REGIONAL GEOGRAFHi THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ILLINOIS 7) ) si ur DOUGLAS C. RIDGLi oY.&LH°W]MII¥IEI&SIIfirY° - ILIIM&&W - Gift of Professor E. S. Dana. 19M This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Yale University Library, 2008. You may not reproduce this digitized copy of the book for any purpose other than for scholarship, research, educational, or, in limited quantity, personal use. You may not distribute or provide access to this digitized copy (or modified or partial versions of it) for commercial purposes. Regional Geographies of the United States of America EDITED BY J. PAUL GOODE THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS THE BAKER AND TAYLOR COMPANY NEW VOBK THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAI THE MISSION BOOK COMPANY SHAKORAI THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS By DOUGLAS C. RIDGLEY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Copyright 1921 By The University of Chicago All Rights Reserved Published May 1921 Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. EDITOR'S PREFACE The present volume is the first in a series inaugurated by the University of Chicago Press to fill a long-felt need. The plan adopted is to provide an authoritative geographic study of a state or other limited region, presenting in compact form the wide range of physical influences which make up the geographic environment in which men live. And further, attempting to show the ways in which human life in the region is shaped by these physical influences. It is with this point of view, and with this purpose in mind, that Professor Ridgley has undertaken the study of Illinois. The aim is to present the geography of the state in such a way as to be of interest and value to the general reader, as well as to furnish teachers and schools with an ample text for reference or class use. It cannot be hoped that the point of view, choice of materials presented, or method of presentation will please everyone, but critical comment will be welcomed by the author and by the editor as aids in furthering the service of the series. The Editor AUTHOR'S PREFACE The geography of Illinois as a state has received treatment in the past only in the state supplements of the geography text books. A large amount of material bearing directly on the geography of the state has been published, however, in numerous bulletins and reports of the various state depart ments as indicated in the bibliography given in this volume. The geography of selected areas has been presented in full detail in the educational bulletins of the State Geological Survey. The reader will find among the references listed in the bibliography a wealth of material with which to continue a study of the state and its resources as fully as may be desired. This volume attempts to present the geography of Illinois as a whole so that the reader may appreciate the resources of the state and understand how man has used them. The natural features and natural resources of the state are treated in some detail. The great occupations of. mankind — agri culture, mining, manufacturing, transportation, and trade — are discussed with sufficient fulness to give an adequate idea of their development and present importance within the state. The population census of 1920 for Illinois is treated in a final chapter. The book is designed to be of interest to the busy citizen who wishes to know his state as a unit in its present- day activities; to teachers and pupils who would know Illinois well enough to interpret other regions in comparison with the home state; to all who wish to learn the reasons for the high rank of Illinois in many lines of human endeavor. Copy for the maps and graphs was prepared and the pictures selected by Miss Eunice R. Blackburn under the direction of Dr. Goode, the editor. The Index is the work of Miss Mabel Crompton. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the various departments of the state government, the local United States Weather Bureau office at Springfield, the Agricultural College of the University of Illinois, and the Bureau of the AUTHOR'S PREFACE United States Census for recent data furnished for use in the various chapters. Numerous maps, graphs, and recent facts of the volume are due to their cordial interest and co-operation. Acknowledgment is also due to Mr. Robert Ridgway for the use of photographs of southern Illinois which he has accumulated through a long series of years; to Dr. Wellington D. Jones for the use of photographs gathered in his field studies of northeastern Illinois; to the Keystone View Co. for photo graphs taken throughout the state; and to numerous friends who have contributed through photograph, or letter, or personal conference to the preparation of the volume. The work has been prepared under the guidance and direction of Dr. J. Paul Goode, editor of the series of "Regional Geographies of the United States of America," of which this is the first volume to appear. His kindly assistance and helpful advice in the preparation of the manuscript are gratefully acknowledged. Douglas C. Rujgley CONTENTS CHAPTER List of Illustrations I. The Illinois Country II. Geology III. The Glacial Period IV. Surface and Drainage V. Weather and Climate VI. Native Vegetation VII. Native Animals . VIII. Native People IX. The Coming of the White Man X. The Soil and Its Conservation XI. Agriculture XII. Animal Industries XIII. Mineral Resources XIV. Manufacturing . XV. Transportation . XVI. Location and Growth of Cities XVII. Chicago and Other Cities of the XVIII. Cities of the Illinois Basin XIX. Other Cities of Illinois XX. Government. XXI. Education . XXII. Illinois in 1920 Appendix. Index ix Lake Basin LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Map of Illinois Territory . . .2 Kaskaskia Island ....... 2 Map Showing the Boundary Line in Lake Michigan 3 Relief Map of the United States, Illinois in the Great Plain 5 Map Showing the Illinois Area in Four Places in the United States . . 7 Equivalent Areas of the Smaller Countries of Europe Shown on Map of Illinois 8 Base Lines and Principal Meridians for Illinois and Indiana ... 9 Congressional Township with Sections . 10 Map of Illinois with Counties Numbered . 12 La Salle Anticline at Utica, La Salle County . 18 Columnar Section from Geologic Map of Illinois, 1917 18 Geologic Map of Illinois .... facing 18 La Salle Anticline at Lawrenceville, Lawrence County 19 Map of Hardin and Pope Counties, Showing Faults 19 Deer Park Canyon, Deer Park, La Salle County 20 Limestone Quarry, Thornton, Cook County 21 French Canyon, Starved Rock State Park 22 Drainage Canal at Romeo, Will County. ... 23 Continental Glaciation in North America as Related to Illinois .... 26 Glacial Drift in Valparaiso Moraine ... 27 Morainal System of Wisconsin Glaciation in Illinois . 28 Driftless Area, Terminal Moraine, Ground Moraine facing 28 South over Des Plaines Outlet 33 Lake Stages . . ... 34 Clay Pit in Side of Blue Island, Cook County . 36 View near Tunnel Hill, Johnson County . . 38 Typical Flat Plain, Bluffs, and Bold Relief . facing 38 "Big Four" Railroad Tunnel, Tunnel Hill, Johnson County ..... . 39 Photograph of Relief Model of Illinois . 40 Drainage Basins of Illinois .... .41 Drainage Map of Lake Michigan Basin in Illinois 43 Calumet River, South of Lake Calumet, Cook County . 44 Sag Outlet and Slope of Mount Forest Island, Cook County .45 Rock River near Oregon, Ogle County . . 47 xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Illinois River from Summit of Starved Rock . 50 Illinois River Valley, Looking East from Starved Rock State Park . . • 51 Vermilion River at Deer Park, La Salle County . .51 Dredge Boat Used in Building Levees in Illinois River Swamps . . . 54 Mississippi Flood Plain and Rocky Bluffs, Jackson County 57 Physical Map of the Ozarks . . 61 Typical View of the Ozark Hills, about Three Miles West of Eddyville, Pope County . 62 The Ozark Region ... . . facing 62 Country Home among the Ozarks near Tunnel Hill, Johnson County .... 63 Paths of Highs and Lows in the United States 67 Changes in Temperature . . .68 Average Monthly Precipitation of State as a Whole 69 Ice in Ohio River at Cairo, December, 1917 70 Temperature Departure from Normal 71 Daily Variation in Temperature for One Year 72, 73 Weather Bureau Stations of Illinois . 74 Instrument Shelter and Rain Gauge, Pontiac, Livingston County ...... . 75 Weather Conditions in Northern Division 76 Weather Conditions in Central Division . 76 Weather Conditions in Southern Division 77 Frost Seasons for Selected Stations . 79 Average Annual Snowfall ... 81 Vegetation Weighed Down with Winter Snow at Cor nell, Livingston County . 81 Normal Precipitation 82 Rainfall for Selected Stations . 83 Rainfall of State for 1915 . 84 Paths of Tornadoes ...... 86 Ice Weighing Down Trees at Waverly, Morgan County 88 Ruins after Tornado at Melrose Park, Cook County 90 Rook's Creek, Livingston County . . .91 Vegetation Map of Illinos . . . . 92 Luxuriant Vine and Tree Growth in Former Virgin Forest of the Lower Wabash near Mount Carmel 93 Rocks Covered with Ferns and Lichens, Johnson County near Tunnel Hill .... 94 Squared White-Oak Timber Being Shipped from Mount Carmel to England for Construction of British Navy 94 Isolated Rock in Woods near Tunnel Hill, Johnson County . . ... 95 Native Illinois Forest near Mount Carmel, Wabash County . gg LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii Steel Bridge on Cairo Division of "Big Four" Railroad at page Glen Fern, Johnson County .... 97 View Showing Recent Natural Reforestation in South ern Illinois . . . .98 View Looking up Flood Plain of Wabash River from Top of Bluff at Mount Carmel . . 98 Landscape View among the Ozarks near Tunnel Hill, Johnson County . . . .99 View in Virgin Forest of Lower Wabash, Showing Luxuriant Vine Growth . 100 Rocks at Glen Fern, Johnson County . . 102 The Eagle's Nest near Oregon, Ogle County . . 103 "Bird Haven," a Tree and Bird Preserve near Olney, Richland County . . 108 Buffalo in Lincoln Park, Chicago . . 117 American Red Deer, State Museum, Springfield . 118 Illinois River and Valley from Starved Rock State Park, Looking West .... 131 Starved Rock as Seen from Illinois River 132 Lorado Taft's Famous Statue "Black Hawk" at Oregon, Ogle County .... 144 Population Density in Successive Years . 146 Map Showing Counties with Soil Reports, 1918 150 Pot Culture Laboratory for Investigations in Soil Fertility, University of Illinois, Urbana. . .151 Soil Map of Illinois . . facing 152 Soil Treatment in Four Counties . . 154 Map of Illinos, Showing Experiment Fields . 158 Counties Having Farm Advisers, 1918 . 159 Diagram of Urbana Experiment Field . . 160 Crop Values, Bloomington Experiment Field . . . 161 Crop Yields on Illinois Soils as Influenced by Scientific Agriculture 163 Wheatfield on Poorland Farm, Marion County . . 164 Average Production per Square Mile of Cereals, Forage, and Animals . . . 166 Farmer's Wife Plowing with a Tractor . . . 167 Corn Crop of the United States and of Illinois 168 Tall Corn and Sunflower, Richland County . 169 Oat Crop of the United States and of Illinois 170^ Spring Plowing on Farm, Dupage County 171 Oat Field, Showing the Prairie ... 172 Wheat Crop of the United States and of Illinois . 173 Harvest Scene on Rock River near Oregon, Ogle County ... .174 Hay and Forage of Illinois . 175 A Primitive Molasses Factory, Richland County . . 176 Primitive Cane-grinding Mill for Making Sorghum Molasses, Richland County 177 xiv - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Potato Crop of the United States and of Illinois . 177 Map Showing Varieties of Vegetables . . . 178 A Southern Illinois Rhubarb Field, Massac County 179 Market Gardens, Cook County 180 Gathering Kiefer Pears, Olney, Richland County . 180 Map Showing Principal Fruit Crops . . . 181 Strawberry Field in Southern Illinois, Showing Pickers at Work, Massac County . . . 181 Distribution Map of Principal Animals in Illinois 187 Animal Husbandry Class Judging Percheron Horses, University of Illinois . . 188 Plowing with Percheron Horses, Normal University Farm, Normal, McLean County .... 189 Map Showing Distribution of Cattle in Illinois and in the United States .... .190 Dairy Cattle, Hogs, and Dairy Barns on Illinois State Normal University Farm, McLean County 191 Jersey Cow and Calf near Alfa, Henry County . . 192 Hereford Calves, Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Illinois 192 Yorkshire Hogs, University of Illinois .... 193 Prize Holsteins, Showing Ideal Watering Place, Barns, and Silos near Quincy . .194 Sheep near Toulon, Stark County . . 194 Shearing Sheep with Power-driven Shears, Kirkland, DeKalb County ..... 195 Hundreds of Tons of Coal Ready for Shipment, Harris- burg, Saline County . 198 Coal Fields of Illinois . 201 Coal Transportation Underground by Electric Motor, Marion, Williamson County ¦. . . 204 Stripping Coal, Surface Mining West of Danville, Vermilion County . 204 Coal Mine, Mount Olive, Macoupin County 205 Petroleum Fields and Pipe Lines of Illinois . 208 Production of Petroleum in Illinois . 209' Iron-Ore Dock and Storage, Calumet Harbor, Chicago 210 Glazing-Room of Western Stoneware Company, Macomb, McDonough County . . . 210 Refining Room, Macomb, McDonough County . .211 Quarry and Mill for Crushing Limestone, Thornton, Cook County ..... 212 Fluor-Spar Mines, Rosiclare, Hardin County. . 214 Artesian Well, Potomac, Vermilion County 215 Power Dam, Marseilles, La Salle County 217 Grist Mill Operated by Wind Power, Golden, Adams County .... 218 Pouring Zinc Spelter, Matthiesen & Hegeler Zinc Company, La Salle . . 219 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv Chart Showing Values of Leading Manufacturing Industries for Illinois . 220 Cooling-Room, Armour Packing House, Chicago . 221 Home of Avery Tractors, Peoria . 226 Aluminum Ore Company, East St. Louis . . 226 Drilling Holes in Watch Plates, Elgin Watch Company, Elgin . . . 227 Stove-manufacturing Plant, Quincy . . 227 River Steamboat at Rock Island 231 United States River Steamer Leaving Dock at La Salle 232 Bridge over Ohio River at Metropolis, Massac County 233 Lock and Dam, Henry, Marshall County . 234 Chicago River, Showing Barges Towed by Tugboat . 234 Locks on Illinois and Michigan Canal, Marseilles, La Salle County . . . . 235 Chicago Drainage Canal, Looking Upstream from Wil low Springs, Cook County 236 Map and Diagram Showing Illinois Waterway, Lockport to La Salle . . ... . 237 Lake Front, Showing Tracks of Illinois Central Rail road, Chicago ... 239 Network of Main-Line Tracks and Relay Depot, East St. Louis . . .239 Typical Railroad Depot of a Small City, Carrollton, Greene County . 240 The Town Elevator 241 Typical Country Road near Geneseo, Henry County 242 Map Showing Federal- and State-Aid Road System of Illinois ..... ... 245 View of Split Rock near La Salle, Showing Three Methods of Transportation 246 Chicago and Vicinity . . facing 254 Tall Buildings on Michigan Avenue from the Break water, Chicago . 256, 257 Bascule Bridge, Chicago River . . . 258 Elevator on South Branch of Chicago River 258 Lighthouse, Chicago .... 260 Grain Elevator on Chicago River, Chicago . . . 260 A Busy Day in the South Water Street Produce Market, Chicago . . . 263 Haymarket Square, Chicago 264 Chicago Harbor and Warehouses . 264 Scene in Douglas Park Playground, Chicago 266 North Shore Bathing Beach, Chicago .... 267 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Looking North 267 Tennis Courts in Douglas Park, Chicago 268 State Street, Chicago ....... 269 Looking North from Corner of Jackson Boulevard and Dearborn Street, Chicago .... 270 xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS State Street, Looking North from Van Buren Street, Chicago .... . 271 Shiloh Tabernacle, Zion City, Lake County . . . 273 Reserve Officers' Training School at Fort Sheridan, Lake County .... ... 274 Oliver Wendell Holmes School, Oak Park, Cook County 275 Oak Park High School, Oak Park, Cook County 276 Illinois Steel Company's. Works, Joliet .... 279 "Big Ben" Timing-Room, Western Clock Company, Peru, La Salle County 282 Map of Illinois River Valley, Ottawa to Peru facing 282 Map Showing Peoria, Bloomington, Decatur, and Spring field . ... 283 Upper Entrance to Glen Oak Park, Peoria . . . 284 Courthouse and Principal Business Street of Peoria . 285 Railroad Station, Toulon, Stark County . 286 Christian Church, Minier, Tazewell County . 287 Courthouse, Bloomington, McLean County . . 288 Courthouse, Former State Capitol, Springfield, Sanga mon County . .... 289 Lincoln's Home, Eighth and Jackson Streets, Spring field . ..... 290 Lincoln Monument, Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield 290 Business Square, Winchester, Scott County . 291 Giant's Table, Mount Carroll, Carroll County . 293 Tenth Avenue from Fifth Street, Fulton, Whiteside County . . . 294 Bridge over Mississippi River at Fulton, Whiteside County ... . 294 Scene in Park, Geneseo, Henry County \ 295^- Rock River near Oregon, Ogle County . . 296 Map of Rock Island District 297 Bird's-Eye View of Rock Island ..... 298 View across Mississippi River from Rock Island Plow Works .... Fort Armstrong Blockhouse, on Lower End of Island in Mississippi River between Rock Island and Daven port . ... A Well-shaded Street, Pittsfield, Pike County View along Painter Creek, Pittsfield, Pike County 301 Working on the Dikes, East St. Louis 302 St. Louis, East St. Louis, and Vicinity . facing. 302 Main Street, Elizabethtown, Hardin County 306 Fort Massac and Monument to George Rogers Clark Metropolis, Massac County ' 307 State Capitol, Springfield ... ' 3^4 Supreme Court Building, Springfield 315 Governor's Mansion, Springfield , 315 298 299 300 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xvii PAGE Centennial Building, Springfield . . 316 French Mission at Lincoln's Tomb, Springfield 316 Lincoln Centennial Monument, East Entrance to Capi tol Grounds, Springfield . 317 State Arsenal at Springfield . . . . .318 Map Showing Senatorial Districts of Illinois . 319 General Assembly in Joint Session . 320 Map Showing Judicial Circuits of Illinois . 321 Map of the Supreme Court Districts of Illinois 322 Map of Appellate Court Districts of Illinois 322 Map Showing Congressional Districts of Illinois 323 Southern Illinois State Penitentiary, Chester . 324 State Reformatory, Pontiac, Livingston County 324 Map of State Institutions and National Soldiers' Home 325 The Falls, Head of Horseshoe Canyon, Starved Rock State Park ...... 328 Waterfall in Wild Cat Canyon, Starved Rock State Park .... 329 White-Pine Forest, Ogle County . . 331 Americanization Evening School, Springfield 333 Typical Country School, McLean County 334 High School, Princeton, Bureau County . . . 334 State Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Normal, McLean County 335 ¦ View at Millikin University, Decatur . . 335 Southern Illinois State Normal University, Carbon- dale, Jackson County ... . . 336 Northern Illinois State Normal School, DeKalb, DeKalb County . ... 336 Lincoln Memorial Hall, University of Illinois, Urbana 337 Western Illinois State Normal School, Macomb, McDon ough County . ..... 337 Fell Gate and Buildings of the Illinois State Normal University, Normal, McLean County 338 Harper Library and Women's Halls, The University of Chicago . . .... 338 Blackburn College, Carlinville, Macoupin County 339 Bradley Institute, Peoria .... 339 Main Building of Eastern Illinois State Normal School, Charleston, Coles County . . 342 Map Showing Increase and Decrease in Population by Counties in 1920 • 346 General Map of Illinois . . . following 385 CHAPTER I THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY The name and its meaning. — The Indians who lived in the Illinois country called themselves the "Ulini," meaning "men." The name Illinois, derived from this Indian name, was first applied to the tribe, then to the region in which the Illini lived. The region first known as the Illinois country was of indefinite boundaries but included, in general, the present state of Illinois and portions of Indiana and Wisconsin. When, in 1809, Illinois Territory was organized as a separate political unit, the name Illinois became applicable to a definite geographic region, including the present states of Illinois and Wisconsin and portions of Minnesota and Michigan. In 1818, when Illinois State was carved out of Illinois Ter ritory, the northern boundary of the Illinois country was shifted from the Canadian line to the parallel of 42° 30' N. lat., although the Enabling Act gave the constitutional convention specific permission to include all of Illinois Territory within the limits of the state. Thus, with the admission of Illinois, the twenty-first state, into the Union on December 3, 1818, the name Illinois acquired definite and final meaning. It is interesting to note that Congress fixed the name Illinois in the act establishing Illinois Territory in 1809, while in the Enabling Act of 1818 " the inhabitants of the territory of Illi nois are authorized to form for themselves a Constitution and State government, and to assume such name as they shall deem proper." The name Illinois, which had been so closely asso ciated with the region for 145 years, was, of course, selected as the name of the new state. Illinois Territory. — The boundaries of Illinois Territory were those established by the Ordinance of 1787, in which provision was made for three states within the Northwest Territory. The westernmost of these three states was to be bounded on the north by Canada; on the east by the Wabash River and a line running due north from Vincennes, Indiana, to Canada; on THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS the south by the Ohio River; and on the west by the Mississippi River and a line running from the Mississippi to the Lake of the Woods. These boundaries became those of Illinois Territory in 1809. The area of this region is two and a half times the area of the state of Illinois, and the popu lation in 1910 was about one and a half times that of Illinois. Legal state boundaries. — The Ena bling Act passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, marks out the boundary lines of the proposed new state of Illinois as follows: The eastern boundary is the middle of the Wabash River and the Indiana state line to the northwest corner of Indiana. Here the line turns east along the north ern boundary of Indiana to the middle of Lake Michigan; it then turns north along the middle of the lake to 42° 30' N. lat. Y Xji i — ~i_ \i 5 1 S> >7 0 i ( a / 1 V MAP OF ILLINOIS TERRITORY Illinois Territory ex isted from its organiza tion in 1809 to the admis sion of Illinois as a state in 1818. Its area was 2\ times that of the present state of Illinois The northern boundary ex tends westward from the middle of Lake Michigan along 42° 30' N. lat. to the middle of the Mississippi River. The western bound ary is the middle of the Mis sissippi River to the junction of the Ohio. The southern boundary is along the north west shore of the Ohio River, for the Kentucky boundary along the Ohio had already been established on the north side of the river. It thus happens that the Ohio River and its islands are in Kentucky, not in Illinois, Indiana, or Ohio. KASKASKIA ISLAND The former course of the Mississippi River was along the great curve to the west of Kaskaskia Island. The cut-ofi which was formed in 1881 has trans ferred part of Illinois to the west of the Mississippi. The site of the original Kaskaskia settlement is now beneath the waters of the Mississippi. THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY An interesting provision of the Enabling Act follows the description of the state boundaries. It states that the Con stitutional Convention "shall ratify the boundaries aforesaid; otherwise they shall be and remain as now prescribed." Had the Convention taken advantage of this provision, Illinois would have had an area of about 150,000 square miles and a population in 1910 of approximately 8,800,000. Milwaukee, St. Paul, Duluth, Superior, Madison, and other well-known cities of other states would be listed among the cities of Illinois. Its north-south extent would have been 850 miles, a greater length than that of any present state. The state would have ranked first in the Union in many items in which it now takes lower rank. Actual state boundaries. — After state boundaries have been described they must be surveyed and marked. Where the MAP SHOWING THE BOUNDARY LINE IN LAKE MICHIGAN The southern portion of Lake Michigan is divided among three states — Indiana. Illinois, and Michigan. The entrance to Calumet Harbor is in Indiana instead of Illinois. boundary line follows a parallel or a meridian the survey may not be so exact as to follow the proposed line with absolute accuracy. The Illinois-Wisconsin boundary line is legally 42° 30' N. lat. The survey of this line varies somewhat from the true parallel. The state line at the shore of Lake Michigan is about one-half mile south, and at the Mississippi River about one-half mile north, of the parallel. Where the middle of a river forms the boundary line between two states, the center of the main current continues to be the boundary if the channel shifts imperceptibly; but if the river THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS suddenly changes its course or deserts its original channel the boundary remains in the middle of the deserted channel. This is strikingly illustrated in Randolph County at the junction of the Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers. In April, 1881, the Mississippi River broke across the narrow peninsula between the Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers and established a new channel. The site of Old Kaskaskia was destroyed, and Kaskaskia Island was established between the new main channel and the old deserted channel, as shown on the map on page 2. It thus happens that about twenty-five square miles of Randolph County, Illinois, lie on the west side of the Mississippi River and the Mississippi flows across Illinois for a distance of eight miles. The inhabitants of Illinois living on Kaskaskia Island are served by rural mail delivery from St. Marys, Missouri. Smaller cut-offs have been formed by the Wabash River along the border of White County, Illinois, whereby the main channel of the Wabash crosses Indiana for short distances and small areas of Indiana now lie west of the Wabash River. Latitude and longitude. — The southernmost point of Illinois is at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers in 36° 59' N. lat. The northern boundary of the state is in 42° 30' N. lat . The north-south extent of the state is therefore 5^ degrees of latitude, or 385 miles. The parallel of 40° N. lat. crosses the widest portion of the state and divides Illinois into two approximately equal areas. This central parallel passes just north of Quincy, about twelve miles north of Springfield, ten miles north of Decatur, and ten miles south of Champaign, Urbana, and Danville. Other, but smaller, cities lying near the same parallel are: Mount Sterling, Beardstown, Petersburg, Lincoln, Clinton, Monticello, and Georgetown. The fortieth paraUel crosses ten counties: Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Cass, Menard, Logan, Macon, Piatt, Champaign, and Vermilion. The latitude of Illinois is favorable to the development of a strong, vigorous, and progressive people. Its location, some what south of the middle line of the north temperate zone, insures a moderate climate in which farm crops and domestic animals thrive. Its climatic changes are sufficient to stimulate THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY healthful human activity and to encourage productiveness in the various occupations. The Illinois-Indiana boundary line is in 87° 31' W. long., but the easternmost boundary of the state lies in the middle of Lake Michigan in approximately 87° 5' W. long. The west ernmost bend of the Mississippi along Illinois is in 91° 31' W. long., in Adams and Hancock counties. The extreme width of the state from Indiana to the Mississippi River is 4 degrees of longitude, or 216 miles. RELIEF MAP OF THE UNITED STATES; ILLINOIS IN THE GREAT PLAIN The position of Illinois in the Great Central Plain gives it a comparatively level surface, fertile soil, good drainage, and a favorable climate. The meridian of 89° west longitude crosses the state almost centrally. The Third Principal Meridian, from which most of the state is surveyed, lies about eight miles west of the eighty- ninth meridian. The automobile route known as the Meridian Road extends across the state from north to south and closely parallels the eighty-ninth meridian and the Third Principal Meridian, from Beloit, Wisconsin, and Rockford, Illinois, on the north, to Cairo, Illinois, on the south. The eighty-ninth meridian passes through or within ten miles of Rockford, La Salle, Peru, Ottawa, Streator, Blooming ton, Decatur, Centralia, and Cairo. Other, but smaller, cities 6 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS lying near the same meridian are: Belvidere, Rochelle, Men- dota, Springvalley, Minonk, Normal, Clinton, Vandalia, Salem, Mount Vernon, Benton, Herrin, Carterville, Johnston City, Marion, Vienna, and Mound City. The eighty-ninth meridian crosses sixteen counties: Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, La Salle, Woodford, McLean, Dewitt, Macon, Shelby, Fayette, Marion, Jefferson, Franklin, Williamson, Johnson, and Pulaski. The location of Illinois with reference to longitude throws the state within the Great Central Plain of the United States with its fertile glacial soils, its abundant coal resources, and its continental climate, which gives cold winters, warm summers, and abundant rainfall. Length of boundaries. — The following table gives approxi mate lengths of the various sections of Illinois boundaries: BOUNDARIES MILES LENGTH IN Northern boundary 180 Mississippi River to shore of Lake Michigan 150 Shore to middle of Lake Michigan . . 30 Eastern boundary 460 Along middle of Lake Michigan to Indiana state line 50 Along northern boundary of Indiana . 20 Northwest corner of Indiana to Wabash River 190 Wabash River, including meanders . . . 200 Southern boundary, Ohio River, including meanders 125 Western boundary, Mississippi River, including meanders 615 Total length of boundaries . . . 1,380 Total land boundaries . (25 per cent) 340 Total water boundaries . . . (75 per cent) 1,040 Lake Michigan shore in Illinois . . '60 Area.— Illinois contains 56,665 square miles, divided be tween land and water as follows: land area, 56,043 square miles (99 per cent); water area, 622 square miles (1 per cent). These figures are from the United States Census. The water area is composed of the small lakes of the state and the .larger rivers. It does not include that part of Lake Michigan within the state boundaries. County areas are always given in terms of land area. Illinois ranks twenty-third in area among the states of the Union; 22 states are larger and 25 are smaller. The average THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY size of the 48 states is 62,000 square miles. Continental United States would make 53 states as large as Illinois. Although Illinois ranks twenty-third in area, it stands first among the states in total value of farms and of farm crops, second in mineral wealth, and third in population. These comparisons indicate that Illinois has exceptional natural advantages and that her people have been diligent in the development of the natural resources of the state. ,C5/^ / ' ''VCJr^ k'ML / >^^\ / \ mfU' Vjfc*= KF''' ^-^ ~ljm_ -^H M\ ,y MAP SHOWING ILLINOIS IN THE UNITED STATES IN FOUR PLACES About one-third of the United States has the same latitude as Illinois. Illinois has an area of less than one-fourth that of Texas. Texas is four and three-fourths times as large as Illinois. Illinois is forty-five times as large as Rhode Island. McLean, the largest county of Illinois, has an area about the size of the state of Rhode Island. The reach of Illinois in latitude, if placed on the coasts of the United States, is shown on the accompanying map. Europe, at the outbreak of the Great War, held 26 inde pendent countries in an area only one-fourth larger than Continental United States. Only one of these countries, Russia, is larger than Texas; 9 are larger and 17 are smaller than Illinois. Eight of the smaller European countries 8 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS could find room within the confines of Illinois with 201 square miles to spare, but their population is three and a half times that of Illinois. These rela tionships are graphically pre sented on the accompanying map. Land surveys. — It is necessary to have land sur veyed so that small tracts may be located with absolute accuracy. In no other way can the landowner establish his right to his farm or the tax assessor and tax collector make proper record of their work. The method of survey whereby Illinois lands are marked off was provided by Congress in 1785. The plan involves the establishment of "principal meridians" running north-south and "base lines" running east- west. The first principal me ridian is the boundary line between Ohio and Indiana; the second is west of the center of Indiana, extending the entire length of the state; the third is in the center of Illinois, extending the entire length of the state; the fourth is in western Illinois and Wisconsin, extending from Beardstown north to the Mississippi River near Rock Island, and from the Mississippi River near Galena northward through Wisconsin. Illinois is surveyed from the second, third, and fourth principal meridians; much the larger part of the state from the third. Base lines extend east-west along geographic parallels. The second and third principal meridians have the same base line extending across southern Indiana and southern Illinois in EQUIVALENT AREAS OF THE SMALLER COUNTRIES OF EUROPE SHOWN ON MAP OF ILLINOIS The smallest eight countries of Europe occupy a combined area slightly less than that of Illinois. Their combined popula tion is 3k times that of Illinois. THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY BASE LINES AND PRINCIPAL MERIDIANS FOR ILLINOIS AND INDIANA Each small square represents a congressional township 6 miles square or 36 square miles. Fractional townships result where surveys from different base lines or different principal meridians come together. 10 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 38° 27' N. lat. from the Ohio River to the Mississippi. The fourth principal meridian has two base lines, one extending westward from its southern extremity at Beardstown to the Mississippi River, and the other forming the Illinois- Wisconsin boundary line. Only the southern base line is used in the Illinois surveys. 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 10 II 12 18 17 15 14 13 *, 19 20 El 22 23 24 30 29 28 27 2S 25 31 32 33 34 35 36 CONGRESSIONAL TOWNSHIP WITH SECTIONS The 36 sections of a township are indicated by numbeis. Section 16 of the diagram is divided to show its quarter-sections and the quarters of a quarter-section. From the principal meridian and the base line the region is laid off into townships six miles square, and the townships are numbered. The townships thus determined by survey are known as congressional townships. Each township is divided into thirty-six square miles, or sections, and numbered. Each section is divided into four equal squares, or quarter-sections. Tiers of townships are numbered north and south from the base line, and ranges of townships are numbered east and west from THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY 11 the principal meridian. Thus, Township 16 North, Range 5 West of the Third Principal Meridian, is the township in which Springfield, the state capital, is located. The thirty-six sections of a township are numbered in regu lar order beginning at the northeast corner and proceeding as indicated in the foregoing diagram. Portions of a section are designated by descriptive terms. Thus, the location of a 40-acre tract of land may be described as the SE. quarter of the NW. quarter of Section 16, Township 35 North, Range 10 East of the Third Principal Meridian. This area is found in Will County near Joliet. Surveys are made independently from each principal me ridian. Where surveys from two principal meridians come together, there are many irregularities in a narrow strip extend ing north-south. These somewhat troublesome irregularities are found in eastern Illinois, where the surveys from the second and third principal meridians meet. Thus the indefinite boundary lines of Indian hunting grounds gave way to the precise limits set by the white man's skilled surveyor. Only so could a sparsely populated hunting region become transformed in the course of many decades into a highly prosperous, well-populated agricultural land. Counties. — The congressional townships are too small to serve as divisions of the state for purposes of local government. The state was at first divided into a few counties. As popu lation increased, the large counties were subdivided by acts of the General Assembly until, in 1859, the present number, 102, were organized. County lines may or may not follow the boundaries of con gressional townships. For purposes of local government the county is divided into civil townships. The civil township is a governmental unit. It may or may not coincide with the con gressional township. The civil township is named, while the congressional township is numbered. The boundaries of civil townships do not extend across county lines, while the bound aries of congressional townships are not governed by the bound ary lines of state or county. The map on page 12 shows the 102 counties of the state. The numbers are placed in a convenient geographical order to MAP OF ILLINOIS WITH COUNTIES NUMBERED The names of counties may be readily determined by reference to the table at the end of the chapter. A study of this map for ready identification of counties will prove profitable. THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY 13 aid in learning the names of the counties and their proper location in the state. Table I gives the name and some impor tant facts concerning each county. A study of the map and the table will add much to the pleasure of reading about Illinois whether in the remaining chapters of this book, in the numerous state publications, in Illinois history, or in the daily newspaper. Illinois of today. — Illinois today has a population of at least 6,000,000. This is 150 times as many people as lived in Illinois when it was admitted to the Union in 1818. Its railway mile age of 12,000 miles is greater than that of any other state except Texas. Among the forty-eight states of the United States, Illinois, according to the census of 1910, ranked: First in value of farm property; value of farm crops; pro duction of corn and oats; and number of horses; Second in value of mineral products and number of hogs ; Third in population; school attendance; number of foreign- born; rural population; amount of improved farm land; and value of manufactures; Seventh in production of wheat and number of cattle; Eighth in production of hay and forage; Tenth in density of population and total number of farms; Twenty-third in area. Thus Illinois, though not among the largest states of the Union, has come to rank high in many lines of production. If her resources are properly used and carefully conserved, Illinois will continue to add to her population and productive power. The general map of Illinois is placed in the back of the book so that it may be unfolded and used for reference as the text is being read. A thorough knowledge of the legend of the map will enable the reader to determine instantly the approximate elevation of any region and the approximate population of all the towns named on the map. The State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois, publishes a large base map of Illinois, scale i inch to 8 miles. It may be secured at small cost. It will be of exceeding value to the reader if kept for constant reference while reading the Geography of Illinois. TABLE I Area, Population, and County Seats of Illinois Number on Map County Area in Sq. Miles Population 1910 County Seat Population 1910 Jo Daviess Stephenson Winnebago Boone McHenryLakeCook DupageKane DeKalbOgle Lee Carroll WhitesideRock Island Mercer Henry Bureau PutnamLa Salle KendallGrundy Will Kankakee IroquoisFord LivingstonMarshall Woodford StarkPeoria Knox WarrenHendersonHancockMcDonough Fulton Mason Tazewell McLean Vermilion Champaign Piatt DewittLoganMenard Cass SchuylerBrown AdamsPikeScott * . *kM :(- ¦$ ">*ii - Contour inlerva? 20pc<'t lfvttometer In the driftless urea. Strongly dissected. Rouds on divides IKilometer' Ground moraine. Gentle slopes. Roads on section lines TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS OF DRIFTLESS AREA, TERMINAL MORAINE, GROUND MORAINE The most rugged land of the state is in the unglaciatcd areas. The terminal moraines consist of ridges, having a relief up to 200 feet or more. The ground moraines, more extensive in area than the terminal moraines, are the more level lands of the state. THE GLACIAL PERIOD 29 of the massive ice sheet. The St. Peter sandstone at the Federal Plate Glass Factory at Ottawa presents a rock surface deeply grooved by glacial action. Kames, short ridges of sand and gravel formed near the edge of the ice, are found in the Kaskaskia Basin and elsewhere among the terminal moraines of the state. Eskers, ridges of sand and gravel accumulated by the wash of streams in tunnels under the ice, are well developed in the pre-Iowan drift of Ogle and Stephenson counties. Outwash plains, belts of debris deposited along the outer margin of the larger terminal moraines, and valley trains, long lines of debris deposited in valleys leading from terminal moraines, are numerous and well developed especially in the Wisconsin glaciation of the state. Unglaciated areas. — Three regions of limited area within Illinois were untouched by the ice sheet. The largest of these includes the seven southernmost counties of the state and the southern edge of the next four counties. The ice sheet pushed southward to the Ozark Ridge and up its northern slope, depositing drift 20 to 25 feet thick, but the ice did not override the crest of the ridge. This is the most southern latitude reached by the North American ice sheet. A second unglaci ated region within the state lies between the Mississippi and Illinois rivers in Calhoun and Pike counties. The Kansan ice sheet approached this region from the west and the IUinoisan ice sheet from the east, but neither crossed the narrow rugged area. The third unglaciated area of Illinois occupies nearly all of Jo Daviess County and small portions of Stephenson and Carroll counties. It is only a part of a much larger unglaciated district known as the "Driftless Area" which occupies portions of the four states, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa. The Driftless Area includes 8,000 to 10,000 square miles, about 600 square miles of which is in Illinois. This unglaciated region is entirely surrounded by thick deposits of glacial drift. Why it escaped glaciation is not well understood. The value per acre of its farm lands is very much less than that of the adjoining glaciated regions. The three unglaciated districts of Illinois have a total area of approximately 4,000 square miles. 30 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS For the unglaciated areas of the state see the soil map facing page 152, the red areas marked No. 1, in Joe Daviess, Calhoun, and the southernmost group of counties. Early ice invasions. — The oldest drift sheet, the sub- Aftonian of the first ice invasion, did not, so far as known, reach Illinois. It lies buried beneath the later drift in Iowa, where it has been exposed by erosion. The Kansan, or second ice invasion, produced a drift sheet which lies at the surface over a large area in Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska. The Kansan glacial lobe, which radiated from the Keewatin center of glaciation, seems to have crossed into Illinois, and it probably forced the Mississippi River, for the time being, into a channel farther east than its present course. Any Kansan drift laid down in Illinois has been deeply covered by the deposits of later invasions, and it is not found at the surface within the state. IUinoisan glaciation. — The third ice invasion radiated from the Labrador center of the North American ice sheet and over spread so much of Illinois that the glacial lobe and the glacial drift of this ice advance is known as the IUinoisan. The move ment of the IUinois glacial lobe was southwestward. The ice at this stage reached a lower latitude, 37° 40', than elsewhere in North America, and a point 1,600 mUes from the center of accumulation, a distance somewhat greater than the movement of any other ice invasion from its center. The ice sheet of the IUinoisan glaciation crossed the Mis sissippi River between Rock Island, IUinois, and Fort Madison, Iowa, and forced the Mississippi about twenty mUes farther west than its present course. The Mississippi River thus suf fered important changes of position in portions of its course by both the Kansan and the IUinoisan glacial invasions. The Mississippi channel which had been established by the Kansan lobe was completely obliterated and deeply covered by the drift of the IUinoisan glaciation. The IUinoisan drift sheet extends northeastward under the later glacial deposits far back from the southern margin. The surface exposures of the IUinoisan glaciation forms a great crescent-shaped area extending southward beyond the more recent drift sheets through Wisconsin, IUinois, Indiana, and THE GLA CIA L PERIOD 3 1 Ohio. This drift area is widest and best developed in western and southern Illinois, hence the name. Terminal moraines were formed in the IUinoisan glaciation as ridges or mounds which now form low but conspicuous irregularities in the landscape. One group of these morainal elevations is readily traced on the soil map from Jackson County northward and northeastward along the Kaskaskia River, thence northwestward to Logan and Mason counties. Another group is found extending from Pike County north ward along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. On the map No. 2 stands for the terminal moraines of the IUinoisan glaci ation. Divisions of the IUinoisan glaciation. — An examination of the map shows that the IUinoisan drift sheet is divided into three parts: the Lower IUinoisan glaciation (No. 3), mainly between the Wabash and Kaskaskia rivers; the Middle IUinoisan glaciation (No. 4), between the Kaskaskia and IUinois rivers; and the Upper IUinoisan glaciation (No. 5), between the IUinois and Mississippi rivers. This division is based on differences in the agricultural values and in the properties of the soils in these regions. The pre-Iowan glaciation, No. 6 of the map, in the north western part of the state is sometimes classified with the IUinoisan, but it may be a drift sheet intermediate between the IUinoisan and Iowan glaciations. Iowan glaciation. — In the Rock River Basin of northern Illinois is a portion of a drift sheet known as Iowan. It is represented by No. 7 on the map. The loess. — Loess is a variety of silt, intermediate in the size of its particles, between clay and sand. The loess of IUinois is associated with the Iowan stage of glaciation. The loess covers the areas of IUinoisan drift, and it is covered by the Wisconsin drift. It seems to be a wind-blown product, and has a very wide distribution in the state. Over the uplands it commonly has a depth of 3 to 10 feet. Along the valleys, especially the Mississippi, Illinois, and Wabash, the deposits of loess are much thicker, a depth of 30 to 40 feet being com mon, with a maximum of nearly 100 feet. These are known as deep loess areas, and are represented on the map by No. 8. 32 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Wisconsin glaciation. — The fifth and last ice invasion of the United States covered the northeast quarter of IUinois, extending southward as far as Clark and Cumberland counties. The Early Wisconsin glaciation is represented by Nos. 9 and 11 of the map and the Late Wisconsin glaciation by Nos. 10 and 12. Wherever the Wisconsin drift sheet is found in the state, it lies at the surface, covering the older drift sheets of northeastern Illinois. The Wisconsin drift covers a large area in Wisconsin and swings in a broad curve across north western Indiana and far into Michigan. While the terminal moraines of the IUinoisan drift are of very moderate elevation and length, and those of the Iowan but slightly developed, the moraines of the Wisconsin are among the largest and longest of the world. There are three conspicuous and very extensive moraines of the Wisconsin drift. 1. The ShelbyviUe moraine marks the outer edge of the Wisconsin drift, and extends from Indiana across Illinois to Peoria County. 2. The Bloomington moraine consists at places of a single ridge, at other places of a group of ridges extending from Indiana across Illinois to Peoria County, where it overlaps the ShelbyviUe moraine and continues at the outer margin of the Early Wisconsin glaciation to Kane County, where it, in turn, is overlapped by the Late Wisconsin. 3. The Valparaiso moraine belongs to the Late Wisconsin glaciation. It is a broad belt of massive ridges extending from Grand River in Michigan across northwestern Indiana, northeastern Illinois, and along eastern Wisconsin to Green Bay. Other minor moraines are conspicuous features of the land scape, and a number have been named from cities located on them. Thus we have: (1) the Champaign moraine with its offshoot, the Cerro Gordo moraine; (2) the Chatsworth ridge and the Cropsey ridge branching from the Bloomington moraine; (3) the Marseilles moraine crossing the Illinois River at MarseiUes; (4) the Minooka ridge extending from the Valparaiso moraine along the county line of Kendall and WiU counties. THE GLACIAL PERIOD 33 On the map, all moraines of the Early Wisconsin are repre sented by No. 9 and those of the Late Wisconsin by No. 10. While the terminal moraines of the Wisconsin drift stand out conspicuously in the landscape, the larger area of the Wisconsin glaciation belongs to the level "ground moraines" occupying the broad stretches between the ridges of the terminal moraines. They form extensive areas of fertile farm land of sufficient slope to be easily drained, and sufficiently level to reduce loss of fertUity by erosion to a minimum and to make the operation of modern farm machinery easy and highly profitable. The ground moraines of the Early Wisconsin, No. 11 on the map, are much more extensive in IUinois than those of the Late Wisconsin (No. 12). Sand, swamp, and bottom lands. — During and after the retreat of the ice sheets from Illinois, great streams of water flowed across the state, the water supply coming from the rainfall and from the melting glacier. While the massive ice sheet blocked the outlets to the east and northeast, glacial lakes formed along the front of the ice barrier, the ice forming their northern shores and the terminal moraines their southern margins. Large areas of north eastern Illinois in the Wisconsin glaciation were thus regions of shal low lakes. Much of the land of this region today consists of the basins of these lakes drained by the withdrawal of the glacial barrier, or by down-cutting of their outlets, or by great open ditches constructed by man. The most noted of these glacial lakes in Illinois is known as Lake Chicago, the ancestor of Lake Michigan. As the glacial barrier prevented the flow of water along its present SOUTH OVER DES PLAINES OUTLET This broad valley, now occupied by a small stream, was once filled with the overflow from the ancient Lake Chicago. (Photograph by W. D. Jones.) 34 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS outlet, the waters of Lake Chicago, bordered by the ice on the north and by the massive Valparaiso moraine on the south, LAKE STAGES The ancient Lake Chicago stood highest at the Glenwood stage, at which time the site of the city of Chicago and vicinity was lake bottom. The Calumet stage and the Tolleston stage represent successively lower levels of Lake Chicago, while a further recession of waters established the shore line of the present Lake Michigan. rose until they found an outlet across the Valparaiso moraine along the present drainage line of the Des Plaines River. The THE GLACIAL PERIOD 35 broad, deep valley, eroded by the escaping waters of Lake Chicago, is known as the "Chicago Outlet." The valley bluffs of the Chicago Outlet are conspicuous and interesting features of the landscape to the traveler between Chicago and Joliet. The Chicago Outlet furnished easy portage to Joliet and Marquette in 1673, and later to La Salle and other explorers. It became the route, successively, of the Illinois and Michigan Canal; the Santa Fe and the Chicago and Alton raUroads; the Chicago Drainage Canal; and the Chicago and Joliet electric raUroad. The "Chicago Plain," the bottom of Lake Chicago which has been made dry land by the withdrawal of glacial waters, covers much of Cook County and extends into Indiana. Sediment in great quantities was carried by the streams flowing across Illinois from the retreating Wisconsin glacial lobe. This sediment was deposited in the shallow glacial lakes and on the flood plains of the streams. The valleys were so well filled by the excessive water supply, and the sediment was so abundant, that the bottom lands developed along these streams during earlier stages of glaciation were widely and deeply covered by the sediments of the drainage waters of the Wisconsin stage. Where sand was abundant, the winds carried it beyond the immediate limits of the valley, thus forming considerable areas of sand deposits especiaUy in Mason, Tazewell, and other river counties. These sand areas are mainly east of the Illinois River, due to the strength of the prevailing westerly winds. A study of the map reveals the relation of the old bottom lands and the late bottom lands to each other, to the stream valleys, and to the shallow glacial lakes. No. 13 represents the "old river bottom and swamp areas." It is found outside the Wisconsin glaciation along the streams in the IUinoisan glaciation, often separated from the stream by No. 14 repre senting "sand, late swamp, and bottom lands." Before the Wisconsin stage, these flood plains were wholly occupied by No. 13, the "old river bottom and swamp areas." The flood of waters from the Wisconsin glacier with its load of sediment very largely buried these "old river bottom and swamp areas" beneath the materials represented by No. 14 as the "sand, late 36 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS swamp, and bottom lands." Interesting relationships between these old and late river bottoms appear from a study of the map along the IUinois River, along the Mississippi and its tributaries in southern Illinois, and especially along the Wabash and its Illinois tributaries, the Embarras, Little Wabash and its SkiUet Fork, and along the Saline River and its tributaries. Results of glaciation.— No event of geologic history means as much to Illinois as the activities of the North American ice sheet. The fertile soils formed during the Glacial period are of greater value to the citizens of Illinois than the great wealth of the coal de posits of the Pennsyl vanian period. UUnois was so fortunately situ ated that the rock ma terial entering into her glacial soUs was such as to furnish necessary plant food in abundance, thus producing a soU which, with scientific treatment, wiU maintain its fertUity through an indefinite fu ture. In the glacial drift are found deposits of sand, gravel, and clay, valuable for building purposes, for drainage tile, pottery, and road-making materials. The level surface of the glaciated regions of the state have • invited railroad budding which gives aU parts of Illinois splendid transpor tation facilities. Although IUinois stands twenty-third in area, the fact that she stands first in value of farm lands and farm crops, second in raUroad mUeage and wealth, and third in population and manufactures, is due very largely to the extensive and thorough work of the ancient ice sheet within the state. CLAY PIT IN SIDE OF BLUE ISLAND, COOK COUNTY Clay deposits, suitable for brick and tile, are widely distributed through the glacial drift of Illinois. Clay for pottery is found in more limited areas. (Photograph by W. D. Jones.) CHAPTER IV SURFACE AND DRAINAGE General surface features. — Illinois is a part of the Great Central Plain of North America. The relief of the state is not sufficient to form distinct physiographic areas nor to exert marked influence upon the climate. Illinois is but a portion of an extensive fertile plain. Although flatness is characteristic of Illinois as a whole, local relief is sufficient in many parts of the state to interfere decidedly with the construction of highways and railroads. The general uniformity of surface is strikingly broken and varied by the valley trenches of the master-streams and their principal tributaries; by the extensive terminal moraines; by the Ozark Ridge; and by the long-continued erosive power of running water in the unglaciated areas of the state. The highest point in the state, 1,241 feet above sea-level, is Charles Mound in Jo Daviess County, less than a mile from the Illinois-Wisconsin boundary line. The lowest point, 268 feet above the sea, is low-water mark at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The total relief of the state is thus 973 feet. The distance between these two places is 400 rmles; the gradient, therefore, averages about 2\ feet to the mile, or 1 foot to 2,000 feet, a slope so gentle as to be imper ceptible to the eye and difficult of detection by instruments. If, however, the traveler should motor from Charles Mound in Jo Daviess County to the river front at Cairo, he would find many miles of his route presenting other than the average gradient. Jo Daviess County alone has a maximum relief of 666 feet, and the traveler finds that the direction of the roads in the first section of his journey is controUed by the mature topography of the unglaciated area, where the relief of every square mile usually exceeds 100 feet. The roads are laid out to foUow the gentler slopes and to cross the ridges at their lowest notches. Beyond the unglaciated area the roads begin to follow the section lines on the level prairie lands of the 37 38 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS ground moraine of the great ice sheet. As the traveler approaches the broad, steep-sided valley of the Illinois River, he may find it necessary to make a detour of 20 miles or more to find a bridge. The bluffs on each side of thevaUey now determine the location of the highway until the journey has carried the traveler well beyond the immediate edge of the IUinois Valley. The long stretches of level country are some what broken by the shallow valleys of numerous small streams, while the larger vaUeys are deep enough to add variety to the landscape and to present steep gradients in the highway. In VIEW NEAR TUNNEL HILL, JOHNSON COUNTY Pasture fields are common on the level uplands and forested areas in the valleys of the Illinois Ozarks. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) southern IUinois the traveler sees a long, even-topped ridge rising abruptly above the level plain, stretching to the east and west as far as the eye can see. The Ozark Plateau now controls the direction and the gradient of the highways, and for the remaining 40 or 50 miles of the journey the picturesque scenery, the steep and winding roadways, and the difficult fords at small streams lead the traveler to question whether IUinois is the level state so frequently mentioned in books. The route leads across the Illinois Ozarks, down the bluffs of the Ohio to Cairo, situated on the narrow strip of level land between the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. From the levee between the city and the Ohio, the traveler sees the river flowing 50 feet J'- 1 Kilometer Typical flat plain. From Lincoln quadrangle CorCtour interval 10 feet. 5 A '* ** 'imiometer Bluffs along Illinois River bottom. Feoriii quadrangle Contour interval 10 feet . Contois interval 20 feel * '<* V IKUorrveter Bold relief in the Ozark hill country. Equality quadrangle TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS OF FLAT PLAIN, RIVER BLUFFS, OZARK COUNTRY Large areas of Illinois consist of flat plains with slight relief. The Illinois River bluffs are conspicuous topographic features within a plain of slight relief. The rocky uplift of the Ozark Ridge produces an area of rugged lands of considerable extent. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 39 below the levee crest, if in the season of low water; if at flood time, he sees the widened stream stretching away to the Kentucky hills at a level well above the streets of the city, which are securely protected by huge levees built at great expense of labor and money. If we examine the surface of the state, county by county, we shall find that each county has a relief exceeding 100 feet. Among the larger counties, Iroquois has the least maximum "BIG POUR" RAILROAD TUNNEL, TUNNEL HILL, JOHNSON COUNTY The difficulty of crossing the rugged Ozark Ridge by railroad is here met by driving a tunnel 900 feet in length through the solid rock. (Photograph by W. H. Simmons.) relief, 130 feet, while Richland, a smafier county, has a maxi mum relief below that of any other county, 105 feet. Pope County has the greatest relief to be found within any county of the state. The descent from WiUiams HiU, 1,065 feet above sea-level, the highest point in the Illinois Ozarks, to the Ohio River, is 775 feet, with an average faU of 70 feet per mile, or an average of 1 foot to 75 feet. Among the Ozarks and along the highest river bluffs of the state the relief is frequently ¦"- - mki'..^ :\iJ ¦r%ffr};r,& i m Wm/?n; r',% A-'" : +> < - ¦ - : r 99B Wklmn'i;-® , .fi'T;; ¦ ¦ •¦ 1HB mmiii^ ¦¦ J&Z • -'¦- ¦-' '*\ ^w '*; 'A ifl Hf? ' ' ,'•',- f ..' /M ;* i -..i ' ¦ "" ¦ .t ' . „ i k"!,J| ^^Rr ..r.-,.,. ,'¦-'"¦" ; ' K jv''--''-' '*- V" .JRKfrri-; \ff ...... ..... •J'JZ* ¦--¦' --.¦/ WV:':- ¦;¦:' ¦¦-' ,"Y;/c^}";" ''•¦'':¦---' ¦. ;- "i_- •-%-... .» . fflfyV ^Bfc. ,'¦ '''''' !'* ' X'* ' U'-:.^'^, V-..- .... ¦fe'-rt- -'>%:•, £>V £. :- , .v # ' Er • ; -: / P.':- .'('-T'"-' tmFXjS*'--'-- WfW ¦: ¦¦ ; f !"3F'' '^^B Hr.iv- ¦*¦"¦'.- ¦¦!!«- "" • ""»>•. ¦E^ft."/:- ¦" :''~\"^~J ^Hk'^^^H Ihhhhh PHOTOGRAPH OF RELIEF MODEL OF ILLINOIS The strongest relief of the state is found in the unglaciated regions and along the larger stream valleys.- (Model by M. Lorenz.) SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 41 a if ?n hiia-.s DRAINAGE BASINS OF ILLINOIS I. Lake Michigan Basin II. Rock River Basin III. Illinois River Basin IV. Kaskaskia River Basin V. Big Muddy River Basin VI. Minor Basins VII. Wabash River Basin VIII. Ohio River Basin 42 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 200 to 300 feet or even more within the distance of a single mUe. Although irregularities of surface are extensive and very effective in local control of highways, raUroads, and industries, yet the state as a whole is noted for its gentle slopes, having a surface remarkably well adapted to the develop ment of the world's greatest industry, agriculture, and to the building of highways and railroads for easy and rapid transportation to every part of the state. Drainage basins. — The physical features of Illinois con sist of a plain whose surface is varied somewhat by glacial moraines and stream valleys. Differences in altitude are not sufficiently marked to divide the state into distinct physical regions on the basis of elevation. It is possible, however, to divide the state into definite drainage areas. While divides between these basins may not be conspicuous, detailed maps make it possible to mark out their limits with accuracy. The entire state belongs to two large drainage regions: the Lake Michigan Basin and the Mississippi River Basin. The Mississippi Basin in Illinois may be further divided into a number of subordinate basins. The state may be divided as indicated in the accompanying table into eight regions. Drainage Basins of Illinois Number on Drain age Map Basin Area Square Miles Percentage of State I Lake Michigan Rock River Illinois River Kaskaskia River Big Muddy River Minor Basins Wabash River Ohio River 722 5,310 24,040 5,710 2.2306,4888,7702,730 1 3 II 9 5 Ill 43 0 IV 10 2 V 4 0 VI 11 5 VII 15 5 VIII 5 0 Total 56,000 100 0 1 Lake Michigan Basin. — The Lake Michigan Basin has the smaUest area and the largest population of the eight drainage regions into which the state has been divided. It is SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 43 narrowest in Lake County where the divide between Lake Michigan and the Des Plaines River is within 4 to 6 miles of the lake shore. It widens southward to a width of 8 to 12 miles in the Chi cago region, increas ing in southern Cook County and north eastern WUl County to a width of about 20 miles. The divide lies on the Valpa raiso moraine near its inner margin, thus leaving the greater part of this moraine in the IUinois River Basin. The length of the divide from the Wisconsin bound ary to the Indiana boundary is about 100 miles. The area assigned to the Lake Michigan Basin, 722 square miles, is equal to a square whose sides are 27 miles in length, or to a circle whose diameter is 30 mUes. The city of Chicago with an area f 'it) KILOMCTCR3 of nearly 200 square drainage map of lake Michigan basin in Illinois 44 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS mUes occupies 27 per cent of that part of the Lake Michigan Basin in Illinois. More than 40 per cent of the population of Illinois live on the 1 . 3 per cent of the area of the state included in the Lake Michigan Basin. The chief topographic features of this drainage basin are the Chicago Plain and the inner portion of the Valparaiso moraine. The Chicago Plain extends from Winnetka southward to the Indiana boundary and eastward into Indiana around the head of Lake Michigan. It is the bottom of the ancient glacial lake, Lake Chicago, the ancestor of Lake Michigan, which formed to the southward of the great ice sheet and discharged its waters across the Valparaiso moraine through the Chicago Outlet, the present valley of the Des Plaines River. The Chicago Plain is flat with occasional low sand dunes and a few rem nants of the Valparaiso moraine. The natural drainage of the Chicago Plain is through the Chicago CALUMET RIVER, SOUTH OF LAKE CALUMET. I /-• „ 1 * cook county and Calumet rivers The streams of the Chicago Plain are small, an<^ tneir tributaries. shallow, and sluggish. Only at great expendi- The North Branch of ture of money and labor have their lower courses , „! . .-°r.dnt-n OI been made into deep and commodious harbors the Chicago River and wTjones.)1"8' vessels' (photo^Phby the South Branch of the Chicago River unite near Market and South Water streets in the city of Chicago, forming the Chicago River which extends eastward 1| mUes to Lake Michigan. Under natural conditions the waters of these streams flowed with sluggish current into the lake. With the opening of the Chicago Drainage Canal in 1900 the currents of the Chicago River and of the South Branch were reversed, and sufficient water from Lake Michigan has since been flowing westward and southwestward across the natural divide at Summit into the Des Plaines River at Lockport to SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 45 give the city of Chicago proper drainage, and to insure a supply of good water from the lake. The Grand Calumet flows with sluggish current from the sand dunes of Indiana through Gary and Hammond, Indiana, and through South Chicago to Lake Michigan. The Little Calumet enters Illinois from Indiana flowing northwestward; it makes a sharp bend to the east and joins the Grand Calumet at the southern edge of Chicago. Lake Calumet, Hyde Lake, and Wolf Lake are shallow lakes connected with the Grand Calumet River. SAG OUTLET AND SLOPE OF MOUNT FOREST ISLAND The level land in this scene was the bed of a stream of flowing water while Lake Chicago was pouring its waters across the present divide to the Illinois Valley. The higher land at the left of the scene is the margin of Mount Forest Island which was not covered by the waters of Lake Chicago. (Photograph by W. D. Jones.) The indefiniteness of the divide between the Lake Michigan and Illinois River basins is strikingly shown in various ways. In pioneer days a continuous passage for boats was found at times of high water along the Chicago portage between the Des Plaines River and the South Branch of the Chicago River. No great difficulty was experienced in digging the IUinois and Michigan Canal across the divide at Summit; nor in furnishing the canal with a water supply through the "Canal Feeder" constructed across the low divide in the "Sag." The Sag is a broad vaUey once occupied by water flowing from Lake Chicago and separated from the Chicago Outlet; or Des 46 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Plaines Valley, by Mount Forest Island. The observant traveler can see and appreciate these topographic relationships today as he is carried swiftly on the raUroad along the tedious water route followed by Joliet and Marquette in 1673. That portion of the Valparaiso moraine which lies in the Lake Michigan Basin is divided into two parts by the Chicago Outlet. The narrow belt to the north, between the divide and the lake, consists of a series of morainic ridges drained by short, wet-weather streams which have cut deep V-shaped gullies into the lake bluff north of Winnetka, and by the upper course of the North Branch of the Chicago River. The lake shore from the Wisconsin boundary line to the city limits of Chicago, a distance of 36 mUes, is occupied by cities and vUIages at intervals of about two miles. ExceUent railroad service makes possible this remarkable series of residential suburbs along the lake. Here many thousands of people have homes situated on beautiful sites, with healthful sur roundings, and with easy access to the great city. The Valparaiso moraine to the south of the Chicago Outlet is drained on its inner border by short streams tributary to the Little Calumet River. Valparaiso and Laporte, Indiana, are in the Kankakee Basin, while Chicago Heights, Illinois, Ham mond, Gary, and Michigan City, Indiana, are in the Lake Michigan Basin. Rock River Basin. — Rock River rises in Fond du Lac County, about 20 miles south of Oshkosh, Wisconsin. It flows south- westward and empties into the Mississippi 6 mUes below Rock Island, Illinois. The length of the river is 285 miles, and the length of the basin 175 miles. The total area of the basin, 10,800 square miles, is almost equally divided between Wiscon sin and Illinois. The stream has an elevation of 1,000 feet at its source and 540 feet at its mouth. The width of the basin on the state line is 75 miles, about one-half the width of the state along the northern boundary. The basin lies mainly in the Iowan and pre-Iowan glacial deposits. The Pecatonica River flows through Freeport and joins the Rock River at the viUage of Rockton, near the state line. Kishwaukee Creek, on which Belvidere is located, is an eastern tributary which joins the Rock a few mUes below Rockford. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 47 Green River, the most important tributary of the Rock, flows from DeKalb County to Rock Island County, and drains the southern portion of the Rock River Basin in Illinois. The course of Rock River has determined the location of several important cities. On its banks are found Janesville and Beloit in Wisconsin; Rockford, the fifth city of Illinois in population; and the smaller but important cities of Oregon, ;>^3S^1 3lfefe 1V» g^awf ffifii. fraii pm. ¦ :^TM l^k ^^'jBB §* \.ttf^ittM ROCK RIVER NEAR OREGON, OGLE COUNTY Dixon, SterUng, and Rock Falls. Rock Island and Moline are large cities on the Mississippi just above the mouth of Rock River. Glaciation produced profound changes in preglacial drain age. Rock River Basin furnishes evidence of great changes in drainage lines. From Janesville, Wisconsin, to the mouth of Kishwaukee Creek, Rock River flows in a broad preglacial vaUey which continues southward, joining the IUinois VaUey at Great Bend near Hennepin. Rock River, however, turns 48 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS southwestward at the junction of Kishwaukee Creek and flows through a narrow post-glacial valley to Sterling, where it enters the broad plains occupied also by Green River. In its course from Kishwaukee Creek to Sterling the river has cut across stretches of solid rock and thereby produced much picturesque scenery. Between Rock River and the Driftless Area of Jo Daviess County, the glacial drift is so thin that many small streams have deepened their valleys into the underlying bedrock, carving out numerous rock gorges. The greater part of the basin consists of undulating prairie lands with woodlands along the streams. Few of the hiUtops are more than 100 feet above the intervening valleys. The moraines of the Iowan glaciation are low and incon spicuous in the general surface, but a more rugged morainic topography occurs where the Rock River Basin occupies the outer margins of the Valparaiso and Bloomington moraines of the Wisconsin glaciation. A number of eskers are found in the Rock River Basin. The largest and best-defined is the Leaf River or Adeline esker in northern Ogle County. It is found in the vaUey of Leaf River, a western tributary of the Rock, and the village of Adeline is located on the esker near its eastern end. This esker is 12 miles in length; from 100 to 1,000 feet wide; and it rises from 20 feet to 100 feet above the level land on either side. The Hazelhurst esker is on the border between Ogle and Carroll counties. The Garden Plain esker is in Whiteside County, and numerous esker-like ridges are found in Stephenson County. The flat land of the basin is found along the lower course of Rock River and in most of the Green River Basin. These flat lands were originally extensive swamps which have been largely reclaimed by expensive drainage systems. IUinois River system. — The Illinois River is the most impor tant tributary of the Mississippi above the Missouri, and the Ohio is the only eastern tributary of greater importance. The IUinois River lies wholly within the state, but the Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers which unite at the eastern edge of Grundy County to form the IUinois have their sources in Wisconsin and Indiana respectively. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 49 From its source the Illinois River flows almost due westward for 63 miles across Grundy and La Salle counties to the Great Bend at Hennepin in Putnam County. Here the stream bends sharply to the southward. After crossing Putnam County its course is southwestward to the northern edge of Pike County. The stream then flows almost due south to the southern part of Calhoun County, where another sharp bend gives the last few miles of its source an easterly direction to its confluence with the Mississippi River. The IUinois River joins the Mississippi at Grafton, 24 miles above the mouth of the Missouri, 215 miles from the Great Bend, and 278 miles from the confluence of the Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers. The Des Plaines River rises in Racine County, Wisconsin. Its length is about 110 miles, 20 of which are in Wisconsin. Joliet is the largest city on the Des Plaines. The Kankakee River rises near South Bend, Indiana. It has a length of 135 miles, more than half of which is in Indiana. Momence and Kankakee are located on this stream. The total stream length along which water may flow within the Illinois River Basin is more than 400 mUes. The IUinois River has a fall of 50 feet in the 63 miles of its course to the Great Bend, or an average of 10 inches per mUe. At Marseilles, however, the faU amounts to 18 feet in 1| miles, and this makes possible the large water-power development at Marseilles. The fall in the 215 miles from the Great Bend to the Mississippi is only 25 feet, or but little more than 1 inch per mile. The lower course of the Illinois River thus furnishes conditions favorable for navigation but not for power, while the upper course has favorable conditions for power development, but not for navigation except by addi tional canal construction. The width of the Illinois Valley in its upper course is from 1 to 1| miles, while the width below the Great Bend varies from little more than 1 mile at Peoria to more than 7 miles at ChUlicothe and to 15 mUes near the mouth of the Sangamon. The valley sides also vary in height and steepness, depend ing on the nature of the land through which the stream flows. They are low and inconspicuous in the flat swamp lands of Grundy County; high and precipitous where the stream has 50 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS cut through solid rock as at Starved Rock; terraced or steeply sloping where the material of the upland is mainly glacial drift. The sandstone bluffs of the Starved Rock region are about 120 feet above the river in ordinary stages of water. In the Peoria region and below, the bluffs in places rise 150 to 250 feet or more above the vaUey floor. ILLINOIS RIVER FROM SUMMIT OF STARVED ROCK The Illinois River Valley was a favorite route of travel for the Indians, the early explorers, and the early settlers. Joliet, Marquette, La Salle, and Tonti all traversed the region shown in this scene. The Illinois River and Valley have determined the location of numerous cities, some of which are Morris, Marseilles, Ottawa, La Salle, Peru, Spring VaUey, Hennepin, ChUlicothe, Peoria, Pekin, Havana, and Beardstown. The Illinois River receives important tributaries from both sides. The Fox River rises in Waukesha County, Wis consin, flows south and southwest and joins the IUinois at Ottawa. The principal lake region of Illinois is in Lake SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 51 ILLINOIS RIVER VALLEY, LOOKING EAST FROM STARVED ROCK STATE PARK The precipitous sides and comparatively barren crests of the cliffs of St. Peter sandstone maintain a moderate growth of forest trees along the sides of the valley. (Photograph by Helen M. Strong.) VERMILION RIVER AT DEER PARK, LA SALLE COUNTY The natural vegetation in this scene is typical of the wooded areas along stream valleys in the Illinois prairies. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) 52 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS County along Fox River and its tributaries. Elgin, St. Charles, Geneva, Batavia, and Aurora are located on Fox River within a distance of 25 miles. The VermUion River joins the IUinois from the south at La Salle. It flows through Pontiac and Streator. It sometimes is caUed the Illinois- Vermilion to distinguish it from the Wabash- VermUion which flows through Danville and is tributary to the Wabash. The Mackinaw River is an eastern tributary joining the Illinois just below Pekin. Spoon River is a western tributary entering the IUinois near Havana. The Sangamon in its lower course is the boundary between Mason and Cass counties; Decatur is located on the Sangamon, and Springfield a few mUes from it. Bloomington and Lincoln are in the basin of the Sangamon. Crooked Creek flows between Schuyler and Brown counties; and Macoupin Creek joins the IUinois between Greene and Jersey counties. Illinois River Basin. — The IUinois River Basin is the state's largest and most important physiographic region. It lies athwart the state in a northeast-southwest direction, forming a huge, roughly rectangular area 250 miles long and 100 miles wide. At the northeast the rectangle is not closed, but two armlike extensions project into the neighboring states of Wisconsin and Indiana. The Kankakee takes its course somewhat to the north of the center of the Indiana arm, and receives from the south its principal tributary, the Iroquois, which joins the Kankakee at its southernmost bend. The Kankakee Basin is one of the largest areas of exceedingly flat land in IUinois. Its original swamps have been drained for the most part, and level areas of fertile farm lands stretch away in the distance as far as the eye can see. Extensive and expensive drainage systems have made the soU available for agriculture, and the application of the principles of scientific agriculture has given phenomenal increase to crop yields on a soil pecuharly rich in all but one of the plant-food elements. The basins of the Iroquois and Kankakee proper are separated by an arm of the Valparaiso moraine. The Kan kakee is separated from the Lake Michigan and Des Plaines basins by the broad, bulky, and rugged ridges of the main SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 53 body of the Valparaiso moraine which rises to a height of 200 feet or more above the flat lands to the south and west. The Des Plaines River flows along the eastern edge, and Fox River flows along the western edge, of the Wisconsin arm of the Illinois River Basin, within the broad belt of the Val paraiso moraine. The Des Plaines breaks across the moraine along the Chicago Outlet, and the Fox works its way to the western edge of the moraine near Aurora. The surface forma tions of this region are in striking contrast to those of the main part of the Kankakee Basin. The chief topographic feature is the Valparaiso moraine whose broad north-south ridges, separated by stream vaUeys or by more level areas of glacial till, occupy a width of more than 20 miles, and rise to a height of 300 feet above Lake Michigan. The only important lake district of Illinois lies in the Valparaiso moraine of Lake County where the typical irregulari ties of morainal topography furnish numerous small basins which contain bodies of water varying in size from mere ponds to several square miles in extent. Good railroad service and excellent automobUe routes between Chicago and this region are leading to development of summer resorts and summer homes on the shores of many of the lakes. For a distance of 278 miles from the confluence of the Des Plaines and the Kankakee, the IUinois River trenches its basin somewhat to the north and west of a middle line. The most conspicuous topographic feature of the basin is the valley itself, having a width varying from 1 to 15 mUes, bordered by valley sides varying in height from low ridges to precipitous or sloping bluffs rising 100, 200, or even 300 feet above the vaUey floor. The long stretches of the IUinois Valley not spanned by wagon bridge or railroad bridge indicate the strong control of this important vaUey on transportation routes. Wagon bridges have been built only where they give direct approach to a city of some importance. The only wagon bridges across the 215 miles of the valley below the Great Bend are at ChUlicothe, Peoria, Pekin, Havana, and Beardstown. Ferryboats still operate at many inter vening points. Railroad bridges are more numerous than wagon bridges. 54 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The flood plain of the Illinois Valley contains large areas of swamp lands, some of which have been reclaimed by levees built at great expense. As land values increase, additional portions will doubtless be drained. Numerous lakes, portions of former river courses, are found on the flood plain, and in many instances they yield a fish product as valuable as the farm products from an equal area of good agricultural land. The tributary valleys of the Illinois and their numerous subdivisions form a network of vaUeys throughout the entire basin, and everywhere they are important topographic features of the landscape. , They furnish necessary drain age lines; contain inmost cases a fertUe soil; suffer occasionally from high water; and require large expenditures for highway and railroad crossings. The traveler who under stands the development and significance of stream vaUeys will find much to interest and to instruct him as he journeys across IUinois whether by rail road or motor car. Next to the stream valleys, the most conspicuous topo graphic features within the IUinois Basin are the various glacial moraines. These ridges of glacial drift lend variety to an other wise flat landscape. The Illinois Basin contains large portions of all the important systems of glacial moraines in the state— - IUinoisan, Early Wisconsin, and Late Wisconsin — Nos. 2, 9, and 10 of the soil map (facing p. 152). These terminal moraines rise in ridges of gentle or even rugged topography above the more level ground moraines on either side. They are usually distinct and easily traced by the observer. They may appear as low mounds; as short narrow ridges either single or branch ing; or they may be hundreds of miles in length, 10 to 20 miles in width, and 200 feet or more above the level ground DREDGE BOAT USED IN BUILDING LEVEES IN ILLINOIS RIVER SWAMPS Large areas of swamp lands in the flood plains of Illinois streams are capable of recla mation by extensive systems of levees, the building of which is made possible by the dredge boat. