huntingdon tp Luzerne cp Plymouth tp do WUkesbarre do Dauphin co Northamjiton co Hunterdon co N J Monmouthshire S Wales Glamorganshire do Do do Do do Do do Monmouthshire do Do do Do do Carmarthenshire do Monahan co Ireland Dumbartonshire Scotland Down CO Ireland Ayrshire Scotiand Glasgow do Newton Cunning'm co Ireland Wyoming Valley Easton Carbon co Wliitemarsh Montgomery cp Luzerne eo Montgomery co Northampton co Boston Mass SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES, 543 Residence — Hazleton, Adara Scherer Samuel Shingler E P Beers (Teacher) Wra Henry Lewis Blackwell Benediah Pratt A B Cook Peter Stare jr (Engineer) Stephen Oxrider Paul Horn Conrad Horn Esq Summit HUl. N Patterson Geo H Davis Esq James McLean jr D P Knowles Solomon Bryfogle D B Broadhead David Ginter F Weiss (Gen'l Surveyor) Col Thos Broderick John Stuart George Adams (Teacher) Thoraas Wilson John Yates Paul Jaraes Moon Hugh Boyle Jas Broderick Charles Hazlett John Delay John Ryan Jaraes Denton John P Jones John Roberts Daniel Jones Edward Roberts David Morgan , Wra Morgan Elijah WiUiaras Col Chas Cadogan B Rush McConnel M D Place of Nativity. Bloomsburg Warren co N J Sussex CO N J Warren co do Nescopeck tp Luz co Luzerne co Columbia co Luzerne co Do Do Carbon co Dp Wyoming Valley Luz co Churchtown Lancaster co Carbon co Columbia co Carbon co Pike co W Penn tp Schuylkill co Carbon co Londonderry Ireland Antrim co do Kilkenny co do Londonderry do Do do Do do Donegal do Londonderry eo do Do do KUkenny co do Do do New York city Flintshire N Wales Carnarvonshire N Wales Do do Dornbieshire d o Brecknockshire S Wales Glamorganshire dp Wayne co N Y Blakely Gloucester Eng PhUadelphia 544 subscribers' names. Residence — Summit HUl. John Wintersteen Rev A G Harned Charles 0 Smith Wm Fleming Michael Leonard Hugh Tolan Henry McGinley Matthew Dougherty Wm Ryan Patrick Ryan James HamUton Wm McHugh Edward Brislin Timothy McGinty Edward Kelly Jaraes Steel Robert Dunlap Martin Adams Wm Fargey Benjamin Msirphy Patrick Ripp Lesley Delyon Joseph Walker John Gage John Spence Robert McCook John Clark , Thomas AUen Michael Brady Levi Smith Nesquehoning. Henry Meyers (Teacher) Wm J Harlan D L Obitz Samuel Koenig Francis Swartz Wm Briggs Michael Wilhelm Holden Chester George Zeigenfus Elias Henry Place of Nativity, Sussex CO N J Philadelphia New York Queens county Ireland Cavan co do Donegal co do Do do Londonderry co do KUkenny co do Do do Donegal co do Do do Do do Do do Do do Antrim co do Do do Do do Tyrone co do Dumbo CO do Mayo CO do Londonderry co do Do do Do do Do do Do do Do do Do do Do do Lehigh co Broome co N Y Susquehanna co Northarapton co Carbon co Bucks CO Columbia co Northampton co Cumberland co Bucks CO SchuylkiU co subscribers' names. S4S Residence — Nesquehoniag. Place of Nativity; Jacob Yeager John Lewis Dennis McEleST Thomas Karr Andey McCabe Edward McDonald Patrick Cassady Andrew Hand Francis Sweeny James McCabe Daniel Fisher Thomas McKinnes George Ratcliff George Sherry Archer Harris Rees Price .James Codington Wm Bradwell Thomas Miller Zarrobabel Thomas Samuel Marsden John Warwick Geo Parlmley James Lewis John Harris » David Mathews James Llewellyn Thomas Prothro Herbert Lewis Leyshon Thomas Thomas Philip Thomas Palmer O weii. Garraghan Michael McDonald Philip Dolan Lwke Farley Patrick Fitzpatrick- Hugh Reily t Robert Brunker , Terence Dolan Patrick McLaughlin 12 ¦' Lehigh co Primrose Hill SchuylkUl co Londonderry Ireland Louth CO do Cavan co do Do d* ' Do do Do do , Donegal co do Monaghan co do Donegal co do Sterlingshire Scotiand Nottinghamshire Eng Sussex CO N J Warren co do Monmouthshire S Wales Do Eng Durham co England Sheffield, Yorkshire do Monmouthshire do Derbyshire do Westmoreland co ' do '>- Derham co do Brecknockshire S Wales Monmouthshire do Glamorganshire do CaTmarthenshire • do Monmouthshire do - Do do (Welsh Bard); MbnmouthshirerS Wales Soinersetshire Eng Cavan co