YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

MEMOIRS

OP THE

MARQUIS OF POMBAL.

VOL. I.

London :
Printed by A. Spottiswoode,
New-Street-Square.

t^rzJK? eJWtjfa

MEMOIRS

MARQUIS OF POMBAL;

EXTRACTS FROM HIS WRITINGS,
AND FROM
DESPATCHES IN THE STATE PAPER OFFICE,
NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED.
BY
JOHN SMITH, ESQ.
PRIVATE SECRETARY TO THE MARSHAL MARQUIS DE SALDANHA.

:( Such men are rais'd to station and command
When Providence means mercy to a land.
He speaks, and they appear : to Him they owe
Skill to direct, and strength to strike the blow ;
To manage with address, to seize with power.
The crisis of a dark decisive hour."

IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.

LONDON:
LONGMAN, BKOWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,
PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1843.

TO

THE EIGHT HONOURABLE
SIR ROBERT PEEL, BART.

Sir, When, from admiration of his character
and genius, I first contemplated the task of
compiling and submitting to the "world Memoirs
of that Illustrious Statesman, the Marquis of
Pombal, and, even up to the moment when
my labours were nearly at an end, I scarcely
ventured to hope, I should be so fortunate as to
present myself before the Public under the
weighty sanction of your name.
While I very gratefully thank you for your
ready acquiescence in this, the highest wish I
could have entertained on a subject not always
A 3

vi DEDICATION.
of trivial moment, permit me respectfully to
remark upon the peculiar propriety of this
dedication, by adverting to the coincidence be
tween your own exalted position in this
country, and that once occupied by the great
Minister of Portugal. Each, at a period of
difficulty, was selected to sustain the honour
and energy of a great nation; and from each
were required the delicate discrimination, and
firmness of purpose, which distinguished the
late Marquis — qualities which won for him the
admiration and full confidence of his country,
and for which all wise and good Englishmen
must confess themselves equally your debtors.
May your valuable exertions continue long,
and be rewarded with complete success, and my
parallel will thus be established throughout.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obliged and humble Servant,
JOHN SMITH.

W The Facsimile of the Letter from the Empress Mai
Theresa, referred to in these Volumes, not being y
engraved, it will, when ready, be exchanged for tl
Notice at the Publishers' ; where likewise a few Pro
Impressions of the Portrait, on India Paper, price 5
may be procured.

PREFACE.

A preface to the Life of the Marquis of Pombal
ought perhaps to be addressed peculiarly to his
countrymen. For, if the author could venture to
expect any commendation for his humble attempt
to vindicate the character of that illustrious
statesman from the aspersions cast upon his me
mory, he would especially desire to receive it at
the hands of those readers, in whose breasts the
name of Joseph Sebastian de Carvalho e Mello
might be supposed to excite emotions of a proud
and generous patriotism. History scarcely fur
nishes the parallel of another genius, whose fame
has been so foully tarnished by the prejudice and
malignity of his enemies. For, in what other
light can we regard any biographer of Pombal,
sprung from the race, or educated in the princi-
A 4

V1U PREFACE.

pies, of the Jesuits ? If we could here forestall
the details of the following Memoirs, we should
with difficulty, amidst all the stirring events of
that statesman's ministry, discover a measure
requiring greater courage to originate, or fraught
with more lasting importance in its results, than
his expulsion of that sect from Portugal. This
step first excited the wonder, but eventually was
followed by the imitation, of the Roman Catholic
Sovereigns throughout Europe ; and whatever
degree of admiration or of censure such a pro
ceeding may inherit from the opponents or the
advocates of ecclesiastical dominion, no Jesuit
could hesitate in his condemnation, equally of its
authors and advisers. For the Jesuits, at least,
could admit no compromise between their pro
scribed and persecuted Order, and the man who
first crushed their authority, and ultimately
banished them from that empire which they had
usurped. But the first writer who compiled the
history of the life and times of Pombal was a
member of the Jesuit Order. Born of Italian
parents, he was destitute of all those sympathies

PREFACE. IX
which constitute the nationality of a Portuguese ;
a citizen of an insignificant state,,, he could ill ap
preciate the enlarged views of commerce adopted
by Pombal ; the narrow system of the schools
might naturally prejudice his understanding
against those plans of universal education, which
were applied under the auspices of Dom Joseph ;
nor is it possible to conceive, that the bigoted
subject of an absolute prince could approve the
development of those enlightened maxims of state
policy, which are identified with the career of
the Minister, whose Memoirs form the subject of
these volumes. It is remarkable, that this writer
concealed his own principles under the mask of
an anonymous publication. Yet upon this anony
mous, and, it may be added, anomalous history,
all the subsequent accounts of that period are
founded. The Jesuit's compilation has been fol
lowed by a variety of smaller publications drawn
from no more authentic sources.^ These various
productions will be found to differ from each
other, principally in their bulk, in the order and
variety of their incidents, and in the prominency

X PREFACE.
of certain characters ; while their sameness is
occasionally relieved by some slight modifications
in the views of their respective authors, or by
the introduction of some popular, perhaps newly
invented, tale. But the same family resemblance
is apparent in the features of each — they are
evidently derived from the same Jesuitical stock.
And, although it is not surprising that a Jesuit
should have eagerly undertaken to write the life,
and delineate the character, of the deceased mi
nister ; it is still less matter of astonishment, that
such a biographer should have painted his hero in
the likeness, alternately of a slave and a tyrant ;
a monster and a parasite ; a hypocrite and a
knave ; — anything, however incongruous or im
possible, anything but the individual, whose qua
lities the author has endeavoured, however feebly
to pourtray ; anything, in short, but — Pombal
The English reader may, however, inquire
"What has the present generation to do with the
life of a Portuguese politician ? " To offer a com
plete answer to such a question, were to anticipate
the following Memoirs. But it may be replied

PREFACE. XI

generally: — There have been eminent men, who
not only reflected a lustre upon the people they
instructed and the country they adorned, but
cast their light onward over succeeding gene
rations, and still shine as beacons to shape the
course and guide the advance of an admiring
posterity. The minister who rules in troublous
times enjoys few of the sweets of office, whilst he
incurs all its responsibilities. His indefatigable
labours by day, his sleepless anxiety by night ;
the ceaseless round of his duties, comprehending
subjects of unmeasured importance ; the sacrifice
of private feeling to public interests ; the loss of
society, and the privation of more than half the
enjoyments of domestic life — what patriotism, be
it ever so exalted, would encounter such an ex
istence, if its reward consisted in the jealousies of
supporters and the cabals of a hydra-opposition ?
Can it be supposed that those eminent men, who
have contributed to the valuable legislation of
their country, are doomed to be forgotten or
disregarded, as the creatures of a temporary
popularity, in whose examples their successors

Xii PREFACE.
have no concern ? or will the reader deny to the
regenerator of his country all reward but that of
an ephemeral reputation?
Nor is it among his own countrymen alone,
that the faithful servant of the crown must look
for the esteem and approbation of posterity.
It is not to stimulate the industry of the
needy tradesman, or to amuse the attention of
the careless passenger, that the beautiful Co
rinthian column is at this moment in progress
to the memory of our immortal Nelson. The
intelligent foreigner will lift his view above the
bas-reliefs upon the base, until his eye surveys
the rich sculpture of the capital, and contem
plates the hero himself. From the beauty of the
memorial, he will naturally pass to the character
of the individual, and it is to be hoped, that
whether the stranger stand before the column of
Nelson, or the tomb of Pombal, he will not
peruse the inscription without inquiring of the
history, nor, while he admires the monument,
protest his indifference to the man.

PREFACE. xiii
AvSpwv yip STrnpuvcov Trao-a. yy Toapo;, xa. ou o-tyiKcuv p.6vw
ev rij oixs/a 0-qp.a.ivsi e>nypa<rf, aAXa xa) ev tjj p.rj irpoo-iixovo-ri
uypuiSos p.vr)p.r, irap' Ixao-ra. rfj; yvajfirjf p.a.\\ov 5) too epyou
lvSia.lTO.TOU. Moreover, the life of Pombal opens sources
of attraction, especially calculated to excite the
attention of the English reader ; as, independ
ently of the general interest attached to that
portion of Portuguese history, the administration
of that statesman was peculiarly English in its
character and objects. Nor did his exertions in
maintaining the commercial freedom of his coun
try at all militate against this position. For, by
ascertaining and adjusting the reciprocal rights
of the merchants, he not only established a good
understanding for the time, but provided the
most effectual guarantee for the continuance of
those friendly relations, which have proved so
conducive to the prosperity of both people.
The progress of his government is likewise
pregnant with examples, which the wisdom of the
present age might not disdain to imitate. An ad
ministration embracing a period of twenty-seven

xiv PREFACE.
years, must necessarily furnish some great exam
ples of wisdom or of folly, and miiSt have contri*
buted materially either to the happiness or misery
of the people. And, perhaps, it may not be unfair
to conclude at once in favour of , the former
qualities ; since it is difficult to conceive, that
a minister could have continued to govern so
long, unless he had governed both wisely and
well. Bad governments create bad subjects,
and bad subjects will never endure a bad go
vernment, even if they be persuaded to tolerate
a good one. " Twenty-two years," exclaimed
Mr. Burke, " is a long space in the scale of the
fife of man; it is no inconsiderable space in the
history of a great nation." Yet it was during a
period of twenty-seven years that Pombal illus
trated by his practice some of those essential
maxims of state policy, which at that time were
barely appreciated even by a legislature, then
incomparably the most enlightened in the world,
— the legislature of Great Britain. He has
shown us how much positive good a government
can confer. His was not a mere negative govern-

PREFACE. XV
ment. His life exhibits the unusual picture of
a ruler outstripping the intelligence of the age
in which he lived; at the same time he has
emphatically demonstrated what constitutes true
reform. Pombal was no speculative reformer. He
neither attempted innovation upon old established
customs, for the sake of developing a new and
fanciful theory, nor did he blindly propagate an
tiquated errors. No minister ever interfered so
deeply with the great interests of society, without
either disorganizing its elements, or obstructing
its improvement. He did not bow down before
the Idol of Reform, until he had lifted up the
veil, and ascertained its truth; yet, conducting
the march of civilization, he originated the views,
unfolded the prospects, encouraged the enter
prise, regulated or supplied the wants, and
developed the energies of a nation. His writings
will be found to contain some of the most
valuable discoveries known to the modern science
of political economy ; and his administration in
some measure reconciled two antagonist prin
ciples, by nursing domestic industry without

xvi PREFACE.
paralysing freedom of trade. But in the growth
and cultivation of mind, — a subject com
paratively novel to the debates even of a Bri
tish parliament, Pombal remains still without
an imitator. The distinguishing feature of his
political and social reformation, fies in his pro
found and comprehensive plans of education, — a
scheme at that period unrivalled among all the
Roman Catholic countries of Europe. He here
supplied principles in support of his precepts,
whilst he illustrated his precepts by.his example.
The sentiments uttered by Cuvier, when, in
1809-10, that philosopher was charged with
the organisation of the universities of Piedmont,
Genoa, and Tuscany, had already been anti
cipated half a century before by the regenerator
of Portugal ; but the words of Cuvier are so
descriptive of the scope and objects of Pombal's
administration, that the author may perhaps be
excused for inserting them here. " Give," said
the ingenious French naturalist, " give schools
before political rights ; make citizens comprehend
the duties that the state of society imposes on

PREFACE. Xvii
them; teach them what political rights are, before
you offer them their enjoyment : then all ame
lioration will be made without causing a shock ;
then each new idea, thrown upon good ground,
will have time to germinate, to grow, and to
ripen, without convulsing the social body. Imi
tate nature, which, in the development of beings,
acts by gradation, and gives time to every
member to grow to perfection. Institutions must
have ages to produce all their fruits: witness
Christianity, the effects of which are not yet
accomplished, notwithstanding eighteen centuries
of existence."
The measures of Pombal however produced the
fruits of national prosperity, within the life and
experience of their gifted originator. But this
rapid development was particularly fostered by
two causes, the absence of which, during sub
sequent periods, has mainly accelerated the
decline of Portugal: — First, he possessed the en
tire and undeviating confidence of his Sovereign.
The courage and constancy of Dom Joseph in this
respect were admirably maintained, faithfully
VOL. i. a

xviii PREFACE.
merited, and deservedly rewarded. The king
trusted the minister, and the latter conferred the
blessings of an auspicious reign upon both king
and people : and this mutual confidence con
tributed to effect the second source of that
statesman's success, viz. a strong government.
The weakness of a government is indeed pro
verbially an affliction upon the body politic ; and,
whatever may have been the secret motives of
Napoleon, when he enforced that truth upon the
minds of his audience, — however he may have
perverted its application to an excuse for mo
nopolizing in himself the various functions of the
state, — the recent condition of Portugal justifies
the language addressed by the French Emperor
to the Chamber at the opening of the legislative
session, twenty-five days after his coronation,— r,
" La faiblesse du pouvoir supreme est la plus
affreuse calamity des peuples."
The strength of Pombal's government was
peculiarly opportune. Great occasions commonly
produce great men, although it does not always
happen that such men enjoy every facifity for

PREFACE. XIX
carrying their views into effect. But the visita
tions of Providence are generally followed by the
ministers and means of consolation. The earth
quake of 1755 communicated its shock to all
Europe, and the very features of the earth in
and around Lisbon were, some of them en-
gulphed in yawning chasms, and others oblite
rated by smoking ruins. Yet the very prostration
of national energy consequent upon the general
despair was favourable to improvement. The
country was reduced to a condition of helpless^
ness, to a state of national infancy ; its vital
powers were in a manner suspended ; but its
energies, though dormant, were not dead, and
the plastic elements of civilisation were capable
of being moulded into any form, which a
vigorous intellect might select. The master
mind alone was wanting. The genius of Pombal
rose out of the ashes of Lisbon : the minister
was formed for the emergency, and, being ele
vated to the plenitude of power, availed himself
of the opportunity to regenerate his country.
The author feels that many apologies are due
a 2

XX PREFACE.
from himself for the manner in which he has
executed his task. His difficulties, however,
were of no ordinary character. The life of an
eminent statesman must indeed always be no
less difficult to compile, than instructive to
peruse. All the agreeable incidents and asso
ciations of his domestic life are swept away
in thii stream of his public career, and even
contemporary writers, from whose accounts we
might expect to gather the materials of an
interesting memoir, have their attention so ex
clusively concentrated upon his public character
that they notice little beside it. But his
biographer, should he attempt to follow his steps
too closely, is in danger of alternately dege
nerating into a dry chronicler of bygone events,
or assuming the infatuated zeal of a political
partisan. The very copiousness of the subject
became, in the present instance, a source of
embarrassment. Under constitutional govern
ments, and in more extended empires, the
various departments of administration are ne
cessarily controlled and directed, each by its

PREFACE. XXI
respective head, whose public acts are therefore
confined within a more limited sphere. But
the extraordinary character, who forms the sub
ject of the following memoirs, himself possessed
and exercised all the functions of a complicated
government ; and the author, while he felt com
pelled to trace his progress, has endeavoured to
avoid conducting the reader too far into the wide
field of legislation, across which his footsteps lead.
To the history of that legislation, however, the
author was obliged himself to resort in order to
collect his materials for the following pages, as
the existing memorials of the times could only
serve to mislead. Left thus comparatively with
out a guide, the author was constrained to rely
upon the scattered but authentic sources of in
formation, which lay buried among the printed
records and edicts at Lisbon, the archives of the
Portuguese legation at Vienna, and the volu
minous despatches at Her Majesty's State Paper
Office. To the latter documents access was
liberally afforded him, and their contents bear a
more impartial testimony to the character of

Xxii PREFAGE.
Pombal, than could be extracted from the en
comiums of his friends, or the censure of his
enemies. Considerable delay intervened between
the author's opportunities of consulting these
distinct and distant authorities, rendering it
impossible to preserve any consistent train of
thought upon the majority of the events there
recorded. If, therefore, it be found that inci
dents are occasionally introduced with too little
preparation, or dismissed more abruptly than
their importance would seem to demand, it is
hoped the reader will not entirely forget the
labour and difficulty of framing and connecting
a variety of widely scattered, and sometimes
contradictory materials, into one continuous nar
rative, but will regard the deficiencies of the work
with a proportionate degree of indulgence.

CONTENTS

"THE FIRST VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.
Foehek Greatness of Portugal — Free Constitution — .De
cline of Liberty — Naval and Commercial Enterprise — Dis
coveries — Madeira — Azores and Cape Verde Islands —
Vasco da Gama — His Voyage round the Cape of Good
Hope — Embassy to Prester John — Magelhaens — Discovery
of the Gold Mines — John HI. — Introduction of the Jesuits
in Portugal — Establishment of the Inquisition — Rapid De
cline from former Prosperity^- Sebastian — Usurpation of
Philip H. — Cruel Proscription — Malacca, Ceylon, and other
Colonies seized by the Dutch — Expulsion of the Spaniards —
John IV. — Cortes assembled — John V. — His Weakness and
Superstition — Patriarchate established — Title of " Most
Faithful" granted to the Kings of Portugal — Immense
Edifices constructed — Mafra — Licentiousness of John V. —
Excesses of the Clergy and Nobility — Famous Aqueduct
built — Death of John V. — Disastrous Condition of Por
tugal ------ Page 1

XXIV CONTENTS.
CHAPTER H.
Accession of Dom Joseph — Reflections on the Birth of
Pombal — His early Pursuits — He enters the Army — His
Marriage — He is appointed Minister to the Court of St.
James — His successful Diplomacy — Satisfaction obtained
for the Arrest of his Physician — His Departure from London
— Disputes between the Courts of Rome and Vienna —
Benedict XTV. seeks the Mediation of Portugal — Pombal
chosen as Arbitrator by Maria Theresa — His Mission to
Vienna — Death of his Wife — Marries the Niece of Marshal
Daun — Autograph Letter from Maria Theresa — Personal
Appearance of Pombal — M. Blondel's Opinion of Pombal —
Quits Vienna and arrives at Lisbon — Secretary of State for
the Foreign Department — Character of Dom Joseph Page 33
CHAPTER III.
General Reflections — Pedro de Motta — Jesuits — Inqui
sition — Defenceless Condition of the Kingdom — Trade re
vived — State of the South — Streets of Lisbon — Of London
and Vienna — Finances — Colonies — Commercial Companies
established — Indians in America declared free — Pombal
makes Enemies — His Success in retaining the King's Con
fidence - - ... 59
CHAPTER TV.
Extracts from Pombal's Writings — General Remarks on
the Condition of Portugal — Destructive Earthquake at Lis
bon, Nov. 1st, 1755 — Universal Misery — Immense Loss of

CONTENTS. XXV
Life and Property — The Royal Family preserved — Pombal's
Magnanimity — His memorable Apophthegm — Measures to
alleviate the Distress — Martial Law proclaimed — Order
re-established — Algerine Corsairs — Intrigues of the Jesuits
— Lisbon rebuilt by Pombal — Appendix : Extracts from
Despatches in the State Paper Office - Page 81
CHAPTER V.
Fatal Effects of the Gold Mines on Portugal — Commercial
Treaty with England — Importance of the English Alliance
— Opinions of Pombal on Political Economy — Royal Trea
sury in 1754 — Appendix to Chapter V. : Extracts from
Despatches in the State Paper Office - - 107
CHAPTER VI.
Formation of the Oporto Wine Company — The great
Advantages it conferred on Agriculture and Trade — Since
virtually abolished by the Constitutional Government — Riots
at Oporto in 1756 — Secretly instigated by the Jesuits —
Pombal's Account of the Establishment and Progress of the
Company — Appendix : Extract from Despatches in the
State Paper Office - 133
CHAPTER VTI.
Establishment of the Jesuits in Portugal — Simon Rodri
guez — His Rise — Jesuits procure the Management of the
University — Their Projects and Practices — Contrast be
tween the Popes, Pius V. and Gregory XHI. — Gaspard de
VOL. I. b

XXvi CONTENTS.
Saulx — Jesuits carry on an extensive Commerce in South
America — Exchange of Territory between Portugal and
Spain — Opposition of the Jesuits — Disasters of the Allies —
Pombal's decisive Measures — Dismissal of the King's Con
fessor — Complaints to his Holiness against the Jesuits —
Cardinal Saldanha appointed to reform the Society — Former
Prohibitions against the Jesuits — They are suspended from
confessing and preaching — Appendix : Extracts from De
spatches in the State Paper Office - - Page 159
CHAPTER VHI.
Remarks on the dangerous Position of Princes — Honour
due to the Character of Dom Joseph — Aveiro Conspiracy —
Chief Persons implicated in it — Attempted Assassination of
the King — Great Secrecy observed in discovering the As
sassins — Arrest of the Conspirators — Their Trial and Con
demnation — Execution — Severity vindicated — Fate of the
other Conspirators — Anecdote of Count San Lourenco —
Malagrida — Church erected to commemorate the King's pro
vidential Escape — Appendix : Extracts from Despatches in
the State Paper Office - - - - 183
CHAPTER IX.
Arrest of eight Jesuits — Malagrida — Property of the
Society sequestrated — Its Expulsion from Portugal resolved
upon — Memorial addressed to Clement XIII. — Papal Reply
— Jesuits banished from Portugal — And from her Colonies
— Brief of Clement XIII — Quarrel between the Courts of

CONTENTS. XXVii
Rome and Lisbon — A Manifesto is published by His Most
Faithful Majesty, detailing his Grounds of Complaint against
the Court of Rome - - Page 215
CHAPTER X.
Manifesto pubhshed by the Court of Portugal — The Pope
refuses an Audience to the Portuguese Minister — . The Mani
festo is delivered by M. D'Almada to the Cardinal Orsini —
Complaints against the Cardinal Acciajuoli — His Expulsion
from Lisbon — Rupture declared between the Courts of Rome
and Portugal — Consequences of Papal Pretensions over the
Civil Government of other Countries — Cardinal Torregiani
— The Nuncio's Opinion of Dom Joseph and Pombal —
Appendix : Extracts from Despatches in the State Paper
Office - - 227
CHAPTER XI.
Regulations for the Rebuilding of Lisbon — Board of Com
merce abolished — New Junta established — Its Purposes —
The Nobility permitted to hold Shares in the Maranhao and
Para Company — Various Decrees — Civilisation of the In
dians — Excellent Means employed by Pombal — Aula do
Commercio established — Pernambuco and Pariaba Company
formed — Educational Measures — • The same adopted at
Vienna — Jesuits begin to lose their Influence in that Capital
— Lord Kinnoul sent to Lisbon to apologise for the Conduct
of Admiral Boscawen — • Convents abolished or reformed —
Appendix : Extracts from Despatches in the State Paper
Office. - - - - - - 293

XXVIII CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XH.

State of the Army at Dom Joseph's Accession — Victories
formerly gained by the Portuguese — And in the Peninsular
War — • Origin of the Quarrel between Portugal and Spain —
Its Continuance — Family Compact planned — Its Object —
Demands of France and Spain — Reply — The Spaniards invade
Portugal — They publish a Manifesto — General Indignation
it created — Portugal declares War against France and Spain
— Memorable Sentiments of Dom Joseph on this Occasion —
Defenceless Condition of Portugal — England sends Troops
and Supplies — Count la Lippe arrives and takes the Com
mand of the United Forces — Spaniards compelled to evacuate
the Portuguese Territories — Peace concluded at Fontain-
bleau — Article 21st — Valuable Services rendered by La
Lippe — A Navy is created by Pombal — Departure of La
Lippe — His Advice to the Officers — Appendix: Extracts
from Despatches in the State Paper Office - Page 317

CHAPTER I.
Former Greatness of Portugal — Free Constitution — De
cline of Liberty — Naval and Commercial Enterprise — Dis
coveries — Madeira — Azores and Cape Verde Islands —
Vasco da Gama — His Voyage round the Cape of Good
Hope — Embassy to Prester John — Magelhaens — Discovery
of the Gold Mines — John HI. — Introduction of the Jesuits
in Portugal — Establishment of the Inquisition — Rapid De
cline from former Prosperity — Sebastian — Usurpation of
Phihp H. — Cruel Proscription — Malacca, Ceylon, and other
Colonies seized by the Dutch — Expulsion of the Spaniards —
John TV. — Cortes assembled — John V. — His Weakness and
Superstition — Patriarchate established — Title of " Most
Faithful" granted to the Kings of Portugal — Immense
Edifices constructed — Mafra — Licentiousness of John V. —
Excesses of the Clergy and Nobihty — Famous Aqueduct
built — Death of John V. — Disastrous Condition of Portugal.

VOL. I.

MEMOIRS

OF

THE MARQUIS OF POMBAL.

CHAPTER I.

Enfeebled by foreign and domestic wars, Por
tugal no longer presents to the stranger that
prosperous condition which she enjoyed when
her enterprising mariners circumnavigated the
globe, and her inspired poet, three centuries ago,
sung the glories of his countrymen. Yet the
early annals of the Lusitanian monarchy contain
the records of innumerable achievements per
formed by a race of illustrious men, not un
worthy of comparison with the time-honoured
heroes of polished Greece, or the victorious
epochas of martial Rome. The government of
Portugal, founded so far back as 1139, was
b 2

4 FORMER GREATNESS OF PORTUGAL.
raised, not as is the case with empires in general,
by blood and conquest, but by military election.
The same noble spirit that conceived, for a long
period also preserved, its independence; boldly
resisting the encroachments of the sovereign, and
wisely restraining the licentiousness of the people.
But the fatal influence of an illiterate clergy,
with the blind superstition which they incul
cated, debased the minds of the people, broke
the spirit of their liberty, and extinguished their
love of enterprise and glory. Then haughty
Priestcraft, retiring behind the covert of his
cloister, from thence thundered his anathemas ;
fear palsied the hand of labour ; apprehensioi
checked the effusions of the bard; and the aris
tocracy, forgetting their glorious origin, sunk
into the listless indolence of oriental despots;
while a voluptuous gallantry, restrained by no
noble resolution, effeminated the vigour of na
tional manhood, and destroyed the firmness of
national character. Ambition, conquest, enter
prise, learning, genius, — all were sacrificed to a
love of listless inaction, by which life was ex-

NAVAL AND COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE. 5
hausted without acquiring wisdom, and talent
destroyed ere its energies were developed. The
clergy became dominant, — and the wealth of the
noble, the hoards of the citizen, the coffers of
the merchant, and the earnings of the mechanic —
all the resources of industry — were merged into
the unfathomable abyss of ecclesiastical rapacity.
Henceforward blind superstition predominated
in Portugal.
The cradle of maritime discovery, Lisbon seems
formed by nature to be the seat of commerce.
Hence, excited by the spirit of enterprise, which
flourishes only under a free government, and iu
a country fruitful of resources, the Portuguese
were the first of the European nations to de
spatch their sons to plough unknown seas ; to
brave untried perils ; to navigate prodigious
oceans ; and explore untrodden lands. It was
no trifling effort of the mind which could over
come the dread of dimly shadowed danger, the
fear of hideous whirlpools, vast rocks, unimaged
monsters, and all the inconceivable hazards,
which, in the period of which we are speaking,
b 3

6 DISCOVERIES.
were supposed to be met with beyond the Pillars
of Hercules — the ne plus ultra of Grecian explor
ation. Glorious the rewards and unfading the laurels
which Portugal acquired by these expeditions.
It was in one of these voyages, in the 15th cen
tury, that the magnificent island of Madeira was
discovered. In others, her hardy sons surveyed
the entire line of the African coast as far as
Sierra Leone, and colonised the Azores and the
Cape Verde islands ; while towards the close of
the same century Bartolomeo Dias reached the
Cape of Good Hope, which he named Cabo Tor-
mentoso ; and, not satisfied with his own dis-
coveries, with the inextinguishable love of empire
which characterised the Portuguese at that pe
riod, he despatched a messenger overland to
Ethiopia to explore and describe the kingdom of
the renowned Prester John. The result of this
last enterprise did not however equal his sanguine
expectations. Soon afterwards, the Great Captain, as he is
called, Vasco da Gama, sailed with three ships to

VASCA DA GAMA. 7
India, and doubled the Cape of Good Hope, the
southern extremity of Africa. Fortune smiled
on this bold enterprise, and the Lusitanian hero
returned successful, after an absence of two
years. His perils and exploits became the sub
ject of the celebrated Lusiadas, a poem of which
the Portuguese are justly proud ; for to intrinsic
merit it adds the glory of being the first living
Epic that appeared after the Augustan age. By
such enterprises as that of Da Gama, in a short
period the Portuguese dominions in Asia were
extended from Ormuz to Malacca. At this time
the colony of Goa, now almost a solitary remnant
of former vast possessions in the East Indies, was
acquired ; friendly relations were established with
Persia ; a settlement was obtained in China ; and
a free trade sanctioned in Japan. In short, by
the judicious conduct of great generals abroad,
aided by a wise administration at home, the pos
sessions, the riches, and the power of Portugal
increased to an extent till then unknown ; while
Lisbon became the dep6t of Asiatic treasure, and
the emporium of Eastern produce.
b 4

8 CAUSES OF DECAY.
In the Western hemisphere the Portuguese
were equally active and enterprising. In 1520
Magelhaens discovered the straits which still bear
his name; but before he had perfected his dis
covery, he was unfortunately killed in a fray with
the natives. However, from this time, large
portions of the vast continent of South America
became subject to Portugal, and national pros
perity progressed to its climax.
Henceforth, however, we are to view little else
than feebleness, declension, and decay. Nor are
the causes which produced this state of things
few, or of a vacillating nature. Among the first,
the competition of other countries must be men
tioned; but the most fatal was the colonization
of Brazil, which, by depriving Portugal of her
most enterprising inhabitants, took from her her
sources of wealth — as by abstracting industry
and application from her cities, and planting
them on the shores of the Western world, was
laid the foundation of a premature decay. From
this unfortunate policy Portugal is still suffering.
It was vainly imagined that the mines from

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INQUISITION. 9
which she annually extracted the precious metals
were inexhaustible, and that an increase of gold
was an increase of wealth. And, even though
the latter were true at the time, it was little sus
pected, that as gold and silver became plentiful
they would decrease in value, while the labour of
working the mine would continue the same, until
at length the expense would equal or exceed the
value of the produce. There were also other
causes which hastened the downfall of the Portu
guese monarchy ; but these are to be referred to
general principles, which apply equally to other
countries as to Portugal, and need not therefore
unnecessarily detain us.
It was when John the Third ascended the
throne in 1523, that the rapid decline took a
more active form. He seemed born, if not to
complete, at least to hasten his country's ruin. Of
a gloomy, saturnine, and superstitious temper
ament, his piety or his fears incited him to the
establishment of the Inquisition, and to the en
couragement of the Jesuit order. Suspicious,
and devoid of any of those nobler qualities which

10 SEBASTIAN.
should characterise the monarch, and deficient
in those higher sentiments of honour which
should distinguish the soldier, and which make
ambition greatness, he permitted the envy of his
courtiers, and the jealousy of their less worthy
competitors, to slander and destroy the reputa
tion of those very generals to whom he owed
all his security as a king, and Portugal all her
influence as a nation : and having thus debased
them in the eyes of the people, he found it no
difficult task to recall, and leave them to perish
in poverty and disgrace. His successor, Sebas
tian, ascended the throne with worthier aspira
tions. Influenced by the hope of reward, or
stimulated by the thirst of glory, at the head of
sixteen thousand men commanded by the flower
of his nobility, he passed into Africa, with the
intention to assist a banished monarch, and if
possible to restore him to his throne : the con
ditions of this unfortunate enterprise being, in
case of the successful termination of his invasion,
the possession of the city of Arzila. But fortune
frowned on the attempt, and the ill-fated monarch,

HIS UNHAPPY FATE. 11
routed at the famous battle of Alcagarquequer,
lost his army and his life : nor had the miserable
remnant of his soldiers, or the distant subjects
of his neglected kingdom, the consolation of
paying him those last rites of sepulture to which
mankind in all ages have attached so much im
portance. For, whether slain in the battle, and
allowed to moulder among ignoble bodies, or,
flying from the fight, he preserved afterwards a
strict incognito, and lived a fiving death in
poverty and obscurity, still remains a mystery.
It was alleged, and many believed the report,
that he subsequently appeared at Venice ; but
the claimant, though exciting great interest and
curiosity, attracted neither the suffrages of the
Portuguese, nor obtained the assistance of another
chivalrous Sebastian to attempt a restoration to
his throne, and he died in obscurity. His advent
however was long expected, and even to the
present century, there were many ignorant per
sons who, under the name of Sebastianistas,
looked for his re-appearance.
At Sebastian's death, seven candidates com-

12 PHILIP'S USURPATION.
peted for the crown. Among these was Philip
the Second of Spain ; and as his claim was sup
ported by an army of thirty thousand men, which
he marched into Portugal, his rivals, unable or
unwilling to oppose him, disappeared from the
scene of action, and Portugal was annexed in
the year 1580 to the kingdom of Spain. Ca-
moens was spared the pain of witnessing his
country's degradation, as he died the previous
year. But Philip's usurpation was established only
at an expense of human life, a relation of which
harrows the feelings and shocks the mind of the
historian. We are credibly informed that so
numerous were the slaughtered bodies thrown
into the sea, that the people refused to eat fish
until its waters had been solemnly purified by
religious rites and ceremonies. From the towers
of St. Julien alone, at the mouth of the Tagus,
two thousand ecclesiastics were precipitated into
the waves. A Portuguese historian, while re
cording these atrocities, exclaims in pious horror,
" that the sea, unwilling to conceal so great a

CRUEL PROSCRIPTION. 13
crime, washed the dead bodies into the fishermen's
nets ; moreover, the fishes, offended at the insult,
refused to be caught, refused to be food for men,
wicked men, who, reversing the decrees of Pro
vidence, wished men to be food for them."*
This indignation of the fish, according to history,
lasted so long that the Archbishop of Lisbon, at
the request of the fishermen, proceeded in grand
procession to purify the deep, which after such
unusual profanation had refused to yield its
legitimate inhabitants as food for man. With
what truth we will not pretend to determine,
the Jesuits have been accused as the instigators
of this horrible proscription, with the view, it is
further stated, of increasing their wealth, and
consolidating their power at the expense of their
brethren. For the honour of the Christian Church
and of humanity, let us hope that the charge of
instigating these murders is untrue, and that
their alleged desire to enrich and strengthen
themselves by the ruin and destruction of their
* Conde de Ericeira. " Portugal restaurado."

14 NATIONAL ANIMOSITY.
countrymen, is but an exaggeration of their
enemies. The character of the Spanish monarch
is a sufficient explanation for all the cruelties
inflicted at this period on unhappy Portugal,
without seeking to affix the stigma of the fra
tricidal deed upon the body of the society of
Jesus. It has enough to answer for, without
superadding fictitious or unjust accusation.
Under the blighting government and para
lysing sway of Spain, Portugal soon lost her
position and importance in Europe, and at the
same time her influence in Asia; while, her navy
being destroyed and her commerce diminished,
her blood and treasure were lavishly poured into
the channels of Spanish prodigality. The wounds
inflicted by the haughty Castilians have never
been healed; nor has time, to the present hour,
abated the animosity existing from that period
between the two countries. And well that it is
so for the independence of Portugal as a nation,
which rests entirely on the fostering of her na
tional feeling, and the concentration of her native
energy ; for her people are well aware that the

COLONIES SEIZED BY THE DUTCH. 15
geographical position of Spain renders that king
dom a dangerous neighbour, and a suspicious
ally. Nor do I believe that the views of those
individuals of either country, who desire to see
the two crowns united on the head of one
monarch, in order that the peninsula might be
come one compact, independent, and powerful
nation, can ever be realised. The national cha
racters are too dissimilar to allow such a union
to be permanent.
The Portuguese hitherto enjoying the mono
poly of Eastern commerce, Lisbon had become
the great mart of Asiatic produce, and thither
all nations resorted. But when the Dutch went
to war with Spain, and found themselves excluded
from that port, in consequence of the Portuguese
subjection to the Spaniards, they were compelled
to trade directly to India themselves, and after
a time, under pretence of the hostilities then
waging between the two nations, invaded and
took possession of the rich islands of Ceylon,
Malacca, and many other settlements, which
were never afterwards restored to Portugal.