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 55 moraine. With the soil map for reference, the traveler may see - and understand these ridges and their significance even when traveling rapidly through the state. The Illinois Basin as a whole is a region of rather flat land, but the slope is everywhere sufficient to insure good drainage except in the flood plains of the main valley and some of its tributaries. Its area of 28,000 square mUes is divided among three states as follows: Illinois contains 24,000 square miles; Indiana 3,000 square miles; and Wisconsin 1,000 square miles. The basin forms an extensive area of extremely fertile agricultural land which, under the IUinois system of scientific agriculture, is destined to remain one of the great food-producing regions of the world. Kaskaskia River Basin. — The Kaskaskia River is also known as the Okaw. It rises in Champaign County where the watersheds of the Wabash, Kaskaskia, and Illinois basins meet. The river flows southwestward and joins the Mississippi in Randolph County. ShelbyviUe and Vandalia are located on the Kaskaskia River; Hillsboro is on Shoal Creek, the most important western tributary; and Centralia on Crooked Creek, the principal eastern tributary. BeUeviUe and Waterloo are on the divide between the Kaskaskia and Mississippi. The basin of the Kaskaskia is about 190 mUes in length, but the river, which is very crooked, has a length of nearly 400 miles. The average width of the basin is 30 mUes and its extreme width about 60 miles. Its area is 5,710 square miles. The basin lies in the Lower IUinoisan, Middle IUinoisan, and Early Wisconsin glaciations. Swamp and overflow lands are common in the valley of the river. The surface of the basin is decidedly level, varied somewhat by the stream valleys, kames, and moraines. A group of glacial ridges known as kames extends from Jackson and Randolph counties through St. Clair County and on to Tower HiU in Shelby County. They are long, narrow ridges or smaUer knoUs rising abruptly from the level plain to heights of 75 to 130 feet. Their distribu tion is weU shown on the soil map. The ShelbyviUe moraine is the outer margin of the Wis consin glaciation. It extends from Indiana westward across 56 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Illinois to ShelbyviUe, the city which has given its name to the moraine. Here the moraine turns abruptly northward. In Peoria County it is overridden by the Bloomington moraine formed at a later stage of the Early Wisconsin glaciation. The ShelbyvUle moraine rises 60 to 100 feet above the level lands of the IUinoisan glaciation. It forms a striking feature in the landscape when seen from the south, but it passes more gradually into the level ground moraine to the north. The moraine is cut by the Kaskaskia at ShelbyviUe. Southward from the ShelbyviUe bridge the vaUey presents the character istics of a broad, well-matured valley, while northward it appears much younger. The two drift sheets in which the vaUey lies differ widely in age and topography, thus giving a sudden change to the appearance of the stream valley. The Kaskaskia VaUey is of historic note as it contains the site of the earliest permanent IUinois settlement and is the seat of the first two capital cities of the state. Big Muddy River Basin. — The Big Muddy River flows along the eastern and southern parts of its basin; the Little Muddy along the center; and Beaucoup Creek along the western part. The basin is somewhat eUiptical in shape with its axes about 70 miles and 50 imles in length. The area is 2,230 square mUes. Most of the surface is level except for the numerous shaUow trenches cut by the streams. In the southern part of the basin, however, the topography changes rapidly from the level plains of the IUinois glaciation to the rugged lands of the IUinois Ozarks. The traveler whose impressions of Illinois topography have been gained from journeys in the central part of the state will find unexpected variety in a journey of only a few mUes southward from Carbondale among the narrow denies and precipitous cliffs of Bosky DeU and Makanda. Rich coal deposits underUe the basin of the Big Muddy, and the mines of this region are among the most productive of the state. A number of important cities are found within the basin. In the eastern part are Mount Vernon, Benton, Johnston City, and Marion; in the southern portion Herrin, CarterviUe, Carbondale, and Murphysboro; in the northwest Duquoin and PinckneyviUe. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 57 Minor basins of the Mississippi.— Areas of considerable extent are a part of the Mississippi Basin, but are not included in the basins already described. These lie along the western edge of the state, including nearly all the IUinois bluffs of the MISSISSIPPI FLOOD PLAIN AND ROCKY BLUFFS, JACKSON COUNTY The abrupt change from level flood plain to precipitous bluff frequently deter- mines, as here, the location of roadways and homes near the foot of the bluff on that part of the plain least likely to be flooded. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) Mississippi with triangular-shaped areas extending eastward from 10 to 50 miles. They include much of the most rugged and most picturesque scenery of the state. The immediate bluffs rise to heights of 100, 200, and 300 feet, or more, above the flood plain of the Mississippi. 58 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The Driftless Area of northwestern Illinois, which includes nearly all of Jo Daviess County and small areas of Stephenson and Carroll counties, is equaled in ruggedness of topography only by the Ozarks of the southern part of the state. The land surface presents a mature topography. Slopes of con siderable steepness occur throughout the unglaciated region. Galena, Apple, and Plum rivers are the principal streams of Jo Daviess and Carroll counties. Galena is the principal city. Lead and zinc mining is carried on in the Driftless Area. In Whiteside County, and in Rock Island County to the mouth of Rock River, the Rock River Basin approaches very near to the Mississippi bluffs. Fulton, East Moline, Moline, and Rock Island are located on small upland areas with lower lands on all sides. Edwards River, Pope Creek, and Hender son River, which enter the Mississippi in Mercer and Henderson counties, are the longest streams of the minor basins of the Mississippi. Edwards River drains land more than 50 miles from the Mississippi. Hamilton, in Hancock County, is at the Illinois end of the great Keokuk dam. Warsaw is located on the Mississippi a few miles below HamUton. Quincy, for many years the largest city of Illinois on the Mississippi, has recently been outstripped by East St. Louis. The unglaciated region of Pike and Calhoun counties forms a narrow, rugged, elevated ridge which separates the Missis sippi and Illinois rivers. This line of upheaval extends east of the Illinois through southern Jersey County into Madison County. A narrow limestone ridge extends from St. Clair County through Monroe and Randolph counties to Jackson County, where it joins the main ridge of the Illinois Ozarks. This ridge is from 5 to 10 miles wide and stands 100 to 200 feet above the level plains of the Kaskaskia and Big Muddy basins. The region has numerous caves. The surface is thickly dotted with sink holes characteristic of limestone regions with under ground drainage. This long, narrow ridge is broken only at two places where the Kaskaskia and Big Muddy flow across it in water gaps less than 2 miles in width. As the traveler journeys southward from East St. Louis on the St. Louis, SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 59 Iron Mountain, and Southern Railroad, he may observe this precipitous ridge which rises to the east as an object of beauty and grandeur. The river gaps are also clearly noticeable. The term "American Bottoms" is applied to that part of the Mississippi flood plain in Illinois extending southward from the bluffs at Alton. It is commonly applied to the exception- aUy wide portion extending from Alton to Prairie du Pont Creek in St. Clair County. In this region the average width is about 7 miles. The name is also applied to all the Mississippi flood plain in IUinois from Alton to Cairo at the mouth of the Ohio. On this broad valley floor in Madison and St. Clair counties are Granite City, Madison, Venice, and East St. Louis. This populous district is protected by an elaborate system of levees. The flood plain of the Mississippi is noted in the pioneer history of Illinois. Cahokia, one of the first permanent settlements, now a small village, is located about 4 miles south of East#St. Louis. Old Fort Chartres, now a state park, is in northwestern Randolph County near Prairie du Rocher. Old Kaskaskia, the first permanent settlement in Illinois, and once the metropolis of the Mississippi Valley, occupied a site which now lies in the bed of the present main channel of the Mississippi River. Wabash River Basin. — The Wabash River rises in the western part of Ohio, flows west and southwest across Indiana, and from a point 15 miles below Terre Haute, Indiana, to its junction with the Ohio River, forms the Illinois-Indiana boundary line. Of the 33 ,000 square miles of the Wabash River Basin, 8,770 square miles are in Illinois. There are several important IUinois tributaries. The Vermilion, on which Dan ville is located, flows across a portion of Indiana to reach the Wabash. The Embarras is one of a group of streams which have their sources in the vicinity of Champaign and Urbana, and radiate in various directions to widely separated regions of the state. The Embarras flows southward through Cham paign, Douglas, Coles, Cumberland, and Jasper counties, then southeastward, touching Richland County and crossing Crawford and Lawrence counties. Along its course are Newton and Lawrenceville; within its basin are Tuscola, 60 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Charleston, and Bridgeport. Bonpas Creek enters the Wabash at Grayville. The Little Wabash rises near Mattoon and flows southward nearly parallel with the Embarras, about 25 miles farther west. It joins the Wabash between White and GaUatin counties 15 mUes above the Ohio. Skillet Fork is an impor tant western tributary of the Little Wabash. Effingham, LouisvUle, and Carmi are on or near the Little Wabash. Olney and Fairfield are on tributaries. The Wabash River Basin in IUinois occupies portions of the Early Wisconsin and Lower IUinoisan glaciations. The surface features of the northern portion consist of the level ground moraines of the Early Wisconsin, varied by numerous ridges of the Bloomington, Champaign, and ShelbyviUe terminal moraines. The topography of the southern portion is exceed ingly flat throughout as there is but slight development of moraines. In extensive areas not a knoU as much as 10 feet in height is to be found. This general flatness is interrupted, however, by the broad, shallow trenches of weU-developed stream valleys. The bluffs and flood plain of the Wabash are important topographic features of this part of Illinois. . Ohio River Basin. — That part of IUinois which drains directly into the Ohio has an area of 2,730 square miles, and it contains the most rugged topography of the state, the Illinois Ozarks. The Saline River and its tributaries reach northward in the level Lower IUinoisan glaciation to Hamilton County and southward to the crest of the Ozarks. Its basin has an area of 1,130 square miles. Harrisburg and Eldorado are in one of the most productive coal regions of the state. Cache Valley, once occupied by the Ohio River, extends between two highland areas across Pope County, along the edges of Johnson, Union, Massac, Pulaski, and Alexander counties, and unites with the flood plains of both the Mississippi and Ohio. The eastern end of the valley is drained by Big Bay Creek, which rises in Johnson County and flows eastward across Pope County to the Ohio. Its basin has an area of 275 square miles. The larger part of the valley is drained by Cache River, which rises in the highlands to the north; SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 61 enters the valley in Massac County; flows westward and south ward, joining the Ohio between Mound City and Cairo. The basin of the Cache River has an area of 623 square miles. The divide between Big Bay Creek and Cache River lies in the swamp and overflow lands of the Cache Valley. So slight is this divide that a deep ditch in Big Bay Creek has been extended westward far enough to reverse a part of the natural drainage of the Cache River system. The Ohio River is an important transportation route. The county seats of the six Illinois counties along the 126 miles of the Ohio are all river ports. These are Shawnee- town, Elizabethtown, Golconda, Metropolis, Mound City, and Cairo. Rugged areas of Illinois. — Although Illinois is characterized by slight relief and broad areas of level lands, there are a few regions of sufficient ruggedness to merit special mention and to attract the attention of tourists who wish to visit those portions of Illinois presenting scenery in striking contrast to the flat prairie lands of the rich agricultural districts. The state-aid system of good roads leads into every county of the state, and these picturesque regions will thus be opened to automobile parties for easy and profitable exploration. The Ozark Ridge. — The Ozark Highland, of which the Illinois Ozarks is a spur, is the most conspicuous elevated region between the Appalachian and the Rocky mountains. Its area of 50,000 square miles is shared by five states, with 33,000 square miles in southern Missouri, 13,000 in northern Arkansas, 3,000 in northeastern Oklahoma, and the remaining 1,000 square miles in southern Illinois and southeastern Kansas, the area in Illinois being larger than that in Kansas. The Ozark Ridge of southern Illinois is the most conspicuous single topographic feature in the state. It extends eastward across the state from the flood plains of the Big Muddy and Mississippi rivers in Jackson and Union counties to the flood plains of the Saline and Ohio rivers in Gallatin and Hardin counties, a distance of about 70 miles. Its northern edge extends east-west in the southern portions of Jackson, William son, Saline, and GaUatin counties, while the southern edge is found along a more irregular line across the southern portions 62 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS of Union, Johnson, Pope, and Hardin counties. To the north lie the lower lands of the Big Muddy and Saline river basins, and to the south the bottom lands of the Ohio, Big Bay, and Cache rivers. The axis of the ridge thus lies along an east- west line in the northern portions of the four counties last named. A rectangle 70 miles in east-west extent and 12 miles in north-south dimension includes nearly all of the highlands of the Ozark Ridge in Illinois and considerable areas of lowlands TYPICAL VIEW OF THE OZARK HILLS ABOUT THREE MILES WEST OF EDDYVILLE, POPE COUNTY The rugged Ozarks may present barren rocks, forested areas, or fairly good farm lands. The presence of the rail fence indicates an important local use of the timber. (Photograph by Clarence Bonnell.) along the stream valleys. The area, more than 600 feet above sea-level, is nearly 400 square miles in extent, and the total area, more than 500 feet in elevation, is about twice as large. The crest of the ridge, in at least four areas, rises above 700 feet, with the culminating peak, Williams' HU1 in north eastern Pope County, rising to an altitude of 1,065 feet above sea-level, and more than 700 feet above the Ohio River 12 miles distant. 10 MILES 10 KILOMETERS] PHYSICAL MAP OF THE OZARKS The highest point in the Illinois Ozarks is Williams' Hill, 1,065 feet, in northeastern Pope County. No point in Illinois between the Ozark Ridge and the rugged lands of Jo Daviess County reaches the 1,000-foot level. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 63 The Ozark Ridge rises somewhat abruptly from the border ing lowlands to elevations of 300 to 700 feet above the plains. Short, swift streams have eroded much of the area into rugged hills and ridges with numerous valleys. Some of these valleys are so narrow and steep that no bottom lands have yet been developed; others contain bottom lands of sufficient area to provide fertile farms. The ridges are in places too narrow and too rugged for cultivation, while in other portions, where stream erosion has not yet fuUy dissected the uplands, relatively large areas are capable of profitable cultivation. The topog raphy, climate, and soil of certain portions of the IUinois Ozarks are well adapted to fruit growing, and orchards have been de veloped with profit. A narrow spur ex tends southward from the main ridge in Jack son County into the northern portion of Alexander County be tween the Cache and Mississippi rivers. In the southern portions of Pulaski, Massac, and Pope counties, rugged hills and ridges are found between the broad flood plains of Cache and Big Bay rivers on the north and the Ohio River on the south. These detached highland areas are a part of the Ozark system. Small detached hills and ridges of solid rock are also found in the Mississippi flood plain in Jackson County and in the lowlands near the Saline and Ohio rivers in Gallatin and Hardin counties. Sink holes and caves are found in some of the limestone regions of the Illinois Ozarks. The village of "Cave-in-Rock" in Hardin County is so named because of the presence of a large cave in the rocks along the Ohio River near the village. From the western end of the Ozark Ridge in Jackson County, a long, narrow, rugged belt of limestone rocks extends northwestward between the Mississippi flood plain on the COUNTRY HOME AMONG THE OZARKS NEAR TUNNEL HILL, JOHNSON COUNTY (Photograph by W. H. Simmons) 64 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS west and the coal-producing regions to the east, crossing the Mississippi River south of East St. Louis. It rises 300 to 400 feet above the Mississippi and 200 to 300 feet above the plains to the east. The ridge is 5 to 10 miles wide and is con tinuous throughout its extent of about 80 miles in Illinois except for two gaps, each not more than 2 mUes in width, made by the Big Muddy and Kaskaskia rivers. In this limestone ridge sink holes and caves are common, and under ground drainage through these sink holes and caves prevents the development of systematic vaUey systems on the surface. This rugged belt has an elevation of 650 to 750 feet above sea-level. It forms the eastern edge of the extensive Ozark Highland which has its chief development on the opposite side of the Mississippi in southern Missouri. The narrow belt in Illinois has been severed from the main highland by the Mississippi River. The topographic control of the Ozark Ridge on the courses of streams and on the location and direction of highways and railroads is very marked. No stream within the state crosses the highland in a north-south direction. Short, swift streams flow down the steep northern slope to the Big Muddy and Saline rivers. The rapid streams on the south slope of the main ridge carry their waters quickly to the sluggish Cache River and Big Bay Creek, which occupy an abandoned channel of the Ohio. No railroad traverses the Ozark region along an east-west line. Low passes are sought, for north-south lines, and at Tunnel Hill in Johnson County a railroad tunnel, 900 feet in length, has been driven through solid rock. High ways seek the lowest passes and the easiest grades which, at their best, are difficult of ascent. Other rugged areas. — Near the junction of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, a geological uplift has given rise to rugged lands in Jersey, Calhoun, and Pike counties. Just east of the mouth of the Illinois River, a few points have an altitude of more than 800 feet above sea-level. The rugged ridge of Calhoun County and southern Pike County is 700 to 750 feet above sea-level. In the northwestern part of Illinois, including Jo Daviess County and portions of Stephenson and Carroll counties, is SURFACE AND DRAINAGE 65 found the rugged land of the Driftless Area, which is more extensive in Wisconsin than in Illinois. "Mounds" and "knobs" are more characteristic of the topography of this region than ridges. Charles Mound, 1,241 feet above sea- level, in Jo Daviess County near the state line, is the highest point within IUinois. These mounds rise 75 to 300 feet above the more level land of the region, and vary in size from a few acres to several square miles. The numerous mounds and well-developed drainage systems make this region one of varied topography. These rugged areas of Illinois together with the river bluffs of the main streams, especially the Illinois, Mississippi, and Ohio, furnish a greater variety of interesting and picturesque scenery than is usually credited to the Prairie State. Summary. — While IUinois is rightly considered as a part of a flat plain, its surface features are sufficiently extensive and varied to present striking contrasts of scenery and of land values. While the swamps and shallow lakes of the Illinois uplands have been drained and turned into fertile fields, there still remain numerous difficult and expensive reclamation projects along the flood plains of bordering and of state streams. Twenty-three of the forty-eight states of the nation furnish water which flows across Illinois or along the borders of the state. Populous commercial centers so located as to be subject to flood damage must ever apply the best methods of securing protection against the floods which come from time to time. CHAPTER V WEATHER AND CLIMATE Illinois weather and climate. — IUinois experiences the weather and climate characteristic of middle latitudes in the interior of continents. It Ues nearer the equator than the pole. The fortieth parallel passes through the central part of the state. This latitude insures long days and steep sun's rays in summer with abundant warmth and sunshine for the growth of staple food crops. It also insures short days and slanting rays in winter with cold weather, for which provision must be made during the preceding summer. The latitude of Illinois places it throughout the year in the belt of the prevaUing westerly winds, whose usual direction is interrupted at inter vals of a few days by the passage of low-pressure areas, or cyclonic storms, of large extent, averaging about 500 miles in diameter. These cyclones carry rainfall from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean to Illinois and the Mississippi VaUey. Only a few smaU areas of IUinois have an elevation of more than 1,000 feet above the sea. The state is a plain with an average altitude of about 600 feet. The sUght differences of elevation within the state have but little influence upon distri bution of temperature or rainfaU, and they permit easy move ment of winds in aU directions. AU parts of the state lie more than 500 mUes from the Gulf of Mexico, more than 600 miles from the Atlantic, and more than 1,500 mUes from the Pacific Ocean. The long distance to the Pacific and the high intervening mountains preclude the possi bility of important influence of the western ocean on the cUmate of Illinois. The open plains to the Gulf and the moderate altitude of the Appalachians furnish free passage to Illinois of the moisture-bearing winds, which, under cyclonic influences, blow from the Gulf and the Atlantic, bringing the abundant and well-distributed rainfaU which enables IUinois to rank as the first agricultural state in the Union. 66 WEATHER AND CLIMATE 67 The location of Illinois, therefore, determines that the weather and climate shall be of the continental type with Paths of Highs in the United States. (After Van Cleef) ^^ -^^SS^k^k.— ^k4^^^>tts?^^20p%££mmkWryf ' tv y'Y 1 I / 1 . Paths of Lows in the United States. (After Van Cleef) warm summers, cold winters, and a rainfaU exceptionally well adapted to. the development of agricultural pursuits. 68 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Changeableness of Illinois weather. — In a region situated as Illinois is, weather changes are frequently rapid and occasionally excessive. The ordinary temperature changes controlled by solar influences whereby the heat of the day gradually increases until an hour or two after midday, and then graduaUy decreases during late afternoon and all night, may, under cyclonic influences, be greatly modified or entirely reversed. The following rapid changes in temperature took place at Chicago, but all parts of the state have similar experiences. On May 10, 1911, the temperature rose 27° F. in two hours; on CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE The thermograph records here shown indicate that a violent fall of temperature may take place during the hours of the day when temperature is normally rising, also that the temperature may remain stationary during an entire 24-hour period. April 11, 1910, the temperature fell 28° F. in one hour; on March 29-30, 1895, the temperature rose 48° F. in a twenty-four-hour period; on November 11-12, 1911, the temperature fell 61° F. in a twenty-four-hour period. This rapid temperature change was general throughout the state. At some stations the fall was from 84° F. to 19° F., or 65° F. in an eighteen-hour period. While this is the most remarkable change of temperature recorded by the Weather Bureau, more striking results occurred during a sudden drop in temperature on December 20, 1836, as shown by reports of citizens living at that time in central IUinois. Early in the day, with a temperature of about 40° F., a WEATHER AND CLIMATE 69 rain had changed the snow on the ground to slush. Suddenly the temperature grew colder, and in a few minutes the slush became solid ice strong enough to bear the weight of a horse. Chickens were caught in the freezing slush and held fast. Ducks swimming on the pond had ice frozen to their feet and feathers. A man riding to Springfield on horseback through the rain was frozen to his saddle. Arriving at Springfield, he and his saddle were removed from the horse, carried into a warm room and thawed apart. In striking contrast to these unusual changes, the temperature at Chicago on March 24, 1891, remained all day at 32° F. Winds may blow steadily from one direction for an entire day or for several days; they may change direction with such 15- 10- 5 - • : ~ 1 X - A... .1. T 1 jL , 2.57 2.74 2.41) JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION OF STATE AS A WHOLE The heavier rainfall of May, June, and July is favorable to growing crops, while the lighter rainfall of the later months is especially favorable for the threshing of the small grains and the ripening and gathering of corn. rapidity that they blow from all quarters of the compass within a few hours; they may change velocity in a short time from a gentle breeze to a strong gale. While the average wind velocity at Chicago is 13 miles per hour, or 312 miles per day, on February 12, 1894, during a severe storm, the wind move ment for the twenty-four hours was 1,347 miles, an average of 56 mUes per hour. For a five-minute period the rate was 84 miles per hour, and the fastest mile was at the rate of 115 miles per hour. The rainfaU for each month in Illinois averages more than 2 inches and less than 5 inches, yet the monthly precipitation may vary from 0.00 as at Bushnell, McDonough County, and at Yorkville, Kendall County, in November, 1904, to 20.03 inches as at Monmouth, Warren County, in September, 1911. 70 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The rainfall resulting from the passage of a single cyclonic disturbance may vary from a mere sprinkle to a heavy down pour of more than 8 inches, which resulted from the passage of the Galveston hurricane across the state August 17-18, 1915. Rain may fall so gently that dry ground is barely moist after an hour or more, or it may fall at the rate of 1 inch in 8 minutes as at Springfield on July 23, 1917. The former record was 1 inch in 12 minutes. Unchangeableness of Illinois climate. — Since climate deals with averages of the various weather elements, sudden changes ICE IN OHIO RIVER AT CAIRO In December, 1917, the coldest December for Illinois, the Ohio River could be crossed at Cairo on the ice for the first time in history. (Photograph by Florence Snyder.)of temperature, unexpected shifting of wind direction, violent wind storms, unusual drought, or excessive rainfaU may not modify to any appreciable extent the averages based on thousands of observations extending over periods of 20 to 40 years. Climatic maps thus take on a character of permanence whUe weather maps for a day, or a month, or a year may present a wide variation from the climatic conditions estabUshed on averages of 20 or more records of weather conditions at a station for a certain date, a certain month, or a certain year. WEATHER AND CLIMATE 71 An average temperature established by observations over a long period of years is known as the normal temperature. Even when marked departures from the normal occur, the excess is reduced to very slight changes on the average. Thus, while July, 1901, holds the record of the state as the hottest month with an average of 82.2° F., an excess of 6.3° above the normal for July, the average temperature of the year for 80 b-fq £ T V A/a?si/u. - - 7E, *IP£A 'A TUr '£ / 'OP T£AiP£ff,\rum: ^ '9/8 X ¦267 Z/2 X 10,0 '4>-/2 -6.7 ¦/22 \-/Z7 JAN. FEB. A\AR. AP/f. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCr NOV DEC. TEMPERATURE DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL The normal temperature, determined from the averages of many years, is represented by a smooth curve, while the temperature of a single year may depart from the normal sufficiently to produce irregularities in the curve for that year. the state was 0.1° below the normal for the state. While December, 1917, was 8 . 1° colder than the normal for Decem ber, the year 1917 was but 2.5° colder than the normal annual temperature. These departures, when combined with all previous records, change the averages only slightly. In fact, December, 1918, was 8.2° warmer than normal, thus offsetting completely in the average for December the unusually cold temperature of the previous December. WhUe January, 1918, 72 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS holds the record of the state as the coldest month, with an average of 12.6°, or 14.3° colder than the normal for January, the average for 1918 was 0.5° warmer than normal. The normal annual rainfall of the state, 36.54 inches, would be changed only a fraction of an inch by the 47-inch rainfaU of 1898, or by the 25-inch rainfall of 1901. In fact, when both these extremes of rainfall are used in the computation their influence on the average entirely disappears. DAILY VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE JANUARY-JUNE, 1917 The 365 vertical lines of this graph with its continuation on page 73 show the daily range of temperature for every day during the year 1917. This unchangeable character of the state's climate does not indicate uniformity of climate throughout the year. IlUnois has a climate of the continental type and therefore experiences great seasonal changes of temperature with smaUer seasonal variations in rainfall. The average temperature for the coldest month, January, is 26.9°, and that of the warmest month, July, 75 .9°. December has the smaUest average precipitation, 2.16 inches, and May has the largest, 4.07 inches. Weather Bureau stations.— The United States Weather Bureau Service was established in 1870. It has been enlarged WEATHER AND CLIMATE 73 and extended until there are now 200 regular stations, fully equipped, and in charge of trained observers. Four of these stations are in Illinois. The one at Chicago is in the Federal Building; the one at Peoria is in the Weather Bureau Building on the campus of Bradley Polytechnic Institute; the one at Springfield is in the Weather Bureau Building at 107 Monroe Street; and the one at Cairo is in the Federal Building. Each of these stations is equipped with a full set of instruments for DAILY VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE JULY-DECEMBER, 1917 measuring temperature; pressure; direction and velocity of wind; rainfaU; snowfaU; humidity; sunshine and cloudiness. The Chicago station issues district forecasts for Illinois, Wisconsin, and states west to Montana. It has charge of the storm-warning equipment for a part of Lake Michigan. It is the central office for the corn and wheat regions of the country. The Springfield station is the section center for the state. It receives reports from the co-operative observers and issues monthly and annual reports for the state. It also receives reports from a large number of crop correspondents throughout the state and issues a weekly report of Illinois crop conditions 74 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS MtCamSA ¦— i T'J/2m' ! Apmng^ , TlaO/rn Pawfte& | j t'Z\ j i \Jbtteti 'division jssd ' i--i ! fS"1 ¦* ; ° '• lm&d>r.j \ °'/amit | .J^onfiac Hfym,/< ^MrtaJT** ]AfacomM i-~' 'p/oo/nington liWarsmv \ \ ., "<&*"" '--, {., : H™ iUnco/ril Clinton/ j?^***^-; ,.r~ QENTjRA U \ hBeardskow/i i i „ ! ^T r--*— ; Berne/it. Gr/gys w//e\ H, Alexander ,1* »-;-. •%>. , I ! Mofr/'sonvi//ex •fioiten ? /fdppeston r ! /br/j White Haft Car/i/rt-'/Y/e ^.i , 1 yflifkbardx ! Montr&se Green rffle \ "J f \ T w \ -90- ;, A t_ * V H * i * \ -n * / >.< c ) -70- * ¥ f \ * -10 t J / V % % -60 f W \ % ¦a .<- T- > i ¦-50- 7 \ '" / . ^ \ * / *¦ \ / W \ V -o / l / \ \ C i — f / \ * -i , \ > i / s -10 i '" > -10 -30 1 1 1 -/0- 1 1 1 PR rCI PI rAT IOA / ¦ II! III ) hmi i i 1 1 1 1 i m j" V Ft est VfAf *? n YJU VLJb .r ai CSC °ra T AH v a c^' t- WEATHER CONDITIONS IN NORTHERN DIVISION ( c -o--4' + ?£ too\ -* \ & >j . -90- !$ ^ \ \ .10 c * * * \\ — \ » -IS I a> / \ % -* ¦' -& 7 \ 10 3 \ -60- /, 1- \ IS & \ -10- 7 I , \ / s \ v .*-) 1 / >f / \ \ / y < \ k» 0 - 1 -¦/ \ \ / \ -lO ¦1 i \ C , i i \ i 1 t i f i - o- 1 t t -10 1 1 i -¦10- ! i i -li Nf °fl ~» * \ \ - GO- 4 \ * % SO - j * / ++C * < " y V h r?0- ^ / \ 9 \ -60- _ .* / i \ -50-- 7 / i — < > \ / \ \ -40-~ / /' * \ c >— r s \ -30-' 7 \ ?. > \ \ -zo- <¦/ \ / f . „- / t 1 t 1 t 1 i * \ rio-\ i )* i 1 3« ¦ci °/7 AT ON -10-1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ¦ JAN FEBMAR APR FWJLME, XMJf AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC F" C° WEATHER CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN DIVISION 78 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS not all extremes are shown. Sycamore in DeKalb County has the lowest annual temperature in the state, 47.1°, and Cairo the highest, 57.6°, giving a difference of 10.5° This is at the rate of 1° to 33 miles, or about 2° of temperature to 1° of latitude. In July, however, the differences are less, and in January more, than for the year. In July the lowest temperature, 71.8°, is at Riley in McHenry County, and the TABLE I Temperatures for Selected Stations Stations Latitude Normal Temperatures Extreme Temperatures Annual July Jan uary Highest Lowest Range 42°16'41°53'41°49' 4121' 41°13'40°42' 40°35' 40°00'39°48'39°00'38°53'38° T 38° 3' 37°35'37°00' 48.248.548.5 50.4 50.049.9 51.251.0 52.253.854.255.755.655.357.6 73.972.473.675.574.975.476.474.776.576.777.7 77.777.976.778.6 21.023.721.2 24.1 23.7 23.124.126.026.329.529.432.6 31.833.034.8 110 103 111 112108106108105107105113111 110112106 -26-23-30-26-30-27-30-26-24-21 -21-23 -19 -26-16 136 126 141 Ottawa Aledo 138 138 Peoria 133138 Philo 131 Springfield 131126 Greenville 134134 McLeansboro New Bumside .... 129138122 State averages for 52.0 75.4 26.9 115 -32 147 All temperature readings are given in Fahrenheit degrees. highest, 79.7°, at Carbondale in Jackson County. This gives a difference of 7.9° among the stations of the state. In January, the lowest temperature, 17.9°, is at Freeport in Stephenson County, and the highest, 35.8°, at Equality in GaUatin County, giving a difference of 17.9°, or 2\ times as great as for July. All parts of the state have experienced temperatures above 100° and below —15°. The coldest tem perature on record for the state, —32°, occurred in Ashton, WEATHER AND CLIMATE 79 Lee County, February 13, 1905, the hottest, 115°, at Centralia, in Marion County, July 22, 1901. The extreme range for Illinois is thus 147°. The temperature range for the United States is 184°, and for the world 217°. frost seasons for selected stations June, July, and August are the only frost-free months for all parts of the state. Occasional frost occurs in May and September for all parts of the state except the extreme southern portion. TABLE II Frost Dates for Selected Stations Average Date of Average Number of Days without Frost Date of Stations Last Killing Frost in Spring First Killing Frost in Autumn Latest Killing Frost in Spring Earliest Killing Frost in Autumn Rockford Chicago Morrison Ottawa May 7 Apr. 9 May 4 Apr. 26 Apr. 29 Apr. 15 Apr. 25 Apr. 30 Apr. 16 Apr. 19 Apr. 14 Apr. 18 Apr. 14 Apr. 19 Mar. 29 Oct. 6 Oct. 22 Oct. 10 Oct. 12 Oct. 14 Oct. 18 Oct. 4 Oct. 12 Oct. 17 Oct. 15 Oct. 20 Oct. 16 Oct. 17 Oct. 16 Oct. 27 160182 161 168 168186162 154184179189170186 180 211 May 31 May 23 May 27 May 21 May 11 May 11 May 16 May 31 May 22 May 14 May 6 May 7 May 5 May 14 Apr. 19 Sept. 18 Sept. 27 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 26 Peoria La Harpe Philo Sept. 30 Sept. 13 Sept. 13 Palestine Greenville Sept. 25 Sept. 19 Sept. 29 Sept. 14 McLeansboro. . . New Burnside . . Sept. 19 Sept. 23 Sept. 30 80 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Table II, which records frost data, indicates the average length of the frost-free season or the "growing season" at the various stations. It also shows the extent to which this period has been shortened at times in the spring and in the faU. The growing season of the state varies from 5 months in the north to 7 months in the south. The longer growing period of southern Illinois and the somewhat less severe winter temperatures give more favorable conditions for fruit growing than are found in the northern part of the state. It also makes possible the successful cultivation of cotton in the lowlands of the extreme southern part of the state. TABLE III Average Precipitation, in Inches, for Selected Stations Stations (* S S Growing Season ± Z PH Rockford Chicago Morrison Ottawa Aledo Peoria La Harpe Philo Springfield. . . . Palestine Greenville Sparta McLeansboro. . New Burnside. . Cairo State averages for all sta tions 35.8033.2834.9234.0831.4936.2937.78 35.74 36.96 40.8442.13 39.84 40.57 42.45 41.70 9.768.80 10.41 9. 9.00 10.5010.5610.3710.8711.0911.9611.48 11.4312.0311.42 11.32 10.1811.94 10.38 9.65 10.20 12.2310.3810.0111.3211.7210.77 10.7310.7810.69 8.308.077.737.888.488.33 8.608.108.639.32 9.709.348.699.41 9.12 6.426.23 4.84 6.02 4.36 7.26 6.396. 7.459.118.75 8.259.72 10.2310.48 21.81 19.45 23.3720.9820.92 20.8624.22 20.51 21.1821.69 23.7521.8721.21 21.6420.56 61 5867616657 64 5757 5356 555251 49 42.234.631.527.921.922.528.1 19.8 21.4 18.9 25.6 16.214.612.911.7 36.54 10.33 10.76 8.47 6.98 21.65 59 24.6 Table III, which records precipitation, shows the normal annual rainfall and the amount received in each of the four seasons, also the amount falling during the six months, AprU WEATHER AND CLIMATE 81 to September, inclusive — the half of the year during which crops make practically all their growth. In recording snowfall as a part of the precipitation, RocvtorDChicago/Aodduon OttaiaLaHaopePhilo SPtUNGFiriDRuxsttneGnoNvruz Sr-vpta /nCL&WSBODONivBubuim ^^^^ AL : ANNU XTFAL ¦¦¦ AVERAC 23Jjf |Sno\ AVERAGE annual snowfall In . .. general, the snowfall increases rapidly with latitude or distance from the equator. Snow is melted and re ported as a part of the rainfall. About 10 or 12 inches of snow are equal to 1 inch of rainfall. the observer makes three records; one indicates the depth of newly fallen snow on the level; another, the depth of snow including previous snowfalls; and the other, the amount of water obtained by melting the snow which fell during the past 24 hours. This latter result is added to the rain fall of the month, and thus snowfall finds its way into the precipitation records as rain. The table shows clearly the influences of latitude on the amount of snowfall received. The annual -rainfaU map shows that the normal annual rainfaU of Illinois is not as regu larly distributed as the normal annual tempera ture. There is, however, a similar change as the state is crossed from north to south. The least normal annual rainfaU reported by any station is 31 . 28 inches at Elgin in Kane County; the heaviest is 47.44 inches among the Ozark Hills at Anna in Union County, making a difference of 16 . 16 inches. The normal annual rainfaU for the state, 36 .54 inches, with its seasonal distribution, is exceptionaUy favorable for the VEGETATION WEIGHED DOWN WITH WINTER SNOW AT CORNELL, LIVINGSTON COUNTY Damp, clinging snow, falling without strong winds, covers bushes and trees with a mantle of white. (Photograph by Mabel Jones.) 82 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS production of maximum crops. If the average rainfaU were the actual rainfall year by year, season by season, and month by month, there would be no crop failures of any kind; there would be neither swoUen streams nor flooded farm lands; the larger precipitation of spring and summer would always suffice for the rapid growth of all crops; and the smaUer rainfall of autumn and winter would give the best of weather for har vesting and threshing small grains, and for the ripening and gathering of corn. The normal temperatures of the state and the average length of the growing season are also favorable for the production of large yields of staple farm crops. It is be cause the normal or average cUmatic conditions of Illinois are especially satisfactory that the state can undergo marked variations from aver age conditions without dis astrous results. The rainfall of a single year. — A study of the cli matic factors of a single year shows that weather condi tions may vary widely from the climatic averages. The abundant crops of 1915 were produced with an annual rainfall for the state of 41 .90 inches, an excess of 4.77 inches. The variations among stations were from 29.46 inches at JoUet, where the deficiency for the year was 3.33 inches, to 59.16 inches at Chester, Ran- doph County, where the excess was 16.21 inches. The differ ence between the two stations for this year was 29.70 inches, while the greatest difference between the normal annual rain- NORMAL PRECIPITATION Normal precipitation, like normal tem perature, decreases from south to north, but somewhat less regularly than normal temperature. WEATHER AND CLIMATE 83 fall for any two stations is 16.16 inches, and the difference between the six northernmost and the seven southernmost counties is 10 . 55 inches. During 1915 the varia tion in rainfall by months was from only a trace at Fairfield, Wayne County, in April, to 14.77 inches at Griggs- ville, Pike County, in June. There was a de ficiency of rainfall in the months of February, March, AprU, October, and November amount ing to 6.45 inches. The excess of 11.22 inches during the other seven months was suffi cient to equal the defi ciency of these five months and to add an excess of 4.77 inches for the year. The table of state averages (Table IV) shows how the pre cipitation of 1915 varied from the normal by months. 10 20 30 40 In. ^B APR..- SEP inc. LZZ1 OCT.-MAR.inc RAINFALL FOR SELECTED STATIONS In general, the annual rainfall decreases with distance from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Less variation in amount of rainfall occurs in the summer half of the year than in the winter half. TABLE IV Excess of Precipitation Deficiency of Precipitation Month Inches Month Inches .23 2.81 .73 3.15 2.84 .81.65 34 2 15 1 99 July 1 69 28 Deficiency of 5 months. Excess of 7 months. . Excess of year 11.22 4.77 6.45 84 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The following is from the annual summary of weather con ditions for Illinois in 1915, published by the Weather Bureau: The year opened with a rather cold month and some extremely low temperatures, but February was almost springlike and there was very little snow. The early spring was dry, with warm sunny weather in April. Crops were planted in good season. A period of cool, cloudy, and wet weather began in May and continued through August, and the summer was the coldest and rainiest in tbe meteorological history of the state. Destructive local storms were frequent, and much land was inundated. Corn was damaged and its growth retarded, and threshing operations were greatly delayed. The autumn was favorable for farm work, especially in October when the weather was clear and dry. Killing frost injured late corn in the more northern counties. Field work ended December 10 and considerable snow fell after the twenty-third. The mean temperature was practically normal, but the highest, 101, has been equalled or exceeded in every previous year. Lower minimum temperatures occurred in 1905, 1910, and 1912. There have been but two wetter years since 1884, the number of cloudy days was exceeded only in 1898. The precipitation was above normal at nearly ail stations; and in several counties the excess was more than 10 inches. The heavy but fairly weU-distributed rains of May and June, accompanied by moderate temperatures, induced a remarkably RAINFALL OF, THE STATE, 1915 Although the precipitation of 1915 was below normal for five months, the excessive rainfall of other months made the summer season very wet. vigorous growth of vegetation; and wheat, oats, and corn devel oped rapidly. The continuance of excessive rains through July and August made the harvesting and threshing of wheat and oats very difficult. Even with these handicaps of weather a most satisfactory yield was procured and marketed. The excess of rainfall for August was due almost whoUy to the passage of the Galveston hurricane diagonaUy across the state from southwest to northeast, August 17-18, with exceed- WEATHER AND CLIMATE 85 ingly heavy rainfaU, some points reporting more than 8 inches. This excessive rainfaU and the high winds accompanying it laid the ripening corn over vast areas flat on the muddy ground. The moderate rainfaU of September, however, followed by a clear and dry October and November, permitted the successful ripening and harvesting of an abundant corn crop. The heavy rains of the year and their peculiar distribution in some locahties were so far removed from the ordinary as to make perceptible changes in the annual-rainfaU map of the state when the 1915 reports were averaged with aU preceding records. Tornadoes. — Many tornadoes have occurred in IUinois, and have done great damage over smaU areas. The tornado is a smaU, violent, whirling storm, which sometimes develops in the southeast quadrant of a cyclone, or low-pressure area, during the spring and summer months. It is almost always less than a mile, often only a few hundred feet, in width. Its course is easterly and the path is usuaUy 20 or 30 miles in length. Tornadoes are more common in the Mississippi Basin than else where in the world. The St. Louis tornado of May 27, 1896, caused its greatest destruction in the city of St. Louis, but the storm crossed the Mississippi River and did much damage in Illinois. No means has been found for forecasting the time or place of occurrence of a tornado. In the open country a person may observe the narrow, funnel-shaped cloud approaching and run out of its path so as to escape its violence. It is better to run to the north of the center of the path as the winds are less violent on the north than on the south side of the tornado. On May 26, 1917, Illinois and Indiana experienced two of the most remarkable tornadoes in the history of the Weather Bureau observations. These storms are fuUy described in the Weather Bureau reports for May, 1917. Only a brief summary can be given here : The northern storm was first seen at Mendota, La Salle County, Illinois, at 3 : 10 p.m. of the twenty-sixth. It reached Kouts, Porter County, Indiana, at 5:56 p.m., thus traversing a distance of 110 miles in 2 hours and 46 min utes, or at an average velocity of translation of 40 miles per hour. The path varied greatly, being as wide as 3 miles in places, but the worst effects were noted in a track about one-half mile in width. Intense darkness was reported by those directly in the path of the storm, and heavy rain and hail fell, some hailstones being as large as hens' eggs. The co-operative observer at Joliet measured a hailstone 1.25 inches by 3.92 inches. The loss to, 86 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS property in Illinois was at least $750,000. The property loss in Porter County, Indiana, was estimated at $500,000. Hailstones_ from 6 to 10 inches in circumference and a half pound in weight fell thickly in Indiana. The central tornado was remarkable, not only on account of its severity, but because of its great length. The tornado cloud was first seen at Pleasant Hill, Pike County, at noon on the twenty-sixth. From this point it moved Davcnporlq, J/Burhnalon /SPRINCFIELDOV ,- - . . N- INDIANAPOLIS ^*Pv.# /°i4,.^hh< vv«- PATHS OF TORNADOES This map shows the path and time of arrival at various stations for two torna does of May 26, 1917. The average rate of travel was 40 miles per hour for each tornado. due east in a remarkably straight line to Charleston: then bore southeast ward across three-fourths of Indiana, terminating near North Vernon, Indiana, at 7:20 p.m. It covered 188 miles in Illinois and 105 miles in Indiana, or a total length of path of 293 miles in 7 hours and 20 minutes, or at an average velocity of translation of 40 miles per hour. This is the exact velocity of the northern storm. The effects of the tornado were felt WEATHER AND CLIMATE 87 over a path more than one-half mile wide, but the path of serious damage was generally about one-fourth mile in width. The storm seemed to lift at times, causing little harm at some places in its path, but inflicting great destruction at others. Mattoon and Charleston were the largest cities in the direct path of the storm, and great destruction was wrought. This storm crossed the entire state of Illinois, and caused within the state the loss of 101 lives, injury to 638 persons, and a property loss estimated at $2,500,000. In the late afternoon of May 27, tornadic storms occurred in south western Illinois with a property loss estimated at $200,000. The Weather Bureau report for Illinois gives detailed information concerning the tornadoes of March, 1920: Local tornadic storms occurred in Logan County on the .twenty-fifth and in the northeastern part of the state on the twenty-eighth. The Logan County tornado occurred between 5:00 p.m. and 5:30 p.m. Its path was about 20 miles long. It seemed to rise when it reached the west boundary of Lincoln and at other places in its path, leaving some stretches unharmed. The property loss is estimated at $15,000. Three distinct tornadoes occurred in northeastern Illinois between noon and 1 :00 p.m. (Central Standard Time) on Sunday, March 28. There were 28 known deaths, 300 persons were injured, and the property losses amounted to over $3,000,000. The Elgin tornado apparently had its inception in Kane County, about 3% miles southwest of Geneva at about 12:05 p.m. It reached Elgin, 15 miles from its point of inception, at 12:23 p.m., or at an average velocity of translation of 50 miles an hour. The total length of its path was approximately 30 miles and its width varied from 300 yards to about one-half mile. The Melrose Park-Wilmette tornado originated about 12:15 P.M. in Will County, about 8 miles southwest of Joliet. Great destruction was wrought about 3 miles west and northwest of Joliet. The tornado cloud lifted when about 2\ miles northwest of Lockport and it dipped only occa sionally as it neared the Des Plaines River. Only minor damage was done until the tornado reached Bellwood, Maywood, and Melrose Park. The greatest devastation was experienced in Melrose Park at 12:55 p.m. The tornado cut a path northeastward across the village, about 100 yards wide. The tornado continued to move directly northeastward, passing through the northwestern part of Evanston, and across Wilmette to Lake Michigan. which it reached about 1 : 15 p.m., just one hour after its inception in Will County. 50 miles to the southwest. The Clearing tornado, 10 miles in length, occurred in the central part of Cook County between 1:00 p.m. and 1:15 p.m. The damage wrought was slight in comparison with the other two tornadoes. Sleet, hail, and ice storms. — Precipitation sometimes falls in winter in the form of small,' clear peUets of ice consisting of frozen raindrops known as sleet. Sleet is also called "winter hail." Small, white peUets of compacted snow occasionaUy fall in spring or late autumn. This is sometimes called "soft hail," but the Weather Bureau reports it only as snow. 88 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS HaU sometimes falls during a thunderstorm. It accom panies thunderstorms in the hottest part of the year and the hottest part of the day. The area receiving hail is smaUer than the area of the accompanying thunderstorm. A large hail storm may be 6 to 7 miles wide and 40 to 50 mUes long. HaU- stones vary in size up to several inches in diameter. Doubtless haU has faUen in every part of Illinois. In some instances ICE WEIGHING DOWN TREES AT WAVERLY, MORGAN COUNTY Vegetation and other exposed objects may be below freezing-point while rain is falling. The rain is changed to ice on these cold surfaces. Branches of trees and bushes and telephone and telegraph wires are heavily loaded, sometimes broken, by the weight of the ice. (Photograph by A. H. Moffett.) the destruction caused has been very great. Cornstalks have been stripped of their leaves and the crop practicaUy ruined. Windows of houses have been broken, and the glass coverings of greenhouses have been shattered. In some cases animals have been killed. The Weather Bureau report of June, 1915, gives an account of a destructive hailstorm which occurred during the night of June 20-21. The hailstorm crossed the state in a southeasterly WEATHER AND CLIMATE 89 direction from Calhoun County, where it appeared at 8 .30 p.m., to Wabash County, where it passed into Indiana about mid night. Buildings and trees were destroyed, wire service crippled, trains delayed ' one person injured, large quantities of plate glass in store windows and glass in greenhouses broken by hail; timothy, oats, corn, and wheat laid flat by the wind and torn into shreds by the hail, causing a loss to crops alone of thousands of dollars. White County reports the total damage to buildings and crops as approximately $100,000. Carrollton, Greene County, reports an estimated loss in that immediate vicinity of more than $100,000. The hail killed 50 shoats on a farm near Carrollton. Reports stated also that some sheep and cows were killed by the hail. As in the case of a tornado, no forecast can be made of the approaching hailstorm. An ice storm occurs when rain falls on surfaces cold enough to freeze the rain. These are often called "sleet storms," but the Weather Bureau uses the term sleet only for precipitation which falls in the form of frozen raindrops, and thus reaches the ground.^, A51 ice storm may occur when weather colder than freezing. is followed by rain, and the rain is then frozen to the cold surfaces. Or, the ice storm may come during the latter part of a long-continued rainstorm with the temperature falUng so rapidly that exposed surfaces, such as poles, wires, trees, shrubs, grass blades, stubble, and weeds radiate their heat so rapidly that they reach freezing temperature an hour or two before the ground or water freezes, and before the rain ceases or turns into snow. On January 30, 1916, an ice storm prevailed over portions of IUinois. The writer traveled across the area of ice formation from East St. Louis to Springfield. A heavy rain had been faUing for several hours. The temperature began to fall. At 8:00 a.m., when the train left East St. Louis, a thin coating of ice was forming on the trees and shrubs. Soon the ice was observed on the telegraph and telephone wires. Trees, weeds, and wheat plants were incrusted in ice. The wet ground and pools of water were not yet frozen, but plants projecting above the water were completely covered with ice. By 9: 30 the rain had ceased. Slender twigs and their incrustations were from three to six times the diameter of the twigs alone. Wires were loaded with a thick coat of solid ice and with innumerable icicles 3 or 4 inches in length. Strong poles carrying as many 90 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS as fifty wires were brought to the ground. For several miles, in the center of the ice storm, telegraph and telephone poles were down or leaning heavUy. Railroad switching devices were so thickly ice-covered that they were operated with great difficulty. The heaviest ice observed was from Godfrey in Madison County RUINS AFTER TORNADO AT MELROSE PARK, COOK COUNTY Results of the tornado of March 28, 1920. The path of the tornado in this part of its course was about 100 yards in width. (Photograph by Eugene J. Hall.) to Brighton in Macoupin County, but the ice storm was severe along the route of the journey from East St. Louis to Spring field. North of Springfield the ice formations grew rapidly less in amount, and no indications of an ice storm were found at Bloomington. An ideal climate. — Whether a climate is ideal or not depends on what we mean by "ideal." For rest and recreation a warm equable climate is doubtless most delight ful; for a fishing or climbing trip something quite different is desirable. For most people the really essential thing in life is the ordinary work of WEATHER AND CLIMATE 91 every day. Hence, the climate which is best for work may, in the long run, claim to be the most ideal. At least it is the one which people will ulti mately choose in the largest numbers.1 A progressive people as measured by modern standards cannot develop in the warm equable climate of the tropics, nor in the rigorous cold of the polar regions. Human progress has been achieved most largely in middle latitudes where climatic conditions permit and require careful and systematic tilling of the soil during the growing season of summer to provide food and clothing sufficient for the entire year, which includes the long, unproductive season of winter. Within this temperate belt, energetic and pro gressive nations have occupied with large populations all those regions having favorable climatic conditions. IUinois lies in the midst of one of the most extensive of these favored lands. The warm growing season of 5 to 7 months gives op portunity to mature the great staple food crops year after year without extensive frost damage. The normal annual rainfall with proper distribution during the growing and ripening seasons is favorable for the production of maximum crops. The constant winds of moderate velocity carry moisture and give an invigorating atmosphere. The daily and seasonal changes of weather stimulate human activity in all lines of endeavor. Human energy and human progress are greatest in those regions of the earth where there are striking but not extreme differences between winter and summer; where weather changes from day to day are marked, but not violent; where stormy weather comes at frequent intervals, alternating with clear, dry weather. Judged by these standards Illinois stands second to none in her invigorating "ideal climate." 1 Ellsworth Huntington, Civilization and Climate. ROOK'S CREEK. LIVINGSTON COUNTY A typical winter scene, showing the open forest commonly found along streams in the prairie lands of Illinois. (Photograph by Mabel Jones.) CHAPTER VI NATIVE VEGETATION Vegetation areas. — The land surfaces of the earth may be classified on the basis of native vegetation into three regions: forests, grasslands, and deserts. The fertUe soil and the favorable cli mate of Illinois preclude any possibUity of desert areas within the state. Abundant plant growth in natural forests and natural grasslands, or prairies, covered the entire state. In south ern IlUnois native vege tation consisted of large tracts of mixed hard wood forests, inter spersed with small prairies; in central and northern Illinois exten sive areas of prairie lands prevailed with long tongues of forest extending from the wooded belt of the south along the prin cipal watercourses and their tributaries, thus dividing the prairies into irregular areas in the inter-stream spaces. These wide areas of grasslands were new to the explorers and pioneers who had come from the East where the entire 92 VEGETATION MAP OF ILLINOIS This map shows by the shaded portions the extent to which the Prairie State was occupied by natural forests. The unshaded portion rep resents the original open prairies. NATIVE VEGETATION 93 country had originally been covered by a heavy growth of timber. SmaU prairies were found in portions of Ohio and Indiana, but not untU the IUinois country was reached did prairies become characteristic of large regions. The name "Prairie State" was given to IUinois, although other states farther west, and settled later, have a larger proportion of prairies than IUinois. LUXURIANT VINE AND TREE GROWTH IN FORMER VIRGIN FOREST OF THE LOWER WABASH NEAR MOUNT CARMEL (Copyright by Robert Ridgway) The forests. — The forests of Illinois are but a portion of that great forest area which, in its original extent, stretched along the entire Atlantic Coast, thence westward beyond the Mis sissippi into Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri, and to the prairies of Illinois and southern Wisconsin. These Illinois forests were of supreme importance to the pioneer. They furnished all necessary building materials for his house, barn, and other 94 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS ROCKS COVERED WITH FERNS AND LICHENS, JOHNSON COUNTY, NEAR TUNNEL HILL At places among the Illinois Ozarks the precioitous cliffs support only a scant vegetation. (Copyright by Robett Ridgway.) SQUARED WHITE-OAK TIMBER BEING SHIPPED FROM MOUNI CARMEL TO ENGLAND FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BRITISH NAVY .. , The _{°Fests,of southern Illinois have produced large quantities of excellent R71 1 photogtaph was takcn many years ago. (Copyright by Robert NATIVE VEGETATION 95 structures; rails for his fences; fuel for his home; protection from the storms; and a building site near a supply of water for domestic use. We of today are prone to pass criticism on the pioneer for lack of foresight in crossing prairie land, now valued at more than $300 per acre, to settle in a forested area with a present value of less than one- third that of the prairie. Yet it is possible that, with our present knowl edge of relative values, we would do as the pioneer did if we were to enter a similar area with his equipment and the necessity of supply ing ourselves with all the necessaries of life from our immediate en vironment. The diffi culties presented by the open prairies for con structing houses, barns, and field inclosures; for obtaining water for man and beast; for securing a fuel supply; and for protection from strong winds were too great to compensate for possible increases in land values during the next fifty years, even if such land values had been suspected. Thus the Illinois forests along the Wabash, Ohio, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers became naturaUy and necessarUy the sites of the earlier settlements of the state. Sawmills in the forests were among the earliest manufactur ing plants of the state. A number of well-equipped sawmills are today doing an important business among the forests of southern Illinois. Forests in the Cache VaUey are now being ISOLATED ROCK IN WOODS NEAR TUNNEL HILL, JOHNSON COUNTY Land as rugged as that shown in this view is necessarily left in its natural condition. 96 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS NATIVE ILLINOIS FOREST NEAR MOUNT CARMEL, WABASH COUNTY The flood plain of the Wabash River Valley originally supported a dense growth of native forest trees. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) NATIVE VEGETATION 97 cut over for the third time. The first cutting of more than thirty years ago included the larger trees, many of which were cypress. The second cutting of about twenty years ago included smaller trees than the first cutting, but many of these had made considerable growth in the years intervening. More money, but probably not more lumber, was realized from the second cutting than from the first. The third cutting, now in STEEL BRIDGE ON CAIRO DIVISION OF "BTG FOUR' JOHNSON COUNTY RAILROAD AT GLEN FERN, The forested areas of the Illinois Ozarks are still extensive, especially where the rugged topography is not favorable for agriculture. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) progress, promises to yield a larger return in money, but not in lumber, than either of the previous cuttings. Extensive forests are still to be found in southern IUinois, especially in those portions of the broad flood plains which are too swampy to be easily drained for agricultural purposes, and among the Ozark HUls where the slopes are too steep for culti vation. The traveler who makes a journey through these regions finds the extent of unbroken forest areas in striking 98 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS VIEW SHOWING RECENT NATURAL REFORESTATION IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS The forest here shown is a natural growth on land once cleared and farmed for a period of years. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) VIEW LOOKING UP FLOOD PLAIN OF WABASH RIVER FROM TOP OF BLUFF AT MOUNT CARMEL The nalive forest of the river flood plain has been cleared away and the land made into farms. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) NATIVE VEGETATION 99 contrast with the narrow, open forests along the stream courses in the prairie lands. The Illinois forests have yielded for home use and for sale important timber products. About two million acres of land are still in forests, and are better adapted to the production of timber crops than farm crops. A scientific forest policy should be developed so that good crops of timber might be harvested ^1 " **' mm,c -~«B ¦ $!£"¦¦ : .; '¦¦ ¦'/. ¦';¦ ¦ ¦ ^.'r'^^tvf^a V •.'¦ « k:^.\~^ *&m :*k %±^ *<5?^K?S£&iI^B2*2l9 ./ i I ¦ "*'" /':.• • -» I^MT,.* LANDSCAPE VIEW AMONG THE OZARKS NEAR TUNNEL HILL, JOHNSON COUNTY The log cabin, such as seen at the left of this view, is still common in the for ested areas of southern Illinois. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) at intervals throughout an indefinite future. With increasing scarcity of timber and advancing prices of timber products, profitable returns may be had by planting areas of the poorer lands of the state in trees which may be used for various pur poses on the farm, on the railroad, or in the mine. Forests and the pioneer. — Most of the native forests of IUinois occupying good agricultural land have been cleared. Timber not needed for the homestead was burned. This waste of valuable timber was necessary if fertile agricultural 100 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS lands were to be put to their best use — the production of crops for food and clothing through proper cultivation of the soil. The pioneer in the IUinois forest could not await a market for his timber products. It was necessary to clear the land by burning the timber in order to raise cereals, other crops, and domestic animals that his famUy might be supplied with necessary food VIEW IN VIRGIN FOREST OF THE LOWER WABASH, SHOWING LUXURIANT VINE GROWTH (Copyright by Robert Ridgway) and clothing. In densely forested regions the abundance of timber led to the belief that there would always be an ample supply for future use. HiU lands and poor lands were frequently cleared when they should have been kept in trees and given the necessary care to insure a perpetual supply of timber products whether for fuel, raUroad ties, posts, or lumber for buUding purposes. In many cases land of fair agricultural value may NATIVE VEGETATION 101 be more profitable to the farmer if preserved as forest than to be cleared and used for farm crops. The annual income from a well-cared-for wood lot may equal or exceed that from the same acreage of farm land. The pioneer or first settler did not carry the destruction of forests farther than his agricultural needs required, as this could not be done, as a rule, during his lifetime. His successors continued the clearing of land so that the timber has been removed from many areas where a well- managed wood lot would have been profitable as a source of timber products for local use. Native trees of Illinois. — A careful study of the forests of IUinois was made in 1910 and published by the State Laboratory of Natural History. The following extracts and the complete list of trees native to IUinois are from this bulletin •} While Illinois is emphatically a prairie state, it has never been so nearly treeless as the states beyond the Missouri. Large districts of southern Illinois were originally densely wooded, and forest belts from three to thirty miles wide extended along the banks, and filled the areas between the forks of rivers. This study shows that the present forest area of Illinois is about two million acres or 5§ per cent of the total land area. The distribution of species is governed chiefly by climate and physiog raphy^ The southeast portion of Illinois, along the Ohio and Wabash rivers, is the richest in number of species, and in this respect is not surpassed, or perhaps not even equaled by any other region of the United States. There are about one hundred different species of trees found in this part of the state. The valleys of the other large rivers, such as the Mississippi, Kaskaskia, Illinois, and Rock, also contain a great variety of species. Toward the north, the number of species grows less, although there are some belonging to a more northern flora, which do not occur at all in the south. Many southern lowland trees reach the limits of their normal range along stream valleys, as such situations afford shelter and favorable sites on which to grow. On the other hand, others, such as bur oak, which in the south ordinarily grows on wet situations, extend northward on higher, better-drained sites. The Illinois forests are composed almost entirely of hardwoods, while conifers are few in number and generally restricted in occurrence. The only evergreens that grow throughout the state are the two sparsely distributed species of juniper one of which, the dwarf juniper, is seldom more than a shrub. The only commercially important native conifer is the bald cypress, which is found in the bottoms of the Cache and Ohio rivers in fairly large quantities. In the south there is also the shortleaf pine, which is confined to small stands along the bluffs of the Mississippi, from opposite Wolf Lake, in Union County, to tne southern borders of Jack son County. In the north, white and jack pine are occasional, the latter along the Wisconsin boundary, and the former extending as far south as 1 R. C. Hall and O. D. Ingall, Forest Conditions of Illinois. 102 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Ogle County in the valley of Rock River. Tamarack and arbor-vitae grow near the northern boundary, on low ground. Among the hardwoods, the oaks and hickories lead in number of species, in number of trees, and in amount of wood. There are nineteen species of oaks and nine of hickories. Among the other important genera that are well represented are the ash, with five species widely distributed. AU the important maples are included in the five species, most of which are widely distributed, and on the lowlands often form a large part of the forest. Practically all the important species of elm are found in large quantities, the white and red occurring throughout the state, while the winged elm is restricted to the south and the cork elm to the north. Among the true ROCKS AT GLEN FERN, JOHNSON COUNTY Vigorous plant growth may occur where soil conditions seem unfavorable. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) poplars, the common Cottonwood is very widespread while the trembling and largetooth aspens are northern species, and the swamp cottonwood is confined to the extreme southern bottoms. The black walnut was originally both widespread and fairly abundant but only the smaller sizes are left, and it is very scattered because of the great demand for it in the timber markets. Butternut is also found throughout the state, sparsely scattered throughout the forests. Hornbeam and blue beech are very widely distributed. Beech is found chiefly in the cool valleys of the Ozark Hills, but extends north to some extent up the streams, espe cially of the Wabash River system. Mulberry is very scattered, with few large specimens, partly because it is eagerly sought after for fence posts. Tulip-poplar is widely distributed in the southern half of the state. Sassa fras grows everywhere, often in old fields, and very seldom as a large tree. Sweet gum is common throughout the southern bottom lands, and reaches NATIVE VEGETATION 103 its best development there. Sycamore is everywhere characteristic of the banks of the streams, and reaches enormous dimensions in the Wabash-Ohio basin. The various species of crab, thorn, haw, and plum trees never reach large size, and are generally found as an understory to the larger trees. Ohio buckeye is fairly common, but not abundant, along the valley sides of the larger rivers, and sometimes on bottoms, while yellow buckeye is THE EAGLE S NEST, NEAR OREGON, OGLE COUNTY This view shows the natural forest growth along the valley side of a stream in the prairie lands. (Photograph by Eugene J. Hall.) comparatively rare. The coffee tree is a widely distributed but infrequent tree, found in much the same situations as the buckeyes. The basswoods or lindens are also found throughout the state, but do not often form any great proportion of the stand except in the north, where in limited localities they grow in fair quantities on some of the bottoms of the smaller streams. Black gum occurs over a greater part of the south and central part of the state, where it often forms an appreciable part of the forests; while tupelo 104 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS gum, although found in considerable quantities, is confined with cypress to the extreme southern bottoms. The common catalpa is a naturalized species, but the hardy catalpa is native on the southern bottomlands, where it once attained considerable size and commercial importance as a post timber. Pawpaw and persimmon occur commonly as small trees or bushes. The former is more restricted in range than the latter, occurring most abundantly in the southern third of the state. Many other species such as sumacs, hornbeam, blue beech, witchhazel, red bud, wahoo, dogwood, and viburnums, are found as small trees or bushes that form an understory in the forest. The following list shows 129 native and 4 naturalized species. This number includes a few that are seldom more than bushes. On the other hand, it omits many species of Crataegus, and perhaps a few of Pyrus and Salix that are sometimes classed as trees. It does not attempt to include all of the naturalized trees. The preferred common name is given first, followed by other local names that are applied to the same species. The common names are followed by the scientific or botanical name. LIST OF TREES NATIVE TO ILLINOIS 1. White pine Pinus strobus 2. Shortleaf pine. Yellow pine Pinus echinata 3. Jack pine. Scrub pine Pinus divaricala 4. Tamarack. Larch Larix laricina 5. Bald cypress Taxodium distichum 6. Arbor-vitae. White cedar Thuja occidentalis 7. Red juniper. Red cedar Juniperus virginiana S. Dwarf juniper Juniperus communis 9. Butternut. White walnut Juglans cinerea 10. Black walnut Juglans nigra 11. Pecan Hicoria pecan 12. Bitternut. (Hickory.) Pig hickory Hicoria minima 13. Water hickory Hicoria aquatica 14. Shagbark. (Hickory) Hicoria ovata 15. Shellbark. Bottom or Big shellbark Hicoria laciniosa 16. Mockemut. (Hickory.) Bullnut Whiteheart hickory. Hardbark hickory Hicoria alba 17. Pignut. (Hickory) Hicoria glabra IS. Pale-leaf hickory Hicoria inllosa 19. Black willow Salix nigra 20. Ward willow Salix wardii 21. Almondleaf willow Salix amygdaloides 22. Longleaf willow Salix fluvialilis 23. Glossyleaf willow Salix lucida 24. Glaucous willow Salix discolor 25. Bebb willow Salix bebbiana 26. Aspen. Quaking asp. Trembling aspen. Poplar Populous tremuloides 27. Largetooth aspen. Poplar. Cotton wood Populus grandidentati 28. Swamp Cottonwood Populus heterophylla 29. (Common) Cottonwood Populus deltoides 30. Paper birch Betula papyri/era 31. River birch Betula nigra NATIVE VEGETATION 105 32. 33. 34. 35.36.37.38. 39.40. 41.42.43. 44.45. 46.47.48. 49. 50.51. 52.53.54. 55.56.57.58. 59.60.61.62.03. 64.65.66.67.68.69.70. 71. 72.73.74.75.76.77. Sweet birch. Black birch Hornbeam. Hop hornbeam Water beech. Ironwood Hornbeam. Blue beech Ironwood BeechWhite oak Post oak. Run oak Bur oak. Mossycup oak. Overcup oak Overcup oak. Bur oak Chinquapin oak. Pin oak. Chestnut oak. Yellow oak Swamp white oak. Bur oak Cow oak. White oak. Bur oak Texan oak. Red oak. Black oak. Pin oak. Water oak Red oak. Black oak Scarlet oak. Red oak. Black oak Yellow oak. Black oak Spanish oak. Red oak. Black oak Pin oak. Water oak Northern pin oak. Hill's oak. Black oak Blackjack. Jack oak Shingle oak. Laurel oak. Jack oak. Water oak. Pin oak Lea oak Willow oak Swamp Spanish oak. Red oak. Yellow- bottom oak. Water oak Slippery elm. Red elm White elm. American elm. Water elm Cork elm. Rock elm. Hickory elm Wing elm. Winged elm. Wahoo Planer-tree Hackberry Sugarberry. Hackberry Red mulberry Osage orange. Hedge plant. (Natural ized) Cucumber tree Tulip tree. Yellow poplar. Tulip- poplar. Whitewood Pawpaw Sassafras Witchhazel. Hazel (Red or) Sweet gum. Gum. Sycamore. Buttonwood. Buttonball treeSweet crab. American crab. Wild crab. Crab apple Narrowleaf crab Iowa crab Soulard crab Serviceberry. June berry. Shadbush Cockspur. Red haw. Cockspur haw Scarlet haw. Red haw. White haw Betula i Ostrya virginiana Carpinus caroliniana Vagus alropunicea Quercus alba Quercus minor Quercus macrocarpa Quercus lyrata Quercus acuminata Quercus platanoides Quercus michauxii Quercus texana Quercus rubra Quercus coccinea Quercus velulina Quercus digitata Quercus palustris Quercus ellipsoidalis Quercus marilandica Quercus imbricaria Quercus leana Quercus phellos Quercus pagodaefolia Ulmus pubescens Ulmus americana Ulmus racemosa Ulmus alata Planera aquatica Celtis occidentalis Celtis mississippiensis Moras rubra Toxylon pomiferum Magnolia acuminata Liriodendron tulipijera Asimina triloba Sassafras sassafras Hamamelis virginiana Liquidambar slyraciflua Platanus occidentalis Pyrus coronaria Pyrus angustifolia Pyrus ioensis Pyrus soulardi Amelanchier canadensis Crataegus crus-galli Crataegus coccinea 106 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 78. Pear haw. Blackthorn. Hawthorn Thorn apple Crataegus tomenlosa 79. Washington haw Crataegus cordata 80. Green haw Crataegus viridis 81. Longspine haw Crataegus macracantha 82. Downy haw Crataegus mollis 83. Dotted haw Crataegus punctata 84. Canada plum Prunus nigra 85. Wild garden plum Prunus korlulana 86. Chickasaw plum. (Naturalized) Prunus angustifolia 87. Wild red cherry Prunus pennsyhanica 88. Choke cherry Prunus virginiana 89. Black cherry. Wild cherry Prunus serotina 90. Redbud. Judas tree Cercis canadensis 91. Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos 92. Water locust Gleditsia aquatica 93. Coffee tree. Coffeebean. Kentucky coffee tree Gymnocladus dioica 94. Locust. Black locust Robinia pseudacacia 95. Prickly ash Xanthoxylum clava-herculis 96. Hoptree. Wahoo Plelea trifoliata 97. Ailanthus. Tree of Heaven. (Natural ized) Staghorn sumach. Sumac Ailanthus glandulosa 98. Rhus hirta 99. Dwarf sumach Rhus copalina 100. Poison sumach Rhus vernix 101. Deciduous holly Ilex decidua 102. Wahoo. Burning bush. Arrowwood Evonymus alropurpureus 103. Sugar maple. Sugartree. Hard maple. Rock maple Acer saccharum 104. Black maple Acer saccharum var. nigrum 105. Red maple. Soft maple. Swamp maple Acer rubrum 106. Box elder. Ash-leafed maple. Negundo maple Acer negundo 107. Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra 108. Yellow buckeye A esculus octandra 109. Yellow buckthorn Rhamnus caroliniana 110. Basswood. Linn. Linden Tilia americana 111. White basswood. Linden Tilia heterophylla 112. Angelica-tree. Hercules club Aralia spinosa 113. (Flowering) Dogwood Cornus jlorida 114. Blue dogwood. Alternate-leaved dog wood Cornus alternifolia 115. Blackgum. Sour gum. Tupelo Nyssa sylvatica 116. Cotton gum. Tupelo Nyssa aquatica 117. Tree huckleberry Vaccinium arboreum 118. Shittimwood Bumelia lanuginosa 119. Buckthorn bumelia Bumelia lycioides 120. Persimmon Diospyrus virginiana 121. Silverbell-tree Mohrodendron carolinum 122. Blue ash Fraxinus quadrangulata 123. Black ash Fraxinus nigra 124. White ash Fraxinus americana 125. Red ash Fraxinus pennsyhanica 126. Green ash Fraxinus lanceolata 127. Pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda NATIVE VEGETATION 107 128. (Common) Catalpa. Indian bean Catalpa catalpa Cigar-tree. (Naturalized) 129. Hardy catalpa Catalpa spcciosa 130, Sheepberry. Black haw Viburnum lentago 131. Black haw Viburnum rufidulum 132. Nannyberry. Black haw Viburnum prunifolium 133. Foresteria. Swamp privet Foresteria acuminata Museum specimens of native trees. — A very compre hensive exhibit of the native trees of Illinois is found in the State Natural History Museum at Springfield. Each species of the exhibit is represented by natural sections of the tree showing cross-section, longitudinal section, and radial section. These specimens constitute a permanent display of the more common trees of the native forests of the state, representing 101 species. Native trees of a small woodland. — A large variety of trees may be found within the limits of a smaU native woodland. The plants of "Bird Haven," a tract of 18 acres near Olney, Richland County, have been listed by the owner, Mr. Robert Ridgway, America's noted ornithologist. The list given shows how well the term "mixed hardwood forest" applies even to a smaU tract of the native forests of the Central states. NATIVE TREES GROWING NATURALLY IN BIRD HAVEN I. Conifers. 1. Juniper. II. Walnut Family. 2. Butternut. 3. Black walnut. 4. Bitternut. 5. Shellbark hickory. 6. Bottom shellbark; Big shellbark. 7. Mockernut; "Bullnut." 8. Pignut. 9. Downy pignut. 10. Hickory (species undetermined) . III. Willow or Poplar Family. 11. Black willow. 12. Cottonwood. IV. Betula or Birch Family. 13. River birch; Red birch. V. Oak Family. 14. Red oak. 15. Pin oak; "Water oak. 16 Schneck's oak. 17. Black oak. 18. Blackjack; Jack oak. 19. Shingle oak; "Laurel oak." 20. White oak. 21. Post oak. 22. Bur oak. 23. Swamp white oak. 24. Chinquapin oak; Yellow oak. , „ , VI. Elm Family. 25. White elm. 26. Slippery elm. 27. Rough-leaved hackberry. nn VII. Mulberry Family. 28. Red mulberry. 29. Osage orange. VIII. Magnolia Family. 30. Tulip tree; "Poplar." IX. Custard Apple Family. 31. Pawpaw. X. Laurel Family. 32. Sassafras. XI. Plane-Tree Family. 33. "Sycamore"; Buttonwood. XII. Rose Family. 34. Fragrant crab apple. 35. Narrow-leaved crab apple. 36. One of the hawthorns. 37. One of the hawthorns, distinct from 36. 38. Wild plum. 39. Downy-leaved wild plum. 40 Wild red plum. 41 . Wild-goose plum. 42. Wild black cherry. XIII. Legume Family. 43. Redbud. 44. Honey locust. 108 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS XIV. Rutaceae. 45. Prickly ash. 46. Wafer ash. XV. Celastraceae. 47. Wahoo; Burning bush. XVI. Maple Family. 48. Sugar maple. 49. Red maple. 50. Box elder. XVII. Dogwood Family. 51. Sour gum; Black gum. 52. Flowering dogwood. XVIII. Ebony Family. 53. Persimmon. XIX. Olive Family. 54. White ash. 55. Red ash. 56. Green ash. XX. Bignonia Family. 57. Catalpa. XXI. Bubiaceae. 58. Button bush. XXII. Honeysuckle Family. 59. Black haw. BIRD HAVEN, A TREE AND BIRD PRESERVE NEAR OLNEY, RICHLAND COUNTY Bird Haven is owned by Mr. Robert Ridgway America's noted ornithologist. Protection, food, and opportunity for nesting unmolested are furnished to the birds visiting this tract. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) In addition to the foregoing, the white mulberry (60) is growing spontaneously as an exotic in Bird Haven; it is thoroughly naturalized in Richland County. While Bird Haven is so well supplied with trees growing naturaUy, these do not constitute all the native plant life of this smaU area. Probably no other forest area of Illinois has had all its vegetation so carefully and accurately listed as Bird NATIVE VEGETATION 109 Haven. Mr. Ridgway's detailed lists show the great variety of plant life to be found on a small area of IUinois woodland. Of woody species growing naturally, there were 60 trees, 17 shrubs, and 12 climbers, a total of 89 native plants. In addition, other woody species native to IUinois have been planted in Bird Haven as foUows: trees 13, shrubs 6, and climbers 3, or 22 in aU, making a total of woody plants of 111 species. To this number a list must be added of 227 herbaceous plants, growing naturaUy, making a grand total of 338 plant species accurately determined. White-pine forest. — A native forest area in northern Illinois is described as foUows in a pamphlet issued by the White Pine Forest Association. The White Pine Forest consists of a tract of about 500 acres situated in the western part of Ogle County. The main line of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railway from Chicago to Minneapolis passes along the edge of the forest, and the station of Stratford is one mile distant. The picturesque stream of Pine Creek traverses the forest from north to south. In many places the stream runs at the base of high limestone cliffs. These cliffs and almost perpendicular walls are overgrown with ferns and moss in great profusion. Over thirty different varieties and species of hardwoods have been counted growing on the tract, including oaks, elms, maples, walnuts, butter nut, hickory, ash, cherry, sycamore, etc. Wild flowers native to Illinois are found on every hand. But the chief attraction is the White Pine Woods. Some eleven acres of these beautiful and magnificent trees remain undisturbed. Many of these trees are 2 to 2J feet in diameter and rear their heads 90 to 100 feet skyward. Their branches so closely interweave as almost to exclude the sunlight. In another section of the tract splendid red cedars are growing. Throughout the grounds occupied by the hardwood trees, young white pines are springing up on every hand, and need only protection from fire and stock to make splendid trees in a few years. Sufficient of these could be transplanted to add many acres to the present pine woods. The state should purchase and preserve this tract. This is valuable land which others stand ready to buy for the timber that is on it and for the value of the agricultural lands after the timber is cut off. The White Pine Forest tract is easy of access from the cities of northern Illinois, and in case it is set apart as a State Park, the roads leading to the White Pines would be greatly improved. That these Pines should be preserved cannot be denied. The purchase of this forested tract has been considered by several legislatures. The location of the white pines in a region easy of access from many cities, and near the Lincoln Highway with its throngs of transcontinental tourists, is ideal for a state park consisting of a native forest in the Prairie State. 110 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Prairies of Illinois. — The explorers and early settlers marveled at the great stretches of prairies in central and northern Illinois. They had been accustomed to the con tinuous forest lands of more eastern states, and were surprised to find large areas of unwooded tracts covered with a rich growth of grass. The causes of the IUinois prairies are not fully understood. IUinois is the transition belt between the unbroken original forests to the east and south and the vast prairie regions farther westward. The following is a brief statement of the various theories concerning the origin of the Illinois prairies: The prairies of northern Illinois aroused the wonder of all early travelers. They were attributed to fires; to hurricanes which had blown down the timber, leaving it to be readily consumed by fire, when dry; to the former presence of lakes; and to other causes. The upland prairies are now gener ally thought to be due to the undrained condition of the flattish inter- stream areas, which practically prevented the growth of the species of trees adapted to the latitude. Occasional protracted droughts and fires, furthermore, doubtless served to kill any young trees that had succeeded in establishing themselves. Summer droughts were especially effective in killing seedlings on the sandy terraces of the Illinois valley, where they were probably a chief cause of the general absence of trees.1 The original prairie, much more fuUy than the original forest, has disappeared from the IUinois landscape. WhUe original forest areas of considerable size are still supporting native timber, no typical area of upland prairie remains for examination and study. It may be of interest to the reader, therefore, to see the prairies through descriptions written, pubhshed, and read more than 80 years ago, at a time when these grasslands were in their natural state and the tide of immigration was just beginning to go beyond the edge of the well-known and long-tested forest areas into the unknown and uncertain prairie regions. The foUowing extracts from Illinois in 18S7 &° 38 give an idea of the prairies as they were seen by writers of that date : Undoubtedly the most remarkable feature of the state of Illinois is its extensive prairies or unwooded tracts. In general, they are covered with a rich growth of grass forming excellent natural meadows, from which cir cumstance they take their name. Prairie is a French word, signifying meadow. The Indians and hunters annually set fire to the prairies in order to dislodge the game. The fire spreads with tremendous rapidity, and pre- i H. H. Barrows, Geography of the Middle Illinois Valley. NATIVE VEGETATION 111 sents one of the grandest and most terrible spectacles in nature. The flames rush through the long grass with a noise like thunder; dense clouds of smoke arise; and the sky itself appears almost on fire, particularly during the night. _ Travellers then crossing the prairie are sometimes in serious danger which they can only escape by setting fire to the grass around, and taking shelter in the burnt part where the approaching flames must expire for want of fuel. Nothing can be more melancholy than the aspect of a burnt prairie, presenting a uniform black surface like a vast plain of charcoal. It is well known that in the richest and most dry and level tracts, the aboriginal inhabitants, before they had the use of fire-arms, were in the habit of enclosing their game in circular fires in order that it might bewilder and frighten the animals, and thus render them an easy prey. From whatever cause the prairies at first originated, they are undoubt edly perpetuated by the autumnal fires that have annually swept over them from an era probably long anterior to the earliest records of history. Along the streams and in other places where vegetation does not surfer from the drought, the fire does not encroach much; consequently the forests prevail there, and probably increase in some places upon the prairies. As soon as the prairies are plowed and the heavy grass kept under, young timber begins to sprout, particularly such as is produced by winged seeds, as Cottonwood, sycamore, etc. When the tough sward of the prairie is once formed, timber will not easily take root. Destroy the prairie turf by the plow or by any other method and it is soon converted into forest land. There are large tracts of country in the older settlements where, a number of years ago, the farmers mowed their hay, and these tracts are now covered with a forest of young timber of rapid growth. As soon as timber or orchards are planted in the prairies, they grow with unexampled luxuriance. A correspondent writes from Adams County that "locust trees, planted, or rather sown, on prairie land near Quincy, attained in four years a height of 25 feet and their trunks a diameter of from 4 to 5 inches. These grew in close, crowded rows, affording a dense and arbory shade. In a few instances where the same kind of trees had been planted out in a more open manner, they grew in the same period to a thickness of 6 inches, and in from seven to ten years from their planting, have been known to attain sufficient bulk to make posts and rails. From May to October, the prairies are covered with tall grass and flower-producing weeds. In June and July, they seem like an ocean of flowers of various hues, waving to the breezes which sweep over them. The numerous tall flowering shrubs which grow luxuriantly over these plains present a striking and delightful appearance. The bushes are often over topped with the common hop. In the prairie region there are numerous ponds; some are formed from the surface water, the effect of rain and the melting of snows in the spring, and others near the rivers from their overflowing. In the southern part of the state, the prairies are comparatively small, varying in size from those of several miles in extent to those which contain only a few acres. As we go northward, they widen and extend on the more elevated ground between the watercourses to a vast distance, and are frequently from six to twelve miles in width. Their borders are by no means uniform, but are intersected in every direction by strips of forest land advancing into and receding from the prairie towards the watercourses whose banks are always lined with timber, principally 'of luxuriant growth. Between these streams, in many instances, are copses and groves of timber containing from 100 to 2,000 acres in the midst of the prairies like islands in the ocean. 112 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The largest tract of prairie in Illinois is denominated the Grand Prairie. Under this general name is embraced the country lying between the waters which fall into the Mississippi and those which enter the Wabash rivers. It does not consist of one vast tract, boundless to the vision, and uninhabit able for want of timber, but is made up of continuous tracts with points of timber projecting inward and long arms of prairie extending between the creeks and smaller streams. The southern points of the Grand Prairie are formed in the northeastern parts of Jackson County. Grand Prairie then extends in a northeastern course between the streams, varying in width from 1 to 10 or 12 miles, through Perry, Washington, Jefferson, Marion, Fayette, Effingham, and- Coles into Champaign and Iroquois counties where it becomes connected with the prairies that project eastward from the Illinois River and its tributaries. A large arm lies in Marion County between the waters of Crooked Creek and the east fork of the Kaskaskia River. A prejudice at one time prevailed against the prairies as not being fit for cultivation; but this was found to be erroneous, and they are more in request as it is a most important object to save the labor of clearing the wood. The first improvements are usually made on that part of the prairie which adjoins the timber; and thus we may see at the commencement, a range of farms circumscribing the entire prairie as with a belt. The burning of the prairies is then stopped the whole distance of the circuit in the neighborhood of these farms to prevent injury to the fences and other im provements. This is done by plowing two or three furrows all round the settlement. In a short time the timber springs up spontaneously on all the parts not burned, and the groves and forests commence a gradual encroach ment on the adjacent prairies. By and by you will see another tier of farms springing up on the outside of the first, and farther out in the prairie. Thus farm succeeds farm until the entire prairie is occupied. In breaking up prairie land three or four yoke of oxen are required. The shear plow turns up about 18 to 24 inches of turf at a furrow to a depth of 3 to 4 inches. The sod turns entirely over so as to lay the grass down, and it fits furrow to furrow smoothly enough to harrow and sow wheat. It is usual to break it up in May, and drop corn along the edge of every fourth row. This is called sod corn. No working or plowing is necessary the first season. The sod is left lying for the grass to decay; and after the next winter's frost it crumbles and becomes light and friable. The sod corn does not make more than half a crop. It is cut up for fodder for stock. The next year the crop of corn is most abundant, averag ing 50 bushels per acre. Well cultivated wheat averages 25 to 30 bushels; rye 25 to 35; and oats 40 to 60 bushels per acre. Irish potatoes, timothy hay, and all the different garden vegetables yet tried yield most abundantly. A man here can tend double the quantity of corn that he can in newly settled timbered countries as there are no stumps to obstruct the plow or hoe. The prairies are generally from one to six miles in width; of course, about three miles is the farthest distance from timber, and the prairie constitutes the finest natural road possible to haul on. The settlements are at present chiefly confined to the margins of the timber and prairie. The prairie lands are undoubtedly worth from $10 to $15 per acre more for farming than those that are timbered, not only because they are richer, but because it would take at least that sum per acre to put the timbered lands of Ohio and Indiana in the same advanced state of cultivation. The prairies are the highest as well as the most level land, and the roads generally pass through the middle of them, from whence there is an NATIVE VEGETATION 113 easy slope on each side, at first barely sufficient to drain the waters towards the sides of the prairies or to the nearest point of timber. Fewhave, as yet, settled out in the middle of the prairie on account of the distance from timber to build fence, etc. Those who have done so have invariably found it to their interest ; and the practice will no doubt in a short time become general, until the whole of the extensive prairies of Illinois will be covered with valuable and productive farms. The middle of the prairie is not only the highest and most level, but it is the most fertile land. As the surface descends towards the timber, it has an increased unevenness and ruggedness, and the greater the descent in perpendicular depth, the less fertile is the soil. The grass which covers the prairies in great abundance is tall and coarse in appearance. In the early stages of its growth it resembles young wheat, and in this state furnishes a succulent and rich food for cattle. They have been seen, when running in the wheat fields where the young wheat covered the ground, to choose the prairie grass on the margins of the fields in preference to the wheat. It is impossible to imagine better butter than is made while the grass is in this stage. Cattle and horses that have lived unsheltered and without fodder through the winter and in the spring, scarcely able to mount a hillock through leanness and weakness, are transformed, when feeding on this grass, to a healthy and sleek appearance as if by a charm. When the prairie grass is two or three feet high it is suitable for hay and is mowed by the farmers for winter use. Sand and swamp vegetation. — While almost all of IUinois was originaUy covered by forests and upland prairies, there were regions of sand and swamp which had their characteristic vegetation. Much of the sand areas have been brought under cultivation, but thousands of acres still exist in their original condition. The bunch-grass association of plants originally occupied more than nine-tenths of the unforested portion of the sand area. The bunch-grass formation extended over hill and dale except where interrupted by "blowouts," areas of bare sand where depressions have been formed by wind action. The principal vegetation of these "sand prairies" consists of ten species of bunch-grass, the bunches of the various species vary ing from four inches to three feet in diameter. The principal sand areas are in the northern half of the state and on the flood plains on the east sides of rivers. The Havana area extends from Pekin in Tazewell County to Mere- dosia in Morgan County, a distance of 75 miles. The plain reaches a width of 14 miles in Mason County. While the sand deposits occupy only a portion of the area, their aggregate extent is estimated at 179,000 acres. The Hanover area of nearly 6,000 acres lies in the second bottoms of the Mississippi Valley in Jo Daviess County. The Oquawka area is along the 114 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Mississippi in Henderson and Mercer counties; the Amboy area along Green River in Lee County. The Kankakee area of 3,000 square miles lies mainly in Indiana; about one-fourth is in Iroquois and Kankakee counties of IUinois. Extensive areas of the upland prairies were swamp lands occupied by vegetation appropriate to the natural conditions. These upland swamps have been so fuUy drained and culti vated that their natural vegetation has disappeared almost as completely as that of the typical weU-drained prairies. Skokie Marsh in Lake and Cook counties stiU exhibits much of its natural vegetation. This marsh is about 8 miles long and 1 mile wide and contains a native flora of 217 species. CHAPTER VII NATIVE ANIMALS Conditions for animal life. — The forests, prairies, streams, and lakes of Illinois in their natural state furnished favorable conditions for a varied and abundant animal life. Numerous species of mammals were found throughout the state varying in size from mice to buffaloes. The black bear was common in the wooded districts; the buffalo on the prairie; the deer and elk throughout the state both in forest and on grasslands; the beaver, otter, and muskrat along the streams. The leaves and twigs of trees, nuts, berries, roots, and the rich prairie grasses furnished a plentiful food supply for animals depending wholly on plants. The flesh-eating animals such as the wolf and bear found abundant food among the smaller mammals, and often among the larger animals. They also ate largely of birds and their eggs. The otter and other animals frequenting streams were skilful in securing fish, crayfish, and other food supplies from the water. Bird life was exceedingly abundant in response to plentiful food supplies in the form of berries, fruits, insects, seeds of grasses and other herbaceous plants, and to favorable breeding grounds throughout the state. The passenger pigeon, now extinct, was found in flocks of many thousands. The prairie hen was so abundant that a hunter could kill dozens of them in a single day. Wild turkeys were common, and wild ducks and wild geese frequented the waters of the state in great flocks. Frogs, snakes, and turtles were common. The streams and lakes abounded in fish. Myriads of insects were present in forest, prairie, swamp, and stream. The fresh-water mollusk, which was later to become a source of an important industry, was abundant. Man and native animals. — Prior to the coming of the white man to Illinois, a balance had been fairly weU developed among the physical features, the native plant Ufe, the native animal life, and the native human life of the state. Soil, 115 116 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS surface, rainfall, and temperature had determined the character and profusion of vegetation; the vegetation had determined the nature and amount of animal life; while the Indian had adjusted himself to the natural environment in which he lived. The white man came with a knowledge of agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and commerce. He brought about such changes as best suited his method of life. In doing so, he wrought profound changes in the native animal life of the state. He soon occupied Illinois in greater numbers than the Indian had ever done. With his more powerful weapons and the necessity for food, he was soon destroying the native food animals more rapidly than the Indian had found possible with his crude instruments of the chase. By clearing the forest and breaking the prairie, he destroyed many of the breeding and feeding grounds of native mammals and native birds. By pollution of streams and by over-fishing, the abundant life of the lakes and streams decUned, and his efforts to restore the balance have taken form in artificial propagation of fishes. His introduction of cultivated plants and domesticated animals more than overbalanced the destruction of natural plant and animal life. By his methods the Illinois country was to support, in less than a hundred years after statehood was attained, a population of 100 persons per square mile where not 1 per square mile had lived in the days of Indian occupation. Animal life in pioneer days. — The following extracts from Illinois in 1837 6* 38 give a glimpse of the animals of pioneer days as seen by writers of that day: There are several kinds of wild animals in the state of Illinois. The principal and most numerous are deer, wolves, raccoons, opossums, etc. Several species formerly common have become scarce, and are constantly retreating before the march of civilization; and some are no longer to be found. The buffalo has entirely left the limits of the state. This animal once roamed at large over the plains of Illinois; and, so late as the com mencement of the present century, was found in considerable numbers. Traces of them still remain in the buffalo paths, which are seen in several parts of the state. Deer are more abundant than at the first settlement of the country. They increase to a certain extent with the population. The reason of this appears to be that they find protection in the neighborhood of man from the beasts of prey that assail them in the wilderness. Immense numbers of deer are killed every year by the hunters. NATIVE ANIMALS 117 Many of the frontier people dress in deer skins, making them into pantaloons and hunting shirts. The elk has disappeared. A few have been seen in late years, but it is not known that any remain at this time within the limits of the state. The bear is seldom seen. This animal inhabits those parts of the country that are thickly wooded. The meat is tender and finely flavored, and is esteemed a great delicacy. Wolves are numerous in most parts of the state. They are very destruc tive to sheep, pigs, calves, poultry, and even young colts. TJieir most common prey is the deer. When tempted by hunger they approach the farm houses in the night, and snatch their prey from under the very eyes of the farmer. BUFFALO IN LINCOLN PARK, CHICAGO The buffalo, once common on the Illinois prairies, is now found only in parks. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) The fox abounds in some places in great numbers, though, generally speaking, the animal is scarce. It will undoubtedly increase with the popu lation. The panther and wild cat are occasionally found in the forests. The beaver and otter were once numerous, but are now seldom seen except on the frontiers. There are no rats except along the large rivers where they have landed from the boats. Wild horses are found ranging the prairies and forests in some parts of the state. They are found chiefly in the lower end of the American Bottom. The gray and fox squirrels often do mischief in the corn fields, and the hunting of them makes fine sport for the boys. 118 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The gopher is a singular little animal about the size of a squirrel. It burrows in the ground and is seldom seen, but its works make it known. The polecat is very destructive to poultry. The raccoon and opossum are very numerous and extremely troublesome to the farmer, as they not only attack his poultry, but plunder his corn fields. _ They are hunted by boys, and large numbers of them are destroyed. The skins of the raccoon pay well for the trouble of taking them, as the fur is in demand. Rabbits are very abundant and in some places extremely destructive to the young orchards and to garden vegetables. Young apple trees must AMERICAN RED DEER, STATE MUSEUM, SPRINGFIELD Group of deer in the State Natural History Museum at Springfield. A few deer are still found in the southern part of the state. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) be protected at the approach of winter by tying straw or corn stalks around their bodies for two or three feet in height, or the bark will be stripped off by these mischievous animals. The ponds, lakes, and rivers, during the spring and autumn and during the migrating season of water fowls, are literally covered with swans pelicans, cranes, geese, brants, and ducks of all the tribes and varieties' Many of these fowls rear their young on the islands and sand bars of the large rivers. In the autumn, multitudes of them are killed for their quills feathers, and flesh. ' NATIVE ANIMALS 119 The prairie fowl is seen in great numbers on the prairies in the summer and about the corn fields in the winter. This is the grouse of the New York market. They are easily taken in the winter, and when fat are excellent for the table. Quail are taken with nets in the winter, by hundreds in a day, and furnish no trifling item in the luxuries of the city market. Bees are to be found in the trees of every forest. Many of the frontier people make it a prominent business after the frost has killed the vegetation to hunt them for the honey and wax, both of which find a ready market. Bees are profitable stock for the farmer, and are kept to a considerable extent. Poisonous reptiles are not so common as in unsettled regions of the same latitude where the country is generally timbered. Burning the prairies undoubtedly destroys multitudes of them. Animal life of today. — The present state of wUd animal Ufe in IUinois is well set forth in the Annual Reports of the Game and Fish Conservation Commission for 1913-16. The foUowing extracts are taken from these reports: There are very few wild animals in the state of Illinois that are in the class of game animals or fur-bearing animals. At the present time there are a few deer in the southern part of the state. In the Sangamon River bottoms there is a herd of wild deer, about thirty-five in number. These deer, originally owned by private parties, were turned loose a few years ago, and they have gradually increased in numbers. Occasionally a bear is seen in the wild bottom lands of the Mississippi River. Of the smaller variety of animals, we have the squirrels and the rabbit. The squirrel is very hardy and well able to care for himself if given the opportunity. Where there is even a small amount of woodland these busy little fellows are to be found. Under a good system of protection they are likely to hold their present status. Rabbits are numerous in all parts of the state, and while they are not regarded by law as a game animal, and are without legal protection, they nevertheless furnish good sport for the hunter and add materially to the food supply of the state. Because of his tendency to bark young orchards, he has been made an outlaw that any one may kill at any season of the year. Of fur-bearing animals there are but few. In places, the muskrat is sufficiently numerous to attract the trapper. His fur has a real value, and for that reason this animal is well worth protecting. Mink are not numerous, but some are caught by trappers along our water courses. The fox and the wolf are by no means plentiful throughout the state, but in those sections where there are large tracts of timber land many of these animals are to be found. The hunter regards them primarily as of value because of his love of the chase. In addition, the furs of these animals have a commercial value. The farmer looks upon the wolf and the fox as a pair of thieves that should be exterminated because of their fondness for young pigs and domestic fowls. At the present high value of farming land, the farmer cannot afford to maintain much woodland and other places that are haunts of wild animals. It is therefore probable that we shall see a decrease in all these animals, except, possibly, the rabbit, and he is not likely to be as plentiful in the future as he is now. 120 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS A goodly number of prairie chicken are still to be found in the state, but no method of game conservation can bring it back in such numbers as formerly, because the character of the country has been changed by the white man's plow. Proper care and protection, however, may increase the number so that, in all parts of the state, an opportunity to kill a small number of these birds each year may be offered to the sportsmen. At the present time there are not enough quails in the northern counties of the state to make quail shooting attractive. In the southern counties where there is more cover, good shooting is to be had, although not so good as ten years ago. With aid of game reservations it is hoped that in some sections the supply will be kept up. In the closely tilled country, quails will be scarcer. There are but few wild turkeys left in Illinois. In the southern part of the state where there are large tracts of timber and swamp land, this bird is still to be found in fair numbers. As a table bird it outranks the domestic turkey. The Mississippi River and the Illinois River hold myriads of wild fowl in season. There is not, of course, the great number of ducks to be found on these waters that there were many years ago, but there is still a good supply, and this supply is likely to be kept up now that there is a disposition to do away with the late spring shooting. Our best duck, of course, is the canvas back, which, though never numer ous, is sufficiently plentiful in sections of the state to afford good sport. The mallard and teal, both splendid ducks, are to be found in fairly good numbers in all parts of the state. The wood duck, which breeds regularly in the state, is one of our most beautiful ducks. Brant and geese follow the same course to the North and South that our ducks take, but they are not disposed to remain in our waters very long while on their migrations. Both are exceedingly wary birds and keep away as much as possible from the shooting territory frequented by sports men. It is an important duty of the commission to consider the welfare of our song and insectivorous birds. Nearly all of our non-game birds live wholly or in part upon insect life and noxious weeds. These birds, as well as the game birds, are being encouraged through game reservations where they can nest and rear their young undisturbed. Mammals of Illinois. — The foUowing list includes all of the species of mammals now living in IlUnois or known to have lived in the state since first visited by the white man. The limits of space permit the use of only the common names for family and species: I. Opossum Family. 1. Virginian opossum. II. Deer Family. 2. Virginia deer, White-tailed deer. 3. Northern White-tailed deer. 4. American elk. III. Cattle Family. 5. American bison or buffalo. IV. Squirrel Family. 6. Southern flying squirrel. 7. Western fox squirrel. 8. Southern gray squirrel. 9. Northern gray squirrel. 10. Southern red squirrel. 11. Chipmunk. 12. Gray-striped chipmunk. 13. Striped ground squirrel, "Gopher." 14. Frank lin's ground squirrel, "Gray gopher." 15. Woodchuck, Ground hog. NATIVE ANIMALS 121 V. Beaver Family. 16. Beaver. VI. Family of Rats and Mice. 17. House mouse. 18. Norway rat, House rat. 19. White-footed mouse. 20. Northern white-footed mouse. 21. Prairie white-footed mouse. 22. Western cotton mouse. 23. Southern golden mouse. 24. Rice field mouse. 25. Illinois wood rat. 26. Meadow mouse. 27. Prairie meadow mouse. 28. Mole mouse. 29. Muskrat. 30. Goss's lemming mouse. VII. Pocket Gopher Family. 31. Pocket gopher. VIII. Jumping Mouse Family. 32. Hudson Bay jumping mouse. IX. Rabbit Family. 33. Cotton-tail rabbit, Gray rabbit. 34. Swamp rabbit. X. The Cat Family. 35. Panther, Cougar. 36. Canada lynx. 37. Wild cat, Bay lynx, Bob cat. XL Wolf Family. 38. Gray fox. 39. Wisconsin gray fox. 40. Red fox. 41. Prairie wolf, Coyote. XII. Otter Family. 42. Canada otter. 43. Northern skunk. 44. Illi nois skunk. 45. Alleghenian spotted skunk. 46. American badger. 47. Mink. 48. New York weasel. 49. Fisher. XIII. Raccoon Family. 50. Raccoon. XIV. Bear Family. 51. Black bear. XV. Shrew Family. 52. Common shrew. 53. Carolina shrew. 54. Mole shrew. 55. Carolina short-tailed shrew. 56. Small short- tailed shrew. XVI. Mole Family. 57. Prairie mole. 58. Star-nosed mole. XVII. Bat Family. 59. Little brown bat. 60. Gray bat. 61. Say's bat. 62. Silver-haired bat. 63. Georgian bat. 64. Brown bat. 65. Red bat. 66. Hoary bat. 67. Rafinesque bat.1 An examination of the list shows that the 67 species of Illinois mammals are distributed among 17 families; each of 7 families is represented by a single species; 6 other families have 2, 3, 4, or 5 species each; of the 4 remaining families, the Otter Family is represented in Illinois by 8 species; the Bat, Family by 9 species; the Squirrel Family by 10 species; and the family of Rats and Mice by 14 species. If the 17 families be grouped from the standpoint of the size of the animals, 7 families may be designated as small, 7 as medium, and 3 as large. The 7 families of small mammals include 42 of the 67 species varying in size from the smallest of mice to the largest of the squirrels. The 7 families whose members are here considered as medium sized include 20 species varying in size from the rabbit and opossum to the wolf and the beaver. The 3 families of large mammals include 5 species — the Virginia Deer, the Northern White-tailed Deer, the American Elk, the Black Bear, and the American Bison or Buffalo. i Charles B. Cory, The Mammals of Illinois and Wisconsin, Field Museum of Natural History. 122 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Birds of Illinois. — In Illinois there have been found 365 species of birds. The following list includes 141 species of the more common birds. Probably 100 of these can be found in almost any county of the state. WATER BIRDS I. Grebe Family. 1. Pied-billed grebe. II. Loon Family. 2. Loon. III. Gull Family. 3. Herring gull. 4. Bonaparte's gull. 5. Black tern. IV. Cormorant Family. 6. Double-crested cormorant. V. Duck Family. 7. American merganser. 8. Hooded merganser. 9. Mallard. 10. Baldpate. 11. Green-winged teal. 12. Blue- winged teal. 13. Shoveller. 14. Pintail. 15. Wood duck. 16. Redhead. 17. Canvasback. 18. Lesser scaup duck. 19. American golden-eyed. 20. Bufflehead. 21. Lesser snow goose. 22. Canada goose. 23. Hutchins goose. VI. Heron Family. 24. American bittern. 25. Great blue heron. 26. Little green heron. 27. Black-crowned night heron. VII. Rail Family. 28. King rail. 29. Virginia rail. 30. Carolina rail. 31. Florida gallinule. 32. American coot. VIII. Snipe Family. 33. American woodcock. 34. Wilson snipe. 35. Greater yellow legs. 36. Yellow legs. 37. Bartramian sandpiper. 38. Spotted sandpiper. IX. Plover Family. 39. American golden plover. 40. Killdeer. LAND BIRDS X. Grouse Family. 41. Bob white. 42. Ruffed grouse. 43. Prairie hen. 44. Wild turkey. XL Pigeon Family. 45. Mourning dove. XII. Vulture Family. 46. Turkey vulture. XIII. Hawk Family. 47. Marsh hawk. 48. Sharp-shinned hawk. 49. Cooper hawk. 50. Red-tailed hawk. 51. Golden eagle. 52. Bald eagle. 53. American osprey. XIV. Owl Family. 54. Barred owl. 55. Screech owl. 56. Great horned owl. 57. Snowy owl. XV. Cuckoo Family. 58. Yellow-billed cuckoo. 59. Black-billed cuckoo. XIV. Kingfisher Family. 60. Belted kingfisher. XVII. Woodpecker Family. 61. Hairy woodpecker. 62. Northern downy woodpecker. 63. Yellow-bellied sapsucker. 64. Red headed woodpecker. 65. Red-bellied woodpecker. 66. North ern flicker. XVIII. Goatsucker Family. 67. Whippoorwill. 68. Night hawk. XIX. Swift Family. 69. Chimney swift. XX. Hummingbird Family. 70. Ruby-throated hummingbird XXI. Flycatcher Family. 71. Kingbird. 72. Great-crested fly catcher. 73. Phoebe. 74. Wood pewee. 75. Green-crested flycatcher. XXII. Lark Family. 76. Horned lark. 77. Prairie horned lark. XXIII. Crow Family. 78. Blue jay. 79. American crow. NATIVE ANIMALS 123 XXIV. Blackbird Family. 80. Bobolink. 81. Cowbird. 82. Yellow- headed blackbird. 83. Red-winged blackbird. 84. Meadow- lark. 85. Orchard oriole. 86. Baltimore oriole. 87. Rusty blackbird. 88. Bronzed grackle. XXV. Sparrow Family. 89. Evening grosbeak. 90. Purple finch. 91. American crossbill. 92. White-winged crossbill. 93. Red poll. 94. American goldfinch. 95. Snowflake. 96. Vesper sparrow. 97. Grasshopper sparrow. 98. White-throated spar row. 99. Tree sparrow. 100. Slate-colored junco. 101. Fox sparrow. 102. Towhee. 103. Cardinal. 104. Rose-breasted grosbeak. 105. Indigo bunting. 106. Dickcissel. XXVI. Tanager Family. 107. Scarlet tanager. 108. Summer tanager. XXVII. Swallow Family. 109. Purple martin. 110. Cliff swallow. 111. Barn swallow. 112. Tree swallow. 113. Bank swallow. XXVIII. Waxwing Family. 114. Cedar waxwing. XXIX. Shrike Family. 115. Northern shrike. 116. Loggerhead shrike. XXX. Vireo Family. 117. Red-eyed vireo. 118. Warbling vireo. XXXI. Warbler Family. 119. Black and white warbler. 120. Yellow warbler. 121. Oven bird. 122. Northern yellowthroat. 123. XXXII. Wren and Thrasher Family. 124. Mocking bird. 125. Cat bird. 126. Brown thrasher. 127. Carolina wren. 128. Bewick wren. 129. House wren. 130. Short-billed marsh wren. 131. Long-billed marsh wren. XXXIII. Creeper Family. 132. Brown creeper. XXXIV. Chickadee Family. 133. White-breasted nuthatch. 134. Red- breasted nuthatch. 135. Tufted titmouse. 136. Chickadee. XXXV. Kinglet Family. 137. Golden-crowned kinglet. 138. Ruby- crowned kinglet. XXXVI. Thrush Family. 139. Wood thrush. 140. American robin. 141. Bluebird.1 The foregoing is but a partial list of birds now found within the state. Of the 365 species of birds which have been found in IUinois, 129 are classified as water birds and 236 as land birds. These include a total of 52 families. Each of 13 families is represented by a single species; 12 other families are each represented by 2 species; 16 additional families are each represented by fewer than 10 species, and 6 families have 10 to 13 species each. The 5 remaining families contain 180 species, or nearly one-half of the total for the state. The Hawk Family has 26 species; the Snipe Family 28; the Warbler Family 39; the Duck Family 41 ; and the Sparrow Family 46. The large number and great variety of species of birds in Illinois at present indicate that the conditions for bird life » D. Lange, How to Know the Wild Birds of Illinois, Illinois Audubon Society. 124 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS throughout the state are still good, although not so favorable as originally. The bird life of small areas has been carefully and scientificaUy studied in some portions of the state. Mr. Robert Ridgway has observed 134 species on Bird Haven, a tract of woodland of 18 acres in Richland County; 53 species of this number breed on the adjoining farm. On the campus of the Illinois State Normal University, 56 acres in extent, there have been observed 138 species, and 80 species have been identified in one season in Normal, Illinois, on a city lot 66 feet by 198 feet in size. More than 150 species have been identified in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Density of bird population. — In June, July, and August, 1907, a special survey was made under the direction of Pro fessor S. A. Forbes to determine the abundance of birds in Illinois. Two observers traversed 428 miles in the southern, central, and northern parts of the state. They counted aU the species and all the individuals on a total area of 7,693 acres. They found 85 species and 7,740 individuals. This gives a density of 645 birds per square mile, or almost precisely 1 bird per acre. On this basis, Illinois contained 36,000,000 birds. The English sparrow was the most numerous, making up 18 per cent of the individuals observed; the meadow lark consti tuted 13 per cent; the bronzed grackle 11 per cent; the mourn ing dove 6 per cent; and the dickcissel 5 per cent. Others, constituting more than 1 per cent, and in order of abundance, were : red-winged blackbird, prairie horned lark, flicker, robin, field sparrow, American goldfinch, kingbird, bobolink, grass hopper sparrow, brown thrasher, cowbird, red-headed wood pecker, barn swallow, quail, Bartramian sandpiper, and crow. These 21 species included 85 per cent of the individuals observed. The English sparrow decreases in abundance from north to south. The meadow lark increases in abundance from north to south as does the total of bird life. For every 100 birds counted in northern Illinois, 133 were found in central Illinois and 181 in southern Illinois. These IUinois birds showed a decided preference for prairie and woodland conditions. Fifty per cent of the birds were found in pastures and meadows which constituted only 36 per cent of the land surveyed. Birds NATIVE ANIMALS 125 were about one- third as abundant in cornfields as in grasslands; and in small grains they were twice as abundant as in corn. In orchards they averaged 4| times as numerous as in fields of grain, 2,471 to the square mile. Among native trees and shrubbery the density of birds averaged 1,451 per square mile. Reptiles and batrachians. — Reptiles include snakes, lizards, and turtles; batrachians include mud-puppies, salamanders, toads, and frogs. Natural conditions in Illinois were favorable for the development of a varied and somewhat abundant life of reptiles and batrachians. The march of the white man, however, has made the existence of these forms of life more difficult than formerly. The poisonous rattlesnake, once abundant, has been nearly exterminated. Garter snakes, bull snakes, moccasins, grass snakes, and blue racers are com mon in Illinois at the present time. Turtles are common, especially along the IUinois river, and they are of commercial importance; $15,000 worth have been marketed in a single year. The extensive drainage of swamps has greatly reduced the number of frogs of the state. Fishes of Illinois. — The entire fish life of Illinois comprises 150 species. A comprehensive study of them has been pub lished by the Natural History Survey of the state. About three dozen of our 150 species of Illinois fishes have a marketable value as food, and a dozen more may be classed as edible, although not popular enough or abundant enough within our limits to have any com mercial value as Illinois products. A dozen of the more useful species are of really good quality, and half of these are among the best of the fresh-water species. In the following list the edible species are distinguished in classes of graduated importance, according to our judgment of the estimation in which these fishes are generally held. A few species are put in a lower class than their quality would call for because of their infrequent occurrence in our fisheries.First class. — Whitefish, Great Lake trout, blue cat, channel-cat, mud- cat, common pike, white crappie, black crappie, bluegill, small-mouthed black bass, large-mouthed black bass, wall-eyed pike. Second class. — Golden shad (rare), northern mooneye (rare), lake herring, eel, Missouri sucker, red-mouth buffalo, mongrel buffalo, small- mouth buffalo, European carp, eel cat (rare), lake catfish (rare), rock bass, blue-spotted sunfish, long-eared sunfish, pumpkinseed sand-pike, yellow perch, white bass, yellow bass. Third class. — Paddle-fish, lake sturgeon, shovel-nosed sturgeon, white- nosed sucker, common red-horse, short-headed red-horse, yellow bullhead, common bullhead, black bullhead, little pickerel, warmouth, sheepshead. Fourth class. — Dogfish, gizzard-shad, river carp, lake carp, spotted sucker, common sucker, burbot. 126 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The distinction of Illinois as a fish-producing state is to be found in its relation to the Mississippi River and some of the most important branches of that stream. The state is traversed diagonally by the Illinois River, admirably adapted by its sluggish current, by the many bottom-land lakes connected with it at low water, by the extensive breeding-grounds afforded to fishes during the period of the spring overflow, and by the vast abundance of fish food in its waters at all seasons of the year, to support an unusually large and varied fish population. Illinois markets a larger value per annum in fishes taken from flowing streams than all the states immediately surrounding it taken together. Illinois furnishes, indeed, more than one-third of the fishes sent to market from all the streams of the Mississippi Valley. Furthermore, Illinois River and its tributaries produced, in 1899, 72 per cent of all the fishes taken from the streams of the state, and a fourth of the entire fish product of the Mis sissippi Valley came in that year from this one stream. The totals for the different Illinois stream systems were as follows: Illinois, $371,110; Mis sissippi, $118,278; Wabash, $38,065; Ohio, $20,029; Kaskaskia, $3,002; Big Muddy, $1,136. The Great Lakes fisheries in Illinois waters are of insignificant propor tions. The total longshore product for Cook and Lake counties during the last census year was $12,500 — about $2,000 less than the sum derived from our river turtles alone. The fisheries of the state are of sufficient economic interest to make it the duty of all concerned to preserve them carefully and to take all prac ticable measures for their improvement and development.1 TABLE Pounds of Commercial Fish Caught on Station Carp Buffalo Sunfish and Crappies Bullcat 453,000950,000 150,000 1,412,0001,000,000 422,743 5,000 80,000 5,000 121,500 60,000 16,776 74,00078,00075,00084,00065,000 157,547 12,000 Chillicothe 10,000 20,000 56,000 Pekin 45,000 Liverpool 88,819 Bath Browning Beardstown 378,000 1,034,300 111,300 246,200 236,550 70,400 51,300 180,100 Valley City 66,66655,00020,500 3,000 5,0003,0003,500 2,000 1,200 Bedford Total 5,944,543 657,276 843,697 463,219 i Stephen A. Forbes and Robert E. Richardson, The Fishes of Illinois, Natural History Survey of Illinois, Vol. Ill, 1908. NATIVE ANIMALS 127 The accompanying table shows in detail the fish catch in pounds for a single year. The stations are arranged in order from Henry, Marshall County, downstream to Meppen, Calhoun County, a distance of about 200 miles. Insects. — In addition to the vertebrate animals already mentioned, Illinois is the home of myriads of invertebrates, the most important groups of which are the insects and mollusks. The insects of the state are of great economic importance because of their relation to field crops, vegetable gardens, flowers, shrubs, and trees. Injurious insects are reduced in number and their ravages greatly lessened by the work of insec tivorous birds, predaceous and parasitic insects, and by man. The study of the life-histories of injurious insects and the best methods of combating them is carried on by state and national governments, and the results are widely published. Among the more injurious insects to Illinois field crops are the chinch bug, Hessian fly, army worm, cut worm, corn-root Illinois River, Season of 1913-14* Catfish Dogfish Perch Assorted Fish Total 544,000 2,000 1,000 12 200 10,000 20,000 5,000 55,000 46,870 800 1,130,800 271,000 1,690,700 2,000 8,000 550,000 2,200,000 700,000 10,000 1,235,000 3 099 1,285,854 2,200,000 700,000 110,800 8,000 20,000 3,000 6,600 909,150 1,557,600 34,500 10,000 34,500 1,000 1 000 500500 150 84,500 60,700 500 24,650 3,000 500,000 500,000 131,599 164,870 13,550 4,012,500 12,231,454 * From Annual Report of the Game and Conservation Commission for 1913-14. 128 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS aphis, corn-root worm, and green-oat aphis. Among the garden pests are found the potato beetle, cabbage worm, striped cucumber beetle, squash bug, and aphids. Some of the insects which infest trees are the codUng moth, San Jose scale, tent caterpillar, peach-tree borer, wooly apple aphis, and the tussock moth. Many insects are of value to man because they destroy injurious insects. These helpful insects are predaceous if they eat their prey; parasitic, if they Uve upon the bodies of other insects. Among the predaceous insects are the lady-bird beetles, lace-winged flies, and ground beetles. Some of the important parasitic insects are the braconoid flies, ichneumon flies, and chalcis flies. Mollusks. — Snails and fresh-water mussels, or "clams," are the chief representatives of the moUusks in Illinois. Mussels are abundant in the principal streams of the state, and "mussel- ing" has been carried on extensively on the Illinois, Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers. The shells are sold by the ton to button factories; the "meats" make good fertiUzers. Pearls are sometimes found in the mussels. When "musseling" was at its height on the IUinois River, large jewelry establishments sent their representatives up and down the river in motor boats to purchase pearls of the fishermen. Prices varied from $3 for the smaller specimens to more than $2,500 for the largest and most perfect pearls. CHAPTER VIII NATIVE PEOPLE The Indians. — Prior to the coming of the white man in 1673 , the IUinois country had been occupied exclusively by Indian tribes, and the Indians were an important factor in the popula tion of the state until 1833, 160 years after the explorations of Joliet and Marquette, when the Indians ceded their remaining lands to the United States. A primitive race, obtaining its livelihood by means of hunting, fishing, and crude agricultural pursuits, had maintained itself for unknown generations on the resources of the native forests and prairies of Illinois. From the standpoint of the Indian, who depended mainly on the results of the chase for food and clothing, the Illinois country was fully populated by his people. As seen by the white man, who, for centuries, had obtained his food and clothing by careful cultivation of the soil and rearing of domesti cated animals, the Illinois country with its level surface, fertile soU, and favorable cUmate was capable of supporting many times the population found among the Indian inhabitants. Density of Indian population. — The number of Indians living in North America, in the United States, or in Illinois prior to the settlement of the white man can be known only through the careful estimates of men who have made a special study of the problem. The foUowing is from the American Indian by Elijah M. Haines: Careful investigation into this subject warrants the assertion that there was not, and has not been, since the time of the discovery of America, within what is now the territory of the United States, nor upon the whole North American continent, 2,000,000 Indian inhabitants. Concerning the Indian population of New England Mr. W. A. Phelan finds that the total of the Indian population of New England, originally estimated at 70,000, is reduced by close investigation to, at the outside, 13,000 or 14,000. The report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, under date of Sep tember 28, 1886, shows the total population of Indians assigned to reserva tions, exclusive of those in Alaska, to be 247,261, the number of Indians in Alaska being estimated at 20,000. The number of Indians scattered about the country of which the United States have no immediate care or 130 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS jurisdiction, and of which no accurate census has been taken, will, perhaps, increase the number of Indians of all descriptions, at present inhabiting the United States, to 300,000. Add to this the Indians of the British possessions and the northern regions, and it will doubtless swell this number of Indians in North America to somewhere about 500,000. The original estimate of 70,000 Indians for New England, regarded by later investigators as entirely too high, gives a density of but 1 person to the square mUe, whUe the later estimate of 14,000 gives but 1 person to 5 square mUes, or 25 square miles per family. New England and Illinois may be considered fairly comparable in their fitness for Indian occupa tion and development. The Indian mode of life would not permit a dense popula tion. The contests among the tribes for possession of favorite hunting grounds were frequent and fierce. Tribal boundary lines were shifted back and forth generation after generation during historic times, and such changes had doubtless gone on during earlier centuries. It seems that no area of con siderable size in the United States ever supported an Indian population having a density as great as 1 person per square mile. Indian population in Illinois. — In general, it is estimated that one-fourth of the Indians were counted as warriors. The number of warriors reported for any tribe of Indians was thus a basis for estimating Indian population. The foUowing statements concerning Indian tribes which lived in IUinois are based on Beckwith's work:1 The several Indian tribes, which from time to time occupied parts of Illinois, were the Miamis, Illinois, Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes, Kickapoos, Potawatomies, and, at short intervals, the Shawnees. The Illinois Indians were composed of five subdivisions: Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Tamaroas, Peorias, and Metchigamis. In 1680, the Indian population of an Indian village near Starved Rock was estimated at 7,000 or 8.000 souls. The building of Fort St. Louis upon the heights of Starved Rock by La Salle, in 1682, gave confidence to the Illinois who had again returned to their favorite village. They were followed by bands of Weas, Piankashaws, and Miamis, near kinsmen of the Illinois, and by the Shawnees and other tribes of remoter affinity; and soon a cordon of populous towns arose about the fort. The military forces of these villages at the colony of La Salle, in 1684, was estimated at 3,680 fighting men, the Illinois furnishing more than one-third of this number. (If the population were four times the number 1 Hiram Beckwith, Illinois and Indiana Indians. NATIVE PEOPLE 131 of warriors the Starved Rock region, according to this estimate, contained nearly 15,000 Indians.) In an enumeration of Indian tribes made in 1736, the number of warriors of the Illinois Indians are set down as foUows: Metchigamis, 250; Kaskaskias, 100; Peorias, 50; Cahokias and Tamaroas, 200. This gives a total of 600 warriors and a population of 2,400. General William Henry Harrison reported that when he was made governor of Indiana in 1800 that the once powerful Illinois were reduced to 30 warriors, of whom 25 were Kaskaskias, 4 Peorias and a single Metchigamian. ILLINOIS RIVER AND VALLEY FROM STARVED ROCK STATE PARK In this scene we are looking down the Illinois River. Within the view, to the right of the river, is the site of the Kaskaskia Indian village visited by Joliet and Marquette in 1673. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) The Indian population of Illinois, when admitted as a state in 1818, is set forth in Illinois in 1818, as foUows: The best available evidence as to the population of Indian tribes living in Illinois in 1818 is an estimate made by the secretary of war in 1815, but unfortunately the figures refer to the tribes as a whole and not merely to the groups living in Illinois. According to this estimate the Potawatomi were the most numerous, having 4,800 souls. The Sauk numbered 3,200 and the 132 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Fox 1,200, making a total of 4,400 for the two tribes. The Winnebago were credited with 2,400 souls but only a few of these lived south of the boundary line. Nearly all of the 1,600 Kickapoo, on the other hand, were within the limits of Illinois. The Kaskaskia tribe had been reduced to 60 souls and the Peoria were not included in the count at all. In each instance it was estimated that about one-fourth of the members of the tribe were warriors. STARVED ROCK AS SEEN FROM ILLINOIS RIVER Starved Rock, now included in a state park, was occupied in the early French days by Fort St. Louis, and numerous Indian tribes lived near. These numbers give a total of 13,260. After deducting those outside the state, the Indian population of IUinois in 1818 was somewhat less than 12,000, a density of about 1 person to 5 square miles, or one family to 25 square miles for the state as a whole. This population, however, was almost entirely in central and northern Illinois which had not yet been opened for settlement. Southern Illinois, from Madison NATIVE PEOPLE 133 County southward, had been surveyed and opened to settlement before 1818, and in this area 40,000 white settlers were counted at the time that IUinois was organized as a state. Life of the Indian. — The Indian, like all other inhabitants of the earth, spent the greater part of his time and energy in securing food, clothing, and shelter for himself and his family. He was a child of nature, adapting himself to his natural environment in such a manner as to be very largely dependent on nature's supplies, developing a crude agriculture by the labor of the women only as a supplement to the fruits of the chase. The foUowing from Illinois in 1818 gives a clear picture of the ordinary activities of the Indians of IUinois: All these tribes belonged to the Algonkin linguistic group with the exception of the Winnebago, who were of Dakota stock. The material culture, social organization, and religious beliefs of the different tribes were fairly uniform. They were people neither of the forest nor the plain, but lived along the water courses much as did the first white settlers. Their time was divided about equally between hunting and agricultural life. "They leave their villages," says Marston, "as soon as their corn, beans, etc., are ripe and taken care of, and their traders arrive and give out their credits and go to their wintering grounds; it being previously determined on in council what particular ground each party can hunt on. The old men, women, and children embark in canoes, and the young men go by land with their horses; on their arrival they immediately commence their winter's hunt, which lasts about three months. They return to their villages in the month of April, and after putting their lodges in order, com mence preparing the ground to receive the seed." The principal crop was Indian corn, of which they had extensive fields. Speaking of the Sauk and Fox near Rock Island, Major Marston says: "The number of acres cultivated by that part of the two nations who reside at their villages in this vicinity is supposed to be upwards of three hundred. They usually raise from seven to eight thousand bushels of corn, besides beans, pumpkins, melons, etc. The labor of agriculture is confined princi pally to the women, and this is done altogether with the hoe." While corn formed the staple of the Indians' diet, they made some use of wild vegetables and roots. They ate meat of many varieties, preference being given to venison and bear's meat. They cared little for fish, but ate it when other food was scarce. The ordinary garments of the Indian men were a shirt reaching almost to the knees, a breechclout, and leggings which came up to the thigh and were fastened to the belt on either side. In earliest times all their clothing was made of leather, but by 1818 this material had been generally replaced by trade cloth. The women wore a two-piece garment, short leggings reaching to the knees, and moccasins; they also employed the customary Indian ornamentation of quills and beads. Both sexes wore the robe, and later the trade blanket. The men painted their faces in various ways, while the women painted very little or not at all. The principal manufacturing operations of these tribes were tanning, weaving, and the making of pottery; although the last named industry 134 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 1 had practically been given up by 1818. The central Algonkin were not familiar with the loom, but they twisted a twine from the inner bark of the linden, and with this wove excellent bags of various sorts, which they used for a great variety of purposes. These were decorated by weaving in geometric designs and conventional representations of animals. They also made reed mats sewed with twine, which were used as coverings for floors, and as roofing for the winter houses. The pottery was of a rather inferior sort, burned in an open fire, or simply sundried, and decorated with a few incised lines. With the coming of the whites, this native ware was rapidly replaced by the trade kettle. All the tribes living in Illinois used two types of houses, one for summer, the other for winter. The summer houses as described by Forsyth, were "built in the form of an oblong, a bench on each of the long sides about three feet high and four feet wide, parallel to each other, a door at each end, and a passage through the center of about six feet wide, some of those huts are fifty or sixty feet long and capable of lodging fifty or sixty persons. Their winter lodges are made by driving long poles in the ground in two rows nearly at equal distances from each other, bending the tops so as to overlap, then covering them with mats made of a kind of rushes or flags. A bearskin generally serves for a door, which is suspended at the top and hangs down. When finished, it is not unlike an oven with the fire in the center and the smoke emits through the top." It is evident that the Indian had nothing that could be called a formal civil government. Most affairs were left to individual initiative; the love of freedom was one of the Indians' chief characteristics; and they suffered their personal liberty to be only slightly limited even by the authority of the chiefs and sachems. In 1818, the Indians retained but little of the independence and self- sufficiency of their forefathers. Their agriculture was of a rude and primitive sort, and they had come to rely upon the white trader for a large number of articles which, once unknown, had become necessities of life; and these they secured in exchange for the returns of their hunts. The Indians leave Illinois. — The first government land sales in IUinois took place in 1814. Southern Illinois was first opened to settlement. Central and northern Illinois were opened soon after statehood was attained, and by 1833 all Indian tribes had ceded their IUinois lands to the United States and agreed to removal to lands west of the Mississippi. Thus in 160 years from the first appearance of the white man in IUinois, the land of the state had passed from the exclusive ownership of the Indians into the permanent possession of another race. CHAPTER IX THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN Indian and white man. — It seems certain that the fertUe and productive IUinois country of 56,000 square miles never supported an Indian population having a density as great as 1 person per square mUe, and that at times the population did not exceed 1 person to 3 or 4 square mUes. In 1673 Joliet and Marquette, the first white men known to the Indians of IUinois, crossed the state along the vaUeys of the Illinois, Des Plaines, and Chicago rivers. By 1833, 160 years after this first visit, the white man had induced the Indian to relinquish his claim to the last square mile of IUinois and to remove to more western lands. The United States census of 1830 showed that 157,445 white people, or 3 per square mUe, had already made their homes in the state; by 1910 this number had increased to 5,638,591, or 100 persons per square mUe. The procession of the white man into the IUinois country was continuous and rapid. Various stages marked the process of taking possession of the land. The explorer was foUowed by the fur -trader; then came the "hunter pioneer," who competed directly with the Indian for occupation of the land. He was foUowed by the "first settler," who depended somewhat more on agriculture than did the hunter pioneer. The "permanent settler" then came to improve the land and to establish a home for his own and succeeding generations. The explorers. — A land of such bountiful natural resources as Illinois, adapted to the support of a numerous and prosper ous population, could not remain unknown to civilization after the fact of its existence had been established. The routes of the early explorers were determined by geographic conditions. With waterways as the ready-made roads of travel, it was but natural that early expeditions for discovery and exploration should carry Joliet and Marquette along the IUinois country down the Mississippi, and across the level plains of the state up the easily navigated Illinois River, 135 136 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS along the Des Plaines, the Chicago portage, and the Chicago River to Lake Michigan. . It was the shores of Lake Michigan and the courses of the St. Joseph and Kankakee rivers that directed the route of La Salle, late in 1679, across Michigan and Indiana into the Illinois country. During the next few years La SaUe and his men made numerous trips across IUinois, but always along the most easily traveled route — the IUinois VaUey and easy portages to Lake Michigan. As long as the white man was only an explorer, he changed the Indian's mode of life but little. The fur trade. — When the explorer became a fur-trader, as did La SaUe and his companions, the white man's influence on the daily life of the Indian became distinctly noticeable. The trade kettle soon displaced the crude Indian pottery. The trade blanket and trade cloth were substituted for much of the fur clothing. Glass beads were eagerly sought as orna ments. The white man's gun and ammunition took the place of bow and arrow. Whiskey was eagerly sought and used with deadly effect. All articles of commerce were to be paid for in peltry. The introduction of firearms and the steady demand for furs led to greater destruction of animal life than was possible under the natural conditions prior, to the coming of the fur-trader. The balance which had been developed and maintained in previous generations was being unsettled by the fur-trader; it was further disturbed by the hunter pioneer, and entirely overthrown by the coming of the permanent settler. The principal regions of fur-trading activity were the valleys of the Mississippi, IUinois, and Wabash rivers. With increased knowledge of the Illinois country as a fur- producing region, fur-traders multiplied in numbers untU the state was well supplied with trading posts. It is difficult for the present inhabitants to realize the extent to which wild game once abounded in the state, and the enormous quantities of peltry which were annually exported. The valley of the Illinois River was, at the close of the territorial period, one of the important fur bearing areas of the northwest. In 1816, the furs sent out from the various posts upon the Illinois River included 10,000 deer; 300 bear; 10,000 raccoons; 35,000 muskrat; 400 otter; 300 pounds of beaver; 500 cat and fox; and 100 mink. The total value of this peltry was estimated at $23,700. The merchandise imported into the region during the same year was estimated to be worth more than $18,000. In considering the Illinois fur trade, it should be remembered that it constituted only one part of an industry of enormous THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN 137 proportions, covering the Great Lakes region, and extending westward far beyond the Mississippi, an industry which at one time or another has made its influence felt in almost every part of the North American continent.1 Illinois lands opened to settlement. — Had the era of the fur-trader been continuous, Illinois would have remained clothed with its native vegetation, inhabited by its native animals and its native peoples, and the chief articles of export would still be furs instead of corn and live stock. But no region of the earth as favorably situated as IUinois can remain in a state of nature, supporting a mere handful of people. The inhabitants of more densely populated regions inevitably move into such lands, introduce agriculture, and obtain a good living for a population many times the number of the original occu pants. The IUinois region passed from hunting lands to farm lands very slowly for more than a century after its discovery; then with exceeding rapidity the transformation of the state from hunting grounds to cultivated fields was completed. During this pioneer period, thousands of eager, industrious people from all parts of America and Europe came to Illinois to find homes, till farms, build cities, and develop a worthy civili zation. By 1833 the national government had secured title from the Indians to aU the lands of the state; by 1860 the pioneer period had passed and the lands of Illinois were fully occupied, ready for a long period of continuous development and progress. The earliest French settlements in Illinois were made about the year 1700 at Cahokia in St. Clair County and at Kaskaskia in Randolph County. In 1722 Prairie du Rocher in Randolph County was also founded by the French. About 1800, Shawneetown in Gallatin County was first settled. In a hundred years, 1700 to 1800, the white population of the state had reached only 2,458; the population of 1810 was 12,282, a gain of 400 per cent in ten years, and up to this date no public lands had been placed on sale by the national government. Under a system of land tenure whereby the public lands are to pass into the hands of individuals for pri vate and permanent ownership and occupation, the would-be 1 Solon J. Buck, Illinois in 1818. 138 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS owners must await the action of the government. Thus IUinois remained practicaUy an Indian country untU the land was surveyed and officiaUy opened to settlement. The survey of IUinois was authorized in 1804. The second, third, and fourth principal meridians and their base lines were established. Locating main township fines was begun in 1804, but detail work in the townships was not taken up until about 1810. Sales of public lands in Illinois were first made in 1814. When IUinois was admitted as a state in 1818, southern Illinois had been surveyed and opened to settlement. The survey is described as foUows in Illinois in 1818: The frontier of government survey then, in 1818, started on the Missis sippi near Alton and ran east to the third principal meridian, then south thirty miles to the base line, east again to the southeast corner of the Vin cennes tract and then northeastwardly along the boundaries of that tract and the Harrison purchase to the Indiana line near the boundary between the present Vermilion and Edgar counties. The map facing page 52 in Illinois in 1818 shows the extent of this survey. North of this frontier line of government survey of 1818, some lands were still held by the Indians, some had been ceded by the Indians to the federal government, and the "military tract" between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers had been surveyed and opened to aUotment under the law in October, 1817. The "military tracts" consisted of 6,000,000 acres of pubUc lands in Michigan, IUinois, and Missouri, set aside by Congress at the beginning of the War of 1812 to satisfy the bounties of 160 acres promised to each soldier. The "military tract" of Illinois included 3,500,000 acres, or one- tenth of the state. It extended northward from the junction of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers to an east-west line drawn from the junction of the Vermilion and Illinois rivers at La Salle due west to the Mississippi River between Rock Island and Mercer counties. No important settlements in the mUi- tary tract were possible in the few months that elapsed between its opening in October, 1817, and the movement for statehood. After statehood was attained, the public lands of the entire state were rapidly made avaUable for settlement. The open ing of the Erie Canal and the development of steamboat traffic on the Great Lakes brought an ever-increasing stream of immigrants into the northern and central parts of the state. THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN 139 The pioneer. — The frontier line during American settlement may be considered as the line separating regions having a density of population of more than 2 persons per square mile from regions having less than 2 per square mUe. The hunter pioneer usuaUy crossed the frontier line and lived much as did the Indian. As the frontier line approached his home in the solitude, he moved westward. The first settler lived along the frontier fine, and, as a denser population of permanent settlers approached, he sold his belongings and moved westward. A clear picture of pioneer life in IUinois is developed in Illinois in 1818 in the chapter "The Pioneers." The writer draws largely from the descriptions written by the early inhabitants themselves. Space permits only an abstract of the more salient facts: Fordham divided the people of the frontier into four classes. To the first two of these classes belonged the bulk of the pioneers. The first class consists of the hunters, a daring, hardy race of men who live in miserable cabins which they fortify in time of war with the Indians whom they hate, but much resemble in dress and manners. They are unpolished, but hospitable, kind to strangers, honest, and trustworthy. They raise a little Indian corn, pumpkins, hogs, and sometimes have a cow or two, and two or three horses belonging to each family, but their rifle is their chief means of support. They are the best marksmen in the world, and such is their dexterity that they will shoot an apple off the head of a companion. Their wars with the Indians have made them vindictive. This class cannot be called first settlers, for they move every year or two. The second class may be called first settlers, a mixed set of hunters and farmers. They possess more property and comforts than the first class. They follow the range pretty much; selling out when the country begins to be well settled and their cattle cannot be entirely kept in the woods. These original backwoodsmen look upon all new-comers as obtruders. The old hunters' rule is: when you hear the sound of a neighbor's gun, it is time to move away. These men live in solitude and rely on their own efforts to support themselves and their families. They derived their means of livelihood principally from hunting, and devoted very little atten tion to farming. Some, however, follow a different destiny. Their little corn patch increases to a field, their first shanty to a small log house, which, in turn, gives place to a double cabin in which the loom and spinning wheel are installed. A well and a few fruit trees after a time complete the improvement. The third class consisted of men of influence in their communities. They were usually fairly well educated and possessed of a moderate amount of property. They came from Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, from the Southern, Middle Atlantic, and the New England States. This class con sisted of young doctors, lawyers, storekeepers, farmers, and mechanics. Many of them lived in or near one of the land office towns, Kaskaskia, Shawneetown, or Edwardsville, but a few were to be found in the smaller settlements. 140 the Geography of Illinois The fourth class is not clearly distinguishable from the third. It consisted of old settlers, rich, independent farmers, wealthy merchants, possessing a good deal of information, a knowledge of the world, and an enterprising spirit. They undertake any business or speculation that promises great profit. An English pioneer settlement. — Only a region of superior qualities favorable for home-making could have drawn people from the distant regions of the earth as did Illinois. Probably the most conspicuous example of the attractiveness of Illinois to the home seeker is found in the English settlement at Albion, Edwards County. The following abstract is from Illinois in 1818: George Flower and Morris Birbeck, men of education and means, planned the enterprise, selected the site, directed the emigration, and established the settlement. Flower had come to the United States in 1816, Birbeck in 1817. They decided to locate in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois. They did not wish to go farther north because of the severity of the climate, nor farther south because of their abhorrence of slavery. The rough conditions of the frontier did not appeal to them, but the opportunity to purchase land in unlimited quantities at a low price appealed to them very much. While traveling in Kentucky, Flower heard of the prairies of southern Illinois. He and Birbeck visited Edwards County in 1817 and decided to locate their settlement on the small prairies and adjoining wooded tracts. Their first purchase was of 3,000 acres; during the next year they entered 26,400 acres; additional purchases were made later. Birbeck remained in America and Flower returned to England to find emigrants. In 1818 about 90 persons sailed. In April Flower left England on a chartered ship with 60 emigrants. They brought with them a goodly number of cows, hogs, and sheep of the choicest breeds of England. This English settlement, induced by the advantages of the Illinois prairies, exerted an important influence on the pioneer life of Illinois. The leaders were well instructed in the theory and practice of agriculture. They were among the first settlers of Illinois to attack the problem of bring ing the prairie under cultivation. The blooded stock which they intro duced was a valuable asset to the community. Nearly all the foreign travelers who made tours of the United States during the years 1818 to 1820 visited the settlement and published accounts of it in their books. This English pioneer settlement thus gave to Illinois unlimited advertising, not only in England, but on the continent and in the United States as well. This undoubtedly helped to promote emigration both from abroad and from the eastern states. Population of 1818. — The table on page 142 shows how sparsely populated the state was at the time of its admission to the Union. The table includes only the white population of that part of the state which had been surveyed. Crawford, Bond, and Madison counties included small areas of surveyed lands in their THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN 141 southern borders, and about 43,000 square miles additional, consisting of the recently surveyed lands of the "military tract" and the unsurveyed lands of the state. The returns of the census of 1818 showed a population beyond the line of survey sufficient to bring the total for the state to 40,000, which was the number required for statehood by the terms of the Enabling Act. Thus at the time of admission to the Union, Illinois had a population density of but 3 per square TABLE I Area and Population of Counties, 1818 County Total Area (sq. mi.) Area Surveyed (sq. mi.) Population Density (sq. mi.) 21,522 2,475 1,150 800 600 400 860800730 875340725900 17,535 6,288 700 2,475 1,150 800 600 400 860800730875340725900 570432 2,9462,2433,8323,9512,069 767 1,228 2,709 1,619 2,974 1,517 5,039 1,819 4,500 1,398 4 1 White 35 3 2 1 3 2 3 5 St. Clair 7 2 8 Bond 3 Total 56,000 12,357 38,611 3 mile in the region open to settlement, and less than 1 per square mile for the state as a whole. Only a region of remark able promise could have attracted a population of 6,000,000 in a single century. The distribution of this early population was determined largely by natural conditions. The waterways were the easiest routes of travel. Timber for buildings and for fuel and water for domestic use were easUy obtained near the streams. Game abounded in the forest, and agriculture was readily developed on the small prairies or cleared forest land. A population of about 15,000 was found in an area of 2,000 142 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS square miles between the Mississippi River on the west and Kaskaskia River and Shoal Creek on the east. Along the Wabash River from the Indiana state line to SaUne River in TABLE II Nativity of Illinois Pioneers, 1818 Number by States Number by Groups of States Percentage Southern States 94 84 40 2926 150 82 23 9 3 273 267 9119 66 38 Western States Ohio 37 Middle Atlantic States 4736 6 26 6 33 1 40 10 55 42 New Jersey 13 Delaware New England States Massachusetts Vermont New Hampshire 3 Rhode Island Foreign Countries 9 Total 716 100 GaUatin County, in a strip of territory about 15 mUes wide and more than 100 miles in length, lived a population of 12,000 on an area of 1,500 square mUes. These two centers of THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN 143 population had a density of about 8 per square mile. Only 12,000 inhabitants were found in the remaining 8,000 square miles of surveyed lands, a density of less than 2 per square mUe. Professor Buck has traced the birthplace or former residence of 716 heads of families who resided in Illinois when the census of 1818 was taken (Table II) . These are about 12 per cent of the 6,020 families then living in IUinois. The summary includes birthplace, or the earliest known residence if the birthplace could not be determined from the records. Another classifica tion is shown in Table III : TABLE III Number by Regions Percentage From south of Ohio River and Mason and Dixon's 505 145 66 71 20 9 Total 716 100 Since the population had nearly aU moved into the state after 1800, the attractions of the Illinois country must have been widely known to have drawn, in so short a period, a popu lation whose former homes had been in 18 other states and 6 foreign countries. Settlement of central and northern Illinois. — When Illinois was admitted to the Union, Indian claims had been extin guished for less than half the state. These lands lay in two detached areas, one in the southern third of the state and the other to the north and west of the IUinois River. Indian claims overlapped in many cases and the same territory was involved in more than one Indian treaty. The Piankashaw had ceded the last of their claims in IUinois in 1805, the Sac and Fox in 1815, and the Illinois in 1818. These cessions had been completed before IUinois was admitted as a state. The Kickapoo made final cession of Illinois land in 1819, the Winnebago in 1829, and the Potawatomi in 1833. After government ownership had been established, the regions of the state were rapidly surveyed into townships, 144 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS sections, and quarter-sections, and opened to entry. The frontier line of settlement moved steadily northward, more rapidly along the streams and forested belts than in the prairie regions. This movement of an incoming population is well described in the Geography of the Middle Illinois Valley: In 1820 population was confined to the southern portion of the state. During the next few years settlement spread northward into the Sangamon region. In 1823, Springfield was a frontier village containing a dozen log cabins; the site of Peoria was occupied by a few families, and that of Chicago by a military and trading post. The rest of northern Illinois was entirely unoccupied. In the latter part of the twenties, the Sangamon country filled rapidly, one hundred wagons in a single train being fre quently seen on their way there. A new impetus was given to the movements by the establishment of stream navigation on the Illinois River in 1828. By 1830 the Sangamon district was over flowing into the Illinois Val ley, which contained a few settlers well beyond Peoria. In 1832 the southern advance along the Illinois Valley was checked, and, save at Peoria, the settlers were driven south and east of the river by Black Hawk's War. Before the southern frontier had recovered from this blow, a great northern stream of immigration from . . New York and New England swept into the unoccupied portions of the valley, occupying first the woodland, and later the prairie. In the decade 1820-30, an expansion started up actively from New England that was destined to become a movement of great proportions later Before the opening of the Erie Canal, the journey from New England to the West had been slow, difficult, and expensive. The Erie Canal promptly became the most important route to Lake Erie in 1825 There were still, however, few vessels upon the lower lakes, and none regularly upon the upper, so that various courses were followed from Lake Erie to LORADO TAFT S FAMOUS STATUE "BLACK HAWK' AT OREGON THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN 145 the Illinois Valley. Navigation was late in developing upon Lake Michigan, and not until 1834 could emigrants count with certainty upon transportation to Chicago. A flood of settlers now poured into the Illinois Valley and the northern part of the state generally. In 1845 the steamboats alone landed 20,244 passengers at Chicago. Chicago was the gateway to the Illinois Valley. From a "little mushroom town" in 1833, and a "dirty village of twenty hamlets" in 1834 it grew to a population of 4,479 in 1840, and 28,269 in 1850. The value of its imports rose 523 per cent in the ten years following 1836. One of the greatest problems facing the pioneer was the transportation of his produce to a market. The Illinois River was the only connection with the outside world until the appearance of the railroad, unless the journey was made by wagon to Chicago. In general, therefore, the earlier settlers located near the Illinois or one of its navigable tributaries. The prairies of Illinois aroused the wonder of all early travelers. They were generally shunned by the first comers for several reasons : (1) Absence of trees was thought to mean that they were infertile. (2) Timber was imperatively needed for buildings, fences, and fuel. (3) They did not afford running water for stock or mills, while lack of fuel left steam mills out of the question. (4) There was no protection from the bitter winds of winter, which, above all else, made that season disagreeable. Men and cattle had even been known to perish in storms on the open prairie. (5) To the farmer, the prairies with their tough sod and matted roots constituted a new and altogether unknown problem. With the growth of population all the woodland was presently occupied, and new comers were crowded out upon the prairie. The small prairies were presently encircled by a belt of farms. Later, another ring was established inside of the first, and farther out on the prairie, and by a con tinuation of the process the entire prairie was finally occupied. Saw mills and grist mills constituted a pressing need of the settlers, and were among the first improvements made. It was a great inconvenience and hardship to be forced to pound grain on a hominy block, or to grind it in hand mills. The first grist mill in Bureau County was built on East Bureau Creek, in 1830; the machinery was largely of wood, and the mill stones were dressed from glacial bowlders taken from the neighboring bluffs. The following year the first saw mill of the country was erected on Big Bureau Creek. A new and powerful factor in the economic life of the Illinois Valley appeared in 1848 in the form of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The canal opened new markets, brought the valley into closer relations with Chicago and the Great Lakes, and modified its life in important ways. Lumber was the most important article brought into the Illinois Valley through the canal. The cost of lumber was immediately reduced one-half at Peoria, and further reductions soon followed. The year 1855 has been taken as marking the close of the period of steamboat supremacy in the trade of the Illinois Valley. This decline in water traffic was brought about primarily by the competition of the rail roads. The great prairies still remained largely unoccupied in 1850. The problems of transportation and of markets still prevented their occupation. During the decade 1850 to 1860, however, their conquest was rapidly accomplished, and in the latter, year the Grand Prairie had everywhere a population of over 6 to the square mile, and the great prairie to the north of the Illinois River more than 18 per square mile. The population of the state as a whole increased over 100 per cent in the ten years. 