Ireland Do do Do do Do do Do <3o Do John Jarrard Warren co N J James Anthony P M Northampton co j^m Anthony Do Lower Towamensing Tovraship. John Bowman Carbon co He^iry Bowman jr Do Dennis Bowman Do David Bowman Esq Do Thomas Stroup Do Theo Kemmerer Do Isaac Lower Allentown Weissport. Alex Lenta N W Hall Lehigh co Chas C German M D Berks CO Josiah W Ruch Carbon co Daniel Herberling Esq AUen tp Northampton co Benj F Klepinger Do do 548 subscribers nami;s. Residence — Maria Irqa Works. P|^e p^. Nativity. Saml B Finch Esq Godfrey Laury Danf Kemmerer M Seyfert John Boyer James WUson Rockport. Adam Shoemaker Andrew Bernhard Nathan Vanhorn Thomas Jenkins M Gauge ware Jacob McFane Jesse Gangeware J E Vanhorn Obed McMartrie Authur Smith Michael Carrol Conrad Heinser CUfton. Wm Evans ," PhUip Walters Joshua D Evans John Thomas George King Jonathan Smith Jas Lomison jr Geo W Stackhouse Joshua Heil Wm Guin , Hugh Coningham Dennis Carroll Tiraothy Duckeran Daniel Shafer Solomon Washborne Sarauel Heins , Edward Herbert David PhUips Jonathan Jones James Jenkins Cumberland cp Lehigh co Monroe co Berks co Northampton co Tyrone co Ireland , . Monroe co ' Northumberland co Union tp Luzerne co Do do Schuylkill co Columbia co Allentown Luzerne co Warren co N J Monaghan co Ireland Queens co do Germany Monmouthshire S Wales Pembrokeshire do Brecknockshire do Glamorganshire do Glasgow Scotiand S Shields North'd co Eng Luzerne co Columbia co . '' Carbon co Limerick co Ireland Loft CO *, dp Monaghan co do Queens co do Nprthampton co Luzerne co Do Glamorganshire S Wales Pembrokeshire do Dembighshire N Wales Gloucestershire Eng subscribers' names. 549 Residence — Penn Haven. Jesse D Cortright Amos McNeal Andrew McNeal Joseph Anderson Peter McMaster Weatherly. Amos Dodson Esq Peter Wildonner Stephen Koons George Stahr Peter Rerick jr Solomon Nangesser Lafayette Shorlock Rice Thomas T Williams (Machinist) Place of Ni^tiyity. Luzerne co Do Do Down CO Ireland Lanarkshire N !6rilain Luzerne co Do Do Do Lehigh co Easton Mt Bethel Northampton co Glamorganshire S Wales Dp do Sugar Loaf Mines, Luzerne County. Robort Hutchison Thomas Weir Robert Johnson Robert Catnphell George Campbell Isaac Smith - John English .PhUip Morgan James Connel Asahel Shipman Peter R Dickerson Charles Neyer- Allen Vanhorn J Gombar (E Sugar Loaf) Renfrewshire Scotiand Do do IJorafrieshire do' KUmarnock Ayrshire Scotland Do do ¦ do Wicklow CO Ireland Pictore Nova Scotia Monraouthshire S Wales Sidney Cape Bretofl Morris co N J Do do Oenabruck Germany Columbia co Lehigh co Huntingdon Tovmship, Luzerne County. John Shevely H M Schwenk Geo Bowman Viei vious Dodson Nathan StUes E J Earls SUas Dodson Esq Wm Tyerman Union co Montgoraery co Columbia co SchuylkUl co Luzerne co Do DoDo 550 subscribers' names. Residence — Huntingdon, L. co. Place of Nativity. Ezra Chapin Luzerne co Col Jatnes Tubbs Do B D Koons Do John Dodson. 2d Do Abraham Vanhorn Do Nathan Dodson Do Jesse Rogers Wilkesbarre Daniel Stiles , Do Wm Betterly I Columbia co John Yaple Do Rev Elias Dodson Northampton cp John Dodson Esq Do Joseph Rhoads Do Peter Brink . ' , New Jersey J Westover Massachusetts J Larsh (Fountain Spring) Northampton co D Christ (Reading) Reading J C Hughes (Big Mount'n) Columbia co D Williams (Roaring creek)New York ,- David Evans do Glamorganshire S Wales John D Razor (Cattawissa) Northumberland -co D S Teets (Monture) Colurabia co A Love (Bloomsburg),' Manor co Ireland J M Haycock (Rohrsburg) Columbia co C W Partner do ¦ Sussex N J J McClure do Luzerne co J H Heslet (Adison) Coliirabia co Wra Johnson do , Do Reuben Mavis (Wash'ton) Northampton co J Heberling (CridersviUe) . • Do J Fetter (Sugar Loaf) . SchuylkiU cp subscribers names. 