16 LOSS OF THE UNITED PROVINCES,
But retribution was fast following in the steps
of injustice, and soon overtook the evil doers.
Spain herself began to decline. In this war with
the Dutch, she lost the United Provinces, where
no less than eighteen thousand persons, during
the sanguinary government of the atrocious Alba,
were put to death, either from political motives
or religious persecution. Again, the invincible
Armada, tossed by the waves, driven by the
storms, and dispersed by the tempest, fell an easy
prey to the just vengeance of the English, who
pursued with fury, and destroyed without mercy,
the floating castles of these Spaniards, who had
threatened to carry them in chains to the foot of
the throne of the disappointed Philip. Again
another calamity awaited them, yet more de
plorable in its transit, and more fatal in its con
sequences. To gratify the personal hatred or
bigoted zeal of the Archbishop of Valentia,
one million Moors, the most industrious and
virtuous portion of the population, were driven
from their country, and expelled to the arid
plains of Africa, one tenth of whom are said

AND ITS CONSEQUENCES. 17
to have perished ere they reached the scene of
their banishment. Human nature shudders at
the . contemplation of so much misery, and so
much agony, inflicted by the wanton arm of an
unworthy churchman. Spain never recovered
this blow. It was the pouring out of the blood
of her own heart. It was tearing out the organs
which nourished and circulated the cold fluids
within her stony bosom. Henceforth the Spanish
monarchy was but a page of history — not an
active or a living power ; and so rapid was its
decay, that though, in the reign of Ferdinand
and Isabella, it contained fifteen millions of inha
bitants, yet in 1715 the population did not exceed
seven — retribution rapid as it was frightful.
But the political atmosphere of Portugal was
not for ever to be overcast by foreign dominion.
In 1640 Catalonia and Biscay were stung by in
numerable insults and contumelies into insurrec
tion; and Portugal, seizing the opportunity, by
one of those bloodless revolutions which so sel
dom grace the page of history, placed the Duke
of Braganca upon the throne.
VOL. i. c

18 JOHN THE FOURTH.
John the Fourth, the new king, called to the
sovereignty by the acclamations of the people, as
Alphonso had been in 1139, immediately sum
moned the Cortes ; and this act gave great satis
faction, as it seemed to promise the people a
share in the government of themselves, and the
levying and distribution of their own taxes.
But experience has shown, both in Portugal and
in other nations, that the mere forms of a free
government are insufficient to protect the people
from the encroachments of arbitrary authority.
Those enlightened maxims of state which com
pel monarchs to respect the lives and properties
of their subjects, and those wise rules of con
duct which guide them in the management of
their liberties, and which are observed even in
absolute monarchies of the present day, did
not then exist ; or, if they did exist, they were
rather acknowledged than acted upon. For
although the liberties of the nation had been
solemnly guaranteed and defined by the Cortes
of Lamego in the twelfth century, with as much
care and precision as had those of the English

DEBASEMENT OF THE PUBLIC MIND. 19
people in their celebrated Magna Charta, yet, at
the period of which we are speaking, and even
up to the eighteenth century, these theoretical
rights were as little understood or enforced, as
were those of the English in the reign of Henry
the Eighth, when the mere fiat of the sovereign
was sufficient to take away the life of any one
of his subjects. Possibly the late cruel vassalage
under the Spaniards had accustomed their minds
to slavery; and the momentary assertion of their
rights may have arisen only from the severity
with which their bondage was accompanied. Be
this as it may ; the clergy, seeing the apathy that
existed, seized the opportunity to increase their
own influence, and to reconcile the people to the
arbitrary exactions of their rulers. They suc
ceeded but too well ; and as the consequence of
their bigotry, and the despotism of the govern
ment, the people remained ignorant, and the
nation became broken in spirit, indolent in cha
racter, and poor in resources. Portugal, thus
enervated and humbled, lost nearly all her Eastern
possessions. Among the few settlements that
c 2

20 JOHN THE FIFTH.
still remained was Bombay, at that time ah un
healthy, barren, and worthless settlement, and
therefore given in dowry to the Infanta Catharina
when she married Charles the Second, king of
England ; the two governments fittle suspecting,
or foreseeing, that a place so lightly valued was
one day to be the seat of British empire in India.
The other settlements which Portugal still holds
in the East are of little value to her ; and it is
natural to suppose, that at no distant date they
will be sold to the highest and best bidder.
In the year 1706 (the subject of these memoirs
being then seven years old) John the Fifth suc
ceeded to the throne, and two years afterwards,
•in his twenty -first year, married Marianne,
daughter of the Emperor Leopold the First. He
was of an inactive and luxurious disposition, and
consequently a prey to those weaknesses and
vices which spring from indolence and indul
gence. In men of ordinary station, who are not
eleVated on the pinnacle of power, or who have
not the burden of government to bear, this tend
ency to inertion is sometimes dignified with the

HIS WEAKNESS AND SUPERSTITION. 21
name of contentment, and lauded as a virtue, the
offspring of wisdom and philosophy : but, in the
sovereign, this is more frequently the result of
incapacity of mind for the performance of great
achievements ; and, judging from its effects, is
more allied to vice than to virtue. John was by
nature a lover of leisure; and the long peace
which his kingdom enjoyed under him was more
owing to his temperament than to his love of
justice, or his aptness for government. His easy
temper made him a willing engine of the clergy,
who estranged his thoughts from the government
of his kingdom, and placed them on the erection
and endowment of churches and monasteries ; by
which means their power and influence increased
in his reign, until it reached a monstrous and
almost incredible height. At this time there
were no less than eight hundred religious esta
blishments in Portugal itself, which nourished in
indolence and unproductiveness, too often in vice
and immorality, more than one-tenth of the en
tire population of the country. But of all the
ecclesiastical absurdities of this reign, that which
c 3

22 PATRIARCHATE ESTABLISHED.
most distinguished it was the organization of a
ehurch establishment on the model of that of
Rome. For this purpose, John, having entered
ardently into the project of his clergy, applied
for, and succeeded in obtaining from the court of
Rome, permission to appropriate the riches of
the country as he thought fit ; but not, however,
without paying immense sums for the concession.
Following up this plan, a higher ecclesiastical
office than any hitherto held in the country was
created, and a dignitary appointed to preside
over the church in Portugal, under the title of
Patriarch. To this high office was added a sa
cred college of twenty-four prelates, to whom
was granted, by royal ordinance, the right of
being addressed by the title of Excellency; — a
distinction at that time highly prized, as it was
almost exclusively confined to the grandees of the
kingdom ; a class which did not even comprise the
nobles bearing the rank of Viscount. To render
the resemblance of this ecclesiastical body to the
Court of Rome still more striking, the vestures
of the Patriarch, on days of solemnity, were made

TITLE OF " MOST FAITHFUL." 23
similar to those of the Pope himself ; while the
prelates wore the scarlet robes in imitation of the
cardinals. In the performance of the church
ceremonies they aimed at rivalling, and even ex
celling, the pomp and magnificence of the illus«
trious body which they had chosen as a model.
Above one hundred subsidiary dignitaries, of
various ranks and titles, filled subordinate posts
in this novel establishment, and on these also
were lavished honours and dignities in profusion ;
while an infinity of lower offices augmented the
number of the Patriarchate, until it was impos
sible to say in what obscure capacity the last of
the long legion of ecclesiastical subservitors was
known to terminate. No less a sum than 80,000/.
annually was expended in this worse than useless
vanity; besides other immense sums that were
lavished before permission could be obtained to
incorporate the establishment. From this time
Dom John, by an express Bull of the year 1748,
was permitted, both in his own person and that
of his successors, to bear the title of " Most
Faithful." c 4

24 IMMENSE EDIFICES CONSTRUCTED.
The erection of an immense building at Mafra
was another gigantic undertaking, to which Dom
John devoted many years of anxious solicitude,
and on which he expended vast sums, which
might have been more profitably employed in
improving the agriculture, the manufactures, and
the commerce of the country. The beauty, ex
tent, and magnificence of this noble pile, compel
us to regret that so much wealth, labour, and
talent had not been expended on some enterprise
more in accordance with the spirit of the age,
or more adapted to the wants of the nation.
But the utility of the work never seems to have
occupied the attention of Dom John. He was
satisfied that his object was piety, and the flattery
of his parasites the truth ; while the whispers of
vanity, like evidence in a doubtful case, decided
the question. It was certainly a gigantic under
taking. The building contains a church, a pa
lace, and a convent ; each built on the most
splendid scale, and enriched with the most lavish
art ; — for the most celebrated artists of Italy

MAFRA. 25
were employed in their construction.* With this
costly magnificence in Mafra, he exhibited a still
* The author of Vathek thus describes this sumptuous
edifice : —
" We entered the church, passing through its magnificent
portico, which reminded me not a httle of the entrance of
St. Peter's ; and is crowded with the statues of saints and
martyrs, carved with infinite delicacy.
" The first cowp-tTceil of the church is very imposing.
The high altar, adorned with two majestic columns of reddish
variegated marble, each a single block above thirty feet in
height, immediately fixes the eye. Trevisani has painted the
altar-piece in a masterly manner. It represents St. Anthony
in the ecstasy of beholding the infant Jesus descending into
his cell amidst an effulgence of glory.
" To-morrow being the festival of St. Augustin, whose
foUowers are the actual possessors of this monastery, aU the
golden candelabra were displayed, and tapers lighted. After
pausing a few minutes in the midst of this bright illumina
tion, we visited the collateral chapels, each enriched with
highly-finished bassi-relievi and stately portals of black and
yellow marble, richly veined, and so highly polished as to
reflect objects like a mirror. Never did I behold such an
assemblage of beautiful marble as gleamed above, below, and
around us. The pavement, the vaulted ceiling, the dome,
and even the topmost lantern, is encrusted with the same
costly and durable materials. Roses of white marble and
wreaths of palm-branches, most exquisitely sculptured, enrich

26 MAFRA.
further impoverishing prodigality in Lisbon. In
order to propitiate or gratify the Jesuits, in the
every part of the edifice. I never saw Corinthian capitals
better modelled, or executed with more precision and sharp*
ness, than those of the columns which support the nave.
" Having satisfied our curiosity by examining the various
ornaments of the altars, we followed our conductor through
a long covered gallery into theT_acristy, a magnificent vaulted
hall, panelled with some beautiful varieties of alabaster and
porphyry, and carpeted, as well as a chapel adjoining it, in
a style of the utmost magnificence. We traversed several
more halls and chapels, adorned with equal splendour, tiU we
were fatigued and bewildered like errant knights in the
mazes of an enchanted palace. I began to think there was
no end to see spacious apartments. To be sure, we advanced
at a most rapid rate, striding from one end to the other of a
dormitory six hundred feet in length in a minute or two,
These vast corridors, and the cells with which they communi
cate, three hundred in number, are all arched in the most
sumptuous and solid manner. Every cell, or rather chamber,
for they are sufficiently spacious, lofty, and well lighted, te
merit that appellation, is furnished with tables and cabinets
of Brazil-wood.
'¦' The library is of a prodigious length, not less than three
hundred feet ; the arched roof of a pleasing form, beautifully
stuccoed, and the pavement of red and white marble. * * *
" The dome may certainly be reckoned among the lightest
and best proportioned in Europe.''

CHAPEL OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST. 27
church of St. Roque, a building of the meanest
architectural pretensions exteriorly, he conse
crated and ornamented a small chapel, dedicated
to St. John the Baptist, in the most sumptuous
and the most resplendent manner. This chapel,
in proportion to its size, was probably the richest
in the world. It is but seventeen feet in length,
by twelve in breadth, and yet the ornaments and
decorations cost no less than 225,000Z. It was
adorned with the rarest marbles and the most
exquisite mosaics, and literally dazzled the eyes
with the varied and brilliant hues of lapis lazuli,
porphyry, amethyst, chrysolite, alabaster, silver
and gold. In consequence, however, of this and
other misappropriations of the revenue, the army
and navy were almost annihilated, the fortifica
tions fell into ruins, and the defences of the
country were no longer tenable. There existed
a nominal navy, and a nominal army ; dismantled
fortresses, and abandoned castles ; nominal lines
of defence, and nominal regiments of observation :
in short, the government was but the skeleton
of an Executive power ; it wanted all that gives

28 EXCESSES OF THE CLERGY
fife to it — men, money, and munitions of war —
the blood, sinews, and sustenance of a country.
The Cortes had not been assembled since the
year 1698, while the united functions of a deli
berative and executive body were usurped and
exercised by the clergy and the nobility. Both
were equally ignorant, ambitious, haughty, and
tyrannical ; both equally averse to any alteration
in the existing order of things ; and both equally
determined, at whatever risk, by arbitrary and un
constitutional proceedings, to prevent the people
from achieving any act which might be supposed
capable of exciting in them their ancient love of
freedom, or which might lead to a demand of that
share in the administration of their own affairs,
which had been unjustly and disgracefully wrested
from them in their moments of victory and ex
citement. Licentiousness was general ; nor was
the veil of hypocrisy thought necessary to con
ceal from the public eye that which the monarch
hot only encouraged but openly pursued. In the
convent of Odivellas, within whose sacred walls
were three hundred beautiful recluses, John V.

AND OF THE NOBILITY. 29
sought and obtained those relaxations and volup
tuous indulgences which little accorded with his
outward piety. In this view of his character we
are forced to consider John rather as the Sultan
of an Eastern empire, than the monarch of a
Christian state.
The highest classes of the nobility disgraced
themselves by the most savage and the most san
guinary excesses. The streets of Lisbon echoed
at nightfall with their riotous shouts and hateful
brawls ; while the lives of the quiet citizens, lost
in self-defence or expended in wanton frolic, were
unavenged andunatoned — the aristocratic male
factors, screening themselves with their riches,
or sheltering themselves under their rank and
affinity to the Crown, escaped unpunished and
unmolested. Under such a government, industry
was depressed and enterprise arrested ; and both,
uncertain of reaping the reward of action and
exertion, desisted from effort and sunk into in
anition. Even the persevering and money-loving
Jews, persecuted and obstructed in their attempts
to win a reluctant and a painful competence,

30 FAMOUS AQUEDUCT BUILT.
abandoned their avocations and fled the country.
It is alleged, however, before they took this des
perate step, that they offered John 200,000/.
annually (a vast sum for those days) to be al
lowed to locate themselves at Almada, a large
village situated on the high ground opposite
Lisbon, originally built by the English, when
they went to support the Portuguese against the
Moors in the thirteenth century. The offer,
however, was refused.
Amidst all this folly, weakness, and misfor^
tune, one undertaking, begun and completed
during, this reign, merits the highest praise — not
only for its magnificence, which rivals any thing
of the kind that ancient Rome attempted or
achieved — but from its utility. This is the
grand aqueduct of Alcantara, which conveys
vast supplies of water from a distance of two
leagues to supply the wants of the capital. It
was commenced in 1712 and finished in 1732.
It crosses the deep valley of Alcantara near
Lisbon, and is at that spot supported by thirty-
five arches, the loftiest of which is two hundred

DEATH OF JOHN THE FIFTH. 31
and sixty-four feet from the ground, with a
breadth of one hundred and eighty between the
bases. Two spacious channels conduct the water
from its source, on each side of which is a path
way for passengers on foot.
Having, in his government and amusements,
sketched an outline of the fife and propensities
of John V., it will not excite astonishment or
elicit surprise, when we find him sinking into
imbecility and fatuity — a condition to which his
father had been reduced previous to his death —
and abandoning himself to the most abject prac
tices of superstitious devotion. In this condition
he vegetated rather than lived the last nine years
of his life, and died in 1750, leaving his country
burdened with a debt of three millions sterling,
and apparently on the brink of ruin.

CHAPTER II.
Accession of Dom Joseph — Reflections on the Birth of
Pombal — His early Pursuits — He enters the Army — His
Marriage — He is appointed Minister to the Court of St.
James — His successful Diplomacy — Satisfaction obtained
for the Arrest of his Physician — His Departure from London
— Disputes between the Courts of Rome and Vienna —
Benedict XTV. seeks the Mediation of Portugal — Pombal
chosen as Arbitrator by Maria Theresa — His Mission to
Vienna — Death of his Wife — Marries the Niece of Marshal
Daun — Autograph Letter from Maria Theresa — Personal
Appearance of Pombal — M. Blondel's Opinion of Pombal —
Quits Vienna and arrives at Lisbon — Secretary of State for
the Foreign Department — Character of Dom Joseph.

VOL. I. D

ACCESSION OF DOM JOSEPH. 35

CHAPTER II.
Dom Joseph the First, on his accession to the
throne, had completed his thirty-sixth year.
Having never been allowed to take an active part
in the administration of affairs during the long
period of his father's incapacity, he found himself
suddenly called upon to undertake the govern
ment of a country, which his predecessor had
left in the worst possible state of disorganization
and misery.
In the complicated affairs of life, in the fluc
tuations of mercantile prosperity, and in the
evils of misgovernment, there is always a tend
ency to reaction after every depression or every
excess ; and communities, as well as individuals,
are thus taught the proper measure of specu
lation or endurance. Thus remedies are dis-
d 2

36 REFLECTIONS ON THE
covered for political grievances, when those
grievances have reached their acme ; and for
amendment of morals, when immorality, ceasing
to be partial, becomes general in its effects.
But when the cause of misfortune happens to be
ignorance, and that ignorance is fostered by the
ministers of religion as an essential part of their
system, men are unable to free themselves from
the shackles which confine them : because, when
they attempt to emancipate themselves from
these bonds, they are sure to be accused of
attempts to sap the foundations on which the
fabric of religion itself is constructed. The
very first step, therefore, of their progress is
arrested; and it is precisely in this first step that
lies the success, or failure, of a desperate at
tempt. Despair may beget courage ; poverty
may excite industry ; disease may compel so
briety ; and oppression arouse the voice of
liberty ; but a bigoted, and therefore contented,
ignorance never seeks the light of instruction to
dispel the darkness in which it is enveloped;
nor attempts to absolve itself from the spell of

BIRTH OF POMBAL. 37
that remorseless superstition, which, not content
with excluding from its followers the light of
truth, compels them also to be blind to the
beauty of knowledge. This superstition, the
morbid tyrant of the mind, preserves its domi
nion by threats of punishment in the next world,
while it does not hesitate to inflict certain chas
tisement in the present. Happily for mankind,
such an abuse of religion no longer exists in
Christian Europe.
Never in the history of any country, at any
period of its threatened dissolution, does there
appear to have been found fewer principles of re
generation than in the kingdom of Portugal at
the death of John. And yet at that very moment,
when every prospect of returning prosperity was
obscured, and Fortune herself seemed to abandon
the unhappy land to a premature and precipitate
destruction, one powerful genius arose, and from
the mighty depth of his transcendent mind, like
the Athenian goddess springing from the brains
of Olympian Jupiter, a new order of things com
menced. To him was intrusted by Providence,
d 3

38 BIRTH OF POMBAL.
the arduous task of checking the latent springs
of evil ; of moulding the most incongruous and
discordant materials to proper shape and form ;
of unmasking hypocrisy, and purifying the
church from abuses; of recalling learning, re
animating commerce, and restoring prosperity;
of redeeming and supporting the dignity of the
crown ; of adding splendour and renown to the
annals of his country; of extending her repu
tation, reluming her ancient genius, asserting
her ancient rights, and again restoring her to
that rank and consideration in the councils of
the European powers, which the culpable mis-
government of her degenerate sons had allowed
to lapse from their grasp, but which the Genius
of their country would not permit them to lose.
And this man was Sebastian Joseph de Carvalho
e Mello, afterwards Count d'Oeyras, and Mar
quis of Pombal.*
This illustrious statesman was born, on the
* As this great man is so generally known by the name of
Pombal, I am induced to employ it throughout these Me-

HIS EARLY PURSUITS. 39
thirteenth of May 1699, at Soure, a small village
not far from the town of Pombal. His father,
Manoel Carvalho, was a country gentleman of
moderate but independent fortune, belonging to
that class who are distinguished in Portugal by
the title of Fidalgo de Provincia, a distinction
which entitled him to the numerous privileges
attached to nobility, although not to the rank
and immunities of a grandee of the kingdom;
that honour, as before stated, pertaining only
to such of the nobility as enjoyed the title of
duke, marquis, or count. His wife, Theresa
de Mendonca, a lady of distinguished family,
bore him three children : one, the subject of
this memoir, and two other sons, Francis and
Paul. According to a custom prevalent in Portugal,
by which the mother's name is often borne by
some of the children, Sebastian added to his own
name that of Mello, which was that of his
maternal ancestor, John d' Almeida e Mello, the
representative of a family very distinguished in
Portuguese annals. His second brother was
d 4

40 ENTERS THE ARMY.
called Francisco Xavier de Mendonca ; and the
youngest, Paul de Carvalho e Mendonca.
Of the particulars of the early life of Pombal
it is to be regretted little is known. He entered
the University of Coimbra as a matter of course;
and having toiled through the usual routine of
the unprofitable studies at that time insisted
upon at this seat of learning, quitted it with dis
gust, and probably with a firm conviction that
it was impossible for the light of true learning
ever to penetrate the academic shades of Coim
bra, so long as it was obstructed by the impene
trable obstacles which were opposed to its
entrance. Having left the university, Pombal entered
the army as a private, according to the custom
in Portugal. He was shortly afterwards pro
moted to the rank of corporal, which rank he
continued to hold until he relinquished the army
as a profession, being one, at a period of peace,
neither suited to his active disposition, nor
seemingly calculated for the display of his rising
genius. Having nothing to occupy his time and

IS RECOMMENDED TO THE KING. 41
attention, he confined himself exclusively to the
study of history, politics, and legislation.
While engaged in the pursuit of these studies,
he was presented by an uncle, who lived in
Lisbon, to Cardinal Motta, at that time high in
favour with John the Fifth, and whose hands
consequently held the reins of government.
The cardinal, with an intuitive knowledge of
character for which he was remarkable, quickly
perceived the advantages which the country
might one day derive from the genius of Pombal ;
and while he warmly encouraged him in his
pursuits, he recommended him so strongly to
the king, that as a mark of the consideration
with which his literary acquirements and repu
tation were viewed, he was appointed, in 1733,
member of the Royal Academy of History,
founded in 1720 : and shortly after, as a further
proof of the estimation in which he held his
talents, John was desirous that Pombal should
undertake the history of certain Portuguese
monarchs. But affairs of an important and
pressing nature prevented the accomplishment

42 HIS MARRIAGE.
of the task for which he was so eminently quali
fied. In the same year in which his talents attracted
the attention of the government, and procured
him the patronage of royalty, he united himself
to Donna Theresa de Noronha, a widow of a very
ancient family, being a niece of the Count dos
Arcos. Being now settled in life, and desirous of
distinguishing himself, he sought some active
employment in the state: but no vacancy oc
curring in any department suited to his desires,
or calculated for his abilities, he continued un
employed until the latter end of the year 1739 ;
when an affair happened which determined the
king, by the advice of the cardinal, to send him
to London as minister. This honourable ap
pointment he gladly accepted, as he viewed it
as an additional means of enabling himself to
combine the study both of legislation and of
politics in one. It is evident, therefore, that
even at this early period of his career, when as
yet he had enjoyed no opportunities of distin-

APPOINTED MINISTER TO ST. JAMES'S. 43
guishing himself, or of developing his talents,
anticipations and expectations of his subsequent
greatness and abilities were felt and recognised
by the monarch; and that his appointment to
fill so important a post, was an indication that
the utmost confidence was placed in his tact,
judgment, and discrimination, by those who
wielded the destinies of the country.
That he was neither idle, nor forgetful of the
true interests of his country, when a minister at
the court of St. James's, appears from his having
succeeded in obtaining various privileges for
Portuguese subjects resident in London, as well
as satisfaction for several commercial vexations
to which they had at various times been made to
submit; while he exacted a promise that they
should under no pretext whatever be afterwards
inflicted. It was also conceded to his govern
ment the right of punishing, according to law,
all British subjects who should be convicted of
malpractices and crimes committed in the do
minion or territories of Portugal. Pombal fur
ther obtained satisfaction for an insult that -had

44 HIS SUCCESSFUL DIPLOMACY.
been offered to a person attached to his legation ;
and was thus instrumental in ascertaining and
defining the privileges of foreign envoys, which
were still often the subject of dispute, notwith
standing the previous act of parliament passed,
in 1709 for the purpose of protecting ambassa
dors and their domestic servants from arrest.
This was the case of a physician in the service
of Pombal who had been arrested by a tax-
gatherer, but who was set at fiberty upon the
remonstrance of the Portuguese minister.*
The nature of Pombal's occupations during
this period we learn from a manuscript written
by himself, a translation of which will be found
in its proper place. In this document he regrets
* In the Journal of the Count d'Oeyras, afterwards re
ferred to, a curious circumstance is related, respecting the
debts of foreign ministers. The Journal is dated London,
June 14th, 1783. " We saw likewise (in Westminster Ab
bey) two cases, in which repose the corpses of two ambassa
dors — one of Spain, the other of Sardinia — which have been
preserved there for more than a hundred years ; interment
being refused them, until their debts are paid." The curious
may inquire into the particulars of these facts.

HIS GENERAL PURSUITS. 45
that the great variety of studies he found it
necessary to pursue, in order to become ac
quainted with the history, constitution, and
legislation of England, coupled with almost
constant ill health, prevented him from acquir
ing a knowledge of the Engfish language. Some
surprise might naturally be expressed at such a
statement, especially as Pombal was several years
in England ; but we shall cease to wonder when
we reflect that French was the language chiefly
spoken at the court of George the Second, while
there were at that time few or no works in
English on politics or legislation, which made the
study of that language desirable exclusively for
these purposes. It is certain also, that the dis
turbed state of the north of England, during his
residence in London, interfered very materially
with his studies and leisure. It was therefore
from the French writers that he principally de
rived his knowledge ; and while he gave his days
and nights to the contemplation and examination
of the ministries of Sully and Richelieu, and
sought to master the financial principles of Col-

46 HIS DEPARTURE FROM LONDON.
bert, Sully insensibly became his model and the
object of his veneration : and in the after actions
of his life, his successful imitation of that great
man is so conspicuous in the various circum
stances connected with his career, that his warmest
admirers need not fear the closest comparison
with his illustrious prototype.
In 1745 Pombal was recalled, it is supposed,
at his own request : for the Court of St. James's
could then have been no bed of roses for -a
Catholic ambassador, a proclamation having been
published in 1744 " to put the laws in execution
against all papists and nonjurors; and for com
manding all papists to depart from the cities
of London and Westminster, and from within
ten miles of the same, by the second of March*;
for confining all papists to their habitations, and
for seizing the arms and horses of such as refused
to take the oaths."
While unemployed at Lisbon, Pombal had
abundant opportunities of observing and study-
* The proclamation was dated the 15th of February.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR OBSERVATION. 47
ing the causes of abuses in every branch of
administration. He examined the different de
partments of the state with the practical eye of
a legislator, and saw that the remedy lay in
temperate and judicious reforms ; that the fault
was in the governors, not in the governed ; and
that the character of a nation is formed, and its
energies elicited, by wise enactments and salutary
laws ; by directing, not obstructing, the progress
of intelligence; by instructing, not corrupting,
the people; by cherishing their virtues, not
fomenting their evil passions; removing, not
fostering, their prejudices ; and, lastly, by tem
pering, not exasperating, their superstitions,
national pride, or popular delusions. He be
lieved that the seeds of virtue, and even of
genius, are equally distributed among all nations,
and that all that is requisite in the legislator is
so to apportion his labour, as to distribute a due
share of protection to all classes and parties
in the state, to ensure for a government good
citizens, and for a country estimable inhabitants.
Pombal acted on these principles, as will be seen

48 DISPUTES BETWEEN ROME AND VIENNA.
hereafter ; and though, in the words of a modern
author, " he found the country infested with
robbers, trade decayed, landed property entirely
in the hands of the nobles, and the people de
praved," he put forth the powers of his mighty
genius, and brigandism disappeared, commerce
was restored, property was more widely distri
buted, and the people became industrious, pros
perous, and happy.
While busied in these useful observations, his
talents were again solicited in a most delicate
and difficult negotiation. A dispute had arisen
between the courts of Rome and Vienna respect
ing the extinction of the patriarchate of Aquileia,
which in its consequences threatened to be se
rious, as all misunderstandings with the court of
Rome must necessarily be, as they lead to a
separation from that church, and tend to destroy
the integrity of the Catholic faith, the great
principle of which is, and ought to be, " Unity
in the Church."
Not only did Benedict XIV. seek the media*
tion of Portugal, but Maria Theresa, a princess

POMBAL CHOSEN AS MEDIATOR. 49
as renowned for her virtues as she was celebrated
for her wisdom, and whose countrywoman at
that time swayed the sceptre of Portugal, in the
capacity of regent during the king's indisposition,
was also anxious to refer the question to a Por
tuguese, in whose probity, understanding, and
virtue both parties might confide. Accordingly,
Pombal was selected as the fittest person to
proceed immediately to Vienna as minister, with
full powers to arrange this delicate affair. It is
not improbable, also, that he was named by
Maria Theresa herself, as a minister whom she
was willing to receive at her court in so import
ant a capacity ; as it is but reasonable to con
clude that one whose reputation was so well
established in his own country, and whose suc
cessful negotiations in England were generally
reported and admired, could not have been un
known to a princess whose knowledge was as
various as her genius was profound. The pre
parations for his departure having been com
pleted, he set out for Vienna, where he arrived
in 1745. After various negotiations, mutual
VOL. I. E

50 DEATH OF HIS WIFE.
concessions, and engagements, Pombal, to the
infinite satisfaction of his Holiness, of Maria
Theresa, and of his own sovereign, arranged the
affair amicably and conclusively.
It was while at this court that he received
information of a severe domestic affliction in the
death of his wife, to whom he had been tenderly
attached, and with whom he had lived in the
greatest possible harmony. Pombal bore his
loss with the resignation of a Christian ; but the
solitude of a single fife was not suited to a man of
his pursuits. The recollection of the many happy
days he had enjoyed made him anxious again to
enter the marriage state, to which second union
he was the more inclined as the first had not been
blessed with offspring. It was not long, after
the usual period of mourning, before he made
his selection from among the ladies of the court,
in the person of the young Countess Leonore
Ernestine Daun, daughter of Henry Richard
Count Daun, a family illustrious in the annals
of Austria from the fame and victories of the
celebrated Marshal of that name, to whom Maria

MARRIES THE NIECE OF MARSHAL DAUN. 51
Theresa, as she confessed, owed the possession of
her crown.* This affection being reciprocated,
and the consent of the family obtained, after
certain inquiries had been made, and satisfactory
assurances given, and proofs adduced of Pombal's
suitable birth and estimable character, the nup*
tials were celebrated with great pomp and £clat
at Vienna, under the immediate auspices of the
Empress, who was now, and ever after during
her eventful life continued, a firm and steady
* This celebrated Marshal, loaded with honours, and pre
serving to the last the esteem of the noble Empress, whose
throne he had secured, died in the month of January, 1766.
Maria Theresa, some years before his death, had presented
him with 250,000 florins, to enable him to purchase an estate,
that might remain in his family, and descend to his posterity.
The Empress of Russia acknowledged his services by the
gift of a sword, richly set in diamonds, and valued at 30,000
florins. At his country house, a few posts from Vienna,
were to be seen the six cannons which the Empress sent to
the Marshal after he gained the battle of Colin ; and the
inscription engraved on them does honour to the family of
Daun. See fac simile autograph letter from the Empress prefixed
to volume the second.
E 2

52 HIS PERSONAL APPEARANCE
friend to him and his amiable wife. This union
was in the course of time blessed with two sons
and three daughters, of whom we shall make
mention at a future period. In the meanwhile,
some description of Pombal himself will perhaps
tend to explain why he was so generally success
ful in his negotiations, and so great a favourite
in whatever society he happened to be placed. ;
Pombal was remarkably tall, well made, and
handsome; his countenance intellectual and ex
pressive; his manners engaging, and his dic
tion easy and flowing, while his voice was melo
dious and persuasive in the extreme. Notwith
standing these natural advantages and acquired
accomplishments, his enemies, reasoning from
the wholesome severity with which he found it
necessary in numerous instances to visit delin
quency and punish vice, during his very long
ministry, have designated him as harsh and
repulsive in his appearance, and as distant and
cold in his manners ! This picture is contradicted
by every thing we know of his amiability and
urbanity in private life, which qualities have

AND GENERAL CHARACTER. 53
never been denied, supported as they are by the
testimony of many with whom the author of
these memoirs had the honour to be person
ally acquainted. It has been the fashion to re
present Pombal as a stern and. harsh minister,
and thus to extenuate the crimes of the wicked,
by imputing their punishment to the severity of
their judge. Calumny was but the natural con
sequence of the position in which he was here
after placed, and of the painful duties which he
had to perform. I shall therefore refer to an
impartial account of Pombal's manners and dis
position at this period, written by an individual
who had full opportunities of forming a correct
judgment. At the Foreign Office, Paris, under
the head of " Austrian Correspondence No. 244.,"
we find the following extract from a despatch of
the French minister, M. Blondel, then at the
court of Vienna, addressed to his government.
It is dated January 10th, 1750.
" M. de Carvalho a ete long-tems ministre de
Portugal a Londres, d'ou le roi son maitre l'a
fait passer ici pour y employer ses offices afin de
e 3

54 m. blondel's opnrcoN of him.
retablir la bonne intelligence entre cette cour et
celle de Rome. II a ete" egalement charge" de
faire recouvrer a l'electeur de Mayence les
bonnes graces du Pape. Dans ces deux affaires il
a donne" des preuves de son habilete, de sa sagesse,
de sa droiture, de sa douceur, et surtout de sa
grande patience, et il s'est non seulement concilie
la bienveillance de toutes les parties interessees,
mais aussi de tous les ministres Strangers, et des
personnes de consideration qui sont ici. II est
noble en tout sans ostentation ; il est sage et tres
prudent ; rempli de sentimens et principes d'hon-
neur, ne visant qu'au bien general ; et je sais
qu'il n'a pas dependu de lui que l'imperatrice
n'adoptat plus t6t des sentimens pacifiques. II
est aussi bon citoyen du monde qu'ami solide, et
il a 6t6 fort regrett^ de la cour et de la ville. II
a environ 50 a 55 ans, et s'est marie" a Vienne
depuis quatre ans a la fille de la Generate de
Daun.*" The letter concludes by observing
* Translation — M. de Carvalho was for a long time Por
tuguese Minister at London, and afterwards was sent to
Vienna by the King his master, in order to exert his influence

TRANSLATION OF M. BLONDEL's LETTER. 55
that Pombal was about to return to Lisbon, in
order to take charge of the portfolio for foreign
affairs, to which post he was called by the Queen-
regent during the life of Dom John.
Thus we perceive from the impartial testimony
of the French minister, in a document which was
never intended to see the light, the true charac
ter of Pombal. And we may further remark,
in re-establishing a good understanding between this Court
and that of Rome (Maria Theresa having abolished the Pa
triarchate of Aquileia). He was also charged with restoring
the Elector of Mayence to the good graces of the Pope. In
these two affairs he afforded many proofs of his skill, wisdom,
uprightness, and amiability ; and especially of his great pa
tience, by which he acquired the esteem, not only of the
parties interested, but also of the foreign ministers and per
sons of distinction at this Court. He is noble without
ostentation ; wise and prudent ; full of honourable sentiments
and feelings, and desiring nothing more than the welfare of
all parties. I know that, had it depended entirely on him, the
Empress would long since have adopted more pacific senti
ments. He is both a good citizen of the world, and a sincere
friend, and is exceedingly regretted both at court and in
society. He is between fifty and fifty-five years of age, and
has been married for these four years to the daughter of
General Daun.
E 4

56 ASSUMES THE FOREIGN DEPARTMENT.
that it was not by intrigue, as his biographers
have represented, that he was appointed to fill
the important post of minister for foreign affairs,
but in consequence of the high consideration in
which he was held at his own court. He left
Vienna, much regretted, in the beginning of 1750_
in company with his wife, and arrived safely at
Lisbon a short time before the death of Dom
John. Dom Joseph having ascended the throne,
Pombal immediately took possession of the port
folio destined for him, and from this era we
must date the commencement of his almost
superhuman efforts for the regeneration of his
country. Whatever were the failings of Dom
Joseph, or however his neglected education ren
dered him incapable of governing without the
assistance of superior abilities, fortunately for
Portugal, he was possessed with a firmness of
mind, a steadiness of purpose, and an innate
love of glory; and was firmly convinced that
by means of such a minister as Pombal, whom
he highly esteemed, his reign would be distin-

CHARACTER OF DOM JOSEPH. 57
guished even above those which preceded it, in
the most flourishing days of colonising Portugal.
Blessed in the possession of a Sully, probably he
aimed at the glory of a Henry IV. This may
account for the courage and resolution with
which he supported his minister against innu
merable intrigues, and indefatigable malice, for
the long period of twenty-seven years.

CHAPTER III.
General Reflections — Pedro de Motta — Jesuits — Inqui
sition — Defenceless Condition of the Kingdom — Trade re
vived — State of the South — Streets of Lisbon — Of London
and Vienna — Finances — Colonies — Commercial Companies
estabUshed — Indians in America declared free — Pombal
makes Enemies — His Success in retaining the King's Con
fidence.

GENERAL REFLECTIONS. 61

CHAPTER III.
Pombal now found himself in the full enjoy
ment of the King's confidence, and at liberty to
bring forward those measures of reform which
he had deeply meditated and patiently matured.
But it was necessary to begin with caution, and
to proceed with care; not only as he had no
guarantee for the continuance of the king's
favour ; but in order that he might not provoke
the opposition and resentment of two powerful
classes in the state — the nobility and the clergy.
It is pretended, on what authority is not suffi
ciently evident, that he once exclaimed, if ever
he became minister, he would make Portugal in
twenty years superlatively happy, or superla
tively miserable. Without doubt Pombal saw
clearly the means by which Portugal was to be

62 GENERAL REFLECTIONS.
rescued from her ignominious position ; but,
when he reflected on the difficulty and danger
of introducing those measures through which so
many unjust appropriations were to be restored,
and so many abuses corrected, it is more than
conjectural that he himself doubted the results
of his wisest plans, and that at times he must
have looked upon the task of regeneration as
almost impracticable. Nevertheless, whatever
may have been his secret doubts, or his private
misgivings, as to success, we shall find him,
during his long career as a minister, directing
his attention to abuses in every branch of the
administration, and exerting his energies in every
subordinate spring of action, in the minutest
details of office, and in the remotest objects of
government. We shall see industry encouraged,
and trade consequently revived ; agriculture
flourishing ; manufactures increased ; the reve
nue augmented; population doubled; efficient
armies organised ; a powerful navy created ;
justice impartially administered; hypocrisy ex
posed ; learning rewarded ; the proud humbled ;

PEDRO DE MOTTA. 63
the humble exalted ; and the slave enfranchised.
All this and much more was performed by Pom
bal ; for he created a sentiment of public morality,
a sense of unity and virtue, which serves as a
bond of union and strength, and distinguishes a
prosperous nation or a well-organised army, and
which, for a long period, rendered Portugal one
of the most considerable powers in Europe.
Although Pedro de Motta was nominally at
the head of the government, his declining health
did not permit him to take that active part in
the administration of affairs which his position
would naturally imply ; and consequently, from
this time all the laws and ordinances which issued
from the closet of the king may be considered as
emanating from Pombal, for Dom Joseph took
no measures whatever without consulting him.
But Pombal was not permitted to issue his wise
decrees, or to put in force his patriotic measures
for the restoration of his country, without en
countering opposition. The Jesuits took the
alarm, and were not long in conspiring his ruin.
•But as their intrigues, crimes, and rewards, with

64 JESUITS  INQUISITION.
the conspiracies of the nobles, and their deadly
hatred to Dom Joseph and Pombal, will form the
subject of a separate chapter, it will suffice merely
to advert at present to the powerful obstacles
Pombal had to surmount, or to remove, ere he
placed his country in the enviable position in
which he left her. The first five years of the
reign of Dom Joseph were consumed in devising
and putting into force active measures to ame
liorate the condition of the interior government
of the country, and in arranging and settling
the financial schemes of the minister. Another,
' and an important reform, at a very early period
of his ministry, attracted the attention of Pombal.
He determined on restricting and regulating the
jurisdiction of the Holy Inquisition, as it was
termed, and prohibiting its private tortures and
public executions, which for so long a period
paralyzed the minds of the people, and disgraced
the government of the country. It is, however,
but justice to the Portuguese to declare that
their national character was never, at any time,
polluted by that wholesale cruelty which distin-

REGULATION OF THE INQUISITION. 65
guished the sanguinary reign of the Inquisition
in Spain; nor did Lisbon ever witness, to the
same extent, those horrible exhibitions called
auto-da-fe, which, for a long period, rendered
Madrid infamous in history, and abhorred by all
true Christians and enlightened men. The Por
tuguese were distinguished by milder measures
and more charitable sentiments, the fruit of their
maritime and commercial intercourse with the
other nations of Europe, which expanded their
minds and removed or softened their prejudices.
Pombal saw that such an institution as the In
quisition was perfectly incompatible with the
progress of the arts, the existence of science, or
the presence of liberty, and resolved at whatever
hazard to reduce the authority of that miscalled
Holy Office. So early, therefore, in his ministry
as 1751, a decree regulating its practices was
promulgated. By this decree it was enacted,
that no auto-da-fe was henceforward to take
place, and no executions were to be carried into
effect, without the consent and approbation of
government, which reserved for itself, as a court
VOL. I. F

66 DEFENCELESS STATE OF THE KINGDOM.
of appeal, the province of inquiry and examina
tion, and of confirming or reversing the sentence,
according as it appeared right or wrong on the
face of the evidence. By this effectual blow the
Office of the Inquisition was humbled, and from
thenceforward it dwindled down to the rank of
an ordinary tribunal ; — a fact which compels us
to admire the wisdom which conceived, and the
courage which carried out so bold a stroke of
policy, in the execution of which so many fierce
opponents were to be subdued, and so many
virtual enemies were to be created. But, with
that invincible perseverance which distinguishes
the genius of a statesman, Pombal carried his
measures, notwithstanding the virulence of su
perstition, the power of the priesthood, and the
prejudices of the people.
To convey some idea of the defenceless condi
tion of the kingdom previous to the ministry of
Pombal, it is only necessary to relate, that, a
very few days before the death of Dom John,
some Algerine corsairs actually anchored off Cape
Spichel, a few miles from Lisbon, the fort being

REVIVAL OF TRADE. 67
unable to offer any effectual resistance, or to
avenge the insult. To remedy this deplorable
state of the defences of the country, and to re
pair the fortifications, which had every where
fallen to decay, Pombal appropriated the yearly
sum of twenty-seven contos of reis*, which was
found amply sufficient for the purpose. About
the same time he erected a national establish
ment for the manufacture of gunpowder, that
article having previously been supplied by indi
viduals who enjoyed a monopoly of contract and
supply. In a similar manner every branch of
administration, each in its turn, occupied his
attention. He corrected the abuses which had
crept into the lucrative diamond contract; he
regulated the proceedings of the whale fisheries ;
and defined and improved the laws relating to
successions. In 1751 he established a sugar re
finery, to which various privileges were granted,
in order to encourage the home manufacture of
that commodity. * About 7000/.
F 2

68 DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL RESOURCES.
In the following year he turned his attention
to the production of silk ; and to the growers of
mulberry trees, for the rearing of silkworms, he
conceded many privileges — such, for example,
as exemption from excise, tithes, and other im
posts; and to those who produced considerable
quantities, the privilege was granted of holding
certain public employments, which otherwise
required nobreza in the persons on whom they
were conferred, while raw silk was prohibited
from being exported from the kingdom.
After having read these facts, a very little reflecr
tion will enable us to perceive how clearly Pombal
understood the natural resources and products of
his country ; and that in encouraging its industry,
and employing its capital, he was guided by a
thorough knowledge of the climate, capabilities,
and position of Portugal, relative to the rest of
Europe : and thus he proceeded in his march of
improvement, striking at the root of some evils,
and palliating others, or, leaving the beaten track,
discovering some new source of industry to add
to the riches and happiness of the people.