146 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS POPULATION DENSITY IN SUCCESSIVE YEARS This series of maps shows the steady and rapid growth of Illinois in popula tion for more than a century. The 1910 map is drawn on county lines while previous maps show regions of population without reference to county lines. THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN 147 The first white man saw the Illinois country in 1673. In 1818, 145 years later, there was a population of 40,000 in the state; 15 years after this date, in 1833, the white man's govern ment had obtained ownership, by treaties with the Indians, to every square mile of Illinois lands; during the short space of another 27 years the frontier line of settlement was swept out of the state, and the year 1860 finds the lands of Illinois occupied by an industrious and prosperous population of 1,711,951. The foregoing maps indicate the density of population at each decennial census from 1820 to 1860. They show the early influences of the streams and forests on population; the impetus to settlement given by the Illinois and Michigan Canal; and the rapid completion of the pioneer period during the first decade of extensive raUroad development. The accompanying table shows the rapid growth in popu lation of the state as recorded by the United States Census reports. TABLE IV Population of Illinois and United States Increase Population of United States Percent age of Date of Illinois United States in Illinois Number Percentage 1790 3,929,214 1800 . . 2,458 5,308,483 .04 1810 12,282 9,724 395 7,239,881 .17 1820 55,162 42,880 349 9,633,822 .57 1830 157,445 102,283 185 12,866,020 1.2 1840 476,183 318,738 202 17,069,453 2.8 1850 851,470 375,287 78 23,191,876 3.6 1860 1,711,951 860,481 101 31,443,321 5.4 1870 2,539,891 827,940 48 38,558,371 6.5 1880 3,077,871 537,980 21 50,155,782 6.1 1890 3,826,351 748,480 24 62,622,250 6.1 1900 4,821,550 995,199 26 76,303,387 6.3 1910 5,638,591 817,041 17 91,972,266 6.1 1920 6,485,098 846,507 15 105,683,108 6.1 CHAPTER X THE SOIL AND ITS CONSERVATION Importance of soil. — The wealth of Illinois is in her soil and her strength lies in its intelligent development. — Draper. These significant words, carved on the walls of the building of the State CoUege of Agriculture, at Urbana, are a striking expression of the importance of Illinois soils. The develop ment, progress, and prosperity of the state as a whole depend on the proper use and care of that thin stratum of the earth's crust, only a few inches in thickness, known as the soil. If this thin outer layer of land were entirely removed from the state, the plant, animal, and human life of today would dis appear. If, by careless cultivation and wasteful methods, this soU cover is gradually depleted of its life-sustaining properties, the removal of this greatest of our resources is going on as certainly as if accomplished suddenly and completely. If, on the other hand, a scientific system of permanent agricul ture is estabfished promptly, this invaluable gift of nature may be retained, not only in its present high state of fertUity, but it may be returned to its original productiveness and main tained as one of the world's most fertile regions for all time. In considerable areas of the state the original soU may, at relatively small expense, be so improved that the returns wiU be increased many fold. Population and soil. — In Illinois, as elsewhere in the world, the people are dependent directly on the products of the soil for sustenance. This is just as true of the people in the over crowded districts of Chicago, many of whose children have never seen a field of growing crops, as it is of the strictly agricultural districts of the state where the boys and girls do their share in the production of staple crops. AU the people of the state are wholly dependent for their food and clothing on the soil of Illinois and other regions. No large population can be maintained apart from the products of the earth secured through the inteUigent practice of agriculture. THE SOIL AND ITS CONSERVATION 149 More than 60 per cent of the population of the world live on less than 8 per cent of the land area of the world, not from choice, merely, but from necessity, a necessity based wholly on the productiveness of the soil. The average density of popula tion on this small percentage of the land of the world exceeds 200 persons per square mile, giving an average area of not more than 16 acres per family. The land of Illinois has larger capacity for production than the more densely populated old-world countries. The Illinois lands passed from a state of nature into private ownership for agricultural purposes within the short period of 60 years, 1800 to 1860. In 110 years, 1800 to 1910, the population of civilized men in IUinois was multi plied by more than 2,200. The population during this period increased from 1 person to 22 square rmles, or 3 townships per family, to 100 persons to 1 square mile, or an average of 32 acres per family. This unparaUeled increase of population was due primarUy to soil fertility which, as time went on, was combined with remarkable commercial opportunities and valuable mineral resources, especially coal, the basis of modern industrial development. The census returns for 1920 show that Illinois now supports a population of 116 persons per square mile, giving, on an average, 28 acres per family. Illinois has attracted this large population in the short space of three generations of mankind. The fathers and grandfathers of those now living were the original settlers of IUinois woodland and prairie. In the course of time, Illinois, with its wealth of fertile soU, busy factories, and numerous mines, is sure to be populated as densely as the average of the well-developed old-world regions. This larger population can maintain a high standard of living only if the present and succeeding generations pass on the soil to their successors with unimpaired, and, in many cases, with improved fertUity. Soil surveys. — Soil may be "surveyed" from different points of view. The early pioneer looked out over the broad prairies and extensive woodlands of Illinois, and from the general appearance of the landscape selected a future home. If he appreciated the possibilities of future land values he acquired title to large tracts, sometimes thousands of acres in 150 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS extent. The eastern farmer who sold his improved holdings at good values came to Illinois while lands were still cheap and made sufficient examination of the soil and its crops to con vince him that the new farm was obtained at a favorable price. After years of heavy cropping on soils of exceeding fertility, the farmer became convinced that what was once con sidered a soU of inex haustible fertility was producing, even under improved methods of cultivation, smaller acre yields than were obtained from the virgin soil. This led to the inaugu ration of the scientific soil survey of Illinois. A gen eral soU survey of the state was first made and a map prepared showing fourteen soU areas. De tailed county surveys have been made for a number of counties, and these wUl be continued until the detaUed survey of all the counties is completed. In the IUinois Experi ment Station at Urbana many laboratory experi ments on soils are being constantly carried on, solving problems, and adding much to our knowledge of the soil. These scientific surveys are carried on by soil experts who inspect every ten-acre area, and enter on maps, while in the field, the areas covered by each soil type. Each surveyor map showing counties with soil reports County soil reports have been issued for counties within all the larger soil types. Pub lication will continue until each county has its own report. The soil maps in these reports are worthy of most careful study. THE SOIL AND ITS CONSERVATION 151 carries a small auger 40 inches in length with which to obtain soil samples to the depth of 40 inches. The surface soil is sampled to a depth of 6J inches. Next, the subsurface soil is sampled to a depth of 6f to 20 inches. Below this the sub soil is sampled to a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Thus the pot culture laboratory for investigations in soil fertility, university of illinois, urbana Laboratory experiments with various soil types brought from different parts of the state form an important part of the work of the Experiment Station, and give a basis for field practice. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) thickness assigned to the surface soil is one-half that of the subsurface soil; and the combined thickness of the surface and subsurface strata is equal to the thickness of the subsoil. These samples, carefully analyzed at the laboratories of the 152 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Experiment Station, give accurate, scientific knowledge of the plant-food elements in each soil type. The soil-survey map shows the fourteen soU areas of the state. These are readily located on the map. They are briefly mentioned in chapter iii, "The Glacial Period." A soU area may contain a number of types of soils. The Experiment Station has defined the different general groups of soil types as follows: Peat — Consisting of 35 per cent or more of organic matter, sometimes mixed with more or less sand or silt. Peaty loams — Soils with 15 to 35 per cent of organic matter mixed with much sand. Some silt and a little clay may be present. Mucks — Soils with 15 to 25 per cent of partly decomposed organic matter mixed with much clay and silt. Clays — Soils with more than 25 per cent of clay, usually mixed with much silt. Clay loams — Soils with from 15 to 25 per cent of clay, usually mixed with much silt and some sand. Loams — Soils with from 30 to 50 per cent of sand mixed with much silt and a little clay. Sandy loams — Soils with from 50 to 75 per cent of sand. Fine sandy loams — Soils with from 50 to 75 per cent of fine sand mixed with much silt and a little clay. Sands — Soils with more than 75 per cent of sand. Gravelly loams — Soils with 25 to 50 per cent of gravel with much sand and some silt. Gravels — Soils with more than 50 per cent of gravel and much sand. Stony loams — Soils containing a considerable number of stones over one inch in diameter. Rock outcrop — Usually ledges of rock having no direct agricultural value. More or less organic matter is found in all the foregoing groups. Required plant food. — Ten different chemical elements are required for plant growth. These are: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; sulphur, iron; magnesium, calcium; nitrogen, phos phorus, potassium. If any one of these elements is not avail able, the plant fails to develop. With all present in proper proportions, and under favorable climatic conditions, a large crop is assured. The problem of a permanent and profitable agriculture in IUinois, therefore, is the problem of maintaining soil fertUity so that these ten elements of plant food shall always be avaUable for the production of maximum crops year after year throughout the centuries. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen come from air and water in unlimited amounts except in times of drought. These three GENERAL SURVEY SOIL MAP L OF ILLINOIS^. | ^M l/ngiaciated Areas \ a I \ Mirjxsan Moraines \--'% \Lower Muwuan glaaaiion \T~\fSJdleMnoist [ i | FJppcrJlljjujijan.ylacta. Yj~\Pre Jawan glaczatiun * | ? ] Iowan glaaation, | 8 \Deep loess Areas [sLffa^y Wisconsin moraines \io\Late Wisconsin moraines ' ' fui /ore Wiiconjin Claaatton) | h \J5arly Wisconsin glaciation, \~rT\Late. Wisconsin, glaciation, | ra | Old river bottom and, Swamp Area, | * | Sand,, Late swamp and. bottomlands SOIL MAP OF ILLINOIS THE SOIL AND ITS CONSERVATION 153 elements constitute about 95 per cent of the weight of the mature crop. The seven remaining elements, constituting but 5 per cent of the crop, are obtained from the soil. Two of these, sulphur and iron, are required in such small amounts, and they are present in nearly aU soils in such large amounts, that they need not be considered of importance in maintaining soil fertility. Two others, magnesium and calcium, are so abundant in Illinois limestones that their supply at moderate cost is assured for all time. Special application of ground rock for magnesium is rarely necessary. Large quantities of ground limestone are used annually on Illinois soils, and greatly increased crop yields are thereby obtained. It is especially necessary where the soil is "sour" or acid. The limestone is required much more for the purpose of correcting the acidity of the soil than as a plant food. Since it does play so large a part in crop yields, however, it is to be considered as one of the important elements of plant requirements which must have the intelligent attention of the farmer. The three remaining elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, are required in considerable quantities by all crops, while in most soils the supply of one or more of them is limited. If the supply of one of these elements is too limited, it must, as a consequence, limit the yield of the crop, even though all other factors essential to crop production are well provided. The actual condition is iUustrated by the following examples : The sand-ridge soil of Tazewell County produced, without soil treatment, crops valued at $12.90 per acre per year as the average for six years; with nitrogen added the yields were valued at $19.51 per acre per year; additions of potassium with the nitrogen increased the yield to $23.53 per acre per year. The prairie soil of McLean County yielded, without soU treatment, crops valued at $15.83 per acre per year; with phosphorus added the yields were valued at $20.73 per acre per year; additions of nitrogen and potassium with the phos phorus increased the yield to $22.77 per acre per year. The peaty swamp lands of Kankakee County yielded, without soil treatment., crops valued at 70 cents per acre per year; with potassium added the yields were valued at $13.89 per acre 154 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS ¦^Nitrogen per year; additions of nitrogen and phosphorus with the potassium gave yields valued at $15.44 per acre per year. The yeUow silt loam hill land of the unglaciated area in Johnson County produced, without soil treatment, crops valued at $4.19 per acre per year; with legumes added, $5.12 per acre per year; with legumes and lime, $10.41 per acre per year; and with legumes, lime, and phosphorus, $12.62 per acre per year. These values are all based on prices which were extremely low as compared with the war-time prices of 1918. These illustrations, based on actual field experiments, show conclusively that the sand-ridge soil is especiaUy deficient in nitrogen, the prairie soU in phosphorus, the peaty soU in potassium, and the unglaciated soil in calcium as well as other elements. The problem of a per manent and profitable agriculture on IUinois farms may be expressed in briefest form by the formula LNPK, in which L stands for limestone from which calcium is obtained; N, for .nitro gen; P, for phosphorus; and K, for potassium (Lat. kalium). These letters, singly and in various combinations, are used on the markers in the numer ous agricultural experiment fields of the state to indicate the method of soil treatment applied to the experimental plots. These four elements, constituting less than 4 per cent of the weight of the mature crop, are the factors of soil fertUity that require the intelUgent consideration of the farmer. An inexhaustible supply of calcium is found in IUinois lime stones, and it may be readily procured. Leguminous plants such as clover, sweet clover, alfalfa, cowpeas, and soy beans, on whose roots nitrogen-gathering bacteria thrive, may be grown in crop rotations and plowed under. A perpetual supply xiPOosp/iortss \PotasS'i. SOIL TREATMENT IN FOUR COUNTIES The scientific treatment of four types of soils demonstrates the value of supplying in proper amounts the four elements of plant food not always present in the soil in sufficient amounts — nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, lime. THE SOIL AND ITS CONSERVATION 155 of nitrogen is thus assured, if scientific methods of agriculture are adopted. Phosphorus is obtained from bone meal and rock phosphate. It must be purchased and applied to the land. The known phosphate supplies of the world are limited. The most important producing mines are in Tennessee, South Carolina, and Florida. The largest reserves yet discovered are in Idaho, Montana, and Utah. It is possible that the supply of rock phosphate may be the limiting factor in the development of a permanent and profitable agriculture through out the nations of the world. Most Illinois soils are exceedingly rich in potassium and this element need not be given special attention in aU parts of the state. In the peaty swamp lands, however, soil improvement is almost wholly dependent on the application of the potassium salts in a concentrated form. The largest potassium beds are found in Germany, and most of the world has been dependent upon these deposits for their potash supply. It is now known that our supply can be largely won from smelter fumes and the dust of cement plants. Fertility in Illinois soils. — The upper 6| inches on an acre of fertile soil in good physical condition contains a total of not less than 8,000 pounds of nitrogen, 2,000 pounds of phos phorus, and 30,000 pounds of potassium. With these numbers in mind, the farmer can determine the elements in which his land is deficient if he has at hand the report of the SoU Survey giving total amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium per acre in lands belonging to the same soil type as the farm under consideration. The table on page 156 from BuUetin No. 123 of the Agricultural Experiment Station gives the fertility in the various soil areas and soil types most widely represented in the state. The first column of the table indicates the soil type by number. The figures representing hundreds correspond to the soil areas of the state as numbered on the soil map, and the name of the soil area is given in the second column. The two right-hand figures of the first column stand for a soil type, which is named in the third column. Thus 30 stands for "gray silt loam on tight clay," while 330 tells that this gray silt loam on tight clay is in the soil area indicated on the map by the number 3, the Lower IUinoisan glaciation. The number 26 TABLE I Fertility in Illinois Soils Average Pounds per Acre in Surface Soil (0-61 inches)* 1401. Soil Area or Glaciation Soil Type Total Nitro gen Total Phos phorus Total Potas sium Prairie Lands, Undulating Lower IUinoisan Middle IUinoisan Upper IUinoisan Pre-IowanIowanEarly Wisconsin Late Wisconsin Gray silt loam on tight clay Brown silt loam Brown silt loam Brown silt loam Brown silt loam Brown silt loam Brown silt loam 28S0 840 24940 4370 1170 32240 4840 1200 32940 4290 1190 35340 4910 1220 32960 5050 1190 36250 6750 1410 45020 Prairie Lands, Flat Middle IUinoisan Upper IUinoisan Early Wisconsin Late Wisconsin Black clay loam Black clay loam Black clay loam Black clay loam 5410 1430 31860 6760 1690 29670 7840 2030 35140 8900 1870 37370 Timber Uplands, Rolling or Hilly UnglaciatedLower IUinoisan Middle IUinoisan Upper IUinoisan Pre-IowanIowanEarly Wisconsin Deep loess Yellow silt loam Yellow silt loam Yellow silt loam Yellow silt loam Yellow silt loam Yellow silt loam Yellow silt loam Yellow fine sandy loam 1890 950 31450 2150 950 31850 1870 820 33470 2010 840 34860 2390 850 37180 1910 910 35780 1890 870 32720 2170 960 35640 Timber Uplands, Undulating Late Wisconsin Iowan Yellow-gray silt loam Brown sandy loam 28903070 810850 47600 26700 Sand, Swamp, and Bottom Lands Old bottom lands Late bottom lands Sand plains and dunes Late swamp Deep-gray silt loam Brown loam Sand soil Deep peet 36204720 1440 34880 1420 1620 S20 1960 36360 39970 30880 2930 * The numbers given in this table represent the total amounts contained in two million pounds of the surface soil on the dry basis, with the exception of peaty swamp soil, for which the amounts in one million pounds are used, because the specific gravity of peaty soil is only one-half that of ordinary soil; for sand soil two and one-half million pounds are used, because it is about one-fourth y,^^^ t\,*^ , — i: —•' THE SOIL AND ITS CONSERVATION 157 stands for "brown silt loam"; but 426 teUs that this brown silt loam is in the Middle IUinoisan glaciation; 526 locates it in Upper IUinoisan glaciation; and 1126 in the Early Wisconsin. Columns 4, 5, and 6 show the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium present in one acre of surface soil to a depth of 6f inches. By comparing these amounts with the minimum amounts given above for an acre of fertile soil, it is easy to see whether the soil type under consideration is deficient in one or more of these limited elements of plant food. Column 7 shows the amount of limestone required to correct the acidity of the soil. Thus by turning to the map we see that a farm in Sangamon County is in soil area No. 4, the Middle IUinoisan glaciation. By examining the table we learn that if this Sangamon County farm is made up of undulating prairie lands it belongs to soil type No. 426, "brown silt loam," and that the upper 6f inches of an acre of this soU contains 4,370 pounds of nitrogen, 1,170 pounds of phosphorus, and 32,240 pounds of potassium. By comparison with the requirements of a fertile soil we find that this land is deficient to the amount of 3,630 pounds of nitrogen and 830 pounds of phosphorus per acre, while there is an excess of potassium. If the farm lies in the flat prairie lands of Sangamon County, it belongs to soil type No. 420, "black clay loam," and the deficiencies for nitrogen and phosphorus are somewhat smaller than in the "brown silt loam." If the farm lies in the rolling or hilly timber uplands of Sangamon County, it belongs to soil type No. 435, "yellow silt loam." The deficiencies for nitrogen and phosphorus are very great, and a liberal application of ground limestone is required. The county soil report for Sangamon County shows the soil types of our selected farm accurately mapped to ten-acre areas, and the report contains definite information as to the best methods of increasing the fertility in the various soil types. The table shows that the nitrogen content of the surface soils per acre varies from 1,440 pounds in the sand soil to 34,880 pounds in deep peat; the phosphorus, from 810 pounds in yellow-gray silt loam to 2,030 pounds in black clay loam; potassium, from 2,930 pounds in deep peat to 47,600 pounds in yellow-gray silt loam. Only two of the soil types given in the 158 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS table have an excess of nitrogen over the minimum amount indicated for a fertUe soU; only one has an excess of phos phorus; whUe all but two have an excess of potassium. Agricultural experiment fields. — Agricultural experiments are of real worth only as valuable and practical results are made available to the farmers and used by them. Scientific soil treatment is brought directly to the farmers of Illinois in their home localities by means of agricultural experiment fields. These fields are established in all parts of the state on various kinds of soil typical of the regions in which the fields are located. The experiment fields are operated under the ordi nary crop conditions of the locality, and the farmers may learn the effect of various methods of soil treatment by ob serving the field in their locality during the season and on special occasions when a repre sentative of the Agri cultural Experiment Station visits the field to discuss the results with the farmers of the neighborhood. Information concerning these experiment fields has been obtained from various publi cations of the experiment stations. The first experiment fields were established in 1901 on tracts of rented land. Since 1908 fields have been located only MAP OF ILLINOIS, SHOWING EXPERIMENT FIELDS Experiment fields, located on the various kinds of soils, enable farmers to learn by direct observation the best treatment for their own farms and the probable results. THE SOIL AND ITS CONSERVATION 159 on land donated by the community and deeded to the state. In 1916 there were 39 fields, 12 of which were rented and 27 owned by the state. The names and locations of the fields are shown on the accompanying map. The diagram of the Urbana Experiment Field on page 160 represents a typical experiment field of 20 acres. The field is divided into 5 series corresponding to the different fields of a farm. Each series is divided into 10 plots so that ten methods of soil treatment may be tested on the plots of each series. Each plot covers exactly one-tenth of an acre. The results are then easily converted into acre units. On this field two dif ferent systems of farm ing are practiced : a live-stock system and a grain system. In the live-stock system, the grains, hay, and forage are fed to live stock; the cornstalks and straw are used for bed ding. The resulting manure is returned to the land and constitutes the important source of nitrogen and organic matter for soil improve ment. In the grain system, the nitrogen and organic matter are maintained by plowing under all crop residues after the seed is removed (cornstalks, the straw from wheat, oats, soy beans, clover, and some cover crops). Under this system, the grain, COUNTIES HAVING FARM ADVISERS, 1918 Through co-operation of county, state, and federal governments, trained farm advisers are aiding in the development of a better agri culture in Illinois. 160 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS XI 502 503 504 505 50f. 507 505 l«B| \sio\ 0 H ai H Al H M R aj rv L 1 1 1 1 i n> P P P p L. ti K U" 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 405 409 410 0 H n H Al R Al R Al Cv L L L / 1 / Al" P P P n P K L P" 301 ss \M \M ra SM W\ ra \M ra 0 R M R A) R Al R Al Cv 1 /. 1 / 1 / Al" p p P P / 1 1 1 K A P" the alfalfa, and the clover or other legume seeds are marketed. Alfalfa is regarded as a money crop, since sufficient residues are provided in the regular four-year rotation to supply the needs of the non-legumes for nitrogen. In both systems of farming there are check plots which do not receive any treatment. The only benefits the soil receives are those which are in cidental to the rotation. Everything is removed from the land, and nothing returned; which means a gradual de crease in productive power and eventual land ruin. The purpose of these plots is to show by comparison the value of the treatment. The other plots receive defi nite treatments in such a way that the definite needs of the soU may be determined; whether it be manure or residues alone, or lime in addi tion, or lime and phos phorus in addition that must be applied in order to insure greater pro duction. To two plots in the series potassium is added in order to obtain information in regard to the possible need for that element. In both systems of farming, provision is made for the maintenance and the increase of those elements of plant food and those physical conditions necessary for the best plant growth as indicated by the soil survey, the soil analysis, and other sources of knowledge. i Summary of Illinois Soil Investigations, Bulletin 193, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. I2W/1 ra pal W&\ ftt^ \to3 W\ \M \M 7ic\ 0 R Al p Al R M R Al Cv L L L L 1 / Al" P P P n P L 101 102 103 104 105 106 107* 108 109 I/O 0 H Al H Al R /I p Al Cv L /. L /. 1 / A" P P P n PAT L p- DIAGRAM OF URBANA EXPERIMENT FIELD 0=No treatment; M= Manure; L= Lime stone; P=Phosphorus; R = Residues (corn stalks, straw of wheat and oats, and all legumes except seed); K= Potassium; Cv = Cover crop.1 THE SOIL AND ITS CONSERVATION 161 It will be noted in the diagram that those plots whose numbers end in 1 receive no treatment; those ending in 3, 5, 7, and 9 receive manure and therefore illustrate live-stock farm ing; those ending in 2, 4, 6, and 8 receive residues and thus illustrate grain farming; while 10 has residues in the form of cover crops and also manure, thus representing a combination of live-stock and grain farming. The actual yields of the experi ment field, year after year, when studied in relation to soil treat ment, reveals unmistak ably the methods of scientific farming best adapted to the farms of the locality having the same soil type as the experiment field. Very few farms of Illinois are as far as 50 miles from one of the permanent experiment fields. Some practical re sults. — The Blooming ton Experiment Field is located about two miles northeast of Blooming ton on the brown silt loam prairie soil of the Illinois corn belt. It is typical of extensive areas of farm lands in central Illi nois. The total crop values per acre during thirteen successive years, 1902 to 1914 inclusive, are shown in Table II, on page 162, and indicate clearly that soil improvement is not only possible, but extremely profitable, on the most fertile tracts of Illinois soils. The prices used in this table are much lower than the war-time prices of later years. The plot which received no treatment yielded, in thirteen years, crops valued at $266.90 per acre, or an average of $20.53 per acre per year; while the plot treated with lime and CROP VALUES, BLOOMINGTON EXPERIMENT FIELD This graph indicates the total value per acre of thirteen crops, 1902-14, produced on plots with different treatment. Only when phosphorus is included in the treatment are the yields strikingly increased on the soil type represented by the Bloomington Experiment Field. 162 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS phosphorus yielded, during the same period, crops valued at $409.45 per acre, or an average of $31.50 per acre per year,a gain of $10.97 per acre per year, at a cost of $2.50 per acre per year, leaving a net gain of $8.47 per acre per year with a much- improved and a much more valuable soil than now found on the TABLE II Value of Crops per Acre in Thirteen Years, Bloomington Field Brown Silt Loam Prairie, Early Wisconsin Glaciation Total Value of Thirteen Crops* Plot Soil Treatment Applied Lower Prices Higher Prices 101 None $186.83 $266.90 102 Lime 186.76 266.80 103 Lime, residues 193 83 276.90 104 Lime, phosphorus 286.61 409.45 105 Lime, potassium 190.53 272.19 106 Lime, residues, phosphorus 285 03 407.19 107 Lime, residues, potassium 191.10 273.00 108 Lime, phosphorus, potassium 294.91 421.31 109 Lime, residues, phosphorus, potassium 284.47 406.39 110 Residues, phosphorus, potassium 259.10 370.15 TABLE III Value of Increase per Acre in Thirteen Years For residues For phosphorus For residues and phosphorus over phosphorus.. For phosphorus and residues over residues For postassium, residues, and phosphorus over residues and phosphorus * Lower prices are based on 70 cents a bushel for wheat, 35 cents for corn. 28 cents for oats, $7 a ton for hay; higher prices, $1 a bushel for wheat, 50 cents for corn, 40 cents for oats, $10 a ton for hay. untreated plot. Since $8.47 is 6 per cent of $141, land receiv ing the scientific treatment may be capitalized at $141 more per acre than the untreated land. Thus, if a quarter-section of such land as the Bloomington Experiment Field has been farmed for thirteen years after the manner of the untreated plot, and is now valued at $175 THE SOIL AND ITS CONSERVATION 163 40 SO 60 Wheat on Corn on Odin Field Wfieot on I 1 Poor/ond Farm \ I Corn on ¦I Alomence ™ Fie/d J I Ontreotea Scientific ogrjcu/ture per acre, an adjoining quarter-section of the same type of soU given scientific treatment for the same period may be valued at $316 per acre. In other words, the two 160-acre farms, having precisely the same value thirteen years ago, are now valued at $28,000 and $50,560 respectively, a difference of $22,560, an amount sufficient to purchase 128 acres of the untreated farm at $175 per acre. If invested in United States liberty bonds, at 4j per cent interest, this increased value would yield an annual income of $1,062. At the Odin Experiment Field in Marion County, on poor gray prairie land, scientific soil treatment changed the yield of wheat, in four years, from 11.6 bushels per acre to 29.5 bushels, an increase of 17 . 9 bushels per acre, or 154 per cent. Corn production was increased from 38.3 bushels to 61 . 3 bushels, or 60 per cent. In the same county, in 1908, Dr. Cyril G. Hopkins purchased a tract of 300 acres known as Poorland Farm and began giving it scientific treatment. In 1913 he harvested 1,278 bushels of wheat from 36 acres of this land, a yield of 35| bushels per acre. An untreated strip of 1| acres in the same field yielded \\\ bushels per acre. This is a gain of 24 bushels per acre, or 208 per cent. This particular field had been agricul- turaUy abandoned for five years prior to Dr. Hopkins' purchase. As it was purchased for $15 per acre, the single crop of 1913 had a value at least twice as great as the purchase price of the land. On the same farm the yield of wheat in 1917 was 7 .7 bushels per acre on land which had been treated with manure alone, whUe the yield on land treated with manure, limestone, and raw rock phosphate was 44.1 bushels per acre. At the government price of $2.20 per bushel for the 1917 wheat crop, this yield had a value of $97 per acre. CROP YIELDS ON ILLINOIS SOILS AS INFLU ENCED BY SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE The Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, through scientific research, demonstrates how Illinois farms may be improved in fertility and increased in productiveness. 164 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS At the Momence Experiment Field in Kankakee County on peaty swamp soil, the corn crop of 1903 yielded 3 . 9 bushels of corn per acre on the untreated plot; while the adjoining plot, to which potassium had been added, produced 72.7 bushels per acre. With such results as these, obtained under ordinary field conditions in many parts of the state, the era of scientific WHEATFIELD ON POORLAND FARM, MARION COUNTY Dr. Cyril G. Hopkins is here seen on May 26, 1917, in the wheatfield where his application of scientific agriculture to "poor land" since 1903 gave for the season of 1917 a yield of 44 . 1 bushels of wheat per acre, while an untreated area on the same farm yielded only 7.7 bushels per acre. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) farming in IUinois is fairly begun, and a system of permanent and profitable agriculture may be promptly developed on every farm of the state if all landowners and land operators apply the scientific knowledge placed at their disposal by the researches of those who have spent many years in the study of Illinois soUs. CHAPTER XI AGRICULTURE Farm products. — The variety of IUinois farm products is indicated by the following list of crops reported in the United States Census of 1910: Cereals: corn, oats, wheat, emmer and spelt, barley, buckwheat, rye, Kafir corn, and milo maize. Other grains and seeds: beans, peas, peanuts, broom corn seed, flaxseed, sorghum cane seed, alfalfa seed, millet seed, other tame grass seeds, flower and garden seeds. Hay and forage: timothy alone, clover alone, timothy and clover mixed, alfalfa, millet, other tame or cultivated grasses, wild, or prairie grasses, grains cut green, coarse forage, root forage. Other crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes and yams, other vegetables, tobacco, broom corn, flowers and plants, nursery products. Small fruits: strawberries, blackberries and dewberries, raspberries and loganberries, currants, gooseberries, cranberries. Orchard fruits: apples, peaches and nectarines, pears, plums and prunes, cherries, apricots, quinces, mulberries. Grapes.Nuts: Persian or English walnuts, pecans, black walnuts, butternuts, chestnuts, hickory nuts. Sub-tropical fruits: figs, Japanese persimmons. Sugar crops: maple sugar, maple sirup, sugar beets, sorghum cane, sorghum sirup. Forest products of farms: firewood, fencing material, logs, railroad ties, poles, standing timber sold. Facts of agriculture. — The accompanying table gives significant figures with reference to Illinois as an agricultural state. TABLE I Values of Selected Crops, 1909, Compared with 1917 1909 1917 Corn Oats $198,000,000 60,000,000 38,000,00041,000,000 $459,000,000 158,000,000 Wheat 61,000,000 68,000,000 Total, four leading crops . $337,000,000 $746,000,000 165 166 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS While the corn crop of 1917 exceeded that of 1909 by only 28,000,000 bushels, or 7 per cent, its value exceeded that of 1909 by $261,000,000, or 130 per cent. The yield of oats also exceeded the yield of 1909, but there was a decrease in the yield of wheat and hay and forage. Thus while the total acreage and total yield of crops for 1917 differed but little from those of 1909, these four crops alone had a value of $374,000,000 greater than the value of aU crops for 1909. Thus with but slightly increased yields the value of farm crops was more than doubled by war conditions. = Bgjgjl | ss eu apples OTHY AND CLOVER MIXED 96 T CLOVE! 15.ZT COARSE FOBACE i ;>T PRAIBIE QRASS 17 T GRAIN CUT CRtLN i_MH AVERAGE PRODUCTION PER SQUARE MILE OF CEREALS, FORAGE, AND ANIMALS The average density of population for Illinois in 1910 was 100 inhabitants per square mile. This graph therefore indicates the amount of agricultural products raised in the state for every 100 persons. The per capita production is found by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Four leading crops. — Corn, oats, and wheat are the only cereals grown on a large scale in IUinois. These three cereal crops with hay and forage produce nine-tenths of the value of all crops in the state, and they occupy a stUl larger proportion of the area devoted to crops. The methods employed in raising and harvesting these staple crops make it possible for Illinois farmers to produce large values per man. AU of these four crops are grown in every county of the state, but each crop has its areas of largest production determined by various factors among which are soU, cUmate, land reUef, and markets. AGRICULTURE 167 Corn. — Corn thrives best in well-drained, deep, warm, black loam with an abundance of organic matter. The most favor able climatic conditions for corn are an average summer Tractor cultivation is making of the Central States. FARMER S WIFE PLOWING WITH A TRACTOR rapid development on the level prairie lands temperature (June, July, and August) of about 75° F. with warm nights as well as warm days, and an average rainfall during the same period of 8 inches or more, weU distributed through the three months. IUinois with its average summer 168 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS temperature of 70° to 77° and its average summer rainfaU of about 11 inches for aU parts of the state thus provides the ideal climatic conditions for this crop. While corn is grown in every county of Illinois, it is raised most largely in the central and east -central parts of the state on the rich, black loams of the Wisconsin glaciation. The region of heavy corn production is almost coincident with the region of highest land values of the state, $125 or more per acre, according to the census of 1910. IUinois summer tem peratures are always favorable to growth of corn, while the amount and distribution of rain faU is not uniformly favorable. CORN CROP OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF ILLINOIS On the United States map each dot repre sents 100,000 acres; on the Illinois map, 5,000 acres. More corn is produced in the corn belt of the Central States than in the rest of the world. Illinois and Iowa compete for first place among the states. There is sufficient rainfall almost every year to produce maximum crops. The diffi culty is with its distribution. The injury resulting from the irregularity in the distribution of the rainfall may be prevented to some extent by drainage, tillage, increasing and maintaining the organic matter of soils, and keeping the soils well supplied with plant food. This uneven distribution of the rainfall is a sufficient incentive to cause the farmer to take every precaution for storing and holding the moisture in the soil before the crop is planted by preparing a deep, mellow seed bed, or for carrying off quickly excessive amounts of rain. Corn should receive an average of at least 2.5 inches of rainfall per month during the three months of its growth. The effects of rainfall during June, July, and August upon corn yields are shown by the records of the old continuous corn plot at the University. Corn has been grown on this plot since 1879, but there is no record of the yield previous to 1889. Summer rainfall Less than 7 inches 25.3 bu. per acre ( 8 yr. av.) Between 7 and 10 inches 32.4 bu. per acre ( 9 yr. av.) Over 10 inches 39.8 bu. per acre (11 yr. av.) When the rainfall was less than two inches per month, the yield was reduced for a four-year average to 24.4 bushels per acre, and when the rain fall was over thirteen inches, the yield was 45 .9 bushels per acre for a seven- year average. This is a difference of 21 .5 bushels between yields produced with what might be called the maximum rainfall and those produced with the minimum at the University of Illinois. It is evident from this that a month during which there is less than two inches of rainfall may be regarded as a dry month.1 [J. G. Mosier, Climate of Illinois, Illinois Experiment Station. AGRICULTURE 169 Importance of corn. — Corn is by far the most important crop of the United States. The acreage and also the value of the corn crop are greater than that of wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, rice, fruits, and nuts com bined. The geographic conditions which are essential to large yields of corn are found in only a few regions of the world, and most extensively in the United States. Corn is pre-eminently the American crop, grown on three-fourths of all the farms of the United States, which produces nearly three-fourths of all the corn in the world. Within the United States three-fourths of all the corn produced is grown in the Missis sippi Valley. There are two centers of heavy production — one in central Illinois and the other in the Mis souri Basin of western Iowa and eastern Nebraska. The total corn acreage of Illinois in 1909 was 10,046,000, or 10 per cent of that for the country as a whole; Iowa had 9,229,000 acres in corn; Kansas, 8,109,000 acres; Nebraska, 7,226,000 acres; Missouri, 7,114,000 acres; and Indiana, 4,901,000 acres; these six states combined having 47 per cent of the corn acreage of the United States and 57 per cent of the produc tion. In this region of concentrated production there has developed a system of live-stock farming adapted to the utilization of corn. Nearly half of the swine of the country are in these six states and one-third of the beef cattle. The acreage devoted to corn constitutes over 75 per cent of the total acreage in crops in some of the mountainous counties of eastern Kentucky, where a moderately dense rural population derives its meager livelihood largely from the cultivation of small patches of corn, averaging from 10 to 15 acres per farm. The production of corn is small also in Florida and in the southern parts of Alabama and Mis sissippi, where most of the land is , . . .„ , ., still in forests, yet corn constitutes in this region over 50 per cent of the total land in crops. ,.,.,» • i i_ t Corn is the principal source of food supply of the American people, but outside of the South very little of the corn is directly consumed by man. Most of the crop is fed to cattle and hogs, and consumed as beef, a pound of which represents 10 or 12 pounds of corn, or as pork, to produce a pound of which 5 or 6 pounds of corn are required. Much of the corn raised in central and northern Illinois, as well as a considerable portion of that grown in Iowa is shipped to Chicago, where it is made into starch, glucose, and corn meal' or is exported, but outside a radius of about 200 miles from that city TALL CORN AND SUNFLOWER, RICHLAND COUNTY When the lower leaves of the corn begin to change from green to brown, the corn is ready to cut and to be placed in shocks. This farmer has left an exceed ingly tall stalk of corn uncut. (Copy right by Robert Ridgway.) 170 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS the corn is fed to cattle and hogs whose concentrated value can better bear the cost of transportation to market. The corn grown in the South is practically all consumed at home, being made into "hog, hominy, and hoe-cake." the staple food products of that region.1 Leading corn states. — IUinois and Iowa are in a class by themselves as corn-producing states. They are rivals for first place, but they have no rival state for second place. A table at the close of this chapter shows, in round numbers, the acreage, production, and value of corn, oats, wheat, hay, and forage for IUinois, and for the United States for nine years, 1909 to 1917 inclusive. For these nine years the corn acreage of Illinois exceeded that of Iowa each year except 1917, and the production of Illinois exceeded that of Iowa in five years of the nine. These two states with a combined area of only 112,000 square miles produce more than one-fourth of the corn crop of the United States and about one-fifth of the world's — : _ . . ..„ HV- t!SS^# JjCH 1 ' ^\f"^ \)-. OATS crop. One-half of the land in IUinois devoted to crops is planted to corn, and the value of the corn is equal to that of aU other crops of the state. Corn is raised in every county of IUinois, and on 90 per cent of all the farms of the state. Corn production for the ten leading counties in 1909, with acreage and average yield per acre, is shown in the table at the close of this chapter. The average yield per acre for the state was 38 . 8 bushels. Oats. — The oat crop occupies more than one-fifth of the total crop acreage of IUinois and is second in acreage and value. Oats are grown in every county of the state, but the heavy production is in the corn belt, where the crop is especially 1 Finch and Baker, Geography of the World's Agriculture, U.S. Department of OAT CROP OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF ILLINOIS On the United States map each dot repre sents 100,000 acres; on the Illinois map, 5,000 acres. Oats are grown more widely in the United States than any other crop except the potato. The oat crop stands next to corn in Illinois in acreage and value. AGRICULTURE 171 important in crop rotation with corn. Oats are not limited in distribution so closely as corn by conditions of soil and climate. They grow well on a wide variety of soils, giving good yields on rather poor soils if there is abundant moisture. They thrive best in a cool, moist climate, but do well in warmer regions if the rainfall is abundant. In Illinois they are sown in the early spring before corn- planting time, and get a good start before the season is warm enough for the growth of corn. They are harvested in the summer after the corn has been laid by. They are commonly sown on land which was given to corn in the previous season. They are a good crop with which to sow clover or other grass seed in the spring. Thus oats fit into the crop rotation and the seasonal require ments of farm labor of the corn belt in a most satisfactory way. With the common practice of raising two crops of corn foUowed by oats, then by clover or other grasses, the acreage of the oat crop is about one-half that of corn. Oats are more widely grown in the United States than any other crop except the potato. They are especially valuable as horse feed, and are used locally much more largely than for shipment. The oat crop of 1909 occupied one-fifth of the crop acreage and produced one-sixth of the total crop values of the state. The crop of 1917 exceeded that of 1909 by 15 per cent in acreage, 63 per cent in total yield, and 165 per cent in value. SPRING PLOWING ON FARM, DUPAGE COUNTY A single team of strong horses and the "walking plow" are still necessary on Illinois farms, especially in small fields. 172 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The large yield of 1917 was due to favorable climatic conditions. The high valuation is due to the large yield and to the war demands of the world for food. In oats as in corn, Illinois and Iowa are in a class by them selves. In the nine years 1909 to 1917 inclusive, Illinois pro duced more oats than Iowa in only one season, 1909. In OATFIELD, SHOWING THE PRAIRIE Illinois ranks first as an agricultural state because of its large proportion of level prairie lands with a deep, rich soil. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) each year Iowa had a larger acreage than Illinois. In 1917, the banner season for both states, Illinois sowed to oats 4,700,000 acres and Iowa 5,200,000 acres. Illinois harvested 244,000,000 bushels and Iowa 246,000,000 bushels. The IUinois crop was valued at $158,000,000 and the Iowa crop at $155,000,000. These two states produce more than one- fourth of the total crop of oats of the United States. AGRICULTURE 173 The average production and average yield per acre for the ten leading counties in 1909 is found in the table at the close of this chapter. The average yield per acre for the state was 36 bushels. Wheat. — IUinois does not rank so high in wheat production as in corn and oats, but wheat is raised in every county, and is an important crop in the western, southwestern, and south eastern parts of the state. The soils and climate of Illinois are weU adapted to the pro duction of large wheat crops, but larger profits are obtained from corn and oats. Illinois ranks seventh among the wheat-producing states, being exceeded in 1909 by North Dakota, Kan sas, Minnesota, Ne braska, South Dakota, and Washington. In acreage of winter wheat, however, Illinois ranked third, Kansas and Nebraska leading. Wheat is grown in the United States mostly on silt-loam and clay-loam soils and requires less humus than corn. Very little wheat is grown on sandy soils, since the yield is generally too small to be profitable. Soil has less influence than climate upon the quality and chemical composition of wheat, but appears to exert a powerful influence in determining perma nency of production. The sections of the eastern United States where wheat has remained an important crop for 50 years — southeastern Penn sylvania, and Shenandoah Valley, western New York, western Ohio, and southwestern Illinois — are areas of silty soil, mostly derived from lime stone. Upon such soils wheat probably will retain a place in the rotation permanently.1 The wheat production of IUinois in 1909 was 37,000,000 bushels. This was 5| per cent of the total production of the United States. The per capita wheat production of IUinois was 6.7 bushels; that of the United States, 7.3 bushels. St. Clair was the leading county with 2,000,000 bushels. 1 Finch and Baker, Geography of the World's Agriculture. WHEAT CROP OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF ILLINOIS On the United States map each dot repre sents 100,000 acres; on the Illinois map, 5,000 acres. 174 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The acreage, production, and average yield per acre for the ten leading counties of Illinois are shown in the table at the close of this chapter. The average yield per acre for the state was 17 . 3^bushels. HARVEST SCENE ON ROCK RIVER, NEAR OREGON Cultivation of corn is completed about the time that wheat and oats are ready to be harvested, thus giving favorable conditions for farm labor. The wheat crop of 1917 compared with that of 1909 shows a decrease in production of 19 per cent and an increase in value of 60 per cent. Hay and forage. — Hay and forage rank third among the crops of Illinois in acreage and value. Hay and forage include those crops, other than grains, used for feed for animals. Timothy and clover are the principal hay crops of IUinois. AGRICULTURE 175 Corn, oats, wheat, rye, and barley, raised for grain, are cereal crops; cut green and used for ensilage or for hay they become forage crops. Since hay and forage are made up of many kinds of plants which thrive under a great variety of soil and climatic conditions, this crop is very widely distributed. Its large bulk per value makes trans portation difficult and expensive. It is therefore used locaUy in a very large measure. The map showing acreage for ha,r and forage indicates a more even distribution than for any other crop in Illinois. The region of greatest corn and oats acreage shows the smaUest hay and forage acreage in the state. North and west of the heavi est corn acreage the increased hay and forage areas correspond to the largest pro duction of cattle for dairy and feeding purposes. South of the corn belt the increased hay acreage is found on soUs better suited to hay than to cereals, and here large quantities of timothy and other grasses are raised for shipment. TABLE II Hay and Forage of Illinois, Census 1910 HAY AND FORAGE OF ILLINOIS Each dot represents 5,000 acres. Crops Farms Reporting Acres Tons Value 109,050 46,91334,037 3,1166,8526,6316,415 10,42612,230 34 1,587,219 827,625427.957 18,344 33,968 128,258112,978 80,226 132,827 33 1,947,5721,123,254 539,790 52,28446,918 122,888 128,531 99,828 293,108 293 $20,028,486 Timothy and clover mixed 11,177,121 4,660,696 Alfalfa 583,476 Millet or Hungarian Grass Other tame or cultivated 346,109 742,637 Wild, salt, orprairiegrasses Grains cut green 891,138832,987 1,295,227 2,183 Total for the state. . . 176,355 3,349,435 4,354,466 $40,560,220 176 THE GEOGRAPHY OP ILLINOIS In the northern section of IUinois, the dairy district of the state, the leading hay crop is timothy and clover mixed. Throughout the rest of the state timothy is the chief hay crop. In 1909 timothy constituted one-half and timothy and clover mixed one-fourth of the hay and forage crop. The relative importance of the various kinds of hay and forage plants in IUinois is weU shown in Table II. The hay and forage crop of 1917 compared with that of 1909 shows a decrease in acreage of 15 per cent, a decrease in pro duction of 21 per cent, and an increase in value of 41 per cent. A PRIMITIVE MOLASSES FACTORY, RICHLAND COUNTY The sorghum juice is placed in large kettles over a hot wood fire. Impurities are skimmed off as the juice boils. Sorghum molasses is the result. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) " ' Among the four leading crops of IUinois there were substantial increases in acreage of corn and oats and important decreases in acreage in wheat and hay and forage in 1917 as compared with 1909. The farm lands of Illinois are so fuUy occupied that the total acreage of crops can be changed but slightly, but changes in acreage in various crops may be important during a series of years, depending in part on crop yields, crop prices, or special demands such as are created by war conditions. Sugar crops.— In the early days a large part of the sugar used on the farm was produced in the form of molasses made AGRICULTURE 177 PRIMITIVE CANE-GRINDING MILL FOR MAKING SORGHUM MOLASSES, RICHLAND COUNTY Sorghum cane is passed between rollers and the sweet juice thus pressed out is boiled down into molasses. (Copyright by Robert Ridgway.) from the sorghum plant. The conditions of soil and climate required for sorghum production are identical with those of corn, and sorghum is stiU produced to some extent all over the state. A small amount of sugar is produced from the sugar maple in the wooded parts of the state. Potatoes and other vegetables. — P o t a t o e s rank next to wheat in acreage, production, and value. The crop of 1909 occupied 6 per cent as much land, produced 32 per cent as many bushels, and had 17 per cent of the value of the wheat crop of the same year. The potato crop of 1917 occupied 150,000 acres, yielded 13,000,000 bushels, and had a value of $20,000,000. This exceeded the crop of 1909 by 9 per cent in acreage, 11 per cent in yield, and 220 per cent in value. The chief potato re gions of the United States are in Maine, New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin, on sandier soils and in a cooler climate than in IUinois. The Illinois product is grown almost wholly for local use. The areas of largest acreage lie near Chicago and St. Louis. The bulky nature of potatoes per unit of value, the difficulty in handling V — . — p^. ^. i a. i-r-XV | Jj'VI 1 \f v-* EraSfeE 3p r '(. II Al Uti POTATO CROP OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF ILLINOIS On the United States map each dot repre sents 25,000 acres; on the Illinois map, 2,000 acres. Potatoes are more widely grown in the United States than any other crop. Illinois potatoes are grown mainly for local consump tion, with the largest production near Chicago and St. Louis. 178 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS them for shipment, and their universal use as food necessitate as wide production as possible. Potatoes are more widely grown than any other crop in the United States. The census returns show that potatoes were reported from every county east of the Mississippi River except one at the southern extremity of Florida. West of the Mississippi they were reported from aU counties except two in Colorado, where the altitude is too great for profitable agriculture of any kind, and several counties in the semiarid section of Texas. IUinois, with 6 per cent of the population of the United States, produces but 3 per cent of the potato crop. Chicago and other cities are readily supplied from the commercial potato regions of Michigan and Wisconsin. Since IUinois soUs and climate are better adapted to other crops, the potato is not likely to become of great commercial im- I MAP SHOWING VARIETIES OF VEGETABLES 1. Acreage for all vegetables; each dot represents 500 acres. 2-9. Acreage for se lected vegetables; each dot represents 50 acres. 2. Asparagus; 3. Muskmelons; 4. Green peas; 5. Cabbage; 6. Sweet corn; 7. Watermelons; 8. Tomatoes; 9. Onions.1 portance. Potatoes were grown on 190,000 farms in IUinois. Corn is the only crop reported from a larger number of farms. Sweet potatoes and yams were grown on 20,000 farms mostly in the southern counties. The crop amounted to 1,000,000 bushels with a value of $500,000. Vegetables other than potatoes, sweet potatoes, and yams play an important part in the food production of IUinois, but each kind is not reported separately. This group of food plants includes lettuce, radishes, onions, tomatoes, sweet corn, asparagus, rhubarb, and numerous other plants common in the gardens and on the truck farms of Illinois. The wide distribu- i All maps in this volume showing distribution of products by dots are from Finch and Baker s Geography of the World's Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture. AGRICULTURE 179 tion of vegetable gardens in the state is shown by the fact that 120,000 acres of these gardens were found on 186,000 farms, and that 33,000 additional farms reported small vegetable gardens without estimating acreage or value. The product of 120,000 acres was valued at $9,400,000, or about $80 per acre. About 30 per cent of this acreage belonged to 2,227 farms, each of which produced vegetables valued at $500 or more. The average acreage of vegetables on these farms was 16 . 5. These farms included the market gardens and truck farms which are carefully cultivated for profit. Their yield aver aged about $90 per acre. Broom corn. — In marked contrast to po tatoes and other vege tables, the production of broom corn is very strongly localized in Illi nois. It is reported in the census returns from 70 counties, but 7 coun ties, lying in the south- central part of the state, produce 93 per cent of the crop. These counties in order of production are: Coles, Cumberland, Shelby, Moultrie, Douglas, Jasper, and Piatt. Illinois produced one-fourth of the broom corn of the United States. Oklahoma raised twice as much as Illinois, and Kansas about half as much. Coles County alone produced 42 per cent of the broom corn of Illinois and 10 per cent of that of the United States. Fruit-growing. — Apples are the most important of the orchard fruits. Apples are grown in all of the 102 counties of the state, but the southern part of the state is of more impor tance than the northern in apple production. Apple-growing has increased in recent years because of the discovery of means of controlling insects and fungous diseases which formerly caused great losses. A SOUTHERN ILLINOIS RHUBARB FIELD, MASSAC COUNTY Fresh fuits and vegetables gathered in southern Illinois on one day may be marketed in Chicago on the following day. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) 180 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS MARKET GARDENS, COOK COUNTY Market gardening requires intensive cultivation of the soil, and is best developed on small farms. Cook County, in which market gardening is largely developed, has more farms than any other county in Illinois. The number in 1920 was 5,305. McLean County stood next with 4,309 farms. (Photograph by W. D. Jones.) CATHERING KIEFER PEARS, OLNEY, RICHLAND COUNTY (Copyright by Robert Ridgway) AGRICULTURE 181 The trees planted in southern Illinois consist mainly of summer and early varieties for the more northern markets, MAP SHOWING PRINCIPAL FRUIT CROPS 1-3. Each dot represents 500 acres. 1. Apples; 2. Peaches; 3. Plums. 4-7. Each dot represents 100 acres. 4. Pears; 5. Blackberries and Rasp berries; 6. Strawberries; 7. Cherries. while farther north fall and winter apples are grown. The largest commercial yield of apples in Illinois was that of 1915, amounting to 14,000,000 bushels. Only four states surpassed Illinois in apple production in that year. The crop of 1917 was about 40 per cent of a maximum crop with prices the best known for years. A three-acre orchard of summer varieties yielded apples valued at $3,000, or $1,000 per acre. Other orchard fruits raised in Illinois in suffi cient quantities to be given in the United States Census are peaches and nectarines, pears, plums and prunes, cherries, quinces, apricots, and mulberries. Strawberries are the most important crop among the small fruits of Illinois. They are found in every county of the state, but they are grown for market more extensively in the southern STRAWBERRY FIELD TN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS, SHOWING PICKERS AT WORK, MASSAC COUNTY The longer growing season of southern Illinois makes possible the production of small fruits and vegetables for an early market. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) 182 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS than in the northern part of the state. Pulaski, Union, and Massac counties produce more than one-third of the com mercial crop of the state. Other small fruits of Illinois listed in the United States Census are blackberries and dewberries, raspberries and loganberries, currants, and cranberries. Summary.— IUinois lies in the center of the largest single area of fertile farm lands anywhere in the world. A productive soil, a favorable climate, and an industrious population have made IUinois the foremost agricultural state of the nation. The products of Illinois farms contribute largely to the raw mate rials of manufacture. The progressiveness of the farmers of IUinois and adjoining regions has made IUinois the world's most important region for the manufacture of agricultural implements by creating a strong and constant local demand for the latest and most improved farm machinery. Factories supplying the local needs have naturaUy extended their markets throughout the nation and the world. The large production of farm crops and live stock in IUinois agriculture has stimulated transportation and trade in every part of the state so that aU regions are within easy access of railroad facilities. The agricultural practice of IUinois is influenced in an important way by the location and development of cities within or near the state. The Illinois corn belt is so near the Chicago grain market that a larger proportion of Illinois corn is sold as grain than in regions more distant from market. This practice requires care in maintaining the fertility of the land. SmaU farms, intensively cultivated, with consequent large yield per acre have been developed near the larger cities, especiaUy Chicago and St. Louis. Dairy farming has devel oped most within easy shipping distance of Chicago. Illinois may maintain its leadership in agricultural resources by applying on all farms of the state the principles of scientific agriculture which have been fuUy demonstrated by the Agricultural Experiment Station for every type of soil within the state. President Draper's words should be appreciated and heeded: "The wealth of Illinois is in her soil, and her strength lies in its intelligent development." AGRICULTURE 183 Facts of Illinois Agriculture, Census 1910 Land area of Illinois 56,043 square miles Land area of Illinois 3.5,867,520 acres Land area in farms 32,522,937 acres Land area not in farms 3,344,583 acres Percentage of land area in farms 90 . 7 per cent Improved land area in farms 28,048,323 acres Woodland and other unimproved lands in farms 4,474,614 acres Percentage of farm lands improved 86.2 per cent Percentage of total land area in improved farm lands 78 . 2 per cent Number of farms 251,872 Average size of farms 129 . 1 acres Number of farms under 20 acres 20,294 Number of farms 20 to 260 acres 210,093 Number of farms over 260 acres 21,485 Population of Illinois 5,638,591 Population of state per square mile 100 Population of state per farm 22 Land area of state per person 6.3 acres Improved farm land per person 5 acres Improved farm lands per family of 5 25 acres Total value of all farm property $3,900,000,000 Average value per farm $15,500 Percentage of value in land and buildings. ... 90.2 per cent Percentage in implements and machinery. ... 1.9 per cent Percentage in live stock 7.9 per cent Average value of farm land per acre $95 Average, value of trie land and buildings per acre $108 Total value of crops, 1909 $372,000,000 Total value of live stock on farms, 1910 $308,000,000 Area of cereals 16,536,457 acres Area of hay and forage 3,349,435 acres Value of cereals $298,000,000 Value of hay and forage $41,000,000 Value of all other crops $33,000,000 Broom corn $1,400,000 Sugar crops $500,000 Potatoes $6,400,000 Sweet potatoes and yams $ 500,000 Other vegetables $9,400,000 Flowers and plants $3,700,000 Nursery products $800,000 Orchard fruits $3,800,000 Small fruits $1,100,000 Forest products of farms $3,300,000 Seeds $1,900,000 Minor crops \ $200,000 Percentage of cereals in value 80 per cent Percentage of hay and forage 11 per cent Percentage of all other crops 9 per cent 184 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS TABLE IIT Selected Crops of Illinois and United States, 1909-17 (In millions of bushels, tons, acres, and dollars) Illinois United States Year Acres . Bushels Farm Values Acres Bushels Farm Values Corn 1909 10 390 $198 98 2,500 $1,400 1910 10.6 414 157 114 3,100 1,500 1911 10.1 335 181 105 2,500 1,500 1912 10.6 426 174 107 2,100 1,500 1913 10.4 282 177 105 2,400 1,600 1914 10.3 300 183 103 2,600 1,700 1915 10.4 376 203 108 3,000 1,700 1916 10.4 306 257 105 2,500 2,300 1917 11 418 459 119 3,100 4,000 Oats 1909 4.1 150 $ 59 35.1 1,000 $ 414 1910 4.5 171 51 35.2 1,100 384 1911 4.2 121 51 37.7 920 414 1912 4.2 182 54 37.9 1,400 452 1913 4.3 104 39 38.3 1,100 439 1914 4.3 126 55 38.4 1,100 499 1915...... 4.S 195 68 40.7 1,500 555 1916 4.4 172 87 41.5 1,200 656 1917 4.7 244 158 43.5 1,500 4,000 Wheat 1909 2.1 37 * 38 44 683 $ 657 1910 2.1 31 27 49 695 621 1911 2.6 42 37 49 621 543 1912 1.1 9.8 8.6 45 730 555 1913 2.2 41 36 50 763 610 1914 2.5 46 46 53 891 878 1915 2.8 53 53 59 1,000 930 1916 1.4 16 26 52 639 1,000 1917 1.6 30 61 45 650 1,300 Hay and Forage 1909 3.3 4.3 $ 40 72 97 $ 824 1910 2.8 3.7 44 45 60 747 1911 2.3 1.9 33 43 47 694 1912 2.5 3.2 41 49 72 856 1913 2.5 2.4 34 48 64 797 1914 2.2 1.9 27 49 70 779 1915 2.4 3.7 40 50 85 912 1916 3.1 4.5 50 54 89 1,000 1917 2.7 3.4 68 53 79 1,359 AGRICULTURE TABLE IV Ten Leading Counties in Corn Production, Census 1910 Rank County Acres in Corn Percentage of Total Area Total Bushels Bushels per Acre I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 McLeanLivingstonLa Salle Champaign IroquoisVermilionSangamon'Bureau LoganMacon 330,554 291,296 270,325291,207 283,806218,010215,664 187.086172,659 167,957 44.4 33.3 36.6 44.040.338.639.9 34.544.645.2 16,001,35813,452,31513,439,32712,914,42612,679,838 9,171,6789,155,7398,575,697 7,836,703 7,651,541 48.446.2 49.744.3 44.6 42.0 42.4 45.8 45.345.5 TABLE V Ten Leading Counties in Oats Production, Census 1910 Rank County Acres in Oats Percentage of Total Area Total Bushels Bushels per Acre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LivingstonIroquois McLeanLa Salle Champaign WillVermilion Bureau FordKankakee 216,635210,688 176,769155,064158,571133,065120,913 97,97091,220 98,762 32.129.923.821.024.6 ¦ 24.5 21.4 18.1 24.622.7 9,205,001 7,839,0467,363,942 6.879,858 5,885,1525,121,244 4,405,7823,969,7573,836,5453,710,003 42.537.241.6 44.437.138.538.140.5 42.1 37.6 TABLE VI Ten Leading Counties in Wheat Production, Census 1910 Rank County Acres in Wheat Percentage of Total Area Total Bushels Bushels per Acre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 St. Clair Madison WashingtonMonroePikeClinton MacoupinFultonSangamonChristian 114,907 106,658 89,49371,79063,859 65,85263,688 53,082 47,441 46,002 26.422.5 25.129.5 13.2 21.1 11.1 9.6 8.5 10.2 2,021,081 1,911,4971,181,7651,136,207 1,112,347 1,109,4051,097,472 1,061,610 984,456 931,938 18.4 17.913.2 15.017.4 16.917.2 20.020.8 20.3 CHAPTER XII ANIMAL INDUSTRIES Illinois animals. — The farmers of Illinois are interested in the raising of animals as definitely as in the raising of crops. The animal industries are a part of the agricultural operations of the state. The large crop production per man of IUinois farms is possible only because of the large amount of animal power used per farm. A very large proportion of the crops of the state is used as feed for the work animals and the food-producing animals, thus leading to the consumption of crops on the farms where they are grown. The farmer thus markets much of his farm produce in the form of animals or animal products. The following facts of 1910 are significant of the importance of the animal industries of the state: value of all crops raised, $372,000,000; value of aU domestic animals, $331,000,000 number of horses, 1,600,000; value of horses, $192,000,000 average value of horses, $113; number of mules, 158,000 value of mules, $19,000,000; average value of mules, $123 number of asses and burros, 3,200; number of cattle, 2,500,000 value of cattle, $76,000,000; average value of cattle, $30 number of hogs, 4,700,000; value of hogs, $37,000,000; average value of hogs, $7.80; number of sheep, 1,000,000; value of sheep, $5,000,000; average value of sheep, $5; number of goats, 14,335; area of Illinois, 56,000 square miles; domestic animals per square mUe, horses 30, mules 3, cattle 45, hogs 85, sheep 19; domestic animals per family of five persons, horses 1.5, cattle 2, hogs 4. sheep 1; number of dairy cows, included above, 1,000,000; amount of milk reported, 320,000,000 gallons; value of milk sold, $18,000,000; butter made on farms, 46,000,000 pounds; value of butter made on farms, $10,000,000; number of poultry, 32,000,000; value of poultry $15,000,000; eggs produced, 100,000,000 dozens; number of eggs per person, 212; value of eggs, $18,000,000; number of colonies of bees, 155,000; production of honey, 1,428,000 pounds; value of honey, $196,000. 18G ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 187 The foUowing comparison of values for the United States from the census of 1910 and from the government estimate for 1917 shows the trend of crop values. The differences, it must be remembered, are not due to greatly increased production but to the influence of war-time prices. TABLE I United States 1910 1917 Value of crops Value of animals and animal products $5,487,000,000 3,071,000,000 $13.610 000,000 5,833,000,000 Total value of all farm products. $8,558,000,000 819.443,000,000 These figures show that the value of crops of 1917 exceeded the value of crops as reported in the census of 1910 by 148 per cent; the value of animals and animal products had increased 90 per cent; and the total value of all farm products 127 per cent. Horses and mules. — The 1,600,000 horses of IUinois are dis tributed throughout the state with an evenness not approached distribution map of principal animals IN ILLINOIS. Each riot represents: 1. Horses, 2,000; 2. Mules, 1,000; 3. Sheep, 10,000; 4. Swine, 5,000; 5. Poultry, 20,000. by any other farm product, plant or animal. The slight decrease in the number of horses in the southern part of the state as shown on the map is accounted for by the number of mules found there. This even distribution of the number of 188 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS horses and mules over the entire state is due to the fact that good farm land is found in every county, and that the general farm ing operations require about the same number of draft animals per unit of area, even though there be important differences in the character of the soil, the value of the land, and the kind of crops cultivated. The cities and vUlages contained 234,000 horses, or 13 per cent of the total number. ANIMAL-HUSBANDRY CLASS JUDGING PERCHERON HORSES, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Students in animal husbandry learn the qualities of various breeds of animals by scoring animals selected from the fine stock on the University farm. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) The principal breeds of draft horses in IUinois are the Percheron, Clydesdale, Shire, and Belgian. Since mules are adapted to a warmer climate than horses, they are found chiefly in the southern part of the state. Their sureness of foot and their ability to thrive on coarser feed than horses make them especiaUy valuable for farm work among the Ozark Hills. The average value of mules is higher than that ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 189 of horses. In recent years mules are being used more widely than formerly. The wide distribution and great usefulness of horses and mules in the United States are indicated by the census returns of 1910, in which horses were reported from every county in the country, and only twenty-three counties reported no mules. The ratio of mules to horses in Illinois is that of 1 to 10; the ratio for the United States is about 1 to 5. PLOWING WITH PERCHERON HORSES, NORMAL UNIVERSITY FARM, M*LEAN COUNTY Modern machinery and strong horses enable one man to do much more farm work than in pioneer days. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) There are 15 acres of improved land per horse or mule in Illinois and one horse or mule for every three people. For the United States the ratio is about 20 acres of improved land per horse or mule and one horse or mule to every four people. A larger proportion of horses is required in the corn belt than elsewhere because of the frequent cultivation required for corn. 190 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Cattle. — The number of cattle in Illinois in 1910 exceeded the number of horses and mules by 36 per cent, while the value of aU cattle was but 36 per cent of the value of horses and mules. The distribution of cattle, as clearly shown on the map, is not so even as that of horses. The dairy interests of the extreme northern coun ties and the cattle feed ing carried on in some of the western counties lead to a density of dis- tribution along the northern and northwest ern borders of the state which extends beyond IUinois into the great cattle districts of Wis consin and Iowa. This area of larger cattle in terests in Illinois lies, for the most part, north of a line drawn from Chicago to Keokuk, Iowa. South of this line the cattle are distrib uted with an evenness simUar to that of horses for the entire state. Here cattle raising is not a specialty but it is important in the general farming practice of the state. The region of heaviest corn production in IUinois does not have large numbers of cattle, whUe the state of Iowa, with about the same production of corn as IUinois, has 83 per cent more cattle than Illinois. The Illinois corn belt is so near to Chicago, the chief market for this grain, that a very large pro portion of the IUinois crop is sold as grain. The farmers of western IUinois and of Iowa find it more profitable to feed their MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE IN ILLINOIS AND IN THE UNITED STATES Each dot represents: 1. All cattle, 5,000; 2. Dairy cows, 2,000; 3. All cattle in United States, 100,000; 4. Steers and bulls, 2.000; 5. Creameries, one creamery; 6. Cheese factories, one cheese factory; 7. Dairy products, 5100,000. ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 191 corn and market the live stock on which the transportation charges are not so high per unit of value. Pasture land in western IUinois and in Iowa is more extensive than in the chief corn-belt region of east-central IUinois. This is due partly to the topography and partly to the requirements of the animal industries. The city of Chicago contains two-fifths of the population of the state. Its need for a large supply of fresh milk is met by the great develop ment of the dairy in dustry in northeastern Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin. This region has the heaviest distri bution of dairy cattle to be found anywhere in the United States. Not only does this dairy region supply Chicago and other cities with fresh milk, but butter and cheese and con densed mUk are also produced. The principal breeds of dairy cattle in IUinois are the Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, and Ayrshire. The production of beef cattle depends on a supply of pasture, hay, and grain rather than on nearness to market. Beef cattle in IUinois are of most importance in the western part of the state and along the southern edge of the corn belt where the distance to the Chicago markets for fresh milk and for grain is sufficiently great to induce the farmer to market his corn in the form of beef, butter, and cheese rather than as grain or fresh milk. The chief breeds of beef cattle in Illinois are the Shorthorn, Hereford, and Angus. DAIRY CATTLE, HOGS, AND DAIRY BARNS OF ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY FARM, M'LEAN COUNTY This 90-acre farm, equipped with modern buildings, and stocked with Holstein cattle, Duroc- Jersey hogs, and poultry, furnishes supe rior farm conditions for observation and study by the students of agriculture. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) 192 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Hogs. — The distribution of hogs in IUinois is very similar to the distribution of beef cattle. The largest number of hogs are found along the western part of the state and along the southern edge of the corn belt. As in the case of beef cattle this region of denser distribution ex tends across into the corn-belt districts of Iowa and northern Mis souri. Iowa has 60 per cent more hogs than Illi nois. The farm price of corn in Illinois averages JERSEY COW AND CALF NEAR ALFA, HENRY COUNTY The Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, and Ayrshire are the principal breeds of dairy cattle in Illinois. about 5 cents per bushel higher than in Iowa and northern Missouri. The principal breeds of hogs in Illinois are the Duroc -Jersey, Poland China, Chester White, Berkshire, Hampshire, Yorkshire, and Tam- worth. Sheep . — Illinois raises 15 per cent of the corn of the United States; 8 per cent of the hogs; 7 per cent of the horses; 4 per cent of the cattle; but only 2 per cent of the sheep. The 1,000,000 sheep of the state are not strongly localized. Sheep are re ported from every county. HEREFORD CALVES, DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Shorthorn, Hereford, and Angus are the chief breeds of beef cattle in Illinois. The Hereford fattens readily and is suited for the less favorable conditions on the ranges. The white face is characteristic of this breed. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) Only one county reported fewer than 1,000, and four reported more than 30,000 each. ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 193 Among the leading ten sheep-producing states of the United States, only three, Ohio, Michigan, and Missouri, lie east of the one-hundredth meridian. The abUity of the sheep to thrive in rough regions with scant pasturage has carried the sheep- raising industry to the arid lands of the West, with Montana and Wyoming each raising 10 per cent of the total. Millions of sheep cross IUinois each year on the journey to the Chicago market. Feeding and shearing sheds are maintained at various railroad stations outside of Chicago where as many as 2,000 sheep are sheared in a single day by power-driven shears. The wool for manufac ture and the sheep for mutton are then mar keted separately. The principal breeds of sheep in Illinois are the Shropshire, Hamp shire, Southdown, and Oxford. Poultry. — The rais ing of poultry and the production of eggs is an important branch of Illinois agriculture re ported from 94 per cent of aU the farms of the state. Chickens constitute 96 per cent of the total number of fowls. Other fowls reported were turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowls, pigeons, peafowls, and pheasants. The value of the poultry raised and the eggs produced during the year 1909 was $34,000,000, one-fourth the value of aU domestic animals sold and slaughtered in IUinois, five times the value of the entire potato crop of the state, 90 per cent of the value of the wheat crop, and nine times the value of the orchard fruits of the state. The map on page 187 shows that poultry are rather evenly dis tributed throughout Illinois with a slight increase in density in a belt extending across the south-central part of the state. Numerous breeds of chickens are found in Illinois, among them the White Wyandotte, Speckled Wyandotte, Barred YORKSHIRE HOGS, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS The Yorkshire is one of the best types of " bacon hogs." (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) 194 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS PRIZE HOLSTEINS, SHOWING IDEAL WATERING PLACE, BARNS, AND SILOS, NEAR QUINCY Holsteins are larger milk producers than other breeds of dairy cattle. This fine herd is on the farm of the Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) SHEEP NEAR TOULON, STARK COUNTY ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 195 Plymouth Rock, White Plymouth Rock, Buff Cochin, White Orpington, Buff Orpington, and White Brahma. The Pekin duck, Indian Runner duck, and White Toulouse goose are favorite breeds of ducks and geese. SHEARING SHEEP WITH POWER-DRIVEN SHEARS, KIRKLAND, DE KALB COUNTY Sheep, shipped from the far West, are unloaded and fed at Kirkland, then sheared before being sent to the Chicago stockyards. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) Production by counties. — A comparison of farm crops and domestic animals by counties does not give a correct idea of the relative importance of the products within the counties, because of the varying sizes of counties. The largest county of the state has an area more than six times as large as the smaUest. The larger counties appear in such lists oftener than the 196 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS TABLE II Number or Animals on Farms in Leading Counties oe Illinois Rank County Number Rank , County Number Horses Mules 1... McLean 40,208 1... St. Clair 4,911 2... La Salle 36,569 2... Madison 4,354 3... Livingston 34,302 3... Christian 3,758 4... Iroquois 33,436 4... Sangamon 3,612 5... Champaign 30,926 5... Jefferson 3,403 6... Bureau 26,549 6.. . Montgomery 3,375 7... Sangamon 26,099 7... Williamson 3,281 8... Vermilion 26,021 8... Jackson 3,280 9... Fulton 25,993 9... Saline 3,090 10... Henry State total. . . 24,753 10... Macoupin State total. . . . 2,934, 1,687,516 138,671 All Cattle Hogs 1.... McHenry 77,477 1.... Fulton 153,253 2.... Ogle 57,736 2 Henry 149,967 3.... Whiteside 57,663 3.... Adams 131,528 4.... Henry 57,438 4.... Mercer 116,884, 5.... Kane 57,030 5.... Knox 109,678 6.... Jo Daviess 55,625 6.... Bureau 108,297 7.... Stephenson 54,323 7 .... McDonough 105,079 8.... Bureau 53,210 8.... Sangamon 105,064 9.... Lee 48,490 9.... Pike 104,952 10.... Fulton State total . . . 47,293 10.... Warren State total 103,695 2,517,832 4,757,335 Sheep Poultry 1.... Macoupin 42,266 1.... Livingston 403,624 2.... Pike 39,344 2.... Macoupin 398,602 3.... Jo Daviess 32,520 3... Iroquois 388,432 4 Adams 31,223 4.... McLean 386,048 5... Wayne 26,591 5.... Madison 384,559 6.... Shelby 25,816 6.... La Salle 380,779 7.... McLean 22,972 7.... Fayette 373,854 8.... Sangamon 21,941 8.... Shelby 348,875 9.... Stephenson 21,621 9.... Wayne 348,488 10.... Hancock State total. . . 20,939 10.... Montgomery State total. . . . 347,674 1,090,915 21,409,835 ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 197 importance of the product in that county warrants, and the smaller counties do not appear at all, although the proportion of land devoted to the product and the yield per acre or per square mile may be very large. Such a list is of interest, how ever. The counties are given in the foregoing table in the order of the number of animals on farms according to the census returns of 1910. The table also gives a summary for the state, including the animals on farms and not on farms. Summary. — The distribution of the animal industries of IUinois is a response to topography, soil, climate, crops, and distance to markets. The fact that topography, soil, and climate favor development of general farming throughout the state leads to a state-wide production of staple crops. This in turn requires the raising of domestic animals for the purpose of both the production and the consumption of these crops. This again leads to an evenness of distribution of aU the domestic animals not to be found in a state with great con trasts of topography, rainfaU, and temperature. Distance from the great market at Chicago for crops, animals, and animal products leads to interesting variations in the distribu tion of live stock and live-stock products which have already been pointed out. CHAPTER XIII MINERAL RESOURCES Minerals of Illinois. — Somewhat more than a thousand min erals make up the rocks of the world, about one hundred forming the larger part of the common rocks. Ninety-one of these min erals have been found in larger or smaUer amounts in the solid HUNDREDS OF TONS OF COAL READY FOR SHIPMENT, HARRISBURG, SALINE COUNTY Southern Illinois coal is of excellent quality and usually sells for a somewhat higher price than coal produced farther north in the state. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) rocks and glacial drift of Illinois. Specimens of nearly all of these IUinois minerals are displayed in the State Museum at Springfield. About a dozen of these minerals are found in the rocks of Illinois in commercial quantities and constitute the valuable mineral resources of the state. The value of these minerals produced in 1917 ranged from $162,000,000 for coal to $5,900 for silver, with a total value of $238,000,000. Importance of mineral resources. — Illinois ranks third among the states in the value of annual mineral production. The foUowing table is based on mineral values for 1915: 198 MINERAL RESOURCES 199 TABLE I Pennsylvania $ 460,000,000 West Virginia 135,000,000 Illinois 115,000,000 Ohio 105,000,000 California 97,000,000 Total for the leading five states $ 912,000,000 Total for the United States 2,400,000,000 Thus IUinois produces about 5 per cent of the total mineral values of the United States. The value of the mineral products of IUinois in 1915 was three times the value of the total silver TABLE II Mineral Production of Illinois, 1915 Product Quantity Value 1. 2.3.4.ia5. 10.11. 12. 13. 14.15.16.17.18.19. 20. Coal Pig iron Petroleum Clay products (manufactured) . . Clay (raw) Coke Cement Stone Sulphuric acid Sand and gravel Zinc Asphalt Tripoli Fluor spar (1914) Lime Natural gas Lead Mineral water Pyrite Silver Miscellaneous .829,576 tons 455,894 tons 041,695 bbls. 163,904 tons 686,998 tons .553,164 bbls. ',708,012 tons 5,534 tons 188,575 tons 23,756 tons 73,811 tons 88,604 tons 954 tons ,559,489 gals. 14,849 tons 3,864 oz. Total value, omitting pig iron, coke, and all duplications . . . 64,622,47134,207,901 18,655,85014,791,938 169,320 7,016,635 4,928,6792,907,410 2,046,311 1,984,569 1,372,4321,041,378 502,937 426,063 352,954350,371 89,676 75,290 22,476 1,959 2,261,215 $114,704,587 production of the United States; it exceeded the gold output of the United States, including Alaska, by $14,000,000; it was greater than the total value of the mineral products of 21 states 200 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS having the smaUer output of minerals. Minerals are the most valuable of the primary resources of IUinois except the products of the soU. The foregoing table (II) of the mineral products of IUinois for 1915 shows the variety, amount, and value of the minerals TABLE III Mineral Production of Illinois, 1917 Product Quantity Valu Coal Pig iron Petroleum Clay products (manufactured) . Clay (raw) Coke Cement Stone Sulphuric acid Sand and gravel Zinc Asphalt Tripoli Fluor spar Lime Natural gas Natural-gas gasoline Lead Mineral water Pyrite Silver Quartz (Silica) Mineral paints Miscellaneous 86,199.387 tons 3,458,126 tons 15,776,860 bbls. 188,616 tons 2,289,833 tons 4,378,233 bbls. 9,120,698 tons 4,267 tons 110,756 tons 16,133 tons 156,676 tons 83,409 tons 4,934,009 gals. 1,439 tons 1,370,461 gals. 24,596 tons 7,186 fineoz 386,866 tons $162,281,822 91,094,54131,358,069 19,565,420 632,383 14,455,539 6,090,1583,322,041 3,902,831 3,658,799 870,468 1,317,855 31,338 1,373,333 529,451479,072866,033247,508 66,04289,998 5,931 630,256 9,465,176 867,892 Total value, omitting pig iron coke, and all duplications Increase over 1915 Increase (per cent) $238,186,690$124,482,103 108 of the state. The table for 1917 shows, in comparison with 1915, the influence of war activities on production and value of important minerals. Coal. — The first discovery of coal in the United States was made in IUinois near Ottawa, La Salle County, by Father Hennepin, one of the early explorers, in 1679. Coal was first MAP SHOWING COAL FIELDS QF ILLINOIS Two-thirds of Illinois is underlain by coal. The amountof coal in Illinois exceeds that of any other state east of the Mississippi. 202 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS mined in IUinois for commercial purposes in 1810 along the bluffs of the Big Muddy River in Jackson County. This first shipment of IUinois coal was made on a flatboat on the Big Muddy and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. In 1832 several boat loads were shipped to the same market. In 1833, 6,000 tons of coal were mined in St. Clair County and carried by wagons to St. Louis. The coal industry of St. Clair County induced the building of the first raUroad in Illinois and the first west of the AUegheny Mountains. The cars were drawn by animal power. The Annual Coal Report of the State Department of Mines and Minerals gives complete data concerning the coal industry of the state. In 1864 the annual output was 1,000,000 tons; in 1871 it had reached 3,000,000 tons. This amount was doubled in nine years with a production of 6,000,000 tons in 1880. The output was again doubled in the short space of three years with 12,000,000 tons in 1883. In seven years more the annual production was again doubled with 25,000,000 tons in 1900. During the next eleven years the doubling process was again accomplished with an output of 50,000,000 tons in 1911. In the seven years foUowing 1911 the increase has been 80 per cent, with a production of 90,000,000 tons in 1918. So marked was the influence of war demands on the output of IUinois coal that the production for the year ending June 30, 1917, was 24 per cent greater than that of the previous year, and the production for the year ending June 30, 1918, was 11 per cent greater than for 1917, an increase of 85 per cent over the output of 1910, and 3| times the output of 1900. IUinois ranks third among the coal-producing states. Pennsylvania ranks first with a production of 46 per cent of the total, foUowed by West Virginia with 14 per cent, IUinois with 11 per cent, and Ohio with 4 per cent of the total. Two-thirds of IUinois is underlain by beds or "veins" or "seams" of bituminous coal. The coal area of the state lies south of an east-west line joining Rock Island and Joliet, and is connected with the coal fields of southwestern Indiana and western Kentucky. It is estimated that the original coal beds of Illinois con tained more than 200,000,000,000 tons of coal. The amount mined from 1833 to 1917 is 1,212,000,000 tons. During the MINERAL RESOURCES 203 last 10 years of this period 577,000,000 tons were produced, almost as much as during the preceding 75 years. About 1 per cent of the total coal supply of the state has been exhausted in 85 years, including the coal which could not be recovered in the mining. With the tremendous rate of increase in output by years and by decades, the coal supply wUl be used much more rapidly in the future than in the past. IUinois has a larger known coal reserve than any other state in which the coal fields are weU surveyed, probably twice as great as that of Pennsylvania, where the present annual output of coal is four times that of Illinois. The United States con tains more coal than the rest of the world. IUinois contains about 10 per cent of the coal of the United States. Another 85 years of coal mining in Illinois wUl develop problems of pro duction and consumption of coal not yet fuUy appreciated. The 79,000,000 tons of coal mined in IUinois in the year ending June 30, 1917, came from 51 counties and 810 mines. The 324 "shipping" mines produced 98 per cent of the total, the remaining 2 per cent coming from 486 "local" mines. The average production of the shipping mines was 238,000 tons; that of the local mines 3,200 tons. The production of 266 mines was under 1,000 tons each; 139 mines each produced more than 200,000 tons. The coal-mining operations of 1917 required the labor of 80,893 men; 96 per cent of these were employed in the shipping mines; 70 per cent of aU the men were employed in the 139 mines whose production exceeded 200,000 tons each, and the output of these 139 mines was 78 per cent of the total for the state. The production of coal by counties for the year ending June 30, 1917, is shown on the map (p. 201) . The numbers are given in thousands of tons and, in reading, three "ciphers" (000) must be added to each number. Of the 810 coal mines of the state, 480 are shaft mines, 204 are drift mines, and 126 are slope mines. There are 779 mines worked by the "piUar and room" method; 23 by the "long waU"method; and 8 by the "strip" method. The electric motor is rapidly displacing other methods of underground haulage in the large shipping mines. In 1907 underground haulage was carried on in 75 shipping mines by motor, 26 by cable, 204 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 503 by mule, and 5 by hand. Ten years later, in 1917, 200 shipping mines used the electric motor, 51 the cable, 113 the mule, and 1 was oper ated by hand. Machine mining is also having a rapid development. In 1900, 38 mines were operated exclusively and 29 in part by machines; in 1917 these numbers had increased to 98 and 53 respectively. The number of machines increased during this period from 430 to 1,920 COAL TRANSPORTATION UNDERGROUND BY ELEC- ar.J fL . • j TRIC MOTOR, MARION, WILLIAMSON COUNTY oDa tne amOUTlt mined (Copyright by Keystone View Company) DV machines from 5,500,000 tons, or one- fifth of the production of the state, to 47,000,000 tons, or three-fifths of the total. Depth of mine, thick ness of seam, and pro duction per mine vary greatly. In the "strip" mines the overlying soU is removed and the coal taken from the sur face. Drift and slope mines may be only a few feet below the surface of the earth. In Mc Donough County there are 48 mines; 10 are shaft mines, 4 are slope mines, and 34 are drift mines. the surface varies from 22 feet STRIPPING COAL, SURFACE MINING WEST OF DANVILLE, VERMILION COUNTY Where coal beds lie near the surface, the overlying earth is removed, and the coal taken out as from an open quarry. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) The depth to 70 feet. of coal below The thickness of the worked coal seams varies from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet MINERAL RESOURCES 205 8 inches. The production per mine varies from 10 tons to 2,440 tons. The total output of the 48 mines is 17,606 tons. Thus while Mc Donough County has 6 per cent of the mines of the state, the coal pro duction is a very small fraction of 1 per cent. Franklin County has 21 mines; all are shaft mines; the depth of the mines varies from 152 feet to 730 feet; the thickness of the worked coal seams from 6 feet 6 inches to 14 feet; and the output per mine from 45,000 tons to 1,093,000 tons. Franklin County has 2\ per cent of the mines of the state TABLE IV Counties Producing More than 1,000,000 Tons of Coal for the Year Ending June 30, 1917 COAL MINE, MOUNT OLIVE, MACOUPIN COUNTY Coal is lifted in small cars by means of eleva tors to the top of the shafthouse, dumped into chutes, and distributed by gravity. Rank County Tons Percentage of State Men Employed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS Franklin Williamson Sangamon Macoupin St. Clair MadisonSaline MontgomeryVermilion Christian FultonPerry PeoriaClintonBureau RandolphLa Salle Marion 11,317,657 9,666,3026,948,6486,590,825 5,755,6505,044,261 4,530,903 3,641,6763,299,419 2,822,167 2,739,185 2,477,561 1,553,4551,426,594 1,390,5521,162,4681,134,5841,088.619 14.3012.23 8.798.34 7.28 6.38 5.734.614.17 3.573.463.13 1.96 1.801.761.47 1.431.37 10,511 9,2946,7625,3845,360 4,2464,8173,5763,2322,7503,208 2,551 1,7001,401 2,537 1,275 2,019 1,045 Total,Total, Total, 18 counties other counties state 72,600,525 6,383,002 78,983,527 91.78 8.22 100.00 71,468 9,425 80,893 206 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS and produces 14 per cent of the coal. The deepest mine in IUinois, 1,004 feet, is at Assumption, Christian County. Five counties — Bond, Cass, Jersey, Moultrie, and White — have but one mine each. In each of three counties there are more than 50 mines; Peoria has 60, St. Clair 63, and Fulton 93. The 324 shipping mines are found in 38 counties. One mine in Peoria TABLE V Counties Producing More than 1,000,000 Tons of Coal for the Year Ending June 30, 1918 Rank County Tons Percentage of State Men Employed 1 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Franklin Williamson SangamonSt. Clair Macoupin Saline MadisonMontgomery Vermilion Christian PerryFultonRandolphPeoria Chnton BureauLa Salle Marion 12,007,397 11,655,101 8,155,734 7,868,4497,095,3665,670,832 5,188,7684,340,6753,971,3303,221,2342,937,2372,792,950 1,599,718 1,483,4861,429,5691,350,8901,198,3601,116,289 13.3412.95 9.068.75 7.89 6.30 5.77 4.824.413.583.27 3.11 1.78 1.651.601.50 1.331.24 11,618 9,9797,7316,898 5,8046,541 4,7314,1143,8163,026 2.9373,733 1,6571,724 1,322 2,467 2,056 1,159 Total,Total,Total, 18 counties state 83,083,385 6,896,084 89,979,469 92.35 7.65 100.00 81,313 10,059 91,372 County shipped its production of 25,000 tons by boat on the IUinois River. The 323 other shipping mines disposed of their coal by shipment over 37 different railroads. The Illinois Cen tral served 89 mines in 21 counties, carrying 10,000,000 tons, 19 per cent of the 53,000,000 tons shipped in the state. The Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad served 51 mines in 11 counties, carrying 9,800,000 tons, or 18 per cent of the total. The "Big Four" RaUroad served 37 mines in 10 counties and carried 12 per cent of the total. The Chicago and Eastern MINERAL RESOURCES 207 Illinois Railroad served 33 mines in 6 counties and carried nearly 10 per cent of the total. The great coal reserves of Illinois, the developed mines, and the central location of the state assure an industrial develop ment in the future not to be surpassed by any other state. Tables IV, V, and VI show many facts of interest con cerning the coal production in IUinois. TABLE VI Coal Production, Five-Year Periods, with Recent Annual Production Year Counties Mines Number of Men Tons Increase Production Percentage 1885 .... 50 778 25,946 11,834,459 1890 57 936 28,574 15,274,727 29 1895 54 855 38,630 17,735,864 16 1900 52 920 39,384 25,153,929 42 1905 56 990 59,230 37,183,374 48 1910 55 881 74,634 48,717,853 31 1915 52 779 75,607 57,601,694 18 1916 51 803 75,919 63,673,530 10 1917 51 810 80,893 78,983,527 24 1918 54 967 91,372 89,979,469 11 Petroleum and natural gas. — The IUinois oil fields of Clark, Crawford, and Lawrence counties are associated with the La SaUe anticline, an upward fold of bedrock which crosses Illinois from Stephenson County in the northwest to Lawrence County in the southeast. The La Salle anticline crosses the IUinois River at Split Rock between La SaUe and Utica. South of La SaUe County this rock fold does not appear at the surface, but exists deep underground, and in the oil fields it forms the cap or covering for the oil-bearing rocks. The petroleum has accumulated under the anticlinal fold, and is obtained by penetrating the impervious rocks of the anticline by deep wells from which the ofi is pumped to the surface. SmaU anticlinal folds exist deep underground elsewhere in the state, and some of them confine petroleum and natural gas beneath. The regions of the state where petroleum and gas 208 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS have been found are shown on the accompanying map. The important commercial output is in southeastern Illinois, and the total productive area is about 250 square miles, or 160,000 acres, an area equivalent to 1,000 farms of 160 acres each. Prospecting for oil began in Clark County in 1865, only six years after the first successful wells of Pennsylvania had been opened. Some oil was obtained, but not enough to induce further development at that time. Thirty-nine years later, in 1904, successful weUs were drilled, and the region which had been tested in 1865 was a fair producer for several years. These were shal low weUs having a depth between 400 and 600 feet. In 1906 the Crawford County field was opened, and the oU industry of IUinois took on large pro portions immediately. The oU in this field is found at depths of 750 to 1,000 feet. In 1907 the Lawrence County field was opened, PETROLEUM FIELDS AND PIPE LINES OF ILLINOIS The productive area of petroleum in Illinois amounts to about 250 square miles or less than i of I per cent of the area of the state. Two pipe lines cross the state from the oil fields of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas to refineries farther east than Illinois. Whiting, Indiana, is an important refining center for the northern line and Wood River, Illinois, for the southern line! the oil being procured at depths of 800 to 1,900 feet. Table VII shows the progress of the oil-producing industry of Illinois. Production increased rapidly from 1904 to 1908 and it has declined slowly since 1911. The oil industry has aided in the MINERAL RESOURCES 209 development of a number of cities in the district, among which are Robinson and Oblong in Crawford County, Lawrenceville TABLE VII Production of Petroleum, Illinois and United States Rank of Year Barrels of 42 Gallons Illinois Illinois United States Percentage Prior to 19051905 19061907190819091910 1911191219131914 19151916 6,576 181,084 4,397,050 24,281,973 33,686,23830,898,339 33,143,36231,317,03828,601,30823,893,899 21,919,749 19,041,69517,714,235 429,301,612 134,717,580126,493,936166,095,335178,527,355183,170,874 209,557,248220,449,391222,935,044248,446,230265,762,535 231,104,104300,767,158 0.1 3.4 3 14.6 3 18.8 3 16.8 3 15.8 3 14.2 3. .. 12.8 3 9.6 3 8.2 4 6.7 4. . . 5.8 Total . 269,082,546 3,917,328,402 6.8 £ X \ and Bridgeport in Lawrence County. A large refinery has;been established at Law- renceviUe. Owners of some farms have been enriched by many times the original value of their holdings. Natural gas has been found in Umited quantities in connection with petro leum. SmaU quantities of gas have been found where the oil was not obtained in commercial quantities, and in some places where no oil appeared. Usable quanti ties of natural gas have been found in the glacial drift where gas had accumulated under impervious layers of clay. Gas wells have usually given out / PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM IN ILLINOIS Production is indicated in barrels 210 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS IRON-ORE DOCK AND STORAGE, CALUMET HARBOR, CHICAGO More than seven million tons of iron ore are received annually at Calumet Harbor. after producing for six or seven years. The smaU local sup plies have frequently been used on the farms on which pro duced. Gas has been found chiefly in Mont gomery, Pike, Randolph, and Macoupin counties. Pig iron and coke.— Pig iron and coke are mineral products of great value in IUinois. They do not figure in the value of mineral products of the state, however, as pig iron is made from iron ore shipped in from other states, and coke is made from coal, which is a primary mineral resource. The steel plants at South Chicago and Joliet produce the pig iron of the state. Coke is pro duced as a by-product in gas -manufacturing plants in various cities. It is also manufactured in the coke ovens of the steel plants to be used in the manufac ture of steel. Clay products. — Throughout the gla ciated regions of Illi nois, clay suitable for making brick and tile is found. Clays suit able for pottery and sewer pipe are found in more restricted areas. Brick and tUe factories are therefore widely scattered throughout the state in order to avoid high transportation charges. Whitehall in Greene County, Macomb GLAZING-ROOM OF WESTERN STONEWARE COMPANY, MACOMB, M'DONOUGH COUNTY In the glazing-room the various pottery prod ucts are dipped into a special liquid prepara tion which gives the smooth, shiny surface to the article. The glaze is applied just before the pottery is placed in the kilns for firing. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) MINERAL RESOURCES 211 in McDonough County, and Monmouth in Warren County are important centers for pottery and sewer pipe. Brick and tile constitute 93 per cent of the clay manufactures of the state and pottery 7 per cent. Cook County makes more common brick than any other county of the United States, producing three-fourths of the brick of IUinois. Knox County leads in the manufacture of vitrified brick for paving purposes, with Livingston County second. Vermilion County leads in the production of front brick, and Kankakee is the only county pro ducing enameled brick. La Salle County leads in the produc tion of draintile, fire- proofing, and fire brick. Cook County is the largest producer of terra cotta. Mc Donough County is the leading county in the production of sewer pipe. A large variety of stoneware consti tutes the chief pottery product of the state, with Warren and Mc Donough as the leading counties. Every kind of clay product classified in the Mineral Resources of the United Slates is produced in IUinois except china. IUinois ranks first among the states in the value of common brick; second in the value of paving brick, of terra cotta, and stoneware; third in brick and tile products and in enameled brick; fourth in the value of all clay products and in front brick and draintUe; fifth in sewer pipe and fireproofing. Cement, stone, sand, and gravel. — Illinois ranks third among the states in the production of cement, being surpassed by Pennsylvania and Indiana. Prior to 1900 the output of natural cement in the United States exceeded that of Portland REFINING ROOM, MACOMB, M DONOUGH COUNTY The raw clay is thoroughly washed and cleaned of all its impurities in the refining process whereby it is prepared for molding into pottery. 212 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS cement. In 1900 the output for each kind of cement was 8,000,000 barrels. In 1915 the production of natural cement had declined to 750,000 barrels and the output of Portland cement was 85,000,000 barrels, or ten times as great as in 1900. Of the twelve plants still producing natural cement in the United States in 1915, one is located in IUinois near Utica in La Salle County, where it makes use of the Lower Magnesian limestone, the oldest stratified rock outcropping in the state. Important centers of Portland- cement manufacture are Oglesby and La Salle in La SaUe County, and Dixon in Lee County; while a new plant has been recently erected at Golconda in Pope County. At these cen ters abundant limestone and shale of proper quality for cement lie near the surface and can be readUy quarried. So abundant and so widely distributed are the raw materials for Portland cement that its increased use for struc tural work wUl tend to conserve the more limited supplies of wood and iron. Limestone is the chief product of IUinois stone quarries. About 75 per cent of the output is used as crushed stone for concrete road metal and railroad baUast. Lime used for mortar in budding operations is made from Umestone, and increasing quantities of fine-ground Umestone are being used for soil improvement throughout the state, more especially in the southern counties, where the sous are more acid than else where. IUinois Umestone is also used as flux in blast furnaces for smelting iron, for riprap, rubble, and in a smaU measure for building stone. QUARRY AND MILL FOR CRUSHING LIMESTONE, THORNTON, COOK COUNTY The extensive beds of Illinois limestones furnish rock for road metal, railroad ballast, fertilizer, and lime. Large crushers with heavy machinery are necessary to prepare the rock for its various uses. MINERAL RESOURCES 213 Sand and gravel are found in places in the glacial moraines, in the vaUey trains leading out from the moraines, along streams, and along the lake shore. The sand produced in Illinois is used mainly for building purposes. Other uses are for glass manufacture, molding, paving, and for locomotives. Glass sand is obtained largely from the St. Peter sandstone along the bluffs of the Illinois River in the vicinity of Ottawa. It forms the basis of important glass and bottle factories at Ottawa and Streator. Gravel is widely used for concrete and for road-building. Sulphuric acid and pyrite. — The many uses for sulphuric acid, especiaUy in the manufacture of munitions of war, has led to a rapid expansion of this industry in the years during the war. The value of the sulphuric acid manufactured in Illinois in 1915 was $2,000,000, or about 7 per cent of the total of the United States. The production of 1917 was valued at $4,000,000. It is obtained as a by-product in the smelting of zinc and lead, or it may be manufactured directly from sulphur or from pyrite, which is made up of sulphur and iron. Illinois ranks fourth among the states in the amount of pyrite pro duced. Pyrite in IUinois comes from the coal mines. The production is made up of small quantities from many mines, the chief supply coming from mines in Vermilion and Madison counties. Zinc, lead, and silver. — The lead and zinc mines near Galena, in Jo Daviess County, brought about an earher settle ment of the northwest corner of the state than any other region between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Galena was better known to the world for a few years than Chicago. The lead and zinc ores, accompanied by minute quantities of sUver, come from the same ore bodies. At first lead was the important product. Now zinc is far more valuable than the lead, and the smaU silver output of the state is a by-product of the zinc industry. The production in Illinois and elsewhere has been greatly stimulated by the war demands. The zinc mines are found in the Driftless Area of Illinois and Wisconsin; the Wisconsin product is about 7 times as great as that of Illinois. The IUinois product of zinc is about 2 per cent of the total for the United States. Missouri leads in output with more than 214 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS aU the other states combined. IUinois produced, in 1915, 316,000 tons of crude ore' from which was made 5,534 tons of zinc "spelter," as the refined product is caUed. While Illinois produced only 2 per cent of the 16,000,000 tons of zinc of the United States as a mine product, the zinc smelters of the state turned out 159,958 tons of zinc spelter, the largest output of any state, and 33 per cent of the total for the United States. One of the first zinc smelters in the United States was located in 1858 at La Salle, on the north edge of the Illinois coal fields nearest to the Jo Daviess County lead and zinc mines, where raUroad, canal, and river transportation were at hand at that early date. It takes so much coal to smelt zinc that it is cheaper to ship the zinc ore to the coal fields than to ship the coal to the zinc mines. For this reason the cheap and abundant coal supply of Illinois has led to the development of zinc smelters at La SaUe, Peru, Depue, Springfield, HUlsboro, East St. Louis, CoUinsville, Sandoval, and Danville. Thus IUinois, because of coal FLUOR-SPAR MINES, ROSICLARE, HARDIN COUNTY reSOUrCeS, remains 3. leading state in zinc smelting, although long ago the center of ore production shifted to other states. The $89,000 worth of lead and the nearly $6,000 worth of silver produced by the state are by products of the zinc mines. Fluor spar, tripoli, and other mineral products. — IUinois produces more than 75 per cent of the fluor spar of the United States, and this output comes from the fluor-spar mines of Rosiclare, a river port on the Ohio River in Hardin County. The ore is sent by boat down the Ohio to Golconda or up the Ohio to Shawneetown, where it is loaded on railroad cars and shipped widely throughout the country. Fluor spar or "fluor- ite" is used as a flux in smelting iron. It is also the source of i A.... _ fek Nb^jJB^rsbv.'-i^n^tt jSgJ*J/4 ' ~^*-**i«6 1 m MINERAL RESOURCES 215 hydrofluoric acid, which is employed for etching glass and in the manufacture of opalescent glass. The material caUed tripoli is a white, or yellowish, light, porous siliceous rock. IUinois produced 77 per cent of the tripoli of the United States in 1915. Some tripoli is used as an abrasive, but most of it is worked into filter blocks. The Illinois tripoli is also used in paint, wood filter, metal polish, in soaps, in cleansers, for making glass, tile, and enamel, and for facing foundry molds. The asphalt produced in IUinois is a by-product of the oil refineries. It finds a larger use in street paving than elsewhere. The mineral waters of IUinois were pro duced from 23 commer cial springs, and sold at an average price of 5 cents per gallon. About 93 per cent was sold as table waters and 7 per cent as medicinal waters. Summary. — The coal of Illinois is of greater value than all other mineral resources combined, and it is likely to remain so. In 1915 the value of coal constituted 56 per cent of the total value of the mineral output. With the entrance of the United States into the world-war and its stimulating effect on produc tion and price of coal, this percentage of value increased to 68 per cent in 1917. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are the mineral fuels and petroleum is the chief supply of lubricating oils. These three mineral products, once used, can never be replaced. Since the supply is limited every effort should be made to use them to the best advantage and without waste in production or consumption. Mineral resources obtained from an unlimited supply should be used where they serve as well and are as cheap as materials which are limited in amount. Limestone and shale, used in the manufacture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and crushed rock, are among the mineral ARTESIAN WELL, POTOMAC, VERMILION COUNTY Artesian wells of moderate depth furnish flowing water on many farms near Potomac. 216 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS resources of this class. Illinois is fortunate in having so many mineral resources in sufficient quantities to supply her own needs, and, in some cases, a surplus to send to other states. The favorable location of IUinois with reference to the abundant iron ore of the Lake Superior district and the lead and zinc ores of the Missouri district enables her to build up great industries in these fields of manufacture on or near her coal fields. The mineral resources of the state have enabled Illinois to take high rank among the states in population, manufacturing, trans portation facilities, commerce, and wealth. CHAPTER XIV MANUFACTURING Favorable conditions. — Illinois possesses superior advan tages in the six factors necessary for the successful development of manufacturing industries: power, raw materials, capital, labor, transportation, markets. Abundant and cheap power is necessary for manufacturing on a large scale. Although the surface of IUinois is quite flat, some valuable water- power sites have been ' developed. At Lockport the overflow of the Chi cago Drainage Canal is utilized for light and power for Chicago and intermediate cities. The dam across the IUinois River at MarseiUes in La SaUe County furnishes power for a group of manufacturing plants and for an electric inter- urban railroad system. The great Keokuk Dam is buUt across the Missis sippi River between Keo kuk, Iowa, and HamUton, Illinois, and a part of its power is available for use in IUinois. The flour miU was one of the earliest manufactories to be established in Illinois. A miU at Golden, Adams County, is stUl in commercial operation with wind power. SmaU mills buUt in pioneer days have been kept in good repair and are in present use. The great source of power, however, for IUinois, for present and future generations, is the 200,000,000,000 tons of coal 217 POWER DAM, MARSEILLES, LA SALLE COUNTY The natural fall in the Illinois River at Marseilles of 18 feet in 1£ miles makes this an important center of water-power development. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) 218 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS underlying the central and southern parts of the state. Al though Chicago, the chief center of manufacturing, is situated outside the coal-producing region, the distance to abundant coal resources is not great enough to interfere with the rapid growth of manufacture in this great commercial metropolis. Certain manufacturing industries, notably the zinc-smelting plants, have been located in the rich Illinois coal fields in order to have cheap and abundant fuel at their very doors. Raw materials for the factories of Illinois exist in abundance in regions located in all directions from the manufacturing centers, and they are carried promptly and cheaply by raUroad trains and steamship Unes. Illi nois factories draw a large amount of raw materials from the farms of the state; they reach out to the forests of the north ern, southern, and western states; to the iron-ore mines of the Lake Superior district; to the grain crops of the rich agricultural lands of the Mississippi VaUey; to the live-stock regions of the central and western states. More than half the area of the United States makes important con tributions to the raw materials of the factories of Illinois. With a wealth estimated at $15,000,000,000, or more than $2,500 per capita, IUinois has large sums of money invested in profitable manufacturing enterprises, and additional capital awaits investment as opportunity affords. A large supply of efficient labor exists in the cities of IUinois where, in 1910, 38.5 per cent of the population of the state GRIST MILL OPERATED BY WIND POWER, GOLDEN, ADAMS COUNTY This mill is operated at an exceedingly low cost for power and upkeep. MANUFACTURING 219 lived in Chicago alone, 52.3 per cent in the 32 cities having a population of 10,000 or more, and 61.6 per cent in the 144 cities having a population of 2,500 or more. As addi tional labor is needed, the network of railroads radiating to all parts of the United States makes it easy for labor to reach IUinois from centers where conditions are less satis factory. IUinois is well situated for transportation on the Great Lakes. Large freight boats carry millions of tons annually of iron ore, grain, lumber, fruit, and package freight. Im portant lake traffic is carried on at Waukegan. Gary, Indiana, within the Chi cago industrial district, is making increased use of the advantages of lake commerce. The great transportation fa cilities of IUinois, how ever, consist of numer ous extensive and well-arranged railroad systems which serve all manufacturing centers of the state with con nections tO all partS POURING ZINC SPELTER, MATTHIESEN & HEGELER of the country, wher- «™c company, la salle ever raw materials or (Copyright by Keystone View Company) markets may be found. IUinois manufacturing centers are well situated to supply all markets. With the center of population for the United States in southwestern Indiana, Illinois is exceptionally well located to reach nation-wide markets. Lying at the center of the rich agricultural lands of the Mississippi Valley, it is in the midst of a region of large population, wealth, and purchasing power. Illinois and the states touching it have a population of 18,000,000 people, or about 20 per cent of the population of the United States. With these favorable advantages for manufacturing, IUinois stands third in output of her factories, being exceeded 220 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS ArouHDpy a/id maC/hne-shop products PRINTING AND PUBUSH/NG MEN'S CLOTHING AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS /PON AND STEEL , STEEL MILLS CAPO STEAM RAILROAD DISTILLED LIQUORS FLOISR-/V1ILL ANO OPlST-MILL PROD. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY ETC BAUER Y PRODUCTS LUMBER AIVO TIMBER PRODUCTS STEAM RAILROAD COMPANIES MALT LIQUORS FURNITURE AND REERIGERATORS CAS, ILLUMINATING AND HEATING TOBACCO MANUFACTURES /RON AND STEEL, BLAST EI/RNACES COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET-IRON PROD. PAINTS AND VARNISHES CONFECTIONERyCOEPEE AND SPICE BUTTER, CHEESE, CONDENSED pt/lH by New York and Pennsylvania, each of which has a larger population than Illinois. Important industries. — The United States census report of manufactures for 1914 shows 121 different lines of industry in IUinois, each having an output valued at more than $1,000,000. Twenty-five of these, each producing a value of more than $20,000,000, are shown in the accom panying graph. These 25 industries employ 66 per cent of the wage- earners of the state en gaged in manufacturing, and produce 71 per cent of the value of the manu factured products of the state. Meat-packing is the leading industry because IUinois, near the center of the corn belt, is also near the center of live stock production. The high value of the product of this industry is due not so much to the work involved, as to the high value of the five stock which forms the basis, or raw material, of the industry. Meat-packing gave employment in 1914 to 31,627 wage-earners, Women's clothing CHART SHOWING VALUE IN DOLLARS OF LEAD ING MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES FOR ILLINOIS The excess of the value of meat-packing products over other large industries is due to the relatively high cost of raw materials rather than to the value added by labor. 6.2 per cent of the total for the state, whUe the value of the products amounted to 21.8 per cent of the total value of manufactured products of the state. Chicago produced 84 per MANUFACTURING 221 cent of the total value. Peoria and East St. Louis are other important centers of the industry. The numbers of wage-earners engaged in the manufacture of foundry and machine-shop products was larger than the number engaged in any other industry, constituting a total of 55,261, or 10 . 9 per cent of the 506,943 wage-earners of the state. This industry produced 6 . 3 per cent of the total value of the manu factured products of the state, and added to the value of its raw materials a larger amount than any other industry. The printing and publishing establish ments numbered 2,722, a larger number than any other industry. They employed 32,838 wage-earners, a larger number than were en gaged in meat-packing. The volume of the out put of the printing and publishing industry amounts to about $20 per capita for the entire population of the state. The manufacture of men's clothing was car ried on in 604 establish ments by 35,119 wage- earners, 6.9 per cent of the total for the state, a larger num ber than engaged in any other industry except in the manu facture of foundry and machine-shop products. Illinois is the leading state in the manufacture of agricul tural implements. It produced more than one-third of the total value reported for the United States. In the early settlement of Illinois the improvement of agricultural machin ery was stimulated by the fertility of the prairies, the difficulty of plowing the tough prairie sod, and the flat land inviting the COOLING-ROOM, ARMOUR PACKING HOUSE, CHICAGO Because meat-packing can be done more economically in large packing-houses, the industry is concentrated in a relatively few large establishments. (Copyright by Key stone View Company.) 222 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS cultivation of large areas by means of labor-saving machinery. Frequent and important improvements led to rapid expansion of the industry in IUinois where raw materials were readily obtained and where an unlimited market awaited a better plow, harrow, cultivator, mower, and harvesting machine. The chief centers of manufacture for agricultural implements are Chicago, MoUne, Rock Island, Peoria, and Canton. There were 18,388 manufacturing establishments in IUinois in 1914. Four Unes of manufacture were each conducted in more than 1,000 establishments as foUows: printing and pub- Ushing, 2,722 establishments; bread and other bakery products, 2,278; tobacco manufacture, 1,622; foundry and machine- shop products, 1,371. In marked contrast with these indus tries in number of factories is the leading industry of the state, meat-packing, which from 98 estabUshments turns out one-fifth of the value of the manufactured product of the state. Other localization of manufactures within the state are shown by the foUowing facts: 7 establishments manufactured in one year distiUed liquors valued at $51,000,000; 5 plants operating blast furnaces produced pig iron valued at $25,000,000; 9 zinc smelters had an output valued at $18,000,000; 9 petroleum refineries manufactured $16,000,000 worth of products; 9 estab lishments manufacturing wire produced material valued at $15,000,000; 3 coking plants had an output of $7,800,000; 6 cement factories supplied a product valued at $6,400,000. Location of industries. — The requirements of labor and transportation facUities led to the concentration of manu facturing in large cities. Chicago, with 38 . 8 per cent of the population of the state in 1910, did 66.8 per cent of the manu facturing; 31 other cities having a population of 10,000 or over contained 13.5 per cent of the population and did 16.3 per cent of the manufacturing. The 112 smaUer cities and viUages of 2,500 or more inhabitants contained 9.3 per cent of the population of the state. These and still smaUer places did 16 . 9 per cent of the manufacturing of the state. In 1914 the number of cities having a population of 10,000 or more as estimated by the Census Bureau had increased to 36. The four cities added to the fist were Centralia, Granite City, Kewanee, and Pekin. The census reports of 1914, MANUFACTURING 223 TABLE I Manufactures of Thirty-five Illinois Cities, 1914 Rank in Value City Value of Product Percentage of State Average Number Wage-Earners 1 23 4 5 Chicago Peoria Joliet East St. Louis Rockford $1,483,498,416 64,689,04530,091,41526,904,565 26,371,219 66.0 2.8 1.31.21.1 313.710 6,285 4,999 5,863 10,472 6 7 8 9 10 MolineGranite City Chicago Heights AltonWaukegan 19,925,10617,903,162 14,485,56912,864,53212,438,514 .9.8.6.5 .5 5,0535,0904,288 2,662 2,276 11 12 13 14 15 Decatur Springfield Aurora ElginPekin 11,957,40611,769,96910,789,38310,491,829 9,609,500 .5.5.5.5.5 4,003 4,157 4,7775,529 634 16 17 18 19 20 Quincy FreeportRock Island BellevilleKewanee 9,556,9187,446,977 6,487,8595,727,2695,446,615 .5.4.3.3.3 3,0672,566 1,837 2,4502,837 21 22 23 24 25 DanvilleLa Salle BloomingtonCairo Evanston 5,291,1605,245,780 4,803,8084,583,5393,984,824 .2.2 2 .2 .2 2,109 1,214 2,384 1,522 924 26 2728 29 30 Streator Kankakee GalesburgCanton Jacksonville 3,886,6173,193,0203,192,1292,576,965 2,355,192 .2 1,7631,4301,362 920 932 3132 33 3435 Oak Park MattoonChampaignCentralia Lincoln 1 for 35 cities .... 1 for rest of state . 1 for state 1.555,083 1,543,7271,244,696 767,733 560,637 268735 382237239 TotaTotaTota $1,843,240,178 404,082,641 $2,247,322,819 82.00 18.00 100.00 408,977 97,966 506,943 224 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS however, could not include statistics for Cicero without dis closing individual operations, and thus the reports were made in detaU for 35 cities. These 35 cities contained 55 per cent of the estimated population of the state in 1914 and reported 82 per cent of the value of the manufactured products of the state. The table on page 223 shows the relative importance of these 35 cities in manufacturing. The list is arranged in order of the value of the product. The more important industries of these 35 cities are here shown in detaU. The manufacture of distilled and malt liquors is now prohibited by national law. 1. Chicago: AU the 25 leading industries mentioned on the graph, page 220, are largely developed in Chicago. 2. Peoria: (DistiUed liquors) ; meat-packing; agricultural implements; paper and wood pulp; (malt Uquors) ; cooperage. 3. Joliet: Steel works; rolling miUs and blast furnaces; coke; wire. 4. East St. Louis: Flour-miU and grist-miU products; chemicals; meat-packing; rolUng mUls; foundry and machine shops; paints; raUroad repair shops. 5. Rockford: Furniture; knitting mills; foundry and machine shops; agricultural implements; pianos; carriages. and wagons; saddlery. 6. Mohne: Agricultural implements; automobUes; car riages and wagons. 7. Granite City: Rolling mills; glucose; babbitt metal and solder; stamped and enameled ware; tin plate. 8. Chicago Heights: Steel works and rolling mUls; foundry and machine-shop products; raUroad car shops; chemicals. 9. Alton: Flour mUls; glass factories; meat-packing. 10. Waukegan: Rolling miUs; preparation of food prod ucts; leather. 11. Decatur: Railroad repair shop; plumbers' supplies; starch. 12. Springfield: Flour mills; boots and shoes; watches; zinc-smelting; agricultural implements; electrical machinery. 13. Aurora: Railroad repair shops; foundry and machine shops; corsets; builders' hardware. MANUFACTURING 225 14. Elgin: Watches; condensed milk. 15. Pekin: (Distilled liquors) ; glucose and starch; cooper age. 16. Quincy: Stoves and furnaces; (malt liquors); patent medicines; foundry and machine shops. 17. Freeport: Patent medicines; carriages and wagons; windmills; gas and gasofine engines. 18. Rock Island: Agricultural implements; lumber and planing-miU products. 19. BeUeville: Stoves and furnaces; flour-mill and grist- miU products; (malt liquors) ; steam fittings. 20. Kewanee: Foundry and machine shops. 21. Danville: Cars and general shop construction; rail road repair shops. 22. La SaUe: Zinc-smelting; cement. 23. Bloomington: Cars and general shop construction; raUroad repair shops. 24. Cairo: Lumber and timber products. 25. Evanston: Iron and steel; wrought pipe. 26. Streator: Glass. 27. Kankakee: Cotton goods; hosiery and knit goods. 28. Galesburg: Cars and general shop construction; rail road repair shops; foundry and machine shops. 29. Canton: Agricultural implements. 30. JacksonvUle: Meat-packing; men's clothing; struc tural iron -work. 31. Oak Park: Gas, illuminating and heating. 32. Mattoon: Cars and general shop construction; raU road repair shops. 33. Champaign: Printing and publishing; gas, illuminat ing and heating. 34. Centralia: Envelopes. 35. Lincoln: Undertakers' goods. An examination of this list in connection with the list of cities arranged in order of population, page 311, reveals the fact that the importance of a city as a manufacturing center does not necessarUy correspond to its population. Granite City, a strictly industrial center, ranks seventh in the value of manufactures and twenty-sixth in population; Oak Park, a 226 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS HOME OF AVERY TRACTORS, PEORIA The Avery Company sends its tractors to all parts of the United States and to many foreign countries. Their tractors saw active service on the battle fields of the Great War. residential suburb of Chicago, ranks thirty-first in value of manufactures and sixteenth in population; Mofine ranks sixth in manufactures and fifteenth in popu lation; Pekin ranks ninth in manufactures and thirty-sixth in population. While Chicago, be cause of its large popu lation and its great commercial interests, is predominant in most industries of the state it holds especiaUy high rank in certain local ized industries. Thus, in 1914, Chicago manu factured 99.2 per cent of the soap of the state, 94.6 per cent of the men's clothing; 93.1 per cent of the paint and varnish, 92.6 per cent of the confectionery, and did 84 per cent of the meat-packing. When large railroad repair shops are located in cities of moderate size, as at Decatur, Au rora, DanviUe, Bloom ington, Galesburg, and Mattoon, they become at once the leading manufacturing industry of the city. Fuel and power. — The factories of Illinois used as fuel in 1914, 14,500,000 tons of bituminous coal, 219,000 tons of anthracite coal, 2,600,000 tons of coke, 4,000,000 barrels of oU and gasoline, and 1,800,000 cubic feet ALUMINUM ORE COMPANY, EAST ST. LOUIS The location of East St. Louis is favorable for the making of aluminum. The raw mate rials used are bauxite, limestone, coal, and soda ash. The bauxite comes from Arkansas. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) MANUFACTURING 227 DRILLING HOLES IN WATCH PLATES, ELGIN WATCH COMPANY, ELGIN A modern watch factory illustrates, on a large scale, division of labor and the extensive use of machinery. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) of gas. Anthracite coal was used more largely in the smelting and refining of zinc than in any other industry. More bitumi nous coal was used in the manufacture of coke than in any other single industry. The coke was used especially in blast furnaces in the making of iron. Illinois developed 1,300,000 primary horse power for operating the manufacturing establish ments in 1914. Chicago used for manufacturing purposes 94,000 tons of anthracite coal, 5,200,000 tons of bituminous coal, nearly 2,000,000 tons of coke, and developed 681,000 primary horse-power. Joliet used 950,000 tons of bituminous coal and 580,000 tons of coke. Peoria used 422,000 tons of bituminous coal and East St. Louis 385,000 tons. Summary. — The geo graphic location of IUi nois is exceptionaUy favorable for obtaining the raw materials of manufacture and for dis tributing the finished product. The abun dant coal reserves assure a great future industrial development. The ex- ceUent railway lines, leading to distant regions, bring the factories of Illinois into direct connection with aU parts of the country. STOVE-MANUFACTURING PLANT, QUINCY CHAPTER XV TRANSPORTATION Development of transportation. — Transportation in Illi nois has undergone aU the changes of the world's methods of carrying goods and travelers from place to place. The Indian canoe of the explorer, the flatboat of the early settler, the river steamboat from its earfiest development, the sailing vessel of explorers on the Great Lakes, the lake steamboat of early immigration days, the canal boat which preceded the raUroad, the Great Lakes freighter and swift passenger boat of today, the pleasure yacht, and the gasoline launch have aU aided in the water-transportation problems of Illinois. On land the progressive development of the means of trans port has paraUeled and ecfipsed that on river, lake, and canal. In early days of IUinois' exploration and settlement no smaU amount of traffic required the services of the human porter. The pack horse was then brought into use. Wagon roads were soon laid out across open prairies and through the forest. These converged on the streams at convenient fording places, and ferries were estabfished at many points along the large rivers. The buUding of public highways at federal and state expense seemed for a time to be the only way of improving land transport and of reducing somewhat the excessive cost of carrying passengers and freight to all parts of the state and nation. Suddenly and unexpectedly the railroad, in only a few years, revolutionized transportation problems, not only for IUinois, but for the world. Today, at a mere fraction of previ ous cost, and at an incredible saving of time, passengers and commodities are transferred safely from any point in the United States to any point in IUinois by raUroad, a method of transportation whoUy unknown to the world in the early years of Illinois statehood. No point within the state of IUinois is more than 15 mUes in a direct line from a raUroad, and only a small fraction of the area of the state lies more than 5 miles from a railroad line. 228 TRA N SPORT A TION 229 The remarkable development and universal use of the automobile in recent years has again made the improvement of the public highways a matter of first importance, and a system of state highways in IUinois, consisting of 4,800 mUes of hard- surfaced roads reaching every county and aU towns of impor tance, is now in process of construction. The most recently developed method of transportation in IUinois and the world is that of the airplane, and the rapid and progressive development of air transport seems quite certain for the future. Early transportation. — Long-distance transportation in IUi nois, as elsewhere in the world, developed first on water, then on land. Early transportation in IUinois, therefore, consisted of the carrying of travelers and goods as far as possible by river, or lake, or canal, limiting the land transport to the necessary haul by wagon between the local community and river port, lake port, or canal port. IUinois, although located far in the interior of the continent, is exceptionaUy well situated for water transportation along the borders and centrally across the state. Its 60 mUes of lake front has three good harbors, one at Waukegan and two at Chicago on the Chicago and Calumet rivers. This gave Illinois uninterrupted connection with aU places on the Great Lakes from Buffalo at the foot of Lake Erie to Duluth and Superior at the head of Lake Superior. The Wabash River with its 200 miles of navigable length along the Illinois border, the Ohio with 125 mUes, and the Mississippi with 615 mUes gave easy approach to the state from aU direc tions. The navigable Illinois with a good depth of water and slight current opened a highway of travel across the state 278 mUes in length from its junction with the Mississippi to its source formed by the union of the Kankakee and Des Plaines. Supplemented by the IUinois and Michigan Canal, 100 mUes in length, a water highway of commanding importance was opened across the entire state, bringing the interior regions of the state into easy communication with the East through the Great Lakes and with the South through the Mississippi River. The earliest explorers and the first settlers entered Illinois along river routes. JoUet and Marquette in 1673 traversed the full length of the state along the Mississippi, and on their 230 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS return journey later in the same year they crossed the full width of the state, through the IUinois Valley and the Chicago Outlet to Lake Michigan. La Salle in 1679 first visited IUinois, entering the state by way of the Kankakee route, and continuing his journey along the Illinois. The first settle ments in IUinois, about the year 1700, at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, were made by pioneers who came in boats down the Missis sippi. George Rogers Clark and his company of soldiers in 1778 were the first to carry the stars and stripes on Illinois soU, and their entrance was made near Metropolis in Massac County after a journey of hundreds of mUes on the Ohio River. The canoe was the means of transport of the early explorers in IUinois, and it stiU holds its place among water craft for pleasure seekers and fishermen. The flatboat of the pioneer quickly gave way to a safer and more rapid method of travel with the appearance of the steamboat. La SaUe's "Griffin," the first lake boat built for carrying on commerce with the Illinois country, failed to reach an IUinois port, and more than another century elapsed before the saUboat found its way to the Chicago River. Soon thereafter the lake steamer put in its appearance, and lake transportation has since been an ever- increasing factor in the commercial weUare of IUinois. River transportation. — The first steamboat on the Ohio River was operated in 1811, and steamboat traffic on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers became at once an important influence on the settlement and development of IUinois. Shawneetown on the Ohio, just below the junction with the Wabash, and on the northern edge of the IUinois Ozarks, became an important port of entry for pioneers whose destination lay north of the Ozark Ridge. During the years of IUinois Territory and the early years of statehood, Shawneetown, because of its impor tance as a river port, was the leading city in eastern Illinois. St. Louis was the chief river port from which the steamboat lines proceeded to IUinois towns along the Mississippi and IUinois rivers. In the year 1850 the steamboat arrivals at St. Louis numbered 2,899. Of this number 788 came from the Illinois River, 634 of which were from Peoria. The northernmost river port of the state is Galena, at which the first steamboat arrived in 1822. Regular traffic was estab- TRANSPORTATION 231 fished in 1827. The number of steamboat arrivals at Galena was 153 in 1835 and 350 in 1837. The arrivals remained near this number each year untU 1855, at which date the railroad reached Galena and the river traffic suffered a sharp and perma nent decline. From the appearance of the first steamboat untU the arrival of the raUroad, the river traffic was supreme for all towns along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The first steamboat appeared on the IUinois River in 1828. Beardstown was founded in 1829, and by 1831 steamboats were RIVER STEAMBOAT AT ROCK ISLAND Steamboat traffic in Illinois began in 1811, had its most rapid development 1835-55, followed by a rapid decline due to railroad development, 1850-70. A few large river steamboats, like the one in this scene, still do a thriving business, and efforts are being made to increase water transportation on Illinois waterways. arriving from St. Louis almost daUy. Peoria, which had been settled by the French as early as 1725, received its first steamboat in 1829. Three steamboats were making regular trips to Peoria in 1833; seven in 1834; 44 in 1840; 60 in 1841; 150 in 1844. After this date the number of arrivals, rather than the number of different boats, was reported. There were 694 arrivals of steamboats at Peoria in 1845; 232 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 1,286 in 1850; about 1,800 in 1852. In addition to these there were large numbers of canal boats, barges, and flatboats. When Peoria was first reached by steamboat, not a town had been settled farther up the Illinois River. With the new means of transport avaUable, settlements were started during the next few years at nearly aU the towns of present importance between Peoria and the head of easy river naviga tion at La SaUe. Settle ments were also established at a few sites which were later abandoned. The twenty years, 1835- 55, is the period of steam boat supremacy on the IUi nois River. The dechne in river traffic was as rapid as its rise. In 1870 only four steamboats were making regular trips between St. Louis and Peoria, and only one of these went up the river to La SaUe. In the short space of 20 years the river and canal boats, as a new method of transporta tion for IUinois, had risen more rapidly and had be come more effective than an earher generation had sup posed possible. In less than another twenty years this new, cheap, rapid, and safe means of transportation was aU but discarded by the stiU more rapid rise of another and more effective competitor — the raUroad. Today aU large river ports in IUinois have railway con nections. The largest ports without raUroads are Nauvoo in Hancock County on the Mississippi River, Elizabethtown and Rosiclare in Hardin County on the Ohio, and Hardin, Calhoun County, on the IUinois. The population of Nauvoo in 1910 was 1,020, and of each of the others between 600 and 700. RIVER STEAMER LEAVING DOCK AT LA SALLE TRANSPORTATION 233 Canals. — The Illinois and Michigan Canal, 100 miles in length, constructed from Peru and La Salle along the IUinois and Des Plaines vaUeys and across the low divide to the South Branch of the Chicago River, was opened in 1858. The towns along its course were laid out during the construction BRIDGE OVER OHIO RIVER AT METROPOLIS, MASSAC COUNTY This view shows the bridge under construction. In the river is a car ferry carrying several railroad cars across the Ohio. This is slow work as compared with crossing on a railroad bridge. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) period, 1836 to 1848, and had their early growth because of the exceUent transportation facUities of that day furnished by the canal. The canal was a powerful factor in the settlement and development of a wide region along its own length and far down the Illinois VaUey. 234 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS LOCK AND DAM, HENRY, MARSHALL COUNTY The dam and lock at Henry are for the im provement of navigation in the main channel of the Illinois River. The traffic on the IUinois and Michigan Canal did not decline as promptly as that on the rivers. The canal toUs increased untU the middle sixties and the tonnage untU the early eighties. A fair ton nage was maintained untU 1899, when traffic almost disappeared in a single year. The IUinois and Michigan Canal was a state enterprise. It cost about $6,500,000. The receipts for lands donated by the federal government to the state amounted to approximately $6,000,000, and the earn ings during its productive period were about $3,000,000. The Illinois and Michigan Canal is asso ciated with the period of rapid settlement in the state. Two other canals were buUt after the state was fuUy occupied. These are the IUinois and Mississippi Canal, usuaUy known as the Hennepin Canal, and the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, more com monly referred to as the Chicago Drainage Canal. The Hennepin Canal follows the line of the preglacial valley from the Great Bend in the Illinois River at Hennepin, 15 mUes below the junction of the Illinois and Michi gan Canal with the Illinois River, to the Mississippi River at CHICAGO RIVER, SHOWING BARGES TOWED BY TUGBOAT Chicago River, originally a shallow stream, has been deepened and widened so that large lake boats now pass readily to wharves and warehouses that line the sides of Chicago River the South Branch and the North Branch TRANSPORTATION 235 Rock Island. It follows the vaUeys of Bureau Creek and Green River. It was built by the national government. Construc tion work began in 1892, and the canal was opened in 1907. The cost was $7,000,000. The canal is supported by the federal government, and no tolls are charged. The Chicago Drainage Canal is 28 miles in length. Its construction began in 1892, and the canal was opened in 1900. It joins the South Branch of the Chicago River 6 mUes from Lake Michigan, and parallels the route of the Illinois and LOCKS ON ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, MARSEILLES, LA SALLE COUNTY This scene shows the lower level of the canal in the foreground, the lock in the middle with both sets of gates closed, and the upper level of the canal stretching away in the distance. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) Michigan Canal across the low divide into the Des Plaines VaUey. At Lockport the Drainage Canal empties into the Des Plaines River at the great hydro-electric power plant erected to utilize for power the water from the canal. The canal is buUt wide enough and deep enough to carry large lake boats, but no traffic requiring large boats has been devel oped along the canal. The power plant supplies electricity for use in Chicago and the cities along the route of the canal. A lock more than 40 feet in height has been constructed at Lockport. Canal boats now traverse the Chicago Drainage 236 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Canal between Chicago and Lockport and pass through this lock to and from the old channel of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The present traffic on the three canals of Illinois is almost negligible in quantity. The Chicago Drainage Canal was constructed primarUy as a sanitary canal with the expectation that it would become a part of the "Lakes to Gulf Deep Waterway." As a sanitary measure it has fulfiUed expectations. Lake Michigan is the great reservoir for the water supply of Chicago and other cities CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, LOOKING UPSTREAM FROM WILLOW SPRLNGS, COOK COUNTY In the distance the canal is excavated in the earth; in the foreground it is passing from the earth channel to the rock cut. on the lake front. With the opening of the Drainage Canal, a current of water was set in motion from the lake along the Chicago River and the canal, across the low divide and into the IUinois River system. This flow of water carries aU the sewage of Chicago away from the lake, leaving the water supply pure. The Chicago Sanitary District has paid for this improve ment with taxes amounting to many mUlions of doUars. The canal, at the time of its opening in 1900, had cost $33,000,000. Extensions since that date and expense of operation have added many millions more to the cost of providing Chicago and vicinity with an inexhaustible supply of pure water. TRANSPORTATION 237 p >A rt M r/i fp Hi 238 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The Illinois Waterway. — Recent transportation problems have led to renewed interest in the inland waterways of Illinois. Plans adopted by the state and approved by the federal government are now in progress of development. The project is known as the "IUinois Waterway." The construction involves the improvement of the Des Plaines River from Lockport in WUl County to its confluence with the IUinois River at Dresden Heights in Grundy County, and the Illinois River from that point to La SaUe in La SaUe County. The IUinois River now affords water navigation from La SaUe to the Mississippi. There will be 5 locks and dams: one at Lockport, one at Brandon's Road just south of the city limits at JoUet, one in the vicinity of Starved Rock Park just south of Utica. The locks wUl be 110 feet wide, 600 feet long, and wUl permit the handling, at a single lockage, of fleets with a cargo capacity of 7,500 tons. The annual tonnage capacity of the waterway wUl approximate 60,000,000 tons. The waterway wUl have a bottom width of not less than 150 feet and a surface width of not less than 200 feet, with much greater widths at most places. The minimum depth of the channel wUl be 8 feet in earth, 10 feet through rock, and 14 feet in locks. The power plant of the Sanitary District at Lockport now develops 25,000 horse-power. The Illinois Waterway wUl have a power development of about 35,000 horse-power. This means a saving of about 750,000 tons of coal annuaUy. The map on page 237 shows the location of the IUinois Waterway, its dams and locks. Lake commerce. — Lake traffic to and from IUinois began with the saUing vessels which occasionaUy arrived at Chicago. Navigation on Lake Michigan developed somewhat later than on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Only three saUing vessels came to Chicago in 1831. The first steamboat arrived in 1832. By 1836 the number of arrivals had risen to 436. Steam railroads. — The motive power used on the first railroads of IUinois was animal power. The steam loco motive was soon put into use, and it is now the chief means of power. TRANSPORTATION 239 LAKE FRONT, SHOWING TRACKS OF ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, CHICAGO The location of the Illinois Central Railroad, along the lake front in the business part_ of ' Chicago gives it superior advantages for serving south-side suburbs with rapid and frequent passenger service. The beginning of the Illinois railroad systems occurred in 1837. By 1850 raUroads were in operation between Spring field and the Illinois River and between Chicago and Fox River. The rapid development of railroads during the decade 1850 to 1860 enabled settlers to reach the unoccupied areas of IUinois, especiaUy the prairies situated at con siderable distances from waterways. The great prairies still remained largely unoccupied in 1850 as a comparison of the woodland and prairie map with the population map of 1850 clearly shows. The problem of transportation and of markets still prevented their occupation. During the decade 1850 to 1860, however, their conquest was rapidly accomplished, and in the latter year the Grand Prairie had every where a population of over six to the square mile, and the great prairies to the north of the Illinois River more than eighteen per square mile. The popula tion of the state as a whole increased over 100 per cent in the ten years. This extraordinary change was made possible by the rapid building of railroads. In 1850 Illinois had only 110 miles of railroad; in 1860 it had 2,867 miles. During the decade Illinois .built more miles of railroad than any other state, and more than Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa combined. The topography of the state made it possible to build railroads rapidly and easily; in the northern and eastern parts especially, the railroads were not held to certain NETWORK OF MAIN LINE TRACKS AND RELAY DEPOT, EAST ST. LOUTS East St. Louis ranks next to Chicago as a railroad center in Illinois. Four bridges span the Mississippi at or near East St. Louis. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) 240 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS predetermined courses by relief, but could be built with equal ease in almost any direction across the flattish surface of the upland praines. The railroads supplied lumber to the home builder on the great prairies. They brought the farms much closer to a market, increased greatly the value of land in the vicinity, and permitted a rapid growth in agricultural products. _ . . Except along the edges, little of the great prairie tracts in the middle valley counties was occupied in 1850. In the decade 1850 to 1860, the aggregate population of the six counties (Bureau, Putnam, Marshall, Wood ford, Peoria, Tazewell) increased 124 per cent. The area of the improved land increased 213 per cent, and the grain production W&eSm1 ' ~"~ ^~~»^3ffi»_ occupied in 1850, gained respectively 1,025 per cent TYPICAL RAILROAD DEPOT OF A SMALL CITY, J 40Q f Tt j CARROLLTON, GREENE COUNTY ?n° 4°. ,P" Cent' „. l ne, a<1 jacent inland counties whose growth before 1850 had been retarded by their distance from the river filled rapidly. The four on the north and northwest increased 190 per cent during the decade, while the three to the southeast gained 224 per cent. At the same time that the railroads were opening up the great prairies, improved farming machinery was facilitating their agricultural develop ment. Drills, mowing machines, reapers, threshing machines, and the like were coming into general use.1 The raUroad mUeage in Illinois by decades is shown in the following table: TABLE I Railroad Mileage in Illinois Year Miles 1840 26 1850 110 I860 2,867 1870 4,823 1880 7,851 1890 10,213 1900 11,002 1910 11,878 1915 12,406 These mUeage figures include only the actual length of the right of way and do not take account of double- track mileage, ' H. H. Barrows, Geography of the Middle Illinois Valley. TRANSPORTATION 241 industrial tracks, yard tracks, and sidings. The trackage of IUinois railroads for 1915 was as follows: main line and branches, 12,406 miles; second main tracks, 2,818; third main tracks, 221; fourth main tracks, 124; all other main tracks, 75; yard tracks and sidings, 8,254; total — all tracks, 23,898 mUes. The railroads of IUinois own right of way sufficient to reach across the United States from ocean to ocean five times and a total trackage sufficient to cross the continent nine times. Illinois has approxi mately 5 per cent of the 253,788 miles of the railroad mileage of the United States and 6 per cent of the 394,944 mUes of trackage. Texas with 15,831 miles of raU road is the only state surpassing Illinois in mileage. So thoroughly is IUinois supplied with raUroads that Hardin and Calhoun are the only counties of Illinois without raUroads, and Nauvoo, a river port in Hancock County, is the largest town in the state without a raUroad. The largest inland town without a raUroad is Perry, Pike County, with a population of 649 in 1910. Electric railroads. — During recent years electric raUroads have had an important development in IUinois for interurban traffic. The street raUways of the cities of the state are operated entirely by electricity. Electric raUroads have usually been buUt between important centers of population already connected by steam raUroads, and the frequent service and central location of passenger terminals have made the electric roads a favorite means of travel for short journeys. In a THE TOWN ELEVATOR The grain elevators of Illinois situated at intervals of only a few miles along 13,000 miles of railway, bear eloquent testimony to the fer tility and productiveness of Illinois soils. 242 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS number of instances lines have been established between cities without other direct railroad connection with each other, and short branch lines have been built to towns having no other railroad facilities. The electric raUroads of IUinois, including elevated railroads, but not street-car lines, had, in 1914, a trackage of 1,912 miles. The horse car, the cable car, and the steam engine have aU dis appeared in city street car systems of the state, and electricity has been substituted. The cities of Illinois had a street- raUway mUeage of 822 miles in 1914 and a trackage of 1,480 mUes. Public highways — The splendid raUway systems of IUinois can serve the people of the state only by having direct connection be tween raUroad stations and farms by means of public highways. Every bushel of grain, every ton of hay, every head of five stock sold in IUinois starts to market along an ordi nary pubUc highway. The food, clothing, bunding materials, machinery, and other necessaries of aU the people in city and country alike reach the consumer in the last stages of trans portation along pubfic streets and pubUc roads. The system of pubUc highways in Illinois has been fuUy laid out and opened to public travel. The entire system measures 96,000 mUes, eight times the mUeage and four times TYPICAL COUNTRY ROAD NEAR GENESEO, HENRY COUNTY The earth roads of Illinois, when properly graded, are excellent highways in favorable weather, but a comprehensive system of hard- surfaced roads is being developed throughout the state so that traffic on the principal high ways may move readily in all kinds of weather. TRANSPORTATION 243 the trackage of the railroads of the state. This system is of sufficient length to make forty highways from ocean to ocean across the United States. It would reach one-third of the distance to the moon. The system needs, not extension, but improvement. A law was passed in 1917 providing for a state-wide system of hard-surfaced roads. Routes were laid out so that this system of state highways wUl reach into every county and to every town of 2,000 inhabitants or more. The plan includes the construction of 4,800 mUes of roads at an estimated cost of $60,000,000. The law provides for an increase in the amount of motor-vehicle fees. The rates for 1918 were made 50 per cent higher than in 1917, and for 1919 and thereafter double those of 1917. The revenues to be derived from the increased fees together with the normal increase in the number of motor vehicles have been carefully estimated. It is believed that the income from this source alone wUl be sufficient to pay the interest on $60,000,000 worth of bonds, to retire the bonds within twenty years, and to furnish a fund sufficient to keep the roads always in excellent repair. The question of issuing bonds for this enterprise was sub mitted to the voters of the state at the election of November 5, 1918. It was approved by a large majority, and construction began in 1919. The foUowing table shows the rapid growth in the use of motor vehicles, most of which are automobUes: TABLE II Year Number of Licenses Fees Collected 1911 38,26968,01294,646 131,140180,832 248,429 340,292389,761478,438 $ 105,344.28 1912 275,716.22 1913 507,134.77 1914 703,403.70 1915 924,905.74 1916 1,236,566.35 1917 1,588,834.69 1918 2,764,330.28 1919 3,262,176.57 Total for 9 years 1,969,819 $11,468,412.60 244 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The 4,800 miles of highway proposed under the law of 1917 embraces 5 per cent of the total mUeage of the state, and 85 per cent of the people of the state live within five miles of these roads. It is estimated that with a system of good roads the number of motor vehicles wUl soon increase to 600,000 and the annual income from fees to $6,000,000 annuaUy. This wUl be ample to pay the interest and principal of the bonds and to keep the roads always in good repair. Early stages of state road-building. — The construction of the state highway system of hard roads is under the direction of the Department of Public Works and BuUdings, Division of Highways. The roads are of two classes based on the source of funds for construction. The Federal Aid Roads, including about 800 miles, will be paid for jointly by the state and federal governments, and the State Aid Roads, 4,000 miles in total length, by the state and counties in which the roads are located. These two systems are shown on the accompanying map. The systems of Federal Aid Roads have been officiaUy named as foUows: Lincoln Highway from Chicago to Chnton, Iowa; Chicago-W 'aukegan Road from Chicago to Wisconsin state line; Chicago- East St. Louis Road from Chicago to East St. Louis via Joliet, Ottawa, La SaUe, Peoria, Springfield, and Carlinville; Dixie Highway from Chicago to Danville; National Old Trails Road from St. Louis to Terre Haute, Indiana. During 1919, 575 mUes of the Federal Aid Roads were put under contract and 170 miles completed; 105 mUes of State Aid Roads were contracted for and 70 mUes completed. These contracts were to be completed as early as possible in 1920. The contracts of 1920 exceed those of 1919, and year by year the system will be rapidly extended to completion. The financial and construction plans for this extensive system of good roads provide for repair and upkeep, so that exceUent roads for Illinois seem assured for the future. Air transportation. — Heavier-than-air machines were suc- cessfuUy driven through the air over a measured course before military authorities by the Wright Brothers in 1908. Steady development of the airplane took place untU 1914, when, with the outbreak of the great world-war, it became a deciding factor in military supremacy on the battlefield. On the \c aIhroll 1 H., ^SS5fe< i*xo Tom*" r r'\ whiAbide ! L \£ , E , , — '•-• v ^v-' ROCK ISl/nd,#Lv vme rac e r! "=$» ..JL_ I jf waIrrehI r — 1 rl TS^STAJUC f mi««yJ.' i Low? ¦ B*SpJl£i il ouch Lew. /H A H C AC K j V J ..._J \ Jar / *J ^^Of«*k>- C-ir ^ I _UAHSHlk T*T\ /| ir ! L £ klAMSO n" ^^ ! *--— Le„. j.. i ~r i T" I C L8A Y R I Q H™ _jL^~"i ^*^ IW A YIN E l'v_ \ i ">». /u*'' ^i | M0I\H0E?\ I w«™""flrT>T*^SsOHL- MlkL^ *" H fl ! wr\hdolph j o-' ^iM^'J'n.TO" WILUA MSON I " FEDERAL WO ROAD 5YSTEM STATE AID ROADS PROPOSED 1920 PROGRAM \J_\T^t. \\ (jOHHSOK>f .„„r|i HARDIN Vu " llA-P I x ,0PEli - MAP SHOWING FEDERAL- AND STATE-AID ROAD SYSTEM OF ILLINOIS 246 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS entrance of the United States into the world-war in 1917 two aviation camps were estabUshed in IUinois: Chanute Field at Rantoul, Champaign County, and Scott Field at BeUeviUe, St. Clair County. Here hundreds of young men received training for service with the American Expeditionary Forces on the battle fields of Europe. In their practice flights these aviators flew over all parts of the state, and within a radius of fifty mUes of the aviation camps airplanes were a common sight to thousands of spectators. During the world- war every effort was put forth to develop the airplane as a VIEW OF SPLIT ROCK, NEAR LA SALLE, SHOWING THREE METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION The Illinois and Michigan Canal, seen at the right, was first to be constructed; then followed the double-tracked railroad one track through a short tunnel; and finally the electric interurban railroad crossed the scene on a bridge. Split Rock is on the crest of the La Salle anticline. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) mUitary machine, and the progress in air navigation has been marvelous indeed. With the coming of peace this new method of transportation wUl find a large place in the daily work of IUinois and the world. A century of transportation.