5*1 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. Easton and South Eeiston. Rev John P Hecht *' J Gray 'i Thoraas Porap "MM Everts " H Brady " WKling " P Coombe G Hess jr (Judge) Jno P B Sloan M D Jaraes Gaynor Orwigsburg Landing SchuylkiU co G Saylor John Dickson Chas Innes M D H D MaxweU John Randolph ,Wra B HoweU Sylvester Stout John Abel jr Wm D Houser J M D Riley M S Henry P F B Schraid H E Wolf L F Stem Andre.w Trittenbach Levi Reppert J J Horn Wm J Rothrock John Odenwelder James Berger D Hulick H S Caney Chas Coburn jr Charles Osterstock John Rodenbach ARK Wagner Jacob Mosure John Bachraan H A Hineline T R Sitgreaves F Emick H W Smith Hugh Tolane J B Bowman Geo Widener Wm Hamman John Kessler Joseph Hutt A Stout M D Reuben Mann John Johnson Robt Beidelman Wm Rush , Charles Nicholas Augustus Gnorholt Panl Wagenor Wm M Burke Francis Ludwig Henry Brptzman Peter Beskirk Jno Cottingham Aaron Schooley Francis Shock Reuben Lamb John Mason A H Senseman S L Rodenbough Thaddeus Schoch A R Kram G P Hilbeit Jacob Grube M E Weaver N H MUler Ross Ihrie Saml Slabocli Peter Donerle J Bornmann R P Seals John Harter 552 subscribers names. Henry Werkheiser Peter Lantz Peter Searfoss Nathan Swartz Alexander Vogel ' Conrad Hummel Reuben L Lerch Saml S Bogart John J Kolb ReV J H A Bomberger Henry Harrison Edw W Rothtroek Wm C Thorn Jacob Odenwelder Adolph Grotzinger Eli MetUer Jacob Doohroat ' John Y Edelman G W Woodring Peter Slyden Thomas Bishop John Maclaekion Owen W Hess John Luckenbach Geoi-ge Bachman David Trozell George Vogle Solomon Derr F Sanderson Joseph Keller Hirain Hulsizer - Henry Rowth Geo Daly Aaron Davis Wra McLeowen C R Andre (Columbia co) John H Patrick ¦ Thos Dempsey Joseph Mclntyre John Down D J Carey David Kelsoe Joseph Carpenter Immanuel Thuine ' • Richard StiUweU Saml H Hay * Robert P Lerhs James Sieger Jacob Young Adam Hartzell Wm Prind Jesse Moser John Kindt Isaac Moser Gershom* Goble Abra Bellesfield Philip Pupp Jacob Bunstein Simon Lattig Henry Fenical Wm Fitz Randolph ' Washington Stout A F Randolph Washington Henry •Uriah W CarreU Edwin Sitgreaves Jacob NoU Geo Thorntjon Joseph Metzger Wm H TroxeU John P Heckman Samuel Grotz Rev Geo Diehl John S P Foust John J Marbacher Godfrey Fishier John Quinn Henry Garnjan Nelson Hoyt Jas Dinky Joseph A Weaver Richard Taylor PhiUp Platz James McKeen Washington S Seagreaves Moses Wilhelm Daniel Laubach Isaac Zane strBiCltlBEHs' NAMES. iSi David Shortz Charles L Richard Geo Finley Robert S L6de Wm S Brown Solon Stout' Charles Weidknecht Albert Black Joseph Miller Henry McCullough S Bogart Rodrock Wolfler Zenos S Ward Benjamin Botte J M Wilson" Wm Abel C H WUliams D Zinn Peter McCarty Peter T Roe > Henry Kline George Mitchell Wra L Roberfe Wm Rex John Laubach Andrew Lamprett Val Brotzmari John Beam Aaron Palmer ¦' "'.'-y-' Henry W Cyphers •BenjHidel v '.' Charles Otto Henry Hawk R C Robbins Phihp Boce Adam C itorn Peter SmuU ' Altimus Rahl or Rake Wm Shick JohnS Able ] Robt Ferguson Geo G Zane G Thompson!' jii- . JS Evan Slough ' Henry Duffin ¦ ' '' Wm Deiler ' Jacob Wilhelm Fredk ScheUing Thomas Harkin Joseph Walttrian P Odenwelder jr Richard M Zink Peter R Lovell Saml Stewart Geo W Leders Amos Rogers ! Wm E Davis • John Pike Joseph Cougue- Saml Deiley . David Joseph Jonas Heller Robt Petit •^George Getz jr ¦ Elias Hope > ' •; Quintus Lerch ^C James Petit Francis Sigman ' Charles Zink S W Nohon Ambrose Bitcken John KeUy Abraham TroxeU James Hilton ' ; W Firmstone E Pock,weU Peter Snyder .George Maddock^ ' •' Jos W Moore .1 Jacob Mourer , ' Samuel Brown Wm Raub Peter Harry ( Arthur Simon Joseph Snyder I Jacob Moser JE A54 ¦ubscribebs names. Wm Buck Reuben CleweU Chas Leors Jacob Stansbury Aaron Yost Peter Walter Joseph Russel Boyd Young Wm Lippincott Peter Carbie Marris Adler Isaac W Bishop Isaac Stiles Jolm Lantz Wm Moser Robert Vincent Wm Mnlvany Patrick Collins Patrick Smith Thomas Lewis Edmond Keller Peter Brown John Slattery John Nolf Henry Saylor Phihp Garis Frederick Seller Joseph Morris Danl W Butz Rev Samuel Reinke TRappRev H A Shultz » Augustus WoUe Jacob WoUe L 0 Tombler Matthew Christ D H Bishop Julius W Hele J ^ Borhek Christian Long t Caleb Yohe Henry P Asborne W A JaeobsPn David More Elijah P Knox Peter S Bray Elias Drumborle Wm Daily I' Adam Trurabore E S Bott John Leida ', Joseph Widerfelt , CFrye Stephen Skelton Michael Butz Charles A Stout J J Bower David Moser ' Matthew Morrison Alexander Troacell , Jacob Keiter Josiah Hahnz Wrn Eichman , Charles Barron Jeremiah PhUlips Andrew Hester A R Savitz Amos B Rohr John W Larrow Joseph Herster John Oliver David .