STATE OF THE SOUTH. 69
His attention was next turned to the condition
of the south of Portugal, where robberies and
outrages of every description were frequent and
terrible. To prevent these he established a
special commission for the trial of all offenders ;
and to render this more effectual, and to coun
teract the means by which evil-doers, after falling
into the hands of the authorities, frequently
escaped the ends of justice, magistrates were
empowered to extend their jurisdiction, and to
commit to prison the persons of those who were
suspected of being directly or indirectly con
cerned in the perpetration of illegal acts. From
these and other regulations, the police soon be
came more effectual, and crimes less frequent,
during the reign of Dom Joseph, than at any
period before or after; while the streets of
Lisbon, hitherto a reproach to the nation, were
rendered safer than those of any other European
capital.* * As a proof of this, we find in a speech from the throne,
dated during this period, November 15th, 1753, the following
statement, of the condition of London and its vicinity, de-
F 3

70 STREETS OF LISBON.
The streets of Lisbon had often been witness
to the midnight brawls of the nobles ; and pri
vate insults were often expiated by the lives of
the offenders. Reputations were attacked, to
which the law afforded but a slow and insuffi
cient redress. Pasquinades of the most malig
nant nature were affixed on the doors of private
families — horns on those of others ; and the
authors of these acts laughed at the mischief
they occasioned. A decree dated October 2nd,
livered from the mouth of the British Sovereign. " I am
sorry to be obliged again to mention to you a subject, which
reflects dishonour upon the nation, as well as creates great
danger and mischief to my good subjects. It is with the
utmost regret I observe that the horrid crimes of robbery and
murder are, of late, rather increased than diminished."
Accounts were not more satisfactory of the state of the
Austrian capital at this period. In a despatch from the Por
tuguese minister resident at Vienna, dated June 4th, 1763,
he informs his government : " Nothing is talked of in Vienna
but of the robberies and assassinations committed in this
capital, and on the highways leading to it." And again, in a
despatch dated March 2nd, 1766: "Incendiarism has been
repeated in the suburbs of Vienna, as well as robberies in the
city and pubhc roads." To the state of the Italian cities, at
this period, it is needless to allude

FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS. 71
1753, declared that in consequence of the preva
lent custom of taking private revenge, all persons
guilty of publishing infamous satires and libels
would be punished. Pombal's enemies misre
presented this decree in their partial accounts —
-they left out the words which are in Italics.
Fiscal arrangements next called for inter
position and reform. The taxes and imposts
had been hitherto collected at a vast expense to
the country. Multitudinous collectors and re
ceivers seized and appropriated the revenue, and
while they impoverished the people, they plun
dered the treasury. At one stroke of the pen
these devourers were annihilated. In the excise
department Pombal appointed a treasurer with a
yearly salary of 700,000 reis.* His clerk was
allowed 200,000 annually, and 80 reis for each
quittance. In the other departments of the
taxes, the municipal chamber in each chief dis
trict (comarca) was compelled to elect yearly, a
receiver, who was empowered to control and
* 4120 reis at par are equal to 20 shillings.
F 4

72 FINANCES.
watch over the inferior collectors in the various
divisions of his district. These receivers were
twenty-eight in number for the entire kingdom,
and their various salaries, on the whole, amounted
to little more than a conto * ; the highest of
them being 70,000 reis, and the lowest 20,000
reis. It was also directed and rendered im
perative, that the corporations of each especial
district which elected a receiver should stand
security for the honest performance of his duties.
Thus an important commencement was made;
towards the establishment of a beneficial and
economical system of finance, by which the
revenue was increased, and the government in
vigorated, whilst the burden fell lighter on the
people, and means were procured, not only to
meet the necessary expenses of the state, but to
free the nation from the vast debt which the
misgovernment and impotency of Dom John's
ministers had bequeathed to it.
Pombal also directed his attention even to the
* A conto is 1,000,000 reis.

COLONIES. 73
details of the royal establishment in its minutest
branches. In a private despatch from M. St.
Priest, French minister in Lisbon during the
reign of Dom Joseph, he narrates that Pom
bal had recently put a stop to the disorder
and extravagance in the king's household.
Great, indeed, were the abuses to be corrected —
especially in the kitchen department. The per
sons therein employed were actually reduced
from eighty to twenty, and the expenses of the
various tables were thoroughly investigated and
newly regulated ; so that the household expenses
were reduced more than one half.
Having to a certain extent reformed most
of the abuses of the mother country, Pombal
turned his eyes to the miserable condition of the
colonies. One very glaring abuse was that of
sending young females of good family and for
tune from Brazil to Portugal, under pretence of
educating them, but where they were too fre
quently immured for the remainder of their
lives in convents, to the great injury of the state,
and the decrease of population. This practice a

74 COMMERCIAL COMPANIES.
decree expressly forbad. Some excellent regu
lations were . also framed to encourage the pro
ductive exports, and to increase the commerce of
Mozambique, which, had they been followed out
Up to the present time, would have rendered that
colony an invaluable appanage to the crown of,
Portugal. I was informed by a late governor
of that colony, that it is susceptible of great
improvements, and of being made a source of
vast wealth to the Portuguese nation. Unfor
tunately, however, this enterprising governor
was recalled in the midst of his speculations and
improvements: a change of ministry happened
at Lisbon, and the appointment was wanted for
one of the new minister's friends !
During the long and inglorious reign of Dom
John, commercial speculation had not only lan
guished, but had become almost extinct ; nor, as
Pombal perceived, was it an easy task to resus
citate dormant enterprise, or to excite healthy
speculation in the bosom of the mercantile com
munity, which had so long laboured under an
oppressive lethargy. To recal activity, and to

TRADE TO CHINA. 75
direct the capital of the country into productive
channels, he therefore conceived the idea of
organizing large commercial companies — a mode
of opening new branches of trade, or of prose
cuting enterprises requiring prodigious capital,
that was not only successfully adopted at this
time, but has been imitated at subsequent periods.
For we see, that all great and eminently pros
perous undertakings, whether in Portugal, France,
England, or other European states, have been
commenced and carried on successfully by com
panies. Previous to the year 1754, the trade to China
and India was open to all Portuguese subjects ;
but, owing to causes to which we have already
alluded, and from the want of sufficient capital
and the absence of enterprise, the China trade
had dwindled into insignificance, and was neither
profitable to individuals, nor advantageous to
the nation.* Consequently, Pombal, with a view
* During the early part of Pombal's administration, he
sent an ambassador to Tartary and China. A manuscript
account of this embassy is in the private library of the house

76 INDIANS IN AMERICA DECLARED FREE.
to its revival, succeeded in forming an asso
ciation of merchants, which was well-known at
the time by the name of the Oldembourg Com
pany. . This measure of monopoly, as it was
termed, did not however fail to procure its
author much censure and many enemies. Doubt
less there is a term at which the monopolies
which companies enjoy become a burden on, and
a partial injustice to, the nation at large; and
probably at this moment they ought to give up
their privileges, and cease to exist, and the trade
should be thrown open to the competition of the
whole nation.
By a wise and humane decree, dated June 8th,
1755, the Indians in the provinces of Maranhao
and Grand Para in America were declared free.
Policy, and their debased state, required and
demanded that the African slaves should remain
as they were until further consideration. Every
possible means were devised to encourage and
of Ponte, entitled, Relacao da Embaixada a Tartaria, e a China
mandada pelo Senhor Rei. D. Jose I. sendo Embaixador Alex
ander Metello de Souza e Menezes.

POMBAL MAKES ENEMIES. 77
civilize the Indians. Certain privileges were
granted to Portuguese who should marry into
their families. Commerce between them and
the mother country was released from exorbitant
and vexatious restrictions. The time of depar
ture of the yearly merchant fleet to and from
America was altered, and so regulated as to
avoid* those losses which had attended the voy
age. And with the view of still further ame
liorating the condition of the colonies, and of
bringing their inhabitants to a state of order and
civilization, on the day following the date of the
above decree, the king signed the charter for the
incorporation of the Maranhao and Grand Para
company, by which fresh spirit was infused into
the mercantile body, and the commerce between
Portugal and her South American colonies as
sumed a new aspect, and excited a new interest.
During the progress of these reforms, factious
opposition was neither tacit nor quiescent.
Every new measure of the minister elicited the
anger and jealousy of the aristocracy. The
nobles, finding many of their usurped and illegal

78 POMBAL RETAINS
privileges in danger of subversion, conceived the
most intense hatred against the author of the
actual and projected reforms. The Jesuits, fore
seeing they would in their turn be attacked,
sought the means of defence in secret conspiracy
and crafty plots; while many of inferior rank,
blind to the wisdom which dictated, and not
appreciating the patriotism which executed these
grand reforms, united themselves to the nobles
and the priests, and increased the outcry and
opposition. But the frankness of Pombal, con
joined to his indomitable perseverance, captivated
and enslaved the king, who, during the very
torrent of that virulent invective and the pre
valence of that incredible contumely which was
lavishly showered upon the minister, remained
firm in his support, and constant in his confi
dence towards him.
Thus had Pombal already begun to experience
the same ill-fortune, the same ingratitude, and
the same jealousy and misrepresentation, to which
the great Sully had been subjected under similar
circumstances, when exerting himself for the

THE KING'S CONFIDENCE. 79
glory of his country, and the honour and safety
of his sovereign. But no obstacle or opposition,
no malignant satire or opprobrious scandal dis
mayed, discouraged, or even swerved Pombal
from that lofty sentiment of patriotism, and that
high sense of superiority, which regard nothing
as impossible that is virtuous and wise, if sup
ported by conduct and judgment in the execution.
He possessed nothing of that cautious timidity
which hesitates between the conception and the
performance of a great political measure. He
meditated deeply before he originated a reform ;
but, once determined, it never was relinquished —
his rare sagacity and profound wisdom enabling
him to see all the difficulties and facilities at a
glance. Untainted with selfishness, and devoid
of all ambition but that which urged him to
excel all other men in patriotism, we may with
justice apply to him that pithy observation which
a French critic applied to the Roman orator : II
eut cette gloire, que tous les ennemis de l'^tat
furent les siens.

CHAPTER IV.
Extracts from Pombal's Writings — General Remarks on
the Condition of Portugal — Destructive Earthquake at Lis
bon, Nov. 1st, 1755 — Universal Misery — Immense Loss of
Life and Property — The Royal Family preserved — Pombal's
Magnanimity — His memorable Apophthegm — Measures to
alleviate the Distress — Martial Law proclaimed — Order
re-established — Algerine Corsairs — Intrigues of the Jesuits
— Lisbon rebuilt by Pombal — Appendix — Extracts from
Despatches in the State Paper Office.

VOL. I. G

EXTRACTS FROM POMBAL'S WRITINGS. 83

CHAPTER IV.
To show that Pombal was not insensible to
the difficulties that perplexed, or unacquainted
with the obstacles which opposed the progress
of reform, I shall extract the following reflections
from his own writings.
" We are no longer in those ages of reform,
when legislators by the sole force of their genius,
were able to change the form and constitution of
corrupt states. When each nation was, as it
were, a world apart, and regarded only its own
interests by its own peculiar system, great facili
ties existed for reform. But since the creation
of the European league, that is, since the political
interests of one country have become dependent
on and influence those of another, all govern
ments have their eyes open to every change that
G 2

84 EXTRACTS FROM POMBAL'S WRITINGS.
is meditated by their neighbours: and as the
vices of the weak are the chief ingredients that
form and sustain the strong, the latter are un
willing to allow the former to quit that medio
crity of condition on which their own strength
depends." " The means of reform in the power of a
minister to employ are of but little efficacy in a
shattered government. The most that a great
statesman can do in this case is, not to seek to
annihilate the vices of an existing system, but to
use palliatives in order to prevent their progress,
and to endeavour to support the political machine,
that it may not fall into entire disorder."
" It is no longer the policy of European coun
tries to attack openly those they wish to weaken
or destroy. In general the mischief springs
from a remote cause, and when, as in inveterate
diseases, remedies are applied, it is too late. The
ruin of a country, in modern times, is always pre
pared from a distant period, and approximates its
termination by degrees. The means of destruction
are insensibly provided, and the nation is annihi-

EXTRACTS FROM POMBAL'S WRITINGS. 85
lated by artifice. Such was the policy of the
Roman government, which worked the ruin of
others, at the same time that it made them appear
with the greatest splendour. The mischief was
only discovered at the moment when remedies
were too late. Such, in a word, was the situation
of Portugal previous to the awful phenomenon
that now causes so much wonder in Europe."*
" The monarchy was at its last gasp. The
English had firmly bound the nation in a state
of dependence. They had conquered it without
the inconveniences of a conquest, and chained
the people to their political car without leaving
them the power of releasing themselves from
bondage." " However a certain law of nations may be
established among men, the law of the strongest
will always govern the world. The first king,
says a great poet of our times f , was a fortunate
soldier."

* The great earthquake at Lisbon, November 1st, 1755.
f Voltaire.
G 3

86 EXTRACTS FROM POMBAL'S WRITINGS.
" The system of Great Britain was to weaken
the power of other nations in order to increase
her own. Portugal was powerless and without
vigour, and all her movements were regulated
by the desires of England."
Under circumstances so ably described, that
memorable earthquake occurred, which, whilst
it seemed at first to complete the ruin of Por
tugal, perhaps contributed in reality to rescue
that country from the vassalage into which she
had fallen, and to deliver her inhabitants from
the misery and barbarity which debased them.
" When the fundamental principles of a go
vernment are once corrupted," continues Pom
bal, " new laws are almost useless, because the
reform of the first abuse has always in it the
germ of a second. One evil is but changed for
another, and the root of the disorder remains
firmly fixed in the state."
That the apparent difficulty of Pombal's posi
tion may be still further understood, I shall pro
ceed to give an account of that tremendous
catastrophe which filled all Europe with horror,

EARTHQUAKE AT LISBON. 87
and clothed the affrighted people of this devoted
country in mourning.
Never did the sun, in the balmiest of southern
climes, rise with more brilliancy than on the
memorable 1st of November 1755. All nature
seemed to rest in perfect confidence in the calm
beauty of the serene and deep blue sky, and to
repose in the stillness of the silent air. The
proud palaces and lofty churches of Lisbon were
faithfully reflected in the broad bosom of the
Tagus, whose crystal tide was unruffled by a
single breath. Pleasure, peace, and security
seemed to have fixed their residence on its banks,
and to gambol upon its waters. Alas ! in a few
hours this smiling scene was to be exchanged for
horror, misery, and desolation ; and, as if the
fiends of darkness, suddenly released from bond
age, had plunged themselves precipitately upon
the devoted city, bringing in their train Earth
quake, Rapine, Murder, Sacrilege, and Violence,
all things were reversed, Nature ceasing to be
beneficent, and Man to be human !
It was the morning of All Saints' Day, and
g 4

88 UNIVERSAL MISERY.
the devout population of Lisbon were hurrying
to attend divine worship in the numerous
churches which on that day, according to cus
tom, were brilliantly illuminated in honour of
the festival, when at four minutes after nine the
first convulsive shocks were perceived ; and soon
after, this proud city became a heap of undis-
tinguishable ruins. The astonished people, who
were not buried in the first fall, terrified and
confounded, rushed forth tumultuously to avoid
the threatened immolation; and with confused
shouts and half-expressed prayers, implored
favour from the Most High, while falling edifices
or yawning chasms, on every side crushed or
ingulfed them with a fearful and relentless cer
tainty. Some fled to the water, in the hope of
safety : but their hope was vain ; for the river,
violently agitated by the mighty shocks of the
earth, rose to an extraordinary height: its im
petuosity increased with its bulk, until it became
swollen to a torrent, and, bursting its banks,
swept away all within its reach. Vast ships
sunk beneath the troubled surface of its angry

GENERAL CONFLAGRATION. 89
waves ; whilst others, torn from their anchors,
and hurled round with furious precipitation,
disappeared in the vortex, or, driven furiously
against each other, were dashed to pieces by the
violence of the shocks.
To increase the horrors of this sad scene,
whilst the temples of the fiving God, and the
palace of the noble, and the dwelling of the
artisan, were mingling in one common ruin,
fires appeared in various places at one and the
same moment, raging with unchecked fury, and
threatening to consume all that the earthquake
had spared. If, even at this distance of time,
the excess of the general misery is too painful
to dwell long upon, how terrible must have been
the scenes of individual suffering! What
wretchedness awaited the survivors ! Husbands
anxious for the fate of their wives — wives for
their husbands — mothers seeking for their chil
dren, and children sinking in despair at the
absence of their mothers ; — every tie dear to the
heart was broken, and every affection which en
ables man cheerfully to submit to the evils of

90 AWFUL LOSS OF LIFE.
life was loosened, cast off, and buried in one
wide grave.
In the midst of this misery and confusion, the
prisons gave up their flagitious inmates; and
these bad men, exulting in the misfortune which
had enfranchised them from their chains, aban
doned themselves to the gratification of appetite,
and to the perpetration of the most atrocious
crimes. Infuriated with wine, and emulous of
gold, they roamed about, pillaging, violating,
or murdering, as it quieted their fury, or satiated
their lust; — thus aggravating by the cruelty of
of man the awful visitation of God.
Lisbon, however, was not the only city that
suffered by the earthquake. Other parts of
Portugal (and indeed of Europe), especially
Setubal and the Algarves, were seriously injured
on that eventful occasion. With regard to the
loss of life occasioned by this catastrophe, it was
calculated that in the city of Lisbon alone,
30,000 persons perished by fire or water, or
were buried under the ruins. For four days the
city continued a prey to the flames, during which

DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY. 91
period violent shocks were repeated at various
intervals. Among the buildings destroyed, were the
magnificent palace of the Patriarch, built by
Dom John V. ; the royal palace ; and churches
and convents without number; while of private
palaces and common dwelling-houses overthrown,
some idea may be formed from the fact that
entire streets became one mass of ruins. It
was estimated that seven millions sterling could
scarcely repay the damage done by this dreadful
visitation, though some of the treasure of the
Patriarchate was recovered, among which was a
silver cross valued at 30,000Z., while no less
than 1 500 arrobas * of silver were dug out of
the ruins of that and other edifices some time
after the earthquake.
When this catastrophe occurred, the royal
family were fortunately at the small palace of
Belem in the suburbs of Lisbon. Their con
sternation was great; the whole court was in
tears. The king, looking round in silence upon
* An arroba is 321bs.

92 ROYAL FAMILY PRESERVED.
his trembling attendants, addressed himself to
Pombal, who (hastening to offer what assistance
and consolation he could at that awful moment)
had just entered the palace. " What is to be
done," exclaimed Dom Joseph, "to meet this
infliction of Divine Justice? " " Bury the dead,
and feed the living*," was the calm and imme
diate reply of Pombal, whose noble figure and
collected demeanour commanded the admiration
of all around him, as he uttered this concise
reply. From this time, it is said, Dom Joseph
looked upon his minister as a mortal of superior
mould. Not an instant was lost after this in fruitless
discussion or useless condolence. Pombal threw
himself again into his carriage and hurried to
Lisbon to share the danger and to alleviate the
calamities of the earthquake. Wherever his
presence was required, there was he found. For
several days his only habitation was his carriage;
and from thence, day and night, he issued orders
* Senhor, enterrar os mortos, e cuidar nos vivos.

MEASURES TO RELIEVE THE DISTRESS. 93
and regulations. In an incredibly short space
of time two hundred decrees were promulgated
respecting the maintenance of order, the lodging
of the people, the distribution of provisions, and
the burial of the dead. Among other providen
tial decrees, one was issued which forbade any
person leaving Lisbon without an order. By this
regulation, many who had seized, upon this oppor
tunity of a public calamity to possess themselves of
property, and those who had sacrilegiously en
tered and plundered the churches, were unable
to deposit their ill-gotten wealth in places of
security ; and, consequently, were obliged to
abandon or restore it. In these numerous
decrees, Pombal entered into the minutest de
tails; and, such was the rapidity with which
they were conceived and promulgated, that many
were written on his knees in pencil, and, without
being copied, were hastily forwarded to their
various destinations. The wounded were re
moved, and their wounds dressed ; the houseless
were collected, and lodged in temporary huts;
provisions were brought from all quarters, and

94 DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD.
distributed to the poor ; monopolies of all kinds
were forbidden ; troops were drawn from the
provinces to preserve order; idlers were forced
to work ; the dispersed nuns were re-assembled ;
the ruins removed ; the dead buried, and pubhc
worship restored. As great fears were enter
tained that the plague might be added to the
other calamities of the unfortunate city, in con
sequence of the effluvia of so many decomposed
bodies which it was impossible to bury in the
usual manner, the Patriarch issued orders with
the hope of preventing the evil, that the dead
should be cast into the sea with heavy weights
attached to them, but, with as many of the
solemn and holy ceremonies of the church as
could be observed on the occasion. The Jesuits,
however, did not fail to reproach Pombal for
this last act of prudence.
So many felons of every description had
escaped from prison and wandered about the
streets, that Pombal found it necessary to issue
orders, that a strict account should be taken of
the ways and means of every inhabitant, while

MARTIAL LAW PROCLAIMED. 95
all idlers and vagabonds, or such as could not
give a correct account of themselves, were em
ployed to clear away the ruins, for which they
were recompensed with both food and money.
Notwithstanding, however, all these wise and
salutary enactments, so daring were some of
these wretches, and such was the licentiousness
of the period, that in the broad glare of day they
boldly entered houses in quest of plunder, fre
quently adding violation and murder to robbery ;
so that at the door of almost every family of any
consideration, armed men were stationed to
guard the inmates and their property.
To obviate these distressing evils, martial law
was proclaimed, and every man taken flagrante
delicto, was summarily disposed of on the spot,
and left to hang there as an example and a
warning to others. This energetic and well-
timed decree soon restored order and quiet to
the inhabitants, who again, under the shelter of
Pombal's guardianship, slept in all that con
fidence and security which they had enjoyed
previous to the earthquake.

96 ALGERINE CORSAIRS.
It is impossible to say what might have been
the fate of Lisbon under her manifold misfor
tunes, had it not been for the courage, wisdom,
activity, and energy of Pombal. Like a superior
being, he was present every where ; encouraging the
timid, comforting the desolate, awing the wicked,
restraining the reckless, soothing the wounded,
and pouring the balm of peace and consolation
into the bosoms of the despairing and the afflicted.
He was the all in all — the upholder, regenerator,
and genius of the nation : for, independent of
these arduous duties, on the performance of
which the very existence as well as safety of
Portugal depended, he was compelled to provide •
against the attacks of the Algerine corsairs, who
hovered about the coast, and landed whenever a
possibility of plunder presented itself.
It is not to be supposed that a calamity so
general and so dreadful would be suffered to pass
unnoticed by the Jesuits — already Pombal's de
clared enemies. They did not hesitate to affirm,
that the awful visitation was a divine infliction
for the impiety of the minister and his sup-

INTRIGUES OF THE JESUITS. 97
porters, in which was pretty clearly included the
king himself.* They even went so far as to pro
phesy that a similar dreadful convulsion would
be repeated on the same day of the following
year. But this was easily dealt with ; for, at
the latter end of October 1756, Pombal posted a
strong guard at all the city gates, and, while the
credulous expected a repetition of the calamity,
their presence prevented a general panic, and
consequently the disorder and plunder of the
city. In the mean time, as no earthquake oc
curred, the people laughed heartily, not only at

* Their malicious reports were soon spread over all Eu
rope. The Portuguese minister at Vienna, in a despatch
dated January 18th, 1756, begs Pombal to inform him of the
effects of the earthquake, as it was reported in Vienna that
the Azore Islands had disappeared— that Madeira was en
tirely destroyed — that Coimbra was reduced to ashes — to
gether with many other most circumstantial falsehoods. He
adds, that in a "conversation with the Emperor, his Majesty
asked him if the Azores had re-appeared ; and declared that if
one of his subjects had brought the news to England, he would
have hanged him as an example to all propagators of falsities
injurious to commerce and government,
VOL. I. H

98 LISBON REBUILT BY POMBAL.
their own fears, but at those who had originated
them — a fatal presage for the Jesuits.
That part of the city which was situated in
the valley, on part of which the Rocio Square
now stands, suffered most ; but it was entirely
rebuilt on a plan of great regularity and strength
during Pombal's administration. A public gar
den was for the first time laid out ; sewers were
constructed in the new streets, which were hand
some, solid, clean, and well paved. Before the
earthquake, not a single regular street existed
above the length of one hundred yards. Emi
nences were levelled, handsome squares con
structed, and Lisbon promised to become one of
the most beautiful cities of Europe. But Pombal's
plan for its renovation was never thoroughly
carried out. All the edifices (and very numerous
they are) now existing of any importance or
consequence, were planned and executed by him;
but the magnificent promenade which he designed
to form on the shores of the lovely Tagus from
Santa Apollonia to Belem, a distance of two
leagues, was never even commenced. Had this

LISBON REBUILT BY POMBAL. 99
grand design been carried into effect, and planted
with trees in the manner he intended, it would
have attracted the curiosity and excited the
admiration of the most remote posterity, as it
would have surpassed every thing of the kind,
either for grandeur or magnificence, in Europe
or the world.

h 2

PAPERS RELATING TO THE EARTHQUAKE. 101

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IV.
Since the compilation of these Memoirs, the author
has been favoured with an inspection of numerous
documents preserved in Her Majesty's State Paper
Office. These are principally the despatches of the
various English envoys and ministers who successively
filled diplomatic appointments at the Court of Lisbon,
It would, perhaps, have been more convenient for the
reader, had the following extracts been incorporated
with the text; but, as the work was written abroad,
the author had not then the opportunity of perusing
these documents. But, wherever they may be placed,
they will be found highly interesting, and corroborative
of those facts which he has already recorded, coming
as they 'do from such authentic sources. It may also
be added, that the reader will find in these extracts
many details never before published.
The following is from a despatch written by Mr.
Castres, then British minister at Lisbon, and is dated
November the 6th, 1755, five days after the first effects
of the great earthquake. In it we find a lively and
graphic description of the awful calamity.
" I have lost my good and worthy friend the Spanish
H 3

102 PAPERS RELATING TO
ambassador, who was crushed under his door as he
attempted to make his escape into the street. This,
with the anguish I have been in for these five days
past, occasioned by the dismal accounts brought to us
every instant of the accidents befallen to one or other
of our acquaintance among the nobility, who, for the
most part, are quite undone, has greatly affected me ;
but in particular the miserable objects among the lower
sort of His Majesty's subjects, who all fly to me for
bread, and lie scattered up and down in my garden with
their wives and children. I have helped them all
hitherto, and shall continue to do so, as long as pro
visions do not fail us, which I hope will not be the case,
by the good orders M. de Carvalho has issued in that
respeet. " The best orders have been given for preventing
rapine and murder, frequent instances of which we have
had within these three days, there being swarms of
Spanish deserters in town, who take hold of this oppor
tunity of doing their business. As I have large sums
deposited in my house belonging to such of my coun
trymen as have been happy enough to save some of
their cash, and that my house was surrounded all last
night with ruffians, I have this morning wrote to
M. de Carvalho to desire a guard, which I hope will
not be refused."
A despatch from the English consul, dated on the
15th of the same month, affords the following details.
" The first shock began about a quarter before 1Q
o'clock in the morning, and, as far as I could judge,

THE EARTHQUAKE. 103
lasted six or seven minutes. There was then an in
terval of about five minutes before the second shock,
which lasted about three minutes. So that, in a
quarter of an hour, this great city was laid in ruins.
Soon after several fires broke out, which burnt five or
six days, and which completed the total destruction of
goods and effects.
" The force of the earthquake seemed to be imme*
diately under the city, for the damage either above or
below Lisbon is not so considerable. It is thought to
have vented itself at the quay that runs from the
Custom-house towards the king's palace, which is
entirely carried away, and has totally disappeared ;
some boats were swallowed up at the same time. At
the time of the earthquake, the waters of the river rose
twenty or thirty feet, and sunk as much, and this at
four different times, as I am informed."
Another despatch, dated November the 19th, nar
rates, that the king and all his court are encamped
under canvass tents in the garden — that the unfortu
nate kingdom is threatened with a plague and a famine
— and concludes by eulogizing the conduct of M. de
Carvalho, who, by day and night, was indefatigably
employed in remedying the general distress.
" The shocks and tremulations having hardly dis
continued since the first day of our disaster, the court,
with above three parts in four of the inhabitants, still
remain encamped in the fields and gardens in and about
this place. The houses, indeed, which are yet standing
in this city, as well as in the country for several miles
H 4

104

PAPERS RELATING TO

around it, are for the most part in so shattered a con
dition, that there is hardly one in fifty, though sup
ported by props, that will hold out the winter."
As was |;o be expected on the occasion of so tremen
dous a calamity, every European nation was anxious to
offer its assistance to unhappy Portugal. Among thfe
rest, George the Second, being ignorant of the fate of
his representative at Lisbon, for this purpose ordered
Charles Townsend to proceed immediately to that
Court with offers of money and provisions. Townsend's
departure was, however, rendered unnecessary by the
news of Mr. Castres' safety ; but the welcome succours
were forthwith despatched in a man-of-war got ready
for that purpose.
The following succours were placed at Dom Joseph's
disposal : —

Beef, 6000 barrels

. estimated value ,§§10,000

Butter, 4000 firkins .

«...

3,000

Flour, 10,000 quarters

.

15,000

Wheat, 10,000 do.

.

15,000

Biscuit, 1000 bags

.

1,200

Rice, 1200 barrels

.

1,000

Pickaxes, Spades, Crows,

Screws, &c.

1,000

In Portugal gold

.

30,000

In pieces of Eight

.

20,000

Shoes

. .

1,000

£ 97,200

The continual anxiety which all endured at this

THE EARTHQUAKE. 105
period may be easily conceived by the following de
spatch, dated December 13th.
" Though it is now forty days since the great earth
quake, there has hardly passed one single day or night
without a renewal of our alarms — the tremulations
having been almost continual, intermixed with such
violent shocks from time to time, particularly the night
before last, as to drive, not only those who had begun
to venture again into the lower parts of the houses still
standing, but even such as have sheltered themselves
under tents and barracks, into the open fields half
naked, to the great peril of their lives at this rigorous
season of the year. In the mean time M. de Carvalho,
who seems to have the entire confidence of the king his
master, is employed night and day in despatching the
necessary orders for keeping this ruined town supplied
with comestibles ; obliging mechanics of all sorts, who
had fled to the remotest parts of this country, to return
to their several callings ; and putting a stop to the
many robberies unavoidable in such times of confusion,
and particularly in such an open place as this is."
Slight shocks were occasionally felt even up to the
14th of January in the following year. And it may
perhaps be interesting to state here the number of
British subjects who perished during the earthquake.
The total loss was officially reported by the British
minister at twenty-eight men and fifty women.

CHAPTER V.
Fatal Eifects of the Gold Mines on Portugal — Commercial
Treaty with England — Importance of the EngMsh Alliance
— Opinions of Pombal on Political Economy — Royal Trea
sury in 1754 — Appendix to Chapter V. — Extracts from
Despatches in the State Paper Ofiice.

EFFECTS OE THE GOLD MINES. 109

CHAPTER V.
I have already alluded to the effect the discovery
of the gold mines in Brazil produced on the
well-being of the Portuguese nation. The cul
tivation of the soil was abandoned for distant
and illusory fortunes, and the improvement of
manufactures neglected for the delusive products
of the mines ; while the people were compelled
to seek in other countries for that food which
their lands had ceased to yield, and to procure
from distant nations that clothing their looms
had forgotten how to weave. Pombal was
aware that this was the fatal error into which
his predecessors in the government had fallen,
and that a mania for mining was one of the
great causes of the impoverished condition of
the eountry, and the dilapidation of the finances,

110 COMMERCIAL TREATY WITH ENGLAND.
and thus expresses himself upon the subject:
" Her fields soon became unproductive and
valueless. The number of labourers, a class in
which the strength of government consists, daily
diminished. Farmers gave up the cultivation
of their lands; the crops became small and in
sufficient ; and the wealthy ceased to reside on
their estates."
Thus compelled to depend upon the industry
of other nations for the food and manufactures
which they themselves formerly produced,, the
Portuguese formed the well-known treaty with
England ; by which, in exchange for wines
and fruits, they agreed to receive British ma
nufactures at a moderate duty. This treaty,
however, was the result, not the cause,, of the
nearly total extinction of agricultural industry
and manufacturing enterprise. And here it m&y.
not be irrelevant: to remark, that it has* been
much the fashion of late years for a certain dei-
scription of persons in. Portugal, where an
accurate knowledge of the principles of sound
political economy is not to be* found, to deelahn

IMPORTANCE OF THE ENGLISH ALLIANCE. Ill
violently against the evil consequences which
they imagine have proceeded from commercial
treaties between their country and England.
These people forget that the prosperity and even
existence of the wine-growing provinces have
been entirely created by this alliance. Neither
did these treaties forbid them the tillage of their
corn fields, nor the throwing of their shuttles.
England only took advantage of the short-sighted
ness of the Portuguese government; which, had
she not done, other nations most assuredly would,
and possibly not on such advantageous terms as
a reciprocity of products. If Portugal has been
compelled to receive the manufactures of Eng*
land to the exclusion of almost all others, it
must not be forgotten that England has received
the wines of Portugal in place of those of France
and the Rhine, and that this exclusion of French
and Rhenish wines, till up to a very recent
period, was a real injury to the English people,
though a gain to the merchants of Oporto, and
to its wine-growing districts.
These remarks would have been foreign to

112 HIS OPINIONS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY.
our purpose were it not that Pombal himself
seems occasionally inclined to lay the blame of
his country's misfortunes too much on the policy
of British ministers, who, it appeared to him.,
threw impediments in the way of Portuguese
enterprise and commerce. Not, however, but
that he was, during the whole course of his life,
as we shall see hereafter, a strenuous advocate
for the importance and even absolute necessity
of the English alliance, which he rightly con
sidered as the only means of sustaining the
independence of the nation, and preserving its
colonies. But as the English merchants at
Lisbon and Oporto sought every opportunity to
aggrandize themselves at the expense of the
Portuguese — a commercial feature which is
inseparable from all mercantile transactions —
and, were also constantly asserting and claiming
dormant and unjust privileges, which the mi
nister as constantly and as obstinately resisted,
we must not be surprised, that he was at times
charged with committing himself to the expres
sion of opinions, which, in some degree, militate

" ROYAL LETTERS." 113
against that high character for political wisdom,
and profound views of government, which he pos
sessed above all others of his country and time. *
* Numerous are the " Royal Letters" from the sovereigns
of England and Portugal in which various privileges are
conceded to the merchants and other subjects of the two
countries. That from Dom Ferdinand in the year 1367 in
favour of the English, was acknowledged by Edward III. in
1371, to the advantage of Portuguese merchants trading to
the British islands. An order from Richard IL, as early as
1382, permitted the Portuguese ambassador, Lourenco Foga9a
to transport his baggage into England free of duty. And
another, signed by Henry IV. in 1405, is a curious document
of the times, as it commands that " no Portuguese subjects
should be imprisoned in England, nor should their ships or
other property be seized, under pretext of the debts which
M. de Santiago and Lourencjo Fogafa had incurred whilst
ambassadors in London from the Court of Lisbon."
The most important of the privileges claimed by the British
subjects in Portugal was the one established by the Alvara
of Dom John IV. in 1656, by which a Juiz Conservador was
to be appointed by England and allowed to reside in Lisbon.
The extraordinary functions of this species of magistrate may
be imagined by the decree dated 1667, in which the Portu
guese sovereign declared that 'no British subject could be
imprisoned in Portugal without the order of his Juiz Con
servador. Many volumes could be filled with early treaties and ar-
VOL. I. I

114 AGRICULTURAL CONDITION OE PORTUGAL.
" In 1754," he tells us, " Portugal scarcely
produced any thing towards her own support.
Two-thirds of her physical necessities were sup
plied by England. A country that depends upon
another for its sustenance soon becomes its
slave, and ready to be conquered without a
blow. Nothing but actual possession is wanted
to perfect dependence."
Such being the agricultural condition of the
country, we shall proceed to give Pombal's ac
count of the commercial distress at the same
period. " England had become mistress of the entire
commerce of Portugal, and all the trade of the
country was carried on by her agents. The
English were at the same time the furnish
ers and retailers of all the necessaries of life that
the country required. Having a monopoly of
every thing, no business was carried on but
through their hands. After the court of St.
rangements between the two countries, to their mutual advan
tage, did the plan of these Memoirs permit, to show the long,
and we may say natural, union between them.