— In the year 1818, when IUinois attained statehood, the canoe and the flatboat were in general use; the river steamboat traffic was only seven years old on western rivers, and the people of the state eagerly forecast the wonderful possibUities of the changed conditions of travel. In the year 1918, as IUinois was celebrating her first Cen tennial, the inhabitants of the state looked back and considered TRANSPORTATION 2i7 the story of the rapid rise and more rapid decline of the river steamboat traffic as one of the great chapters in the develop ment of IUinois. We now contemplate the innumerable advantages of steam and electric raUroads over river and canal, and contrast the automobUe with the "prairie schooner" of pioneer days. We now look forward as eagerly as did our forefathers of a century ago to the possibUities of improved public highways constructed at state expense. The people of 1818 contemplated the future possibUities of steamboat navigation on the rivers of the state. We of a century later are contemplating the future possibilities of air navigation as an everyday method of transportation. CHAPTER XVI LOCATION AND GROWTH OF CITIES Determining factors. — IUinois possesses places which had mUitary importance during the periods of exploration, national determination, and early settlement. Starved Rock, rising abruptly from the Illinois River and the surrounding smaU vaUeys, was the site of Fort St. Louis, about which La SaUe and his followers gathered a large Indian population. Fort Massac at Metropolis commanded the approach of the Ohio River from both directions. Fort Chartres in the northwest corner of Randolph County, on the flood plain of the Missis sippi, was once the site of great social and mUitary activity, but due to changes in the river channel the remnants of the old fort are now more than a mUe from the river, and the unin- structed traveler along river or highway passes the locality unaware of the importance the site had in the early history of the IUinois country. Fort Dearborn on the Chicago River guarded the Lake Michigan entrance to the IUinois country. The sites of three of these mUitary posts are now preserved as state parks. They are in the open country. The site of Fort Dearborn has become the center of a great commercial metropofis, so crowded with mercantUe establishments that the historic site of the old fort is marked only by a marble tablet attached to one of the buildings. MUitary advan tage alone does not insure the location and growth of a great city. Political forces have operated in the location and growth of IUinois cities to some extent. Congress, at the request of the state legislature, granted public land on the Kaskaskia River as a site for a new state capital. Vandalia in Fayette County was estabUshed in 1819 as a result of this legislative action. Twenty years later, by vote of the state legislature, the capital was removed to Springfield. While Springfield was not established by this action, its future importance and growth were greatly enhanced thereby. LOCATION AND GROWTH OF CITIES 249 The bitter contests waged in a number of Illinois counties, sometimes extending over a long period of years, for the pos session of the county seat illustrates the fact that political forces operate to mold the development and growth of cities. Professor Buck illustrates this point as follows in Illinois in 1818: Each of the fifteen counties, with the exception of Franklin, had a county seat; but these towns as a rule contained little more than a court house, jail, and tavern, and possibly a general store. That they depended for their existence on the county business is evident from the number of them which failed to survive the loss of their position as county seat: Pal myra, Brownsville, Covington, Perryville, and even Kaskaskia, are now to be found only in the records of the past. It does not foUow that a place selected as a political center has an assured future. Religious zeal has been the occasion of the location and growth of at least two Illinois cities of importance. Nauvoo, Hancock County, on the Mississippi River, was a small viUage of but a few houses prior to 1840. It was then selected by the Mormons as a location for a settlement. Within four years Nauvoo had a population of 16,000. In 1846 the Mormons left Nauvoo and migrated to Utah, where they founded Salt Lake City. The population of Nauvoo in 1910 was 1,020. Zion City, Lake County, on the shore of Lake Michigan, was founded by John Alexander Dowie and his followers in 1902. Its population in 1910 was 4,789. WhUe military, political, and religious forces have played a part in the location and growth of a few Illinois cities, the great compeUing factors in the establishment and development of centers of population in IUinois, as elsewhere in the world, are geographic and economic. These economic forces are complex in their nature and operation. They involve oppor tunities for collecting the products of the locality and forward ing them to market; for securing and distributing supplies to the community; for obtaining raw materials and fuel or power for manufacture; for marketing the manufactured product. A simple and comprehensive statement of the opera tion of these economic forces is the following: Population and wealth tend to collect wherever there is a break in trans portation.1 ' Charles H. Cooley, The Theory of Transportation. 250 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Breaks in transportation — Cahokia and Kaskaskia, the first permanent settlements in Illinois, were made where there were breaks in transportation between river and land. Both were located so that the pioneers could travel readUy either by land or by water. Changes in the river channel wrought impor tant changes for both settlements. Cahokia is now weU back on the flood plain because of the deposition of sediment. Its population in 1910 was 150. The site of Kaskaskia has been washed away by the current of the Mississippi. East St. Louis, only four mUes north of Cahokia, is located at the best river crossing from IUinois to St. Louis and it has become a flourishing city. Peoria, located at the best place on the IUinois River, first for a ford, then for wagon and raUroad bridges, led to the convergence of wagon roads and raUroads from both sides of the river. Peru and La SaUe have grown up at the break between river and canal transportation of pioneer days. Chicago is found at the break between canal and lake transportation; between lake and raUroad; and between raUroad and raUroad, for not a raUroad passes through Chicago; it is the terminus of every raUroad that enters. It is thus a raUroad focus, rather than simply a raUroad center. The raUroads of Illinois were buUt to connect centers of population already existing, or to connect a center of population with a break in transportation. Thus the first raUroad con structed from Springfield to the IUinois River aided the inhabit ants of the inland region to reach the river, where steamboat accommodations were readUy secured. The raUroad built between Chicago and Galena connected the two most impor tant cities of northern IUinois at that time. As soon as a raU road is in operation, it makes numerous breaks in transportation between raUroad and wagon road, and the number of possible town sites, each located at a break in transportation, is limited only by the speculations of the human mind. On many hundreds of such locations throughout IUinois, villages, towns, and cities have been estabfished. The numerous raUroad stations of the state at which the grain elevator is the principal place of business speak emphaticaUy of agricultural prosperity. Every grain elevator of the state marks a break in transporta tion, and their taU, gaunt structures at intervals of only a few LOCATION AND GROWTH OF CITIES 251 mUes along every raUroad give pleasure to the mind of the traveler who interprets them in terms of the productiveness and prosperity for which they stand. No viUage is founded at a distance from a raUroad, if a raUroad location is accessible. Many thriving vUlages of IUinois, established before railroad development, have continued as community centers, although not reached by a railroad, but they have not grown in popula tion and importance. Shifting the break in transportation. — Before the advent of the raUroad all thriving commercial centers in Illinois were river, canal, or lake ports, or within easy wagon haul of a port. The railroad system of the state brought about pro found changes in both actual and relative importance of previously established town sites. In the days of steamboat traffic Oquawka, Henderson County, was a busy shipping point on the Mississippi. It was carefully considered as a suitable point at which to cross the Mississippi. The decision, however, feU to Burlington, Iowa. In 1910 Oquawka had a population of 907 ; Burlington 24,324. Shawneetown, during the days of river steamboat traffic, was the most important city in southern Illinois. Its importance decreased with the decline of river traffic. The effect on Illinois towns of shifting the transportation break from river ports to railroad centers appeared in a striking manner among the river ports of the middle Illinois River. The Illinois river towns that obtained good railroad connections did not suffer greatly from the decline of river trade. This was especially true of Peoria, which became a great railroad center for the same reasons that it had before been an important road center, and which also developed extensive manufacturing interests. It was true to less extent of Pekin. To every other river town within the area considered in the report [Depue to Pekin] the passing of the steamboat was a serious blow, and several suffered an actual decrease in population. Depue had been the great shipping point for an extensive area west of the river, and enjoyed a large trade until near the close of the fifties. By that time the back country had important railroad lines, and the farmers ceased to haul grain to the river with its decreasing shipping facilities. The trade of Depue, except from the immediate vicinity, soon ceased. Hennepin experienced a decline similar to that of Depue. It had a population of 711 in 1857, and a large commerce, but having lost its river trade and being without any railroad, each census since 1860 has recorded a decrease in population, that of 1900 being only 523 [1910, 451]. The population statistics of Henry tell of a period of rapid growth under the influence of river trade, and one of relative stagnation following the 252 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS passing of the steamboat. The substantial growth of the place began in 1844 with the multiplication of steamboats above Peoria. It contained 400 people in 1850. During the next six years the population increased over fourfold, reaching 1 ,664 in 1856. Since the loss of its river trade the town has been essentially at a standstill, having in 1900 only 1,637 inhabitants [1910, 1,687]. The story is again repeated, in principle, in the case of Lacon. In the late fifties this place had nearly 2,000 inhabitants, but it was nearly stationary between 1860 and 1870, and since the latter date it has steadily lost [1910, 1,495]. Lacon's railroad service is far less satisfactory than that of Henry, since it is situated at the end of a branch line. The decay of Spring Bay is particularly striking. In its best days, it is said to have had eight or nine warehouses to which practically all the farmers of Woodford County hauled their grain. In the spring eight or nine steam boats might be seen at the levee at a single time loading for the down-river market. The disappearance of the steamboats and the opening of railroads to the east of Spring Bay, running parallel to the river, proved a death blow to the town. Most of the inhabitants moved away, and the last ware house was destroyed years ago [population 1910, 119]. Chillicothe has had a happier history. Like the other river towns mentioned, it suffered from the loss of its river grain trade, but it was fortunate in later becoming a junc tion point between two important railroads. Its population accordingly- increased rapidly between 1880 and 1890, but it has been nearly stationary since [population 1910, 1,851 J.1 The influence on the towns of the middle IUinois VaUey of the competition of raUroad traffic with river transportation is typical of changes which took place along other stretches of the IUinois River and along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The same forces operated also in the competition between new towns established on raUroad lines and older towns which had flourished on overland wagon routes, but were not favored by a railroad. Railroad centers. — Along every railroad, towns have been established at intervals of a few mUes, usuaUy less than ten mUes. These numerous stations are necessary to reduce the amount of wagon haul of bulky products such as grain, lumber, and coal, for wagon transport is many times as expensive per ton-mUe as carriage by railroad. The intersection of two railroads is not necessarily marked by an important town, but the railroad station is usuaUy there and provision made for exchange of passengers and freight between the two raUroads. A town of importance may develop to serve the surrounding community. The transportation facilities are better than when only one railroad is present. The intersection of three or more railroads is very likely to give rise to a town of local importance. • H. H. Barrows, Geography of the Middle Illinois Valley. LOCATION AND GROWTH OF CITIES 253 Three roads lead out in six directions from the center if aU are through lines. Quincy is the sixth city of the state and the largest with only three raUroads. If the attention is centered on the raUroad lines of a railroad map, the location of the important cities will be evident by the convergence of the raUroads at these cities. As the number of raUroads entering a city increase, the opportunities for transfer of passengers and freight increases; additional areas of production are made avaUable for raw materials; markets are brought into more direct contact with the manufacturer; and continued growth and prosperity are assured. CHAPTER XVII CHICAGO AND OTHER CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN Plan of treatment. — The United States census of 1910 gives for IUinois 144 cities having a population of 2,500 or more. There are several hundred smaUer towns and villages with populations between 100 and 2,500. No attempt is here made to deal with individual cities in detail, but an effort is made to give a bird's-eye view of the cities of the state in their geographical setting with reference to each other and to the surface features of the state. To this end the cities are grouped according to the drainage basins described in chapter iv. Within the group the cities are mentioned in an order easily foUowed on the map. A few leading facts are given concerning many of the cities. AU of the 144 cities having a population of 2,500 or more are referred to in the text, and in parentheses the population according to the census of 1910 is given. Many towns and vUlages with smaUer populations are mentioned with census figures inserted. A region of urban population. — That part of the land surface of IUinois lying in the Lake Michigan Basin has an area of 722 square mUes or 1.3 per cent of that of the state. This region comprises portions of Lake, Cook, and WUl counties. The total area, however, is 211 square mUes less than that of Cook County alone. The region is 80 mUes in its north-south extent, and it varies from 4 to 20 mUes in width from the lake shore. On this area are found 18 of the 144 cities of the state large enough to be classified as "urban." The combined popu lation (1910) of these 18 cities is 2,334,967, or 67 per cent of the urban population of the state and 41 per cent of the total population of the state. In addition to these 18 cities, the region contains more than a score of other villages and small cities and hundreds of farms. The population of these villages and farms probably does not exceed 25,000, or about 1 per cent of the population of the basin. 254 CHICAGO AND VICINITY, SHOWING THE DRAINAGE CANAL AND THE BELT-LINE RAILWAYS The quadrangle represented on this map contains about 4 per cent of the land area and 45 per cent of the population of Illinois CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 255 Chicago alone, with its area of 200 square mUes, occupies more than one-fourth of the entire Lake Basin in IUinois. The population of Chicago (1910) comprises 93 per cent of the total of the 18 cities of this region, 63 per cent of the total urban population of the state, and 39 per cent of the entire population of the state. Chicago has an average of 11,000 per sons per square mUe. The average density for the region of 722 square miles is 3,200 per square mUe; for the area outside of Chicago 335 per square mile, or only one-haU as great as the average density of the whole of England. The average density of the state as a whole is 100 per square mUe; that part outside of the Lake Basin has a density of 59 per square mUe. Thus the Lake Michigan shore of Illinois is pre eminently the urban district of the state, and if the lake shore is foUowed eastward beyond the state line its urban character is evidenced by the closely buUt cities of Lake County, Indiana. CHICAGO POPULATION 2,701,705 IN 1920 Location. — Chicago occupies a frontage of 26 mUes along the southwest shore of Lake Michigan, lying to the west rather than to the south of the lake. The distance in a direct line from Chicago to New York City is 700 mUes; to Jackson- vUle, Florida, 850 mUes; to New Orleans, 800 mUes; to San Francisco, 1,800 miles; to Denver, 900 mUes; to St. Paul and Minneapolis, 350 miles; to St. Louis, 260 mUes. RaUroad distances are somewhat greater. The central part of the city is in 41° 53' north latitude and 87° 38' west longitude. The extreme north-south extent of the city is 26 miles; the east-west extent, 15 miles. The area within the city limits is 200 square miles, or one-fifth of Cook County. The Chicago Plain, on which the city is built, was once covered by Lake Chicago, the glacial ancestor of Lake Michigan. The waters of this ancient lake flowed southwest ward through the Chicago Outlet into the Des Plaines VaUey, thence into the Illinois Valley. The highest point along this outlet is at the viUage of Summit, only 12 feet above the level of Lake Michigan. This outlet furnishes easy 256 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS passage across the broad, rolling Valparaiso moraine from the Lake Michigan Basin to the basin of the Mississippi. Here the early explorers and first settlers found a portage. No other route was possible for the Illinois and Michigan Canal and for the Chicago Drainage Canal. Early raUroads and more recent electric lines foUow the same level pathway. Wherever these transportation lines terminate to the westward, one terminus is fixed by nature at Chicago on the level plain once the bottom of a glacial lake. TALL BUILDINGS ON MICHIGAN AVENUE In the foreground is a portion of the "outer harbor," along the shore is this row of tall buildings along Michigan Avenue, includ- The exact location of early settlements in Chicago was determined by the Chicago River, then a small stream less than two miles in length formed by the junction of the North Branch and the South Branch of the Chicago River. The city has expanded so that within its limits are now included all of the Chicago River, all of the South Branch, much of the North Branch, and the mouth of the Calumet River, 12 mUes south of the Chicago River. The shallow and sluggish streams which furnished safe retreat for the canoes of the explorers and early traders have been deepened and widened into the extensive harbors of a great port where land and water transportation meet to give Chicago its pre-eminence among the cities of the Great Central Plain. CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 257 Influence of waterways. — The position and extent of the Great Lakes, more than any other natural factors, contribute to the rapid and substantial growth of Chicago. Without the Great Lakes, Chicago would have no advantage of position over many other cities located on the Central Plain. If the area of the Great Lakes were fertile plains, St. Louis, Indian apolis, and other inland cities would have better locations within the Great Plain than Chicago. Lake Michigan, more than 300 miles in length, with a width of 50 to 80 miles, imposes FROM THE BREAKWATER, CHICAGO are the Illinois Central Railroad tracks, then Grant Park, beyond which ing some of Chicago's largest hotels and business houses an impassable barrier to land transportation along the shortest routes from the East to the Far West and Northwest, thus forcing all railroad transportation for these regions around the southern tip of the lake to Chicago. The Lake Michigan barrier to land transport is continued northward by the Straits, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior to the northern shore of Lake Superior, a distance of 500 miles from the southern shore of Lake Michigan. The Great Lakes serve Chicago not only by compelling raUroad lines to focus here, but also by placing at the door of the city, free of charge, the most extensive inland deep-waterway system in the world. Thus from earliest times Chicago has had an open road of 800 miles to Duluth at the head of Lake 258 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS BASCULE BRIDGE, CHICAGO RIVER The continuous street traffic across the Chicago River requires that bridges be opened and closed for vessels as quickly as possible. The bascule bridge meets this need. Superior and 900 mUes to Buffalo at the foot of Lake Erie. By the construction of canals without special expense to Chicago these water routes have been ex tended across IUinois to the streams of the Missis sippi Basin; across New York state to the Hudson River and the Atlantic; across Canada to Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence, and the ocean. The Great Lakes have made Chicago the greatest raU- way focus and the great est inland port of the world. The accompany ing table reveals inter esting contrasts between the commerce of the two Chicago harbors. For example, all iron ore and aU wheat received enter Calumet River, but Chi cago River ships by lake one-half as much wheat as Calumet River. AU lumber, raUroad ties, and sugar were received at Chicago River. The number of vessels enter ing and clearing at Calu met River is only 27 per cent of the total number for the two harbors, whUe the registered ton nage of the vessels en tering and clearing at Calumet River is 60 per cent of the total tonnage of the port. The larger boats are used for the bulky freight entering the Calumet River. ELEVATOR ON SOUTH BRANCH OF CHICAGO RIVER Huge grain elevators are built at important grain markets. This elevator is so located that grain may be received from railroad cars and shipped away by lake boats. (Photograph by W. D. Jones.) CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 259 TABLE I Lake Commerce of Chicago, 1917 (From Report of Collector of Customs) Commodity In Chicago River Calumet River Total Receipts in Tons TonsTons Tons Tons Tons M feet PiecesTons BushelsBushels Tons 452,885 4,340 192,580 796,237 7,227,770 3,000 200 645,465 800,577 7.227,770* Salt 101,675 633 87,88649,635 13,830 104,675 Iron, manufactured 833 87,886 49,635 13,830 Wheat 349,390 349,390 546,661577,702 546,661 1,010,061 1,587,763 Shipments in Tons Tons BushelsBushels BushelsTonsTonsBarrelsTons Barrelsf 44,483 923,053 575,808 1,300,036 16,863 1,661 200 428,419 25 1,976,355 1,701,715 4,040,781 44,508 Wheat 2,899,408 2,277,523 Oats 5,340,817 Mill stuff 16,863 1,661 Pork 200 525 428,944 Oil *This is exclusive of 3,801,585 tons at Gary and 910,876 tons at Indiana Harbor. 1 1,853,750 barrels of oil were shipped from Indiana Harbor, Ind. TABLE II Number of Vessels Which Entered and Cleared at the Port of Chicago during the Year 1917, and Their Registered Tonnage Entrances, Chicago River, 3,089 vessels, registered tonnage, 2,999,044 Entrances, Calumet River, 1,153 vessels, registered tonnage, 4,635,525 Total . 4,242 7,634,569 Clearances, Chicago River, 3,112 vessels, registered tonnage, 3,044,332 Clearances, Calumet River, 1,186 vessels, registered tonnage, 4,729,253 Total 4,298 7,773,585 260 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The service of the railway. — The coming of the railroad added to Chicago's importance as a lake port. The topography of the Great Plain per mitted the building of railroads in aU direc tions. Chicago, be cause of its superior water transportation, became the focus of all railroads of the region. By having one termi nus at Chicago and radiating north, west, south, and east the raU roads bound the terri tory into which they penetrated, aU the more closely to this center. The lakes brought from the older East the im- LIGHTHOUSE, CHICAGO The national government began the im provement of the "outer harbor" in 1833. The river mouth is protected from the silting shore currents by breakwaters. The lighthouse enables ships to enter the harbor safely at night. plements and the manu factures needed beyond Chicago. As the radiat ing lines of raUroad rapidly grew in number and in length, larger areas were readUy fur nished with settlers and goods from the East. These pioneers at once produced surplus crops which the railroads promptly landed at Chi cago for transshipment by water.Chicago's industrial and commercial influ ence thus increased with the extension of the radiating raUroad lines. The period of most rapid railroad development was from GRAIN ELEVATOR ON CHICAGO RIVER, CHICAGO Grain elevators are located up the river beyond the regions of congested railroad and harbor traffic, thus making transfer from railroad to lake steamer less difficult. CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 261 1850, when Illinois had 110 miles of railroad, to 1880, when 7,851 miles, 60 per cent of the present total mileage of the state, had been completed. The establishment of through railroad service to the East increased greatly the rapidity with which passengers and goods could be carried between the East and the West. Although the freight rates favored, and still favor, the water route, the railroad because of its extension to all productive regions and its rapid and frequent service at moderate cost has become the leading transportation factor in the development of Chicago. The ever-present choice, however, between water transport and railroad served to give Chicago the best possible rates; whUe the necessity for the cheapest possible freight rates on commodities of great bulk per unit of value, such as coal, lumber, and iron ore, led to steady and permanent growth in lake traffic. Chicago is now the terminus of 22 great raUroad systems and of 17 smaller raUroads; 40 per cent of the raUway mUeage of the United States, more than 100,000 mUes, terminates at Chicago. The railroad belt lines encircling the city total 1,400 mUes, one-third of the belt-line mileage of the United States. The outer belt line extends from Waukegan through Elgin, Aurora, Joliet, and Chicago Heights, to Gary, Indiana. The magnitude of Chicago's railroad service to the nation is suggested by the following facts of 1919: More than 100 raUway yards are estabhshed for the receipt, transfer, and dis patch of freight shipments; 315 freight-receiving stations are located at convenient points throughout the city; 2,500 through package cars leave Chicago daUy for 1,800 shipping points in 44 states; more than 17,000,000 head of live stock are received at Chicago in a year; 1,339 passenger trains and 192,000 passengers arrive and depart from Chicago railway stations daUy, the equivalent of 70,000,000 raUroad journeys per year, or 25 trips annually for every inhabitant of Chicago. The position of Chicago as the focus of competitive raUroad systems reaching to aU parts of the continent and as the chief lake port of the Great Lakes gives the city commercial su premacy because it has the choice of transportation by raU road or by water. This privilege of choice on the part of Chicago shippers gives the best obtainable freight rates by both 262 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS land and water and reacts favorably on the growth of the city by attracting additional factories, wholesale houses, business offices, and transportation lines with their army of workers. Tributary regions. — A city develops only as it can draw from accessible regions raw materials for manufacture and sale and send into surrounding areas manufactured articles and other commodities brought from distant regions. With its extensive water routes, and especiaUy with its network of raUroads spreading out Uke a spider's web over the United States, Canada, and Mexico, Chicago lays tribute on aU the regions of the continent, and through the ports of the Atlantic, Pacific, and the Gulf on aU the regions of the world. The Great Central Plain is her favored area with its wealth of coal in IUinois, Indiana, and other states; of lead and zinc in Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma; of forests in the lake region and in the southern states; and especiaUy with the abundance of cereals and five stock throughout the vast area of the Central Plain, the most extensive agricultural region of the world. These materials, produced from mine and forest, farm and ranch, find their way to Chicago in larger quantities than to any other city. Here they may be transshipped to more distant markets, or they may be manufactured into more valuable products for later shipment. But the transportation lines centering at Chicago reach westward far beyond the limits of the Great Central Plain and carry mineral products and Uve stock from the Plateau states; lumber, fruit, and fish from the Pacific Coast states; fish, furs, and minerals from Alaska; silk, tea, and other products from the Orient. A larger number of raUroad and steamship Unes reach eastward carrying vast stores of the western products for use in regions of the East and in Europe, and bringing back to Chicago anthracite coal and bituminous coking coal from Pennsylvania, and manufactured goods from the East and from other continents. Chicago is thus the complex product of the interplay of economic forces centered most largely in the Great Central Plain, but reaching out to the most distant regions of North America and the world. A world-mart. — With the world's richest agricultural area at one door, the world's finest and most extensive inland CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 263 waterway at the other, and with superior raUroad and steam ship connections with aU the world, Chicago may rightly claim the title frequently given, "The Great Central Market." Here the raw materials of manufacture, whether from farm, ranch, mine, or forest, are readUy assembled, and two-thirds of the A BUSY DAY IN SOUTH WATER STREET PRODUCE MARKET, CHICAGO South Water Street, the first street south of Chicago River and parallel with it, is one of the greatest wholesale centers in the world for food products. It is about a half-mile in length. Grocers from all parts of Chicago come here daily to replenish their stocks. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) manufacturing of IUinois is carried on in this central workshop. The manufactured products, whatever their weight or their size, find transportation facUities ever ready to carry them promptly and cheaply to the most distant markets of our own 264 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS and other lands. The value of Chicago's manufactures for 1918, a year of war-time production, was $4,300,000,000. The value for a normal year is about $3,000,000,000. HAYMARKET SQUARE, CHICAGO Haymarket Square is a West Side market. Provision was made for it by widening West Randolph Street between Jefferson and North Halsted streets. CHICACO HARBOR AND WAREHOUSES The Chicago River and its two branches, widened and deepened, form the "inner harbor" where the actual loading and unloading of ships take place. (Photo graph by Eugene J. Hall.) But Chicago's distribution of products is not limited to those of her own making. Her world-transportation service invites the jobber and the wholesale merchant to seek this CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 265 Great Central Market as a center for gathering the world's products in numerous and extensive warehouses for re distribution to thousands of smaUer cities and villages through out our own land and beyond the seas. The food merchant of Chicago thus brings together every variety of food product for which there is a demand — breadstuff's, vegetables, nuts, fruits, spices, sea foods, and delicacies of every kind. The clothing merchant provides the widest possible choice of fabrics and furs, both domestic and foreign. The merchants in various buUding materials carry immense stocks of lumber and other buUding supplies ready for immediate delivery wherever needed. The wholesale trade of Chicago in 1918 was $3,300,000,000. Thus the favorable location of Chicago and the enterprise of her merchants have extended her commercial activities to all lands of the earth, making the city a market for articles of commerce of every kind from every land. An educational center. — Chicago has obtained and main tained her position as a great city not only through natural advantages and commercial enterprise, but the people of the city have realized that permanent growth and progress can be secured only by a broad and sound educational system of schools of all grades. Educational advantages of the most varied sort are therefore awaiting the student of the immediate locality or of more distant regions. The public schools alone, supported wholly by taxation, have buildings, grounds, and equipment valued at $6,000,000. There are 300 elementary schools, 21 high schools, a normal school, and two corrective schools for boys. The public schools employ 8,000 teachers and enrol 350,000 pupils. The annual expenditures for public-school education passed the $20,000,000 mark in 1918. Free evening schools invite thousands of workers to continue their education. The public schools co-operate with the SmaU Parks Commission in pro viding recreation grounds for the public after school hours. Higher education is provided by various institutions. The University of Chicago within the city and Northwestern University at Evanston are among the great universities of the nation, and they attract students from distant regions and 266 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS from foreign lands. De Paul University, Loyola University, the Art Institute, Armour Institute of Technology, and Lewis Institute are important educational institutions. The educa tional facUities of the Young Men's Christian Association furnish opportunities to large numbers. The conservatories of music are widely known. The city is a center for schools of law, theology, medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry. Business schools and trade schools enable students to obtain instruction in many specialized fields. The development of educational SCENE IN DOUGLAS PARK PLAYGROUND, CHICAGO Douglas Park, on the West Side, is one of Chicago's fourteen large parks. Well-equipped playgrounds make the parks attractive places for children. opportunities has kept pace with rapidly growing commercial and industrial activities. Chicago today.— In 1850 the population of Chicago num bered 30,000; in 1910, 2,100,000; and in 1920, 2,700,000. The city limits have expanded from 10 square mUes, when the city was incorporated in 1837, to 200 square mUes at present. Within the city there are 14 large parks, 193 smaU parks and playgrounds, and 70 miles of boulevards. The parks and boulevards include 5,000 acres of land. The animals of Lincoln Park, the extensive flower displays in many parks, the landscape architecture of parks and boulevards, the bathing CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 267 beaches and natatoriums, provide attractive places for rest, recreation, and driving. The total attendance at parks and playgrounds in a single year numbers 36,000,000, or 14 times NORTH SHORE BATHING BEACH, CHICAGO In the summer the bathing beaches vie with the parks as centers of recreation and sport LAKE SHORE DRIVE, CHICAGO, LOOKING NORTH Lake Shore Drive parallels the shore of Lake Michigan from the business district of Chicago to Lincoln Park. North of Lincoln Park, Sheridan Road follows the lake shore. 268 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS the population of the city. Local transportation is furnished by more than 1,000 miles of street railways and by four ele vated railways. The number of cash and transfer rides daily exceeds the total population of the city. More people arrive and depart daily from the passenger depots of Chicago than the combined population of the two largest Illinois cities outside of Chicago. The buildings for schools, churches, libraries, and museums are among the best of their kind. A hah-mUlion workers find employment in factories, stores, transportation, and other pursuits. The downtown shopping district displays the wares of the world in artistic fashion. The combined deposits of 130 banks amount to $1,500,000,000, more than $500 per person. The bank clearances for a single year amount to $36,000,000,000, an amount greater than that spent by any one nation in the world-war. A daily water supply of 671,000,000 gaUons is pumped through 3,871 mUes of water pipes. The annual receipts of the Chicago post-office have passed the $30,000,000 mark, a sum 50 per cent greater than the generous expenditure for public schools. The post-office handles in one year 1,700,000,000 pieces of maU, the equivalent of one letter or package for every inhabitant of the globe. Within the span of a single lifetime 200 square mUes of open prairie land, much of it made up of marshes and swamps, has been transformed into the fourth city of the world with an economic, educational, and spiritual foundation which insures future progressive development. A visit to the metropolis. — Whether a visitor is to spend a day or a week or a month in Chicago, it is possible for him to get such first-hand knowledge of the city that it wiU guide him TENNIS COURTS IN DOUGLAS PARK, CHICAGO Tennis courts and baseball diamonds are provided for the use of those who enjoy out door sports. CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 269 in his future reading and study about the city. Even if alone and a stranger, the visitor need lose no time in getting person ally acquainted with the important landmarks of the city. The Chicago River and its two tributaries, the North Branch and the South Branch, divide the city into three parts: North Side, South Side, and West Side. The center of business activity from which radiate the street-car lines and elevated STATE STREET, CHICAGO The total length of State Street is 17 miles. found the greatest shopping district of Chicago. Along one mile of this distance is raUways to the three divisions of the city is commonly known as the "downtown district" or the "loop district." The trains on aU elevated railways use a common "loop" on Lake Street, WeUs Street, Van Buren Street, and Wabash Avenue for the handling of trains and the transfer of passengers. From the loop district, surface cars and elevated trains carry pas sengers to every part of the city by direct route or easy transfer. All central passenger depots are in or near the loop district. 270 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The visitor will find within the loop, or within easy walking distance, a number of places which will interest him and give him valuable first-hand knowledge of the city. Within or near the "loop" are the leading hotels and theaters; the county courthouse and city haU; the city Ubrary; the Art Institute; Field Museum of Natural History; State Street shopping district; and South Water Street, a world-famous market for produce. The North Side street-car lines enable the visitor to LOOKING NORTH FROM CORNER OF JACKSON BOULEVARD AND DEARBORN STREET, CHICAGO The striking difference in heights of buildings is evident when seen from above. A crowded business district finds more space by tearing down old, low structures and erecting modern skyscrapers. reach the Newberry Library, Chicago Historical Library, Lincoln Park, Evanston, and Northwestern University. West Side transportation lines may be taken to Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt parks, to Oak Park, Riverside, and other suburban towns. South Side lines give ready access to the stockyards and packing houses; to Washington and Jackson parks, the University of Chicago, and South Side suburbs. Electric interurban trains or frequent suburban service on the CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 271 steam railroads makes it possible for the visitor to spend a day in any of the interesting suburbs or larger cities within the radius of Waukegan, Elgin, Aurora, Joliet, and Chicago Heights in Illinois, and Hammond, Gary, and Michigan City, Indiana. During the summer season lake excursions may be taken along the lake front within the city limits to Michigan City, Indiana, St. Joseph, Benton Harbor, and Grand Haven, Michigan, and to Milwaukee, the metropolis of Wisconsin. STATE STREET, CHICAGO, LOOKING NORTH FROM VAN BUREN STREET The broad street and wide sidewalks make it possible to accommodate the throngs of people who daily visit State Street's famous shopping district. Whether the visitor plans to stay in Chicago for a few days only, or for a more extended visit, a working knowledge of the geography of the city and the local transportation facUities may be gained by brief visits to a few of the places of general interest in each of the larger divisions of the city. The outlook. — The rapid growth of Chicago from the time of its earliest settlement to a city of first rank has never been equaled by any other city. Incorporated in 1837, it reached 272 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS the 100,000 class of cities in 1860, the 1,000,000 group in 1890, the 2,000,000 group in 1910. London, New York, and Paris are the only larger centers of population today. These three larger cities had centuries of growth to their credit before the white man buUt his first cabin within the present city limits of Chicago. The problems of development which now confront Chicago are no longer those of pioneer days, but the problems which come to weU-established cities of centuries of growth as commercial and industrial centers. Within its area of 200 square mUes there is stUl ample room for growth in aU lines of city development. Wise administration of the city govern ment, co-operation among the moral and industrial forces of the city, organization for genuine service to the vast tr ibutary regions, cordial helpfulness to the thousands of visitors, and the individual enterprise of her citizens wiU give to Chicago as remarkable achievement during the second century of Illinois statehood as during the first. OTHER CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN Along the North Shore. — The distance from the IUinois- Wisconsin boundary line to the city limits of Chicago is 35 miles. • The distance between raUroad stations along the lake front averages less than two mUes. Eight cities along this route had, in 1910, populations varying from 3,168 to 24,978 with a total of 65,000. Smaller communities contained a total permanent population of about 10,000. The next census returns will doubtless show a large increase in the number of people living under the favorable conditions of North Shore cities. The military and naval population of 1918 under the pressure of Great War activities at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station and at Fort Sheridan probably equaled the total permanent population of the North Shore. Zion City (4,789) is located within three miles of the state line. Founded in 1900, and incorporated in 1902 by John Alexander Dowie and his religious foUowers, the open country became a thriving city in a remarkably short time. Its most important industry is a lace factory, established at the time the city was founded. CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 273 Waukegan (16,069) is the county seat and largest city of Lake County, containing more than one-fourth of the popula tion of the county. Waukegan is served mainly by railroads, but some commerce is carried on by lake. North Chicago (3,306) adjoins Waukegan on the south and is an extension of the Waukegan industrial district. Its population is growing rapidly. Great Lakes, just to the south of North Chicago, is the site of the Great Lakes Naval Training Station. The foUowing statements written in the latter part of 1917 show how, through active warfare, Great Lakes became a great center of training : SHILOH TABERNACLE, ZION CITY, LAKE COUNTY Zion City was founded in 1900 by John Alexander Dowie and his religious followers. This tabernacle is large enough to seat almost the entire population of the city. The history of the Great Lakes Naval Training Station falls naturally into two epochs — the period embraced before the declaration of war and that subsequent. The station was established by an act of Congress approved April 27, 1904, and ground was broken the following year. In 1911 there were 23 buildings on the station. From a hamlet with 1,500 inhabitants, to a bustling city of more than 15,000 men, has been the growth of Great Lakes since 1916. During the summer months there were about 5,000 tents in the camp, but with the wintry blasts of November the boys were tucked away in the new quarters where 25,000 youngsters can be accommodated com fortably. Great Lakes today prides itself on being the largest university in the world. Here there is a larger enrollment, more subjects taught, and more faculty experts, than in any other institution of learning on the educational lists. Great Lakes has the largest single radio district in the United States, and one of the best schools. The communication radius of the station is approximately 2,000 miles, with records of messages as far as Japan, Ger many, and Honolulu. Great Lakes in 1917 became the base of a fleet of training ships which plied the inland seas all summer, taking new crews on practically every trip. More than 50,000 men have been graduated to battleships after receiving their preliminary training at Great Lakes.1 i Souvenir History, U.S. Naval Training Station, Great Lakes. 274 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The high level of Great Lakes Naval Training Station was reached in August, 1918, when 50,000 men were in training at one time. A total of more than 200,000 received training here during the period of the war. In addition to training seamen, three special schools are organized at the Station: Aviation Mechanics School, United States Naval Radio School, Hospital Corps Training School. Lake Bluff (726) is a viUage just south of Great Lakes Naval Training Station. Lake Forest (3,349) is the seat of Lake Forest University. Fort Sheridan is a United States reserva tion on the lake shore formerly used for train ing men for the United States Army. Soon after the United States entered the great world- war on AprU 6, 1917, Fort Sheridan was se lected as one of the places to train officers for the United States Army. Many thou sands of officers have been given their preliminary training here. Since the close of the war, Fort Sheridan has been transformed into a military hospital. Highwood (1,219) is just south of Fort Sheridan. Highland Park (4,209) is the southernmost of the lake- shore cities in Lake County. Glencoe (1,899), Winnetka (3,168), Kenilworth (881), and Wilmette (4,943) are residential suburbs on the lake shore in Cook County. Evanston (24,978), situated on the lake shore just north of the city limits of Chicago, is the largest of the North Shore cities of Illinois. It is the seat of Northwestern University. RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING SCHOOL, FORT SHERIDAN, LAKE COUNTY CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 275 The 26 miles of lake shore from Evanston to the Indiana state line is occupied by the city of Chicago. In the enlarge ment of its city limits Chicago has absorbed numerous viUages and cities which had their early growth as independent munici palities. After becoming a part of Chicago, the original name stiU designates the locality, and, in some instances, the name is applied to a branch of the Chicago post-office. Thus the names Rogers Park, Austin, Englewood, Hyde Park, South OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES SCHOOL, OAK PARK The thriving suburban cities of Chicago make liberal provision for well- appointed school buildings and spacious school grounds. Chicago, and many others refer to portions of Chicago which have been annexed from time to time with the growth of the city. Along the Indiana shore. — East of Chicago, in Indiana, along the south shore of Lake Michigan, are found Whiting (6,687), Hammond (20,925), East Chicago (19,098), Gary (16,804), all within 12 mUes of the city limits of Chicago; and Michigan City (19,207), 25 mUes beyond Gary. Among these cities Gary has had the most remarkable development and growth. In 1906 the site of Gary was a series of sand dunes along the lake shore. The land had been purchased by the United States Steel Corporation, and building operations were begun 276 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS in 1906. A safe, deep, and commodious harbor was con structed; wide streets were laid out; water, gas, and sewer systems were instaUed; streets and sidewalks were paved in the most modern fashion; blast furnaces and steel mills were pushed to completion; and a great industrial city with iron and steel works as its chief corner stone was estabUshed as rapidly as human hands could build it. By 1910 Gary had a population of 16,804, but its growth had hardly begun. Its population in 1920 was 55,000. HIGH SCHOOL, OAK PARK This is a township high school supported by Oak Park and River Forest Cities west of the lake shore. — All cities of IUinois thus far mentioned are on the lake front. West of these, and still in the Lake Michigan Basin, or on the divide between the lake and the Des Plaines River, are found several other cities of some note, all in Cook County. Most of these are close enough to the outskirts of Chicago to appear to be subject to annexation in the future. Park Ridge (2,009) is at the extreme northwest corner of Chicago. CITIES OF THE LAKE BASIN 277 Oak Park (19,444) is a residential suburb adjoining Chicago on the west. It is nearer the business district of Chicago than are the northern or southern extremities of the city. Forest Park (6,594) lies directly south of Oak Park. Cicero (14,557) is a rapidly developing industrial city adjoining Chicago on the west. Berwyn (5,481) is between Cicero and Riverside. Morgan Park (3,694) was annexed to Chicago in 1914. Blue Island (8,043) is on the Little Calumet River. Harvey (7,227) is a manufacturing city, also on the Little Calumet. West Hammond (4,948) is near the Indiana state line. Chicago Heights (14,525) is a manufacturing city 10 miles south of the city limits of Chicago. A substantial increase in population has taken place in a number of these suburban cities since 1910. The 17 leading cities of the Lake Basin outside of Chicago had in 1910 a population of 150,000; 65,000 were in the 8 cities of the North Shore, and 85,000 in the 9 cities away from the shore, but nearer Chicago in most cases than the lake-shore cities. Only a slight extension of the city limits of Chicago would be required to include 80,000 of the population of these suburban cities. The predominance of urban conditions in the Lake Basin is due wholly to the development of Chicago as a great com mercial and manufacturing center. CHAPTER XVIII CITIES OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN Divisions of the basin. — The IUinois River Basin occupies a broad belt extending entirely across the state in a northeast- southwest direction. In the lake region the basin is divided into two narrower belts; one, occupied by the Des Plaines and Fox river basins, reaching northward into Wisconsin; the other, occupied by the Kankakee Basin, extending eastward into Indiana. These two extensions of the IUinois Basin embrace between them the narrow, populous Lake Michigan Basin of IUinois. The IUinois River Basin comprises 24,040 square mUes, or 43 per cent of the area of the state within which are found 49 of the 144 cities of IUinois having a population of 2,500 or more. The cities of the IUinois River Basin may be considered geographicaUy under five divisions: (1) cities of the Des Plaines and Fox river basins; (2) cities of the Kankakee Basin; (3) cities along the IUinois River; (4) cities north and west of the IUinois River; (5) cities south and east of the IUinois River. Cities of the Des Plaines and Fox river basins. — The largest village in Lake County, not located on the lake front, is Libertyville (1,724). ViUages near the numerous lakes of the county not only serve the rural communities, but they are sought as summer resorts by many people from Chicago and other cities. Antioch (682), Grays Lake (603), Fox Lake (400), Lake Zurich (304), are among the principal viUages of the district. In northern Cook County are found Barrington (1,444), Palatine (1,144), and Arlington Heights (1,943). In Cook County, along the Des Plaines River, there are a number of residential suburbs with exceUent rapid-transit lines to Chicago. Des Plaines (2,348) is within five mUes of the city limits of Chicago. River Forest (2,456) adjoins Oak Park on the west and is situated on the east bank of the Des Plaines; Melrose Park (4,806) and Maywood (8,033) are 278 CITIES OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN 270 immediately west of the river beyond River Forest. Oak Park and these three other suburbs form a compact area wholly tributary to the city of Chicago, and well favored with steam, electric, and elevated railroads. A few miles farther south is Riverside (1,073), just west of which lies La Grange (5,282). At the western border of Cook County is Lemont (2,284). To the west of the Des Plaines River, but within the Des Plaines Basin, a number of attractive cities are to be found in Dupage County. All are located where good raUroad service is provided, and aU are within the suburban influence of the metropolis on the lake shore. Among these the more impor tant are: Glen Ellyn (1,763), Elmhurst (2,360), Wheaton 3,423), the county seat of Dupage County and the seat of Wheaton College, West Chi cago (2,378), Hinsdaie (2,451), Downers Grove (2,601), and Naperville (3,449) . More than one- half of the population of Dupage County resides in these seven cities. On the Des Plaines River in WiU County are Lockport (2,555) and Joliet (34,670). The first locks in the Illinois and Michigan Canal are at Lockport, 28 mUes from the junction of the canal with the South Branch of the Chicago River. Here, also, are the controUing works and the hydroelectric power plant of the Chicago Drainage Canal. Joliet, 40 mUes southwest of Chicago, is the seventh city in the state in population. More than 40 per cent of the people of WUl County live in this one city. Here are the extensive works of the IUinois Steel Company. The northern IUinois State Penitentiary is located here. A dam across the Des Plaines River provides water-power. The outer belt raUroad of Chicago encircles that city from the lake at ILLINOIS STEEL COMPANY S WORKS, JOLIET The four blast furnaces of this plant_ have a total daily capacity of 2,000 tons of pig iron. 280 THE GEOGRAPHY OP ILLINOIS Waukegan through Joliet to the lake again at Gary, Indiana, thus crossing every raUroad that enters Chicago. The important cities of the Fox River Basin are in Kane County situated in the immediate vicinity of the river along 25 mUes of its course, a distance somewhat less than the north- south extent of Chicago. In order from north to south, these cities are: Elgin (25,976), St. Charles (4,046), Geneva (2,451), Batavia (4,436), and Aurora (29,807). Elgin is eleventh and Aurora is ninth in population among the cities of IUinois. The 66,716 inhabitants of these five cities comprise 72 per cent of the population of Kane County. They are about 40 miles distant from Chicago, and, with Joliet and Chicago Heights, they mark the outer limit of definite suburban influ ence of the great metropolis. Although local interests and local industries are stronger than Chicago influences on this outer circle of cities, yet hundreds of persons who reside in these cities go daily to their work in the busy mart forty miles away. Elgin is the seat of one of the state hospitals. The exten sive factories of the Elgin National Watch Company are in Elgin. The school for delinquent boys is located at St. Charles, and the school for delinquent girls at Geneva. Geneva, the smaUest of the five cities, is centraUy located along the valley in Kane County, and it is the county seat. Aurora has important raUroad shops and numerous factories. Only one other city_ in the Fox River Basin, Sandwich (2,557), DeKalb County, has a population of more than 2,500. Yorkville (431), Kendall County, is the smallest county seat in Illinois. Numerous viUages along the raUroads and a number situated a few mUes from a raUroad, serve the commercial needs of the farming communities in which they are located. Cities of the Kankakee Basin. — The Kankakee River rises near South Bend, Indiana, and enters Illinois in Kankakee County. Along the Kankakee in Illinois are: Momence (2,201), Kankakee (13,986), and Wilmington (1,450). On the Iroquois River, a southern tributary of the Kankakee, is Watseka (2,476), the county seat of Iroquois County. Near Momence is one of the noted agricultural experiment fields CITIES OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN 281 where scientific soil treatment changed the corn yield from less than 4 bushels per acre to more than 70 bushels. Kankakee is the county seat of Kankakee County. One of the state hospitals is located here. A dam across the Kankakee River furnishes water-power. Just north of Kankakee is Bradley (1,942), an industrial suburb, and a mUe or so beyond Bradley is Bourbonnais (611). A denominational college has been established here. Cities along the Illinois River. — The Illinois River and the IUinois Valley may be divided into three portions: (1) the Upper IUinois extending from the confluence of the Kankakee and Des Plaines rivers to the Great Bend at Hennepin, a distance of 63 mUes; (2) the Middle Illinois from the Great Bend to Pekin, 56 miles; and (3) the Lower Illinois from Pekin to the Mississippi, 159 mUes. Seven cities, each having a population of 2,500 or more, and a combined population, in 1910, of 47,139, are located along the Upper Illinois; three such cities with a total of 79,515 inhabitants are situated along the Middle Illinois; and two along the Lower Illinois comprising a population of 9,632. The total population of these 12 cities in 1910 was 136,286, with 49 per cent of this number in the single city of Peoria. Seventeen villages having populations between 450 and 1,600, with a total population of 18,794, are found along the Illinois River. The location of these cities and villages was determined by the presence of river terraces high enough to avoid disastrous floods and at such places that the wagon roads from the uplands could find an approach to the river front. In the Upper Illinois VaUey the river is paralleled on the north side by the IUinois and Michigan Canal, and settlements were readily established along the canal at frequent intervals. About 10 miles below the junction of the Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers is Morris (4,563), the county seat of Grundy County. In La Salle County settlements are numerous along the valley. Near the eastern edge of the county is Seneca (1,120). At Marseilles (3,291), where the fall in the river is 18 feet in 1J mUes, there has been built a dam for water-power. This power is used in operating factories and in generating electricity 282 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS for an electric railroad. Ottawa (9,535) is the county seat of La Salle County. Plate-glass and clay products are among its manufactures. Utica (1,250) has one of the few natural cement factories in the United States. La Salle (11,537), Peru (7,984), and Oglesby (3,194) in the western part of La Salle County are known as the "tri-cities." La Salle and Peru are on the north side of the river at the ter minus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Oglesby is on the south side of the IUinois in the valley of the Ver milion River. Oglesby is the name of the post- office and railroad sta tion, although the city is incorporated under the name of Portland. Portland cement is the chief manufactured product. Zinc-smelting is the important indus try of La Salle and Peru. A large Portland- cement factory is in operation in La Salle. Several coal mines are operated in the vicinity of the tri-cities. The cities and vUlages of the IUinois VaUey in La Salle County contain 42 per cent of the population of the county. If to these we add Streator and Mendota we find 62 per cent of the population of the county living in cities. Spring Valley (7,035) is a coal-mining center and the largest city in Bureau County. Depue (1,339) has recently estab lished a zinc smelter, and is therefore growing in population. Along the Middle Illinois are found Hennepin (451), Henry (1,657), Lacon (1,495), ChUlicothe (1,851), Peoria Heights (583), Averyville (2,668), Peoria (66,950), East Peoria (1,493), Bartonville (1,536), and Pekin (9,897). Five of these— ChUli- BE^TmJ Sip SIP f^K ft. P SUf .. ...... , _^^»»-.«r»«» «" www W i iff 9Am§9m- \ ¦ ¦'¦¦.'¦¦-.' ¦¦:¦¦: ..¦'.-.¦ -.¦'¦ ; " BIG BEN " TIMING-ROOM, WESTERN CLOCK COMPANY, PERU, LA SALLE COUNTY "Big Ben," an alarm clock of moderate price, has found its way into all parts of the United States and to many foreign countries. In the "timing-room" the clocks are given their final tests before placing them on the market. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) MAP OF ILLINOIS RIVER VALLEY, OTTAWA TO PERU The valleys of the Illinois River and its tributaries are here bordered by steep bluffs of St. Peter sandstone. Beyond the bluffs are the level prairie lands characteristic of the region CITIES OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN 283 MAP SHOWING PEORIA, BLOOMINGTON, DECATUR, AND SPRINGFIELD The quadrangle here represented is about 50 miles by 75 miles in size. It contains 5 per cent of the land area of the state. Its four larger cities are con nected by the Illinois Traction System, the Peoria-Springfield line passing through Lincoln and extending beyond the limits of the map to St. Louis. 284 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS cothe, Peoria Heights, Averyville, Peoria, and BartonvUle— are in Peoria County, and their combined population consti tutes 73 per cent of the population of the county. Peoria Heights, Averyville, Peoria, and BartonvUle form a single urban area on the west side of the river, and Peoria street-car service extends to East Peoria on the east side of the river. These five cities form a single industrial community and their combined population comprises 48 per cent of the total popula tion of 29 cities and vUlages, each with a population of more than 450, along the 278 miles of the Illinois River. Pekin is on the east side of the river ten mUes below Peoria. The transport service between Pekin and Peoria brings Pekin within the Peoria indus trial district. With this added population, 54 per cent of the inhab itants of the cities and vUlages of the IUinois VaUey are to be found in the Peoria district, extending along the course of the river for a distance of about 15 mUes. Peoria has been, from the earliest settlement of the Illinois VaUey, the most important city in it. Natural conditions provided at Peoria favorable opportunity for crossing a wide river. Farm Creek, entering the river opposite Peoria, with its swift current in flood times, carried great loads of sedi ment from the hiUs of the Bloomington terminal moraine into the sluggish waters of the Illinois River. This sediment accu mulated in the form of an alluvial fan on the east side of the river. The buUding of this fan made the river narrow at this point, and by partially damming the river, Lake Peoria was formed as a widened portion of the river, extending upstream to ChUlicothe, a distance of 20 miles. Below Peoria the river is everywhere wider and more difficult to cross than at Peoria. UPPER ENTRANCE TO GLEN OAK PARK, PEORIA Glen Oak Park on the bluffs of the Illinois Valley and Bradley Park along Dry Run are the two large parks of Peoria. Grand View Drive passes through Glen Oak Park. CITIES OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN 285 Opposite the Farm Creek fan is an extensive river terrace, easy of access from the river front, and well above serious flood dangers. Upon this terrace Peoria was established. As the city grew the terrace was fully occupied. Now it extends up the 'West Bluffs" and spreads out on the extensive upland beyond. In pioneer days a river ferry at Peoria marked a very important break in transportation. A ferry is more easily COURTHOUSE AND PRINCIPAL BUSINESS STREET OF PEORIA Peoria's largest business houses are around or near the courthouse square estabUshed and more readily maintained where the stream is narrow. No other point along the Illinois River for a distance of more than 200 miles offered a crossing as favorable as the one at Peoria. Wagon bridges and railroad bridges could span the river more readily at Peoria than elsewhere below the Great Bend. The coming of the railroad, therefore, increased Peoria's importance, and it became the chief railroad center of the interior of the state, surpassed only by Chicago on the 286 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS lake and East St. Louis, the front door of St. Louis, on the Mississippi. Peoria is the home of Bradley Institute, one of the important schools of the state for technical training. Along the Lower IUinois are found Havana (3,525), county seat of Mason County, Bath (475), Beardstown (6,107), the largest city of Cass County, Meredosia (951), Naples (457), Pearl (842), KampsviUe (506), Hardin (654), county seat of Calhoun County, and Grafton (1,116), located 24 mUes above St. Louis at the junction of the IUinois and Mississippi rivers. Fishing is an important industry along the middle and lower portions of the IUinois River. The principal fish markets are Peoria, Pekin, Havana, and Beardstown, but important fishing operations are also carried on from the viUages along the river. Cities north and west of the Illinois River. — The location of cities on the level up lands of IUinois is deter mined by railroad facul ties. The cities and villages have many things in common. Each is a raUroad sta tion with one or more grain elevators and with commercial houses to care for the local trade in staple articles of food, clothing, fuel, buUding materials, farm machinery, and repair work. Prosperous viUages are found in which no important manufacturing is carried on. The estabUshment of factories leads to increased population and business activity in general. Radiating railroads make possible the development of the wholesale business in various lines of merchandise, especially in staple articles of food. The region north and west of the IUinois River has seven cities with populations of 2,500 or more, and numerous other smaUer cities and vUlages of great importance to their immedi ate locaUties. Mendota (3,804) has three important raUroads. RAILROAD STATION, TOULON, STARK COUNTY The passenger station at the right and the freight depot and grain elevator at the left indi cate a thriving town and a prosperous agri cultural region. CITIES OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN 287 Princeton (4,131), the county seat of Bureau County, with but one steam raUroad, is connected with the cities of the Upper IlUnois VaUey by an electric raUroad. Kewanee (9,307) and Galva (2,498) are very near the divide between the IlUnois and the Mississippi rivers. They are connected by an electric raUroad. Kewanee has one of the largest tube works in the country. Toulon (1,208) is the county seat and Wyoming (1,506) the largest city of Stark County. Galesburg (22,089), the county seat of Knox County, is the largest city and most important raUroad center of the uplands between the IUinois and Mississippi rivers. It has railroad shops and is the seat of Knox College and Lom bard College. Almost one-half of the popu lation of Knox County live in Galesburg. Abingdon (2,464) is the seat of Abingdon Col lege and Hedding CoUege. Farmington (2,421) is a coal-mining center. Canton (10,453) manufactures agricul tural implements extensively. seat of Fulton County. Macomb (5,774), the county seat of McDonough County, is the seat of the Western IUinois State Normal School. Bush- nell (2,619) is an important railroad center. Carthage (2,373), the county seat of Hancock County, is located near the westernmost part of the IUinois River Basin. RushviUe (2,422), the county seat of Schuyler County, is the terminus of a railroad branch line. Mount Sterling (1,986) is the county seat of Brown County. Cities south and east of the Illinois River. — Since the IUinois River lies nearer the northern and western edge of its basin, the area now to be considered is larger in extent than CHRISTIAN CHURCH, MINTER, TAZEWELL COUNTY The churches are among the attractive pub lic buildings in all Illinois viUages and cities. Lewistown (2,312) is the county 288 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS the one previously discussed. The favorable surface for the buUding of raUroads in any desired direction, the high fertUity and consequent large crops of the farm lands, the abundance of coal, the favorable conditions for manufacturing, and the ease of transportation across the low divides to and from the basins to the east and south are factors which have operated to give this region a large number of viUages and first-class cities. The region contains 16 cities, each having a population, in 1910, of 2,500 or more. Six of these have a total population of 149,057, and the 16 cities a total of 188,508. Numerous smaUer cities with popu lations of 1,000 to 2,500 are found within the area. Braidwood (1,958), in WiU County, and Coal City (2,667), in Grundy County, are near the northern margin of IUi nois coal fields. Dwight (2,166), in Livingston County, has been widely I known as the seat of the Keeley Institute for the cure of alcoholism. The divide between the two Vermilion River basins, the IUinois-VermUion and the Wabash- Vermilion, is in the southern edge of Livingston County. Along the IUinois-VermUion are Fairbury (2,505), Pontiac (6,090), Streator (14,253), and near its junction with the IUinois, Oglesby, already mentioned among the cities along the Illinois River. Pontiac is the seat of the Illinois State Reformatory. Streator is important as a coal-mining and glass -manufacturing center. The principal cities in Woodford County are Minonk (2,070), which has important coal mines, El Paso (1,470), and Eureka COURTHOUSE, BLOOMINGTON, M'LEAN COUNTY CITIES OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN 289 (1,525), the county seat, at which Eureka CoUege is located. Washington (1,530) is in TazeweU County. Bloomington (25,768) atid Normal (4,024) are the largest cities in McLean County. Bloomington has large raUroad shops and a coal mine. It is the seat of the Illinois Wesleyan • University. Normal is the seat of the Illinois State Normal University and of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Other cities in the same county are Chenoa (1,314), Lexing ton (1,318), and Le Roy j (1,702). Gibson City (2,086) is in Ford County. Clinton (5,165), the county seat of Dewitt County, is an important railroad center. Lincoln (10,892), the county seat of Logan County, has important coal mines. It is the seat of the state school for feeble-minded chil dren. The Odd FeUows Orphans' Home is lo cated here. Mason City (1,842) in Mason County, Mount Pulaski (1,511) in Logan County, Monticello (1,981), the county seat of Piatt County, and Bement (1,530) are important trading points for their various communities. The Sangamon River Basin is an important part of the region under discussion. A number of the cities already mentioned are within the basin. Along or near the course of the main stream are Decatur, Springfield, and Petersburg. Decatur (31,140) is the county seat of Macon County. It has important coal mines and raUroad shops, and is the seat of the James MiUikin University. COURTHOUSE, FORMER STATE CAPITOL, SPRING FIELD, SANGAMON COUNTY This building, erected and used as the state capitol. when outgrown for state purposes be came the county courthouse. It is located in the center of the business distiict. 290 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS LINCOLN S HOME, SPRINGFIELD This home was purchased by Mr. Lincoln in 1844. In 1887 it was presented to the state by his son, Robert Lincoln. It is open to visitors. world as the home and burial place of Abraham Lincoln. The only resi dence ever owned by Abraham Lincoln is in Springfield at the corner of Eighth and Jackson streets. He purchased it in 1844. In 1887, after the death of Mrs. Lincoln, Robert Lincoln, the son, presented the home to the state to be kept as a memorial of Abraham Lincoln. More than 30,000 persons visit this home annually. President Lincoln was assassinated April 14, 1865, and died on the foUowing day. His re mains were brought to Springfield. The Lincoln monument stands on an Springfield (51,678) is the capital of IlUnois and the county seat of Sanga mon County. It ranks fourth in population among the cities of the state, being exceeded by Chicago, Peoria, and East St. Louis. It is an important railroad, coal mining, and manufactur ing center. The State Fair Grounds are located here. Springfield is known throughout the LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPRINGFIELD _ This monument was erected by contribu tions from individuals and organizations throughout the United States. It is now in the custody of the state. Within the base is a large room known as Memorial Hall which contains many articles associated with the life of Lincoln. A custodian is always present to explain the exhibits to visitors. CITIES OF THE-ILLIN01S BASIN 291 eminence in Oak Ridge Cemetery. It was begun in 1869 and dedicated in 1874. Built by popular subscription, the monu ment and grounds have been presented to the state for per manent care and custody. On May 7, 1917, one month after the United States had entered the world-war, the French Commission to the United States visited Lincoln's tomb, and Marshal Joffre, the hero of the Marne, laid a bronze wreath, the gift of the French people, on Lincoln's tomb. Petersburg (2,587) is the county seat of Menard County, and Virginia (1,501) is the county seat of Cass County. Jacksonville (15,326), the county seat of Morgan County, is the seat of IUinois CoUege and IUinois Woman's College. Three state charitable institutions are located at Jackson ville: the Illinois School for the Deaf, the Insti tution for the BUnd, and a state hospital of Scott County. Taylorville (5,446), the county seat of Christian County, is widely known as the home of the School News, an educational magazine. Virden (4,000) is an important coal-mining center. Carlin- ville (3,616), the county seat of Macoupin County, has coal mines, and it is the seat of Blackburn College. Roodhouse (2,171) has coal mines. Whitehall (2,854) is an important center for the manufacture of pottery and sewer pipe. Carrollton (2,323) is the county seat of Greene County. Jerseyville (4,113) is the county seat of Jersey County. Summary. — The greater number of viUages and cities in the Illinois River Basin are located with reference to the needs of the rural population in their immediate vicinities. BUSINESS SQUARE, WINCHESTER, SCOTT COUNTY In the county seats of Illinois the most important business houses are usually located "on the square" surrounding the county courthouse. Winchester (1,639) is the county seat 292 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Coal-mining adds to the importance of a number of the cities, but the chief centers of coal production in Illinois lie south of the IUinois Basin. A few of the larger cities of the region with good transportation facilities have estabUshed wholesale houses and important factories. The cities of the IUinois River Basin are dependent largely on the agricultural activities of the area, while the cities of the Lake Michigan Basin are almost whoUy dependent on the commercial and industrial activities of the region. CHAPTER XIX OTHER CITIES OF ILLINOIS The area and its divisions. — The cities of the state not treated in previous chapters will be included in this chapter. The region includes those portions of the state bordering on the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers, and extending back to the divides between these basins and the Illinois Basin. It comprises the drainage basins of the Rock, Kaskaskia, Big Muddy, Ohio, and Wabash rivers, and also the minor basins of the Mississippi. The total area is 31,238 square mUes, or about 56 per cent of the area of the state. Cities of northwest ern Illinois. — The northwestern part of the state, between the Rock River Basin and the Mississippi River, is drained directly into the Mississippi through small streams, the Galena River being most important. Galena (4,835), the county seat of Jo Daviess County, is the largest city of this area. It is the center of the lead- and § ;.- ¦,... . ,w wife''* 'iii - : - ¦«£ ¦¦' "SB. "S*%" ^|| 1 r*^^t' Pitt'' - ';;;- "JjBESr"' ' -.. * ' GIANT S TABLE, MOUNT CARROLL, CARROLL COUNTY The rugged regions in the Driftless Area of northwestern Illinois are similar in general topog raphy to the Ozarks of southern Illinois. 294 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS TENTH AVENUE FROM FIFTH STREET, FULTON, WHITESIDE COUNTY The well-shaded streets of Illinois towns, large and small, show that the soil and climate of the Prairie State are favorable for rapid growth of forest trees. zinc-mining of IUinois. Savanna (3,691), the largest city of Carroll County, is situated on the Mississippi River. Mount Carroll (1,759) is the county seat of Car- roU County. Fulton (2,174), in Whiteside County, is on the Mis sissippi opposite Clin ton, Iowa (25,577). Cities of the Rock River Basin. — The Rock River Basin in IUinois contains 5,310 square mUes, or nearly 10 per cent of the area of the state. Twelve cities having a popula tion of 2,500 or more are located within the basin and three others are situated at the edge of the basin on the Missis sippi River. The total population of these fif teen cities in 1910 was 164,058, and important increases have taken place since that date. Freeport (17,567), the county seat of Stephenson County, is located on the Peca- tonica River, a tribu tary of Rock River. It is an important raUroad and manufacturing cen ter with 48 per cent of the population of Stephenson County. Rockford (45,401), the county seat of Winnebago County, is on the Rock River. It is the fifth city in the state in popu- BRIDGE OVER MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT FULTON, WHITESIDE COUNTY Railroad bridges across the Mississippi River are common above St. Louis, while below St. Louis, where the river and flood plain are wider, there are but few bridges. OTHER CITIES OF ILLINOIS 295 lation, and 72 per cent of the people of Winnebago County live in Rockford. Camp Grant was established on the east side of Rock River just below Rockford soon after the United States entered the world-war against Germany. In a few weeks' time a mUitary city was constructed capable of housing a population equal to that of the city of Rockford. From September, 1917, when the cantonment was first opened, to the close of the war, Camp Grant was the busiest center of activity in Rock River Basin. Here the soldiers were given the intensive training necessary to make them the best fighters of modern war fare. The topography of the region of Camp Grant presents features of some military impor tance. If the area is looked upon from the point of view of mili tary operations, there are some significant features, though none of a command ing character. The Rock, the Peca- tonica, the Kishwaukee, and the Sugar rivers all are large enough to interfere with the crossing of men or wheels, except where they are bridged. Bridges are destroyed easily, so that problems of stream crossings are serious, as the Austrians found in their early attempts (1914) to cross the Save and the Danube, into Serbia. The Rock, though a small stream as compared with some of those which have played an important part in the European conflict, is too large in most places to be forded at any time. The valleys of some of the larger rivers of western France, as the Somme, have low flood plains which offer problems similar to those of the Pecatonica. . The Kishwaukee and Rock rivers afford opportunity for the study of problems in crossing streams where bridges are wanting, but where the bottom is firm. The valley of the Pecatonica offers excellent opportunity for the study of the many problems which armies might encounter in the field, SCENE IN PARK, GENESEO, HENRY COUNTY 296 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS in crossing wet, marshy and flooded tracts, and in crossing streams with soft, muddy bottoms. The utilization of steep slopes can be studied to good advantage along the Kishwaukee above Camp, and along the Rock below the Kishwaukee. If this region were the scene of such conflicts as northern France, one of the great and immediate problems would be the construction of roads — roads which would be serviceable in all sorts of weather, for all sorts of traffic. Fortunately material for the betterment of the roads is at hand. Lime stone underlies most of the region, and limestone, crushed and properly applied, makes excellent road metal. jjm~? '¦¦> -Swhir.;.... N* **JBP^™*Mfc|i iSSstfck"" ' ^^_ 1_ mmvr ROCK RIVER, NEAR OREGON, OGLE COUNTY T„. .The. scenery along Rock River in Ogle County is similar to that along the Illinois River in La Salle County. In both regions the streams have cut their valleys into St. Peter sandstone, and similar topographic forms have resulted. Trenches could be made in some of the mantle rock easily and in some of it only with more or less difficulty. Trenches in some sorts of material would dram readily, while in some drainage would need to be provided with much care. Trench walls would stand much better in some sorts of material than in others. Problems involving these elements can be studied to good advantage close to Camp. Tunneling and mining have been important in some places in the European battle-fields, both in Italy and France. The steep slopes of the Rock below the Kishwaukee afford opportunity for practice in tunneling in rock which is excavated rather easily. Problems in the timbering of tunnels or other excavations also could be studied.1 M LRc?'tSa Joslyh. item _WakE ' fctertown^) Barstpw___/-( ^^hbvine lorn. leveleaid. MOLINE yXf if. i„„„ Pkp* BOCKglSLApD ' ^MS^&c=^k Green^ Seers yVLc •"LodiniS ESEO ~0 " I,',,,,,!1, aSSK MAP OF ROCK ISLAND DISTRICT Rock Island, Moline, and Davenport form an industrial center known as the "tri-cities." A United States arsenal is located on the island in the Mississippi River between Rock Island and Davenport. (Scale 1 inch to 8 miles.) and Sycamore of DeKalb County. DeKalb is the seat of the Northern IUinois State Normal School. Rochelle (2,732) is the largest city in Ogle County, and Oregon, on Rock River, is the county seat. Dixon (7,216), on Rock River, is the county seat and largest city in Lee County. Amboy (1,749) is located near the center of Lee County. 