^pple Bethlehem. Adain Walter Charles D Bishop Jacob Lukenbach L J Krause Henry Smith Wra Ritter Levin Hunsicker James Schwitzer Henry S Sellers Anthony Cole Philip W Bealer Isaac S Wolle M B Van Buren Valentine Kent subscribers' names SSi John C Weber John Sigley Henry Knecht J E Knauss Henry Bourquin Charies Doll Bethlehem John Dainey " H Myers Esq White Cabin Isaac Sailer M D Wm Meyer Michael Engler Andrew Reinheimer George Oberly W Hope F Frankenfield Aaron Lambert Wm H Clouse John MUler Jacob Hess Saral C Shi mer Herman Ruede Owen Ritter PhUip H Goepp Wra Wentzel Joseph Moll Chas F Beckel Charles Schneller James Jacoby Township. Charles Hess B F Ritter Philip Ohl Isaac Ritter Gharles Anthony Stephen Young Bamet Odenwelder Isaac L Miller Joseph Burk A Trensue Abraham B Shimer George Jones Edward Queer Jos Unangst George Levers Leonard Walter PhUip Brotzraan Jacob Keller jr David Dimmig Levi K Stem Joseph Weaver Wm H Robbins Peter Uhler John Rugle David Transue Maria Ledes Jacob B Fox O Donly Jacob Brotzraan John Bower Orson McConneU Phihp Russer . ' Jacob Rodenbach Isaac Stover WiUiams Township. Franklin Shimer Wm Eckert Reuben R Richards Wm Stem Wm J Stocker Peter Rockafellor Dennis Reileys Wm H Henderson Daniel Woodring S Stover Saml P Unangst Philip Sherrer : David Bachraan Samuel Arndt Wm Deemer Luther Calyin John Kiefer Theadore F Hi?t«on Israel liorn m subscribers' names. . Isaac Stout Esq If^aac Begley Jacob Weiant , Isaac Transue Isaac L Shimer John KopHn Joseph S Hartman Freemansburg. -Capt Thomas W Lynn. Abraham Deitz Thomas T Jaeger Geo How Peter Kohler A D Cortright Jacob Geisinger Joseph Long .,; *: - John B Warch WiUiam Gwinner Philip Ocks George Shimer John Knecht Daniel Kramer Benjamin Knecht Reuben Miller H M Mutchler Japob Odenwelder John Richar^ Michael Hahn PhUip Brotzman Wm Bacum Charles Warch George Mitchl'er Jacob Seip jr Benj F Stecher Ebenezer Werkheiser Joseph Kinsey Jacob Lear Rinal Damoser Aaron P Major Charies Tidd Enoch G Norton Stephen Dorhamtner Edw Leich John Osterstock Thomas Yeager Aaron Coleman Henry Schweitser Sarah Sphweitzer Daniel Schlabach Joseph Lesher B Kemmerer Esq David Eckar., ... ,,, Charles Schick ,; gliiinersviUe. Cornelius Brunner Wm H Bachraan Herod MiUer John Osterstock Biitstown John A Gross Forks Township. John Hilyard Philip Hile • Samuel Leip Philip Miller . Wm Bovver Peter Correll Arrondus Paul Joseph Moyer Henry Bleybe John H Butz Jacob Hinkle John McCauly ^ ¦ John Eckert Charies Bellerfield;' J P WiUauer Reuben Deemer John Rinker Thomas Lerch Jereraiah J Weber John M Lerch David Weiiierg SUBSCRIBERS.' NAMES. 8^7 Peter Messenger.: John Fraunfelder Henry J Messenger- Martin A Seiple, Jeremiah Werkheiser Wm Kotz Philip H Schoch , ITpper ^d Lower N^areth Townships, Jacob & E Abel J Weaver John WUson Plainfield J B lUick Jaraes Searle Esq Thomas Uhler Geo Schlabach ; Chas B ilober P M RevLTReichel Daniel Reigel John C Warner Adam Daniel Owen Desh C Senseman Chas Vandipcraark Christian Bruner Jacob T Beck Christian I) Basse Owen HiUman David F Michael Christian Musselman Henry J Vanvleck Charles L Whilesel' ' Sidney W Bureaw F W knauss -Sainu.el Smith Rev G A Wenzel G A Scholl IVI p ,, Arthur Rittec Ji»C0b Boorem Geo Heleck Jacob Sheffler Thomas Desh .John Wind , .