COMMERCIAL DISTRESS. 115
James's had gained the superiority over that of
Lisbon, and had extended, as it were, Great
Britain into this kingdom, the Portuguese were
no longer any thing but idle witnesses of the
extensive commerce that was carried on amongst
them. Portugal was to them as a vast amphi
theatre, in which the Portuguese were placed as
calm spectators, but allowed to take no part in
the performances.
" The English came to Lisbon to monopolize
even the commerce of Brazil. The entire cargo
of the vessels that were sent thither, and conse
quently the riches that were returned in exchange,
belonged to them. Nothing was Portuguese but
the name ; whilst, in the midst of this apparent
vast commerce, that appeared to enrich the
country, the strength of Portugal was wasting
away, because the English alone enjoyed the
profit. These foreigners, after having acquired
immense fortunes, disappeared on a sudden, car
rying with them the riches of the country. In
our days, commerce guides the direction of po
litics; from thence emanates the power of a
i 2

116 ENGLISH ENERGY AND
nation. All the advantages that one country
acquires over another tend to the ruin of the
one that cedes them. In this there is no medium :
nations that deal with but one country either
gain or lose — ruin or are ruined."
There is much truth in these remarks. But
it was English energy and perseverance over
Portuguese inactivity and irresolution that gave
Great Britain the ascendency. With respect to
the want of industry at home, Pombal thus
proceeds: —
" What was said by a celebrated author of
certain tribes in Africa may be applied to the
Portuguese.* This inaction originated at a re
mote period, but nevertheless from Great Britain.
Cromwell, by a treaty of commerce exceedingly
advantageous to his country, had in a manner
* " Having the precious metals in abundance, which they
receive immediately from the hands of nature, they live without
industry and without arts. All civilized nations are in a
condition to trade with them under great advantages. They
teach them to estimate things of small price highly, and to
offer in exchange others of the greatest value." — Montes
quieu, Esprit des Lois, lib. x_xi. ch. 3.

PORTUGUESE LETHARGY. 117
annihilated this monarchy before it existed;
inasmuch as this treaty between the two nations
was- made forty years before the discovery of the
mines, that is, before the kingdom of Portugal
made a figure in Europe. By it, it was stipu
lated that England should be allowed to supply
Portugal with cloths : and this famous usurper,
thus destroying the nerve of the political system
of our monarchy, ruined the government with
the first blow.
" From this time the arts were extinct in the
kingdom: the former manufactures of Portugal
were destroyed: industry became languid, and
soon ceased to exist. The protection which the
government gave to the industry of the English,
by receiving their cloths, discouraged the natural
activity of the Portuguese. The nation fell into
a kind of cold lethargy. The Portuguese allowed
laziness and idleness so entirely to master them,
as to leave no room in their hearts for other
passions; and their indolence increased in the
same proportion as British avarice.
" Every article of clothing that this nation
i 3

118 DEPENDENCE OF PORTUGAL ON ENGLAND.
required was drawn from England, to the amount
of twenty millions of cruzados annually.* A
nation that is clothed by another is not less
dependent than that which receives the primary
articles of physical necessity, since one is as
essential as the other for the existence of Euro
peans. England firmly secured this kingdom
by both these means, which seemed like two
anchors which these republicans had cast into
the country."
Pombal next complains of the bad policy of
Dom John's reign, which was visible in the
neglect of both the army and navy, and the
trusting too much to allies for protection.
" Portugal, having shaken off the Spanish
yoke, had thrown herself, as it were, into the
arms of England. Our government had per
suaded itself that it required a powerful ally,
which, by the strength of its maritime forces
might excite the fears and command the respect
of the power from which Portugal had just freed
* About two millions sterling.

NEGLECT OF THE ARMY AND NAVY. 119
herself. All Europe knows that the project,
and execution, and successful result of this
revolution *, was the work of Portuguese, with
out the assistance of any foreign support. It is
equally well known, that all the means fur
nished by England up to that time had . proved
ineffectual. How, then, can it be supposed that
this monarchy could have sufficient power to
prevent Portugal again falling under the do
minion of Spain ?
" It is much easier to sustain the liberty of a
people than to free them from bondage. England,
however, took advantage of the infatuation, and
promised every thing to obtain every thing. Here
several reflections are obvious. When a nation
recovers its pofitical liberty, it is a proof that the
government which had kept it in slavery is becom
ing corrupt, and no longer possesses its original
power. The nation, then, that has obtained its
liberty will have sufficient energy to preserve it.

* Of 1640, which placed the Braga^a family on the
throne. i 4

120 IMPOTENCE OF PORTUGAL.
Its first endeavour is fruitless, if it is not fol
lowed by another to secure its freedom without
the succour of a powerful ally, and thus falling
on the other side into a similar state of slavery
to that from which it is just delivered. Alliances
are but pofitical speculations: the ally that
enters with the greatest power expects the
greatest profit.
" After the revolution Portugal became al
most as dependent on England as she had been
on Spain. The British monarchy seemed from
this time to extend a helping hand to Portugal
only in order to oppress her afterwards with an
infinity of arms. Before the event that destroyed
Lisbon, Portugal did not possess the power of
deliberative choice. Every measure of political
change was pre-determined by the Cabinet of
London. Her ministers at foreign courts seemed
bound by long usage to a prescriptive line of
policy. She no longer possessed nor armies, nor
naval forces, nor fleets. What a system ! a
system formed from a project of pacification, the
very nature of which system consisted in weak-

IMPOTENCE OF PORTUGAL. 121
ness. The policy of the country had become
stagnant, and the government had necessarily
fallen into a state of impotence. Trust to us,
said England continually ; rely upon our fleets ;
don't make war against us, and we will make it
for you.
" As a maxim of government, it is certainly
true, that the worst of all policy is to remain
unalterably determined on peace, when all the
other powers of Europe are at war. Although
a country is not personally interested in the
causes of such war, it is nevertheless necessary
to interpose, when the inconveniences .of so doing
are not greater than those of remaining a spec
tator. A government deceives itself, when it
imagines that victories obtained at a distance of
two hundred leagues from the frontiers in no
way concern its political interests. It is the
same in the political world as in the physical
creation, where a primum mobile causes the
movement of the whole.
" There is a motive political power which
ramifies itself in every direction. This power

122 FORMER PROSPERITY OF PORTUGAL
is either direct or indirect. In whatever part
of Europe, when one state augments its power,
that of another necessarily diminishes. All are
therefore interested in preserving a just balance,
since on that depends the general safety. The
proper disposition of pofitical power interests all
the kingdoms and republics of Europe.
" In general wars, small states should more
than others take a part, were it only for the
purpose of siding with the weak against the
strong. This policy is necessary, for without it,
the more powerful governments, constantly ac
quiring fresh strength, would in the end swallow
up the weaker ones. Pretexts were never want
ing to the strong to declare war against the
feeble." The next cause of the decline of Portugal is
to be found in the very source of its former
prosperity. Thus Pombal continues : —
" Gold mines sixty years since were the sole
sources of the riches of Portugal. Without being
a politician, it is sufficient to understand arith
metic, to show clearly that a state which directs

THE CAUSE OF ITS PRESENT DECLINE. 123
its sole attention to mines must necessarily
perish. Gold and silver are fictitious riches.
These measures of value being but slowly de
stroyed, the more they are multiplied the less
is their real value, because they represent
fewer things. When the Spaniards became
masters of Mexico and Peru, they abandoned
the natural riches of those countries to ob
tain conventional ones, the value of which
becomes depreciated in proportion to the in
crease. At that time gold and silver were
scarce in Europe : Spain, on a sudden, becoming
sovereign of so vast a quantity of these metals,
conceived hopes that she never could expect to
realise. When the quantity of gold and silver
in Europe was doubled, the price of every thing
also was doubled, and the profit of the mines
became less.
"For instance — to extract gold from the
mines, and to prepare it, certain labour is neces
sary. Let us suppose one sixty-fourth of the
entire produce. By degrees, as it becomes plenti
ful, this produce would be in reality but half its

124 GENERAL REMARKS ON
former value, whilst the cost of production would
necessarily be doubled. In following up this cal
culation, we find -the cause of the weakness of
Spain. That of Portugal is briefly found by the
same reasoning. Phifip II. , says Montesquieu,
after the discovery of Mexico, made his well-
known bankruptcy. Philip IV., adds another
author, was obliged to coin false money to pay
the burdens of the state.
" But, even if this physical evil was not the
necessary result of these riches, one political
reflection alone ought to cure monarchs for ever
of the mania for the possession of these fatal
treasuries. Gold, in itself, it is true, is power, be
cause it affords the means of a nation's augments
ing its forces. But, if a monarch who had dis
covered productive mines, wished to retain his
riches for himself, in order to arrive at universal
empire, all the other powers of Europe would
unite in a league for his destruction, before he
could effect theirs. If, on the other hand, his
riches were generally distributed, his power would
be no longer relatively great, and he would fall

THE GOLD MINES. 125
back into the position which he hoped in vain to
abandon. If examples could influence princes,
and teach them to profit by experience, there is no
one that would not oppose the opening of mines
as a fundamental principle ; for since the creation
of the world, they have ever proved the causes
of weakness and decay.
" It is an invariable maxim, that the riches of
mines are chimerical to the states that pos
sess them. Such states become but the dis
tributers of their own treasure. The negroes
that work in the mines of Brazil must be clothed
by England, by which the value of their produce
becomes relative to the price of cloth. To work
the mines, it is necessary to have a large capital ex
pended on slaves. If this sum be twenty minions,
the interest, which is one million, independent of
the cost of extraction, must be the first money
paid from their produce. Add to this the food
and clothing for more than an hundred thousand
persons, blacks and whites, which the mines carry
to Brazil ; which food is not to be had in the
colony, but must be purchased from foreigners.

126 REMARKS ON THE GOLD MINES.
Lastly, to supply the physical wants of the
country, which since the discovery of the mines
had lost its arts and manufactures, all the gold
became the property of other nations. What
riches, Great God ! the possession of which
involves the ruin of the state ! "
In verification of these last profound remarks,
I may mention, that though the king of Portugal
possessed the most prolific of gold mines, and
was reputed one of the richest sovereigns in
Europe, yet such was the condition of the Royal
Treasury in the year 1754, that he was com
pelled to borrow from a certain Company a sum
of 400,000 cruzados (40,000Z.) to meet the exi
gencies of his Court. This fact illustrates the
remark, " that there never was a rich king and
an impoverished people."
Having thus attempted to convey to the reader
the condition of the Portuguese nation previous
to that great natural convulsion described in the
last chapter, I shall revert in the next to the
subject of these Memoirs himself.

EXTRACTS FROM DESPATCHES. 127

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER V.
So manifold and arduous were the cares and duties of
Pombal at this period, that he felt himself obliged to look
round for an able assistant in the administration of
state affairs. He sent for Dom Luis da Cunha, who
arrived in the month of May 1756, and was imme
diately appointed Secretary of State for the Depart
ments of War and Foreign Affairs. Diogo de Mendonca
retained the Marine Department, which he had enjoyed
since the period of Joseph's accession. A despatch
from M. Castres, dated May 10th, 1756, informs us of
these circumstances.
" M. de Carvalho remains with the department of
the interior affairs of the kingdom, which, at this par
ticular juncture, require all his attention — his whole
time being taken up, since our late misfortunes, in
contriving, with the Pope's nuncio, a proper scheme for
reducing the vast number of monasteries in this place ;
and consulting with the architects about the fittest plan
for rebuilding the city. His health having been im
paired of late, on account of his extraordinary appli
cation, it is not at all doubted but that the sending for
Dom Luis d' Acunha was a measure entirely of his own,

128 EXTRACTS FROM DESPATCHES.
to alleviate part of his trouble ; and as he is thought to
possess a greater share than ever in his royal master's
esteem and confidence, people begin to look upon him
as Prime Minister in effect, tho' he may probably decline
to be addressed under that name."
A circumstance happened about this time, which is
thus narrated by M. Castres.
" Le Sieur Guillaume Pawson, negociant Anglais,
etabli depuis trente ans au Porto, s'y maria l'annee 1729,
avec une demoiselle Irlandaise Catholique Eomaine,
nominee Marie Aylward, dont il a eu plusieurs enfans.
Par un des articles du mariage, il etait porte que toutes
les filles seraient elevees dans la religion de leur mere,
ce qui a 6t6 ponctuellement observe. L'aine' de leurs
deux garcons nomme George fut envoye a l'&ge de cinq
ans en Angleterre, pour y etre eleve dans la religion
Protestante, que son p&re a constamment professee :
mais comme il avait ete baptist dans une Eglise Romaine,
les amis de son pere crurent qu'il etait de la prudence
de faire quelques demarches aupres de l'lnquisition pour
savoir des directeurs de ce Tribunal, si le jeune Pawson
pourrait revenir dans ce pays-ci en surete" ; et ayant eu
des assurances de leur part qu'il n'avait rien & craindre,
il est revenu depuis huit mois au Porto, pour y etre
associe de son pere, et prendre soin des affaires, lorsque
celui-ci aura pris la resolution de se retirer dans sa
patrie. " Le 17 de ce mois de Mai, ce jeune homme reve-
nant d'une maison de campagne, fut arrete a huit
heures du matin au milieu de la rue, et enleve par force

POMBAL'S BOLD MEASURES. 129
de dessus son cheval, par les officiers de l'Ev<_que
d'Oporto, et conduit dans les prisons de l'Officialite, ou
il est etroitement garde, son pere n'ayant pas eu la
permission de lui parler."
It was no easy matter to arrange this affair without
alarming the whole ecclesiastical power of the country.
In a conversation with the British minister on the sub
ject, M. da Cunha candidly avowed : " There are
certain formalities in all cases wherein the church is
concerned, that are unavoidable ; and tho' I am a
hearty well-wisher to the British nation, and I do not
care who knows it, yet I should be loth to give my
ignorant countrymen room to tax me with being an
heretic." The young man was released, and the bishop was
severely reprimanded ; and shortly after, received orders
to resign his bishopric, and to retire to some dis
tant part of the country, as a punishment for the reluc
tance and ill grace he had shown in obeying the royal
order sent him for Mr. Pawson's immediate release.
On the 31st of August, 1756, one of those bold mea
sures was taken which so much distinguish Pombal's
aolministration. It is thus related in the despatch of
M. Castres, dated September 11th, 1756.
" On the 31st past, about one in the morning, M.
da Cunha, with an officer of justice and an escort of
horse, repaired to this minister's house (M. de Men
donca, Secretary of State for the Marine Department),
and notified to him in the king his master's name, that
he had three hours allowed him to prepare for his
VOL. I. K

130 BANISHMENT OF MENDONCA.
banishment to any part of the country he should choose,
at the distance of forty leagues from Court. M. de
Mendonca, with great calmness and composure, kissed
the royal decree, and having delivered the keys of his
public office, as well as of his private bureaux, he soon
after stepped into his voiture under the guard of four
dragoons, accompanied by his confessor and a couple of
servants." * * * *
" A few hours after his banishment, a royal proclama
tion was posted up in most of the conspicuous parts of
this city, promising a reward of twenty thousand crowns
to any one who should discover the person or persons
who had been so audacious as to declare- — there might
be such found in Portugal as would readily undertake
to cut off some of those about the king, who are supposed
to have the greatest share in his confidence."
It appears that this was a very critical moment, and
that some great conspiracy was in preparation, the
details of which, however, have never transpired.
Several individuals of less note had been already ar
rested, and M. de Lacerda was ordered to return to
Lisbon immediately.
M. Castres writes, July 7th, 1756 : " M. de Lacerda,
the present Portuguese minister at Paris, has been
ordered home on a sudden, on account, as some pretend,
of an illicit correspondence carrying on between him
and a relation of his here, who was seized ten days ago
with all his papers, from the perusal of which, such dis
coveries have been made, as have occasioned the seizing
of several more, among whom there are three or four

RECAL OF THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR. 131
friars of note. What is very certain is, that the
ministers of this Court have been taken up night and
day, for near a fortnight past, so as hardly to be visible
to any one, which, together with the frequent captures
of late, has raised great suspicions of very sinister de
signs having been upon the anvil."
The French ambassador was very angry at the arrest
of his friend Mendonca, and as he was recalled from
Lisbon shortly afterwards, we may naturally conclude
that he was no stranger to Mendonca's guilt. This
ambassador, we are informed by Mr. Castres, on taking
his leave, received the usual gold bars, worth about
1 100/. " The Court, he adds, seems to be well pleased
with their having got rid of a minister of his turbulent
temper, who had long ago rendered himself disagreeable
by his perpetual disputes about trifles, and particularly,
his free and unguarded expressons upon the customs
and manners of the country, not sparing at times the
royal authority itself."

K 2

CHAPTER VI.
Formation of the Oporto Wine Company — The great
Advantages it conferred on Agriculture and Trade — Since
virtually abolished by the Constitutional Government — Riots
at Oporto in 1756 — Secretly instigated by the Jesuits —
Pombal's Account of the EstabUshment and Progress of the
Company — Appendix — Extracts from Despatches in the
State Paper Office.

K 3

POMBAL'S PROMPTITUDE. 135

CHAPTER VI.
While Pombal was thus reflecting on the various
causes which had brought his country to its low
state, and was actively engaged in devising the
means to remedy the misfortunes with which the
awful calamity of 1755 had visited Portugal, he
did not neglect those reforms which were impera
tively demanded in every department of the
state. Nor did he suffer any time to be lost
between the defiberation and the performance of
any necessary act of government ; for his plans
were no sooner conceived than they were exe
cuted. In fact he seemed in his decrees even to
anticipate the abuses that spring from reforms
themselves, and was prepared to meet them as
soon as they appeared. But amidst all the cares
and the anxieties of his position, he was not insen-
k 4

136 OPORTO WINE COMPANY.
sible to the fact, that the safety and influence of
a government is greatly promoted and insured
by furthering the interest of individuals. Hence
a principal object that engrossed his attention
was the formation of the celebrated Oporto Wine
Company, the excellent management of which,
even up to a very recent period, has obtained for
it a celebrity unprecedented, and preserved a
reputation for the purity and excellence of its
wines unequalled, and never likely to be sur
passed. The following facts will explain the
origin of the formation of this Company.
The principal wine-growers of the Upper
Douro, in August 1756, represented to the
government, that this branch of agriculture was
so reduced in the three provinces of Beira,
Minho, and Traz-os-Montes, that the produce
did not repay the expense of cultivation ; that
the profit was in the hands of the tavern-keepers
at Oporto, who adulterated the wines to an in
credible extent, which rendered them injurious
to the health of the consumers ; and that the
formation of a Company was the only means of

OPORTO WINE COMPANY. 137
obviating these manifold evils. The urgency of
the case was so apparent, and the necessity for
intervention so obvious, that Pombal without
hesitation entered into the views of these wine
growers, and with his usual decision and prompti
tude, issued a decree on the 10th of September
1756 for the establishment of the " Companhia
Geral da Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro,"
the capital of which was fixed at about 120,000Z.
The principal object of this Company was to pre
serve the quality of the wines, and to benefit the
growers by establishing a regular price, and by
emancipating them from the intrigues of mono
polists. By the decree, it was enacted that the
Company had the exclusive privilege of pur
chasing all the wines grown within a particular
district, at a fixed price for a certain period after
the vintage. When that period had elapsed, the
wine-growers were at liberty to sell those wines
which remained unpurchased in whatever market
they pleased.
This famous Company, after not only con
ferring many benefits on individuals, but in-

138 COMPANY VIRTUALLY ABOLISHED.
creasing the agriculture and commerce of the
nation at large, was virtually abofished soon after
the establishment of the constitutional govern
ment ; a measure which . has been applauded or
condemned according as the parties were friendly
or adverse to, interested or not interested in,
the Company.* But, however unnecessary or
unjust such an establishment may be supposed
to be under present circumstances, (which I
doubt, ) it must be admitted by all that it tended
greatly to improvements in the cultivation of
the vine in the northern provinces, and that it
gave rise to almost a new source of riches in the
commerce of Portugal. But, fike every measure
of practical reform, especially fiscal, the Com
pany had from the first very violent opponents.
Among these were the petty retail wine-sellers,
who felt themselves aggrieved by the bar which
was thus set against their former mal-practices ;
* It appears that some measures have lately received the
royal sanction in Portugal for the purpose of once more
affording the protection and support of government to the
Company and to the decaying wine interest.

RIOTS IN OPORTO IN 1756. 139
and these, as a matter of course, carried with
them the lower orders of the people, who were in
the habit of frequenting their taverns. These
malcontents excited numerous riots at Oporto ;
and upon one occasion the house of the Director
of the Company was broken open and plundered,
while the chief magistrate, dragged from his bed,
was compelled to protest against the establish
ment. Nor was the mob contented with this
outrage ; but, growing bolder, they attacked the
military. The affray became very serious, and
several fives were lost. At this conjuncture
some one fortunately suggested to the authorities
the expediency of a religious procession passing
through the streets. This being assented to,
the people became more subdued, and at length
dispersed. As soon as the news of this outbreak reached
Pombal, he ordered fresh troops to proceed to
Oporto, with strict orders to the commanders to
arrest and bring to trial all who could be proved
to be either directly or indirectly connected with
these outrages, or who had excited or taken part

140 RIOTS CAUSED BY THE JESUITS.
in the riots. These orders were rigorously
enforced ; for so extensive were the ramifications
of the riots, that it was deemed advisable to
institute some severe examples to prevent their
recurrence. The less guilty, and those who
were proved to have taken no very active part
in these excesses, were punished according to
the degree of their offences.*
But though the tavern-keepers were the aetive
participators in these affairs, the exciting cause
was found in the Jesuits ; for they secretly
roused and then fomented the passions of the
people. As this order was the most implacable
and violent of all Pombal's enemies, I shall, by
way of illustrating many passages in his life,
give in a subsequent chapter, a short history of
the society, from the time of its introduction into
Portugal, up to the period of which we are now
speaking. In the mean while, the following ac
count of this company, written by Pombal after
his retirement from the ministry in 1777, will
t * See Appendix, Note 1., at the end of this chapter.

OPINIONS ENTERTAINED OF POMBAL. 141
be found extremely interesting, especially as it
forms part of his vindication on those points in
his ministerial career which had been most
obnoxious to his enemies. For it must be pre
mised, that one of the principal charges against
him was the support which he gave the Oporto
Wine company, and we shall therefore see how
he meets these attacks, and what were his real
motives for organising the company.
Pombal's enemies never could find any ground
on which to accuse him of sacrificing principle
at the shrine of interest ; nor could they discover
that he ever originated any reform, or enforced
any measure, but what was totally devoid of all
selfish consideration, and absolutely and truly
for the aggrandizement, the honour, and the
happiness of his country. Much has been said
in these days of representative governments,
that he exceeded his powers as a minister, and
that many of his acts were despotic and arbitrary.
Such was the expression of a champion of
French fiberty — Lafayette; whilst a celebrated
fiving statesman, born in a very different poli-

142 POMBAL'S ACCOUNT OF
tical atmosphere, recently observed respecting
Pombal, that he was too much infected with
the liberal ideas of his times. So various are
the judgments of men on the same subject!
Account op the Establishment and Progress
of the oporto wlne company, written by
the Marquis of Pombal after his retire-
3ient from the ministry.
" The unceasing and urgent works which the
calamitous earthquake of November 1st, 1755,
had rendered indispensable, were still vigorously
continued, when in the following year one Mestre
Frei Joao de Mansilha presented himself at the
Quinta at Belem, on the part of the principal
husbandmen of Upper Douro, and of the re
spectable inhabitants of Oporto, in a state of in
describable consternation.
" In the name of the above-mentioned classes,
he represented to his Majesty Dom Joseph, ' that
the English at Oporto had ended by entirely
ruining the important vines of the Douro, and
their produce : that they had reduced the price

THE OPORTO WINE COMPANY. 143
of wine to 6400 and 7200 reis per pipe, and
thereby rendered the expense of cultivation
greater than the value of the produce ; and even
then they refused to become purchasers without
one or two years' credit : that the low price did
not even suffice to pay the necessary hoeing of
the land, which in consequence was becoming
gradually abandoned by its owners: that the
abbot of Lobrigos had already forsaken his
church, since there were no funds wherewith to
pay him his salary : that all the principal fami
lies of that district found themselves reduced to
the lowest degree of poverty, so much so indeed,
that they had been obliged to sell or pawn the
spoons and forks with which they eat : that the
poor people, unable to afford a drop of oil, were
obliged on fast days and during Lent, to season
the vegetables on which they fed with the fat of
hogs : that this general and extreme poverty
had caused the continual prostitution of the
daughters of the wine-growers and proprietors,
who hoped by these means to facilitate the ad
vantageous disposal of their wines, unmindful of

144 pombal's account of
the public scandal and high offence against God
that sprung from such conduct.'
" This sad description made a great impression
on the pious and paternal mind of his Majesty.
He immediately ordered me to ascertain the truth
of the above-mentioned statements. On inquiry,
they were fully verified. The most prompt and
efficacious remedies that could be applied to such
great evils, were copiously enlarged upon in the
presence of his Majesty; and it was finally con
cluded, that the wisest plan would be the esta
blishment of a powerful Company, which, by the
weight and union of its capital and its credit,
might disconcert the injurious collusion in which
the English were leagued.
" His Majesty having approved of the plan
suggested, a list of questions was prepared for
the purpose of eliciting the information and facts
which were indispensably necessary in order to
obtain a knowledge of the means and motives
for the formation of the said company. The
answers to these inquiries having arrived, the
draught statement which was thereupon con-

THE OPORTO WINE COMPANY. 145
certed between the camp master general, Manoel
da Maria, and myself was approved of by his
Majesty; and, having been sent to Oporto for
the approbation of those interested in the plan,
was returned with their signatures, to which was
immediately added mine and that of the Dezem-
bargador Procurador of the crown, as it was
printed with the charter, or letters patent,
granted at Belem on the 10th of September in
the year 1756, for the creation of the Company.
" At the same time that his Majesty and his
ministers learnt, that the above establishment, and
the decree which confirmed it, had emancipated
the proprietors and wine-grower's from the servi
tude in which they had hitherto been held, and
that this was the well-known opinion of all inter
ested, as well as of the prudent and talented men
of the three provinces of Beira, Traz-os-Montes,
and Minho, they heard with amazement, that the
prie'sts of the Jesuit college at Oporto had drawn
from its concealment the account of the insur
rection, which, in the year 1661, their predeces
sors had incited in that city against the King,
vol. i. l

146 POMBAL'S ACCOUNT OF
Dom Affonso VI. ; and that at their refigious
meetings, and even at confession, they were
prompting men to believe, that the wines of the
new Company were not fit for the celebration of
mass. By these means they caused, on the 23d
of February 1757, the horrible insurrection in
which the common people of Oporto attacked
the houses of the Chancellor, and of the other
persons employed in the management and direc
tion of the Company, demanding that it should
be abofished ; together with other excesses which
were made manifest to the whole kingdom by
their trial and, the sentence of the Alcada*, which
is preserved in the royal archives at the Torre
do Tombo as a warning for future generations.
" From that time forward the cabinet re
mained fluctuating between two opposite ex
tremes. On the one hand, experience daily
showed increased progress not only in the profits
of the Company, in which consists its stability,
but likewise in the increased consumption of the
wines, in the restoration of their value to a rea-
* A special court so called.

THE OPORTO WINE COMPANY. 147
sonable price, in the augmentation of their cul
tivation, and in the independence of the farmers
and proprietors. On the other hand, it was seen
that no length of time sufficed to overcome the
strong opposition of the English ; the fraudulent
tricks which even those interested in the reputa
tion of the wines invented for their own advan
tage; and the malversations of the provedors,
deputies, and other officers of the Company.
" The Engfish, seeing that this most important
branch of commerce was snatched from their
hands, and finding themselves in the Alto Douro «
dependent on those very wine-growers whom
they had hitherto treated as slaves, and whose
possessions had been entirely in their hands, left
no pretext or argument which they could invent
unemployed to ruin the company, directly or
indirectly ; in which attempt they were seconded
by the captious and exigent notes of Mr. Edward
Hay, of Lord Kinnoul, and of Mr. W. H. Lyttel-
ton, at various periods British ministers at Lisbon,
and of the present envoy, Mr. Robert Walpole.*
* See Appendix, Note 2., at the end of this chapter.
L 2

148 POMBAL'S ACCOUNT OF
" Despatches, which are to be found amongst
the masses of papers from these four ministers,
together with my replies, sufficiently show the
innumerable and never-ending troubles which
they compelled the cabinet to undergo, in order
to find unanswerable arguments for the preserva
tion of an establishment, of sueh pubfic utility
to this kingdom.
" The husbandmen, interested in the reputa
tion of the wines, constantly helped to injure it
by their ignoranee, in sacrificing their future
• interests for a temporary and private gain ; at
one time introducing, during the darkness of
night, the sour wines of the lands adjacent to
those which produced wines of a, quafity for
exportation, and. mixing the former, which were
only fit for taverns, with the superior qualities
that were grown within the lines of demarcation ;
now forming clandestine collusions with the
English merchants at Oporto, pretending that
they were buying for themselves wines which in
reality were for the English ; and again invent
ing, from the fertile sources of their malice and

THE OPORTO WINE COMPANY. 149
imagination, many other frauds too numerous to
particularize. The most strenuous efforts were
indispensable to prevent these frauds and con
trivances; without which efforts, the government
could never have promulgated such a succession
of opportune decrees, as may be found registered
in the office of the Home Department, and which
fill more than two large volumes.
" The provedors and deputies of the Company,
having been during the first triennial directions
selected at hazard from among the men who
had hitherto displayed the greatest zeal, credit,
and intelligence, discovered afterwards that they
neither responded to the confidence that had
been reposed in them, nor manifested that dis
interestedness which is indispensably necessary
in the administration of the property of others.
Individuals, to fill the offices of provedor and
vice-provedor, were therefore sought amongst
the most highly respectable persons of Oporto,
in the hope, that their authority and example
might bring the administration of the Company
to the observance of the greatest regularity and
l 3

150 pombal's account of
probity. The disorders and complaints have
nevertheless been unceasing up to the end of the
last preceding meeting or Junta. For these indi?
viduals, either from want of knowledge in agri
cultural and commercial affairs, or on account of
palpable negligence, have in no wise caused the
malversations to cease, of which all former
Juntas have been accused. To curb and reduce
them to their exact duties, much labour and
many decrees were necessary, as may be seen in
the before-mentioned volumes.
" From this account, it is clearly and evidently
demonstrated, that in the ministry there never
was the slightest mercenary compliance, neither
towards the English of Oporto, nor towards the
proprietors and husbandmen of the Douro wines,
nor towards the said Juntas. But, on the con
trary, a constant and unceasing wish to repel
the pretensions of the first, to check the frauds
of the second, and to reduce the third to their
duties; supporting, at the same time, the au
thority and preservation of an establishment
which has been productive of so much public

THE OPORTO WINE COMPANY. 15l
advantage, and so many milfions of cruzados, to
the kingdom, as is proved by the annual account
of the consumption of wines of every quality.
" And neither did the Engfish for having
been firmly opposed, nor the husbandmen of the
Douro for having been imprisoned and punished,
nor the provedors and deputies of the various
Juntas for having been checked, and removed
from their places as soon as they were found
unworthy to hold them, find it necessary to
make costly presents to the ministry.
" The purchases that were made of the wines
of Oeyras*, can never be interpreted as a gift.
On the contrary, the proofs are evident, both
that the Junta procured the greatest advantages
for the Company by their purchase, and that the
proprietor of those wines always preferred the
pubfic interests of the Company to his own
individual advantage.
" The Engfish and Portuguese merchants at
Oporto, who (fike all others of their profession)
* A property that Pombal inherited.
L 4

152 pombal's account of
are always on the alert for a profitable specula
tion, discovered by the custom-house entries of
that city, that before the employment of the
elderberry (with which the wines are adulterated
for the purpose of colouring them) it was usual
to carry to Oporto the wines of Oeyras at the
price of 58,000 reis per pipe, in order to give to
those of the Douro the dark and lasting colour
which they do not naturally possess.*
" Iji consequence of this discovery, the wines
of Oeyras were eagerly sought after both by the
Junta of the Company and by the English
merchants at Oporto. I made inquiries on the
subject, and found that in faet the wine of Oeyras
* A decree, dated August 30th, 1757, ordered, " that no
elderberry juice should be mixed with the wines; that no
dung should be laid upon the vineyards in the Oporto wine
districts, by which means wine was procured in large quan
tities, to the ruin of the quality; and that the prices at
which, the Company bought the wines should be raige/L"
A Portuguese writer of those days accused the English of
wishing to make port wine a potable fire in spirit — a
kindled gunpowder in burning — a very ink in colour — a
Brazil in sweetness — and an India in perfume.

THE OPORTO WINE COMPANY. 153
was so full-bodied, and possessed such strength,
that one pipe of it was sufficient to colour and
preserve ten pipes of the Douro wine, and that
the Company, by the purchase of these wines,
would enjoy an eminent advantage over the
English, who could not obtain them.
" On this information, I immediately ordered
my bailiff at Oeyras to send for men who were
practised in wine-making, in order to prepare
mine in the same manner as the English do
theirs ; and, that he should afterwards sell it to
the Company, without exceeding the price of
36,000 reis, as rated by the fourth article of the
law of August 30th, 1757.
" The said bailiff, represented in the following
year, that the wine prepared in this manner
caused an excessive expense in the making, with
a great diminution in its quantity; and that the
said law of 1757 was only applicable to the wines
of the Douro, and in no manner regarded those
of Oeyras, which were so superior in quality.
The Junta sent to offer me 50,000 reis per pipe,
stating that such was the former price of the

154 THE OPORTO WINE COMPANY.
generous and full-bodied wines of Oeyras. The
English sent to tempt me with the offer of fifteen
.and eighteen moidores per pipe.* To which I
replied, that if I were fiving in a private condi
tion I should dispose of my wines to the best
purchaser; but that as it was, I considered the
Company as the offspring of my ministry, and
consequently I desired its wines to be superior
to those of the English ; and, that although the
above-mentioned law did not regard the wines
of Oeyras, yet mine should never exceed the
price of 36,000 reis, which was established for
those of the Douro. In this resolution I always
unalterably remained for the benefit of the Com
pany." * The moidore is 4800 reis.

EXTRACTS FROM DESPATCHES. 155

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VI.
Note 1. page 140. The riots on this occasion were of
a more serious nature than has been generally repre
sented. This we learn from a despatch of the British
minister, Mr. Hay, dated October 19th, 1757. He
writes, that " the persons concerned in the riots last
summer at Oporto have received their sentence.
Thirteen men and four women were executed the 4th
inst. Five and twenty persons are condemned to the
galleys, some for life, and others for a term of years.
Eighty-six banished to different parts, and fifty-eight
condemned in a fine and six months' imprisonment.
Thirty-six persons were released."
It may not be amiss to remark, that, notwithstanding
these severe punishments, the English minister men
tions them without comment — a clear proof that they
were merited. And I may here add, by way of in
formation to those who may have found Pombal de
scribed as a harsh minister, that during the whole course
of his long administration, a period of twenty-seven
years, no censure, or even allusion to unnecessary
severity, was ever made by any English minister in
his despatches. And what is still more convincing, is

156 EXTRACTS FROM DESPATCHES
the fact, that even when the causes of punishment were
involved in mystery and concealed with care, the
justice of that punishment was never for a moment
doubted or impugned, in any one of the private and con
fidential letters of an eye-witness and an ambassador.
Note 2. page 147. The establishment of the Oporto
Wine Company formed for many years the subject of
reiterated petitions, complaints, and remonstrances from
the English merchants resident at Oporto. To all of
these Pombal continually turned a deaf ear. In one
of the numerous contestations on the subject between
Lord Kinnoul and Pombal, the latter thus defended
his proceedings : " That a general freedom of trade,
granted by treaty, could never be so strictly construed
as to restrain either sovereign from forming such in
ternal regulations as he should think proper, for the
advantage or support of his government, or for conduct
ing the commerce of his own subjects, though they
might indirectly affect the subjects of the other." And
further, " that by a reciprocal moderation in avoiding
particular discussions, and attending to the general
interest of both nations, more than to the interest or to
the opinion of individuals, good harmony had hitherto
been preserved, and the commerce carried on with that
success, and to that extent which was visible to every
one." And, " that the wisest system which the King of
Portugal can pursue, is to make the commerce of his
dominions an object of that value to some one foreign
nation, as thereby to cultivate and establish, upon the
solid foundation of interest, the friendship of a power

IN THE STATE PAPER OFFICE. 157
able to support and defend them." Pombal continued
to express his opinion, " that Great Britain is by long
alliance and ancient engagements, by her political
system, by her situation, and by her maritime force,
the nation of all others to which Portugal should give
the preference ; " and concluded by declaring, " that
the general interest of the two countries was to be con
sidered in preference to that of a few individuals."
Despatch, dated October 11th, 1760.
In reply to similar remonstrances made by Mr. Hay,
according to a despatch from the latter, dated Novem
ber 5th, 1763, Pombal never lost sight of the true
interests of his country. Mr. Hay writes : " The
Count d'Oeyras proceeded with some warmth to allege
' that the king his master had an undeniable right to
make what interior regulations he thought proper
within his own dominions, and with which it did not
become foreign merchants to interfere. That six and
twenty of the subjects of Portugal had been punished
with death for their opposition to the Company, which
had been established to prevent the utter ruin of the
northern provinces, and recover the purity of the wines,
which had been corrupted, and the wine trade brought
to decay, by the English factors.' ' And,' continued
Pombal, 'foreigners, notwithstanding treaties, are to
obey the civil laws of the country where they reside.' "

CHAPTER VII.
EstabUshment of the Jesuits in Portugal — Simon Rodri
guez — His Rise — Jesuits procure the Management of the
University — Their Projects and Practices — Contrast be
tween the Popes, Pius V. and Gregory XIII. — Gaspard de
Saulx — Jesuits carry on an extensive Commerce in South
America — Exchange of Territory between Portugal and
Spain — Opposition of the Jesuits — Disasters of the Allies —
Pombal's decisive Measures — Dismissal of the King's Con
fessor — Complaints to his Holiness against the Jesuits —
Cardinal Saldanha appointed to reform the Society — Former
Prohibitions against the Jesuits — They are suspended from
confessing and preaching — Appendix — Extracts from De
spatches in the State Paper Office.

JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 161

CHAPTER VII.
The Jesuits, whose ambitious intrigues and love
of rule, for so long a period, contributed to foster
that spirit of superstition which kept so many
countries in ignorance and slavery, established
themselves in Portugal in the year 1540, during
the reign of John the Third.
This Order had then recently been founded in
Spain by Ignatius Loyala, a soldier ; and it was
shortly afterwards established in Portugal by an
arch-hypocrite, one Simon Rodriguez, who, not
withstanding the lowness of his origin, his father
being a cobbler, aimed at the most impossible
ends, and conceived the most ambitious projects.
This man, together with Francis Xavier, received
permission to visit the East as missionaries.
Xavier proceeded to his destination, and for his
VOL. I. M

162 SIMON RODRIGUEZ.
labour and zeal in converting the natives to the
Catholic faith, he was subsequently canonized by
the See of Rome. But Simon had no intention,
from the first, to proceed to the East. He saw
that it was more likely to turn to his advantage
if he remained in his own country; and with
this view so ingratiated himself with the court,
that he was chosen preceptor to the young prince
in 1543, and shortly afterwards succeeded in
appointing a Jesuit, confessor to the Queen.
This was but a link in that vast political chain
which the Jesuits were then forging for Europe ;
for, by means of confessors, the order shortly came
to know the secrets of nearly all the princes of
Europe, and thus were enabled to govern both
the opinions and the actions of their royal peni
tents. They aspired not only to intellectual
but to political empire, and the rapid progress
they made towards their acquisition is to be
looked for in the studied policy of their mode of
living, and the opportunities which their office
as confessors gave them of working upon the
weaknesses and exciting the fears of their peni-

UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA. 163
tents. Thus placed, Simon pursued his schemes
of personal aggrandizement without scruple and
without delay ; and in a short time was rewarded
for his assiduity and labour by procuring for his
order the management of the University of
Coimbra. From that unfortunate period, the
literature of Portugal gradually declined, and
that noble language which recorded the disco
veries of her great navigators, the actions of her
ancient heroes, and the wisdom of her illustrious
statesmen, was now confined to rescripts of
evangelical biography, the promulgation of fal
lacious prophecies, and the narration of wonder
working relics ; or it was made to tell of miracles
by Jesuits, of the fictitious sufferings of imagin
ary martyrs, or of the dread punishment 01
detested heretics.
Time served but to increase their influence
and authority ; and such was their presumption,
it is alleged, that they sought to establish under
their general an independent kingdom in Portugal,
similar to that once renowned fraternity, the
Knights of Malta. But if this was really their
m 2

164 PRACTICES OF THE JESUITS.
intention, the annexation of Portugal to Spain
in the year 1580 frustrated their hopes, and they
prudently affected, to be contented with the go
vernment of Philip the Second.
It would not be consonant with the plan of
these Memoirs, nor in accordance perhaps with
the feelings of many of my readers, to trace the
Jesuits step by step, and thus climb up with
them to that bad eminence which they had at
one time attained over the Christian world. The.
contemplation even of successful wickedness is at
all times displeasing to the virtuous and the pious ;
neither should we find in the plots, intrigues,
crimes, and cruelties of this sect, any deed to
admire, or any act to applaud. Their monstrous
doctrine respecting the dethronement of kings
and the murder of princes — which in vain is
denied — the conspicuous part which they took
in the atrocious assassination of Henry the Fourth
of France, and the various and almost innumer
able secret tortures, aggravated punishments,
and cruel poisonings in which they were impli
cated, are well known, and therefore need not

PIUS V. AND GREGORY XIII. 165
recapitulation. Romance itself falls short of
what it is asserted was perpetrated by them
during their baneful dominancy; and many of
these horrors would be incredible, did we not
know that it was the same spirit of religious
fanaticism that actuated them, which gloried in
the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, and sanctified
itself in the Vespers of Sicily-
It was said that Pius V. wept at the recital of
the massacre of St. Bartholomew. But his suc
cessor Gregory XIII. publicly returned thanks
to God, and sent a legate to Paris to congratu
late Charles IX. on the event, and exhort him
to continue in the good work. A French writer
relates a circumstance of Gaspard de Saulx, a
marshal of France, which well illustrates the
state of bigoted enthusiasm which pervaded all
classes in those days. " Son fils, qui a ecrit des
memoires, rapporte que son pere etant au lit de
la mort, fit une confession generate de sa vie ; et
que le confesseur lui ayant dit d'un air etonne\
' Quoi ! vous ne parlez point de la Saint Barthd-
leini?' ' Je le regarde,' repondit le marshal,
m 3

166 INCREASE OF THE JESUITS.
' comme une action meritoire qui doit effacer mes
autres peches.' " *
The papal Bull, which granted liberty to the
Order to establish itself in Portugal in the year
1540, limited their number to sixty. But in
1543 another Bull was obtained, permitting
them to extend it without limit: the conse
quence of which was, that at the commencement
of the 18th century there were thousands of
them of all grades and principles dispersed every
where throughout the Portuguese dominions,
impelled with the same ambitious spirit that
characterised their general, and little scrupulous
of the means of obtaining their ends.
Surrounding the young king, John V., at his
succession, they obstructed every avenue to the
throne; and in order to divert his mind from
* Translation. — His son, author of some Memoirs, relates
that his father, being on his deathbed, made a general con
fession of his past life ; and that the confessor, having said to
him with astonishment, " What ! make you no mention of the
St. Bartholomew ?" "I regard it," answered the Marshal,
" as a meritorious action which ought to efface my other
sins."

MISSIONS TO PARAGUAY. 167
the cares of government, fomented his piety, and
encouraged him in his passion for erecting re
ligious establishments, and building expensive
palaces. In the mean while, they were not inactive in
other parts of the Portuguese dominions. Under
pretence of converting the Indians in South
America, missions were sent to Paraguay, where
their principal employment was, carrying on an
extensive and lucrative trade. Nor did they
content themselves with these advantages, but
actually aimed at the establishment of an inde
pendent government, as they had previously
wished in Portugal, under the direction of their
general, as the chief of the Order was deno
minated. But negotiations being opened between
Spain and Portugal relative to an exchange of
territory in these parts, their designs were frus
trated, and the resistance which their disap
pointment and chagrin incited them to offer,
only served to hasten their ruin.
The facts connected with this affair are as
follow: — A short time previous to the death of
m 4

168 EXCHANGE OE TERRITORY.
John V., the courts of Spain and Portugal had
agreed upon an exchange of territory, the pre
liminaries of which were, that the former should
retain the long-disputed province of Nova
Colonia, and the latter should hold the seven
Paraguay missions. To bring the matter to a
close, instructions were sent from Europe in the
year 1751 to the commissoners of the two
crowns, to effect the exchange as quickly as
possible.- But when the commissioners endea
voured to carry them into effect, a violent oppo
sition was raised, especially in the seven missions,
which obliged Andrade, the governor of Rio
Janeiro, to write to Lisbon, informing the mini
ster, not only of his inability to carry out the
measure, but complaining of the Jesuits as the
causes of the opposition. And that they pos
sessed one of the chief elements of successful
opposition, it is only necessary to state that they
had, to a certain extent, on the banks of the
Uraguay and Paraguay, formed an independent
republic, consisting of thirty-one towns, contain
ing a population of no less than one hundred

OPPOSITION OF THE JESUITS. 169
thousand souls. In this infant state, they at
tempted to prohibit all communication between
the natives and the Spaniards or Portuguese.
Among other means they forbade them to learn
the languages of either country, while they
themselves assiduously studied, and earnestly
applied themselves to the acquisition of the lan
guage of the natives, composing dictionaries and
grammars for that purpose.
It is not to be supposed that persons so well
versed in imposture, so conversant in intrigue,
and such adepts in policy, should have struggled
in vain to carry out their plans; and consequently
they succeeded in implanting in the minds of
the Indians an implacable hatred of the Spaniards
and Portuguese, representing to them that they
were the natural enemies both of God and man,
and that their blood would be an acceptable
sacrifice, as they were coming with no other
intention but to destroy them and their priests,
to annihilate their refigion, and reduce them to
the most miserable condition of vassalage. The
arts to which they had recourse to compass their

170 OPPOSITION OF THE JESUITS.
ends were at once ludicrous and horrible. For
example, they were enjoined to decapitate the
Spaniards and Portuguese who should fall in
battle, lest, by the influence which they possessed
with the devil, they should be re-animated and
return to life. But these were but subsidiary
means to prevent the desired interchange of
territory. They neglected no worldly means of
waging offensive and defensive war; and such
was the vigour of their proceedings, that in a
very short time they found themselves in a con
dition to defy the combined efforts of the united
crowns. This was soon evinced in the unsuc
cessful attempt which was made to coerce them
by the Marquis of Valdelirios the Spanish ge
neral, and Andrade the governor of Rio Janeiro.
The former entered Paraguay with three thou
sand men on the one side, while the latter
advanced with one thousand on the other. But
such was the want of judgment, or, as it has been
alleged, the deficiency in horses, provisions, and
ammunition, conjoined with a mortality which
attacked the troops, that the allies were never

DISASTERS OF THE ALLIES. 171
able to unite their forces, while the opposition
offered by the Indians was obstinate and effec
tual, so that at length they were obliged to
conclude a treaty until additional instructions
should arrive from Europe. This was in 1754,
during which year, Pombal sent one of his
brothers to America, to co-operate with the
bishop of Paraguay in putting an end to the
dominion of the Jesuits.
After a while hostilities were again renewed,
but with little success. The Jesuits defended
themselves with ability and caution against the
combined forces of the Spaniards and the Por
tuguese during 1754 and 1755; but in 1756,
Andrade obtained some advantages over them,
and took possession of their establishments on
the eastern side of the river Uraguay. That
this war was unfortunate and injurious may be
imagined from the fact, that it had already cost
Portugal nearly three millions sterling.
It is plain that this state of things little com
ported with the intellectual vigour and physical
temperament of Pombal; and, exasperated by

172 pombal's decisive measures
continued resistance, and the non-enforcement
of the decree which declared that in temporal
affairs the Indians should depend on the secular
governors and not on the missionaries, this ener
getic minister resolved on more decisive and
more efficient measures. But this was no easy
task. The Jesuits still enjoyed great power and
influence at Lisbon. Moreira was the king's
confessor, and to others of his Order was con
fided the education of the royal family. Yet
Pombal was not dismayed. Joseph was a clear
sighted man. He was well acquainted with the
character and intrigues of the Jesuits both at
home and abroad, and he felt that he must
either support his minister or fall beneath the
power of his enemies. A bold stroke was there
fore decided upon, which was no less than the
dismissal of the king's confessor, accompanied
with an order that no Jesuit should approach
the court without the express permission of the
king. This took place on the 19th of September,
1757. The blow once struck against his in
triguing and formidable enemies, Pombal lost no

AGAINST THE JESUITS. 173
time in following it up with unabated vigour
and irresistible force; and within three weeks
after, namely on the 8th of October 1757, he
forwarded instructions to Dom Francisco d' Al
mada, Portuguese minster at the court of Rome,
to demand a private and secret interview from
his Holiness the Pope, in order to lay before him
an account of the intrigues, misdemeanours, and
crimes of the Jesuits. " This account," we are
told in the instructions, " does not contain the
particulars of scandals yet greater and more
horrible, which could not be related without
extreme indecency, and without wounding the
modesty of those who might have to write or
hear them." Furthermore the minister is desired
to remind his Holiness that the Jesuits "have
sacrificed all christian, religious, natural, and
pofitical obligations to a blind wish, insolent and
unbounded, to make themselves masters of govern
ment, political and temporal ; an insatiable desire
to acquire and heap up foreign riches, and even
to usurp the dominion of sovereigns." And again,
" that the king, being desirous of averting the ruin

174 COMPLAINTS TO THE POPE
by a prompt remedy, had ordered all the Jesuit
confessors of the princes and princesses to with
draw to their own convents. The king, moreover,
implores his Holiness to employ in this important
matter the most efficacious and proper means to
put a total stop to the abuses, excesses, and
crimes among the Jesuits, hoping at the same
time that the paternal and apostolic prudence of
his Holiness, will omit nothing that a conjuncture
so greatly urgent requires, to prevent an Order
which has rendered such services to the church
from being totally lost in this kingdom and its
dependencies, through the corrupted morals of
its members, and the public and universal
scandal they create, by abandoning themselves
to disorders and abuses so strange and so re
peated." Pombal did not content himself with a single
representation. On the tenth of February 1758
instructions were again forwarded to the Mini
ster at Rome to lay before his Holiness additional
particulars of the increased excesses of the
Jesuits, especially those flagitious crimes which

AGAINST THE JESUITS. 175
had been committed in the transatlantic territories
of his Majesty. In this document, complaints
are made of the discontents fomented by the Je
suits in Paraguay and other provinces, in order to
frustrate the settlement of the Boundary Treaty
between Spain and Portugal. Mention is also
made of the intrigues which they directed
against the king and his ministers even in the
Court itself, notwithstanding that his Majesty
had removed them from the office of confessors
to the royal family. That when the Maranhao and
Para Company were about to be established,
they offered the most violent opposition, fore
seeing that it would put an end to the very
extensive commerce which they themselves mo
nopolized with those countries. That amongst
other excesses to which their fury incited them,
one Father Ballaster publicly exclaimed from
the pulpit, that " whoever joined that Company
would have no part in the Company of our Lord
Jesus Christ." To sum up the full amount of
their misconduct, proofs were appended of their
attempts to increase the general confusion during

176 CARDINAL SALDANHA.
the earthquake; of their opposition to the esta
blishment of the Oporto Wine Company ; and
of their being the instigators of the riots which
took place in that city. They had even gone so
far, continues the report, as to assert that the
wines which would be sold by the Company
would be unfit for the celebration of the Holy
Sacrament ! These and other charges, which it
is not necessary to particularize, the minister
was directed to lay before his Holiness.
In consequence of these representations, which
were too surely substantiated to admit of eva
sion or contradiction, Benedict XIV. appointed
Cardinal Saldanha Visitor and Reformer of the
Society of Jesus in the kingdoms of Portugal
and Algarves, and in all parts of the East and
West Indies subject to the government of his
Most Faithful Majesty. This papal mandate
was dated April 1st, 1758.
As the misconduct of the Society was noto
rious, it did not require a lengthened examination.
No sooner, therefore, had the credentials arrived
from Rome, than the Apostofic Vicar published

PROHIBITIONS AGAINST THE JESUITS. 177
a decree dated May 15th, 1758, in which it was
declared that the Portuguese Jesuits carried on
an illegal trade, contrary to all laws divine and
human, and that therefore they were from hence
forth prohibited from continuing it under the
usual pains and penalties. Nor was this the first
occasion on which ecclesiastical authority had
interfered to put a stop to the illicit traffic
carried on by the Jesuits in America. Previous
to the administration of Pombal, the attention of
the Court of Rome had been called to these
mal-practices. Benedict XIV. enacted by a Bull
dated February, 1741, that every species of trade
and commerce, and all worldly dominion, or the
purchase and sale of converted Indians, should
be prohibited to all religious orders (without
naming any particular one). In December fol
lowing, another Bull was specially directed
against the Jesuits, because, as was declared,
they had not complied with the former one.
This, under the name Immensa pastorum, is the
first remarkable papal Bull against the conduct
and practices of the Order in its missions in
VOL. I. N

178 THE JESUITS INTERDICTED FROM
Asia and Africa, Brazil and Paraguay. The
Pope, in his Bull, forebade under penalty
of excommunication to all, but especially to the
Jesuits, to make slaves of the Indians, to sell them,
barter or give them away, to separate them from
their wives and children, to rob them of their
property, to transport them from their native soil,
&c. This affords a pretty clear insight into what
was really going on. And could Benedict XIV.
have issued such a Bull without an urgent ne
cessity for it ? Will any champion of the-
Jesuits charge his Holiness with injustice to the
Order in this instance ? And what must have
been the state of things fifteen years later, when
Pombal strove to reform these abuses?
To complete the discomfiture of the arrogant
Society, the Vicar shortly afterwards, June
7th, published the following unexpected decree.
" For just reasons known to us, and which con
cern especially the service of God and the public
welfare, we suspend from the power of confess
ing and preaching, in the whole extent of our
Patriarchate, the fathers of the Society of Jesus,

PREACHING AND CONFESSING. 179
from this moment, and until further orders on
our part."
In the mean time, while Pombal was thus
successfully regaining for his king and govern
ment the power and influence which the Jesuits
had usurped in Portugal and America, and
exerting every nerve to confirm the Pope in
the wisdom of the steps his Holiness had taken,
a most atrocious attempt was made upon the
life of his Majesty, in which, as the Jesuits were
deeply implicated, we must interrupt the narrative
of the negotiations, between the See of Rome and
the government of Portugal, for the further hu
miliation of these ecclesiastics, to give an account
of this horrible conspiracy.

N 2

EXTRACT FROM DESPATCH OF MR. HAY. 181

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VII.
Pombal's first attacks upon the Jesuit order were thus
commented on by Mr. Hay in a despatch written at
this period, October 10th, 1757. " As the Order of
Jesuits is very powerful in this country, their disgrace
is the more remarkable: but there is great reason to
believe that the obstructions the joint forces have met
with in their expeditions (in South America) have been
chiefly fomented by those of this Order."
It is needless to multiply extracts on this subject :
they all tend to prove Pombal's energy and wisdom.
On the 24th of June, 1758, Cardinal Saldanha was
raised to the dignity of Patriarch.

N 3

CHAPTER VIII.
Remarks on the dangerous Position of Princes — Honour
due to the Character of Dom Joseph — Aveiro Conspiracy —
Chief Persons imphcated in it — Attempted Assassination of
the King — Great Secresy observed in discovering the As
sassins — Arrest of the Conspirators — Their Trial and Con
demnation — Execution — Severity vindicated — Fate of the
other Conspirators — Anecdote of Count San Lourengo —
Malagrida — Church erected to commemorate the King's pro
vidential Escape — Appendix —Extracts from Despatches in
the State Paper Office.

N 4

REMARKS ON THE POSITION OF PRINCES. 185

CHAPTER VIII.
Princes rarely possess the talent of properly esti
mating the abilities of their ministers.N Hence
we find how seldom a weak king gives his con
fidence, or intrusts his affairs, to men calculated
to supply the absence of that intellectual power,
which is too frequently observed to be wanting
on the throne. But this deficiency is more cor
rectly to. be referred to the neglect of early
tuition, and the machinations of interested pa
rasites ; to the enervation of ease, and the de
bilitating consequences of sensual gratification,
which an exalted condition of life so liberally
presents. As the appetite that is hourly gra
tified is soon rendered capricious, and the man
that is never contradicted soon believes himself
infallible ; so the unhappy Prince, at an age when

186 HONOUR DUE TO THE
his innocence exposes him to deception, and ex
perience has not yet taught him to distrust his
flatterers, sinks under the pleasurable emotions
which oppress, and is forced into the honied
snares with which interest and intrigue encom
pass him, until at last he considers himself a
being without the pale of human sympathies ; for
great must be that mind which can rise superior
to the flattery of men whose words and actions
unite in inducing him to consider himself above
the rest of mankind, as being the possessor of
power derived direct from the Deity; and stoical
that heart which can receive with indifference,
and discard without emotion, the solicitations of
pleasure and the temptations of fruition, so
urgent in the palaces of Princes. Yet these
are the snares, these the temptations, these the
perils, to which every youthful monarch is ex
posed. How dearly then should we prize the
memory of a wise king, and revere the character.
of a temperate prince ! The ruler who is blessed
with the great faculty of discovering the genius
of a minister, and endowed with the courage

CHARACTER OF DOM JOSEPH. 187
necessary to protect him in his exalted and
envied position, has generally been surrounded
by men distinguished for probity and renowned
for virtue, whose talents and wisdom have not
only illumined the pages of history, but have
cast a lustre even on the very sovereign himself.
It is this sentiment which I have endeavoured
to amplify, which makes Sully, the great proto
type of Pombal, exclaim, " Ce ne sont jamais les
bons sujets qui manquent au roi, c'est le roi qui
manque aux bons sujets."
Fortunately for Portugal, she found in the
person of her sovereign, Dom Joseph, a mind
that appreciated the genius of Pombal, and a
spirit that rose superior to the prejudices of his
age and country; and while admiring the tran
scendant talents of the minister, we must not
forget to award the meed of judgment and the
crown of honour to Dom Joseph, who supported
Pombal against so many intrigues, and protected
him against the malice of his enemies, during an
eventful period of nearly thirty years. Under
Dom John V. Pombal might have passed his days

188 THE AVEIRO CONSPIRACY.
quietly in his native town, or possibly might have
distinguished himself as a skilful diplomatist in
foreign countries ; but he never would have been
placed in that commanding position, which en
abled him to undertake and to consummate those
multifarious reforms which characterise the im
portant reign of Dom Joseph.
It is in the unswerving firmness of the mo
narch, and the steady support he gave his mini
ster, that we must look for the origin of that
horrible conspiracy to which we have alluded in
the last chapter. The enemies of the minister
saw in the king the only obstacle to their ven
geance, and, in co-operation with the Jesuits,
resolved to remove him by assassination. The
leader of this conspiracy was no less a personage
than the M6rdomo M6r, or Master of the Royal
Household, the Duke of Aveiro, a man enjoying
Dom Joseph's confidence and favour. The Duke
was a man of boundless ambition, inflated with
pride, and debased by avarice; nor did he possess
any quafity of mind or body which compensated
for these vices. It is frequently impossible to

PARTIES CONCERNED IN IT. 189
offer any reason for the conduct of men in par
ticular situations; but the Duke of Aveiro seems
to have writhed under the torture of imaginary
injuries, or possibly brooded over some uninten
tional slight of his master or the minister; and
this morbid feeling was encouraged1 and matured
by the Jesuits who surrounded him. If this ex
planation be not sufficient, we shall then only be
able to find the cause of his joining in a con
spiracy against a monarch who confided in him,
in the supposition that he was capable of parti
cipating in any undertaking which seemed likely
to lead to the aggrandizement of his family, and
to the acquisition of wealth. The next in rank
amongst the conspirators was the Marquis of
Tavora, a man of moderate abilities — one of
those numerous instruments of mischief which
designing men ever find prepared to second and
assist them. It is not necessary here to delay,
for the purpose of analysing nicely the peculiar
motives which induced this nobleman to conspire
against his sovereign. But it may be remarked
that his wife, whose ruling passion was ambition,

190 ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION
had been refused a ducal title which she had
Solicited for her husband, and it is not impossible
that she prompted the Marquis to avenge her
disappointment by the assassination of Dom
Joseph. Her daring and intrepid spirit made
her the soul of the conspiracy ; added to which,
she enjoyed all that influence and power which
wealth combined with nobility and supported
by talent never fail to secure. She had been
one of the most beautiful women of the Court,
and still retained, in the gracefulness of her
manners, traces of those blandishments which
captivate and enslave all who approach them.
To these leaders of the conspiracy were added
her sons, Luiz Bernardo and Jos£ Maria de
Tavora. The one inherited all the violence and
ambition of his mother ; the other, of meek and
quiet disposition, resembled his father, and, fike
him, was easily seduced to second the schemes of
others. Dom Jeronimo d'Ataide, Count d'Atou-
guia, a man of but little talent or reputation, en
tered into the conspiracy. Five other individuals
of less consideration were enlisted as active instru-

OF THE KING. 191
ments in the assassination. Every thing being
prepared, the conspirators resolved to put the
design in execution on the night of the 3d of
September, 1758.
It was known that the king would return
to the palace at night, and th.?#conspirators
accordingly posted themselves along the fine of
road by which he came, in several divisions, in
order that if he escaped the first attack he might
fall by the fire of one or other of the parties.
At eleven o'clock on that eventful night the
king, in a sege, a kind of cab drawn by two
horses, unsuspicious of danger, and attended
only by his confidential valet Teixeira, ap
proached the first division of the conspirators,
consisting of the Duke of Aveiro, and one Joao
Miguel, both on horseback and armed with
blunderbusses. They waited with impatience
until the vehicle was directly in a fine with
them; when, with the precipitation which cha
racterises assassins, they discharged their weapons
at it. Happily for the king, only one of these
instruments of destruction fulfilled the intent.

192 SELF-POSSESSION OF DOM JOSEPH.
The other missed fire. Neither did any mischief.
Terrified and not knowing what further danger
to dread, the postifion hurried onwards to where
Antonio Alvarez Ferreira and Jos£ Policarpo
were stationed, who instantly pursued the car
riage, and discharged both their weapons, which
were loaded with slugs, into it. The slugs
penetrated the carriage in every direction, and
severely wounded the king in several places.
Nevertheless the prudent monarch did not lose
his presence of mind, but, calling to the postifion,
ordered him to turn back immediately ; and, in
order not to alarm his family at the palace,
directed him to drive to the residence of the
royal surgeon. The command was critical.
The postifion obeyed, and the wounded king
escaped the other ambuscades designed for his
destruction.* It will perhaps hardly be credited in these
days, and in a country like England, where
justice is openly and impartially administered to
* See Appendix, Note 1 ., at the end of this chapter.

POMBAL S OMINOUS SILENCE. 193
the rich and the poor, that notwithstanding this
base attempt upon the fife of the sovereign, no
overt means were taken for three months to
bring the offenders to justice, during which time
his Majesty remained in entire seclusion.
It required all Pombal's skill and judgment
to conceal from every one his suspicions as to
the real actors in this dastardly outrage. But it
must not be supposed that the time was unprofit-
ably employed, and that no secret inquiries were
set on foot, no private examination entered upon,
or that the minister slumbered at his post. All
was done that was necessary, without alarming
the guilty, or exciting their suspicions; and
while the king was confined to his palace, Pombal
suffered no word to escape him, no single expres
sion that might betray his intentions. The
conspirators became alarmed at this ominous
silence. It seemed to forebode a coming storm.
In a letter written at the period, and found
among the papers of the Marquis of Tavora, the
writer says : — " The silence of this man alarms
vol. i. o

194 ARREST OF THE CONSPIRATORS.
me. He appears perfectly easy about what has
just occurred." But though Pombal cautiously
concealed his sentiments, the pubfic were loud
in their expressions, and rumour named the
criminals. However, it was not till he had satis
fied himself upon all points connected with the
conspiracy, that a proclamation was published,
dated December the 9th, detaifing an account of
the affair, and offering a reward for the appre
hension of the assassins.
Four days afterwards, on the 13th of De
cember, the work of retributive justice com
menced, by the arrest of the Marquis of Tavora,
his two sons, his four brothers, his sons-in-law,
the Count d' Atouguia and the Marquis d' Alorna,
together with Dom Manoel de Souza Calhariz;
all of whom, with some of their servants, were
conveyed to the prisons at Belem. The Mar
chioness of Tavora was sent to a religious house.
Other members of the Tavora family were like
wise imprisoned, or immured in convents. In the
meanwhile the Count d'Obidos, Antonio da Costa
Freire, the Solicitor-General, and the Count de

DUKE OF AVEIRO ARRESTED. 195
Ribeira were also arrested, and the Jesuits were
forbidden to leave their houses. *
The arrest of the Duke of Aveiro was singular.
He had retired to his Quinta at Azeitao, and was
at a window with his valet, Jose Polycarpo, when
they perceived the approach of many persons on
horseback, whom the valet rightly conjecturing
were the officers sent to arrest them, advised the
Duke to seek safety in flight. He was unable,
however, to convince or persuade him, but flying
himself, escaped the officers of justice. And what
is singular, though ten thousand crowns were
offered for his apprehension, his retreat was never
discovered. The Duke being arrested and conveyed to
prison, his papers were seized and examined.
Amongst a multiplicity of documents which
threw light upon the conspiracy, was a letter ad
dressed to himself containing the following words :
" I have read the plan your excellency sent me
on the great affair, which is well arranged ; if it
* See Appendix, Note 2., at the end of this chapter,
o 2

196 TRIAL OE THE CONSPIRATORS.
is executed as well as it is planned, I consider
failure impossible." And in another, " I approve
your design : under present circumstances there
is no choice. To destroy the authority of king
Sebastian*, we must annihilate that of king
Joseph." A tribunal was immediately appointed to try
the inculpated prisoners, and another was esta
blished to hear depositions in their favour. But
the confessions of some, and the testimony of
others, afforded such manifest proofs of their
guilt, that little was left for the tribunal to do
but to pronounce judgment. Accordingly, on the
12th of January 1759, the trials being brought
to a close, the three ministers of state, as pre
sidents of the court, and seven judges, signed the
judgment and sentence of the court, condemnmg
eleven of the conspirators to immediate execution.
In this document, a copious and detailed state
ment was set forth of the evidence upon which

* Sebastian Joseph de Carvalho e Mello, Marquis of
Pombal.

THEIR SENTENCES. 197
the sentence of the tribunal was founded, and by
which the guilt of the parties was established.
The sentences of the Duke of Aveiro and the
Marquis of Tavora were — that they should be
conveyed to the public square at Belem, with
halters round their necks, and then, proclamation
having been made of the crimes for which they
suffered, they were to be broken on the wheel ;
their bodies consumed by fire, and their ashes
thrown into the sea. Their arms and achieve
ments were everywhere ordered to be effaced;
their property confiscated, and their residences
pulled down, and salt strewn on the sites.
Luiz Bernardo and Jose Maria de Tavora, the
Count d' Atouguia, Braz Jose Romeiro, Joao
Miguel, and Manoel Alvares were sentenced to
similar punishments, with the exception that
they were first strangled before they were bound
upon the wheel. Antonio Alvares Ferreira and
Jose Polycarpo were condemned to be burned
alive ; but as the latter had escaped, his effigy was
substituted in his stead. Lastly, the Marchioness
o 3

198 EXECUTION.
of Tavora, in consideration of her rank and sex,
was sentenced to decapitation.
These sentences were carried into execution
the day following the judgment. The bodies
being consumed, the scaffolding, and even the
instruments by which the criminals suffered,
were then cast into the fire, and the ashes thrown
into the Tagus, that no vestiges of such heinous
offences might remain. The name of Tavora
was abofished, and a river so named was hence
forward ordered to be called the " River of
Death." *
It cannot be doubted, though contrary to the
spirit of the milder code of modern laws, that
these severe punishments served to repress fur
ther conspiracies, and contributed not only to
the safety of the king, but to the peace of the
country. For had a greater relaxation taken
place in the mode of carrying into effect such
cruel, I may add such barbarous, punishments as
the law awarded to traitors, it would have been
* See Appendix, Note 3., at the end of this chapter.

THE SENTENCES VINDICATED. 19&
construed into timidity, and would only have
given rise to fresh conspiracies, and perhaps
more successful attempts at assassination. A
severe example was necessary to stamp the
enormity of the crime of regicide by the enor
mity of the punishment, so that fear and hor
ror might be guardians of the fives of kings.
What at first may seem harsh is frequently
the most merciful course on such occasions.
Two or three lives sacrificed at the com
mencement of a tumult, have often prevented
a serious insurrection ; and this principle, now
acted upon in most occasions of popular riots,
is found to be most consonant to humanity, and
to public security. *
* Pombal has often been reproached with having permitted
such an execution to take place during his administration ;
and the terms harsh and cruel have been liberally bestowed
upon him. What then might be said of the punishment
inflicted upon Eavaillac ? He is described as having molten
lead, boiling oil, sulphur, and resin poured into his wounds,
and then drawn and quartered by four horses ! It is true
that this barbarous punishment was inflicted at an earlier
period, and was in accordance with the spirit of the times.
o 4

200 HONOURS AWARDED
In the month of June following, Dom Joseph
rewarded his faithful minister with the title of
But the polished kingdom of France affords an equally
shocking example in later days. In 1766, seven years sub
sequent to the Aveiro conspiracy, we read of the following
execution. (See Chronologie Universelle by Lo^ve-Vei-
mars). " Le jeune Chevalier de Labarre et quelques enfans
de son age, accuses d'avoir outrage un crucifix place1 sur un
pont d' Abbeville, sont condamnes a subir Tamputation de Ia
langue arrach£e avec des tenailles, la torture ordinaire et
extraordinaire, et a, etre bruits a petit feu; le jugement
continue par le parlement de Paris est execute' par cinq
bourreaux. Le Chevalier de Labarre, apres avoir subi la
question, fut execute a Abbeville. Ce malheureux enfant
monta sur l'echafaud avec un courage paisible, et souffrit le
supplice sans se plaindre. Son execution causa une telle
horreur que l'on n'osa pas poursuivre le proces des autres
accus6s." Nor have these judicial severities been confined to by-gone
centuries, to Roman Catholic states, or to countries where
the people are uneducated and neglected. In Protestant
Prussia, under the rule of the present enlightened monarch,
a revolting execution of a criminal occurred at a very recent
period. The following account was pubhshed in The Times
two years back.
"Execution of the Bishop of Ermeland's Murderer. —
Rudolph Kuhnapfel, the tailor, who murdered Bishop Von
Hatten and his housekeeper, in the episcopal residence at

TO POMBAL. 201
Count d'Oeyras and the commandery of St. Miguel
in the Archbishopric of Braga; and insisted that
Frauenburgh, was executed early on the morning of the 7th
inst., on the hill about a mile from that town, near the Elbing
road. The judgments pronounced in both instances by the
criminal tribunals concurred in sentencing him. to suffer
death by the wheel, commencing at the lower extremities
and proceeding upwards (von unten auf). The sentence was
confirmed by the royal assent, dated the 15th ult., to which
a new form was given. In the late reign it used to run thus
— 'We have read the sentence, and order the execution.'
The present king has adopted the following phrase — 'We
have read this sentence, and shall leave free course to the
law.' The prisoner behaved in a very regardless manner for
a long time, and showed nothing like remorse or contrition
until after the sentence of the Court in the last Resort was
made known to him. A marked alteration then took place
in his conduct. On the 28th ult., when the Cabinet order
for his execution was read to him he was so agitated that he
could not speak. He then willingly received the spiritual
assistance of the priest. The day before the execution he
confessed, and received the sacrament. The Elbing Zeitung
gives the following account of the execution : —
" ' At half-past four in the morning the prisoner was re
moved in a cart from Braunsberg under a secure escort, and
arrived about six o'clock at the place appointed for the
execution. " ' A crowd of persons, exceeding 10,000, had assembled

202 POMBAL ATTENDED BY A GUARD.
whenever he appeared in public he should be at
tended by a mounted guard, in order to protect
by day-light from all parts of the diocese, and it is worthy of
remark that more than one half of the collected mass con
sisted of females. The delinquent having alighted from the
car in a very low state, a restorative draught was administered
to him, after which he was conducted to the scaffold. There,
on his fetters being struck off, he kneeled down with the ac
companying priest and prayed. The chief of the Braunsberg
tribunal then read the sentence, which ordered the execution
by breaking on the wheel from below upwards, and closed
with an address to the three executioners present in these
words: — " And now I deliver him to you for the due fulfil
ment of this judgment."
" ' On hearing this the malefactor looked round to the
priest, sank again on his knees, and ejaculated a short prayer.
Then rising, he laid himself with calm resolution on the scaf
fold, and, refusing the assistance of the executioners, placed
his limbs in the required position. This done, he said with
a firm voice — " God have mercy on my poor soul!" One of
the executioners covered his face with a cloth. The terrible
operation by the wheel now commenced. In ten minutes the
wretched man was dead, and the body was deposited in a
coffin prepared to receive it. The spectators looked on in a
calm, orderly manner, preserving a silence suited to the awful
scene before them, and the crime of the sufferer. When all
was over, they dispersed quietly, but apparently under the
influence of deep emotion.'" It is useless to multiply in-

FATE OF THE OTHER CONSPIRATORS. 203
him from the presumed revenge of the famifies of
the assassins. Shortly after, Pombal's brother,
Francisco Xavier de Mendonca Furtado, was
appointed (July 1759) Joint Secretary of State
(with Pombal) for the Home department.
Before dismissing this episode in our Memoirs,
we shall allude to the punishment awarded to
those conspirators who did not expiate their
offences on the scaffold or at the stake. This I
am enabled to do from a manuscript written by
the Marquis d'Alorna during his imprisonment.
It appears that they were not used harshly, for
the Marquis informs us that he was treated with
much less rigour than he expected. They had
been led to believe that they would be put to
the torture ; but he confesses that this horrible
engine was not employed. The Marquis, how-
stances : but if we consider the difficulties of Pombal's situ
ation, and contrast the circumstances of these executions
in Portugal with the horrors that have attended capital punish
ments in other countries, for crimes of a less heinous nature,
instead of accusing Pombal of inhumanity, we shall rather
be disposed to wonder that he yielded so httle to the san
guinary spirit of the times.