298 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS BIRD S-EYE VIEW OF ROCK ISLAND Rock Island is one of the important manufacturing cities of Illinois. Looking cast from Seventh Street and Second Avenue one sees this view. The dome of the courthouse is to the right and the government bridge from Rock Island Arsenal to Davenport is to the left. VIEW ACROSS MISSISSIPPI RIVER FROM ROCK ISLAND PLOW WORKS The Mississippi River flows westward past Rock Island. Thus Davenport, which can be seen across the river, lies north of Rock Island. The bluffs, lying within a half-mile of the water's edge, can be seen in the distance. OTHER CITIES OF ILLINOIS 299 Sterling (7,467) and Rock Falls (2,657) are located on opposite sides of Rock River in the eastern part of Whiteside County. Water-power has been developed here. Morrison (2,410) is the county seat of Whiteside County. Rock Island (24,335), Moline (24,199), and East Moline (2,665) form a compact urban district located on the Missis sippi River just above the mouth of Rock River. With Daven port, Iowa (43,028), on the opposite bank of the Mississippi, this urban district has a popula tion of nearly 100,000. The United States Arsenal is located on an island in the river at this point. Rock Island is the county seat of Rock Island County. Rock Island and Moline manufac ture agricultural imple ments on a large scale. The combined popula tion of Rock Island, Moline, and East Mo line comprises 70 per cent of the population of the county. A state hospital is located at Watertown (525), a vUlage on the Mississippi just above East Moline. Cities between Rock and Illinois rivers. — The strip of land along the Mississippi between the mouth of Rock River and the mouth of the IUinois, including about one-haK of the length of the state, and extending eastward to the divide between the Mississippi and the Illinois, is a narrow irregular strip varying from about two miles in width in Calhoun County FORT ARMSTRONG BLOCKHOUSE Old Fort Armstrong is situated on an island in the Mississippi River between Rock Island and Davenport. It was built in 1816 and named for the then Secretary of War. The fort shown here is a reproduction of the earlier one. It was built in 1916, the centennial year of the founding of the fort. 300 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS to sixty miles in Mercer and Henry counties. In Hancock County the divide approaches within eight miles of the Missis sippi. This area contains two cities of considerable size, Quincy and Monmouth, whUe Galesburg and Galva are situated on the divide. Along this stretch of the Mississippi are found three important cities in Iowa: Burlington (24,324), Fort Madison (8,900), and Keokuk (14,088); also Hannibal (18,341) and Louisiana (4,454) in Missouri. Aledo (2,144), the county seat, and Keithsburg (1,515), on the Mississippi, are the principal towns in Mercer county. Oquawka (907), the county seat of Henderson County, is a river port. Monmouth (9,128), the county seat of Warren County, is an important raUroad cen ter and manufactures pottery. Nauvoo (1,020), on the Mississippi in Han cock County, is the largest river port in IUi nois without a raUroad. In 1844, at the height of Mormon prosperity in IUinois, Nauvoo was a city of 16,000 inhabit ants. Carthage, the county seat of Hancock County, although only 12 miles from the Mississippi, lies in the IUinois River Basin. Hamilton (1,627) is on the Mississippi directly west of Carthage and opposite Keokuk, Iowa. It lies at the Illinois end of the great water-power dam buUt across the Mississippi between HamUton and Keokuk. Below HamUton, Illinois lies opposite Missouri. Warsaw (2,254) is on the Mississippi 3 mUes below Hamilton. Quincy (36,589), the county seat of Adams County and sixth city of the state, is next to Peoria and East St. Louis in population among the river ports of Illinois. It contains 56 per cent of the population of Adams County. Stoves and p. WELL-SHADED STREET, PITTSFIELD, PIKE COUNTY This scene shows the luxuriant growth of trees commonly found along the streets and in the parks of Illinois cities. OTHER CITIES OF ILLINOIS 301 furnaces are among its leading manufactures. It is the seat of the Illinois State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home. Pittsfield (2,095) is the county seat of Pike County. It is the terminus of a branch line of raUroad. Cities between the Illinois and Kaskaskia rivers. — Of the numerous smaU streams flowing directly into the Mississippi between the Illinois and Kaskaskia, the most important is Cahokia Creek, whose basin includes portions of Macoupin, Madison, and St. Clair counties. In the upper part of its basin VIEW ALONG PAINTER CREEK, PITTSFIELD, PIKE COUNTY A typical scene along a creek in level country. Cutting of banks is going on at one place, deposits are made at another, and the influence of vegetation in retarding erosion is also shown. are three important mining centers of Macoupin County: Gillespie (2,241), Benld (1,912), and Staunton (5,048). Edwardsville (5,014), the county seat of Madison County, is on the middle portion of Cahokia Creek. It was one of the most important settlements in the early history of the state. Alton (17,528) is located on the Mississippi about midway between the mouth of the IUinois River and East St. Louis. It is the largest city of Madison County. It has numerous railroads and is an important manufacturing center. Upper Alton (2,918) is directly east of Alton, and was annexed to Alton in 1911. It is the seat of Shurtleff College and of the 302 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Western Military Academy. East Alton (584) adjoins Alton, and during the war built extensive munition works. Wood River, -about 3 miles below Alton, was a village of less than one hundred in 1910. The establishment of an oU refinery has increased its population to more than three thousand. Granite City (9,903), Madison (5,046), and Venice (3,718) in Madison County form a compact industrial area. Collins- ville (7,478) has zinc smelters. Highland (2,675), in the eastern part of the county, is in the Kaskaskia Basin. Sixty per cent of the population of Madison County live in these eight cities having popu lations of 2,500 or more. East St. Louis (58,547) is in the northwest corner of St. Clair County, just opposite St. Louis, Mis souri (687,029). The transportation facUities of East St. Louis are so exceUent that this city no longer serves only as a front door to St. Louis, but it has made rapid progress in developing important industries of its own. It stands second only to Chicago in its importance as a raUroad center in Illinois. Its growth since 1910 has been marked. Cahokia Creek joins the Mississippi at East St. Louis. Belleville (21,122), the county seat of St. Clair County, is located near the divide between the Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers. It is an important coal-mining and manufacturing center. Scott Aviation Field, at which hundreds of aviators received their training during the world-war, is located at BellevUle. WORK ON THE DIKES, EAST ST. LOUIS The river floods of 1903 required that the dikes at East St. Louis be quickly raised by means of thousands of bags of sand. Perma nent improvements now make the dikes stronger. (Copyright by Keystone View Company.) ST. LOUIS, EAST ST. LOUIS, AND VICINITY This map (scale 1 inch to 8 miles) represents an area 60 miles by 40 miles, the southwest portion of which is in Missouri. The convergence of railroad lines on East St, Louis and St. Louis indicates the control which river courses and suitable river crossings have on transportation lines. OTHER CITIES OF ILLINOIS 303 St. Clair County stands next to Cook County in population. Two-thirds of the people of the county live in the two cities of East St. Louis and BeUeviUe. Smaller cities of the county contain more than 10 per cent of the population of the county. The western portions of Madison and St. Clair counties from Alton to BeUeviUe, a distance of 30 mUes, form an urban district of the St. Louis region, much as the cities of north eastern IUinois form an urban district in the Chicago region. Columbia (2,076), and Waterloo (2,091), the county seat, are the principal towns of Monroe County. Cities of the Kaskaskia Basin. — The Kaskaskia River Basin is nearly 200 mUes in length with an average width of about 30 miles. It lies in a northeast-southwest direction, extending from Champaign County to Randolph County, approaching within 40 miles of the Indiana state line. It has an area of 5,710 square mUes, or one-tenth of the area of the state. Champaign and Urbana are on the divide between the Kas kaskia and Wabash basins and wUl be included with the cities of the Wabash Basin. SuUivan (2,621) is the county seat of Moultrie County, and ShelbyviUe (3,590) of Shelby County. Pana (6,055), in the southeast corner of Christian County, is an important coal-mining center. In Montgomery County are found Nokomis (1,872), Witt (2,170), HiUsboro (3,424), the county seat, and Litchfield (5,971). Coal-mining is important at these cities. Mount Olive (3,501) is in the southeast corner of Macoupin County on the western margin of the Kaskaskia Basin. It lies in the rich coal district, and is only a few miles from GUlespie, Benld, and Staunton. Vandalia (2,974), the county seat of Fayette County, was the state capital for twenty years, 1819 to 1839. The old capital is now the county courthouse. Greenville (3,178) is the county seat of Bond County. Carlyle (1,982) is the county seat of Clinton County. Breese (2,128) is in the same county. In that portion of St. Clair County included in the Kaskaskia Basin are O'Fallon (2,018), Lebanon (1,907), Mascoutah (2,081), Millstadt (1,140), New Athens (1,131), and Marissa (2,004). 304 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Salem (2,669) is the county seat of Marion County. Near Odin (1,400) is found one of the state agricultural experiment fields. Centralia (9,680), at the western margin of Marion County, is a coal-mining center. It is the most important raUroad center and the largest city located within the borders of the Kaskaskia Basin. Belleville and Champaign, on the edges of the basin, are larger than Centralia. Nashville (2,135) is the county seat of Washington County. Sparta (3,081) is the largest city in Randolph County. Chester (2,747), the county seat of Randolph County, is the seat of the Southern IUinois State Penitentiary and of a state hospital. Chester is located on the Mississippi about 10 miles below the present junction of the Kaskaskia with the Mississippi. Before the cut-off was made forming Kaskaskia Island, the Kaskaskia River joined the Mississippi just above Chester. The Mississippi at present occupies, for a distance of about 10 mUes, the former lower course of the Kaskaskia. Kaskaskia (142), or New Kaskaskia, as it is caUed to dis tinguish it from the noted settlement of colonial days, is a vUlage located on Kaskaskia Island. It is an Illinois vUlage located west of the Mississippi River. Cities of the Big Muddy Basin. — The Big Muddy River Basin has an area of 2,230 square mUes, or 4 per cent of the area of the state. It contains ten cities having populations of 2,500 or more, and numerous smaUer cities and vUlages. No other part of the state except the urban districts of Chicago and St. Louis has so many cities of more than 2,500 inhabitants in so small an area. None of these ten cities had a population of 10,000 in 1910. The basin contains the most productive coal district of the state, WUliamson and Franklin counties alone producing about one-fourth of the output of the state. Coal mines are found near each of the ten cities except Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon (8,007), the county seat of Jefferson County, was the largest of the cities of the Big Muddy Basin in 1910. It is an important raUroad center. Pinckneyville (2,722) is the county seat and Duquoin (5,454) the largest city in Perry County. Benton (2,675) is the county seat of Franklin County. OTHER CITIES OF ILLINOIS 305 Murphysboro (7,485) is the county seat of Jackson County. Carbondale (5,411) is the seat of the Southern Illinois State Normal University. Johnston City (3,248), Herrin (6,861), Carterville (2,971), and Marion (7,093) are in Williamson County, the most impor tant coal-producing county of the state, furnishing about one-sixth of the total for the state. These four cities have 45 per cent of the population of the county. Marion is the county seat. Cities of the Saline Basin. — The Saline River and its tribu taries drain an area of considerable extent lying east of the Big Muddy Basin and north of the Ozark Ridge. The Saline River empties into the Ohio about 15 miles below the mouth of the Wabash. Harrisburg (5,309) , county seat of Saline County, is the larg est city of the Saline Basin. Eldorado (3,366) is the second city of the county. Carrier Mills (1,558) at the foot of the Ozark Ridge has the southernmost coal mines of the state. The coal- bearing rocks are absent from the Ozarks. Saline County ranks high in coal production with twenty or more shipping mines. Equality (1,180), in Gallatin County, was noted for its salt works in the days of early settlement in Illinois. Shawneetown (1,863), county seat of Gallatin County, located on the Ohio River, six mUes below the mouth of the Wabash, was the leading city of southeastern IUinois in the pioneer days when travel and commerce were largely carried on by river. Cities of the Ozark region. — The Ozark Plateau and its spurs occupy the southernmost seven counties of Illinois. These seven counties have four cities with populations of 2,500 or more, only one of which is on the Ozark uplands, the other three being ports on the Ohio River. Jonesboro (1,169) is the county seat of Union County. Anna (2,809) is the seat of a state hospital. Vienna (1,124) is the county seat of Johnson County. Golconda (1,088), the county seat of Pope County, is located on the Ohio River, and it is the terminus of a railroad branch line. Fluor spar from the mines of Rosiclare is here transferred from the river to the raUroad. 306 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Rosiclare (609), in Hardin County, has the largest fluor-spar mines in the world. A railroad about one mUe in length brings the fluor spar from the mines to the wharf, where it is loaded on boats and taken downstream to Golconda or up stream to Shawneetown for transshipment by raUroad. Elizabethtown (633), the county seat of Hardin County, is known everywhere throughout southern IUinois as E-town. Thebes (717), in Alexander County, is at the IUinois end of a raUroad bridge, the only Illinois bridge across the Missis sippi south of St. Louis. Cairo (14,548), the county seat of Alexander County, is located at the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers with its wharves on the Ohio River front. A raUroad bridge crosses the Ohio River here. Cairo is the metropolis of southern IUinois. It is the largest city in IlUnois south of BeUe viUe, 120 mUes away. MAIN STREET, ELIZABETHTOWN, HARDIN COUNTY No city SO large aS "E-town" is a county seat and a river port Cairo is found to the without a railroad. The Ohio River is seen at ., the foot of Main Street. north and east until we reach Springfield or Decatur, 200 mUes to the north, or DanvUle, 250 mUes to the northeast, in each case more than hah the distance from Cairo to Chicago. Cairo has important commercial and manufac turing interests. Mound City (2,837), the county seat of Pulaski County, is a river port on the Ohio, 7 miles upstream, almost due north from Cairo. It has important lumber industries. Mounds (1,686), 3 mUes from Mound City, is an important railroad junction. Joppa (734), in Massac County, is a river port, a railroad terminus, and an important center for truck farming for northern markets. Metropolis (4,656), the county seat of Massac County, is an important river port, and the site of a new raUroad bridge yfi** -4 -¦¦'-'• I.« *?;;-¦ .:.<¦, •MW- JllpF OTHER CITIES OF ILLINOIS 307 across the Ohio, the only one in Illinois above Cairo. The Fort Massac State Park, near which George Rogers Clark entered Illinois, is located at Metropolis. It contains a monu ment to George Rogers Clark. Brookport (1,443), six miles up the Ohio from Metropolis, is the terminus of a railroad branch line. Brookport is oppo site Paducah, Kentucky (22,760), with which it is connected by a car ferry. Cities of the Wabash Basin.— The Wabash River Basin in IUinois ex tends from Ford County on the north to Gallatin County on the south. Its north-south length is about 200 miles and its width varies from 40 to 60 mUes. Its area is 8,770 miles, or 15 percent of the area of the state. In this area there are 18 cities having a popula tion of 2,500 or more. The northern part of the basin is drained by the VermUion River, a tribu tary which joins the Wabash in Indiana. This stream is sometimes designated as the Wabash-Vermilion to distinguish it from the IUinois- VermUion, which flows to the northwest and joins the IUinois River in La SaUe County. Paxton (2,912) is the county seat of Ford County. Rantoul (1,384) is in Champaign County, 15 miles north of Champaign. Shortly after the United States entered the world-war the citizens of Rantoul and vicinity secured the location of an aviation training camp at Rantoul. The camp is known as Chanute Aviation Field. The field occupies FORT MASSAC AND MONUMENT TO GEORGE ROGERS CLARK, METROPOLIS, MASSAC COUNTY George Rogers Clark and his company of soldiers carried the first American flag into the Illinois country in 1778, entering Illinois from the Ohio River near this scene. 308 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS one square mUe of very level land. More than a thousand men were engaged here as mechanics, instructors, and cadets, large classes graduating at frequent intervals and other candi dates taking their places. Champaign (12,421) and Urbana (8,245) are adjoining cities, the seat of the University of IUinois. The campus with its numerous buildings is in Urbana, extending along the street which forms the boundary line between the two cities. The two cities form a compact urban area. Urbana was founded earlier than Champaign and before raUroads were buUt. The survey for the IUinois Central RaUroad carried the line 2 miles west of Urbana across the open prairie. A settlement was then started at Champaign. The "Big Four" Railroad passes through both cities. All Chicago traffic, however, is carried on through Champaign. Both cities have buUt good business establishments and excellent resi dential districts. Champaign has developed the more exten sive business district and has the larger population. The two cities furnish homes for 40 per cent of the people of Cham paign County. Urbana is the county seat. Hoopeston (4,698), in the northern part of Vermilion County, has important corn-canning factories. Danville (27,871), the county seat of VermUion County, is an important coal-mining center. WestviUe (2,607) and Georgetown (2,307), south of DanviUe, have coal mines. These four cities contain 48 per cent of the population of VermUion County. Tuscola (2,453), the county seat, and Areola (2,100) are the principal cities of Douglas County. Mattoon (11,456), the largest city between Cairo and Champaign, is an important raUroad center in the western part of Coles County. It is a great broom-corn market, as broom corn is raised extensively in Coles and adjoining counties. Charleston (5,884), the county seat of Coles County, is the seat of the Eastern IUinois State Normal School. Paris (7,664), the county seat of Edgar County, is a good railroad center. An electric line connects Paris and Terre Haute, Indiana. OTHER CITIES OF ILLINOIS 309 Marshall (2,569), the county seat, and Casey (2,157) are the principal cities of Clark County. Toledo (900), the county seat, Neoga (1,074), and Greenup (1,224) are the principal towns of Cumberland County. Effingham (3,898), the county seat of Effingham County, is the seat of a school of photography. Newton (2,108) is the county seat of Jasper County. Robinson (3,863), the county seat of Crawford County, is in the oil-producing district. It has an oil refinery and manufactures oU-weU supplies. Oblong (1,482) is also in the oil region of Crawford County. Lawrenceville (3,235), the county seat, and Bridgeport (2,703) are in the rich oU fields of Lawrence County. Lawrence ville has two oU refineries and an asphalt factory. Sumner (1,413) is in the western part of Lawrence County. Olney (5,011) is the county seat of Lawrence County. "Larchmound," the country home of Robert Ridgway, Amer ica's noted ornithologist, and "Bird Haven," a tract of native woodland owned and set aside by Mr. Ridgway as a natural breeding-place for birds, are located near Olney. LouisviUe (670) is the county seat and Flora (2,704) the largest city of Clay County. Fairfield (2,479) is the county seat of Wayne County. An agricultural experiment field is located near Fairfield. Albion (1,281), the county seat of Edwards County, was laid out in October, 1818, in the center of the English settle ment which was made under the leadership of George Flower and Morris Birbeck. The settlement was made famous throughout the world through the notes, pamphlets, and letters of the founders and by published reports of foreign travelers who visited the settlement in its early years. These reports stimulated immigration to IUinois from other states and from abroad. The first public library in IUinois was founded at Albion in 1818. The home buUt by Mr. Flower in 1819 was said to be in its day the finest residence west of the Allegheny Mountains. Mount Carmel (6,934), the county seat of Wabash County, is the largest city in Illinois located on the Wabash River. A ferry runs between Mount Carmel and the Indiana shore. 310 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Grayville (1,940) is in the northeast corner of White County on the Wabash. Carmi (2,833), the county seat, is near the center of the county. Growth of Illinois Cities. — In the foregoing chapters no effort has been made to take account of the changes in popula tion of IUinois cities since 1910. From the official figures given in these pages, and a knowledge of local conditions at present, the reader wiU be able to arrive at correct conclusions con cerning increase of population during recent years in his own locality. The larger cities with good commercial locations have grown in population; many of the smaUer cities which have secured industrial plants have made important increases in population. In 1915 the U.S. Census Bureau made careful estimates of the population of the large cities of the United States. The total estimated population of the 38 cities of IUinois having 10,000 or more inhabitants in 1915 was 3,383,407. The total population of the 112 cities having populations between 2,500 and 10,000 in 1910 was 525,966, or 9 per cent of the population of the state. The total population of the 144 cities having 2,500 or more inhabitants was 3,476,929, or 61 per cent of the population of the state. A complete list of aU vUlages, cities, and raUroad stations includes more than 4,000 names. In the accompanying tables the 144 cities of IUinois are listed in the order of population in 1910, and 38 are also listed in the order of estimated population in 1915. Conclusion. — Although IlUnois is the leading state in agri culture, there is a notable concentration of the population in cities. The smaUer cities serve the commercial needs of the farming communities in which they are located. Others of the smaUer and moderate-sized cities are located in coal-mining districts. Other larger cities have profited by the location of large commercial houses and manufacturing plants. Chicago, the metropolis of the state, contains 1 . 6 times as great a popu lation as the next 143 cities of the state combined. It is Chicago and suburbs that give Illinois the appearance of an urban rather than an agricultural state. Outside the Chicago district the urban population of the state is weU developed, OTHER CITIES OP ILLINOIS 311 but hot predominant for a thriving agricultural and coal- producing state. TABLE I Cities or Illinois, Population 10,000 or More, 1910 and 1915 Rank City Population Rank City Population 1910 1910 1915 1915 1... Chicago 2,185,283 1... Chicago 2,447,045 2... Peoria 66,950 2 East St. Louis 72,105 3... East St. Louis 58,547 3.'.'. Peoria 70,732 4... Springfield 51,678 4... Springfield 59,468 5... Rockford 45,401 5... Rockford 53.761 6... Quincy 36,587 6... Decatur 38,526 7... Joliet 34,670 7... Joliet 37,472 8... Decatur 31,140 8... Quincy 36,764 9... Aurora 29,807 9... Aurora 33,613 10... Danville 27,871 10... Danville 31,554 11... Elgin 25,976 11... Evanston 28,312 12.. . Bloomington 25,768 12... Rock Island 27,961 13... Evanston 24,978 13... Elgin 27,844 14... Rock Island 24,335 14... Bloomington 27,054 15... Moline 24,199 15. .. Moline 26,927 16... Galesburg 22,089 16... Oak Park 25,492 17... Belleville 21,122 17... Galesburg 23,923 18... Oak Park 19,444 18... Alton 22,483 19... Freeport 17,567 19... Belleville 21,144 20... Alton 17,528 20... Chicago Heights 20,626 21... Waukegan 16,069 21... Waukegan 19,571 22... Jacksonville 15,326 22... Freeport 19,293 23... Cicero 14,557 23... Cicero 19,102 24... Cairo 14,548 24... Cairo 15,593 25... Chicago Heights 14,525 25... Jacksonville 15,456 26... Streator 14,253 26.. . Granite City 14,394 27... Kankakee 13,986 27... Streator 14,295 28... Champaign 12,421 28... Kankakee 14,190 29... La Salle 11,537 29... Champaign 14,171 30... Mattoon 11,456 30... Kewanee 13,517 31... Lincoln 10,892 31 . . . Canton 12,850 32... Canton 10,453 32... Mattoon 12,400 33... La Salle 12,110 34... Lincoln 11,685 35... Centralia 11,238 36... Pekin 10,673 37... Maywood 10,155 38... Monmouth 10,008 1 "otal, 32 cities. .. 2,950,963 Tc tal, 38 cities 3,383,407 1 ercentage of state 52 Tc lis InIn ital, 32 cities, 1910 t crease, 32 cities, 1910 list crease percentage, 32 cities, 1910 list. 3,313,422 362,459 12 312 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS TABLE II Cities of Illinois, Population 2,500 to 10,000, 1910 Rank City Popula tion Rank City Popula tion 33.. Granite City 9,903 81.. Morris 4,563 34.. Pekin 9,897 82. . Batavia 4,436 35.. Centralia 9,680 83.. Woodstock 4,331 36.. Ottawa 9,535 84.. Highland Park 4.209 37.. Kewanee 9,307 85.. Princeton 4,131 38.. Monmouth 9,128 86.. Jerseyville 4,113 39.. Urbana 8,245 87.. St. Charles 4,046 40.. DeKalb 8,102 88.. Normal 4,024 41.. Blue Island 8,043 89.. Virden 4,000 42.. Maywood 8,033 90.. Sycamore 3,986 43.. Mount Vernon 8,007 91.. Effingham 3,898 44.. Peru 7,984 92.. Robinson 3,863 45.. Paris 7,664 93.. Mendota 3,806 46.. Murphysboro 7,485 94.. Venice 3,718 47.. Collinsville 7,478 95.. Morgan Park 3,694 48.. Sterling 7,467 96.. Savanna 3,691 49.. Belvidere 7,253 97.. Carlinville 3,616 50.. Harvey 7,227 98 ShelbyviUe 3,590 51.. Dixon 7,216 99.. Havana 3,525 52.. Marion 7,093 100.. Mount Olive 3,501 53.. Spring Valley 7,035 101.. Naperville 3,449 54.. Mount Carmel 6,934 102. . Hillsboro 3,424 55.. Herrin 6.861 103.. Wheaton 3,423 56.. Forest Park 6,594 104 Eldorado 3,366 57.. Beardstown 6,107 105. . Lake Forest 3,349 58.. Pontiac 6,090 106.. North Chicago 3,306 59.. Pana 6,055 107.. Marseilles 3,291 60.. Litchfield 5,971 108.. Johnston City 3,248 61.-. Charleston 5,884 109.. Lawrenceville 3,235 62.. Berwyn 5,841 110.. Geneseo 3,199 63.. Macomb 5,774 111.. Oglesby 3,194 64.. Duquoin 5,454 112.. Greenville 3,178 65.. Taylorville 5,446 113.. Winnetka 3,168 66.. Carbondale 5,411 114. . Sparta 3,081 67.. Harrisburg 5,309 115. . Harvard 3,008 68.. LaGrange 5,282 116.. Vandalia 2,974 69.. Clinton 5,165 117.. Carterville 2,971 70.. Staunton 5,048 118.. Upper Alton 2,918 71.. Madison 5,046 119.. Paxton 2,912 72.. Edwardsville 5,014 120.. White Hall 2,854 73.. Olney 5,011 121.. Mound City 2,837 74.. West Hammond 4,948 122. . Carmi 2,833 75.. Wilmette 4.943 123.. Anna 2,809 76.. Galena 4,855 124. . Chester 2,747 77.. Melrose Park 4,806 125.. Rochelle 2,732 78.. Zion City 4,789 126. . Pinckneyville 2,722 79.. Hoopeston 4,698 127.. Flora 2,704 80.. Metropolis 4,658 128.. Bridgeport 2,703 OTHER CITIES OF ILLINOIS 313 TABLE II — Continued Cities of Illinois, Population 2,500 to 10,000, 1919 Rank City Popula tion Rank City Popula tion 129.130. 131. 132. 133. 134.135.136. BentonHighland Salem Averyville Coal City East Moline Rock Falls Sullivan 2.675 2,6752,6692,668 2,6672,6652,657 2,621 137.138..139..140.. 141..142.. 143..144.. BushnellWestvilleDowners Grove PetersburgMarshallSandwich LockportFairbury 2,619 2,607 2,6012,587 2,569 2,557 2,5552,505 Total, 112 cities, 2,500 to 10,000 Percentage of state Total, 144 cities over 2,500 Percentage of state 525,966 9 3,476,929 61 CHAPTER XX GOVERNMENT The capital city. — Old Kaskaskia was the capital of IUinois Territory 1809-18 and the capital of the state of IUinois 1818- 20. Vandalia was the second capital of the state, 1820-39. STATE CAPITOL, SPRINGFIELD _ The c'apitol was completed in 1888. It is in the form of a Greek cross with porticoes of granite and a dome 361 feet in height. Springfield has been the capital since that date. The beautiful and commodious State House, or Capitol, was erected between 1867 and 1888. In 1905 the appropriation was made for the Supreme Court Building. In 1917 the State Legislature 314 GOVERNMENT 315 SUPREME COURT BUILDING, SPRINGFIELD The rapid growth of state business made Tnecessary more room than that contained in [the spacious capitol. The Supreme Court [Building was the first additional building to be erected for state officials. provided for the construction of a Centennial Memorial BuUding to be used by various departments of the state govern ment. The corner stone was laid October 5, 1918, on the centennial of the meeting of the first legis lature and the inaugura tion of the first governor. On the same date the statues of Lincoln and Douglas, erected on the capitol grounds, were dedicated. The Gov ernor's Mansion, the home of the chief execu tive, is also the property of the state. • The State Fair Grounds are located at Springfield. Camp Lincoln, set aside for the training of the National Guard, is near the city. Lincoln's home, now the ! :Jl property of the state, and Lincoln's monu ment, also under the care of the state, are interesting memorials in the capital city to our most Ulustrious citizen. The importance of Springfield as a city is largely enhanced by its being the seat of the state government. In addition, the advantages of location due to rich coalfields and fertUe agri cultural lands, together with excellent transportation facilities and the estabUshment of numerous industrial and commercial plants, have made Springfield the fourth city of the state in population. GOVERNOR'S MANSION, SPRINGFIELD The state, like the United States, provides a home for its chief executive during his term of office. The Governor's Mansion is located at Fifth and Jackson streets. 316 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS CENTENNIAL BUILDING, SPRINGFIELD This is a photograph of a model of the Centennial Building. The corner stone was laid October 5, 1918, on the centennial of the meeting.of the first legis lature and the inauguration of the first governor. FRENCH MISSION AT LINCOLN S TOMB, SPRINGFIELD The French Commission visited Oak Ridge Cemetery on May 7, 1917. Here they are standing beside the tomb of Lincoln. From right to left they are: Marshal Joffre, ex-Premier Viviani, Admiral Chocheprat, and Lieutenant-Colonel Jean Fabry. GOVERNMENT 317 State government and geographical divisions. — The state government, like the national government, has three depart ments, the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. Elec tion of state officers and of United States senators is made by a vote of the state as a whole. The election of persons to the legislative and judicial departments of the state government LINCOLN CENTENNIAL MONUMENT, EAST ENTRANCE TO CAPITOL GROUNDS, SPRINGFIELD "Lincoln of the Farewell Address" is the work of the NewEngland sculptor, Andrew O'Connor. This statue was erected in the state centennial year, 1918. It represents Lincoln as he appeared when he left Springfield on Febiuary 11, 1861, to go to Washington to take up his new duties as president. The statue is 1(H feet high and stands on a granite base. and to the Lower House of the Congress of the United States makes necessary the geographical division of the state in several different ways for governmental purposes. The General Assembly or State Legislature consists of 51 Senators, one for each senatorial district, and 153 Repre sentatives, three for each senatorial district. It is necessary, 318 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS therefore, to divide the state into 51 geographic divisions known and numbered as senatorial districts. These are indicated on the accompanying map. Cook County, because of its large population, contains 19 of the 51 senatorial dis tricts numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, and 31. The other districts of the state are numbered on the map. The boundaries of senatorial districts outside of Cook County foUow county lines. Each of the three counties, Peoria, La Salle, and St. Clair, forms a district. STATE ARSENAL AT SPRINGFIELD This building not only serves its purpose as an arsenal, but it provides a com modious hall for conventions, lectures, and concerts. The State Natural History Museum, now located here, is to be transferred to the Centennial Building when completed.Other districts are composed of counties varying in number from two to seven. The grouping of counties by districts is shown on the map. The State Legislature meets once in two years at Springfield in the Senate Chamber and the Hall of the House of Representatives of the State Capitol. Joint sessions are held in the Hall of the House of Representatives. The action of the State Legislature applies uniformly to the entire state, but its members, selected from aU parts of the state, are expected to keep the Legislature informed Gth, 1 K E f ^^ 0 1 &.N0J1M0N SCOTTL'*0HtlAM 1 \ ° "l D/sr. Q J)J5T. J QREINI i r i <»»yi MOK TOOMEBV 1 ujsr. j j> j^jtT i^T7! «HT«.«Rv^tf 0 tf DI$ Wh J* 1 S T . p^ ~/T J1— j MAP SHOWING SENATORIAL DISTRICTS OF ILLINOIS 320 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS concerning the needs of the localities which they represent. The state senators are elected for four years and the repre sentatives for two years. The state is divided into seven districts for the election of justices of the Supreme Court. The boundaries of these districts foUow county lines. The counties composing each district are shown on the accompanying map. The justices GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN JOINT SESSION The House of Representatives and the Senate act separately in the passing of laws. The Hall of the House of Representatives is the scene of joint sessions on special occasions. hold office for nine years. The presiding officer, or chief justice, is selected by the members of the Supreme Court from their own number. He serves as chief justice for one year, and, by rotation, each member serves as chief justice at some time during his term of office. The state is divided into four Appellate Court Districts as shown on the accompanying map. Justices for these courts are appointed by the Justices of the Supreme Court. I V: 1 ' \ JO DAVIESS .STEPHENSO* WINNtBAOO oo mo HENRV 17. i*a1 Yi CARROLL .15.,, /^ 7 * 16. DE KALB * * N ( c A DU PAG L jf WHITE^fDI C E f, KENOAL id. BUREAU ' 13. LA SALLE / «* HtNRV ~ QRUHD /will V MIRCIR — '" v KANKAICE KNOX ffT*~ WARRIN 8. WW SHALL 1 10. PEORIA 12. IROQUOIS 11 " 11 a I woooforo 1 1 / •\ #^ x X J h. MCDONOUGH fuiTOy^ic*u!f „. teAH F 0 R 0 Jf HANCOCK ^. , | ° X o O 5X ° < X w I r A S 0 N LOGAN iAhuAi R ^" flErfAR 0 76. BROW "/ "•' ', MACON PIATT \ 8> l_ MORGAN >A\ MON DOUOLAS 5. c o o a n E .a . . VtL ?¦ 1 CHRISTIAN COLE* f MACOUPIN ON B H E L fl ^L_ 4./ ORtENI C t A R K t \i TCOMER / CUMBERLAND l.lrtl. i 0 N D FAVETTE EFFINGHAM ASPER VI * ^v j! MADISON <-> s L ff ° MARION 1 C L A V tV 0""i'6 * > W A V N E a. if* WASHINCTO d'KMO" P Z£ R V ..,!,.. .71 ^^Lr A\N D 0 L P M ^V,T J ACKION •""'V10" SALINE ¦*¦'** V .UNION '•"""" 1.P C p e 1 ... MAP 8BQWING JUDICIAL CIRCUITS OF ILUNOIS 322 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The state outside of Cook County is divided into 17 circuits, in each of which three circuit judges are elected for a term of six years. The map on page 321 shows the number and boundaries of the judicial circuits. Special provision is made for the courts of Cook County, and for this reason Cook County does not appear as one of the numbered districts. Efforts to reapportion the congressional districts of the state based on the census of 1910 have failed. The 25 districts — " — ^i — ii ^C-J^fV fCJj bCr W/^\\ '\ i j. i-C,'--- = r \ - 1 ^~J (^ \ ^X-^^ -}-\ | H J^I4f(--< L= Q^PktW' MAP OF THE SUPREME COURT DISTRICTS OF ILLINOIS MAP OF APPELLATE COURT DISTRICTS OF ILLINOIS The district boundaries follow county lines Cook County alone makes one district remain, therefore, as apportioned in 1901 based on the census of 1900. Since the census of 1910 gives Illinois 27 representa tives in Congress instead of 25, it has been necessary since 1910 to elect two congressmen-at-large. The first nine con gressional districts are whoUy in Cook County. The tenth district includes the northern part of Cook County and all of MAP SHOWING CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS OF ILLINOIS 324 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS SOUTHERN ILLINOIS STATE PENITENTIARY, CHESTER, RANDOLPH COUNTY Illinois has two state penitentiaries, one at Joliet and one at Chester. The men are kept busy at some useful labor for which they are fitted. Lake County. The other districts follow county lines as indi cated on the map shown on page 323. The number of counties in a single district varies from 4 to 11. The Administrative Code. — The executive branch of the state government was reor ganized on July 1, 1917, under a law known as "The CivU Administra tive Code of IUinois." This law provides for nine departments as foUows: 1. Finance; 2. Agriculture; 3. La bor; 4. Mines and Min erals; 5. PubUc Works and BuUdings; 6. Public Wehare; 7. PubUc Health; 8. Trade and Commerce; 9. Registration and Education. A director of each department is appointed by the gov ernor. More than a hundred separate boards and commissions were consolidated under these nine departments. State institutions. — There are many things which contribute to the wehare of the people that can be carried on better by the state as a whole than by private or local interests. These include the state university and the state normal schools as higher institutions of learning; the state hospitals for the care of the msane; schools for boys and girls who are blind, deaf, feeble-minded, or unruly; homes for soldiers, sailors, their STATE REFORMATORY, PONTIAC, LIVINGSTON COUNTY Boys who have violated the law are sent to the State Reformatory. Well-organized school work and industrial training prepare them for useful occupations. MAP OF STATE INSTITUTIONS AND NATIONAL SOLDTERS' HOME 326 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS widows, and orphans; and penitentiaries for those who violate the law. Illinois established and supports by general taxation 32 state institutions. The five state normal schools and the state university are listed among the higher institutions of learning of the state, page 325. The 26 other state institutions are given in the accompanying table and their locations are indicated on the map. Number 27 is a national, not a state, institution. Its service, however, is of the same character as that of the State Soldiers' and SaUors' Home at Quincy. It is open to soldiers from any state of the Union. The popu lation of these institutions as given in the table suggests the large service which they render the state. TABLE I State Institutions No. Institution City Population 1919 1 Elgin State Hospital Elgin 2,144 2 Kankakee State Hospital Kankakee 3,183 3 Jacksonville State Hospital Jacksonville 2,103 4 Anna State Hospital Anna 1,693 5 Watertown State Hospital Watertown 1,603 6 Peoria State Hospital Peoria 2,135 7 Chester State Hospital Chester 142 8 Chicago State Hospital Chicago 3,268 9 Alton State Hospital Alton 702 10 Lincoln State School and Colony Lincoln 2,157 11 Dixon Colony for Feeble-Minded Dixon Colony for Epileptics DixonDixon 12 96 13 State Psychopathic Institute Illinois School for the Deaf Kankakee Jacksonville 14 346 15 Illinois School for the Blind Jacksonville 213 16 Illinois Industrial Home for the Blind Chicago 80 17 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home Quincy 1,230 18 Soldiers' Widows' Home of Illinois Wilmington 96 19 Soldiers' Orphans' Home Normal 405 20 Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary 113 21 State Training School for Girls 453 22 St. Charles School for Boys St. Charles 828 23 Illinois State Farm Illinois State Penitentiary Lockport Joliet 24 1,483 25 Southern Illinois Penitentiary Chester 1,011 26 Illinois State Reformatory 959 27 , National Soldiers' Home Danville 1,201 GOVERNMENT 327 State constitutions. — The first state constitution was adopted in 1818, the second in 1848, and the third in 1870. For several years preceding 1917, various civic organizations of the state had agitated the question of calling a constitutional convention for the purpose of making such changes in the constitution of 1870 as would better meet the present needs of the state. Governor Lowden, in his inaugural message of 1917, submitted the importance of constitutional changes to the General Assembly in the following words: The time has come for a new state constitution. The constitutions framed since the Civil War, including our own, have not been limited to those things which properly constitute the fundamental law of the state; but have contained many matters which are properly the_ subject of legis lation. Legislation always depends upon existing conditions, and condi tions change. A constitution which seems to legislate will inevitably be outgrown. This is our situation today. Therefore, we strongely urge prompt adoption by the General Assembly of a resolution calling for a constitutional convention. In 1917 the General Assembly adopted a resolution sub mitting to the voters of the state at the election in November, 1918, the question as to whether or not a convention "to revise, alter, or amend the constitution of this state" should be caUed. The proposition carried; delegates to a constitutional conven tion were elected in November, 1919; and the convention assembled in Springfield in January, 1920. State parks. — The state parks are administered by the Department of Public Works and Buildings through the Division of Parks. The movement to establish a compre hensive system of state parks has taken place since 1900, and a progressive program of action has foUowed the appointment of a superintendent of parks under the Administrative Code of 1917. The present plan looks forward to the improvement or reclamation of every spot in the state which is of lasting historic importance. The following parks and historic spots are now the property of the state and under the care of the Division of Parks: 1. Starved Rock Park, a tract of about 1,000 acres, is located along the south bank of the Illinois River in La Salle County, near Utica, midway between Ottawa and La Salle. It includes the historic Starved Rock on which La Salle and Tonti erected 328 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Fort St. Louis in 1682. The park extends along the river bluff for 5 mUes and includes more than a score of picturesque canyons. French Canyon, Fox Canyon, and Aurora Canyon are among those easUy visited and widely known. ' Starved Rock Park was purchased by the state in 1911. Visitors now number more than 100,000 annually. A modern hotel, owned by the state, with rooms for 200 guests, offers comfort able accommodations to visitors. Guard raUs have been placed in hazardous places, paths have been laid out, and markers put up showing routes to the differ ent canyons. A spacious auditorium is provided for conventions and social gatherings. A garage is also maintained. Admission to the park and its scenery is free to aU. The historic associations of the region, the natural beauty of the scenery, the good automobile roads leading to the park, the exceUent electric-raUway service, the river ferryboats, and the provision made by the state for the comfort of visitors are making of Starved Rock Park one of the most attractive places to be found between the Appalachian and Rocky mountains. 2. Fort Massac Park is located on the Ohio River at Metropolis in Massac County. George Rogers Clark entered IUinois in 1778 in the immediate vicinity of Fort Massac Park under the first American fiag unfurled in IUinois. A monument to George Rogers Clark has been erected in the park. The site of the park, consisting of 25 acres, was THE FALLS, HEAD OF HORSESHOE CANYON, STARVED ROCK STATE PARK Water flows over the falls of the numerous canyons of Starved Rock State Park only in wet weather. GOVERNMENT 329 purchased by the state in 1903. Visitors wUl find here relics of early IUinois history and a magnificent view of the Ohio River and VaUey. 3. Fort Chartres Park, 10 acres in area, is located in the northwest corner of Randolph County four miles west of the village of Prairie du Rocher, the nearest railroad station. Recent plans provide for the restoration of the old fortress from the native rock which is abundant in the immediate vicinity. A visit to this early center of the white man's activity in Illinois is weU worth the effort of anyone who wishes to recon struct in imagination the conditions under which early exploration and settlement were made. 4. Shabbona Park, a smaU plot, 3£ acres, 14 mUes north of Ottawa, was secured by the state in 1902. This park and the monument erected in the park commemorate the memory of 15 men, women, and chUdren who were massacred by the Indians in 1832. The park is named for Shabbona, an Indian chief, who rode aU night to warn the settlers of their danger. Those who fled at his request saved their lives. 5. Douglas Monument Park, a smaU plot of ground in Chicago at Thirty-fifth Street and Lake Michigan, is the property of the state and contains a monument to Stephen A. Douglas. 6. The Lincoln Monument in Oak Ridge Cemetery, Spring field, is now state property and under the care of the Division WATERFALL, WILD CAT CANYON, STARVED ROCK STATE PARK 330 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS of Parks. The French and British Commissions which visited the United States shortly after America entered the world-war made pUgrimages to the tomb of Lincoln. 7. The Lincoln Homestead, Eighth and Jackson streets, Springfield, has been donated to the state. Its convenient location makes it possible for people to visit it even if their stay in the capital city is very brief. 8. In 1919 the system of state parks was enlarged by the addition of New Salem Park on the banks of the Sangamon River near Petersburg in Menard County. Abraham Lincoln arrived at the vUlage of New Salem in 1831, at the age of twenty- two. New Salem was Lincoln's home for seven years. Here he kept store, practiced surveying, was chosen captain in the Black Hawk War, studied law, and was elected to the State Legislature. In later years, the vUlage was abandoned, the buildings were removed or decayed, and the exact site of the vUlage and its streets lost to the casual observer. A tract of 60 acres has been donated to the state. Historic buUdings of Lincoln's day are to be restored. New Salem Park is one of the most interesting memorials of Abraham Lincoln. President Woodrow WUson and David Lloyd George, premier of England, were charter members of the Old Salem Lincoln League which created an interest in making New Salem a state park. 9. The General Assembly of 1919 appropriated $1,500 to provide a marker for the site of Fort Creve Coeur near Peoria. The State Historical Society is engaged in making a thorough investigation concerning the exact site of Creve Coeur. The state marker wUl not be placed until the committee of the Historical Society reports. Seven sites have been presented for consideration. Proposed state parks. — Other spots within the state having historic value and scenic beauty are under consideration as desirable additions to the state parks. Among these are the following: 1. The White Pine Forest, a tract of 500 acres in Ogle County, is the only natural white-pine woods in IUinois. As a state park this forest would become a center of attraction to visitors, and its care would furnish an opportunity for practical lessons in scientific forestry. GOVERNMENT 331 2. Cahokia Mound or Monk's Mound is in Madison County about 6 miles from East St. Louis. It is a truncated pyramid of earth, 1,080 by 710 feet, and 100 feet above the flood plain of the Mississippi. Sixty smaUer mounds are found within a radius of 2 miles. Authorities differ as to whether these mounds are natural or artificial. Regardless of the method of formation, they furnished the native inhabitants of the region good building-sites above flood damage, and the WHITE-PINE FOREST, OGLE COUNTY The White Pine Forest, a tract of 500 acres, has been under consideration for many years as a state park. This is the only natural white-pine woods in Illinois. relics of these former inhabitants are numerous in and near the mounds. 3. CampbeU's Island, east of Moline, is a tract of 250 acres now used as an amusement park. Historical interest, however, attaches to the spot from the fact that 16 Americans were kUled and 21 wounded here by Indians of Black Hawk's band on July 19, 1814, whUe an expedition under Major John Campbell was going to the relief of Fort Shelby in Wisconsin. Internal improvements. — The voters of the state have approved the expenditure of $20,000,000 for the development 332 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS of the IUinois Waterway and $60,000,000 for the building of good roads. As population has increased and as important needs of value to the state as a whole have appeared, the state government has become increasingly important in its ordinary functions and in the extensive enterprises committed to the state government by special vote of the people. CHAPTER XXI EDUCATION Importance of education. — In order to insure an education to every person of school age the constitution of Illinois states that "the General Assembly shall provide a thorough and efficient system of free schools whereby aU children of this state may receive a good common school education." Under this provision the Legislature has established by means of public funds a complete school system from the lowest to the highest grade, comprising ele mentary schools, high schools, normal schools, and a state university which includes almost every department of gen eral and professional edu cation. More than a million pupUs are enroUed in the public schools of Illinois, and one-fifth as many in the private schools. More persons are engaged in Illinois in the one business of getting an education than in any other single industry of the state. The welfare of the state, the nation, and the world depends very largely on the proper conduct of this largest of public enterprises — the education of the rising generation, and the extension of educational opportunities to adults. In addition to the com plete system of public education for the children and youth of the state as a whole, special schools have been established at state expense for the best development of those chUdren who cannot take advantage of the ordinary school. These special 333 AMERICANIZATION EVENING SCHOOL, SPRINGFIELD Evening schools for adult foreign-born inhabitants are established in all large cities of the United States. These people are eager to learn the English language and to know more about the resources and govern ment of their adopted country. 334 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS TYPICAL COUNTRY SCHOOL, M'LEAN COUNTY The State Superintendent of Public Instruc tion has indicated certain conditions for build ings, furnishings, equipment, and instruction whereby country schools may be classified as "standard" and "superior." This is a stand ard school. schools provide for the education of the blind, the deaf, the feeble-minded, the orphans, and the wayward. Evening schools are maintained in the larger cities of the state where young people may con tinue their education and where foreign-born men and women may learn the EngUsh language. School districts. — The administration of a sys tem df public education requires that the state be divided into school dis tricts. Every home in the state is located within the limits of an elementary-school dis trict. These districts have definite boundaries. A school district may in clude four square mUes, more or less, of farm lands and employ one teacher; or a larger country district with a consohdated school and several teachers; or the school district may be the corporate Umits of a vil lage or smaU city with one buUding and few teachers; or a larger city with its numerous school buUdings and hundreds of teachers. The city of Chicago constitutes the largest single school dis trict in the state with more than 300 large school buUdings and over 8,000 teachers. Not aU the state is included in the high-school districts. The state may therefore be divided into high-school territory and non-high-school territory. Under an insistent public HIGH SCHOOL, PRINCETON, BUREAU COUNTY The Princeton Township High School was the first township high school in Illinois. EDUCATION 335 demand for free public high-school privUeges for aU boys and girls of the state, and under the operation of a recent law favorable to the devel opment of community high schools, the high- school territory of Illi nois is being rapidly extended. The present law provides that pupils living in non-high- school territory may attend a high school and have their tuition paid by the taxpayers of the non-high-school territory of the county. Thus every boy and girl in IUinois may now have a fuU four-year high -school education without charge for individual tuition STATE SOLDIERS ORPHANS HOME, NORMAL, M'LEAN COUNTY The State Soldiers' Orphans' Home was located in Normal in 1867. At first only the children of deceased soldiers were admitted, but since 1907 the home has been opened to other dependent children. All children and youth of Illinois are thus given the opportunity of attending schools provided by state action from the first grade to the most ex tensive and most spe cialized courses of the state university. Normal schools. — Trained teachers are necessary "to provide a thorough and efficient system of free schools," and IUinois has been generous in establish ing five state normal schools in different parts of the state. These normal schools were opened to students in the following VIEW AT MILLIKIN UNIVERSITY, DECATUR The buildings for the James Millikin Uni versity were dedicated in 1903. 336 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS SOUTHERN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, CARBONDALE, JACKSON COUNTY The Southern Illinois State Normal Uni versity was opened in 1874. The Chicago Normal School is maintained by the city of Chicago for the preparation of teach ers for the public schools of Chicago. University of Illi nois. — The state univer sity, the University of IUinois, founded in 1867, and located at Urbana, Champaign County, is the highest educational institution of the state. The University is made up of 11 CoUeges and Schools, 8 of which are at Urbana and 3 in Chi cago. Those at Urbana order: (1) IUinois State Normal University, Nor mal, McLean County, 1857; (2) Southern IUi nois State Normal University, Carbondale, Jackson County, 1874 ; (3) Northern Illinois State Normal School, DeKalb, DeKalb County, and (4) East ern Illinois State Normal School, Charles' ton, Coles County, both on the same day, September, 1899 ; and (5) Western Illinois State Normal School, Macomb, McDonough County, 1902. NORTHERN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, DEKALB, DEKALB COUNTY The Northern Illinois State Normal School and the Eastern Illinois State Normal School were opened on the same day, September 12 1899. EDUCATION 337 WESTERN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, MACOMB, M'DONOUGH COUNTY Western Illinois State Normal School is the fifth and youngest of the state normal schools of Illinois. It was opened in September, 1902. are: Liberal Arts and Sciences, Commerce, Education, Engi neering, Agriculture, Music, Law, Library; those at Chicago, Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy. Special schools. — The School for the Deaf and the School for the Blind are at JacksonviUe; the Lincoln State School and Colony at Lincoln; the school of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Nor mal; the St. Charles School for Boys at St. Charles; and the State Training School for Girls at Geneva. Each of these schools is established to provide educational oppor tunities for a special group of pupUs who cannot have the advantages of the ordi nary public schools. Boys and girls from aU parts of the state are sent to these special schools. Private schools. — About one-fifth as many elementary- and high- school pupils are en rolled in the private schools of the state as in the public schools. These schools may be parochial schools under church management or tuition schools under individual control. Three-fourths of aU pupils of the state attending private schools are in Chicago. Higher institutions of learning. — In addition to the state normal schools, the Chicago Normal School, and the state tlpl i«^8HF fa LINCOLN MEMORIAL HALL, UNIVERSITY OE ILLINOIS, URBANA Lincoln Memorial Hall was made possible by an appropriation given in 1909, the cen tennial of Lincoln's birth. 338 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS FELL GATE AND BUILDINGS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, NORMAL, M'LEAN COUNTY The Illinois State Normal University was the first state normal school estab lished in the Mississippi Valley and the ninth in the United States. The Main Building, the one with the clock tower, begun in 1857, is the oldest state normal- school building now in use in the United States. HARPER LIBRARY AND WOMEN'S HALLS, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Harper Memorial Library was erected in memory of William Rainev Hairier m-esident of the Tin vm tv of r\,-,n*„n ' Miiiey narper, , ....j,... u,UUULUU ijiuiaiy was ereccea first president of the University of Chicago. EDUCATION 339 ¦¦*$m mi* BLACKBURN COLLEGE, CARLINVILLE, MACOUPIN COUNTY Blackburn College, founded in 1837 by Rev. Gideon Blackburn, is one of the oldest colleges in Illinois. university, which are supported by general taxation, Illinois has numerous other colleges, universities, technical and pro fessional schools sup ported by funds from other than public reve nues. Many of these in stitutions were founded in the early years of Illinois statehood before the state had assumed the responsibility for the education of the chil dren or the young people of the common wealth. The table on pages 340-41 indicates the extent to which the higher educational institutions of IUinois are supported and maintained by voluntary action of her citizens. Two of these institutions, the University of Chicago and Northwestern Uni versity, hold high rank among the larger uni versities of America. Of the 66 institutions of higher learning listed on pages 340-41, 10 are supported by pub lic taxation, and 56 are supported by church or private funds; 28 of these 56 are supported by 10 different reUgious denominations, 1 by interdenomi national activity, and 27 are either non-sectarian schools or private institutions. Thirty of these 66 institutions are located in Chicago, 2 in Peoria, 2 in Galesburg, 2 in Jackson- vUle, and 1 in each of 30 other cities, widely distributed throughout the state. BRADLEY INSTITUTE, PEORIA Bradley Polytechnic Institute was opened in 1897. It is a memorial to the deceased children of Mr. and Mrs. Tobias Bradley. 340 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS TABLE I Higher Institutions of Learning No. Institution Location Auspices 1 University of Illinois Urbana State 2 State Normal University Normal State 3 Southern State Normal Uni versity Carbondale State 4 Northern State Normal School DeKalb State 5 Eastern State Normal School Charleston State 6 Western State Normal School Macomb State 7 Chicago Normal School Chicago City 8 University of Chicago Chicago Baptist 9 Shurtleff College Alton Baptist 10 Northwestern University Evanston Methodist 11 Illinois Wesleyan University Bloomington Methodist 12 Illinois Woman's College Jacksonville Methodist 13 Hedding College Abingdon Methodist 14 McKendree College Lebanon Methodist 15 Greenville College Greenville Free Methodist 16 Illinois College Jacksonville Presbyterian 17 James Millikin University Decatur Presbyterian 18 Knox College Galesburg Presbyterian 19 Lake Forest College Lake Forest Presbyterian 20 Monmouth College Monmouth Presbyterian 21 Blackburn College Carlinville Presbyterian 22 Lincoln College Lincoln Presbyterian 23 Augustana College Rock Island Lutheran 24 Carthage College Carthage Lutheran 25 Northwestern College Naperville Evangelical Lutheran 26 Eureka College Eureka Christian 27 Mount Morris College Mount Morris Dunkard 28 Aurora College Aurora Adventist 29 De Paul University Chicago Roman Catholic 30 Loyola University Chicago Roman Catholic 31 St. Viator College Bourbonnais Roman Catholic 32 Galesburg Rockford 33 Rockford College 34 Wheaton College Wheaton 35 William and Vashti College Armour Institute of Technology Aledo 36 37 Lewis Institute Bradley Polytechnic Institute Joliet Junior College Chicago Peoria Joliet 38 39 Public School 40 Frances Shimer School Monticello Seminary American Conservatory of Mount Carroll Godfrey 41 42 Music Bush Conservatory of Music Chicago Musical College Columbia School of Music ChicagoChicagoChicagoChicago 43 44 45 EDUCATION 341 TABLE I — Continued Institution Location Auspices Cosmopolitan School of Music and Dramatic Art Sherwood Music School Technical Normal School Peoria Musical College Columbia College of Expression Art Institute American College of Physical Education Chicago Normal School of Physical Education Young Men's Christian Associ- tion College Chicago Kindergarten Institute National Kindergarten College Pestalozzi-Froebel Kindergar ten Training School Rush Medical College Northwestern UniversityMedi- cal School College of Medicine of the Uni versity of Illinois Hahnemann Medical School Loyola University College of Medicine Chicago Medical School Northwestern University Den tal School University of IlUnois College of Dentistry Chicago College of Dental Surgery Chicago ChicagoChicagoPeoria Chicago ChicagoChicago ChicagoChicago ChicagoChicagoChicagoChicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago ChicagoChicago Chicago Chicago Young Men's Christian Association of University Chicago Northwestern University University of Illinois Loyola Univer sity Northwestern University University Illinois of The estabUshment of State institutions of higher learning has tended to encourage the progress and development of edu cational institutions supported by church and private funds. The opportunities for higher education give assurance that IUinois wUl continue to produce an educated citizenship based upon a system of universal, thorough, and extended education. 342 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Educational statistics. — The magnitude of the schools of IUinois is indicated by the following statistical data from the official report of 1918. Population of Illinois, census 1910 . 5,638,591 MAIN BUILDING OF EASTERN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, CHARLESTON, COLES COUNTY Eastern Illinois State Normal School was opened September 12, 1899 In addition to the Mam Building there are now the Woman's Building, erected in 1909, and the Training School Building, erected in 1913. ENROLMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 1918 Per Cent Elementary Schools 968,947 89.6 Boys 490,762 Girls. ....... 478,185 High Schools 112 K7 ln 4 Boys 50,107 - ' Girls 62,450 Total, public schools 1 nsi wi Boys 540,869 Girls !' 540,635 'uol'ou* Enrolled in elementary and secondary private schools 210,000 Total, all schools j 291 504 EDUCATION 343 ATTENDANCE AND AVERAGE COST, PUBLIC SCHOOLS Average number of days schools were in session 159 Average number of days each pupil attended 141 Average cost per pupil for current expense $38.38 Average cost per pupil enrolled for all expense $48.64 DISTRICTS, SCHOOL HOUSES, AND LIBRARIES Number of districts 11,899 Number of school buildings 13,725 Number of sittings (capacity) 1,143,148 Number of libraries 11,226 Number of volumes in libraries 1,874,831 TEACHERS AND THEIR SALARIES Number of superintendents, principals, and teachers . 34,597 Men 5,600 Women 29,997 Total salaries $ 27,850,144 Men $ 5.497,985 Women . . $22,352,159 Average salaries for all $805 Men $981 Women $770 Total current expense $ 41,507,153 Total expenses for all purposes $ 52,603,570 VALUE OF SCHOOL PROPERTY School buildings and sites $144,086,011 Equipment, furniture, apparatus, etc $ 10,533,848 Total value all school property $154,619,859 HIGH SCHOOLS, 1918 Four-year high schools 549 Three-year high schools 81 Two-year high schools 210 Total 840 Number of high school teachers 5,476 Men 2,146 Women 2,330 Number of high school pupils 112,557 Number of high school graduates 16,071 Four-year schools 14,827 Three-year schools 395 Two-year schools 849 Total current high school expense. : $ 8,710,518 Total of all high school expense 11,410,270 Average cost per pupil for current expense. ... 78.07 Average annual salary of high school teachers $1,159 EVENING SCHOOLS Enrolment '• • 36,976 Boys of school age 13,743 Girls of school age 8,525 Men 7,454 Women 7,254 Total expenditures $290,226 344 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Summary. — The valuable natural resources of Illinois, especiaUy its soil, climate, and minerals, led to rapid settlement and development of the region as knowledge of the Illinois country spread to other states and to foreign lands. In less than a single century Illinois passed from pioneer conditions to a stage of modern progress and civilization equal to that of the foremost countries of the world. Stable government and universal education have made such achievement possible. CHAPTER XXII ILLINOIS IN 1920 On January 2, 1920, under the direction of the United States Bureau of the Census, thousands of enumerators began the official gathering of data for the Fourteenth Census of the United States. In January, 1921, the tabulation of population for IUinois was completed. In this chapter the census returns for Illinois are given in fuU for the 102 counties and the 1,081 incorporated places. The population for Illinois on January 1, 1920, was 6,485,098. This is an increase of 15 per cent over the popula tion for 1910. The population of Continental United States was 105,683,108, and 6.1 per cent of this number resided in Illinois. The population of the United States and of Illinois for all preceding censuses is given in the table on page 147. Forty-five of the 102 counties increased in population during the past ten years, and 57 decreased in population. The increases varied from 647,784 for Cook County to 18 for Putnam County. The increase for Cook County is 7 . 65 per cent of the increase for the state. The decrease was greatest for Grundy County, 5,582; and least for Randolph County, 11. Population increases have been due in a very marked degree to increase in the population of cities. Many counties show ing decided increase in total population have lost at the same time in rural population. Interesting comparisons may be made from the tables given in this chapter. The number of incorporated places for 1920 was 1,081, and for 1910, 1,041, an increase during ten years of 40. Fifteen incorporated places of 1910 do not appear in the 1920 list, while 55 new names are found. Cook County contains the largest number of incorporated places, 75; Bureau County ranks next with 22; and La Salle and Madison counties third, with 21. Each of 6 counties contains 3 incorporated places, the fewest in any county; 8 counties have but 4 incorporated places each; 5 counties have 5 each. 345 Shaded counties show increase, others decrease, in population 1 ILLINOIS IN 1920 347 If these 1,081 incorporated places of IUinois are classified on basis of population we find the following: Inhabitants No. of Places Population of the Group Percentage of State 25,000 or over 17 27 47 80 3,072,285 406,080 324,146 . 264,504 47 3 10,000 to 25,000 6 2 5,000 to 10,000 4 9 2,500 to 5,000 4 0 Total 2,500 or over 171 4,067,015 62 4 2,000 to 2,500 40 51 136 265 418 89,616 85,845 166,978181,890138,984 1 3 1,500 to 2,000 1 1 1,000 to 1,500 2 5 500 to 1,000 2 7 2 1 Total incorporated places in 1920 1,081 4,730,328 72.1 The census divides the population of the country into two classes: urban and rural. The urban population includes the population of all cities having 2,500 inhabitants or more; the rural population includes all other persons. A further analysis divides the rural population into two classes: those living in incorporated places having fewer than 2,500 inhabitants and those living on farms in the open country. The urban population of IUinois constitutes 62 . 4 per cent of the population of the state, the inhabitants of the smaller incorporated places 9 . 7 per cent, and those who live in the open country 27 . 9 per cent. In 1910, Illinois had 144 cities with a population of 2,500 or over. In 1920, the number had increased to 171. This included aU the cities of the 1910 list except 5 whose populations feU below 2,500, and 32 others whose populations passed the 2,500 mark during the ten-year period. In 1920, this group of cities included 4,067,015 inhabitants, or 62 . 4 per cent of the population of the state. In 1910, the group included 3,476,929 inhabitants, or 61 per cent of the population. Of these 144 cities, 121 have increased in population during the decade, 23 have decreased in population, 5 going below 2,500, the lower limit of the group. 348 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The following tables contain the names of the counties in alphabetical order and the incorporated places in each county, also arranged alphabetically, with population for 1920 and 1910. There are 5 counties that have a population of over 100,000. 14 between 50,000 and 100,000, 31 between 26,000 and 50,000, and 52 have less than 25,000. These tables are followed by a final table giving the 171 cities having a population of 1,500 or more in order of rank in population for 1920. This table may be compared with a similar table for 1910 on page 312. 1920 1910 ILLINOIS.. 6,485,098 5,638,591 Adams County. Camp Point.. Clayton Coatsburg. . . Columbus. . . Golden La Prairie. . . . Lima Loraine Mendon Pay son Plainville. . . . Quincy Alexander County.. . . Cairo Tamms Thebes Bond County . . Greenville . . . Mulberry Grove Old Ripley. . . Panama Pocahontas . . Smithboro. . . Sorento Boone County. . Belvidere. . . , Capron Poplar Grove Brown County . Mound Station. . . . Mount Sterling. . . Ripley Versailles . . . 62,188 994 1,038 185 141 654 174 213527 645 453 245 35,97823,980 15,203 822857 16,025 3,071 725 119 477830277 942 15,322 7,804 550314 9,336 267 1,932 193 627 64,588 1,148 940 262 134 579 187797 417640467251 36,58722,741 14,548 400 717 17,075 3,178 716 146 313 749 301 1,018 15,481 7,253 562 297 10,397 194 1,986 234557 Bureau County Arlington. . . . Buda Bureau Cherry Dalzell Depue Dover Holloway. . . . Ladd Lamoille Maiden Manlius Mineral Neponset. . . . Ohio Princeton. . . . Seatonville. . . Sheffield Spring Valley Tiskilwa Walnut Wyanet Calhoun County. . . . Batchtown. . . Brussells. . . . Hamburg. . . Hardin Kampsville . . Carroll County Chadwick . . Lanark Milledgeville Mount Carroll. . . Savanna. . . . Shannon. . . Thompson. . 1920 42,648 284 796 682 1,265 903 2,525 165107 2,040 547233 309308476874 4,126 534996 6,493 915 771 825 8,245 273 280 352694 428 19,345 582 1,297 746 1,806 5,237 636495 1910 43,975 370887 534 1,048 949 1,339 181196 1,910 555 255218 349542 527 4,131 1,3701,009 7,035 857 763 872 8,610 300 283 335654506 18,035 527 1,175 630 1,759 3,691 633487 ILLINOIS IN 1920 349 1920 1910 1920 1910 Cass County. . 17,896 17,372 Clinton County 22,947 22,832 Arenzville . . 479 518 Aviston. . . . 389 397 Ashland. . . . 1,122 1,096 Bartelson. . . . 246 344 Beardstown. 7,111 6,017 Beckemeyer. . 1,153 764 Chandlervillc 909 884 Bresse 2,399 2,128 Virginia. . . . 1,501 1,501 Carlyle 2,027 1,982 Champaign Germantown . 766 711 County. . . 56,959 51,829 Huey 154 205 Broadlands . 384 480 Keyesport. . . 288 350 Champaign. 15,873 12,421 New Baden . . 1,550 1,372 Fisher 747 850 New Homer 978 1,086 Memphis. 252 243 Ivesdale. . . . 387 429 Trenton. . . . 1,200 1,694 Longview. . . 273 257 Coles County . .35,108 34,517 Ludlow .... 343 305 Ashmore . . . . 548 511 Mahomet. . . 649 565 Charleston. . . 6,615 5,884 Ogden 448 428 Humboldt. . . 343 356 Pesotum. . . . 478 376 Lerna 677 391 Philo 544 562 Mattoon. . . .13,552 11,456 Rantoul. . . . 1,551 1,384 Oakland. . . . 1,210 1,159 Sadorus .... 413 336 Cook St. Joseph. . 772 681 County. 3,053,017 2,405,233 Sidney 546 481 Arlington Thomasboro 261 321 Heights . . . 2,250 1,943 Tolono 693 760 Barrington. . . 1,744 1,444 Urbana. . . . 10,244 8,245 Bartlett. . . . . 371 408 Christian Bellwood . . . . 1,881 943 County. . . 38,458 34,594 Berwyn. . . . .14,150 5,841 Assumption. 1,852 1,918 Blue Island . .11,424 8,043 Bulpitt 470 Broadview. . 430 Edinburg. . . 823 918 Brookfield. . . 3,589 2,186 Humphreys. 913 Burnham. . . 795 328 Jerseyville . . . 428 Burr Oak. . . 1,237 Kincaid .... 1,453 Chicago.. 2, 701,705 2,185,283 Morrisonville 1,178 1,126 Chicago Mount Heights. . .19,653 14,525 Auburn . . 492 463 Chicago Owaneco . . . 334 365 Ridge , . . 176 Palmer 312 404 Cicero ..'... 44,995 14,557 6,122 6,055 Des Plaines. . 4,640 2,348 Stonington. . 1,466 1,118 Dolton 2,076 1,869 Taylorville. . 5,806 5,446 East Hazel Clark County . 21,165 23,517 Crest .... 394 Casey 2,189 2,157 Elmwood Marshall . . . . 2,222 2,569 Park 1,380 Martinsville. . 1,437 1,500 Evanston. . . .37,234 24,978 Westfield. . . 933 927 Evergreen Clay County. . 17,684 18,661 Park 705 424 Clay City... 648 837 Forest Park. . 10,768 6,594 3,558 2,704 Franklin Pai k 914 683 Iola Louisville. . . 279 . 797 Glencoe .... 3,381 1,899 670 Glenview. . . 760 652 Sailor Spring s 284 388 Glenwood . . 738 581 Xenia 640 634 Harvey .... 9,216 7,227 350 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 1920 1910 1920 1910 Hazel Crest. . 438 Wilmette. . . . 7,814 4,943 Hillside 555 328 Winnetka. . . . 6,694 3,168 Hodgkins. . . . 266 480 Worth 240 Homewood. . 1,389 713 Crawford Justice 183 County. . . .22,771 26,281 Kenilworth . . 1,188 881 Flat Rock . . 745 840 LaGrange.. . . 6,525 5,282 Hutsonville. . 665 722 LaGrange Oblong 1,547 1,482 Park 1,684 1,131 Palestine. . . . 1,803 1,399 Lansing 1,409 1,060 Robinson. . . . 3,368 3,863 Lemont 2,322 2,284 Stoy 249 488 Lyons 2,564 1,483 Cumberland Matteson. . . . 485 431 County. . . .12,858 14,281 Maywood . . . 12,072 8,033 Greenup. . . . 1,230 1,224 Melrose Park. 7,147 4,806 Jewett 243 366 Morton Neoga 1,149 1,074 Grove 1,079 836 Toledo 787 900 Mount DeKalb Greenwood 1,441 276 County. . . .31,339 33,457 Mount Cortland . . . . 238 207 Prospect. . . 349 DeKalb 7,871 8,102 Niles 1,258 569 Genoa 1,228 1,257 Niles Center . 763 568 Hinckley . . . . 665 661 Oak Lawn. . . 489 287 Kingston. . . . 235 294 Oak Park.. .. 39,858 19,444 Kirkland . . . . 559 685 Orland Park . 343 369 Malta 391 450 Phoenix 1,933 679 Sandwich. . . . 2,409 2,557 Palatine 1,210 1,144 Shabbona. . . 735 594 Palos Park. . . 240 Somonauk. . 540 591 Park Ridge . . 3,383 2,009 Sycamore. . . . 3,602 3,986 Posen 947 343 Waterman. . . 401 398 Riverdale. . . . 1,166 917 Dewitt River Forest . 4,358 2,456 County.. . .19,352 18,906 River Grove.. 484 418 Clinton. . . . 5,898 5,165 Riverside. . . . 2,532 1,702 Dewitt 263 220 Riverview . . . 334 312 Farmer City. . 1,778 1,603 Robbins 431 Kenny 504 570 Schiller Park. 390 Wapella. . . . 528 498 Shermerville . 554 441 Waynesville. . 592 546 South Chicago Weldon .... 573 521 Heights. . . 949 552 Douglas South County.. . .19,553 19,591 Holland . . . 1,247 1,065 Areola 1,780 2,100 Spring Forest 134 334 Camargo . . . . 336 323 Stickney .... 550 Garrett .... 270 290 Summit 4,019 949 Hindsboro. . 463 498 Tessville .... 355 359 Newman. . . . 1,225 1,264 Thornton. . . . 767 1,030 Tuscola. . . . 2,564 2,453 Tinley Park. . 493 309 Villa Grove . . 2,493 1,828 West Dupage Hammond. 7,492 4,948 County. . . .42,096 33,432 Western Addison. . . . 510 579 Springs 1,258 905 Bensonville. 650 443 Wheeling. . . . 313 260 Bloomingdale 149 462 ILLINOIS IN 1920 351 1920 1910 Downers Grove 3,543 2,601 Elmhurst. . . . 4,594 2,360 Glenellyn 2,851 1,763 Hinsdale . . . . 4,513 2,451 Itasca 339 333 Lombard . . . . 1,331 883 Naperville. . . 3,830 3,449 Villa Park . . . 854 West Chicago i 2,594 2,378 Wheaton. . . . 4,137 3,423 Edgar County. . 25,769 27,336 Brocton 562 558 Chrisman. . . . 1,101 1,193 Hume 609 572 Kansas 944 945 Metcalf 413 449 Paris 7,985 7,664 Redmon 234 240 Vermilion.. . . 291 287 Edwards County.. . . 9,431 10,049 Albion 1,584 1,281 Bone Gap.. . . 455 517 Browns 388 419 West Salem. 946 725 Effingham County. . . . 19,572 20,055 Altamont. . . 1,352 1,328 Beecher City . 328 355 Dieterich. . . 522 493 Edgewood. . 438 419 Effingham. . . 4,024 3,898 Mason 324 345 Montrose. . . 334 347 Shumway.. . 269 291 Teutopolis. . . 744 592 Watson .... 316 330 Fayette County. . . .26,187 28,075 Bingham. . . 192 191 Brownstone. . 518 415 Farina 701 774 Ramsey .... . 772 769 St. Elmo... . . 1,337 1,227 St. Peter... . . 396 313 Vandalia . . . . 3,316 2,974 Ford County. . .16,466 17,096 Cabery 299 321 Elliott . 344 371 Gibson . 2,234 2,086 Kempton. . . . 266 269 Melvin . 540 509 Paxton . 3,033 2,912 1920 Piper City... 715 Roberts 444 Sibley 383 Franklin County 57,293 Benton 7,201 Buckner 1,827 Christopher. . 3,830 Ewing 341 Frankfort Heights. . . 3,423 Hanaford 1,083 North City... 1,362 Orient City. . 1,388 Royalton. .. . 2,043 Sesser 2,841 Thompson- ville 577 Urbain 263 Valier 876 West City... 525 West Frankfort.. 8,478 Zeigler 2,338 Fulton County. 48, 163 Astoria 1,340 Avon 877 Bryant 482 Canton 10,928 Cuba 1,484 Ellisville 244- Fairview. ... 572 Ipava 720 Lewistown. . . 2,279 London Mills 546 Marietta. . . . 512 Norris 382 Smithfield. .. 385 St. David.... 1,189 Table Grove. 610 Vermont. . . . 1,078 Gallatin County 12,856 Equality 1,332 Junction. ... 321 New Haven.. 570 Omaha 449 Ridgway 1,102 Shawnee. . . . 1,368 Greene County. 22,883 Carrollton. .. 2,020 Eldred 298 Greenfield. .. 1,149 Hillview 577 1910 663466385 25,943 2,675 1,825 317 357 1,292 573 2,111 49,549 1,357 865237 10,453 2,019 218 482 652 2,312 655329560 389 915544 1,118 14,628 1,180 300 514 586 1,054 1,863 22,363 2,323 241 1,161 309 352 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 1920 1910 Kane 473 521 Rockbridge . 225 275 Roodhouse.. . 2,928 2,171 White Hall. . . 2,954 2,854 Wilmington. . 228 204 Grundy County 18,580 24,162 Braceville . . 303 971 Carbon Hill. 281 820 Central City 56 287 Coal City. . . 1,744 2,667 Diamond. . . 85 255 East Brooklyn. . 204 446 Eileen 342 677 937 946 Kinsman .... 167 219 Mazon 442 471 Minooka .... 314 361 4,505 4,563 South Wil mington . . . 1,362 2,403 Verona 184 188 Hamilton County.. . . 15,920 18,227 Belle Prairie. 178 87 Broughton. . . 506 470 Dahlgren. . . . 693 654 McLeansboro 1,927 1,796 Hancock County.. . . 28,523 30,638 Augusta 1,085 1,146 Basco 267 255 Bentley 136 89 Bowen 715 606 Carthage .... 2,129 2,373 Dallas 1,140 1,288 Elvaston. . . . t 250 Ferris t 299 Hamilton. . . . 1,698 1,627 La Harpe. . . . 1,323 1,349 Nauvoo 972 1,020 Plymouth. . 900 829 Pontoosuc. . . 199 285 Warsaw 2,031 2,254 West Point. . 303 292 Hardin County. 7,533 7,015 Cave in Rock 349 306 Elizabeth- 1,055 633 Rosiclare . . . .. 1,522 609 Henderson County. . . . 9,770 9,724 Biggsville. . . . 325 400 t Not returned separately. 1920 1910 Gladstone . . 450 385 Lomax 211 Media 170 226 Oquawka. . . 888 907 Stronghurst. . 836 762 Henry County. .45,162 41,736 Alpha 281 358 Andover. . . . 281 222 Annawan. . . . 429 398 Atkinson . . . 778 805 Bishop Hill. . 274 289 Cambridge. . . 1,335 1,272 Colona 211 217 Galva 2,974 2,498 Geneseo 3,375 3,199 Hooppole. . . 381 Kewanee . . . , 16,026 9,307 Orion 613 655 Wethersfield . 1,960 1,593 Woodhull. . . . 700 692 Iroquois County. . . . 34,841 35,543 Ashkum 375 416 Beaverville. . 402 401 Buckley 461 495 Chebanse. . . . 541 590 Cissna Park. . 670 652 Clifton 638 634 Crescent City t 341 Danforth. . . . 398 410 Donovan. . . . 410 346 Gilman 1,448 1,305 276 286 L'Erable. . . . 101 145 Loda 530 603 Martinton. . . 250 312 Milford 1,466 1,316 Onarga 1,302 1,273 Papineau. . . 176 183 Sheldon 1,182 1,143 Thawville . . . 318 318 Watseka .... 2,817 2,476 Woodland . . . 398 295 Jackson County. . . . 37,091 35,143 Ava 626 780 Campbell Hill 366 414 Carbondale . . 6,267 5,411 DeSoto 703 644 Elkville 990 732 Fordyce 463 392 Grand Tower 750 873 Makanda. . . . 310 400 ILLINOIS IN 1920 353 1920 MurphysborolO,703 Vergennes. . . 305 Jasper County.. 16,064 Hidalgo 193 Hunt City... 195 Newton City. 2,083 Rose Hill .... 202 Ste. Marie. . . 351 Wheeler 214 Willow Hill.. 397 Jefferson County... .28,480 Belle Rive. .. 311 Ina 398 Mount Vernon... . 9,815 Rome 216 Waltonville. . 421 Woodlawn. . . 309 Jersey County. . 12,682 Elsah 167 Fidelity 155 Fieldon 248 Grafton 949 Jerseyville. .. 3,839 Otterville 150 Jo Daviess County... .21,917 Apple River. . 484 East Dubuque. . 1,163 Elizabeth 687 Galena 4,742 Hanover .... 737 Nora : 213 Scales Mound 356 Stockton. . .. 1,449 Warren 1,253 Johnson County... .12,022 Belknap 424 Buncombe. . . 280 Cypress 438 Goreville 581 New Burnside 309 Simpson 178 Vienna 907 Kane County. .99,499 Aurora 36,397 Batavia 4,395 Burlington. . . 209 Carpenters- ville 1,036 t Not returned separately. 1910 1920 7,485 East Dundee. 1,303 342 Elburn 571 18,157 Elgin 27,454 190 2,803 235 Gilberts 152 2,108 Hampshire. . . 618 229 Maple Park. . 384 450 Montgomery 463 255 North 444 Aurora. . . . Pingree t 29,111 Grove. .... 115 312 St. Charles. . . 4,099 484 South Elgin. . 559 West Dundee 1,587 8,007 Kankakee 233 County. . . 44,930 Bonfield. . . . 126 315 Bourbonnais 620 13,954 Bradley .... 2,128 267 Buckingham 165 211 Clark City.. 14 227 Essex 278 1,116 Grant Park . 459 4,113 Herscher . . . 449 179 Irwin 102 Kankakee . . .16,721 22,657 Manteno. . . . 1,182 581 Momence. . . . 2,218 Reddick. . . . 239 1,253 St. Anne. . . . . 1,067 703 Waldron. . . . 4,855 Kendall 650 County. . . .10,074 251 Bristol 415 388 Lisbon t 1,096 Millington. . 212 1,331 Newark .... 391 Oswego .... 676 14,331 Piano . 1,473 404 Yorkville. . . . 441 Knox County . .46,678 311 Abingdon. . . . 2,721 554 Altona . 506 369 East Gales 161 burg 566 1,124 Galesburg . . .23,785 91,862 Henderson. . 156 29,807 Knoxville. . . . 1,708 4,436 441 282 Oneida 563 St. Augustine 195 1,128 Victoria. . . . 415 1910 1,405 613 25,976 2,451 26869 7 389371352 135 4,046 580 1,380 40,752 162 611 1,942 272 230 342 692 461 74 13,986 1,229 2,201 288 1,065 261 10,777 394 197 223406600 1,627 431 46,159 2,464 528 753 22,089 171 1,818 472 589 187 334 354 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 1920 1910 Wataga .... 459 444 Williamsfield. 435 480 Yates City. . . 582 586 Lake County. . .73,991 55,058 Antioch .... . 775 682 Area . 469 358 Deerfield . . . 610 476 Fox Lake. . . . 467 400 Hainesville. . . ' 84 66 Highland Park . 6,167 4,209 Highwood . . . 1,446 1,219 Lake Bluff. . . 819 726 Lake Forest. . 3,363 3,349 Lake Villa . . . 407 342 Lake Zurich. . 316 304 Liberty ville. . 2,125 1,724 North Chicago. . . 5,839 3,306 Round Lake 251 182 Wauconda. . 399 368 Waukegan. . .19,226 16,069 Winthrop Harbor. . . . 473 439 Zion City. . . . 5,580 4,789 La Salle County. . . .92,925 90,132 Cedar Point. 686 545 Crotty 994 1,005 251 254 Earlville . 1,012 1,059 East Wenona 333 367 Grand Ridge. 389 403 Kengley 261 380 La Salle 13,050 11,537 Leland 588 545 189 203 Lostant 911 458 Marseilles . . . 3,391 3,291 Mendota .... 3,934 3,806 North Utica. . 1,037 976 4,135 3,194 10,816 9,535 Peru 8,869 7,984 402 370 Rutland 618 754 Sheridan .... 476 506 Streator 14,779 14,253 439 483 Troy Grove. . 261 289 Lawrence County. . . . 21,380 22,661 Birds 290 382 Bridgeport.. . 2,229 2,703 1920 Lawrenceville 5,080 Russellville . . 200 St. Francis- ville 1,164 Sumner 1,029 Lee County. . . .28,004 Amboy 1,944 Ashton 882 Compton. . . . 283 Dixon 8,191 Franklin Grove 589 Harmon 202 Lee 289 Pawpaw 665 Steward 253 Sublette 262 West Brooklyn. . 190 Livingston County... .39,070 Campus 228 Cardiff 152 Chatsworth.. 1,087 Cornell 528 Cullom 631 Dwight 2,273 Emington. . . 175 Fairbury .... 2,532 Flanagan. ... 637 Forrest 965 Long Point. . 247 Odell 1,069 Pontiac 6,664 Saunemin. . . . 360 Strawn 248 Logan County. . 29,562 Atlanta 1,173 Broadwell . . . 209 Elkhart 457 Emden 816 Hartsburg. . . 332 Latham 444 Lincoln 11,882 Middleton. .. 587 Mount Pulaski.... 1,510 New Holland. 457 McDonough County... .27,074 Bardolph. . .. 352 Blandinsville. 1,002 Bushnell. . . . 2,716 Colchester. .. 1,387 1910 3,235 257 1,391 1,413 27,750 1,749 779 387 7,216 572 162 303 709 353 287 266 40,465 241 1,0311,112 536579 2,156 190 2,505 590 967239 1,035 6,090 357 277 30,216 1,367 246 418 411 350 438 10,892 751 1,511 387 26,887 285 987 2,619 1,445 ILLINOIS IN 1920 355 1920 1910 Good Hope . . 