^mandus Heinly Jacob B Shimer Richard CleweU John Woodring Henry CleweU paueftn. and Lower Saucon Townships. Wra Riegel Herraan M, Fetter Henry Desh Aaron F Housekeeper Joseph F Laudes Wm Wagoner Robert Sutler Jno W Mast Christian H Bettig Sidney S Schneller Daniel Queer •" Samuel Hess Nelson Shaffer David Warner C B Heller Chas Detwiler Reuben Lynn Tobias Bentzbeiraer Jacob Keller Peter Heft Jacob Hartman David Riegel John Ti(;e Franklin Pearson David Lerch Levi Beahm Joseph Fuehrer ; Thos D Luckenbach jr ¦ George Rldgcl John Applegate . •Abraham Shimer Henry Unangst JRCawley 1 J«8se Laubach S3» subscribers' names. Geo Shively Peter Lerch John Ruch • Joseph Lerch Christian Ruch Peter Weaver Wm Smith Jacob Kichline Thomas Kichline Joseph H Boyer Wra Eddinger AUen, and East and A Fuchs J O Lichtenwalner Augustus H Gilbert David Santee Samuel Laubach Samuel Hoffman John Nagel Thomas H Becker Solomon Steckel \^ Charles L Keck ' ' ' John Snyder Israel Steckel John Swaitz Stephen Kleppinger Stephen Anewolt Ambrose Wesner John Lerch jr John C Meixsell Edward Eckert Reuben J Cole J C Becker D D George Hawer Jacob J Boyer Geo Audenriich Oliver F Rodrock T H HoweU Geo Sherer Jacob Baer D Miller Conrad Lerch John MiUer R H Laubach L H Laubach Chas W Griedler Isaac Scheimer John Rise ' John Delhi Chas W Bachman Charles Cbristman Solomon Baudera Jesse Getler John Trehr West AUen Townships. Wm Keiper Samuel Hess Thomas J Rothrock George Engler Elizabeth Schwaitz John Engler Jesse Brown Jonas Lichtenwalner Charles Gross John H Humphrey Matthias Snyder ' Charles Person F W Nagel Thomas Hemphill Jaraes How John Heintz Charles Nolf ; Isaac MiUer Isaac H Baker: Thomas Clendenen Stephen Hauser James Hubler Joseph Schraick- Wra Brown John Whitesell Benjamin Whitesell Wm Deck James Kennedy Jesse Fritchman John Odenwelder John Weaver jr subscribers' names. iS9 Aaron Shivel Samuel Meninger David Herstley John A C Kromer Leslie Miller Daniel Siegfried Charles Kromer David Fretz Joseph Laubach Geo Frederick Sarauel Tenicla James L Ffluger Wm CleweU \ Soloraon Heller Francis Huber Abraham Huber Gen Conrad Shimer Henry Fry Wm Jacoby Daniel Whitesell Upper Charles Sandt Wra Brittain David HoweU James McPall Thos N Middagh George StOcher Aaron D Vannatta Elias ShuU , Daniel H Snyder , Thomas Middaga Peter Laux Jacob Baker Esq ElizabethShimerJohn Rohn David W West , George Loder Edward Shimer John Kern Joseph Bowman James G Loder John Smock Abraham George , . Joseph Hamer James R Blair Wm WUson Daniel Heckman Thoraas Craig Sarauel Snyder Joseph Laubach Hanover Township. John McClelland Robert Eclntyre Reuben Schortz Aaron Lynn David Odenwelder •Lewis Lawall Andrew Walter E MiUer . Augustus Goetz , John Knauss Peter Ritter Esq and Lower Mount Bethel. Joseph S Snyder Wm Fell Johile Kitchen Sarauel Snyder Clinton Batholmey Abrahara Neigh • Joseph Dunfield. , Rudolph Shiffer Sarauel Taylor Michael Weller John Hagerraan Derick Aien PhUip EiUenberger Henry Smith Jeremiah S TroxeU John R Aten ' NBest .. Geo Jacoby , Lewis W Everitt Wm PDatesman jeo #UBSCRIB£KS' NAMES. Moses Biisii Joseph Sm'flh Barn«i Wilson Peter Derr Robert Miller Percyrus Heitzman David Ayer John peed Philip Gross EUsha Aten G W Gross Jacob Kiefer Jesse Ink Stewart Thoraas Joseph Heller RMBeUMD Rev A Tully George TroxeU Rev A S Young Robert E Jaraes M D Joseph Stably Joseph Correll , Jes^e Reichard John Klinefelter ' . Aaron Hess Rev M H Sisty Richard Camden Isaac Smith Jacob Krone Matthi'ds C Hay J D Deitericb Benj Ziegler John A Long D B Hazen Martin L Malone George Fruttchfes Reuben Stem Jacob Hineline Benj Smith Daniel Weidman Wm Warner Jesse Gibbs Samuel G Lobar Wra Smith Philip Sraith Fred E Smith Henry DUdine Theodore L EUenberger Elizabeth Schooley ., Abram Smell Henry Hester Henry Ecker Morris Mann David Wack Henry HartSseli Jacob Smith ¦Ferdinand Ihrie John Deichman M D ' P W McFaU John McFaU ' C W Smith Abrahara Shiraer Peter W Plotts Thomas McFaU jr Thomas McFaU Peter Oblinger v' Jeremiah Rockfellar Chas W Rodetthauigh Anthony Kitchledge Daniel M 0 Neel Enos Houck- , ¦- Samuel Gulick