204 FATE OF THE OTHER CONSPIRATORS.
ever, was not altogether comfortable, for he com
plains bitterly, in very inflated language, that
the sheets on his bed were not changed suffi
ciently often! And the frequent mention of
similar trifling inconveniences cannot but pro
voke a smile, especially as from the satements of
the Jesuits one would believe that the sufferings
of the prisoners during the reign of Dom
Joseph were dreadful in the extreme. Indeed,
so little severity was used, that the Marquis tells
us he was in constant communication with his
family, and was allowed the means of obtaining
continual supplies, not only of the necessaries,
but the luxuries of fife.
Count d'Obidos, being of a gloomy and me
lancholy temperament, passed his days agreeably
enough so soon as he obtained permission to see
his confessor twice a week. But neither he, nor
Dom Manoel de Souza, nor the Count de Ri-
beira survived their imprisonment. The Marquis
d'Alorna also very devoutly relates, that in digging
a grave for the Count of Ribeira, the body of a
priest in his sacerdotal habit was found entire,

ANECDOTE OF COUNT SAN LOURENCO. 205
notwithstanding the quantity of lime and vinegar
which had been thrown into the coffin to destroy
the corpse.
Most of the conspirators were enthusiasts in
religion, and such have always been the readiest
instruments of ambition, whether for good or
evil. Costa Freire and three of the Tavora family
were confined in the same prison. One of the
latter passed his whole time in praying in so
loud a voice that he astonished his fellow pri
soners. The Count de San Lourenco, who some time
after was also confined, but for a different
offence, never lost his gaiety during his im
prisonment. He had been a favourite with the
king, and had been allowed great liberty of
speech, which he abused in continual attempts
to prejudice his Majesty against Pombal. One
day, the Count, imagining that he had proved
some improper exertion of regal authority on
the part of Pombal, and finding that the king
was unable to deny it, exclaimed triumphantly,
" Well then, will your Majesty still retain this

206 malagrida's hallucinations.
man in your service?" "Yes," replied Dom
Joseph, " for where he commits one fault, any of
you would commit a hundred." Beckford met
this same San Lourenco some years after, and in
one of his letters describes his singularly imagin
ative character.
Amongst the many Jesuits implicated in the
conspiracy were Malagrida, of whom I shall pre
sently make more particular mention, Moreira,
and Joao de Mattos. The first was either a
most perfect hypocrite, or he laboured under a
most extraordinary refigious hallucination. He
passed many hours a day in prayer in the most
painful postures ; sometimes with his head touch
ing the ground, at others in positions still more
difficult and painful. He believed that he heard
a voice continually calling him, — a delusion
which Mattos and many other of his companions
declared was Divine inspiration. At length,
possibly to vary the monotony of confinement,
he commenced the Life of Saint Anne — a strange
performance, which in another place I shall take
an opportunity to examine.

MEMORIAL OF THE KING'S ESCAPE. 207
These were the principal characters who suf
fered for this wicked and cowardly attempt ; but
what number of inferior persons were more or
less punished I am unable to say. It is probable
they were not very numerous. The number,
however, of individuals suspected of being privy
to and connected with this extensive conspiracy
has been estimated by some as high as two hun
dred and fifty.
Two years after these events, on the anniver
sary of his fortunate escape, his Most Faithful
Majesty, in commemoration of his signal and
providential deliverance, laid the foundation-stone
of the high altar of a church which was subse
quently erected on the very spot where the ex
ecrable attempt upon his fife was made.*
* See Appendix, Note 4., at the end of this chapter.

EXTRACTS FROM DESPATCHES. 209

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VIII.
Note 1. page 192. It was not until ten days after this
attempted assassination, that the British minister, Mr.
Hay, forwarded an account of the occurrence to his
Government. News had arrived at Lisbon of the death
of the Spanish queen, and the Court had consequently
been ordered to go into mourning. Mr. Hay's despatch,
dated September 13th, 1758, affords us a curious instance
of the Court etiquette of those days. " The execution
of this order has been interrupted by his Most Faithful
Majesty's indisposition, it being the custom of this
Court to put on gala when any of the royal family is
blooded. When I went to Court to inquire after his
Majesty's health, I was there informed that the king, on
Sunday night the 3d inst., passing through a gallery to
go to the queen's apartment, had the misfortune to
fall, and bruise his right arm. He has been blooded
eight different times, and as his Majesty is a fat bulky
man, to prevent any humour fixing there, his physicians
have advised that he should not use this arm, but refrain
from business for some time." In consequence of which,
the queen, by a decree dated September 7th, was ap
pointed regent during Dom Joseph's illness.
VOL. I. p

210 PAPERS RELATING TO THE
The English minister was better informed of the
passing events than this part of his despatch would lead
us to conclude. In a postscript written in cyphers he
adds the following relation of the catastrophe.
" The account I have given of the King of Portugal's
indisposition is in the manner I was informed at the
Court — the reality is this. His Majesty, Sunday
night, 3d inst., going with a favourite servant to visit a
mistress, (upon which occasion there are two chaises —
the king in one, the servant in the other following him ;
but unfortunately that night they were together,) three
men on horseback in masks met them ; let the foremost
equipage pass, and attacked the last. One fired at the
postilion — the other two at the chaise. The king is
wounded in the right arm, and some say in his left side,
but not dangerously. The servant is much hurt —
the driver is mortally so. This blow is thought to have
been designed against the man, not against the master.
This has greatly alarmed the Court, where it is endea
voured to be hushed up ; but it is talked of abroad, more
publicly than prudently. What a condition this un
happy nation would have been in had the master fallen ! "
In a subsequent despatch we are told that " the major
part of the shot passed under the king's arm, tore his
coat and grazed his waistcoat, but did not reach his side."
In this miraculous manner," exclaims the writer, " has
the life of this excellent prince been preserved." " This
conspiracy," he adds, " is looked upon in the light it
well deserves of horror and detestation. It seems to
have been confined to one family, and the discovery of it

ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION. 211
seems to carry no consequences with it in the eyes of
the people. So that it is difficult to say what other
principle it could be founded upon than that of a wild
extravagant ambition, of which it is, all circumstances
considered, perhaps the most extraordinary instance that
can be met with in the history of any nation upon earth."
Note 2. page 195. The Marquis of Tavora held the
rank of a general in Dom Joseph's service. The fol
lowing are the particulars of the arrest of some of the
conspirators given in a despatch, December 30th, 1758.
" The general, being abroad when the officers went to
his house, and hearing that several of his family had
been taken up, went that morning to the palace, and
desired to be admitted to speak to the king. But by
his Majesty's orders, and in his name, he was demanded
to deliver up his sword, and was conducted prisoner to
the queen's palace, where some apartments had been
prepared for the prisoners."
We are further informed that the old Marchioness of
Tavora was sent to the convent das Grillas, and the
young Marchioness to that of Santos ; that a guard of
soldiers was left at the doors of the prisoners' dwellings;
and that the four convents belonging to the Order of
Jesuits were surrounded.
On the first of January, the Counts of Obidos and
Eibeira were confined in the castle of St. Julian. On
the 4th, the Duchess of Aveiro, the Countess of Atou-
guia, and the Marchioness of Alorna, with their children,
were sent to different nunneries. And, on the 1 1th,
eight Jesuits were taken into custody.
P 2

212 PAPERS RELATING TO THE
Note 3. page 1 98. The execution of these malefactors
is thus described by Mr. Hay.
" Saturday the 13th inst. being the day appointed
for the execution, a scaffold had been built in the square
opposite to the house where the prisoners were confined,
and eight wheels fixed upon it. On one corner of the
scaffolding was placed Antonio Alvares Ferreira, and
on the other corner the effigy of Joseph Policarpo de
Azevedo, who is still missing — these being the two
persons who fired at the back of the king's equipage.
About half an hour after eight o'clock in the morning
the execution began. The criminals were brought out
one by one, each under a strong guard. The Mar
chioness of Tavora was the first that was brought upon
the scaffold, where she was beheaded at one stroke.
Her body was afterwards placed upon the floor of the
scaffolding, and covered with a linen cloth. Young
Jose Maria de Tavora, the young Marquis de Tavora,
the Count d'Atouguia, and three servants of the Duke
of Aveiro, were first strangled at a stake, and afterwards
their limbs broken with an iron instrument. The
Marquis of Tavora and the Duke of Aveiro had their
limbs broken alive. The duke, for greater ignominy,
was brought bareheaded to the place of execution.
The body and limbs of each of the criminals, after they
were executed, were thrown upon a wheel, and covered
with a linen cloth. But when Antonio Alvares Fer
reira was brought to the stake, whose sentence was to
be burnt alive, the other bodies were exposed to his
view. The combustible matter which had been laid

ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION. 213
under the scaffolding was set fire to ; the whole machine
with the bodies was consumed to ashes, and then
thrown into the sea."
I cannot avoid again observing in this place, that the
severity of these punishments elicited no remark of dis
approbation from the English minister, Mr. Hay, whd
regarded them as but consequent on the usual course of
justice on these regicidal occasions.
Mr. Hay's despatch, dated February 10th, affords
another anecdote respecting this infamous attempt on
the king's life. " As his Majesty (George the Second)
is desirous of being informed of the particulars of this
conspiracy, there is a circumstance that seems to have
been industriously concealed, but is not therefore the
less credited, and which is the only one that accounts
for the treacherous behaviour of the Tavora family —
the king's intimacy with the young marquis's wife,
which began during the time that the general was
Viceroy of India, and has been continued ever since.
This lets us into the whole proceeding : this may be
the cause of the honours heaped of late years upon the
old marquis and his relations — this the foundation of
their disgust for the stain cast upon the honour of their
family. When the rest of the relations were confined,
this lady was sent to a convent, not a very strict one,
where it is said she lives very much at her ease."
Note 4. page 207. Before concluding this long ap
pendix, it remains but to notice the punishment of the
three unfortunate Souzas, supposed to have been impli
cated with the minister Mendonca in 1756. We have
P 3

214 EXTRACTS EROM DESPATCHES.
already seen that Dom Manoel was imprisoned at the
time of the Aveiro conspiracy, and that he died in
confinement. He had been ordered, a twelvemonth
previous to his arrest, to retire to his country seat at
Calhariz ; and his brother Dom Luiz had been similarly
banished to Mertola, a place upon the southern frontiers
of Portugal.
A despatch from M. de Mello, Portuguese minister
at London, addressed to the English government, in
forms us more fully of the offences of the third brother,
the Bailli Joao de Souza. This desjutch is dated
May 23d, 1760, and is in French. Long-tems avant
la susdite annee (1757) on soupconnait a Lisbonne le
dit Bailli d'avoir des secretes intelligences avec les
Ministres de France." " On lui a ordonne qu'en 24
heures de terns il devait sortir de Paris, et s'en retourner
k Lisbonne par la voie de mer. Le meme ordre a ete
donn6 a M. de Lacerda, ministre du Roi en France,
qu'on soupconna d'avoir connaissance de ce complot."
It appears that M. de Lacerda obeyed, and was
simply banished from Court on his arrival, But the
Bailli refused. Upon which, Dom Joseph, by a decree
dated May 16th, 1757, ordered, " that he be banished,
his property confiscated, and that he be degraded from
his nobility."

CHAPTER IX.
Arrest of eight Jesuits — Malagrida — Property of the
Society sequestrated — Its Expulsion from Portugal resolved
upon — Memorial addressed to Clement XHL — Papal Reply
— Jesuits banished from Portugal — And from her Colonies
— Brief of Clement XTH. — Quarrel between the Courts of
Rome and Lisbon— A Manifesto is pubhshed by His Most
Faithful Majesty, detailing his Grounds of Complaint against
the Court of Rome.

p 4

ARREST OF EIGHT JESUITS. 217

CHAPTER IX.
We must now revert back to a period anterior
to the punishment of the conspirators, namely, to
the llth of January, 1759, two days before the
execution of the Duke of Aveiro and his accom
plices, when an order was issued for the arrest of
eight Jesuits, the already mentioned enthusiast
Malagrida, and seven others suspected of being
implicated in the plot. On a careful examination
of their papers, which had been seized at the
same time, satisfactory proof was obtained of
their guilty participation. But what will appear
singular, it was discovered by these papers that
some months previous to the attempt on the
king's life, Malagrida warned Donna Anna de
Lorena, one of the ladies of the palace, of some
obscure danger that threatened his Majesty.

218 PROPERTY OF THE JESUITS SEQUESTRATED.
This lady, actuated by what motive it is now
impossible to say, thought proper to send back
the letter to the writer, without taking any fur
ther notice of its contents, and it was conse
quently found afterwards among Malagrida's
papers. From the several examinations of these eccle
siastics, and from the documents discovered in
their possession, such information was obtained
as disclosed the most secret and heinous intrigues
of the Society of Jesus. And on the 19th of
January following, the king determined on
issuing a decree for the sequestration of all their
property, real and personal, as well as for the
seizure of their papers ; to which was appended
an express prohibition of intercourse with secu
lars, and a command to observe a rigorous con
finement to their houses. This extreme measure
was the effect of a firm conviction of their guilt
in the mind of the king, who by a decree dated
*in this same month declared the Jesuits the
active agents in the late conspiracy.
At length, to complete their confusion, Pombal,

THEIR EXPULSION FROM PORTUGAL. 219
being convinced that the country would never
prosper nor enjoy quiet, nor the king's or his
own life be safe, while they remained in the
country, determined on their total expulsion,
not only from Portugal, but from all her do
minions. With this view, a memorial was ad
dressed to Pope Clement XIIL, dated April 20th,
1759, expressive of that intention, setting forth
in the preamble that the Jesuits as a body had
degenerated from the purposes for which their
order was instituted, and that their principles
and doctrines were dangerous to the well-being
and tranquillity of the kingdom. It was more
over stated that his Most Faithful Majesty, having
despatched orders to his generals commanding
in Brazil to effect the exchanges agreed upon
between the two crowns of Portugal and Spain,
and to settle the limits according to the stipula
tions contained in the Boundary Treaty, he had
received the following answer : " That the per
formance of this treaty was subject to great
difficulties, because the Superiors of the Order
of Jesus, having wrested from the Indians their

220 MEMORIAL TO CLEMENT XIII.
personal liberty, their property, and their trade,
had so fortified themselves in the country, that
it would be no easy matter to subdue them;
that these religious, having become lords and
absolute masters of so many thousands of men
inaccessible to the Portuguese and Spaniards,
who had no communication with them, held
them in such submission as had never been
acquired over rational creatures ; that these
people, so fully and so strangely brought under
subjection, would rather allow themselves to be
cut to pieces than disobey the least command of
these fathers, and admit into their lands and
habitations either Portuguese or Spaniards." *
* The fohowing extract from the archives of the Portu
guese Legation at Vienna will serve to throw some light on
the means employed by the Jesuits in America to defend
themselves. " Vienna, August 18th, 1754. Some time ago it was re
ported that the Spanish Jesuits had sent several French
officers to America to instruct the Tapuyas of America in
military discipline. As I had never been able to discover the
author of, or the authority for, this report, which was also
current in the coffee-houses in Lisbon, I thought it needless

COMPLAINING OF THE JESUITS. 221
The memorial went on to complain of the
repeated excesses they committed, and of the
unlawful trade they carried on, to the disgrace
of the church, and the injury of the nation; of
the prominent part they had taken in the con
spiracy against the king; and concludes by
entreating his Holiness to concur with the royal
authority in putting an end to such " dangerous
excesses, immoderate licences, and infamous out
rages, which fill all Europe with scandal and
disgust." A schedule was attached containing a state
ment of the property of the society in Portugal,
in order that his Holiness might order the dis
tribution or disposition of it. A request was
also made for a Letter of Faculty for the punish-
to trouble your excellency on the subject. Now, however,
I have ascertained the fact that French officers are present
among the Indians ; and Count Arzelor and M. Aubterre,
the ministers frpm Spain and France, have assured me, that
the general commanding the Indian cavalry is a Frenchman,
under the name of Father Tonnerre. It is natural to con
clude that he is not without subalterns, and that the cassock
is the uniform of the officers."

222 HIS HOLINESS'S REPLY.
ment of those Jesuits who were the authors or
accomplices in the attempt of September 3d
1758. In reply to this memorial, his Holiness ad
dressed two letters to his Most Faithful Majesty,
dated August 2nd, 1759, granting him power,
as justice might demand, to try all ecclesiastics
implicated in the conspiracy; at the same time
begging him to use all moderation and mercy,
and cautioning him to avoid the shedding of the
blood of those devoted to the service of God.
On the 5th of October following, the Cardinal
Patriarch Saldanha, by the king's authority,
published a mandate which directed the imme
diate and total expulsion of the entire Society of
Jesus from Portugal. Some of those who had
not yet made their solemn profession, and who
petitioned to be released from their simple vows,
were permitted to remain. A few others were
detained in prison to answer for their individual
crimes and political offences. The rest were
deported in vessels appointed for that purpose
and landed in Civita Vecchia — not perhaps the

BRIEF OF CLEMENT XIII. 223
most acceptable presents to his Holiness. *
Shortly afterwards those in the colonies were
likewise sent to Italy, and thus the Portuguese
territories were freed from the most restless and
the most mischievous society that ever existed.
Had Pombal done nothing else to command our
respect and admiration, this one bold act is
sufficient to immortalise his name, and to render
his administration celebrated in the annals of
European history, and the most glorious in those
of Portugal.
Soon after this, in consequence of the urgent
demands of the Court of Lisbon, Clement XIII. ,
in December 1759, published a Brief, in which
he granted, to the Board of Conscience the
requisite powers to proceed to inflict capital
punishments on ecclesiastics, seculars as well as
regulars, guilty of the crime of treason ; on con
dition, however, that in this tribunal the pre-
* Application was made to the empress Maria Theresa to
permit these religious to settle themselves in her dominions ;
hut this prudent sovereign had either too little zeal or too
much discretion to receive such visitors.

224 DEMANDS OF THE COURT OF ROME.
sident should be an ecclesiastic. It is further
declared in this Brief, that it is indispensable for
the public good, that the scandal of so enormous
a crime should be entirely expiated by the
severity of the punishment, in order that for
the future no one should venture on such ne
farious crimes in the hope of escaping with
impunity under the cloak of some pretended
privilege. Thus, after almost unparalleled difficulties
and obstacles, the torch of treason was extin
guished in the blood of the conspirators, and the
power and influence of the Jesuits were nearly
annihilated by a faithful exposure of their prin
ciples and crimes. It is true the ministers of
his Holiness still continued to afford them their
secret and even open support; which conduct,
together with some absurd demands upon the
court of Lisbon by that of Rome, gave Pombal
fresh causes of anxiety respecting the future
relations of the two governments. But his was
a spirit which could neither brook the encroach
ments of the church upon the civil government

BISHOP OF ANGOLA. 225
of Portugal, nor permit the authority of his
master to be insulted or despised. Nor was a
cause of quarrel long wanting between the two
courts. The king having appointed the bishop of
Angola to the vacant archbishopric of Bahia,
submitted, as was customary, the presentation
for the approbation and confirmation of the
Pope; but his Holiness refused to acknowledge
the appointment until he received the authen
ticated act, containing the archbishop's resigna
tion, which he professed to doubt. The Portu
guese envoy, Almada, replied, that the king's
word and guarantee ought to be sufficient
to substantiate the fact, but nevertheless he
would procure the act without delay; at the
same time expressing himself highly indignant
at the insult offered to his master, the particulars
of which he forthwith transmitted to his court.
With the view, therefore, of supporting the
dignity of the crown of Portugal, and of defend
ing the past and exposing the future policy of
the government, a manifesto was published in
VOL. I. Q

226 MANIFESTO.
the name of his Most Faithful Majesty, in which
the causes of complaint against the court of
Rome are most copiously detailed. This docu
ment, although of considerable length, cannot
fail to be interesting, especially at a moment
like the present, when we see the courts of Rome
and Madrid are at variance, in a manner that
promises little hope for the integrity of the
Roman Catholic Church in Spain.

CHAPTER X.
Manifesto pubhshed by the Court of Portugal — The Pope
refuses an Audience to the Portuguese Minister — The Mani
festo is delivered by M. D' Almada to the Cardinal Orsini —
Complaints against the Cardinal Acciajuoli — His Expulsion
from Lisbon — Rupture declared between the Courts of Rome
and Portugal — Consequences of Papal Pretensions over the
Civil Government of other Countries — Cardinal Torregiani
— The Nuncio's Opinion of Dom Joseph and Pombal —
Appendix — Extracts from Despatches in the State Paper
Office.

Q 2

MANIFESTO. 229

CHAPTER X.
Manifesto published by the Court of Portugal,
under the title of " Exposition of the Facts and
of the Motives which decided its Conduct."
I. His Most Faithful Majesty, imitating and
even surpassing the example of his august pre
decessors, has given to the Holy Father, to the
ministers of his Holiness, and to the whole
Christian world, the most decided proofs, and the
most striking testimonies, that can be afforded
by a monarch (who in temporal concerns ac
knowledges no other superior than God), of his
filial respect for the sacred person of the Vicar
of Jesus Christ ; of his unshaken devotion to the
Holy Apostolic See; of his pious and constant
wish to carry the regard he feels towards the
Q 3

230 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
pontifical authority to the most extreme point
of exemplary condescension.
II. The clear and evident proof of this is to
be found in the memorials and letters of instruc
tion, under the dates of the 8th of October, 1757,
and of the 10th of February, 1758. His Most
Faithful Majesty therein addresses the most
respectful and the most urgent supplications to
the Holy See, in a conjuncture wherein he might
certainly have dispensed himself from so doing.
In fact, this monarch was authorised and even
bound by divine law, by that of nature, and the
law of nations, to drive out of his kingdoms and
domains the members of the said Society of
Jesus, whose corrupt regimen had excited against
his Majesty a great number of his subjects, and
had fomented in his kingdom a seditious and
intestine war, and an open and declared war in
his transmarine domains. The former involved
his Majesty in a very heavy expenditure; the
latter has cost him more than twenty milfions
of cruzados to re-establish and maintain the laws
in his transmarine states, and to bring back to

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 231
obedience many multitudes drawn into rebellion
by the systematic doctrine taught by these reli
gious, while giving themselves out as apostles
solely occupied with the conversion of souls.
III. His Majesty's letter of the 20th of
April, 1759, with the memorial and documents
thereto annexed, further furnish the greatest
proofs of his unshaken devotion to the Holy See.
It is evident that, if this monarch had not been
deeply influenced by these principles, he would
have been very indifferent, after the horrible
attempt made upon his person, on the 3rd of
September 1758, about having recourse to the
Holy See, before the infliction of punishment on
these pernicious and hardened men, who had
plotted this execrable conspiracy, and projected
this detestable crime. His Majesty was himself
authorised to have inflicted upon them the
punishment they had merited, as well by his own
divine authority, as by the law of nature and the
law of nations. This is the daily practice to
wards ecclesiastics and regulars when guilty of
crimes of much less importance, in the kingdom
Q 4

232 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
of France, where religion is in so flourishing a
state, and in the republic of Venice, where so
much attention is paid to the observance of the
respect due to the Holy See. The kingdom of
Portugal itself furnishes similar examples in
cases of rebellion and sedition of a far less serious
complexion than the one in question. The kings
Joao II. , Manoel, and Joao IV. availed them
selves of their whole authority, without ever
being reproached with a want of becoming de
ference to the authority of the Holy Apostolic
See. IV. His Most Faithful Majesty did hope that
his extreme condescension towards the Holy
See would procure him the most efficacious con
currence on the part of the Court of Rome, not
only for the punishment of these detestable cri
minals, but also to repress for ever their per
nicious enterprises. However, this monarch
learnt, by the most notorious facts, that the
Jesuits themselves had had sufficient credit to
close every avenue by which the complaints of
his Majesty might reach the knowledge of the

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 233
Holy Father ; that in the Court of his Holiness
there existed a bias directly opposed to the hopes
which this monarch had so justly indulged.
V. He learnt, that since the infamous and
cruel attempt at assassination on the 3d of Sep
tember, 1758, the ministers of the Pope had not
uttered a single word of disapprobation against
those guilty of this horrible villany.
VI. On the contrary, his Majesty was in
formed that his Hofiness's secretary had written
a letter to the Nuncio in Spain, which was
inserted in the European gazettes, in which he
said, ""that a nation jealous and libertine was
making a cruel war upon a religious body of
singular respectability, who render the church
the greatest services, whose institution keeps
them constantly applied to every sort of exer
cise beneficial to religion and to the salvation of
souls, and entirely devoted to promote, in the
highest degree, the glory of God and the salva
tion of the faithful."
VII. His Majesty knew that the highflown
panegyric inserted in this letter" had been con-

234 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
certed with the general of the Jesuits, to coun
teract the edicts and the ordinances by which
his Majesty had arrested the progress of this
infamous conspiracy. In fact, it was not pos
sible to give credit to the contents of this letter
without holding the edicts and ordinances of his
Majesty to be undeserving of any regard; for no
thing in existence could be more opposite and con-
.tradictory. And truly, at the court of Rome
there was no hesitation in drawing from the
contents of this letter conclusions unfavourable
to the edicts and ordinances of his Majesty; and
the writings published at that time by the
Jesuits were not slow in supporting and giving
weight to it.
VIII. It came also to his Majesty's know
ledge that at the same court the reprinting of
the " abridged account," which had served as
the basis of the brief for reform granted by Pope
Benedict XIV- and for the decree of the cardinal
Saldanha, had been considered criminal ; that
the printer who had reprinted it had been com
mitted to prison, and that the copies found in

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 235
his house had been delivered to the General of
the Jesuits for the purpose of suppressing their
circulation. IX. The king learned, that, when the sen
tence pronounced at Lisbon, the 12th of January,
1759, against the conspirators, arrived at Rome,
the booksellers were prohibited from printing
and publishing it ; that, at the same time, it was
hinted to persons of distinction to be cautious of
spreading any news received from the court of
Lisbon ; that it was even forbidden, with threats
of punishment, to persons of lower degree ;
as though this sentence had come from a bar
barous country, where there was no justice ; and
that every one ought to believe, that intelligence
disagreeable to the Jesuits, guilty of the most
enormous crimes, was an offence committed
against the Apostolic See.
X. His Majesty learned, in short, that with
the same views the ministry of Rome caused the
most rigorous researches to be made, to discover
the authors of publications disagreeable to the
Jesuits; and that, at the same time, by a most

236 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY .a
strange and scandalous contrast, unrestrained
circulation was given to writings published by
the Jesuits, outrageous against and dishonouring
the glorious name of his Most Faithful Majesty,
and blackening the honour and the justice of
his faithful ministers with atrocious calumnies.
It seemed as though it were wished that these
calumnies should pass for authentic and indu
bitable proofs of the innocence of these criminal
ecclesiastics, although they had been condemned
in the most solemn and legal manner, after a fair
trial, after repeated interrogatories of all their
accomplices, by the decision of a sovereign
council, composed of three secretaries of state
and of ten principal magistrates of the highest
reputation, chosen from among the first tri
bunals of the Court of Lisbon; although they
have been declared notorious rebels, insidious
enemies to his Most Faithful Majesty, guilty of
having excited whole provinces to rebellion, of
having usurped their most important commerce ;
in short, of having been the chiefs and first pro
moters of the most execrable conspiracy against

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 237
the life of the king. Ought not the decision of
a sentence, sanctioned by such characters as
signed that of the 12th of January, to suffice to
undeceive the people as to the illusions attempted
to be imposed upon them by vague and rash
calumnies, no more worthy of belief than the
clamours raised by criminals against the judges
who have passed sentence upon them?
XI. Although his Most Faithful Maj esty could
not recover from the surprise occasioned by this
scandalous outrage committed by the political
ministry of his Holiness, and openly displayed
by so great a number of manifest and decisive
facts, nevertheless this monarch, convinced of
the purity of the Holy Father's intentions, had
taken the resolution to represent to his Holiness
how very necessary and indispensable it was for
the mutual honour of the pontifical tiara and
his Majesty's crown to adjudge the most speedy
punishment against so horrible and fatal a crime,
and to repress the effects of the strong bias
shown by his political ministry, by such means
as should appear the most expedient and the

238 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
most certain. At the time his Majesty was
about to put this resolution in execution there
arrived at Lisbon an extraordinary courier,
despatched at the beginning of the month of
August, 1759, by his eminence the cardinal,
secretary of state for the nuncio Acciajuofi.
He was the bearer of despatches that might well
excite indignation and scandal. Not contented
with discovering in them the most marked
proofs of the strange passion which possessed
him, this cardinal distinctly showed therein that
he had composed them purely with the intention
to cause an open rupture betwixt the two courts.
In a word, these despatches were delivered to
his Majesty's secretary of state, and were found
to contain the following documents.
XII. The first is a memorial to be presented
in his name, and which was really presented by
the Nuncio to his Most Faithful Majesty's secre
tary of state. He gives therein a clear idea of
the contents of the other despatches and instruc
tions which he had likewise received. This
document shows, by the falsehoods and pretences

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 239
with which it is filled, and by the insincere and
exceedingly licentious terms in which it is
couched, that the Nuncio had received orders to
add more and more to his Most Faithful Majesty's
just causes of complaint. Undoubtedly it was
in expectation that the violent agitations which
would be excited by the rupture projected in
contempt of the sentiments of this monarch and
the paternal intentions of his Holiness would
cause the principal object to be lost sight of, that
is to say, the wicked attempts made by the
members of this Society, and the punishment
which they had thereby merited. For, otherwise,
would it be likely, seeing the evidence of facts
and the delicacy of the circumstances, that the
Nuncio would have allowed himself to use such
expressions as those with which his memorial is
filled, and on which it is indispensable, to offer
some reflections ?
XIII. This prelate pretends to justify the
refusal which the Pope was induced to make of
the brief for the perpetual commission for the
Council of Conscience and the Orders. It is, said

240 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
he, a secular tribunal, since there are but few of
its officers who are ecclesiastics. But it is noto
rious at Rome itself, by the Bulls for the founda
tion and indulgences for the grand masters of
the military Orders of this kingdom, and of this
tribunal established to exercise the jurisdiction
thereof, that this same tribunal is, by its' nature
and the rights it exerts in daily practice, an
ecclesiastical tribunal ; that no officer is admitted
therein who has not made profession in some one
of these Orders ; that it exercises an ordinary
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, as do the archbishop,
bishops, and superior prelates of the kingdom, to
correct and punish all the secular priests and
regulars within its province; that it confirms
the prelates vested with jurisdiction nearly epis
copal, as the grand priors of Avis and of Palmella ;
that it fuhninates, like the bishops, ecclesiastical
censures in cases within its prerogative ; that, in
short, this tribunal was principally proposed to
the Pope by his Most Faithful Majesty under the
circumstances of the atrocious crime which is
about to be punished, because it is, of all the

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 241
ecclesiastical tribunals in the kingdom of Por
tugal, the one in which there have been officers
the most commendable for their knowledge and
their virtues.
XIV. The nuncio has the audacity to ad
vance in his memorial, that the Catholic world
has never seen a tribunal to which a perpetual
jurisdiction has been delegated to cause pro
ceedings to be instituted against ecclesiastics in
cases similar to the one in question. Is he then
ignorant of what is so public and so certain, that
there are five briefs which have been issued in
perpetuity for this kingdom alone, and for cases
infinitely less serious than the present — the
brief granted by the Pope Leo X. of the year
1516, which vested the grand almoner with
power to deliver over to the secular arm all the
clerks minor es guilty of theft or forgery ; — that
of Pope Pius IV. of the 18th of July, 1562,
granting the extension of the first to all other
crimes of a serious nature, prohibiting any appeal
from the delegated judges ; — that of the same
Pope of the 4th of October, 1563, giving orders
VdL. I. R

242 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
to deliver up to the secular judges all the clerks
minores guilty of trafficking in violation of the
laws of Portugal, in order to be punished for
the same, even in cases not requiring capital
punishment ; — that of Pope Gregory XIII. of
the 25th of October, 1583, to cause to be given
up to secular justice, by the diocesan bishops,
all priests and clerks, seculars and regulars,
guilty of sedition and of crimes of high treason ; —
that, lastly, of this Pope, of the same date above
given, addressed to the president and commis
saries of the Council of Conscience and of the
Orders, ordaining them in like manner to deliver
up to the secular arm all priests guilty of the
crimes of high treason and conspiracy ? Neither
can any one be ignorant of the existence of
many other similar briefs granted to other
powers : for example, that of Julius III. to the
republic of Genoa, to authorise the secular
judges to proceed against any ecclesiastic, even
to punishment with death, assisted only by one
canon, or some other individual invested with
ecclesiastical dignity ; those subsequently ob-

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 243
tained by the governors of Catalonia, of Rous-
sillon, and of Cerdaigne, from the sovereign
pontiffs Leo X., Clement VII., Paul III., and
Pius V. If some of these governors were
bishops, it was not in that quafity, but in that
of governors of those provinces, that these powers
were granted to them. The tenor even of these
briefs proves it. Those of Clement VII. of the
16th of June 1531, and of Pius V. of the 6th
of October 1567, grant to a governor the power
of proceeding to a definitive sentence exclusively
on taking the opinions of two doctors of the
royal court.
XV. The nuncio, without having received
any power for so doing, takes further upon
himself the liberty of giving this strange de
cision, that to him only belongs the cogni
zance of crimes similar to the one in question ;
as if seditious commotions, conspiracies, regicide,
and other crimes of high treason were of spi
ritual matters belonging to the altar and to the
Church ; as if monarchs, who acknowledge no
superiors in temporal concerns, were not au-
r 2

244 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
thorised in quality of protectors and of fathers
to their subjects, by divine law, natural law,
and the law of nations, to punish criminals
guilty of such atrocious crimes, and by their
punishment to maintain peace and public tran
quillity in their states, which otherwise could
not subsist without a continual miracle? Does
then this nuncio not know that he can exercise
in the states of Portugal no other jurisdiction
than what is permitted him by the concordates,
made between the Holy See and this Crown?
By exceeding these limits he would transgress
against the laudable customs of the kingdom.
Never has it been permitted to utter such
absurdities since the world has emerged from
those ages of ignorance in which the laws of
supreme jurisdictions temporal and spiritual
were unceasingly blended, to the great prejudice
of God's church.
XVI. The nuncio has not hesitated to write,
that it was the intention of his Court to send to
this kingdom a cardinal legate, to take cogni
zance of this important affair himself, or to place

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 245
it under the cognizance of the nuncio, or of an
assembly of ecclesiastical persons. Did he then
imagine that there existed in this kingdom nei
ther monarchy, nor a monarch independent of a
superior in temporal affairs? Did he think there
existed no tribunals, no ministers of justice?
Such an absurdity is so palpably striking, that
it needs not more ample refutation.
XVII. In short, this nuncio discovers the
true object of the instructions which he had re
ceived. The king, by his letter of the 20th of
April preceding, had apprised the Pope of the
resolution he had formed to drive the Jesuits
out of his kingdom and domains. In order to
divert him from his purpose, the nuncio advances
this absurdity — that the king should expect
from the progressive reform of this society the
safety of his royal person, and the public quiet
of his faithful subjects (whose protection is
nevertheless essentially connected with the sove
reign power). Is there then any one who can
be ignorant that this reform has produced no
other effect than the infamous falsehood spread
r 3

246 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
through all Europe against his Most Faithful
Majesty, and the horrible attempt made on the
3rd of September, 1758 ? The extravagance of
such an idea is so evident that it would be use
less to dwell longer upon it.
XVIII. The other despatches annexed to
this memorial of the nuncio were all directed in
the same spirit and with the same views. It
is sufficient to read them, to be convinced of
this. XIX. The second of these despatches contains,
under the date of the 2nd of August, 1759, an
order, in form of a brief, addressed to the pre
sident and commissaries of the Council of Con
science and of the Orders, permitting them to
deliver up the criminal Jesuits to the secular
arm. XX. The mere reading of this brief will
make it apparent, that it was drawn up with
intentions equally sinister with the nuncio's
memorial, and in terms evidently contradictory
and incompatible, as well with the king's letter
of the 20th of April of the same year, as with

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 247
the supplication of his Most Faithful Majesty's
attorney-general, which was annexed to the said
letter. In fact, the king and his attorney-gene
ral had required a brief of unlimited and per
petual consent necessary to establish a perma
nent security, and that granted was only a brief,
limited and restricted to the sole case which oc
curred. Such a brief not only does not satisfy
the king's letter, but is formally contrary to the
other briefs which the Holy See is in the
habit of granting in similar cases, at the requisi
tion of crowned heads and other sovereigns. It
is by no means conformable with the custom,
which justice and decency have invariably esta
blished, in the grant of favours conferred at the
solicitation of sovereign princes. It has been
drawn up in an obreptitious, surreptitious, clan
destine form, and with an impenetrable myste-
riousness. The knowledge of it was withheld
from his Most Faithful Majesty's minister pleni
potentiary at the Court of Rome, in order that
he might not be able to make any representations
on the subject to his Holiness, nor make it ap-
r 4

248 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
pear to him how contrary this brief was to the
requisitions, and even to the honour, of his Most
Faithful Majesty; by which proceeding, this
monarch has been worse treated than a simple
individual, who would not consent to receive
the grant of a favour which would be prejudicial
to him.
XXL The third of these despatches con
tained a letter from his Holiness, dated on the
same day (the 2nd of August), in answer to
one which the king had written to the Pope the
20th of April of the same year, to require of his
Holiness the brief in question. The writer of
this letter, speaking of the contradictory and
incompatible brief sent in lieu of what the king
had required, does not hesitate to say, " that by
this brief the faculty required was granted to
his Majesty, notwithstanding its being of a most
extraordinary nature." After which, by a most
palpable inconsistency, the strongest and most
pressing solicitations are made in favour of the
Jesuits who were prisoners, declared to be no
torious and convicted accomplices of the exe-

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 249
crable attempt of the 3d of September, 1758.
The writer of this letter has even gone so far as
to put in the sacred mouth of his Holiness these
strange and inconsiderate words : " That his
Holiness does not believe he does anything
which is not strictly to the purpose, and that he
does not advise the king to take a step deroga
tory to his honour ; that in addressing the most
earnest solicitations to him to permit the Jesuits
to remain unpunished, his Holiness conceives
that he conforms himself to the inclinations of
his Majesty's magnanimous heart ; that his Ho
liness even thinks that this prince is greatly
disposed to give the world a signal proof of his
royal goodness by taking, in condescension to
the intercession of the Vicar of Jesus Christ,
the resolution of granting their lives to ministers
of the sacred altars, who, the more they were
guilty, the more they would be worthy of com
miseration ; that, in short, his Holiness would
derive infinite consolation in learning that this
new horror of publicly punishing men devoted
to God would be dispensed with."