353 361 Industry .... 604 580 Macomb .... 6,714 5,774 Prairie City. . 638 719 Sciota 195 160 Tennessee . . . 252 274 McHenry County.. . . 33,164 32,509 Algonquin. . . 693 642 Cary t 679 Crystal Lake 2,249 1,242 Harvard 3,294 3,008 Hebron 631 644 Huntley 720 773 Marengo .... 1,758 1,936 McHenry. . . . 1,146 1,031 Richmond. . . 533 554 Spring Grove . 363 203 Union 399 432 Woodstock. . , 5,523 4,331 McLean County. . . . 70,107 68,008 Arrowsmith. . 344 366 Bellflower . . 441 394 Bloomington 28,725 25,768 1,311 1,314 Cooksville. . 297 332 976 965 Danvers. . . . 616 593 Downs 295 Dudson 309 375 Gridley .... 720 750 Heyworth . . 851 681 Le Roy 1,680 1,702 Lexington . . . 1,301 1,318 McLean. . . . 697 707 Normal .... 5,143 4,024 Saybrook. . . . 752 805 Stanford. . . 500 525 Towanda. . . . 404 404 Macon County .65,175 54,186 Argenta. . . . 528 519 Blue Mound 881 900 Decatur. . . . 43,818 31,140 788 683 Maroa 1,193 1,160 Mount Zion. . 330 330 Niantic .... 613 685 Warrensburg 490 504 Macoupin County.. . .57,274 50,685 Benld 3,316 1,912 Brighton. . . . 586 595 t Not returned separately, 1920 1910 Bunker Hill.. 977 1,046 Carlinville. .. 5,212 3,616 Chesterfield. . 363 364 Dorchester... 179 102 Gillespie 4,063 2,241 Girard 2,387 1,891 Hettick 298 306 Medora 483 444 Modesto. ... 379 298 Mount Olive. 3,503 3,501 Nilwood 449 401 Palmyra 1,331 873 Sawyerville . . 588 445 Scottsville. .. 285 301 Shipman.... 333 392 Staunton.. .. 6,027 5,048 Virden 4,682 4,000 White City.. 503 421 Woodburn... 133 175 Madison County... 106,895 89,847 Alhambra. . . 354 433 Alton 24,682 17,528 Bethalto 471 447 Collinsville. . . 9,753 7,478 East Alton. .. 1,669 584 Edwardsville. 5,336 5,014 Fostersburg. . 70 90 Glen Carbon . 1,323 1,220 Granite 14,757 9,903 Highland.. .. 2,902 2,675 Livingston... 1,365 1,092 Madison. . . . 4,996 5,046 Marine 676 685 Maryville.... 836 729 Nameoki . . . . 1,181 ... New Douglas 390 499 Saline 222 112 St. Jacob.... 485 534 Troy 1,312 1,447 Venice 3,895 3,718 Williamson.. 805 648 Woodriver... 3,476 84 Worden 1,252 1,082 Marion County. 37, 497 35,094 Alma....... 366 380 Central City 1,248 1,179 Centralia.. ..12.491 9,680 Glenridge. . . . 457 Iuka 435 364 Kinmundy... 898 997 Odin 1,385 1,400 Patoka 508 676 356 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 1920 Salem 3,457 Sandoval .... 1,768 Vernon 230 Wamac 1,180 Marshall County... .14,760 Henry 1,637 Lacon 1,464 La Rose 171 Sparland. . . . 437 Toluca 2,503 Varna 359 Wenona 1,203 Mason County . 16.634 Bath 408 Easton 456 Forest City.. 314 Havana 3,614 Kilbourne. . . 393 Manito 758 Mason City.. 1,880 San Jose 566 Topeka 109 Massac County. 13,559 Brookport. . . 1,098 Joppa 651 Metropolis.. . 5,055 Menard County... .11,694 Athens City. . 1,241 Greenview. . . 755 Oakford 351 Petersburg... 2,432 Tallula 761 Mercer County. 18,800 Aledo 2,231 Cable t Joy 529 Keithsburg. 1,148 Mathersville. 886 New Boston.. 714 Seaton 297 Sherrard 437 Swedona. ... f Viola 668 Windsor 484 Monroe County 12,839 Burksville. . . 173 Columbia.... 1,592 Hecker 159 Maeystown. . 270 Renault 209 t Not returned separately. 1910 1920 1910 2,669 Valmeyer. . . . 406 1,563 Waterloo. . . . 1,930 2,091 333 Montgomery County. . . .41,403 35,311 Butler t 233 15,679 Coalton .... 991 1,687 Colleen . 945 980 1,495 Donnellson . 403 405 155 Farmersville 513 533 461 Fillmore. . . . 511 499 2,407 Harvel . 351 396 406 Hillsboro . . . . 5,074 3,424 1,442 519 678 17,377 Litchfield. . . . 6,215 5,971 475 Nokomis. . . . 3,465 1,872 407 Panama. . . . . 1,281 708 306 Raymond. . . 868 881 3,525 Schram City . 1,200 516 424 Taylor 696 Springs. . . . 1,526 380 1,842 Walshville. . 180 169 446 Waggoner . . 307 270 130 Wenona. . . . 299 14,200 Witt . 2,443 2,170 1,443 Morgan County 33, 567 34,420 734 Chapin 565 552 4,658 Concord. . . . 318 Franklin. . . 6-11 696 12,796 Jacksonville. .15,713 15,326 1,340 L'ynnville. . . 123 94 921 Meredosia. . 810 951 317 Murrayville. 523 450 2,587 South Jack 742 sonville. . . 435 19,723 Waverly 1,510 1,538 2,144 Woodson. . . , 231 257 360 Moultrie 516 County. . . , 14,839 14,630 1,515 Allen ville. . . . 286 245 Arthur 998 1,080 718 Bethany 842 859 326 Dalton City. . 446 400 906 Gays 274 322 97 Lovington. . . 1,479 1,011 760 Sullivan 2,532 2,621 660 Ogle County . . . 26,793 27,864 Adeline 140 155 13,508 855 932 187 Creston 290 323 2,076 Forreston. . . . 884 870 187 Leaf River. . . 388 469 284 Mount 241 Morris. . . . 1,250 1,132 ILLINOIS IN 1920 357 1920 1910 Oregon 2,227 2,180 Polo 1,867 1,828 Rochelle 3,310 2,732 Peoria County. ..111,710 100,255 Averyville. . . 3,815 2,668 BartonvUle. . 1,588 1,536 Brimfield.... 617 576 ChUlicothe.. . 1,986 1,851 Elmwood.. .. 1,242 1,390 Glasford 645 625 Hanna City. . 975 Kingston Mines 360 492 North ChUlicothe. 1,002 911 Peoria 76,121 66,950 Peoria Heights. . . 1,111 582 Princeville.. . 1,035 982 Perry County. .22,901 22,088 Cutler 363 324 Duquoin. . . . 7,285 5,454 Pinckneyville 2,649 2,722 St. John 353 370 Tamaroa.... 1,115 910 Willisville. . . 1,485 1,082 Piatt County. ..15,714 16,376 Atwood 883 659 Bement 1,663 1,530 Cerro Gordo. 1,003 876 Cisco 345 379 DeLand 542 503 Hammond... 459 492 Mansfield.... 669 681 Monticello.... 2,280 1,981 Pike County . . . 26,866 28,622 Barry 1,490 1,647 Baylis 388 385 Detroit 129 127 ElDara 165 195 Griggsville. . . 1,343 1,262 Hull 648 541 Kinderhook. . 332 371 Milton 348 330 Nebo 549 520 New Canton. 540 473 New Salem... 262 260 Pearl 669 842 Perry 491 649 Pittsfield.. .. 2,129 2,095 Pleasant Hill. 433 576 Time 95 158 t Not returned separately. 1920 1910 Pope County. . . 9,625 11,215 Eddyville . . 173 145 Golconda. . . . 1,242 1,088 Hamletsburg 219 215 Pulaski County .14,629 15,650 Mound City . 2,756 2,837 Mounds. . . . . 2,661 1,686 New Grand Chain. . . . 397 490 Olmsted. . . . 318 288 Pulaski . 518 592 UUin 652 670 . 132 218 Putnam County. . . . 7,579 7,561 . 1,427 1,391 Hennepin. . . 377 451 Magnolia. . . . 1,066 368 Mark . 1,300 1,025 Standard . . . . 980 793 Randolph County.. . .29,109 29,120 Baldwin. . . . . 353 358 Chester . . . . . 2,904 2,747 Coulterville. . 1,407 949 Ellis Grove. . 269 252 Evansville. . 575 562 Kaskaskia. . . 152 142 Modoc . 237 Percy . t 1,033 Prairie du Rocher. . . 535 511 Red Bud.. . . 1,141 1,240 Rockwood. . 153 140 Ruma . t 138 Sparta . 3,340 3,081 Steeleville . . 702 708 Tilden . 1,137 774 Richland County. . . .14,044 15,970 Calhoun. . . . . 230 Claremont. . 186 186 Noble 580 618 Olney . 4,491 5,011 Rock Island County. . . .92,297 70,404 Andalusia . . 228 299 Carbon Cliff 400 366 Coal Valley . 184 190 Cordova . 271 324 East Moline . 8,675 2,665 Hampton. . . 460 348 Milan . 850 727 358 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 1920 1910 1920 1910 Moline 30,734 24,199 Illiopolis . . . 814 849 Port Byron . 510 642 Loami 462 530 Rapids City. 142 143 Mechanics- Reynolds. . . 322 387 burg 470 417 Rock Island. 35,177 24,335 NewBerlin . 687 690 Silvis 2,541 1,163 Pawnee .... 1,200 1,399 St. Clair Pleasant County. . . 36,411 119,870 Plains. . . . 1,078 625 Belleville . . . 24,741 21,122 Riverton . . . . 1,916 1,911 Brooklyn. . . 1,685 1,569 Rochester . . 399 444 Caseyville . . 675 613 Spaulding . . 237 308 Dupo 1,393 433 Springfield. . .59,183 51,678 East Car Thayer 1,254 1,012 ondelet. . . 311 212 Williamsville 652 600 East Schuyler St. Louis. 66,740 58,547 County. . . .13,285 14,852 Fayetteville. 174 228 Browning. . . 456 551 Freeburg. . . 1,594 1,397 Littleton . . . . 300 Lenzburg. . . 502 463 Rushville. . . . 2,275 2,422 Marissa .... 1,900 2,004 Scott County. . . 9,489 10,067 Mascoutah.. 2,343 2,081 Bluffs 1,009 766 Millstadt. . . 907 1,140 Exeter 167 201 NationalCity 426 253 Glasgow. . . . 235 215 New Athens. . 1,406 1,131 Manchester. 456 480 O' Fallon 2,379 2,018 Naples 384 457 Old Marissa. 232 314 Winchester . . 1,540 1,639 St. Libory . . 289 328 Shelby County .29,601 31,693 Shiloh 381 395 Cowden. . . . t 711 Smithton. . . 357 380 Fancher. . . . 113 215 Sumnerfield. 277 337 Findlay .... 882 827 Swansea. . . . 1,048 889 Herrick .... 601 618 Saline County. 38,353 30,204 Moweaqua. . . 1,591 1,513 Beulah Oconee 318 293 Heights . . 549 ShelbyviUe. . . 3,568 3,590 Carrier Mills 2,343 1,558 Sigel 292 308 Dorrisville. . 1,740 1,184 Stewardson. . 575 720 Eldorado. . . 5,004 3,366 Strasburg. . . 469 526 Galatia 863 745 Tower Hill. . 769 1,040 834 685 Windsor. . . . 1,000 987 Harrisburg.. 7,125 5,309 Stark County . . 9,693 10,098 673 599 Bradford . . . 915 770 Muddy 336 La Fayette. . . 258 287 Raleigh .... 264 238 Toulon 1,235 1,208 Sangamon Wyoming. . . . 1,376 1,506 County. . . 00,262 91,024 Stephenson Auburn .... 2,660 1,814 County. . . .37,743 36,821 Barclay. . . . 51 252 Baalton 187 144 Berlin 241 251 Cedarville . . . 1,163 311 Buffalo 475 475 Dakota .... 248 227 Cantrall 187 318 Davis 337 352 Chatham. . . 848 666 Freeport . . . .19,669 17,567 Dawson. . . . 602 620 Lena 1,149 1,168 Divernon. . . 2,382 1,519 Orangeville . . 423 370 t Not returned separately. ILLINOIS IN 1920 359 1920 1910 Pearl City . . . 468 485 Ridott 1,175 173 Rock City . . 159 122 Winslow .... 371 426 Tazewell County. . . .38,540 34,027 Armington. . 368 327 Delavan. . . . 1,191 1,175 Deer Creek . 344 332 East Peoria . . 2,214 1,493 Green Valley 446 Hopedale. . . . 556 586 Mackinaw. . . 828 725 Minier 789 690 Morton .... 1,194 1,004 Pekin 12,086 9,897 South Pekin. 944 Tremont . . . . 976 782 Washington. . 1,643 1,530 Union County. .20.249 21,856 Alto Pass. . . . 500 551 Anna 3,019 2,809 Cobden .... 688 988 Dongola. . . . 660 702 Jonesboro . . . 1,090 1,169 Mill Creek.. . 209 221 Vermilion County. . . .86,235 77,996 Allerton. . . . t 364 Alvin 367 319 Belgium. . . . 489 433 Brookville. . 242 398 Catlin 681 952 Danville. . . . 33,750 27,871 Fairmount. . . 870 847 Fithian 482 386 Georgetown. . 3,061 2,307 Henning. . . . 347 364 Hoopeston. . . 5,451 4,698 Indianola. . . . 359 365 Marysville. . . 733 742 Muncie .... 248 251 Oakwood. . . . 573 423 Rankin 944 858 Ridge Farm. . 851 967 Rossville . . . . 1,051 1,422 Sidell 800 741 Tilton 909 710 Westville. . . . 4,241 2,607 Wabash County. . . .14,034 14,913 Allendale. . . 451 Bellmont . . . 464 550 t Not returned separately. 1920 1910 Keensburg. . . 354 405 Mount Carmel.... 7,456 6,934 Warren County. ...21,488 23,313 Alexis 830 829 Kirkwood. . . 882 926 Little York.. 355 358 Monmouth. . 8,116 9,128 Roseville. . .. 952 882 Washington County. .. .18,035 18,759 Addieville . . . 300 269 Ashley 751 913 Dubois 443 351 Hoyleton.... 527 451 Irvington. . . . 258 223 Nashville 2,209 2,135 New Minden. 364 245 Okawville... 614 579 Richview. . . . 330 366 Venedy 345 160 Wayne County. 22, 772 25,697 Cisne 526 373 Fairfield 2,754 2,479 Golden Gate. 265 311 Jeffersonville. 322 237 Johnsonville . 133 225 Mount Erie. . 230 290 Sims 429 399 Wayne City. . 561 620 White County. .20,081 23,052 Carmi 2,667 2,833 Crossville 558 574 Enfield 929 927 Grayville 1,749 1,940 Maunie 480 512 Mill Shoals.. 356 700 NorrisCity. . 1,300 1,055 Phillipstown . 70 105 Springerton.. 318 418 Whiteside County... .36,174 34,507 Albany 491 618 Coleta 174 Erie 957 804 Fulton 2,445 2,174 Lyndon 325 390 Morrison 3,000 2,410 Prophetstown 1,159 1,083 Rock Falls... 2,927 2,657 Sterling 8,182 7,467 Tampico 788 849 360 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 1910 Will County . . .92,837 84,371 Beecher. . . . 609 543 Braidwood.. . 1,297 1,958 Crete . 945 840 Elwood .... . 212 211 Frankfort. . . . 497 273 Godley 83 184 Joliet .38,406 34,670 Lockport . . . . 2,684 2,555 Manhattan . . 525 443 Mokena. . . . 475 359 Monee 395 411 Peotone. . . . . 1,090 1,207 Plainfield. . . . 1,147- 1,019 Rockdale. . . . 1,478 1,101 Romeo ville. 74 98 Steger . 2,304 2,161 Williamson County. . . .61,038 45,098 Bolton . 456 485 Bush . 962 565 Carterville. . . 3,404 2,971 Colp . 584 Crainville. . . 557 446 Creal Springs 1,002 936 Fordville . . . . 792 385 Freeman . . . 325 Herrin .10,986 6,861 Hurst . 1,222 345 1920 1910 Johnston City 7,137 3,248 Marion 9,582 7,093 Pittsburg. ... 670 227 Reeves 779 658 Spillertown. . 186 249 White Ash... 381 353 Winnebago County... .90,929 63,153 Cherry Valley 480 433 Durand 549 527 Pecatonica... 1,088 1,022 Rockford 65,651 45,401 Rockton 899 841 South Beloit. 1,436 Winnebago.. 495 415 Woodford County.... 19, 154 20,506 Benson 414 362 El Paso 1,638 1,470 Eureka 1,559 1,525 Kappa 149 142 Metamora. . . 497 694 Minonk 2,109 2,070 Panola 98 108 Roanoke. . . . 1,368 1,311 Secor 311 358 Spring Bay.. 89 119 Washburn... 830 777 CITIES OF ILLINOIS, EACH HAVING 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE IN 1920 Rank in 1920 1920 1. Chicago... 2,701, 705 2. Peoria 76,121 3. E. St. Louis. .66,740 4. Rockford 65,651 5. Springfield... 59, 183 6. Cicero 44,995 7. Decatur 43,818 8. Oak Park 39,858 9. Joliet 38,406 10. Evanston 37,234 11. Aurora 36,397 12. Quincy 35,978 13. Rocklsland.. 35,177 14. Danville 33,750 15. Moline 30,734 16. Bloomington. 28, 725 17. Elgin 27,454 18. Belleville 24,741 1910 Rank in 1920 1920 1910 2,185,283 19. Alton .24,682 17,528 66,950 20. Galesburg. . . .23,785 22,089 58,547 21. Freeport. . . . . 19,669 17,567 45,401 22. Chicago 51,678 Heights. . . .19,653 14,525 14,557 23. Waukegan . . .19,226 16,069 31,140 24. Kankakee. . . .16,721 13,986 19,444 25. Kewanee. . . . .16,026 9,307 34,670 26. Champaign.. .15,873 12,421 24,978 27. Jacksonville. .15,713 15,326 29,807 28. Cairo .15,203 14,548 36,587 29. Streator. . . . .14,779 14,253 24,335 30. Granite City .14,757 9,903 27,871 31. Berwyn .14,150 5,841 24,199 32. Mattoon .13,552 11,456 25,768 33. La Salle .13,050 11,537 25,976 34. Centralia. . . .12,491 9,680 21,122 35. Pekin . 12,086 9,897 ILLINOIS IN 1920 361 in^to 1920 191° 36. Maywood 12,072 8,033 37. Lincoln 11,882 10,892 38. Blue Island. .11,424 8,043 39. Herrin 10,986 6,861 40. Canton 10,928 10,453 41. Ottawa 10,816 9,535 42. Forest Park. . 10,768 6,594 43. Murphysboro.10,703 7,485 44. Urbana 10,244 8,245 45. Mount Vernon. ... 9,815 8,007 46. Collinsville. . . 9,753 7,478 47. Marion 9,582 7,093 48. Harvey 9,216 7,227 49. Peru 8,869 7,984 50. East Moline.. 8,675 2,665 51. West Frank fort 8,478 2,111 52. Dixon 8,191 7,216 53. Sterling 8,182 7,467 54. Monmouth. .. 8,116 9,128 55. Paris 7,985 7,664 56. DeKalb 7,871 8,102 57. Wilmette. . .. 7,814 4,943 58. Belvidere.... 7,804 7,253 59 West Hammond. 7,492 4,948 60. Mount Carmel.... 7,456 6,934 61. Duquoin 7,285 5,454 62. Benton 7,201 2,675 63. Melrose Park. 7,147 4,806 64. Johnston City 7,137 3,248 65. Harrisburg. . . 7,125 5,309 66. Beardstown . . 7,111 6,017 67. Macomb 6,714 5,774 68. Winnetka 6,694 3,168 69. Pontiac 6,664 6,090 70. Charleston. . . 6,615 5,884 71. LaGrange . . . 6,525 5,282 72. Spring Valley. 6,493 7,035 73. Carbondale... 6,267 5,411 74. Litchfield.... 6,215 5,971 75. Highland Park 6,167 4,209 76. Pana 6,122 6,055 77. Staunton.. . . 6,027 5,048 78. Clinton 5,898 5,165 79. North Chicago.... 5,839 3,306 80. Taylorville. . . 5,806 5,446 81. ZionCity... 5,580 4,789 82. Woodstock. . . 5,523 4,331 Rank in 1920 1920 1910 83. Hoopeston . . . 5,451 4,698 84. Edwardsville . 5,336 5,014 85. Savanna 5,237 3,691 86. Carlinville . . . 5,212 3,616 87. 5,143 4,024 88. Lawrenceville. 5,080 3,235 89. Hillsboro .... 5,074 3,424 90. Metropolis. . . 5,055 4,658 91. Eldorado . . . . 5,004 3,366 92. Madison 4,996 5,046 93. Galena 4,742 4,855 94. Virden 4,682 4,000 95. Des Plaines. . . 4,640 2,348 96. Elmhurst. . . . 4,594 2,360 97. Hinsdale 4,513 2,451 98. Morris 4,505 4,563 99. Olney 4,491 5,011 100. Batavia 4,395 4,436 101. River Forest. 4,358 2,456 102. Westville 4,241 2,607 103. Wheaton 4,137 3,423 104. Oglesby 4,135 3,194 105. Princeton. . . . 4,126 4,131 106. St. Charles. . . 4,099 4,046 107. Gillespie 4,063 2,241 108. Effingham. . . . 4,024 3,898 109, Summit . 4,019 949 110. Mendota . 3,934 3,806 111. Venice . 3,895 3,718 112. Jersey ville. . . 3,839 4,113 113. Naperville . . . 3,830 3,449 114. Christopher . . 3,830 1,825 115. Averyville. . . . 3,815 2,668 116. Havana . 3,614 3,525 117. Sycamore . . . . 3,602 3,986 118. Brookfield. . . . 3,589 2,186 119. ShelbyviUe.. . 3,568 3,590 120. Flora . 3,558 2,704 171 Downers Grove .... . 3,543 2,601 m Mount Olive . 3,503 3,501 173 Wood river. . . 3,476 84 124 Nokomis. . . . . 3,465 1,872 125, . 3,457 2,669 126 Frankfort Heights. . . . 3,423 1?7 . Carterville . . . 3,404 2,971 178 , Marseilles. . . . 3,391 3,291 129 , Park Ridge. . . 3,383 2,009 130 . Glencoe . 3,381 1,899 131 . Geneseo .... . 3,375 3,199 137 . Robinson. . . . 3,368 3,863 133 . Lake Forest. . 3,363 3,349 362 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS i^l^O 192° 1910 134. Sparta 3,340 3,081 135. Vandalia 3,316 2,974 136. Benld 3,316 1.912 137. Rochelle 3,310 2,732 138. Harvard 3,294 3,008 139. Greenville. . . . 3,071 3,178 140. Georgetown. . 3,061 2,307 141. Paxton 3,033 2,912 142. Anna 3,019 2,809 143. Morrison 3,000 2,410 144. Galva 2,974 2,498 145. White Hall... 2,954 2,854 146. Roodhouse. . . 2,928 2,171 147. Rock Falls. .. 2,927 2,657 148. Chester 2,904 2,747 149. Highland 2,902 2,675 150. Glenellyn 2,851 1,763 151. Sesser 2,841 1,292 152. Watseka 2,817 2,476 i^rno 192° 191° 153. Geneva 2,803 2,451 154. Mound City.. 2,756 2.837 155. Fairfield 2,754 2,479 156. Abingdon 2,721 2,464 157. Bushnell 2,716 2,619 158. Lockport 2,684 2,555 159. Carmi 2,667 2,833 160. Mounds 2,661 1,686 161. Auburn 2,660 1,814 162. Pinckneyville. 2,649 2,722 163. West Chicago 2,594 2,378 164. Tuscola 2,564 2,453 165. Lyons 2,564 1,483 166. Silvis 2,541 1,163 167. Sullivan 2,532 2,621 168. Fairbury 2,532 2,505 169. Riverside 2,532 1,702 170. Depue 2,525 1,339 171. Toluca 2,503 2,407 APPENDIX A LIST OF THE GENERAL REFERENCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS There is a wealth of source material, both state and national, upon which the student may draw for a more intensive-study of the state. Some of the more important titles follow. PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois, will furnish on request a descriptive circular of all their publications, with prices. The following are of especial value in the study of the geography of the state. Bulletin 1. The Geological M ap of Illinois, by Stuart Weller. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1906. 26 pages. Bulletin 6, second edition of same. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1907. 37 pages. Bulletin 2. The Petroleum Industry of Southeastern Illinois, by W. S. Blatchley. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1906. 109 pages. Bulletin 7. Physical Geography of the Evanston-W auhegan Region, by Wallace W. Atwood and James Walter Goldthwait. Urbana: Uni versity of Illinois, 1908. 102 pages. Bulletin 11. The Physical Features of the Des Plaines Valley, by James Walter Goldthwait. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1909. 103 pages. Bulletin 12. Physiography of the St. Louis Area, by N. M. Fenneman. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1909. 81 pages. Bulletin 13. The Mississippi Valley between Savanna and Davenport, by J. Ernest Carman. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1909. 96 pages. Bulletin 15. Geography of the Middle Illinois VaUey, by Harlan H. Barrows. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1910. 128 pages. BuUetin 17. Portland Cement Resources of Illinois, by A. V. Blein- inger, E. F. Lines, and F. E. Layman. Urbana: University of IUinois, 1912. 121 pages. Bulletin 19. Geology and Geography of the Wheaton Quadrangle, by Arthur C. Trowbridge. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1912. 79 pages. Bulletin 21. Lead and Zinc Deposits of Northwestern Illinois, by G. H. Cox. Urbana: University of IUinois, 1914. 120 pages. Bulletin 22. The Oil Fields of Crawford and Lawrence Counties, by Raymond S. Blatchley. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1913. 442 pages. BuUetin 25. Report and Plans for Reclamation of Land Subject to Overflow in the Embarras River VaUey, by Harman Engineering Company . Urbana: University of Illinois, 1913. 61 pages. Bulletin 26. Geology and Geography of the Galena and Elizabeth Quad rangles, by Arthur C. Trowbridge, E. W. Shaw, and Bernard H. Schockel. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1916. 233 pages. Bulletin 27. Geography of the Upper Illinois VaUey, by Carl O. Sauer. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1916. 208 pages. Bulletin 28. Gas and Oil in Bond, Macoupin, and Montgomery Counties, by Raymond S. Blatchley. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1914. 50 pages. Bulletin 31 . Oil Investigations in Illinois inl914, by Fred H. Kay and others. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1915. Ill pages. 364 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS Bulletin 32. Report and Plans for Reclamation of Land Subject to Overflow in the Spoon River Valley, by Harman Engineering Company. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1916. 57 pages. Bulletin 35. Oil Investigations in Illinois in 1916, by Fred H. Kay, Albert D. Brokaw, and Stuart St. Clair. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1917. 80 pages. Bulletin 37. Geology of the LaSalle and Hennepin Quadrangles, by Gilbert H. Cady. Urbana: University of IUinois, 1919. 136 pages. BuUetin 39. The Environment of Camp Grant, by Rollin D. Salisbury and Harlan H. Barrows. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1918. 75 pages. Bulletin 40. Oil Investigations in Illinois in 1917 and 1918, by M. L. Nebel and others. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1919. 144 pages. Small quadrangles bounded by certain meridians are mapped in co-operation with the United States Geological Survey. The maps and description of each quadrangle are published in the form of a folio which is designated by the name of the principal town within the quadrangle. The folio contains topographic, geologic, and economic maps, together with a descriptive text. The folio constitutes the most complete and authentic information available concerning the geology and geography of the area included in the quadrangle. These foUos should be ordered from The Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Folio 67. Danville Quadrangle. Washington, D.C, 1900. 10 pages. Folio 81. Chicago Quadrangle, by William C. Alden. Washington, D.C, 1902. 13 pages. Folio 105. Patoka Quadrangle, by Myron L. Fuller and Frederick G. Clapp. Washington, D.C, 1904. 12 pages. Folio 145. Lancaster and Mineral Point Quadrangles. Folio 185. Murphysboro and Herrin Quadrangles, by E. W. Shaw and T. E. Savage. Washington, D.C, 1912. 15 pages. Folio 188. Tallula and Springfield Quadrangles, by E. W. Shaw and T. E. Savage. Washington, D.C, 1913. 12 pages. Folio 195. Belleville and Breese Quadrangles, by J. A. Udden and E. W. Shaw. Washington, D.C, 1915. 13 pages. Folio 200. Galena and Elizabeth Quadrangles. Folio 208. Colchester and Macomb Quadrangles, by Henry Hinds. Washington, D.C, 1919. 14 pages. Geological Map of Illinois. Scale approximately one inch to eight miles. Base Map of IUinois. Scale approximately one inch to eight miles. Shows all railroads, cities, villages, and stations. Excellent for school or home. County Topographic Maps. In four colors. Scale approximately one inch to the mile. Shows public land lines, railroads, roads, houses, churches, schools, rivers, creeks, divides, surface configuration and elevation above sea-level at all points. The most detailed county maps available. Excellent for the schools, homes, and offices of the county. Those so far issued are: St. Clair County, Clinton County, Monroe County, Gallatin County, Hardin County, Lawrence County, McDonough County, Randolph County. Starved Rock Stale Park Topographic Map. Scale approximately two inches to the mile. Valuable for tourists visiting the Park. Drainage Maps. Topographic maps on the scale of about three inches to the mile. Useful in planning reclamation projects, especially in con nection with Bulletins 25 and 32. Big Muddy River, 5 sheets. Embarras River and North Fork, 8 sheets. APPENDIX 365 Kaskaskia River, 13 sheets. Pecatonica River, 4 sheets. Spoon River, 3 sheets. Quadrangle Topographic Maps. Scale about one inch to the mile; size of quadrangle one-fourth of a square degree, about 17 miles in north- south extent and 13 miles east-west, area about 225 square miles; the best detailed maps published. About one-third of the area of the state is included in the maps now available. Eighty-three maps representing portions of 68 counties have been issued. The maps are given in the list of pub lications of the State Geological Survey. An index map, available on request, from the State Geological Survey, has been prepared to show the exact areas covered by these quadrangles. The topographic maps, like the geologic folios, are designated by the name of the principal town within the quadrangle. The topographic map of a quadrangle is included in the geologic folio of the quadrangle. The topographic map is a single sheet while the geologic folio contains several maps, much descriptive material, and numerous diagrams and pictures. The following is an alphabetical list of topographic maps issued to date: Avon, Baldwin, Belleville, Belvidere, Birds, Breese, Brownfield, Calumet, Canton, Carlyle, Centralia, Chester, Chicago, Clinton, Colchester, Coulterville, Crystal City, Danville, Daven port, Des Plaines, Dixon, Dunlap, Edgington, Eldorado, Elizabeth, Equality, Evanston, Ford's Ferry, Galatia, Galena, Gillespie, Golconda, Good Hope, Hardinville, Hennepin, Herrin, Highwood, Joliet, Kimmswick, Kings, Kirkland, Lacon, La Harpe, Lancaster, La SaUe, Leclaire, Lincoln, Louisiana, Macomb, Mahomet, MarseiUes, Metamora, Milan, Mineral Point, Morris, Mount Carmel, Mount Olive, Murphysboro, New Athens, New Harmony, New Haven, O'Fallon, Okawville, Ottawa, Peoria, Renault, Riverside, Rockford, Savanna, Shawneetown, Springfield, St. Louis and East St. Louis, Sumner, Tallula, Urbana, Vermont, Vienna, Vincennes, Waterloo, West Frankfort, Waukegan, Wheaton, Wilmington. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Some of the publications of the United States Geological Survey deal directly with the geology, geography, and resources of Illinois. Some of these may be secured without cost through IlUnois congressmen. Prices may be obtained from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. Twenty-second Annual Report U.S. Geological Survey. Part III, "The Eastern Interior Coal Field," by G. H. Ashley, pp. 265-305. Monograph 38. The Illinois Glacial Lobe, by Frank Leverett. The most complete description available of the glacial topography of IUinois. It is used as the basis for the soil surveys of the state. Washington, D.C, 1899. 817 pages. Bulletin 246. Zinc and Lead Deposits of Northwestern Illinois, by H. F. Bain. Washington, D.C, 1904. 56 pages. Bulletin 255. The Fluorspar Deposits of Southern Illinois, by H. F. Bain. Washington, D.C, 1905. 75 pages. Bulletin 294. Zinc and Lead Deposits of the Upper Mississippi Valley, by H. F. Bain. Washington, D.C, 1906. 156 pages. BuUetin 438. Geology and Mineral Resources of the St. Louis Quadrangle, Mo.-IU., by N. M. Fenneman. Washington, D.C, 1911. 69 pages. Bulletin 506. Geology and Mineral Resources of the Peoria Quadrangle, by J. A. Udden. Washington, D.C, 1912. 103 pages. 366 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU PUBLICATIONS Bulletin Q. Climatology of the United Slates, by Alfred Judson Henry. Washington, D.C, 1906. 1007 pages. Climatological Data, Illinois Section, monthly and annual summaries of weather conditions throughout the state. Issued by U.S. Weather Bureau, Springfield, Illinois. Free. Clarence J. Root. About 8 pages per month and about 108 pages per year, including annual report. ILLINOIS LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY, URBANA, ILLINOIS The general geography of the state and of various regions of the state is treated in an instructive and interesting manner in many articles, the titles of which are of a somewhat technical nature. Volume I (1889) and Volume II (1895), Ornithology of Illinois, by Rob ert Ridgway and Stephen A. Forbes. Springfield, 1889. 802 pages. Volume III, Article IX, A Preliminary Report on the Animals of the Mississippi Bottoms near Quincy, Illinois, in August, 1888, by H. Garman. Volume IV, Article IV, List of Altitudes in the State of Illinois, by C. W. RoUe. Volume VI, Article II, The Plankton of the Illinois River, 1894-1899, with Introductory Notes upon the Hydrography of the Illinois River and Its Basin, by C A. Kofoid. Urbana: University of IUinois. 361 pages. Volume VII, Article VII, January, 1907, On the Biology of the Sand Areas of Illinois, by Charles A. Hart and Henry AUan Gleason. Volume VII, Article IX, An Ornithological Cross-Section of Illinois in Autumn, by S. A. Forbes. Volume VIII, Article III, On the General and Interior Distribution of Illinois Fishes, by S. A. Forbes. Volume VIII, Article V, A Study of the Mammals of Champaign County, Illinois, by Frank Elmer Wood. Volume IX, Article I, On the Common Shrew Mole in Illinois, by Frank Elmer Wood. Article III, October, 1910, The Vegetation of the Inland Sand Deposits of Illinois. Article IV, January, 1911, Forest Conditions in Illinois, by R. CUfford Hall and O. D. IngaU. Article V, March, 1912, The Vegetation of the Beach Area in Northeastern Illinois and Southeastern Wisconsin, by Frank Caleb Gates. Article VI, January, 1913, The Mid summer Bird Life of Illinois: A Statistical Study, by Stephen A. Forbes. Article X, Studies on the Biology of the Upper Illinois River, by Stephen A. Forbes and R. E. Richardson. Article XI, August, 1913, Vegetation of Skokie Marsh, by Earl E. Sherff. Volume X, Article I, September, 1913, An Associational Study of Illinois Sand Prairie,_ by Arthur G. Vestal. Volume XI, Article I, July, 1915, An Outline of the Relations of Animals to Their Inland Environments, by Charles C. Adams. Article II, September, 1915, An Ecological Study of Prairie and Forest Invertebrates, by Charles C. Adams. Article III, The Vertebrate Life of Certain Prairie and Forest Regions near Charleston, Illinois, by T. L. Hankinson. Volume XII, Article I, September, 1915, The Relation of Evaporation and Soil Moisture to Plant Succession in a Ravine, by Fred Theodore Ullrich. "ILLINOIS BLUE BOOK" The Illinois Blue Book is a biennial publication, 1899 to date, compiled by the Secretary of State, and may be obtained from Secretary of State, APPENDIX 367 Springfield. It contains information concerning all departments of the state government and much historical and descriptive matter. The eleven volumes already issued contain a large fund of authentic information con cerning the development of the state during the past twenty years. ILLINOIS CENTENNIAL MEMORIAL HISTORY The six volumes of the Centennial Memorial History give a complete and authentic account of Illinois from earliest historic times to the close of the first century of statehood in 1918. Published by the Illinois Centennial Commission, for sale by A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. A. complete set of this history has been given by the Centennial Com mission to each of the public libraries of the state. Preliminary Volume. Illinois in 1818, by Solon J. Buck. Springfield, 1917. 362 pages. Volumel. ProvinceandTerrilory, 1673-1818, by Clarence W. Alvord. Volumell. The Frontier State, 1818-1848, by Theodore Calvin Pease. Springfield, 1918. 475 pages. Volume III. The Era of the Civil War, 1848-1870, by Arthur Charles Cole. Springfield, 1919. 499 pages. Volume IV. The Industrial State, 1870-1893, by Charles Manfred Thompson. Volume V. The Modem Commonwealth, 1893-1 918, by Ernest Ludlow Bogart and John Mabry Mathews. Springfield, 1918. 544 pages. OTHER STATE PUBLICATIONS These publications may be obtained by application to the Secretary of State or to the departments issuing them. Annual Coal Reports. These reports give detailed statistics of coal production, mines, and miners for the year. Reports of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. An annual statistical report, and a comprehensive biennial report. Bulletins and circulars of value to school officials and to teachers. Reports of the Game and Fish Commission. An interesting summary of Illinois resources in game and fish with suggestions for their conservation. Annual reports were first published in 1913. Reports of the Rivers and Lakes Commission. Water Resources of Illinois, by A. H. Horton. Springfield, 1914. 400 pages. The Illinois River and Its Bottom Lands, by John W. Alvord and Charles E. Burdick. Springfield, 1915. 141 pages. By Department of Public Works and Buildings, State Parks and Memorials, compiled by C. M. Service. Springfield, 1920. 50 pages. PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF CHICAGO For sale by the University of Chicago Press, Chicago. No. 1. The Geography of Chicago and Its Environs, by Rollin D. Salisbury and WilUam C. Alden. Chicago, 1899. 64 pages. No. 2. The Plant Societies of Chicago and Vicinity, by Henry C. Cowies. 368 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS No. 4. The Weather and Climate of Chicago, by Henry J. Cox and John H. Armington. Chicago, 1914. 371 pages. No. 6. Starved Rock State Park and Its Environs, by Carl O. Sauer, Gilbert H. Cady, and Henry Cowles. Chicago, 1918. 148 pages. EXCURSION BULLETINS No. 1. Excursion through the Rivers and Harbors of Chicago, by R. E. Blount and C S. Jewell. No. 2. Excursion on the Rock River of Illinois between Rockford and Dixon, by R. E. Blount. No. 3. Stony Island, by Zonia Baber. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILLINOIS The Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois publishes many bulletins, circulars, and soil reports. Bulletins report the results of the investigations carried on by the Experiment Station. Circulars are essays on various phases of agriculture of interest to Illinois farmers. County Soil Reports contain detailed information regarding the soil types on every farm in the county, their extent, location, and fertility invoice; also a colored map of the different types down to areas of ten-acre units, and recommendations for permanent systems of management. These publications are sent free on request. A list of those available may be obtained and selections made. An interested person may have his name placed on the regular mailing list and receive new publications as issued. The current list of available publications includes seventy-nine bulletins, eighty-seven circulars, and eighteen county soil reports. These are classified under Soils and Crops; Soil Reports; Animal Husbandry; Dairy; Horticulture; Entomology; and Agricultural Extension Division. The following selections, made from the lists on Soils and Crops and Soil Reports contain much valuable material within the scope of this volume. BULLETINS Bulletin 76. Alfalfa on Illinois Soils, by Cyril G. Hopkins. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1902. Pages 311-48. Bulletin 123. Fertility in Illinois Soils, by Cyril G. Hopkins and J. H. Pettit. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1908. Pages 187-294. Bulletin 157. Peaty Swamp Lands; Sand and "Alkali" Soils, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. E. Readhimer, and O. S. Fisher. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1912. Pages 95-131. Bulletin 1S1. Soil Moisture and Tillage for Corn, by J. S. Mosier and A. F. Gustafson. Urbana: University of IUinois, 1915. Pages 565-81. Bulletin 193. Summary of Illinois Soil Investigations, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, and F. C. Bauer. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1916. Pages 439-84. Bulletin 207. Washing of Soils and Methods of Prevention, by J. G. Mosier and A. F. Gustafson. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1918. Pages 513-50. Bulletin 208. Climate of Illinois, by J. G. Mosier. Urbana: Univer sity of Illinois, 191S. 125 pages. Bulletin 219. Illinois Crop Yields from Soil Experiment Fields. APPENDIX 369 Circular 109. Improvement of Upland Timber Soils of IUinois (with special reference to northern Illinois), by Cyril G. Hopkins and J. E. Read- himer. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1907. 8 pages. Circular 123. The Status of Soil Fertility Investigations, by Cyril G. Hopkins and J. H. Pettit. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1908. 294 pages. Circular 145. The Story of a King and Queen {Corn and Clover). Circular 167. The Illinois System of Permanent Fertility, by Cyril G. Hopkins. Urbana: University of IUinois, 1913. 20 pages. Circular 193. Why Illinois Produces Only Half a Crop, by Cyril G. Hopkins. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1917. 16 pages. SOIL REPORTS 1. Clay County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pettit, and J. E. Readhimer. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1911. 32 pages. 2. Moultrie County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pettit, and J. E. Readhimer. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1911. 38 pages. 3. Hardin County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pettit, and J. E. Readhimer. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1912. 33 pages. 4. Sangamon County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pettit, and J. E. Readhimer. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1912. 14 pages. 5. La Salle County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pettit, and J. E. Readhimer. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1913. 45 pages. 6. Knox County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pettit, and J. E. Readhimer. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1913. 43 pages. 7. McDonough County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pettit, and O. S. Fisher. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1913. 46 pages. 8. Bond County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pettit, and 0. S. Fisher. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1913. 58 pages. 9. Lake County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of IUinois, 1915. 52 pages. 10. McLean County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1915. 52 pages. 11. Pike County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1915. 48 pages. 12. Winnebago County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1916. 76 pages. 13. Kankakee County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1916. 72 pages. 14. Tazewell County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of IUinois, 1916. 68 pages. 15. Edgar County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1917. 56 pages. 16. Dupage County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of IlUnois, 1917. 56 pages. 17. Kane County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1917. 60 pages. 18. Champaign County, by Cyril G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1918. 61 pages. 370 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS PUBLICATIONS OF THE FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, CHICAGO The Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin, by Charles B. Cory. The Mammals of Illinois and Wisconsin, by Charles B. Cory. Chicago, 1912. Pages 438-87. STATE HISTORIES The Settlement of Illinois, 1 77 9-1 8 SO, by Arthur C. Boggess. Chicago : Chicago Historical Society, 1908. 267 pages. Early History of Illinois, 1673-1763, by Sidney Breese. Chicago: E. B. Myers & Co., 1884. 422 pages. A Complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873, by Alexander David son and Bernard Stuve. Springfield: Illinois Journal Co., 1874. 944 pages. History of Illinois, 1818-1847, by Thomas Ford. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co., 1854. 447 pages. Illinois, the Story of the Prairie State, by Grace Humphrey. Indian apolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1917. 267 pages. Illinois in 1837 and 1838, a collection of articles written in 1837 and 1838, now out of print. The Making of Illinois, by Irvin F. Mather. Chicago: A. Flanagan, 1900. 244 pages. The Story of Illinois and Its People, by William L. Nida. Chicago: O. P. Barnes, 1910. 250 pages. Historic Illinois, the Romance of the Earlier Days, by Randall Parrish; 3d ed. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1905. 479 pages. The Pioneer History of Illinois, 1673-1818, by John Reynolds. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1887. 459 pages. A Student's History of Illinois, 1906, by George W. Smith. Blooming ton, 111., 545 pages; rev. ed. Chicago: Hall & McCreary, 1916. 267 pages. Brief History of Illinois, by Elbert Waller. Galesburg, 111.: The Mail Printing Co., 1909. 93 pages. INDEX INDEX References are to pages Abingdon, 287, 353 Adams County, 4, 5, 111, 217, 300, 348 Adeline, 48, 356 Agricultural implements, 221-22, 287, 299 Agriculture, 42, 52, 66, 67, 97, 99, 100. 101, 109, 116, 129, 133, 134, 135, 137. 140, 142, 148, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 164, 165-85, 186, 193, 222, 262, 310; agricultural land, 99, 100; broom corn, 179, 308; corn, 167-70, 185; facts of, 165-66, 183; farm products, 165, 184; hay and forage, 174-76; influence of surface on development of, 242; oats, 170-73, 185; potatoes and other vegetables, 177-79; rank in, 66; sugar crops, 176-77; wheat, 173-74, 185 Airplane, 229 Alabama, 169 Alaska, 62 Albion, 140,309,351 Aledo, 300, 356 Alexander County, 23, 60, 63, 306, 348 Alfalfa, 154, 160 Algonkin, 133, 134 Alluvial fan, 284 Alton, 59, 138, 223, 224, 301, 302, 303, 355 Amboy, 297, 354 American Bottoms, 59, 117 Animals, 100, 115-28, 129, 136, 137, 166 186-97; animal life in pioneer days 116-19; animal life of today, 119-20 conditions for animal life, 115; domes tic, 100, 116, 129, 186, 196; draft, 188 effect of coming of white man on 115-16, 136; fishes, 125-27; insects 127-28; mammals, 120-21; mollusks 115, 127, 128; native, 115-28, 137 reptiles and batrachians, 115, 119, 125 Anna, 81, 305, 359 Antioch, 278, 354 Apple River, 58, 353 Apples, 118, 179-81; production of, 181; trees, 118, 181 Arbor-vitae, 102 Areola, 308, 350 Arkansas, 93 Arlington Heights, 278, 349 Armour Institute of Technology, 266 Artesian wells, 21 Art Institute, 266, 270 Ash, 102, 109 Ashton, 78, 354 Asphalt, 199, 215, 309 Assumption, 206, 349 Atlantic Ocean, 66, 77, 258, 262 Aurora, 52, 53, 223, 224, 226, 261, 271, 280, 353 Austin, 275 Averyville, 282, 284, 357 Aviation Mechanics School, 275 Barley, 169, 175 Barrington, 278, 349 Barrows, H. H , 252, 296 Bartonville, 282, 284, 357 Basswoods or lindens, 103 Batavia, 52, 280, 353 Bath, 286, 356 Batrachians, 115, 125 Bats, 121 Bear, 115, 117, 119, 121, 136; black, 115, 121 Beardstown, 4, 8, 10, 50, 53, 126, 231, 286, 349 Beaucoup Creek, 56 Beaver, 115, 117, 136 Beckwith, Hiram, 130 Bedford, 126 Beech, 102, 104 Bees, 119, 186 Belleville, 55, 223, 225, 246, 302, 303. 304, 306, 358 Bellwood, 87, 349 Belvidere, 6, 46, 297, 348 Bement, 289, 357 Benld, 301, 303, 355 Benton, 6, 56, 304,351 Berwyn, 277, 349 Big Bay Creek, 60, 61, 62, 64 Big Bureau Creek, 146 Big Muddy River, 56, 64, 126, 202 Big Muddy River Basin, 56, 58, 61, 62, 293, 304-5; area, 56; Beaucoup Creek, 56; Big Muddy River, 56; cities, 56; coal, 56; Little Muddy River, 56 Birbeck, Morris, 140, 309 Bird Haven, 107-9, 124. 309 Birds, 115, 116, 120, 122-25; density of bird population, 124-25; duck family, 120, 122; hawk family, 122; list of land birds, 122; list of water birds, 122; snipe family, 122; sparrow family, 122; warbler family, 122 Blackburn College, 291 Black Hawk's War, 144, 330 Bloomington, 5, 52, 90, 161, 223, 225, 226, 289, 355 Bloomington Experiment Field, 161, 162; value of crops per acre in thirteen years, Table II, 162; value of increase per acre in thirteen years, Table III, 163 Bloomington moraine, 27, 32, 48, 56, 60, 284 "Blowouts," 113 Blue Island, 277, 349 374 INDEX Bond County, 140, 206, 303, 348 Bonpas Creek, 60 Boone County, 297, 348 Bosky Dell, 56 Bourbonnais, 281, 353 Bradley, 281, 353 Bradley Polytechnic Institute, 73, 286 Braidwood, 288, 360 Brandon's Road, 238 Brants, 118, 120 Breese, 303, 349 Brick, 23,210, 211 Bridgeport, 60, 209, 309, 354 Brighton, 90, 355 Brookport, 307, 356 Broom corn, 179, 308 Brown County, 4, 52, 287, 348 Browning, 126, 358 Brownsville, 249 Buck, Professor, 143, 249 Buckeye, 103 Buckwheat. 169 Buffalo, 115, 116, 121, 229 Building materials, 16, 23, 36, 93, 142, 199,212,265; forests, 93, 142; stones, 16, 23, 199, 212 Bureau County, 145, 240, 282, 287, 345, 348 Bureau Creek, 235 Bur oak, 101 Bushnell, 69, 287, 354 Butternut, 102, 109 Cache River, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 101 Cache Valley, 60, 95 Cahokia, 59, 137, 230, 250 Cahokia Creek, 301, 302 Cahokia Mound, 331 Cahokias, 130, 131 Cairo, 5, 37, 38, 59, 61, 73, 75, 78, 223, 225, 306, 308, 348 Calcium, 152, 153, 154 Calhoun County, 19, 21, 23, 29, 49, 58 64, 89, 127, 232, 241, 286, 299, 348 California, 199, 255 Calumet River, 44, 229, 256, 258 Cambrian rocks, 17, 19 Campbells Island, 331 Camp Grant, 295 Camp Lincoln, 315 Canal boat, 228, 232 Canals, 214, 233-37, 258 Canoes, 228, 230, 246, 256 Canton, 222, 223, 225, 287, 351 Carbon, 152 Carbondale, 56, 78, 305, 336, 352 Carlinville, 244, 291, 355 Carlyle, 303, 349 Carmi, 60, 310, 359 Carrier Mills, 305, 358 Carroll County, 29, 48, 58, 64, 294 348 Carrollton, 89, 291, 351 Carterville, 6, 56, 305, 360 Carthage, 287, 300, 352 Casey, 309, 349 Cass County, 4, 52, 206, 286, 291, 349 Catalpa, 104 Cattle, 113, 117, 139, 140, 146, 169, 170, 175, 187, 190-91, 192; beef, 175, 191, 192; dairy, 175, 187, 190, 191 Cave-in-Rock, 63, 352 Caves, 58, 63, 64 Cedar, 109 Cement, 23, 155, 199, 211-12, 215, 222, 282; Portland, 23, 212, 215 Cenozoic Era, 18, 24. 25 Centralia, 5, 55, 79, 222, 223, 225, 304, 355 Cereals, 100, 166, 175, 191, 218, 219, 242. 252, 262 Cerro Gordo moraine, 32 Champaign, 4, 59, 223, 225, 303, 304, 307, 308, 349 Champaign County, 4, 55, 59, 112, 246, 303, 307, 308, 336, 349 Champaign moraine, 32, 60 Chanute Aviation Field, 246, 307 Charles Mound, 37, 65 Charleston, 60, 86, 87, 308, 336, 349 Chatsworth ridge, 32 Chenoa, 289, 355 Cherry, 109 Chester, 82, 304, 357 Chicago, 22, 28, 35, 43, 44, 45, 46, 68, 69, 73, 109, 124, 144, 145, 148, 169, 177, , 178, 190, 191, 193, 194, 213, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 235, 236, 239, 244, 250, 254-72, 274, 278, 279, 280, 290, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308, 310, 329, 334, 336, 337, 349; area, 43; edu cational center, 265-66; influence of railways, 260-62; influence of water ways, 257-59; lake commerce of, 259; location, 255-56; Normal School, 336,337; the outlook, 271-72; today, 266-68; tributary regions, 262 Chicago Drainage Canal, 21, 35, 44, 217, 234,235,236,256,279 Chicago-East St. Louis Road, 244 Chicago Heights, 46, 223, 224, 261, 271, 277, 280, 349 Chicago Outlet, 35, 44, 45, 46, 53, 230, 255 "Chicago Plain," 35, 44, 255 Chicago portage, 45, 136 Chicago River, 44, 45, 46, 135, 136, 229, 230, 233, 235, 236, 248, 256, 258, 269, 279; north branch of, 44, 46, .256, 269; south branch of, 44, 45, 233, 235, 256, 269, 279 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. See Chicago Drainage Canal Chicago-Waukegan Road, 244 Chillicothe, 49, 50, 53, 126, 252, 282, 284, 357 Christian County, 206, 291, 303, 349 Cicero, 224, 277, 349 Cities, 248-53, 254-77; cities of the Illinois basin, 278-92; cities of the Lake basin, 254-77; determining INDEX 375 factors, 248-49; location and growth, 248-53; other cities of Illinois, 293- 313; table of population, 311-13 Clark County, 32, 207, 208, 309, 349 Clark, George Rogers, 230, 307, 328 Clay, 16, 24, 36, 152, 199, 209, 210-11, 282; loam, 152; products, 199, 210- 11,282 Clay County, 309, 349 Climate, 6, 35,66-91, 116, 129, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 175, 178, 197; an ideal, 90-91; average temperature for the coldest month, 72; average tempera ture for the warmest month, 72; changeableness of Illinois, 68-70; climatological divisions, 76, 77; continental, 66; cyclonic storms, 66; definition of normal temperature, 71; frost dates, Table II, 79; influence of relief of Illinois on, 66; influence of relief of United States on, 66; largest average precipitation, 72; precipita tion of 1915, 83; precipitation, Table III, 80; prevailing westerly winds, 35, 66; rainfall of a single year, 81, 82-85; range, 79; sleet, hail, and ice storms, 87-90; smallest average precipitation, 69, 72; snowfall, 81; temperature and rainfall for corn, 167, 168; temperatures, Table I, 78; tornadoes, 85-87; unchangeableness of Illinois, 70 Clinton, 4, 6, 289, 303, 350 Clinton County, 349 Clothing, 100, 117, 133, 136, 148, 221, 265 Clover, 154, 160, 171, 174, 176 Coal, 6, 16. 23, 56. 60, 149, 198, 199, 200-7, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 226, 227, 238, 252. 261, 262, 282, 287, 288. 289, 290, 291, 292, 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 315; amount of, in Illinois, 23. 199, 205, 206, 207; annual coal reports of the state; Department of Mines and Minerals, 202; kinds of mines, 203; methods of mining, 203; rank of in United States, 23 Coal City, 288, 352 Coffee tree, 103 Coke, 17, 199,210,222,227 Coles County, 59, 112, 179, 308, 336, 349 Collins ville, 214, 302 Colorado, 178, 255 Columbia, 303 Commerce, 136, 138, 219, 238, 265, 273; of Illinois, 116, 149, 238 Conifers, 101 Cook County, 28, 35, 43, 87, 114, 126, 211, 254, 255, 274, 276, 278, 279, 303, 318,322,345, 349 Cooley, Charles H., 249 Corn, 82, 84, 85, 89, 112, 117, 118, 119, 133, 137, 139, 161, 163, 166, 167-70, 172, 173, 175, 178, 189, 190, 191, 192, 220, iW; belt, 161, 189, 192, 220; importance of, 169-70; leading corn states, 170; meal, 169; sod corn, 112 Cotton, 80 Counties, 11, 12, 14-15, 141; area, population, and county seats, Table I, 14, 15, 141; civil townships, 11 Covington, 249 Crab tree, 103 Cranes, 118 Crawford County, 59, 140, 207, 208, 209, 309, 350 Crayfish, 115 Cretaceous period, 24 Crooked Creek, 52, 55, 112 Cropsey ridge, 32 Cumberland County, 32, 59, 179, 309, 350 Cumberland River, 75 Cypress, 97, 101, 104; bald, 101 Dairying, 113, 176, 186, 190, 191 Dakota Indians, 133 Danville, 4, 52, 59, 214, 223, 225, 226, 244, 306, 308, 359 Decatur, 45, 52, 223, 224, 226, 289, 306, 355 Deer, 115, 116, 117, 119, 121, 136; northern white-tailed, 121; Virginia, 121 DeKalb, 297, 336, 350 DeKalb County, 47, 78, 280, 297, 336, 350 DePaul University, 266 Depue, 214, 251, 282, 348 Des Plaines, 278, 349 Des Plaines Basin, 46, 52, 53, 255, 278, 279 Des Plaines River, 43,44, 45,48,49, 53, 87, 135, 136, 229, 233, 235, 238, 276, 278,279,281 Devonian rocks, 22-23 Dewitt County, 6, 289, 350 Dikes, 17, 24 Dixie Highway, 244 Dixon, 47,212, 297, 354 Dogwood, 104 Douglas County, 59, 179, 308, 350 Douglas Monument Park, 270, 329 Downers Grove, 279, 351 Drainage, 42-61, 168, 254; Big Muddy River Basin, 56; drainage basins, 42, 254; Illinois River Basin, 48-55; Kas kaskia River Basin, 55-56; Lake Michigan Basin, 42-46; minor basins of the Mississippi, 57-59; Ohio River Basin, 60-61; Rock River Basin, 46-48; Wabash River Basin, 59-60 Dresden Heights, 238 Driftless Area, 29, 48, 58, 65, 213 Drift mines, 203, 204 Dupage County, 279, 350 Duquoin, 56, 304, 357 Dwight, 288 376 INDEX East Alton, 302, 355 East Bureau Creek, 145 Eastern Illinois State Normal School, 308, 336 East Moline, 58, 299, 357 East Peoria, 282, 359 East St. Louis, 58, 59, 64, 89, 90, 214, 221, 223, 224, 227, 244, 250, 286, 290, 300,301, 302, 303,331, 358 Edgar County, 138, 308, 351 Education, 265, 268, 333-44; com munity high schools, 335; educa tional statistics, 342-43; higher institutions of learning, 337-41; importance of, 333-34; normal schools, 335-36; private schools, 337; school districts, 334-35; special schools, 337 Edwards County, 140, 309, 351 Edwards River, 58 Edwardsville, 139, 301, 355 Effingham, 60, 309, 351 Effingham County, 112, 309, 351 Eldorado, 60, 305, 358 Elgin, 52, 81, 87, 223, 225, 261, 271, 280, 353 Elizabethtown, 61, 232, 306, 352 Elk, 115, 117, 121; American, 121 Elm, 102, 107; cork, 102; red, 102; white, 102; winged 102 Elmhurst, 279, 351 El Paso, 288, 360 Embarras River, 36, 59, 60 Enabling Act, 1, 2, 3, 141 Englewood, 275 Equality, 78, 305, 351 Erie Canal, 138, 144 Erosion, 25, 37, 63; stream erosion, 25, 37, 63 Eskers, 48; Garden Plain esker, 48; Hazelhurst esker, 48; Leaf River or Adeline esker, 48 Eureka, 288, 360 Evanston, 87, 223, 225, 270, 274-75, 349 Evergreens, 101; dwarf juniper. 101; juniper., 101 Factories, 218, 226, 227, 262, 281, 286. 292 Fairbury, 288, 354 Fairfield, 60, 83, 309, 359 Fairfield Agricultural Experiment Field, 309 Farm Creek, 284, 285 Farm crops, 7, 16, 36, 54, 81, 82, 89, 99, 101, 166, 186, 187, 195, 197, 240, 260, 288; rank in value of, 7, .36; 1910 value of, 16; 1917 value of, 16 Farmington, 287 Farm lands, 36, 52, 82, 101, 119, 138, 161, 176, 188,218,219, 315 Farms, 63, 154, 178, 186, 197, 218, 240, 242, 254, 306; truck, 178, 179, 306 Faults, 19,21, 24 Fayette County, 6, 112, 248, 303, 351 Federal aid roads, 244 Field Museum of Natural History, 270 Finch and Baker, 170, 178 First principal meridian, 138 First settler, 140 Fish, 54, 115, 116, 125-27, 133; classes of, 125; pounds of commercial fish caught on Illinois River in 1913-14, 126 Fissure, 16, 24 Flatboat, 228, 230, 232, 246 Flood plains. 35, 54, 55, 60, 61, 63, 64, 97, 113, 248, 250 Floods, 281 Flora, 309, 349 Florence, 126 Florida, 169, 178, 255 Flower, George, 140, 309 Fluor spar, 16, 19, 23, 199, 214-15, 305, 306 Folds, 18, 19, 24, 207; La Salle Anti clinal, 18, 20, 24, 207; Synclinal, 19 Food crops, 91, 100, 148, 152, 153, 178, 265 Forage, 166, 170, 174-76 Forbes, Professor S. A., 124 Ford County, 289, 307, 351 Forest Park, 277, 349 Forests, 92, 93-109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 119, 120, 124, 129, 140, 141, 144, 145, 147, 149, 169, 218, 228, 262; destruction of, 101; hardwood, 92, 101; importance to pioneer, 93, 99- 101; listof native trees, 104-7; native trees, 101-9; present forest area, 101; sawmills, 95; scientific forest policy, 99 Fort Chartres, 59, 248 Fort Chartres Park, 59, 329 Fort Creve Coeur, 330 Fort Dearborn, 248 Fort Massac, 248 Fort Massac State Park, 307, 328-29 Fort St. Louis, 248, 328 Fort Sheridan, 272, 274 Fourth Principal Meridian, 138 Fox, 117, 119, 136 Fox Lake, 278 Fox River, 21, 50, 52, 53, 239, 278, 280, 297 Franklin County, 6, 205, 249, 304, 351 Freeport, 46, 78, 223, 225,294, 358 French Settlements, 137, 138 Fruits, 80, 139, 169, 179-82, 193, 219; growing, 80, 179-82; orchard, 179, 181, 193; small, 181-82 Fulton, 58, 294 Fulton County, 206, 287, 351 Galena, 8, 213, 230, 231, 250, 293-94, 358 Galena River, 58, 293 Galesburg, 223, 225, 226, 287, 300, 353 Gallatin County, 26, 60, 61, 63, 78, 137, 142, 305, 307, 351 INDEX 377 Galva, 287, 300, 352 Galveston hurricane, 70, 84 Game and Fish Conservation Commis sion, 119 Garfield Park, 270 Geneva, 52, 87, 280, 337, 353 Geology, 16-24; Cambrian rocks, 19; Cretaceous and Tertiary time, 24; Devonian rocks, 22-23; divisions of geologic time, 17-18; folds and faults, 18; Glacial period, 24; Illinois State Geological Survey, 16, 23; kinds of rocks, 17; La Salle anticline, 18, 20, 24; Mississippian rocks, 23, 24; Ordovician rocks, 20; Pennsylvania rocks, 23-24; Permian period, 24; Silurian rocks, 2 1-22 ; value of Illinois rocks, 16 Georgetown, 4, 308. 359 Gibson City, 289, 351 Gillespie, 301, 303 Glacial drift, 24, 27, 29, 36, 48, 50, 53, 54, 145, 198, 209, 212 Glacial lakes, 33-35, 44, 256 Glacial period, 24, 25-36, 55; cause of, 26; driftless area, 25; duration, 27; early ice invasions, 30; effect on present relief, 25; eskers, 29; evi dences of glaciation, 27-28; glacial lakes, 33-34; IUinoisan glaciation, 27, 30-31, 35, 54, 55; Iowan glacia tion, 27, 31, 32, 48; kames, 29, 55; land, swamp, and bottom lands, 33-36; loess, 31; North American ice sheet, 26, 27, 29; outwash plains. 29; preglacial Illinois, 25; results of glaciation, 36; unglaciated areas, 29; valley trains, 29; Wisconsin glacia tion, 27, 29, 31, 32-33, 48, 54, 55 Glass, 213, 215, 282,288 Glencoe, 274, 349 Glen Ellyn, 279, 351 Goats, 186 Godfrey, 90 Golconda, 23, 61, 212, 214, 305, 357 Golden, 217, 348 Gopher, 118 Grafton, 49, 286, 352 Grand Calumet River, 45 Government, 314-32; administrative code, 324, 327; appellate court, 320; circuit court, 320; state constitu tions, 327; state government and geographical divisions, 317-24; state institutions, 324-26; state parks, 327-31; supreme court, 320; the capital city, 314-16 Grand Detour, 18 Grand Prairie, 112, 145,239 Granite City, 59', 222, 223, 224, 225, 302 , 355 Grass, 110, 111, 112, 113, 171, 175; bunch-grass, 113; prairie, 110, HI, 112, 113; seeds, 171 Grasslands. See Prairie land Gravel, 16, 24, 29, 36, 152, 199, 213, 215 Grays Lake, 278 Grayville, 60, 310 Great Bend, 47, 49, 53, 234, 281, 285 Great Central Plain, 6, 37, 256, 257, 260, 262 Great Lakes, 137, 138, 145, 218, 219, 228, 229, 257, 258,261 Great Lakes (city), 273 Great Lakes Naval Training Station, 272, 273-74 Greene County, 52, 89, 210, 291, 351 Green River, 47, 48, 114, 235 Greenup, 309, 350 Greenville, 303, 348 Griggsville, 83, 357 Grist mill, 145 Grouse, 119 Grundy County, 28, 48, 49, 238, 281, 288, 345, 352 Gulf of Mexico, 66, 77,262 Gum, 102, 103; black, 103; sweet, 102; tupelo, 103 Hail, 87-89; "soft hail," 87; "winter hail," 87 Haines, Elijah M., 129 Hamilton, 58, 217, 300, 352 Hamilton County, 60, 352 Hancock County, 5, 58, 232, 241, 249, 287, 300,352 Hardin, 232, 286, 348 Hardin County, 17, 19, 23, 24, 61, 62, 63,214, 232,241,306, 352 Harrisburg, 60, 305, 358 Harrison, General William Henry, 131 Harrison purchase, 138 Harvard, 297, 355 Harvey, 277, 349 Havana, 50, 52, 53, 286, 356 Haw tree, 103 Hay, 89, 112, 113, 166, 170, 174-76, 191, 242; timothy, 89, 112, 174; 175, 176 Hedding College, 287 Henderson County, 58, 114, 251, 300, 352 Henderson River, 58 Hennepin, 47, 49, 50, 234, 251, 281, 282, 357 Hennepin Canal, 234-35 Hennepin, Father, 200 Henry, 126, 127, 251, 282, 356 Henry County, 300, 352 Herrin, 6, 56, 305, 360 Hickory, 102, 109 Highland, 302, 355 Highland Park, 274, 354 Highwood, 274, 354 Hillsboro, 55, 214, 303, 356 Hinsdale, 279, 351 Hogs, 117, 139, 140, 169, 170, 186, 192; breeds of, 192 Hoopestown, 308, 359 Hopkins, Dr. Cyril G., 163 Hornbeam, 102, 104 378 INDEX Horses, 117, 133, 139, 171, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192; breeds of, 188; wild, 117 Hospital Corps Training School, 274 Humboldt Park, 270, 349 Hunter pioneer, 135, 136, 139 Hunting, 133, 1J7, 140 Hyde Lake, 45 Hyde Park, 275 Hydrofluoric acid, 215 Hydrogen, 152 Illini, 1, 130, 131, 143 Illinois, boundaries, 1-6; capital cities, 56, 248, 314-16; commerce, 116, 149, 238; Constitutional Convention, 327; latitude and longitude, 4, 5, 7; length and width, 4, 5; manufactures, 36, 116, 217-27; minerals, 7, 16, 23, 116, 149,198-216; people, 115, 116, 129-47; population, 7, 8, 13, 36, 345-62; state institutions, see State; surface, 37-65, 115, 129, 166, 197, 217, 239, 254, 286, 288; wealth, 36, 218 IUinoisan glaciation, 30-31, 35, 54, 55, 56, 60, 155, 157; divisions of, 31; drift sheet, 30; IUinoisan drift, 31; movement of, 30; terminal moraines, 31, 32 Illinois and Michigan Canal, 35, 45, 145, 147, 229, 233-34, 235, 236, 256, 279, 281,282 Illinois and Mississippi Canal. See Hennepin Canal Illinois College, 291 Illinois in 1818, 131, 133, 137, 138, 139, 141,249 Illinois River, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 58, 64, 85, 95, 112, 120, 125, 126, 128, 135, 136, 138, 144, 145, 206, 207, 213, 217, 229, 230, 231, 234, 238, 239, 248, 250, 251, 252-, 278, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287,288,299, 301,307, 327 Illinois River basin, 43, 45, 47, 49, 52-55, 278,287,291,293,300; area, 52; Des Plaines basin, 53; Iroquois basin, 52; Kankakee basin, 52; lake district, 53; location, 52, 278 Illinois River system, 48-52, 236 Illinois State Normal University, 124, 289,336 Illinois Steel Company, 279 Illinois Territory, 1-2, 230, 314 Illinois Valley, 38, 49, 50, 53, 101, 136, 144, 145, 230, 233, 255, 281, 282, 284; flood plain of, 54; influence on trans portation, 53; tributary valleys, 54; width, 53 Illinois Waterway, 238, 332 Illinois Wesleyan University, 289 Illinois Women's College, 291 Indiana, 1, 4, 30, 32, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52,55,59,85,86,89,93,112, 114, 136, 138, 140, 142, 169, 202, 211, 219, 244, 255, 257, 261, 262, 271, 275, 278, 279, 280, 307, 308, 309; East Chicago, 275; Gary, 45, 46, 219, 261, 271, 275-76; Hammond, 45, 46, 271, 275; Indiana Harbor, 257; Indianapolis, 257; Kouts, 85; Laporte, 46; Michigan City, 46, 271,275; North Vernon, 86; source of Kankakee River, 52 ; South Bend, 49, 280; Terre Haute, 59, 244, 308; Valparaiso, 46; Whiting, 275 Indians, 1, 110, 116, 129-34, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 147; density of popula tion, 129-33; garments of men, 133; garments of women, 133; life of, 133; manufacturing, 133-34; summer houses, 134; trade blanket, 133, 136; trade cloth, 133, 136; trade kettle, 134, 136; winter lodges, 134 Insects, 115, 127-28; economic impor tance, 127; injurious, 127-28; para sitic, 127-28; predaceous, 127-28 Iowa, 29, 30, 169, 170, 172, 190, 191, 192, 217, 239, 244, 251, 294, 299, 300; Burlington, '251, 300; Chnton, 244, 294; Davenport, 299; Fort Madison, 30, 300; Keokuk, 190, 217, 300 Iowan glaciation, 27, 31, 32, 48; Iowan drift, 31; moraines of, 32, 48 Iron, 152, 153, 199. 210, 212, 213, 214, 218, 219, 221, 222, 227, 258, 261 Iroquois County, 39, 112, 114, 280, 352 Iroquois River, 52 Jackson County, 23, 26, 31, 55, 58, 61, 63, 78, 101, 112, 202, 305, 336, 352 Jackson Park, 270 Jacksonville, 223, 225, 291, 337, 356 Jasper County, 59, 179, 309, 353 Jefferson County, 6, 112, 304, 352 Jersey County, 19, 23, 52, 58, 64, 206, 291, 352 Jerseyville, 291, 349, 352 Jo Daviess County, 21, 29, 37, 48, 58, 64, 65, 113,213,214,293,352 Johnson County, 6, 60, 62, 64, 154, 305, 353 Johnston City, 6, 56, 305, 360 Joliet, 11, 22, 23, 35, 49, 82, 85, 87, 202, 210, 223, 224, 227, 238, 244, 261, 271, 279-80, 360 Joliet and Marquette, 35, 46, 129, 135, 229 Jonesboro, 305, 359 Joppa, 306, 356 Kampsville, 286, 348 Kane County, 32, 81, 87, 280, 353 Kankakee, 49, 223, 225, 280, 281, 353 Kankakee basin, 46, 52; 53, 278, 280-81 Kankakee County, 28, 114, 153, 164. 211,280, 281, 353 Kankakee River, 48, 49, 52, 53, 136, 229, 230, 280, 281 Kansas, 169, 173, 179, 262 INDEX 379 Kaskaskia basin, 29, 55-56, 58, 293, 302, 303-4; area, 55; cities in, 55, 303-4; length of, 55; ShelbyviUe moraine, 55-56; source, 55; width of, 55 Kaskaskia Island, 4, 304 Kaskaskia, New, 304, 357 Kaskaskia, Old, 4, 59, 137,139,230,249, 250, 314 Kaskaskia River, 4, 31, 55, 56, 64, 112, 126, 131, 142, 248, 301, 302, 304 Kaskaskias, 130, 132 Kaskaskia Valley, 101 Keeley Institute, 288 Keithsburg, 300, 356 Kendall County, 21, 28, 32, 69, 280, 353 Kenilworth, 274, 350 Kentucky, 140, 141, 169, 202, 307; Paducah, 307 Keokuk dam, 58, 217, .300 Kewanee, 222, 223, 225, 287, 352 Kickapoos, 130, 131, 143 Kishwaukee Creek, 46, 47, 48, 295, 296, 297 Knox College, 287 Knox County, 211, 287, 353 Lacon, 252, 282, 356 La Grange, 279, 350 Lake Bluff, 274, 354 Lake Calumet, 45 Lake Chicago, 33-35, 44, 45, 255 Lake County, 43, 52, 53, 114, 126, 249, 254,273,274, 278, 324, 354 Lake Forest, 274, 354 Lake Forest University, 274 Lake Michigan, 33, 43, 44, 45, S3, 73, 87, 136, 137, 146, 230, 235, 236, 238, 248, 249 254 257 276 Lake Michigan 'basin, 42^6, 52, 254-77, 278, 292; area of, 42-44, 254; cities of, 254-77 Lake Peoria, 284 Lakes to Gulf Deep Waterway, 236 Lake Zurich, 278, 354 Land surveys, 8-10 Larchmound, 309 Lark 124 La SaUe, 5, 18, 50, 52, 138, 207, 212, 214, 223, 225, 232, 233, 238, 244, 250, 282, 318, 327, 354 La Salle anticline, 18, 20, 24, 207 La Salle County, 6, 20, 21, 49, 85, 200, 207, 211, 212, 217, 238, 281, 282, 307, 327, 345, 354 La Salle (explorer), 34, 130, 136, 230, 248, 327 Lawrence County, 59, 207, 208, 209, 309, 354 Lawrenceville, 59, 209, 309, 354 Lead, 16, 21, 23, 199, 213-14, 216, 262, 293 Leaf River, 48, .356 Lebanon, 303 Lee County, 6, 18, 21, 79, 114, 212, 297, 354 Legumes, 154, 160 Lemont, 279, 350 LeRoy, 289 Levee, 38, 54 Lewis Institute, 266 Lewistown, 287, 351 Lexington, 289 Libertyville, 278, 354 Limestone, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 58, 63, 64, 109, 153, 154, 157, 160, 161, 163, 173, 199, 212, 215, 296; Galena, 21; Lower Magnesian, 20, 212; Niagara, 21, 22; Platteville, 21 Lincoln, 4, 52, 87, 223, 225. 289, 337, 354 Lincoln, Abraham, 290, 330 Lincoln Highway, 109, 244 Lincoln Monument, 290, 291, 329 Lincoln Park, 270 Linden, 134 Litchfield, 303, 356 Little Calumet River, 45, 46, 277 Little Muddy River, 56 Little Wabash River, 36, 60 Liverpool, 126 Live stock, 137, 159, 169, 191, 197, 218, 220,242,261, 262 Livingston County, 211, 288, 354 Loams, 152, 154, 155, 157, 161, 167, 168, 173; black clay, 157; brown silt, 157, 161; clay, 152; fine, sandy, 152; gravelly, 152; gray silt, 155; peaty, 152; sandy, 152; stony, 152; yellow- gray silt, 157; yellow silt, 154, 157 Lockport, 22, 44, 87, 217, 235, 236, 238, 279, 360 Locust trees, 111 Loess, 31 Logan County, 4, 31, 87, 289, 354 Lombard College, 287 Louisville, 60, 309, 349 Lowden, Governor, 327 Loyola University, 266 Lumber, 145, 219, 240, 252, 258, 261, 265 McDonough County, 69, 204, 205, 211, 287, 336, 354 McHenry County, 78, 355 Mackinaw River, 52 McLean County, 6, 7, 153, 289, 336, 355 Macomb, 210, 287, 336, 355 Macon County, 4, 6, 289, 355 Macoupin County, 90, 210, 291, 301, 303, 355 Macoupin Creek, 52 Madison, 59, 302, 355 Madison County, 58, 59, 90, 132, 140, 213, 301, 302, 303, 331, 345, 355 Magnesium, 152, 153 Maine, 177 Makanda, 56 Manufacturing, 95, 217-27, 251, 262, 263, 288, 290, 294, 301, 302, 315; capital, 217, 218; favorable condi tions, 217-20; fuel and power, 217, 218; important industries, 220-22; 380 INDEX labor, 217, 218, 222; location of industries, 222-27; raw materials, 217, 218, 249; transportation, 217, 218, 222 Maple, 102, 109, 177; sugar, 177 Marengo, 297, 355 Marion, 6, 56, 305, 360 Marion County, 6, 79, 112, 163, 304, 355 Marissa, 303, 358 Markets, 166, 240, 253 Marseilles, 32, 49, SO, 217, 281, 354 Marseilles moraine, 32 Marshall, 309, 349 Marshall County, 127, 240, 356 Marston, Major, 133 Mascoutah, 303, 358 Mason City, 289, 356 Mason County, 31, 35, 52, 113,286,289, 356 Massac County, 24, 60, 61. 63, 182, 230, 306, 328, 356 Mattoon, 60, 87, 223, 225, 226, 308, 349 Maywood, 87, 278, 350 Meat-packing, 220, 222, 226, 270 Melrose Park, 87, 278, 350 Menard County, 4, 291, 330, 356 Mendota, 6, 85, 282, 286, 354 Meppen, 126, 127 Mercer County, 23, 58, 114, 138, 300, 356 Meredosia, 113, 286, 356 Meridian Road, 5 Mesozoic Era, 18, 24 Metchigamis, 130, 131 Metropolis, 61, 230, 248, 306-7, 328, 356 Miamis, 130 Mice, 115, 121 Michigan, 32, 136, 138, 177, 178, 193 239, 271; Benton Harbor, 271 Grand Haven, 271; Grand River, 32 St. Joseph, 271 Military Tract, 138, 141 Millikin University, 289 Millstadt, 303 Mineral water, 199, 215 Mink, 119, 136 Minnesota, 29, 173, 229, 255, 257; Duluth, 229, 257 Minonk, 6, 288, 360 Minooka ridge, 32 Mississippi, 169 Mississippian rocks, 23, 24 Mississippi flood plain, 59, 60, 61, 331 Mississippi River, 4, 5, 8, 19, 23, 25, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 46, 47, 48, 49, 55, 58, 63, 64, 65, 85, 93, 95, 101, 112, 114, 120, 126, 128, 134, 135, 137, 138, 142, 178, 202, 213, 217, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 238, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 281, 286, 287, 293, 294, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 306; changes in course of, 4, 25, 30 Mississippi River basin, 42, 57-60, 85, 119, 256, 258, 293; minor basins, 57-60 Mississippi Valley, 23, 59, 66, 101, 113, 126, 136, 169, 218, 219 Missouri, 4, 61, 64, 85, 93, 138, 177, 192, 193, 202, 213, 215, 230, 231, 232, 244, 255, 257, 262, 286, 300, 302, 303, 304; Hannibal, 300; Louisiana, 300; St. Louis, 85, 177, 202, 230, 231, 232, 244, 255, 257, 286, 302, 303, 304; St. Mary's, 4 Missouri basin, 169 Moline, 47, 58, 222, 223, 224, 226, 299, 331, 358 Mollusk, 115, 127,128; fresh-water, 115, 128; fresh-water mussels or "clams," 128; snails, 128 Momence, 49 280, 353 Momence Agricultural Experiment Field, 164, 280 Monk's Mound. See Cahokia Mound Monmouth, 69, 211, 300, 359 Monroe County, 58, 303, 356 Montana, 193 Montgomery County, 210, 303, 356 Monticello, 4, 289, 357 Morgan County, 113, 291, 356 Morgan Park, 277 Morris, 50, 281, 352 Morrison, 299, 359 Mosier, J. G., 168 Moultrie County, 179, 206, 303, 356 Mound City, 6, 61, 306, 357 Mounds, 65, 306, 357 Mount Carmel, 309, 359 Mount Carroll, 294, 348 Mount Forest Island, 46 Mount OUve, 303, 355 Mount Pulaski, 289, 354 Mount Sterling, 4, 287, 348 Mount Vernon, 6, 56, 304, 352 Mulberry, 102, 108; white, 108 Mules, 186, 187, 188, 189, 204 Murphysboro, 56, 305, 352 Muskrat, 115, 119, 136 Naperville, 279, 351 Naples, 286, 358 Nashville, 304, 359 National Old Trails Road, 244 Natural gas, 24, 199, 207-10, 215 Nauvoo, 232, 241, 249, 300, 352 Nebraska, 169, 173 Neoga, 309, 350 New Athens, 303, 358 Newberry Library, 270 New Orleans, 202, 255 New Salem, 330, 357 New Salem Park, 330 Newton, 59, 309 New York, 173, 177, 220, 255, 257, 258; Buffalo, 257 Nitrogen, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160 Nokomis, 303, 356 Normal, 6, 124, 289, 336, 337, 355 North Chicago, 273, 354 INDEX 381 North Dakota, 173 Northern Illinois State Normal School, 297,336 Northwestern University, 265, 270, 274, 339 Nuts, 169 Oak Park, 223, 225, 270, 277, 278,279, 350 Oaks, 102, 109 Oats, 84, 89, 112, 166, 169, 170-73, 175 Oblong, 209, 309, 350 Odd Fellows Orphans' Home, 289 Odin, 304, 355 Odin Experiment Field, 163, 304 O'Fallon, 303, 358 Ogle County, 6, 21,29,48, 102, 109,297, 330, 356 Oglesby, 212,282. 288,354 Ohio, 31, 59, 93, 112, 173, 193, 199, 202 Ohio River, 4, 23, 24, 25, 37, 38, 39, 48, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 75, 95, 101, 126, 128, 214, 229, 230, 231, 232, 238, 248, 252, 293, 305, 306, 307, 328, 329 Ohio River basin, 60-61, 103, 293, 329; area, 60; tributaries, 60-61 Okaw River. See Kaskaskia Oklahoma, 179, 262 Olney, 60, 107, 309, 357 Opossum, 116, 118, 121 Oquawka, 251, 300,352 Orchards, 111. 118, 119, 140 Ordinance of 1787, 1 Ordovician rocks, 20, 21 Oregon, 47, 297, 357 Ottawa, 5, 21, 29, 50, 200, 213, 244, 282, 327, 329, 354 Otter, 115, 117, 121, 136 Outwash plains, 29 Oxygen, 152 Ozark Plateau, 38, 305 Ozark Ridge, 23, 24, 26, 29, 37, 38, 39, 56, 58, 60, 61-64, 81,97, 102, 188, 230, 305-7; altitude, 61; area, 61, 62; effect of topography, climate and soil of this region on products, 63; erosion, 63; limestone, 63; location, 61; pro ducts, 63 Pacific Ocean, 60, 262 Palatine, 278. 350 Paleozoic Era, 17, 18,25 Palmyra, 249, 355 Pana, 303, 349 Panther, 117 Paris 308, 351 Park Ridge, 276, 350 Pawpaw, 104 Paxton, 307, 351 Pearl, 286, 357 Pearls, 128 Peat, 152, 154, 157; peaty loams, 152, 154 Pecatonica River, 46, 294, 295 Pekin, 50, 52, 53, 113, 126, 222, 223, 225, 226,251,281,286,359 Pelicans, 118 Pennsylvania, 173, 199, 202, 203, 208, 211, 220, 262 Pennsylvanian rocks, 23-24, 25 People, 115, 116, 129-47; coming of the white man, 129, 135-47; life of the Indians, 115, 129-34, 135, 137; white man, 116, 129, 135-47 Peoria, 49, 50, 53, 73, 75, 126, 144, 145, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227, 230, 231, 232, 244, 2S0, 251, 281, 282, 284, 286, 290, 300, 318,330,357 Peoria County, 32, 56, 206, 240, 284, 357 Peoria Heights, 282, 284, 357 Peorias, 130, 131, 132 Permanent settler. 135, 136, 139 Permian period, 24 Perry, 241, 357 Perry County, 112, 304, 357 Perryville, 249 Persimmon, 104 Peru, 5, 50, 214, 233, 250, 282, 354 Petersburg, 4, 289, 291, 330 Petroleum, 16, 18, 23, 24, 199, 207-10, 215,222,226,227,302,309; produc tion of, Table VII, 209 Phosphorus, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 162 Piankashaws, 130, 143 Piatt County, 4, 179, 289, 357 Pigeon, 115; passenger, 115 Pike County, 29, 31, 49, 58, 64, 83, 86, 210, 241,301,357 Pinckneyville, 56, 304, 357 Pine, 101; jack, 101; shortleaf, 101; white, 101 Pine Creek, 109 Pioneers, 93, 99-101, 135, 140-47; nativity of, 143 Pittsfield, 301, 357 Pleasant Hill, 86, 357 Plum, 103 Plum River, 58 Polecat, 118 Ponds, 111, 118 Pontiac, 52,288, 354 Pope County, 17, 19, 23, 24, 39, 60, 62, 63, 212, 305, 357 Pope Creek, 58 Poorland Farm, 163 Poplar, 102, 111; Cottonwood, 102, 111; largetooth aspen, 102; swamp cotton - wood, 102; trembling aspen. 102; tulip, 102 Population, 7, 8, 13, 36, 140-47, 149, 191 310, 315, 345-62; counties of 1818, 140; density of, in 1818. 141; density of 1790-1920, 146; of 1818, 140-43 Potassium, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 164; salts, 153 Potato, 112, 171, 177-78, 179, 193; Irish, 112, 177-78; sweet, 178 Pottawatomies, 130, 131, 143 Pottery, 23, 36, 133, 134, 210, 211, 291, 300; Indian, 133, 134 382 INDEX Poultry, 115, 118, 119, 120, 186, 193-95; chickens, 193; ducks, 115, 118, 120, 193, 195; geese, 118, 120, 193, 195; guinea fowls, 193; peafowls, 193; pheasants, 193; pigeons, 193; tur keys, 115, 119, 120, 193 Power, 217, 226-27, 235, 238, 249, 279, 281, 299, 300; animal, 238; hydro electric, 235, 279; steam, 238; water, 217,281,299,300; wind, 217 Prairie chicken, 115, 119, 120 Prairie du Pont Creek, 59 Prairie du Rocher, 59, 137, 329, 357 Prairie land, 37, 48, 92, 93, 95, 99, 110- 13, 114, 115, 116, 119, 124, 129, 140, 141, 144, 145, 149, 153, 154, 157, 161, 163, 221, 228, 239, 240, 268; breaking up prairie land, 112, 116; difficulty of settlement, 92; meaning of, 110; theories concerning origin of, 110; upland, 113, 114 Prairie State, 65, 93, 101, 109 Pre-Iowan glaciation, 29, 31 Princeton, 287, 348 Pulaski County, 6, 24, 60, 63, 182, 306, 357 Putnam County, 49, 240, 345, 357 Pyrite, 199, 213 Quail, 119, 120 Quincy, 4, 58, 111, 223, 225, 253, 300, 326, 348 Rabbit, 118, 119, 121 Raccoon, 116, 118, 136 Railroads, 35, 36, 42, 46, 53, 59, 64, 109, 146, 147, 202, 206, 212, 214, 217, 218, 219, 226, 227, 228, 231, 232, 238-42, 247, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256, 258, 260, 262, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 279, 280, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 294, 300, 301, . 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308; building, 36; Chicago and Alton, 35; Chicago and Eastern Illinois, 206; Chicago and Joliet electric, 35 ; Chicago, Burl ington and Quincy, 109, 206; effect of Ozark Ridge on, 64; electric inter- urban, 217, 241-42, 247, 256, 270, 279, 282, 308; elevated, 269, 279; Illinois Central, 206, 308; influence of surface on development of, 42, 64; mileage, 13, 36; Santa Fe, 35; service to suburbs of Chicago, 46; St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern, 59; The Big Four, 206, 308 Randolph County, 4, 55, 58, 59, 82, 137, 210, 248, 303, 304, 329, 345, 357 Rantoul, 246, 307, 349 Rats, 117, 121 Raw materials, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 227,249, 253,262,263 Red bud, 104 Reptiles, 115, 119, 125; blue racer, 125; bull snake, 125; garter snake, 125; grass snake, 125; moccasins, 125; rattlesnake, 125; turtles, 125 Richland County, 39, 59, 107, 124, 357 Ridgway, Mr. Robert, 107, 108, 109, 124, 309 Riley, 78, 348 Riprap, 212 River Forest, 278, 279, 350 River gaps,'59 Riverside, 270, 277, 279, 350 River terrace, 281 Roads, 16, 36, 37, 42, 64, 112, 212, 213, 228, 229, 243, 244, 247, 296, 332; influence of surface on development of, 37, 42, 64; natural, 112; road- making materials, 16, 36, 212, 213 Robinson, 209, 309, 350 Rochelle, 6, 297, 357 Rock Falls, 47, 299, 359 Rockford, 5, 46, 47, 223, 224, 294-95, 297, 360 Rock Island, 8, 23, 30, 46, 47, 58, 133 202, 222, 223, 225, 235, 299, 358 Rock Island County, 23, 47, 58, 138 299, 357 Rock phosphate, 155, 163 Rock River, 18, 20, 46-48, 58, 295, 296, 298, 299; length, 46; mouth, 46; source, 46 Rock River basin, 31, 46-48, 101, 102, 293,294-99; area of, 46; cities of, 47; effect of glaciation upon, 47-48; tributaries, 46; width of, 46 Rocks, 16, 17, 24, 27, 28, 48, 152, 198, 207, 212, 215, 296; bed, 16, 27, 28, 48, 207; gorges, 48; igneous, 17; impervious, 207; mantle, 16, 27, 28, 296; metamorphic, 17; outcrops, 21, 152,212; sedimentary, 1 7; siliceous 215 Rockton. 46 Rogers Park, 275 Roodhouse, 291, 352 Rosiclare, 214, 232, 305, 306, 352 Rubble, 212 Rushville, 287, 358 Rye, 112, 169, 175 Sacs and Foxes, 130, 131, 132, 133, 143 Sag, The, 45 St. Charles, 52, 280, 337, 353 St. Clair County, 55, 58, 59, 137, 173, 202, 206, 246, 301, 302, 303, 318, 358 St. Joseph River, 136 Salem, 6, 304, 356 Saline County, 17, 26, 61, 305, 358 Saline River, 36. 60, 61, 63, 64, 142, 305 Saline River basin, 60, 62, 305 Salt, 305 Sand, 16,24,29,35,36,44,45, 113, 157, 199, 213, 215; sand deposits, 35, 113; sand dunes, 44, 45 Sandoval, 214, 356 Sandstone, 19, 21, 23, 24, 29, 50, 213; Potsdam, 19, 21; St. Peter, 29, 213 Sand vegetation, 113-14; Amboy area, 114; Havana area, 113; Kankakee area, 114; Oquaka area, 113 INDEX 383 Sandwich, 280, 350 Sangamon County, 144, 157, 290, 358 Sangamon River, 49, 52, 119, 289, 330 Sassafras, 102 Savanna, 294, 348 Sawmills, 95, 145 Schuyler County, 4, 52, 287, 358 Scott Aviation Field, 246, 302 Scott County, 291, 358 Second principal meridian, 138 Seneca, 281 Sewer pipe, 23, 210, 211, 291 Shabbona Park, 329, 350 Shaft mines, 203, 204 Shales, 23, 24,212,215 Shawnees, 130 Shawneetown, 16, 137, 139, 214, 230, 251, 305, 306 Sheep, 117, 140, 186, 192-93; breeds of, 193 Shelby County, 6, 55, 179, 303, 358 ShelbyviUe, 55, 56, 303, 358 ShelbyviUe moraine, 27, 55, 56, 60 Shoal Creek, 55, 142 Shurtleff College, 301 Silurian rocks, 21-22 Silver, 198, 199,213-14 Sink holes, 58, 63, 64 Skillet Fork, 36, 60 Skokie Marsh, 114 Sleet, 87, 89; "sleet storms," 87, 89 Slope mines, 203, 204 Soil, 6, 16, 36, 52, 115, 129, 148-64, 166, 168, 171, 173, 175, 178, 197, 212; agricultural experiment fields, 158-61 ; and its conservation, 148-64; areas, 152, 155; fertility in Illinois, 149, 150, 155-58; glacial soil, 6, 36; greatest mineral resource, 16; humus, 173; importance of, 148; importance of products of, 148; loess, 31; map, 152; population and, 148-49; required plant food, 152-55; sand ridge, 153, 154, 157, 173; subsurface, 151; surface, 151, 157; surveys, 149-52, 160; types, 150, 152, 155, 157 South Chicago, 45,210, 275 South Dakota, 173 Southern Illinois State Normal Uni versity, 305, 336 Sparrow, 124 Sparta, 304, 357 Split Rock, 18, 207 Spoon River, 52 Spring Bay, 252, 360 Springfield, 4, 11, 52, 69, 73, 89, 90, 144, 214 223, 224, 239, 244, 248, 250, 289, 290-91, 306, 314, 315, 318, 329, 330, 358 Springvalley, 6, 50, 282. 348 Squirrel, 117, 119, 121; fox, 117; gray, 117 Stark County, 287, 358 Starved Rock, 50, 130, 131, 238, 248, 327-28 State Aid Roads, 244 State buildings, 314-15; Capitol, 314, 318; Centennial Memorial Building, 315; Governor's Mansion, 315; Slate Fair Grounds, 315; Supreme Court Building, 314 State College of Agriculture, 148, 150, 152, 155, 159, 161; agriculture experi ment fields, 158-61; grain system of farming, 159, 161; live-stock system of farming, 159, 161; Urbana experi ment field, 148, 150, 152 State Historical Society, 330 State Institutions, 324-26 State Laboratory • of Natural History, 101 State legislature, 314, 317, 318, 327, 330, 333 State Natural History Museum, 107, 198; specimens of native trees, 107 Staunton, 301, 303, 355 Steamboat, 228, 230, 231, 232, 246, 250, 251 Steel, 210 Stephenson County, 18, 21, 29, 48, 58, 64, 78, 207, 294, 358 Sterling, 47, 48, 299, 359 Stratford, 109 Streator, 5, 52, 213, 223, 225, 282, 288, 354 Sugar, 176-77, 258; crops, 176-77 Sugar River, 295 Sullivan, 303 Sulphur, 152, 153, 213 Sulphuric acid, 199, 213 Sumacs, 104 Summer resorts, 53 Summit, 44, 45, 255, 350 Sumner, 309, 354 Surface, 37-65, 115, 129, 166, 197, 217, 239, 254, 286, 288; general surface features, 37-42; other rugged areas, 64; Ozark Ridge, 61-64 Swamplands, 113-14, 120, 153, 155, 164; peaty, 153, 155; vegetation of, 113-14 Swans, 118 Sycamore, 103, 109, 111, 297 Sycamore (town), 78, 350 Tamarack, 102 Tamaroas, 130, 131 Taylorville,291,349Tazewell County, 35, 113, 153, 240, 289, 359 Tennessee River, 75 Tertiary, 24 Texas, 93, 178, 241 Thebes, 306, 348 Third principal meridian, 5, 8, 138 Thorn tree, 103 Tile, 23, 36, 210, 211; draintile, 36, 211 Timothy, 89 Tobacco, 222 Toledo, 309, 350 Tonti, 327 384 INDEX Tornadoes, 85-87, 89; Mattoon, 87; St. Louis, 85 Toulon, 287, 358 Tower Hill, 55,358 Townships, 138, 143 Trading posts, 136 Transportation, 53, 146, 214, 219, 222, 228-47, 249, 250, 251, 252, 257, 260, 261, 268, 285, 288, 292, 302, 315; air, 244-46; canals, 214, 233-37; develop ment of, 228-29; early, 229-30; electric railroads, 241-42; Illinois waterway, 238; lake commerce, 238; public highways, 242-44; river, 214, 230-32; steam railroads, 214, 238-41 Tripoli, 199,214-15 Tunnel Hill, 64 Turtles, 115, 125, 126; river turtles, 126 Tuscola, 59, 308, 350 Union County, 23, 24, 60, 61, 62, 81, 101, 182, 305, 359 United States Arsenal, 299 United States Census of 1910, 168, 187, 189, 197 United States Census Reports, 147, 181, 222,310,345 United States Naval Radio School, 274 United States Steel Corporation, 275 University of Chicago, 265, 270, 339 University of Illinois, 308, 336-37 Upper Alton, 301 Urbana, 4, 59, 148, 150, 152, 159, 303, 308, 336, 349; experiment field, 150, 152 Utica, 18, 20, 207, 212, 238, 282, 327 Valleys, 25, 37, 38, 42, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 62, 63, 64, 101, 234; mature, 25, 56; preglacial, 47, 234; prevention of valley systems, 64; postglacial, 48; stream 42, 53, 55, 60, 62; trenches, 37 ; tributary valleys of the Illinois, 54 Valley trains, 29, 213 Valparaiso moraine, 27, 32, 33, 43, 44, 46,48,52,53,256 Vandalia, 6, 55,248, 303, 314, 351 ' Vegetables, 133, 139, 154, 178-79 Vegetation, native, 92-114, 115, 116, 139; forests, 92, 93-99; list of trees native to Illinois, 104-7; native trees, 101-9; prairies, 111-13; sand and swamp vegetation, 113-14; vegeta tion areas, 92; white pine forest, 109 Venice, 59, 302, 355 Venison, 133 Vermilion County, 4, 138,211, 213,308, 359 Vermilion River, 52, 59, 138, 282, 288, 307 Viburnums, 104 Vienna, 6, 305, 353 Vincennes Tract, 138 Virden, 291, 355 Virginia, 291, 349 Wabash County, 89, 309, 359 Wabash River, 4, 25, 31, 36, 52, 59, 60, 75, 95. 101, 102, 112, 126, 128, 142, 229,230, 293, 305,309,310 Wabash River Basin, 55, 59-60, 103, 136, 293, 303, 307-10; area, 59; source, 59; topography, 60; trib utaries, 59 Wahoo, 104 Walnut, 102, 109; black, 102 War of 1812, 138 Warren County, 69, 211, 300, 359 Warsaw, 58, 300, 352 Washington, 173, 289, 359 Washington County, 112, 304, 359 Washington Park, 270 Water gaps, 58 Waterloo, 55, 303 Water-shed, 55 Watertown, 299 Watseka, 280 Waukegan, 219, 223, 224, 229, 261, 271, 273 279 354 Wayn'e County, 83, 309, 359 Wealth, 36, 218; rank in, 36 Weapons, 116, 136; bow and arrow, 136; gun and ammunition, 136 Weas, 130 Weather bureau, 68, 72-76, 77, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89; climatological data, 76, 77; co-operative stations, 74, 75 ; stations, 72-76; weather records, 76 West Bluffs, 285 . West Chicago, 279, 351 Western Illinois State Normal School, 287, 336 Western Military Academy, 302 West Hammond, 277, 350 Westville, 308, 359 West Virginia, 199, 202 Wheat, 84, 89, 112, 113, 163, 166, 169, 170, 173-74, 175, 176, 177, 193, 258 Whea'ton, 279, 351 Wheaton College, 279 White County, 4, 60, 89, 206, 310, 359 Whitehall, 210, 291, 352 White man, 135-47; Indian and white man, 135; population of 1818, 141-44; settlement of central and northern Illinois, 144-47; the explorers, 135- 37; the fur trade, 135, 137-38; the pioneer, 135, 140-41 White pine forest, 109, 330 White Pine Forest Association, 109 Whiteside County, 48, 58, 294, 299, 359 Wild cat, 117, 137 Wild flowers, 109 Wild game, 115, 120, 136, 141 Will County, 11, 28, 32, 43, 87, 238, 254. 279, 288, 360 William's Hill, 39, 62 Williamson County, 6, 26, 61, 304, 305, 360 Wilmette, 87, 274, 350 Wilmington, 280, 352 I.XDEX 385 Winchester, 291,358 Winnebago County, 6, 294, 295. 360 Winnebagoes, 130, 132, 133, 143 Winnetka, 44,46, 274, 350 Wisconsin, 1, 8, 18, 19, 21, 25, 29, 30, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 65, 73, 93, 177, 178, 190, 191, 213, 221, 239, 244, 271, 278, 331; Beloit, 5,47; Fort Shelby, 331; Green Bay, 25; Janesville, 47; Mil waukee, 271; source of Des Plaines River, 49; source of Fox River, 46, 50 Wisconsin glaciation, 27, 29, 31, 32-33, 48, 54, 55,56, 60, 157, 168; Blooming ton moraine, 32, 48; Cerro Gordo moraine, 32 ; Champaign moraine, 32 ; Chatsworth ridge, 32; Cropsey ridge, - 32; early Wisconsin glaciation, 32, 54, 56. 60, 157; glacial lakes, 33; ground moraines, 33, late Wisconsin glaciation, 32, 54, 60; Marseilles moraine, 32; Minooka ridge, 32; moraines, 32, 54; ShelbyviUe moraine, 32; Valparaiso moraine, 32, 48; Wis consin drift, 31, 32 Witchhazel, 104 Witt, 303 Wolf. 115, 116. 117, 119 Wolf Lake, 45, 101 Woodford County, 6, 240, 252, 288, 360 Wood River, 302 Woodstock, 297, 355 Wool, 193 Wyoming, 287, 358 Wyoming (state), 193 Yorkville, 69. 280 Young Men's Christian Association, 266 Zinc, 16, 21, 23, 199, 213-14, 215, 218, 222,227,262,282,294,302 Zion City, 249, 272, 354 00961 2467