Jacob Horn Wm M MiUeir :• John Reagle ^ John Baird James Baird Edward Shoeinaker Wra McCullough L Conrad S Taylot Peter Horn ; • Abraham Depes John Cressraan jr Moses Ayres'sr Joseph G Rash Moses Ayres jt SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 561 Wm Wise Charles Kennedy WmFox David Coffin Jacob Evans James Cortright Hugh Williams Wm L Staples Wm W McNeel Wilson Labar Samuel Pipher Joseph L Stireppy John Pipher Cornelius Bogert Isaac Bird Wm Haughawout Wm Coffin Moore Joseph Kleckner George Nagel M D James Shall . Aaron Steckel Jacob Shall S M Miller Esq Peter &, Thomas SchaU Lehigh PricUa Klepinger Catharine Klepinger Samuel Klepinger Jeremiah Schott Michael Vogel C N Huraphreys M D Edward F Driesbach Jno J Houer Esq Col Adam Hower Sarauel Benner Reuben Smith Abm Lerch Geo W Heiney Christian BUheimer Reuben ;Bechey David Newhart KS Abraham Beck Theodore Dunbar Lydia V Gaston George Hummer ' Jacob Hauck , George Snyder Valentine Albert John Flick PhUip Scharer John Albert sr Adam Utt Jesse Darrohn Jeremiah Nigh Michael Cressman Wm H Speer Jacob Sibel John Meyers Tovmship. Andrew Berger Christian N Hoffman C Schott & Peter Laub S J Berger Samuel Seem M H Snyder Abraham J Cressraan T-ownship Wm Muramey Adara Berlin Wm Berlin Abraham Gish Esq Daniel Gable Wm Roberts John Benninger , Stephen Muramey Charles Beslin Wm App Wm Siegfried John Newhart JuUa Ann Ktanley WmW Smith Thomas Nagel Samuel Berlin ."502, SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Gotleib Steily Levi Went Solomon Bachman James Steward Reuben Keller Conrad Bachraan Robert Anthony David Kleppinger Stephen Anthony Plainfield. Joseph Bassart G M Lockwood Greenwich Enos Lehr Adam Deihl Monroe co John Weaver Dennis Galvin Do Timothy Stots Jona Fetherraan Do Edmund H KeUer Jonas Kintner Do Jaoob S Heller Calvin Hauser Do Thomas Gold Bashkill John Wagner Do Jacob P Miller Do Wm Craig New York J Cope Esq Do J B Hower M D Lancaster J A Edraonds Esq Do LEHIGH COUNTY. AUentown. John Royer (printer) R E Wright Henry Keiper James M Wilson (printer) Geo W Stein Aaron TroxeU ¦ Rev Richard Walker John D Stiles John Wagner Nelson Weiser Henry F Nagle Charles Gangwer Simon MUler H C Longnecker C L Martin M D J F Newhard A G Renninger E R Newhard Wm H Newhard Joshua Hause Edward Keen Henry Weinshimer H Fischel Hiram Brobst Benjamin Brobst Henry Leh John Grass Daniel Martz Fillman Sraith John Nonnemaker C J Gibbons John Hufferd Jacob Albright Jacob Nagle Thomas Seip Levi Stahr .SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 56;; Charles S Massey Geo J Ginkinger AVm H Blumer Ephraim Lester Herman Rupp FogelsviUe Tilghraan Statier. Solomon Fogle Do Peter Seagreaves WiUoiighby Fogle Do Thomas Newhard I James' L Selfridge Wra H Ballot Thomas C Kramer Abraham Gangewere Frs E Samuels Daniel Fatzinger C H Martin M D Thomas Gangewere Alexander MiUer Levi H Gross A Ziegenfuss Chas Kettle, S WhitehaU Nathan MiUer Peter H Keiser Do Samuel A Bridges John Spiner, S Allentown Jos E Strasburger Wm Kichline Do Chas L Ginkinger Charles Kline Do Henry King Esq Solomon Dubbs Do Christian Pretz Thilraan Smith Do Philip Stellwagen ' MUIerstown. Elias Diehl Charles Bernhart Luke Griffin Naughton Israel YingUng Dr Lesher Trexler James Christman Aaron Erdman Solomon Wesco Jonas Wesco John N Wesco Thomas Eisenhart ¦ Chas E Hoffman Ml> Col Harrison Miller Jonas Christraan Thilraan Kienly 1 ¦ Hanover Township. John Osraan Samuel Breder Jacob Reighart Jesse Kidd Jonathan Ott George Kurtz George Laubach Joseph Kidd John Laubach John Moyer J Paul Chailes Holver Henry Seller Franklin Rittcir Joseph Seider Manasses Quier Samuel Koshler Isaac Hease : , Adam H Shearer Charles Quier ; , .,','. ¦ ' Wm Rohn John Yetter Asia Rohn Samuel Knause Henry Kurtz Calvin Oahoon Stobcil- Obeiiy Chai-lcf Riiter Es' a 564 subscribers' NAMES. Andrew Frankenfield Edward Dewalt C Lewis Kidd Wm Daniel Samuel Saylor Esq Charles Kidd