250 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
XXII. These words show clearly that passion
has so entirely blinded the writer of this letter,
that it has prevented him from reflecting that he
was writing under the respectable name of his
Holiness ; that the style in which he made him
speak was contrary to all decency, and could
serve no other purpose than to manifest the
grovelling sentiments of an inferior writer; that
his Most Faithful Majesty could not without
grievously wounding his conscience, without dis
honouring his royal authority, without exposing
himself, and putting in peril the majesty of the
throne, his sovereign authority, and that of all
other monarchies, suffer so detestable a crime to
go unpunished. How could the writer of this
letter assert that the effusion of the blood of
priests guilty of atrocious crimes was a novelty ?
Is it not a circumstance which happens very
frequently in all the Catholic states of Europe,
and even at Rome itself, in cases of a far less
serious nature, and less fatal than the abominable
regicide of the 3d of September, 1758 ? The
hand of the general of the Jesuits discovers

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 251
itself here in spite of himself. The motive
which induces him to make such great efforts to
succeed in withdrawing his colleagues from the
infliction of capital punishment, is not merely to
spare the few years they might yet have to live ;
he is, above all, desirous of procuring their
escape from the scaffold, with the view of fur
nishing his society in future times with a nega
tive argument to contradict the truth so noto
rious at this present time, that they are the
contrivers of an abominable regicide. This is
an artifice habitual to the Jesuits in all similar
cases, and history furnishes us with but too
many proofs of it.
XXIII. The fourth of the despatches has
evidently been drawn up in the same spirit as
the preceding one. It is a second letter, under
the name of the holy Father, dated the same day,
the 2d of August, 1759. As it is written by
the same hand, so has it been dictated by the
same prejudice, without any attempt to disguise
it. The mask has in this been removed by the
disgusting praises with which the author loads

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the Jesuits, and by the earnest solicitations
which he puts into the Pope's mouth in their
behalf in so critical a juncture. He was not
aware that the terms in which this letter is
written are by no means suitable to a pontifical
letter. Instead of answering the king's letter
of the 20th of April, he has had recourse only to
evasive measures.
XXIV. His Most Faithful Majesty had de
clared in his letter to the Pope that he had
absolutely made up his mind to expel the Jesuits.
It was an object of pure economy of the internal
government of his kingdom, — government so
intimately connected with the persons of sove
reigns, that no one of them can have the com
plaisance to admit of any rules in this respect
from any foreign power whatsoever. Yet the
writer of the letter under consideration, from
the beginning to the end, takes it for granted
that the king of Portugal consented that the
expulsion of the religious should be referred to
the decision of his Holiness.
XXV. In consequence of this assumption, he

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 253
pathetically exhorts his Most Faithful Majesty
to preserve the Jesuits in his kingdoms and
domains ; and offers, as a powerful motive to
induce him to adopt this resolution, the amend
ment which is to be produced in them by the
renewal of the reform ordained by Pope Bene
dict XIV. Nothing could be more unreasonable,
especially when after his Majesty, by the letter
signed by the royal hand, had particularly pointed
out to the Pope that, for more than a century,
the apostofic Bulls and the laws of the kingdom
had produced no other effect on the Jesuits, than
to incite them to rebellions, to usurpations of
entire provinces, to the unheard-of and intole
rable scandals with which they have filled this
kingdom and all its dependencies ; that they
had no other effect than to consummate their
hardness of heart, to increase incessantly their
inconceivable pride, which, nourished by indul
gence, has precipitated them into the most hor
rible excesses — has induced them to spread
through all Europe falsehoods and atrocious
scandal against his Most Faithful Majesty, and,

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in short, to work themselves up to the horrid
attempt of the 3d of September, 1758, because
they looked upon it as the only means remaining
by which they might put a stop to the continu
ation of the reform. But who is there that does
not know, that they have made the most rash
efforts, at first to cause it to be believed that
the project of this reform was founded upon no
just motive whatever, and afterwards entirely
to prevent its taking effect ? Was not this the
end to which tended every step they have taken
before and after the famous memorial which the
general of this society presented to his Holiness
on the 31st of July, 1758. It is then evident
that they are not susceptible of reformation, and
that to require of the king that, upon so fruit
less a hope, he should preserve in his kingdoms
and domains those refigious, manifestly guilty of
the most horrible plot, is to wish the sacrifice of
his royal person, and of the public tranquillity of
all his faithful subjects; it is to propose to throw
his kingdoms into trouble and confusion, and
finally into inevitable ruin.

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 255
XXVI. The writer of this pretended letter
from the Pope gives, as a second motive which
should induce the king to desist from expelling
the Jesuits, " that it is never admissible to con
found the innocent with the guilty, and to make
those suffer the punishment which the others
have merited; that in so numerous a body, which
makes profession of an institution of the greatest
perfection, there must necessarily be found a
great number of guiltless persons." These words
have visibly a tendency to cause the crimes of
the Jesuits to be looked upon merely as the
delinquency of some individuals, and to promote
the belief that the society has not participated
therein. XXVH. But how could such an answer be
made to the king's letter of the 20th of April,
1759, in which he explained himself in terms
full of energy like these? — " It is notorious that
the regimen or government of these refigious is
absolutely incorrigible ; that corruption has
spread through the whole society; that the re
missness of discipline has produced in its chiefs

256 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
and among its members detestable vices, which,
estranging them entirely from their holy institu
tions, and the examples of their blessed founder,
has given them up to maxims destructive of all
civil society, and of all Christian union. This
society is in that respect very different from
other religious orders, in which, if anything dis
orderly be introduced, it is only the errors of a
few individuals, which does not prevent regu
larity from being adhered to by the multitude.
" In these circumstances, convinced of this prin
ciple, that sovereigns are not at liberty to make
an arbitrary use of their supreme authority ;
that they are bound to exert it to prevent their
states and their people from being exposed to
troubles and dangers, even were they of less
magnitude than those in question ; I cannot allow
myself to dispense with separating from my good
and faithful subjects, a society whose existence
has been shown by so many proofs, equally fatal
and decisive, to be incompatible with that peace
and public tranquillity, in which both natural
and divine law compel me to preserve those whom

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 257
Providence has placed under my protection.
This it is which makes me determine to cause
these refigious, without delay, to quit my states,
into which the kings my predecessors had ad
mitted them, to edify and not to corrupt," &c.
XXVIII. Such are the reasons for which his
Most Faithful Majesty has not caused each in
dividual of this society to be proceeded against :
it is because the object is not merely confined,
as they would have it believed to the crimes of
single individuals. The proceedings ordered by
his Majesty had for object the whole society,
because its whole body was entirely perverted in
his kingdoms and domains, because the perverse-
ness of the whole society is evident and notorious,
in fact and deed, to all civilised nations.
XXIX. It is notorious in fact, since it is im
possible not to perceive that the wicked attempts
detailed in his Most Faithful Majesty's letter,
and proved during more than a century of de
plorable events could not be the work of a single
individual, nor even of many, unless they had
been assisted and supported by the whole society.
vol. i. s

258 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
Indeed, without the strength resulting from the
union and co-operation of the whole society, could
they have given authority to the system which
has caused such large provinces in America to
revolt, and which has maintained them so long
in their rebellion? Without the union and co
operation of the whole society, would there have
been seen such a general and such an obstinate
resistance made to that multitude of bulls and
royal laws, published for more than a century,
to establish obedience among the Indians, and to
civilise them ? Without the union and co-opera
tion of the society, would it have been practicable
to ruin and discredit all the governors and ma
gistrates who were desirous of enforcing the ex
ecution of these Bulls and these laws ? Without
the union, and the co-operation of the whole
society, could means have been found to raise and
maintain such numerous armies of these Indians,
and to form so powerful a league, that it has cost
his Majesty several millions of cruzados merely to
resist them ? Without the union and co-operation
of the society, would they have been able to spread

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 259
through all Europe those calumnies, to form
those conspiracies destined to prevent the reform
ordained by Pope Benedict XIV., and to sacrifice
the sovereign whose interest it was to enforce its
execution ? Without the union and co-operation
of the society, would they have been able to
frame and plot so many intrigues at the court of
Rome, to shut up every avenue by which intel
ligence might be given to his Holiness of these
manifest truths, and to multiply unpleasant in
cidents of a nature to cause a rupture between
the two courts ? When his Majesty demanded the
reform of the society, who then was it that spread
a torrent of calumnies against this monarch, as
well at the court of Rome, as at the other courts
in Europe? Was all this done by a few indi
viduals ? Was it not the act of the whole society ?
Who presented to the pope the memorial of the
31st of July, 1758, to obtain the revocation of
the edict of reform, and to threaten his Most
Faithful Majesty with the wicked attempt which
was put in execution so shortly after ? Were^they
individuals? Was it not the general, the chief
s 2

260 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
even of this pernicious society ? And this brief for
reformation, against whom has it been granted?
Is it against a few individuals merely? Is it not
against the whole Society of Jesuits of the king
dom of Portugal and its dependencies ?
XXX. The perverseness of the entire body
of the society is no less notorious than unde
niable. Does there exist any one, at the present
day, who can be ignorant that an individual of
this society, be he who he may, cannot do,
within or without, a single act of any conse
quence, unless he has an order or permission so
to do from the superiors, on pain of being ex
pelled without hope of pardon, or of undergoing
some other punishment still more to be dreaded?
After this, what man of good sense can ever
permit himself to be persuaded that such an
immense number of horrible crimes, so unceas
ing, so manifest, so public as these just spoken
of, can have been committed by individuals,
without the concurrence and co-operation of
the whole society ? Even were one to be dis
posed to form doubts, they could not maintain

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 261
themselves against these certain and notorious
facts, that it is the entire society which reaps
the fruits and the benefits produced by all these
crimes ; that the society, far from punishing the
individuals who have from time to time com
mitted them, maintains with ardour and pro
tects with its whole influence their persons and
their crimes. To be convinced of this, it will
suffice to recollect what has happened to the
most eminent and the most pious cardinal, John
Martin Silices, archbishop of Toledo, and to so
many other prelates equally respectable by their
piety and enlightened minds ; such as Melchior
Cano ; Don Jeronimo de la Nuza ; Don Juan
de Palafox; Don Bernardo de Cardenas; Don
Felipe Pardo, archbishop of Manilla; the holy
martyr Juan Batista, and the companions of his
glorious martyrdom ; the pious and learned
priest Ario Montanus ; the Cardinal de Tournon,
&c. Let us add thereto some generals and
some great men even of this very society;
such as Francisco de Borgia, Mutio Vitelleschi,
s 3

262 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
Tirco Gonzales, Juan de Mariana, after divine
grace had touched his heart, and several others.
These have all of them felt the resentment of
the Society, because they all cried aloud for
prompt remedies to be applied to the disease
with which they saw, already in their days, that
the entire Society, and not merely a small part
of it, was attacked. They foresaw, and foretold
with grief, that so great and so general a cor
ruption could not fail to produce, in after times,
crimes of the most fatal tendency to the Church
and to states ; and even wicked attempts, such as
that of which Portugal has just experienced the
horrors. XXXI. The more to incense his Most Faith
ful Majesty, the writer of the instructions ad
dressed to the nuncio had recommended him to
deliver with his own hands, to the King, the
obreptitious, surreptitious, and indecent brief,
of which we have been speaking. M. Acciajuoli
effectively pressed his solicitations with extreme
importunity and inconsiderateness, to prevail
upon his Majesty to receive this brief, in an

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 263
audience which he had required, solely for the
purpose of deception.
XXXII. With this view, he at first main
tained that it was his duty to deliver to his
Most Faithful Majesty with his own hands the
inadmissible brief, together with the letters
which accompanied it, without previously trans
mitting copies thereof, as customary, to the
secretary of state, Dom Luiz da Cunha.
This minister having shown him that he could
not demand an audience of the King his master
without having previously given in copies of
the despatches he wished to present to his
Majesty, the nuncio was obliged at last to give
them. A few days afterwards, the 7th of
September, the secretary of state wrote to him,
on the part of the king, in the most cautious
terms. He intimated to him, that his Majesty
granted him an audience to deliver him his
Holiness's letters, but that his Majesty required
that he should suspend the delivery of the brief
until his Majesty had made his representations
on the subject to his Holiness. This prelate
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264 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
then took the strange liberty to reply of his own
accord, by the memorial, in form of a letter, of
which we have spoken above. He adopted a
high tone, to persuade this monarch that he was
obliged to receive this brief, under the singular
pretext which may be read in his letter to the
secretary of state of the 6th of September 1759.
This document discloses all the venom of the
instructions which the nuncio had received.
XXXIV. These proceedings could not yet
shake the firm reliance which his Most Faithful
Majesty had in the pure and paternal intentions
of his Hofiness.
XXXV. His Majesty" was even desirous of
overlooking the absurdities contained in the
nuncio's memorial, and in the copies of the letters
of which we have been speaking, under the
pretext that the originals had not been seen by
him. In order to leave it to his Holiness's
wisdom to put an end to similar inconveniences,
to avoid as much as possible all discussions on
points so disagreeable and so wanting in decency,
his Majesty caused two answers to his Holiness's

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 265
despatches, couched in the most energetic lan
guage, to be forwarded to Rome.
XXXVI. The first was a letter which his
Majesty directed to be written to the nuncio, on
the 10th of September, by his secretary of state,
Dom Luiz da Cunha, to declare to him that
his Majesty would not suffer him to present him
the brief sent from Rome, because his Majesty
looked upon it as not to be tolerated, and as
uncivil, obreptitious, surreptitious, and contrary
to the true meaning of his Holiness; that his
Majesty readily consented to receive the Holy
Father's letters, with submission equal to his
filial respect, provided they were not annexed to
the brief; furthermore, that his secretary of state
would answer the nuncio's memorial as soon as
his Majesty should order him so to do.
XXXVII. The second answer was a me
morial which his Most Faithful Majesty caused
to be sent, on the 15th of the same month of
September, to his minister plenipotentiary at
Rome, with orders to present it to his Holiness.
XXXVIII. The mere reading of this me

266 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
morial will suffice to show that the King,
always full of respect and attention towards the
Holy Father, did, in circumstances of so very
unpleasant a nature, every thing that the critical
and pressing conjuncture permitted him to do,
to spare his Holiness whatever might grieve his
paternal heart.
XXXIX. This memorial does not enter into
any detail of the decisive and public proofs
which the pofitical ministry of the Court of
Rome had given of its partiality, as has been
shown above. The numerous offensive steps
taken by the nuncio at Lisbon", to gain the
means of presenting the insulting despatches
which have been spoken of above, were lightly
touched upon: it went no further than to
represent to his Holiness, in a respectful man
ner, the evident proofs which demonstrated the
obreption, surreption, and the inadmissibility
of the brief, to show how much reason the King
had to be displeased with the irregular conduct
which the nuncio had maintained at his court,
and with the liberty and haughty air he had

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 267
assumed ; to complain, in short, of the public
scandal which some other of his Holiness's
ministers had excited, as well in Portugal as in
all Europe, by conniving at and co-operating
in the most unequivocal manner with the attacks
made on all good principles, and on the honour
of his Hofiness, and of his Most Faithful Majesty,
at the court of the head of the Catholic Church ;
the black and the wicked attempts which the
regimen and the whole body of the Society
(pretended of Jesus) had committed in the
kingdom of Portugal and its dependencies, and
the vile calumnies which they had spread, and
which they do not yet cease to spread, through
all Europe.
XL. The memorial concludes by claiming,
on the part of his Most Faithful Majesty, from
the unerring justice, apostolic prudence, and
paternal feelings of his Hofiness, to obtain — 1st.
Such a reparation, and so authenticated, as shall
immediately remove the causes of his Majesty's
complaints, and the public scandal excited by
the grievances which have given rise to them.

268 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
2nd. That his Holiness may be pleased to dis
sipate and annihilate the obstacles which have
hitherto shut up all the avenues of the pontifical
throne to truths notorious not only to the king
dom of Portugal, but to all the four quarters of
the globe. 3rd. That he be pleased to cause his
brief of consent to be expressed in civil and
appropriate terms, such as are in general use,
and in which the other briefs granted by
the Court of Rome in similar cases have been
drawn up; of which copies were offered to be
given. XLI. Representations so forcible, by the
justice of the complaints, by the indispensable
necessity of granting the demands made therein,
caused so great a clamour among the people,
that the Holy Father's ministers could not
entirely keep it from the knowledge of his
Holiness. The report which they were under
the necessity of making to him thereon, although
very weak and imperfect, made him take the
determination to appoint his eminence the Car
dinal Calvachini to a conference with the minister

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 269
plenipotentiary of his Most Faithful Majesty.
The probity and justice of his eminency encou
raged hopes for the success of his Majesty's
representations, and induced a belief that it
would not be necessary to publish the detailed
explanations which have been given above.
XLII. But almost immediately afterwards,
the partiality of the pofitical ministry of hi
Hofiness regained its influence. On the 28th
of November of the same year 1759, the car
dinal secretary of state sent to the minister
plenipotentiary of his Most Faithful Majesty at
the court of Rome a most unexpected and most
unreasonable declaration. This cardinal made
it apparent therein, in a most striking manner,
that the essential and principal object which he
continually proposed to himself was to irritate
his Most Faithful Majesty more and more by
the serious attacks made upon his honour, in
order to compel this monarch to renounce the
negotiation just commenced, which his said emi
nence dreaded as the means by which his Hofi
ness might at last be made acquainted with the

270 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
facts, and the convincing proofs relating to
them, which have been detailed above. By
continuing to act upon this seditious plan, the
minister proceeded so far as to declare, by this
very act, a formal rupture with his Most Faith
ful Majesty, in the name of his Holiness.
XLIII. In this declaration, this cardinal
argues in a manner at perfect variance with the
received notions of reason and good sense, the
principles of divine right, the laws of nature
and of nations, the decision of all the briefs
which have issued from the Holy See on similar
occasions; and all this to colour the refusal of
the brief for perpetual consent to sanction the
surrender to the secular arm, of criminals guilty
of enormous crimes, such as those in question.
He approves of the irregular attempts made by
the nuncio at Lisbon, to take by surprise, and
thus to indispose his Most Faithful Majesty.
He allows himself even to reproach his Majesty's
minister plenipotentiary, although this minister,
to avoid every motive of quarrel, had borne
patiently all the sallies of this cardinal's passion :

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 271
In short, he at last drops the mask, by manifest
ing the object he proposes to himself in the de
claration of war which he makes against his
Most Faithful Majesty. "As to what relates,"
says he, "to the religious of the Society of
Jesus, and the resolutions taken and partly
carried into effect against them, by his Most
Faithful Majesty, his Hofiness has already suffi
ciently expressed his invariable sentiments in
the letter which he wrote to the King, the con
tents of which were communicated to his Ma
jesty at the beginning of the month of Septem
ber last, as has been certified by the secretary
of state, Dom Luiz da Cunha, by his note of the
6th of the same month. The sentiments of the
Pope are immutable upon this point, because
they are founded in justice, which will not per
mit that the innocent be confounded with the
guilty, nor that the punishment merited perhaps
by some individuals, for whose chastisement his
Holiness has already granted all the necessary
permissions, should be followed up by the dis
grace and extinction of the whole Society.

272 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
This society professes an institution approved
and honoured by the esteem of the sovereign
pontiffs, predecessors of his Holiness ; it is useful
to the Catholic Church; it enjoys the protection
of the Holy See, and that of his Holiness. The
immutability of the sentiments of the holy
Father upon this point is further founded on
the understanding which the two courts came
to when his Most Faithful Majesty proposed the
case to Pope Benedict XIV. of blessed memory,
and this Pope adopted the measure of appointing
an apostolic visitor " &c.
XLIV. Such is the regard evinced at Rome
for a monarch assassinated in the midst of his
own court, by the artifices of a society of reli
gious men consecrated to God by their holy in
stitution. They began by mocking and reviling
him during the space of a year and a half in the
very court of the head of the Catholic Church,
where he has the goodness to demand justice for
this execrable crime; and instead of solemn re
paration, which the most powerful motives give
him a right to expect, the political ministry of

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 273
this Court concludes by making a seditious decla
ration to this monarch, in which, expressions full
of irreverence and haughtiness are employed, and
in which, arrogance is carried so far as to assume
the right of interfering in the constitutional go
vernment of the kingdom of Portugal, by seek
ing to re-establish the Jesuits, after their expul
sion by the laws of his Most Faithful Majesty.
It has even the boldness to pass censure upon
the incorruptible justice of this monarch. This,
however, does not yet satisfy the Roman mi
nistry; it even goes so far as formally to declare
hostilities against this religious sovereign. For,
is it possible to give any other meaning to this
proud and arrogant declaration, That the Court
of Rome will always remain immutable in this
sentiment, (that the Jesuits should be preserved
in Portugal,) that is to say, in the disposition to
trouble the constitutional government which ap
pertains solely to his Most Faithful Majesty in
his kingdom, to determine respecting the con
tinuance therein, or removal thence, of persons
according to the .pleasure of this court? Can
VOL. I. T

274 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
any other meaning be attached to this second
declaration — that the same Court has taken and
will always take under its protection these abo
minable religious, whose regimen has plotted the
execrable attempt of the 3rd of September, 1759,
and has not ceased from that time to circulate the
most horrible and the most seditious calumnies ?
XLV. There cannot, then, be a more formal
declaration of hostilities, than what has been
made by the pofitical ministry of the Pope to his
Most Faithful Majesty. It has been shown how
it was commenced, by the insulting circumstances
which emanated from that court during a year
and a half; that it has been continued by that
multitude of writings sent successively to the
court of this monarch, conceived in forms and
in terms which would scarcely have been tole
rated by delegates of Bologna or of Ferrara;
that it has been strengthened by expressions
attacking the independence of the temporal and
constitutional government of his Most Faithful
Majesty, tending to degrade him beneath that
authority, in the exercise of^which, among his

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 275
household, the mere father of a family would
never suffer strangers to disturb him. It is con
summated, in short, by the formal declaration,
that the Court of Rome will always remain the
protector of these religious, rebels, assassins, and
pubfic enemies of his Most Faithful Majesty, of
his kingdoms, and of his subjects; of these re
ligious, juridically convicted of crime, by proofs
clear, evident, superabundant, and decided upon
by a tribunal the most numerous, the most re
spectable, and the most fully authorised, which
has ever been constituted in the Court of Lisbon ;
of these religious, in short, proscribed in the
most solemn manner by a law of the Most Faith
ful King himself. Will sound policy permit it
to be doubted, whether a prince is to be con
sidered to have declared war formally against
another prince, when he makes attempts upon
his honour and upon his reputation — when he
declares to him publicly that he espouses the
cause of his most mortal enemies? This is the
conduct which the political ministry of the Court
of Rome has not feared to adopt.
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276 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
XL VI. The zeal and prudence of his Most Faiths
fill Majesty's minister plenipotentiary prompted
him to take every care possible to remove the.
difficulties which the secretary of state of his
Holiness sought to multiply, in a negotiation,
which naturally should have had none. With
this view he took upon himself to pass the limits
of his instructions. Before he gave his court
the least information of the declaration of the
28th of November, he replied to it on the 4th of
December, proposing the means of facilitating
the grant of the brief of perpetual consent, and
he deferred entering into explanations on all
other points, till he should have received fresh
orders from his court.
XLVII. But although he had confined him
self to touch upon the sole point relating to the
grant of the brief, the cardinal secretary thought
proper to wander from it in another declaration
which he sent him in answer, the 12th of the
same month of December. The minister pleni
potentiary replied by demanding a precise and
categorical answer on the subject of the brief,

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 277
and declining to go into any other explanations
with a prelate whose undisguised passion had
rendered him incapable of managing this nego
tiation in such delicate circumstances.
XLVIII. The Portuguese minister thought
that his Holiness had entered into his views;
for, on the day following, the 14th of December,
he had the satisfaction to receive from the hands
of Cardinal Calvachini the rough draught of a
new brief of consent. This second brief was
not, it is true, more admissible than the former,
but it showed that his Holiness was at last
convinced of the indispensable necessity there
was for his giving some satisfaction to a sove
reign so grievously offended ; and seeing that
the cardinal secretary of state was excluded, as
he appeared to be, from a negotiation for which
his excessive partiality rendered him so unfit,
there was every reason to hope that, in the end,
the brief might be obtained in the wished-for
form. XLIX. In this confidence, this minister
transmitted to Cardinal Calvachini, on the 20th
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278 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
and 21st of December, three memorials contain
ing the corrections requisite to be made in the
second rough draught of the brief, and the
reasons which demonstrated the justice and the
necessity of these corrections.
L. Measures were soon taken to destroy the
hope M. d'Almada had fondly conceived, by
giving him to understand that the matter was
by no means so near the point of concession.
Urged by orders from his court to transmit a
final answer from that of Rome, having reason
to fear that the delay might be imputed to him,
he wrote a note to cardinal Torregiani, solely to
request he might be supplied with post horses
for the courier he was desirous to send off to
Lisbon, and without saying a word of the nego
tiation entered upon with Cardinal Calvachini.
LI. How astonished was this minister, to
learn by the answer made to his note by the
cardinal secretary of state, that he had been
re-appointed to, or rather that he had again
taken into his own hands, the negotiation which
had been intrusted to Cardinal Calvachini. In

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 279
fact, with his answer under date of the 26th of
December, relating to the post horses, Cardinal
Torregiani sent, at the same time, a new rough
draught of a Brief, framed precisely in the same
terms as that which he had received from Car
dinal Calvachini.
LII. This matter therefore relapsed into the
same state in which it was before it passed into
the hands of his Eminency last named, and there
was no longer any room to hope that his Most
Faithful Majesty would obtain the reparation
due to his royal authority, since the declaration
of hostilities made by the political administration
of his Holiness. Furthermore, as the last
draught of the Brief was conceived, as well as
the first, in terms widely different from the two
briefs granted for the kingdom of Portugal by
Pope Gregory XIII. , and that which should
have served as the basis of the amplification
required was likewise suppressed in it, it resulted
therefrom, that this declaration of hostilities in
the form and expressions reported above, sub
sisted in its whole extent.
t 4

280 MANIFESTO PUBLISHED BY
Postscription. LIII. His Most Faithful Majesty, by a letter
written with his own hand to the Holy Father,
sealed with the great seal of his Chancery, under
date of the 2nd of November 1759, commu
nicated to his Holiness, as a fact within his own
personal knowledge, the resignation, given in his
presence, of the Archbishop of Bahia, Dom Joz£
Botelho de Mattos; that, upon this vacation, he
had named to this church, which is in the royal
gift, Dom Manoel de Santa Ignez, bishop of
Angola. The following are the precise terms of
the letter: "The archbishopric of Bahia, in
the patronage of my crown, being vacant by the
resignation made into the hands of your Holiness,
by my permission, by Dom Joze de Mattos, I
name and present to your Hofiness, for the said
archbishopric, Dom Manoel de Santa Ignez,
bishop of Angola," &c.
LIV. While the archbishop so named was
soliciting the grant of his Bulls, there appeared
at Rome an Amsterdam Gazette, in which, with
out the least foundation, was imputed to the

THE COURT OF PORTUGAL. 281
first archbishop, Dom Joze Botelho de Mattos
the injurious fact that he was a rebel to the
laws of his Majesty, and an abettor of the
expelled Jesuits.
LV. This false news, supported by persons
who are not known to the Court of Lisbon,
appeared a sufficient reason to the administration
of his Holiness to suspend the despatching of the
Bulls for Dom Manoel de Santa Ignez. The
reason assigned for this suspension was the
defect of the justificatory proofs of the resigna
tion of Dom Joze" Botelho de Mattos. Such a
declaration made to the King's minister plenipo
tentiary, puts the finishing stroke to all the
proofs already produced, that it was determined
upon to force his Majesty to an open rupture.
LVI. But was it necessary, in order to compel
him thereto, that the ministry of a sovereign
pontiff should proceed to such excesses? This
procedure has violated the wise dispositions of the
canon law, which enact that implicit faith shall be
given to the words of sovereign princes, when
they affirm facts, as being within their personal

282 MANIFESTO OF THE COURT OF PORTUGAL.
knowledge. It has appeared to despise the
testimony of his Most Faithful Majesty, who,
addressing himself to the Holy Father, has
affirmed, in the most authentic manner, the
resignation in question; his consent to this
resignation, and ihe nomination of an individual
to replace him who had resigned. It has thus
taken upon itself the criminal licence of offending
the honour, and of trampling under foot the
sacred rights of royal majesty. It has declared
that, to make the certainty of a fact indubitable,
it does not suffice to have the august word of a
King solemnly attesting. the same, but that it
made the truth of it depend on other proofs
infinitely less respectable.
LVII. By such striking acts, this ministry
have shown how far they were desirous of
breaking with his Majesty. It requires little
reflection to discover easily, whence proceeds the
spirit of discord which inspires and animates it.
Its steps reveal too sensibly the causes which
put it in motion, and the voluntary and deliberate
excesses it has committed are such, as, whatever

DELIVERED TO THE CARDINAL ORSINI. 283
efforts are made to moderate the pen, it is im
possible to avoid characterising them.

The Pope having refused to give audience to
M. d' Almada, this manifesto was delivered to the
Cardinal Orsini, together with a note containing
the reasons for the expulsion of the papal Nuncio
from Portugal.
In this note, his Most Faithful Majesty com
plained of various rash and seditious proceedings
of the Cardinal Acciajuoli, and of the daily tres
passes which he committed against the govern
ment of his Most Faithful Majesty, adding that
his secret proceedings had been at length followed
by public insults, and an avowed contempt for
the authority and dignity of his Majesty. It
also stated that on the marriage of the Infante
Pedro with the Princess of Brazil, on the 6th of
June, 1760, his Majesty had ordered a general
illumination for three nights, an order with
which, as a mark of respect for his Majesty's
authority, all his people and the foreign ambas
sadors readily complied. But that the Nuncio,

284 RUPTURE BETWEEN THE COURTS
under pretence of not having received official
intimation of the marriage, which was not cus
tomary, had neglected to pay that mark of re
spect, and had moreover, during the three nights
of the illumination, so completely closed the
windows of his palace that not a candle was to
be seen from without. With this last affront
the King was much incensed, and determined no
longer to submit to the insolence of the Nuncio.
Accordingly, on the 17th of the same month,
orders were received by his Eminence from Dom
Luiz da Cunha, in the name of his Majesty, com
manding him to quit Lisbon within the hour,
and the Portuguese territory within four days,
intimating at the same time that the royal boats
were in attendance for his conveyance, and that
a sufficient military escort would conduct him
as far as the frontier.*
This vigorous proceeding was no sooner known
at Rome, than the Pope refused to hold any fur
ther intercourse with Almada; and a rupture
between the two courts having been publicly
* See Appendix at the end of this chapter.

OF ROME AND PORTUGAL. 285
declared to exist, on the 2nd of July all the
subjects of Portugal were ordered to leave Rome
immediately. The causes of this rupture having been so
fully detailed in the Manifesto already given, it
is needless to offer any further arguments in
support of the policy which Pombal adopted on
this occasion. The Pope had most arbitrarily
and unconstitutionally attempted to interfere
with the royal authority, and Pombal did that
which every patriotic minister is bound to do,
if he value the fiberty and independence of his
country. He resolved, at whatever hazard, never
to acknowledge the right of any foreign power
to interfere with the domestic policy of Portugal.
And that he was right in this respect, even his
bitterest enemies must allow ; for such vain
pretensions as that of inherent right in the Pope
of Rome to interfere with the civil governments
of Europe, only tend to degrade the real dignity
of the Vicar of Christ in the eyes of the Christian
world. Besides, the schisms which such conduct
must inevitably encourage, deviate into licen-

286 CARDINAL TORREGIANI.
tiousness, till at length, each party setting up
for himself as the head of his own church, not
only all proper ecclesiastical authority is de
stroyed, but with it all that is Christian and
scriptural. It appears throughout these altercations that
the great cause of the long pending dispute
between the two courts was the conduct of the
Cardinal Torregiani. This papal minister suf
fered his own private animosities and pecufiar
opinions, to master every feeling of decency and
prudence, guided by which, he might have conci
liated the courts of Europe, at this period so critical
for the power of the Roman church. The sen
timents of the Cardinal Acciajuoli respecting Dom
Joseph and his minister were expressed, in the
following terms, in a private letter written from
Vienna, at the period of the cardinal's return to
Italy, after his expulsion from Lisbon.
" A letter from Marshal Botta, dated from
Florence, relates that he had been assured by
the Nuncio that the Cardinal Acciajuoli, when he
passed through Florence, had declared his opinion

OPINION OF DOM JOSEPH AND POMBAL. 287
that the King our sovereign was a most perfect
monarch, full of religious sentiments, and of
devotion to the church ; and that the Count
d'Oeyras was a great minister of true piety and
refigion. That the Jesuits were undoubtedly
the authors of the attempted assassination of his
Majesty Dom Joseph; and if he (Acciajuoli) had
had the misfortune to displease the Court of
Portugal in these latter events of his residence,
it was for having executed the orders of Cardinal
Torregiani. And a letter from Milan relates
that Acciajuoli had expressed the same sentiments
in Rome, a circumstance which has excited some
considerable sensation in that city."

PAPERS RELATING TO THE NUNCIO. 289

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER X.
Page 284. — A despatch from Lord Kinnoul, dated
April 14th, 1760, enlightens us respecting the intrigues
of this Nuncio. " The French ambassador, M. de
Merle, as well as the Nuncio, do not dissemble their
discontent, and they speak without reserve in disre
spectful terms of the person of the Count d'Oeyras."
On the 17th of June, 1760, Senhor Luiz de Men
donca, lieutenant-governor of Belem Castle, waited on
the Nuncio, and told his Eminence that he had the
King's orders to attend him to Aldea Galega. The
Nuncio remonstrated, but in vain ; and in three hours
set forward on his journey. The populace were so
enraged at the insult offered to the King, that they
attempted to set fire to the Nuncio's house.
Various persons were banished from Court at this
period for intriguing with the Nuncio, or holding secret
correspondence with the Jesuits. The Viscount de
Ponte de Lima was ordered to retire to Oporto, and
the Count de San Lorenco to Miranda. On the 21st
of July, 1760, " Dom Antonio and Dom Jose were, by
the King's order, removed from their house at Palhavao
under a strong guard, and conducted to a convent be-
VOL. I. u

290 PAPERS RELATING TO THE
yond Coimbra, where they are to remain. Dom Jose
was Grand Inquisitor. M. de Motta and the Count
d'Oeyras had always been averse to raising these bas
tards to the rank of princes of the blood — but the
King's goodness to them had no bounds. The prmces
were discovered to be in secret correspondence with the
late Nuncio." The other brother, the Archbishop of
Braga, was not implicated in the disgrace.
Repeated assurances were given at this and other
periods by Mr. Hay and Lord Kinnoul of the generally
tranquil state of the country. " I have the pleasure to
acquaint you, that notwithstanding the idle stories I
see in our public papers, and which are entirely without
foundation, every thing here is in' the utmost tran
quillity." And yet from these sources have the actions
of Pombal been described. Again : " The strange-
reports, which rebound hither from other countries,
make it necessary for me to repeat to you that every
thing here is at present in a state of perfect tranquillity."
And a circumstance which was much commented
upon at the time, is thus described by Mr. Hay in his
despatch, dated January 24th, 1761. " As I know
false reports are often spread relating to what passes in
this country, I take the liberty to mention an incident
that happened yesterday, which at first alarmed the
merchants ; but, as it has been related to me, is quite
of a private nature. The house of M. de Tremoul, an
Italian merchant, was surrounded yesterday morning
with soldiers, and his partner, M. Nicolini, who lives
in a separate dwelling, was ordered to attend. This at

EXPULSION OF THE NUNCIO. 291
first sight has the air of a state imprisonment ; but by
what I learn, is no more than an attention of the
Government to the repeated representations of M.
Nicolini, setting forth the extravagance of his partner,
and some malpractices in regard to bills of exchange,
which the Government thought proper to put a stop
to." He had forged bills to the amount of 20,000/.,
and contrived to escape from the country.

u 2

CHAPTER XI.
Regulations for the Rebuilding of Lisbon — Board of Com
merce abolished — New Junta estabUshed — Its Purposes —
The Nobihty permitted to hold Shares in the Maranhao and
Para Company — Various Decrees — Civilisation of the In
dians — Excellent Means employed by Pombal — Aula do
Commercio established — Pernambuco and Paraiba Company
formed — Educational Measures — The same adopted at
Vienna — Jesuits begin to lose their Influence in that Capital
— Lord Kinnoul sent to Lisbon to apologise for the Conduct
of Admiral Boscawen — Convents abolished or reformed —
Appendix — Extracts from Despatches in the State Paper
Office.