Daniel ZeUner Joseph Dewald James Ray Henry Hoch Garman Texter Wm Wind Peter Kelqhner Adam Fartzinger George Koc^h John Kidd Joseph Lichtenwalter Crane David Thpmas Margaret E Meeker Wm Cunningham Henry F Kildare Wm Neighly Solomon Schwab- DavidA Tompler , George Grotz Levi Toby Charles Demey Jphn Mclntyre Rpbert Campbell Wm Mpyer Isaac Beidler. . Owen Swartz Solomon Floras Jonas Albright Christian Nagle Jacob Bast Daniel Frey, Emanuel Trexler John Andre. Valentine Clater Samuel Roth ' Wm Osraan John Sassaman Tilghraan Clymer Peter Newhart Edward Mall Iron Works. Morgan Emanuel Esau Evan Martin Simons Aaron Bast James Lackey Jphn Johnson David D Walter Joseph Weikle Jonathan Snyder . Alexander Demey George Doherty Charles Sigeley ; South Bethlehem. A E McCarty Henry Van Dyke David J Yerks Copeland Boyd Upper Saucon Township. Hermer L Stadiger Daniel P Meyers . Edward Engleman Samu^Moyerjr PhUip Person Esq Daniel Berger Charles B 1?V eber Aaron Thompson Charles Witman John Stabler subscribers NAMES. 565 Charles Seider Able M Evans Thomas B Cooper M D Abraham Wimmer A K Witman Esq George Koch Philip B Lerch John G Bruner Charles Derr Joshua Fry William Walp Peter Frank Jacob Erdman Esq Jacob Moeder James Eeinhard Samuel Seider Edward F Eeinhard Fredk Schmidt Jacob Schmyer Elias Eshbach Charles Weaver A F Halbach G E Horlocher Peter Daniel Amos R Heller Coopersburg. Simon Frankenfield Aaron M Laros Esekiah Gerhard Wm Trippe Cramer Elias Home Nelson Delang Saucon Valley. Jacob J Weberoth jr Jacob Eisenhart Abm B Hillegass Abner H Wind N H Weigner CE Christ Esq Wm F Smith Daniel Schneider G B Kilter Wimmer ^ Heller Solomon Mory J D Lowell Esq C F Shulty M D H K Fisher John J Glaring Esq G Ziegenfuss jr Jacob Knauff Eev J T Becler Paul Keck Peter Kline jr Solomon Bener Daniel Kline jr Charles Deshler # Israel Wesco E C Fanst J Kemmerer Esq Eeuben Mink Philip Schmeyer Thilman Baumer Charles Klutz B D Hiskey J Schonkweiler Dr Stephen Bright C H Shumaker Salisbury Township John Appel R Kemmerer Edwin Kline John Heinly Wm Jacoby John Hottensteitt John Koth Jos Hoffard John Spiner James Spiner Eobert Yost Peter Werner jower Macungie Tovmsl James Wener Nathan Shaeffer Wm Jacpby Conrad Sam Alwin Acker Peter Romig Leah Schuter S P Keck John S Borger J Horlacher Hannah W Knipe Jacob G Appel Jonathan Koch Nathan Grim Reuben Landis John Nase Ephraim Geisinger Danl Erdman Jos Witman Solomon Ohl Abm Romig D Desh, L Saucon A Benner Do C Seider Do Reuben Markie Charles Schneider C Geisinger Clarissa Geisinger Wm Diehl George Deily John Schwenk John Y(5st E B Horlacher H A Scholl Samuel James Robt B Moyer ihip. I Dieffenderfer Henry Bear John Kerchner Henry S Bair T Mar.steller Jacob Gaumer Val G Weaver George Ludwig Manasses Butz Aaron Butz Nathan Wolvcrt 566 subscribers' names. Jonathan Stephen Chas Sorber Esq Geo T Roeter Milton Wint Charles Foster Isaac Leiby Wm Schmeyer Jonas M'eber John Rupp ]N Lichtenwalner Wm Mohr Sol Stetler Henry Stetler Jacob Romig jr Henry Yeager A Romig J B Schmeyer Aaron S Schmeyer Chas Martz Joshua Leip OW Faust &M Diehl Jos Delong Daniel Kuntz Danl Schlauch Edw Diffenderfer John B Schmeyer Jacob Wagner LB Mohr John Mohr Jona Schmeyer Samuel Schmeyer Upper Macungie Township. Geo Steininger Paul Hommel Chas Stahlnecker Thos Schnarr Thos Shaffer B Yoder Jonathan Kankel Wm M Kudy Reuben Krebs ' H S Becker Tilghman Schneider Wm Haintz Lucus Sassamau Samuel Kuntz Jeremiah Kuntz Jonathan Stetler Even Guth Peter Oertle S Lichtenwalner Wm Mink Benj Gernerd Charles Braus J I Breinig Dr D O Mosser A Erdman C Lichienwallner John Merney Henry Schantz Thomas Faust Edw Martz Joshua Butz John H Beihd Wm K Knauss DanieljKnauss Daniel Ludwig Wm L Safos Chas Good James Jordan SGriesemer jr Saml Butz John Beiry E Wenner Jos S Gerrard Reuben Kuntz Benjamin Rupp Herina Kaul J Gachenbacji Mary A Scheaffer Richard Siaw Amos Reinard J Geissinger H J Schantz Breinigsville. Reuben Meitzler Jonas Trexler Danl Miller Chas Keisser A G Gilkyson South Whitehall Township, John Albright jr C W Gebhard Wm K Mosser Jacob Hummel John R SchaU T J Hoffman Benj Haintz C L Mohr, near Coopersburg. T C Breinig H Scholl, Fogrlesville FB Martin MD do J P Miller Nathan Mohr do do John Scherer ' Chas Kichline Henry Newhard Robert Steckel Johu Diefenderfer Thos Brader Geo Brung David Sterner J Diefenderfer Jesse Marck Jesse Acker M Newhard Chas Ringer Henry Shordt sr Henry Shordt jr Danl Schneider Morgan Roth Joseph Kern John TroxeU Wm Leinberger John Minichi John Sleifer Aaron Kepp D Kerschner S Leinberger Simon Keck E Strauss John Sheatz N Krause Daniel App , Simon Moyer Charles Gross subscribers' NAMES. 567 J, TroxeU Esq Jonas Reinard Peter Guth Jos Guth Danl Hoffman T Woodring J Schneider L Litzenberger A Wartman Mary & S Shindel J Eisenhart Esq James Hittle A Butterwick J Heninger Peter B Seltzer Gideon Guth Wm Wenner H W Steinberger Josiah Strauss Manasses Guth Robert Steen Peter Hoffnjan Edw Sheckler J Burns Jurdine Eli Steckel J G Deshler Aaron Kohler Peter Kern jr Benj Breinig Thos Ruch Rev J S Dubs F Smith John Schantz jr Panl Balliet Adolph Bicking James Camron ^ Thos TroxeU Caroline Tro-xell Eliza Ann TroxeU Danl TroxeU Peter Roth Joseph Huber Henry Strauss Ko^mus Scott Thos Wickert Chaf Wenher Nathan Biery Peter TroxeU A Kerschner Danl Beisel Henry Guth jr Aaron Schifert Stephen Leh Owen Kern John Kern J J Wilson M D E B Clauss North WhitehaU Township. Maj Danl Moyer Conrad Meyer Wm Gross Jacob Mickley Daniel Roth Henry Schneider Chas Melhern Chas More F B Butz Reuben Grafty Mathews Bebl Aaron Kachline H Patterson Edw Clark David Biery David Yoder S Kemmerer Chas TroxeU PeterDeshler John Strauss Chas Seager Jacob Frantz Johu Koch Robert McDowell Simon Kemmerer Godfrey Peter Danl Seager Esq Reuben Seager Wm Neihard ' W F Hoffman M D H 0 Wilson M D John Ringer Chas E Beck John Scheirer Peter Gross jr G White & S Wright Moses Schenck Levi Landes Owen TroxeU ;S Balliet Aaron Landis ALautenslager ;D Sobeurer Wm Steele H Zeigler X Steckel Josiah Miller Jesse Miller Elias Semmel Jacob Hensinger Wm Schanlz Reuben Semmel Nathan Neff John Romich Horace Balliet John Clauser George Landis Jos Steckel jr H Fenstermacher E Gangwer J 4 D Stetler Joseph Gross Harrison Barnar Thos Heiberger Stephen Lintz John R Huehuer Jacob Beisel David Bleiler Samuel Sieger Joseph Biery Elias Meyer John Schwartz John K Clifton Daniel Steckel A Newhard Henry Landes Peter Graff jr Chas Ritter Solomon Boyer Israel Garman G Roth *D Frantz Daniel Boyer Robt Leinberger Chas TroxeU W S Kohler M D Jacob Hartzell 568 StTBSCKIBERSi' NAMES. Jos Oberholtzer George Hausman Heidelberg tp Reuben Frantz John P Butz Dennis Semmel Enoch Butz Henry Jacob Wm Riiter M Deiber Upper Saucon tp J Fatzinger AUent'n C Nodnemaker do J Nonnemacher do Israel Rudy George Rex Esq Wm Fenstermacher W Beninger Joseph Moser John Mosser Peter Snyder Esq Levi KisUer D Folweiler Saml Hermony J SeiberlingEsq F Dornblaser F A Wallace M D Henry Stine Daniel Clauss N Wetherhold Jos Kline Jacob Adam Saml Weider Saml Shuler Abel S Johnson W Gabel Esq Henry Orth S Kauffman L Stabler Esq J Eheinhart Geo Hohley Heidleberg Township. J Bowalan Wm Shutz Elijah Shutz Benj S Levan Lynn Township. Diinl H Creitz Eev J Zeileh Isaac Levan D O Stein Wm Mosser ' A Long Esq Weisenburg. David Barnar Jacol) Freibly Benj G HeU J H Helfrich Esq Low Hill Township. E Long Owen Hunsicker Gideon Holben Upper Milford Township: Conrad Raeder jr Nathan German Peter Miller jr D W Kistler Joel Kistler Jas Seiberling A B Friderici J F Helfrich Jesse Grim A Stetler P Weida M H Albright E Roberts D Eberhard sr Levi Gerherd Abm Meyer S L Holder A Krauss, S Raeder Amos Antrim S. White Township. Jos Miller A Frankenfield Peter Schifford Daniel Erdman A B Hillogass E Engleman Chas Foster Esq Eeuben Stabler ELynnStichter + WaUer 3 9002 00984 7022