U 3

pombal's reforms. 295

CHAPTER XI.
We now revert to a few of the great reforms that
occupied Pombal's attention about this time, and
for some years afterwards. The most trifling
decree promulgated in the name of Dom Joseph
bears the stamp of the minister's presiding ge
nius, whether we look at the grandeur and cor
rectness of conception, or examine the exact and
elaborate details by which it is to be carried into
execution. I have already given an outline of
the measures he employed immediately after the
great earthquake, to remedy the evils and ame
liorate the sufferings incidental to a physical
commotion so calamitous. The most minute
orders were given for the examination of the
ruins, and the strictest precautions taken to
secure to every individual, not only the property
u 4

296 ABOLITION OF THE
which had been engulfed, but the exact site of
land which he had possessed previous to the
earthquake ; and in order to prevent the substitu
tion of hovels and irregular buildings for the
houses and palaces which had been destroyed, a
decree was published restraining all persons from
erecting buildings not in accordance with a
general plan, which Pombal had very carefully
prepared. Those whose temerity incited them
to disobey this order, had their houses pulled
down without the slightest favour or exception.
In various reforms, Pombal was often assisted
by the silly conduct of the parties themselves,
against whom these reforms were directed. For
example, some time after the establishment of
the Maranhao and Grand Para Company in
1755, the deputies of the Board of Commerce,
(Meza dos homens de negocio) sought an audience
of his Majesty, on which occasion they indulged
in the most virulent abuse of, and applied the
most violent language to the company, predicting
the most fatal consequences to the country, and
threatening the most serious disturbances among

BOARD OF COMMERCE. 297
the people, which nothing but their own seditious
language was likely to create. This insult to
the royal authority was resented by an order for
the immediate withdrawal of the deputies, fol
lowed by a subsequent command for them to
retire to various parts of the kingdom at a
distance from Lisbon, while a strict and close
inquiry 'into the conduct and practices of the
Commercial Board, which was immediately set
on foot, proved that the abuses and frauds which
had crept into the administration of their affairs,
together with the illegal monopolies which they
enjoyed, fully justified Pombal in every thing he
had done, and accounted for their anger and
remonstrances. The Board was consequently
abofished by a decree of September 30th, 1756,
and Pombal and the Desembagador, Ignacio
Ferreira Sonto, were empowered to consolidate a
body of statutes for a new Junta do Commercio,
which latter was in fact established before the
end of the year.
This useful Junta, created for the purpose of
animating and protecting commerce throughout

298 NEW JUNTA ESTABLISHED.
the Portuguese dominions, was composed of a
provedor, a secretary, a procurador, six deputies,
(four of Lisbon and two from Oporto,) a judge con
servator, and a procurador fiscal. The members
of this body were necessarily Portuguese born, or
naturalised foreigners, and were elected for three
years. Their duties were to regulate all affairs
connected with commerce, to prevent and punish
smuggling, and to grant licences for the opening
of retail shops, or to refuse them as they saw fit.
They had also delegated to them, the power of
visiting and inspecting those already open. This
inquisitorial power was granted in order to check
the abuses which were practised in the retail
trade, such as the sale of smuggled goods, and
the possession of two or more shops by indi
viduals : because in the latter case, though the
shops might be tenanted ostensibly under differ
ent names, it was very frequently the case that
the goods belonged to one person, and that person
a foreigner. This clause, however, was more
especially aimed at the English, as will be seen
hereafter, because they carried on the principal

VARIOUS DECREES. 299
commerce, and engrossed much of the profit of
the retail trade. The salary of these officers was
small, and was defrayed by an inconsiderable tax
on the merchandise that passed through the
Custom-house. Another remarkable feature in the administra
tion of Pombal was the promulgation of a decree,
January 5th, 1757, authorising the nobility to
purchase and hold shares in the Maranhao
and Para Company, and declaring that, as the
object of its establishment was to render the
kingdom of Portugal flourishing, it was both
just and proper that all persons, however high
their rank, should be allowed to contribute to
the well-being of the state. Had the nobility of
Portugal acted to this day upon the principle of
this wise measure, they would not now be suffer
ing the evils of poverty, or the bitter recollec
tions of former grandeur. But they have none
to blame. Their own indolence, based on an
indomitable pride, has plunged them into diffi
culties, from which they can only emerge by
great self-denial, active administration of, and

300 SILK MANUFACTURE REVIVED.
personal attendance to, their own affairs. - For,
however small the income, every Portuguese
gentleman thinks it necessary to delegate the
management of his property to a subordinate ;
hence he is frequently ruined, and always
plundered ; and, by such means, many of the
finest estates in the country are actually in
ruins, and their owners in poverty.
Shortly after the formation of the Junta of
Commerce, the royal silk manufactory was
re-established, and life was again given to this
almost dormant branch of industry.
• To follow the chronological order of the most
striking decrees of the government at this period,
I may remark that the condition of sacerdotal
thraldom to which the disastrous reign of
John V. had reduced the country was such, that
it was absolutely necessary to issue a decree,
asserting the King's prerogative to erect churches
in his own dominions without ecclesiastical per
mission !
It is impossible to pass over without notice,
and the expression of great admiration, the

CIVILIZATION OF THE INDIANS. 301
excellent and humane laws that were passed in
1757 and 1758 to civilise the Indians of South
America. They deserve the highest praise, and
reflect the greatest honour on the humanity and
the wisdom of Pombal. They still continue a
model for all future attempts at the civilisation
of savage nations. The temporal administration
assumed by the Jesuits of Para and Maranhao
had been abolished by the decree of the 7th of
June, 1755. This decree conferred the govern
ment of the several villages upon their respective
chiefs. It was now, however, found necessary to
amend the law, and to place the jurisdiction of
each village in the hands of a director, appointed
by the governor or captain-general of the pro
vince. In this new decree, dated May 3rd, 1757,
the most excellent regulations for the well-being
of the colony are contained. The first proviso
is, that the use of the Portuguese language
among the natives is the first and surest means
of civilising, gaining their affections, and securing
their obedience. It was also enacted that in
each village two schools should be established ;

302 REGULATIONS FOR THE INDIANS.
one for boys, who were to be instructed in the
principles of the Christian religion, reading,
writing, and arithmetic; another for girls, who,
in addition, were taught sewing, spinning, lace
making, and other arts suitable to their sex. It
was expressly forbidden that they, the Indians,
should call themselves, or be called, Negroes;
because it was held desirable that they should
respect themselves, and feel that they were free
men, which, to his honour be it said, Pombal
had made them. They were also strictly pro
hibited from strolling about naked, as they were
accustomed to do ; the effect, says Pombal in the
decree, of barbarity, not of virtue. The cultiva
tion of rice, beans, Indian corn, and cotton, was
encouraged ; and these indigenous products were
enjoined to be exchanged for European manufac
tures ; thus wisely opening a source of commerce
and wealth to the country, more appreciable
than all the gold mines ever discovered. To
such Indians as should raise the greatest quan
tity of tobacco, rewards and honours were
offered ; and while the idle were declared to be

POMBAL'S VIEWS OF AGRICULTURE. 303
the bane of society, encouragements to indus
try were liberally offered. The directors were
ordered to furnish every year a schedule of the
lands brought into cultivation (rocas) in their
different districts, declaring the kinds and quan
tities of the plantations, with the names of the
proprietors ; to the end, says the decree, that
industry may be rewarded and idleness discoun
tenanced. It is lastly declared, in this very important
document, that agriculture being the foundation
on which commerce is based, commerce must
decline when agriculture ceases to flourish.
" When agriculture flourishes," says Pombal,
"the most efficacious means of conducting a
kingdom to prosperity is the introduction of
manufactures and commerce; since they enrich
and civilise the people, and consequently render
the state powerful. Commerce essentially con
sists in the sale or exchange of produce, and in
the reciprocal communication of nations : from
the first result profit and riches ; from the last
we acquire humanity and civilisation."..." The

304 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
soul of commerce," he adds, " is in the liberty of
the people."
In these latter observations, the reader cannot
fail to perceive how closely Pombal followed in
the path of Sully, who considered that before
manufactures could be established, or rather be
fore they ought to be supported, agriculture
must be in a flourishing condition. May the
opinions of these two great men influence the
present statesmen in Portugal, and induce them
to alter their narrow policy in commercial
matters ! *
But it was not to agriculture and commerce
alone, to the civilization of the Indians, or to
the quiet and prosperity of the country, that
Pombal confined his attention. He found time
to superintend the rebuilding and embellishment
of the city ; of which the numerous edifices now
existing, and the innumerable decrees which
provided for their construction, sufficiently
testify. * This was written in 1841, when the author was in Por
tugal.

AULO DO COMMERCIO. 305
Until the year 1759, there was no institution
in the city of Lisbon by means of which a native
could obtain a commercial education, and the
merchants were consequently compelled to send
to Venice and Genoa for efficient clerks. Taking,
then, the deficient condition of this branch of
education into consideration, Pombal established
by a decree on the 19th of May, 1759, the Aula do
Commercio for the instruction of pupils in every
variety of commercial knowledge, and placed it
under the surveillance of the Junta do Commer
cio. The fruits of this establishment were fully
matured and apparent in 1775, when 200 pupils
were publicly examined in the presence of the
ministers and other public functionaries, and
their proficiency in all branches of arithmetic
and commercial matters, together with naviga
tion and the sister sciences, did honour to them
selves, to the institution, and its founder.
Among other measures brought about at this
period was a mercantile association known by
the name of the Pernambuco and Paraiba Com
pany ; while an impetus was given to industry
vol. i. x

306 EDUCATIONAL MEASURES.
at home by the restoration of the woollen ma
nufactories in Beira, which had become almost
extinct. I have already referred to the means of edu
cation afforded by Pombal to the native Indians
in the South American colonies of Portugal. At
home, his exertions deserve more lengthened
notice; for, perhaps, no minister of any age or
country ever adopted more energetic measures
towards the extension of a liberal education
among all classes of his countrymen. He en
deavoured by every means in his power to ex
cite and cherish a love of science and learning in
the country, in order that the weight and in
fluence of the people might grow and increase
in proportion with but not faster than the pro
gress of their education. " The cultivation of
literary pursuits," he says, " forms the basis of
all the sciences, and in their perfection consists
the reputation and prosperity of kingdoms."
To carry out these principles, on the 28th of
June, 1759, he promulgated a decree lamenting
the low ebb to which the arts and sciences had

EDUCATIONAL MEASURES. 307
fallen throughout the kingdom, attributing this
to the faulty and pernicious system of instruction
adopted by the Jesuits, while they superintended
the business of public education — "For," says
the decree, " the students, having been led thus
for the space of eight or nine years, find them
selves in the end bewildered in the mazes of
grammar, and totally destitute of all true notions
of the Greek and Latin languages."
To promote the study of the Latin, a professor
of that language was appointed to give gratuitous
instruction in every district in Lisbon; and that
every facility might be afforded for its acquisi
tion, the grammar of Manoel Alvarez was ex
pressly forbidden, " as one which contributes to
render the acquirement of the Latin language
difficult." The grammar and commentaries, of
Antonio Franco, those of Joao Nunez Freire
and of Jose Soares, were also prohibited ; while
that of Madureira was distinctly condemnedjas
" more elaborate and more useless." Those
which were directed to be used were, Novo Me-
thodo da Grammatica Latina, by Antonio Pe-
x 2

308 EDUCATIONAL MEASURES.
reira; and the Arte da Orammatica Latina, by
Antonio Felix Mendez. In every town through*-
out the provinces, one or more professors were
appointed for the same purpose, to which were
added others for teaching Greek, rhetoric, logic,
and other literary arts. And still further to
prove his love for literature, and to show the
exalted opinion he entertained of its influence
upon mankind, and with the hope of elevating
its professors both in their own estimation and
in that of the people, Pombal determined that
they should enjoy the various privileges attached
to nobreza in Portugal ; and so it was accordingly
decreed. In a despatch from the Portuguese minister
then resident at the Court of Vienna, which
despatch is preserved in the Archives of the Le
gation, and dated November 3rd, 1759, we find
the following flattering testimony to the widely
spread reputation of Pombal, and to the fame of
his educational reforms. " The new method for
the Latin and Greek classes established in Portugal
has been approved of here; and the President of

THE SAME ADOPTED AT VIENNA. 309
the Aulic Council has expressed his desire to see
the same method applied in the empire."
The effects of Pombal's enlightened system of
education, adopted by the Austrian Government,
were soon developed ; for, from a subsequent
despatch, we learn how fast the Jesuits were
losing ground in the dominions of Maria Theresa,
The Portuguese minister writes to his govern
ment in a letter dated April 1st, 1759, to the fol
lowing effect. " The Archbishop being informed
that the Jesuits taught in the colleges the doc
trines of Ballumbau and of his commentator
(authors whom the crime of Ravaillac made no
torious), prohibited them. This prelate curbs
the Jesuits, and they regard him with fear, which
is augmented by the knowledge they have of
the respect with which their Majesties consider
his virtues and his talents." And in the months
of September and November following, the writer
further adds : " It is made known that the Uni
versity of Vienna is withdrawn from the hands
of the Jesuits." And, " Their Majesties have
written to the General of the Dominicans and of
x 3

310 ADMIRAL BOSCAWEN.
the Augustins, to send them two learned theo
logians capable of teaching the true doctrine, and
of extirpating the doctrine that the Jesuits had
been introducing in their Majesties' states— a
doctrine pernicious not only to the consciences of
their subjects, but to the lives of sovereigns."
Finally, to deprive them as much as possible of
the education of the Austrian youth, the There-
sianum, or school for the nobles, was taken from
them, and placed under the direction of the
Archbishop. I must not omit the mention of an event which
happened about this time, 1759, as it reflected
great honour on the firm and decided conduct of
Pombal, and caused his name to be viewed with
increased respect throughout Europe. Admiral
Boscawen, in the pursuit of a French squadron
commanded by Admiral de la Clue, came up to
them off the port of Lagos on the Portuguese
coast ; where, forgetful of the law of nations, and
the respect due to the privileges of a neutral
power, he proceeded to attack and capture them
in sight of the Portuguese fortress. Upon this,

CONVENTS ABOLISHED OR REFORMED. 311
Pombal forwarded such an energetic remonstrance
to the Court of St James's, that Lord Chatham,
properly appreciating the motives which in
fluenced him, and aware of the bad effect such
an action would have upon the European Courts
were it not explained away, despatched Lord
Kinnoul to Lisbon to palliate and apologise for
the conduct of the Admiral.*
Among other reforms, the practice of im
muring persons of either sex in convents, where
they passed their days in idleness, if not in vice,
and became heavy burdens on the state, was not
overlooked. The disgraceful scenes which had
been acted in the convent of Odivellas, the theatre
of Dom John the Fifth's debaucheries, and of
which we have already made mention, furnished
Pombal with a sufficient excuse for reforming
these establishments. He abolished one half of
the convents for females, and prohibited for the
future all religious societies, whether male or
female, from receiving any novices before they
* See Appendix, Note 1., at the end of this chapter.
X 4

312 INSCRIPTION ON POMBAL'S PORTRAIT.
attained the age of twenty-five ; and not even
then without an express permission from the
King. Such are a few of the reforms effected by
Pombal during the first ten years of his ministry ;
and it was no over-strained compliment, but a
just appreciation of his merits, that induced his
countrymen to inscribe under his portrait, the
following fines from Horace —
" Dignum laude virum musa vetat mori."*
* See Appendix, Note 2., at the end of this chapter.

PAPERS RELATING TO ADMIRAL BOSCAWEN. 313

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XL
Note 1. page 311. As soon as intelligence of this
event reached England, Lord Chatham immediately
wrote to Mr. Hay, expressing his regret at this breach
of the law of nations, and concluded his despatch by
declaring, that " if the circumstances of. the supposed
grievance should come out to be of sufficient magnitude,
such is the King's strong desire to give the most public
and ostensible satisfaction to the King of Portugal, that
his Majesty will not, I beheve, even be averse to send
ing an extraordinary mission on this occasion."
Lord Kinnoul was accordingly sent to Lisbon as
ambassador, and, shortly after his arrival, on the 29 th
of March, 1760, was admitted to the royal presence,
when he delivered the following address : —
" J'ai les ordres du Roi de la Grande Bretagne, mon
tres-auguste Maitre, de declarer a votre Majeste Tres-
Fidele, que Sa Majeste a trop a coeur les droits des
Souverains, et particulierement les egards dus a l'hon-
neur de la Couronne de Portugal, pour n'avoir pas
appris avec grand regret, I'incident imprevu et facheux
survenu pres de Lagos.
" Ces sentimens de Sa Majeste lui ont suffis (quelques

314 PAPERS RELATING TO ADMIRAL BOSCAWEN.
doutes qu'il se pourrait faire) pour me charger de
cette mission extraordinaire envers Votre Majeste Tr&s-
Fidele, enfin de desavouer au nom de Sa Majeste tout
ce qui, dans la chaleur de la poursuite, peut avoir donne
la moindre atteinte aux immunites de la cote de Por
tugal, comme entierement contraire a ses intentions
royales, dont un des objets les plus cheris a toujours
ete, et sera, de maintenir inviolablement l'amitie la plus
etroite entre sa couronne et celle de Portugal.
" C'est dans cette vue, Sire, et par les motifs d'une
affection distinguee, que le Roi mon maitre s'est fait
un plaisir de donner a V. M. T. F. ce temoignage
eclatant de la sincerity, et de l'etendue de sa considera
tion pour votre personne royale, ainsi que de son at
tention particuliere pour le lustre de votre couronne.
" J'ai d'ailleurs, Sire, les ordres les plus precis
d'assurer Votre Majeste de la sensibilite la plus vive
avec laquelle le Roi mon maitre a ete touche des evene-
mens arrives dans vos royaumes, qui n'ont heureusement
servi qu' a deployer de plus en plus aux yeux de toute
l'Europe la magnanimite et la sagesse de Votre Majeste.
" La lettre que j'ai l'honneur de presenter k Votre
Majeste confirme ces sentimens du Roi mon maitre, que
je viens d'exposer par ses ordres plus au large a Votre
Majeste, aussi bien que sa confiance entiere dans l'amitie
reciproque de Votre Majeste, dont I'experience lui a
fourni tant de preuves."
At this period there were no settled rules or practice
of precedence amongst ambassadors at foreign courts.
It was not until the Congress of Vienna that these

PAPERS RELATING TO POMBAL. 315
points were definitively arranged. A question conse
quently arose at Lisbon between the ambassadors of
England and France touching their rights, which were
often contested even in the royal presence. On this
occasion Pombal recommended " that the King of
Portugal should send a declaration to all the ambas
sadors, that the entrance to his room of audience gave
no precedence, and that he would for the future receive
ambassadors according to the time of their residence at
this Court : " — thus anticipating the decision of the
Congress at Vienna.
Note 2. page 312. The despatches of Mr. Hay and
of Lord Kinnoul afford us some knowledge of the pass
ing events of the period. In one, dated June 3d, 1758,
we learn that Pombal had lately sent his son to Rome
to be educated. At which place he was to remain two
years, and then proceed to Germany.
Diogo de Mendonca, the late Secretary of State for
Marine Affairs, was brought to Lisbon in 1758 to be
banished to Mazagan.
In the month of March, 1760, Lord Kinnoul writes:
" The Count d'Oeyras has been confined to his couch
by a very ugly accident 'of a slip in getting into his
coach, which tore the skin off both his shins ; but he is
now in a way to be soon well." And in August fol
lowing, this minister again wrote : " The Count d'Oeyras
has been for some days much indisposed with a violent
defluxion in his eyes, to which he is subject, particularly
at this time of the year."
On the 10th of March, 1760, the Council of State

316 PAPERS RELATING TO POMBAL.
was re-established ; and the Cardinal Patriarch, the
Archbishop of Evora, Dom John de Braganca, the
Marquis of Tancos, and the Count Baron d'Alvites
were appointed to compose it.
I will allude to one act of Pombal's at this period,
which were well if it were generally imitated at all the
liberal courts of Europe. It was the custom at the
Hague to allow foreign ministers to bring with them on
their arrival whatever they pleased ; but afterwards
they had to pay duty on every thing they imported,
Pombal retaliated, and refused greater exemptions to
the Dutch minister at Lisbon, than those enjoyed by
the Portuguese minister at the Hague.
Pombal himself, on a former occasion, exhibited in his
own conduct an example of that liberality which he
thus sought to extort from the Dutch Court. On
taking leave of the Court of St. James's in 1745, he was
presented with the amount usually received by ministers
of his rank, of 3001., which he nobly refused to accept.
This disinterestedness forms an era in diplomatic his
tory, as Pombal was the first minister who resigned a
perquisite so inconsistent with the dignity and inde
pendence of a royal representative.

CHAPTER XII.
State of the Army at Dom Joseph's Accession — Victories
formerly gained by the Portuguese — And in the Peninsular
War — Origin of the Quarrel between Portugal and Spain —
Its Continuance — Family Compact planned — Its Object —
Demands of France and Spain — Reply — The Spaniards invade
Portugal — They publish a Manifesto — General Indignation
it created — Portugal declares War against France and Spain
— Memorable Sentiments of Dom Joseph on this Occasion —
Defenceless Condition of Portugal — England sends Troops
and Supplies — Count la Lippe arrives and takes the Com
mand of the United Forces — Spaniards compelled to evacuate
the Portuguese Territories — Peace concluded at Fontain-
bleau — Article 21st — Valuable Services rendered by La
Lippe — A Navy is created by Pombal — Departure of La
Lippe — His Advice to the Officers.

THE ARMY AT DOM JOSEPH'S ACCESSION. 319

CHAPTER XII.
When Pombal assumed the administration of
affairs, it is certain no branch of the service
required more vigorous reforms than the army.
Eight, or at most ten, thousand ill-disciplined
troops were all the country could muster, to
repel invasion, or chastise an enemy ; while the
state of the fortifications throughout the kingdom
was such as to render them worse than useless.
To what a miserable condition the feeble govern
ment of Dom John V. had brought the army, we
learn from the following passage written by Ba-
relti, in the year 1759, in his account of Portu
gal: — " I am told that the troops maintained in
this kingdom amount to no more than eight
thousand; and if the private men are all like
those I have seen at Estremos and in Lisbon,

320 THE ARMY AT DOM JOSEPH'S ACCESSION.
there is nowhere in Europe an equal number that
look so wretched. The greater part of them
are absolutely in rags and patches ; and in Lis
bon many of them asked my charity, not only in
the streets, but even where they stood sentinels."
It is possible to believe, however, that the condi
tion of the army was exaggerated or misrepre
sented ; but, allowing the one or the other, it is
undeniable that it was in a most deplorable
state. To a certain extent the fortifications had been
already repaired ; but the disastrous events that
occurred in the early part of Joseph's reign pre
vented Pombal from directing his attention, and
appropriating the resources of the country, to
the organisation and discipline of an army. De
serving as are the Portuguese of the reputation
of good soldiers, and distinguished as they have
ever been, under active and enterprising leaders,
for discipline and valour, it was not a difficult
task to procure good soldiers, when efficient com
manders were found. Pombal knew that, in
their numerous engagements with the Spaniards,

former Victories of the Portuguese. 321
they had obtained the most splendid victories,
under the most disadvantageous circumstances,
when inferior in numbers and pressed by diffi
culties. He knew that they had achieved these
victories from their love of independence, and a
national feeling of confidence and superiority;
which, even when imaginary, often supplies the
place of numbers. He recollected that, at the
famous battle of Aljubarotta, so early as the year
1385, ten thousand Portuguese routed forty
thousand of the flower of Spain ; — that ten thou
sand Spaniards were left dead upon the field, in
cluding three Prinees of the blood, and much of
the chivalry of the kingdom; — that in 1659 the
Spanish general, Don Louis de Haro, left six
thousand men dead on the field of Elvas, besides
prisoners to a considerable amount; — that in
1663, at the battles of Ameixal and Montes
Claros, twelve thousand Spanish troops, then re
puted the best infantry in the world, were
destroyed or captured; — and again, that at the
battle of Villa Vicosa, in the following year, ten
VOL. L Y

322 ORIGIN OF THE QUARREL
thousand Spanish troops were slain, and four
thousand taken prisoners: and he saw no rea
son why armies as efficient as these might not
again be organised, disciplined, and brought into
the field. Nor was he long before he had accom
pfished his object. Had he been endowed with
a prophetic spirit, it would have told him how
gallantly his countrymen would fight and con
quer in the Peninsular campaigns, when war
would cease to be a combat for glory, and become
a struggle for life, and all that makes life valu
able, — liberty, independence, homes, wives, chil
dren, and kinsmen. For in that sanguinary. war
the Portuguese acquitted themselves as became
the soldiers of an ancient and honourable nation,
and performed acts of valour and intrepidity,
deserving of a more distinguished notice, than
the partiality and prejudice of Engfish historians
have been pleased to award them.
It was well, then, that Pombal had begun
to take active measures for the formation
and disciplining of an army ; for events soon
proved that Portugal required all the valour of

BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND SPAIN. 323
her sons, and the energies of her governors.
This will be understood by what follows.
For nearly a century previous to Pombal's
administration, Spain and Portugal had been
engaged in continual quarrels respecting the
Colonia del Sacramento, or Nova Colonia, situate
on the north bank of the Rio de la Plata. This
river had always been understood and acknow
ledged as the southern boundary of the Portu
guese possessions in Brazil. A proof of this,
among others, was the fact that in 1680 the
Spanish governor of Buenos Ayres having taken
possession of the Colonia del Sacramento, Charles
the Second, then king of Spain, ordered its
immediate restitution to the crown of Portugal,
with ample compensation for the damages that
the colonists had sustained ; while the governor
was punished for his conduct in disturbing the
existing harmony of the two countries.*
* In the exceUent compilation of Viscount Santarem,
lately pubhshed, and entitled " Quadro Elementar," &c, the
following account of the satisfaction offered is given.
" 1680. Neste anno sabendo-se em Portugal a aggressao
Y 2

324 CONTINUATION OE THE QUARREL.
Also, by the 6th article of the treaty of
Utrecht signed in 1715, it is expressly declared
that Spain renounces all right and title to the
northern bank of the Rio de la Plata, and that
the said territory belongs to the king of Portugal,
his heirs and successors. By this and other
treaties, the fulfilment of which was moreover
guaranteed by England, the above possession
was firmly secured to Portugal. Constant
altercations and disputes, nevertheless, continued
between the two countries. Again, the treaty
of exchange was made between Portugal and
Spain in 1750, and was intended definitively to
determine this long- disputed boundary question.
But there still remained a contest respecting a
que o Governador de Buenos Ayres tinha feito no colonia do
Sacramento, o Regente, com todo o vigor, obrigou a Corte de
Madrid a emendar o erro d'aqueUe Governador; mandou
retirar de Madrid o seu Ambaixador, o qual antes deixou
uma protesta^o de que, se nao dessem dentro de 20 dias a
satisfacao que era devida, tivessem por declarada a guerra, e
por este modo fez que a Corte de Madrid mandasse logo a
Lisboa um Embaixador para dar a S. A. a satisfa9ao que
pedisse.

FAMILY COMPACT PLANNED. 325
large extent of territory, reaching from the Rio
Pardo to the establishments of the Jesuits in
Paraguay. Finally, a treaty signed February
the 12th, 1761, between the two countries, pro
fessed to decide the whole matter, and to cancel
all previous treaties.
While affairs were in this state, and the points
of dispute seemed to be determined, the Duke
de Choiseul planned and cemented the celebrated
Family Compact between France and Spain.
Charles the Third was then King of Spain, and
Choiseul succeeded in persuading him that the
most advantageous and certain mode of weaken
ing England would be by attacking Portugal.
Voltaire with some reason calls this manoeuvre
the greatest pofitical stroke that modern history
records. But, he adds, it was unsuccessful.
Les Anglais ont resiste a l'Espagne, et ont sauve
le Portugal.
But the members of the Family Compact had
something more in view than merely diverting
the forces of Great Britain. Spain desired once
more to unite Portugal to her dominions; and
y 3

326 OBJECTS OE THE EAMILY COMPACT.
France was eager to seize her valuable colonies.
But Pombal was accurately informed of all their
designs long ere they were declared ; and upon
that knowledge urgently solicited assistance from
England as the most ancient ally of Portugal.*!
In the mean while, with a duplicity which can
not be sufficiently reprobated, the king of Spain
wrote to Dom Joseph, declaring that he had no
views on the crown of Portugal, but required
his Most Faithful Majesty to close his ports to
the English ; and that, if the forces of his Most
Faithful Majesty were not sufficient to support
* It will be recollected, that it was at the latter end of the
year 1761, when Lord Chatham retired from the ministry,
since, as he himself expressed it, he was no longer allowed
to guide. Suspecting the plans of France and Spain, he had
proposed to declare war against Spain before the Bourbons
were prepared, and the Spanish treasure was arrived from
America. Lord Temple was the only member of the Cabinet
who supported him. Three months after Lord Chatham's
resignation, war was declared by his successors in the mi
nistry. In the voluminous negotiations between England
and Portugal at this period, the correctness of Lord Chatham's
views is fully confirmed.
f See Appendix, Note 1., at the end of this chapter.

DEMANDS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN. 327
that purpose, he would assist him with his own
army. It is needless to add, that both Dom Joseph
and his Minister were indignant at this disgrace
ful proceeding and insulting proposition.*
Shortly after, Lord Tyrawley arrived at
Lisbon. On the 16th of March, 1762, the
Courts of Versailles and Madrid sent notes to that
of Lisbon, demanding in the space of four days
a positive answer whether or not it was the
intention of Portugal to renounce the Engfish
alliance. To these peremptory notes Pombal
replied, within the period specified, " that his
Most Faithful Majesty ardently desired, in consi
deration of his neutrality with the three Crowns,
to offer his mediation in order to renew the con
ferences that had been recently interrupted, and
to spare the effusion of more blood; that he
could not in the face of so many treaties declare
himself against his ancient ally; and that he
would not expose his people to the horrors of
* See Appendix, Note 2., at the end of this chapter.
Y 4

328 pombal's active measures.
war, a state which so many recent misfortunes
had put it out of their power to carry on."
After some other ineffectual attempts on the
part of the French and Spanish ambassadors,
they abruptly quitted Lisbon towards the end of
April without taking leave.
During this period Pombal was not inactive
in preparing the means of defence. The Count
d'Unhao was appointed governor of Elvas. The
Marquis of Lourical took the government of the
Algarves. Dom John de Lancaster received the
command of the province of Minho ; and Jose
Felix da Cunha that of Beira. Dom Rodrigo
de Noronha, brother to the Marquis of Ma-
rialva, and who enjoyed the highest military
reputation in Portugal, was created a Lieut. -
General and recalled to Lisbon. Recruits poured
in from the provinces, and stores arrived from
England. On this occasion Pombal said, " If the Spaniards
take umbrage at these military preparations, it
will only be a stronger proof of their evil inten
tions ; for a neighbour that is affronted because I

THE SPANIARDS INVADE PORTUGAL. 329
shut my door, may fairly be suspected of an
intention to rob me."
On the 5th of May, although war was not yet
actually declared by either of the parties, the
Spaniards, under the Marquis of Sarria, entered
the Portuguese territory, and marched into the
province of Tras os Montes ; and, in a few days
after, took possession successively of Miranda,
Braganca, Chaves, and Moncorvo. The Mar
quis then published a Manifesto to the effect
" that his sole motive in entering Portugal was
to deliver the kingdom from the English yoke ;
that he and his troops came as friends ; but that
in case of resistance he should employ against
the Portuguese themselves the forces that were
intended against the English." Such shallow
pretences to conceal perfidy and ambition filled
the whole nation with indignation. Pombal
now saw that hostilities were inevitable, and,
notwithstanding the almost defenceless condi
tion of the country, boldly declared war against
the two countries, and ordered all correspond
ence between them and Portugal to cease.

330 SENTIMENTS OF DOM JOSEPH.
French and Spanish subjects were directed to
leave the Portuguese territories in fifteen days,
and notice was given to all the subjects of his
Most Faithful Majesty to return home without
delay. The Courts of Versailles and Madrid replied
to the declaration of war by asserting their right
to make war on Portugal because she preferred
the English alliance to that of France and Spain !
The sentiments of Dom Joseph on this occasion
are worthy of record. He said, " It would
affect him less, though reduced to the last ex
tremity, to let the last tile of his palace fall, and
to see his faithful subjects spill the last drop of
their blood, than to sacrifice, together with the
honour of his crown, all that Portugal holds
most dear, and to submit, by such extraordinary
means, to become an unheard-of and fatal ex
ample to all pacific powers, who will no longer
be able to enjoy the benefit of neutrality, when
ever a war shall be kindled between other powers
with which the former are cemented by defensive
treaties."

SUPPLIES FROM ENGLAND. 331
Never was Portugal in a worse condition for
carrying on a war. But difficulties vanished
before the mighty mind of the great minister.
With incredible celerity 36,000 foot, and 6000
horse, besides the militia, were raised, and pro
perly accoutred, to which 5000 were added to
form the artillery. England, not unmindful of
her ancient ally, sent 10,000 men; and at the
same time despatched the celebrated Count La
Lippe* to take command of the united forces of
the two countries; while to the Prince Charles
of Mecklenbourg Strelitz was confided the direc
tion of the artillery. An army like this, animated
with patriotism, and incensed against the perfidy
of the Spaniards, could not be long ingloriously
engaged. On every side the Spaniards were
worsted, and in a short time, such was the vigour
with which the operations were conducted, that
they were driven before the victorious allies, and
* La Lippe was born in England, and served in the Guards
when young. His name is respected in Germany as the
early patron of Herder and Abt.

332 TREATY OF PEACE.
compelled to evacuate the Portuguese terri
tories.* The particulars of this war can have no place
here. A treaty of peace was at length concluded
at Fontainebleau in 1763; by the 21st Article of
which it is declared, " that the French and Spa
nish troops will evacuate all the territories, fields,
cities, forts, and castles of his Most Faithful
Majesty, situated in Europe, that may have been
conquered by the armies of France and Spain,
without any reserve; and will restore them in
the same condition in which they were when the
conquest was made, and with the same artillery
and military stores that were found in them.
And with respect to the Portuguese colonies in
America, Africa, and the East Indies, if any
change has occurred, everything will be replaced
in the same state in which they were, and in con
formity with preceding treaties which subsist
between the courts of Spain, France, and Portu
gal before the present war."
* See Appendix, Note 3., at the end of this chapter.

LA LIPPE'S VALUABLE SERVICES. 333
Though the English troops were withdrawn,
their general did not accompany them. He re
mained in Portugal for some time after, assisting
Pombal in disciplining the troops, and putting
the fortresses of the kingdom in a state of
defence. Elvas was strengthened by the addi
tion of a fort which still bears the name of La
Lippe; probably the only memorial in Portugal
to remind that nation of the important services
rendered by that successful commander. Dom
Joseph, affected by the friendship of George the
Third, wrote to thank him for having sent to
Portugal so valuable a man. That La Lippe
was deserving of the highest honours and re
wards the Portuguese nation could bestow, all
were aware. But the noble general was not
mercenary. He refused all pecuniary recom-
pence, contenting himself with the glory he had
obtained, and the possession of a nation's grati
tude. He was a strict disciplinarian, an inde
fatigable commander, and an enterprising officer.
He was exceedingly jealous of the reputation of
a soldier ; and it is said, that he insisted that no

334 NAVY CREATED BY POMBAL.
officer should refuse to fight a duel on pretence
of scruples of conscience, under penalty of dis*
missal from the service.*
Peace having been thus restored, Pombal
turned his attention to the navy, which was in a
more deplorable condition than the army before
he commenced its re-organization, for it was
reduced to two ships! and such was its weak
ness, that the Algerine corsairs were accustomed
to make descents on the coast, and plunder the
inhabitants. They also attacked the merchant
vessels, so that they were compelled to remain
in port until a convoy could be spared to protect
them. Under these circumstances, Pombal set
more than three hundred English shipwrights to
work in the dockyard and arsenal at Lisbon ;
and such was the steadiness and celerity with
which they laboured, that in a few years the
Portuguese navy was augmented to ten ships of
the line and a proportionate number of frigates.
And that the colonies might be as well protected
* See Appendix, Note 4., at the end of this chapter.

LA LIPPE S ADVICE TO THE OFFICERS. 335
as the mother country, he despatched vessels
with engineers, workmen, and materials, to
Mozambique and Brazil, to build forts in those
countries. Spain was uneasy at the continuation of these
warlike preparations after peace had been con
cluded, and anxiously inquired to what end they
tended. Pombal replied, that his preparations
were only what every one had a right to make,
namely, to be prepared against sudden attacks of
Ms enemies. But the Spanish government was
not satisfied with the sincerity of this answer
until a Portuguese minister arrived at Madrid,
and La Lippe took his departure for England.
Before the latter left Portugal, he addressed
letters to the colonels of the different regiments,
enforcing in the strongest terms the necessity
of preserving that military discipline which he
had introduced. He further proved the esteem
in which he held the genius of Pombal, by
recommending them in all future emergencies
to seek the advice and assistance of that distin
guished statesman.

EXTRACTS FROM DESPATCHES. 337

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XII.
Note 1. p. 326. So early as the 23d of May, 1760,
M. de Mello, Portuguese minister at London, by the
directions of Pombal, had called upon the British Go
vernment for assistance, if necessary, against the French,
whose intrigues and intentions were at the same time
fully communicated. We learn Pombal's sentiments on
this subject from a despatch written by Lord Kinnoul,
and dated April 16th, 1760. " The Count d'Oeyras
told me that indeed France cannot, in their present
situation, do us any great prejudice. Their marine
destroyed ; their commerce ruined ; their population
diminished ; their agriculture neglected ; their finances
so exhausted, that they do not know how to find the
means of supplying the necessary expenses of the war ;
their people at the same time loaded with impositions ;
their ministers ignorant of the true interests of their
country ; and their councils not guided by the rules of
sound policy.". . ." Indeed he (Pombal) knew that twenty
years ago a plan had been formed at Paris and sent to
Madrid, to invite Spain into an offensive war against
Portugal, and to propose the partition of the dominions
VOL. I. Z

338 PAPERS RELATING TO
of his Most Faithful Majesty, by which the kingdom
of Portugal and the islands were to be annexed to the
Crown of Spain, and France was to have the Brazils.
That he thought that the ministers of the Court of
Spain must be very short-sighted if they ever gave into
such a proposal ; that they must not suppose that all
the rest of Europe would sit still with their arms across,
and be willing to receive the law from France ; that if
France was in possession of the Brazils, and the other
colonies belonging to the Crown of Portugal, they
would soon be too powerful for the rest of Europe,
and Spain itself would feel the effects of that power."
" The Count d'Oeyras attributed the part which France
seemed determined to act towards this Court, chiefly to
their favourite view of distressing the trade of Great
Britain." Note 2. page 327. A despatch from Mr. Hay, dated
February 9th, 1762, thus eulogizes the conduct of
Dom Joseph and his minister on this trying occasion : —
" I must do the Count the justice to say, that amidst
the reflections that must naturally occur upon the pro
spect of so great a calamity as that which is expected to
happen, I have always found him perfectly cool and
calm, steady to his principles, and clear in his expres
sions, and the system he has laid down — which con
firms me in my opinion of the superior talents of this
minister ; but which would be all lost if they were not
supported by his royal master, whose fortitude and
magnanimity cannot be sufficiently admired. He has

THE WAR IN PORTUGAL. 339
displayed these virtues upon other occasions, but never
in so conspicuous a light as at this time, when without
cause or provocation on his part, and even after the
warmest expressions of affection and assurances of
friendship from his brother-in-law (the Spanish king), he
sees himself, his family, and his subjects at the eve of
being a sacrifice to the wicked machinations of French
councils, and his kingdom perfidiously invaded by his
nearest relations. Self-preservation is a natural prin
ciple in time of danger; and the situation of this
country after so many great calamities might very
naturally have suggested contrary measures. But this
great and good monarch goes upon a nobler plan — a
just resentment of so perfidious a conduct ; and the
noble resolution of standing forth, together with the
ancient ally of this Crown, in defence of the liberties of
Europe." Note 3. page 332. Lord Tyrawley gave a pitiful
account of the state of warlike preparations which he
found on his arrival ; but he confesses that " the
Conde d'Oeyras seems to facilitate every thing as I
could wish." And in another letter comments on the
calm resolution of Pombal in the following words:
" the Conde d'Oeyras seems quite easy under the
distresses of his country."
It appears that the Spaniards had 40,000 men be
tween Zamora; Salamanca, and Ciudad Rodrigo. At
the siege of Miranda, on the 7th of May, 1762, a powder
magazine blew up, which unfortunately killed several
z 2

340 PAPERS RELATING TO
hundred men, and made two breaches in the. walls.
The Governor surrendered the next day.
Braganca and Chaves were open cities, having no
defences but old ruined walls. The fortifications of
Valenca, however, were completely repaired ; and the
enemy met with checks in two places — in the passage
of the mountains of Monte Alegre, between Chaves and
Oporto ; and in the attempt to pass the Douro near
Torre de Moncorvo.
Pombal thus informs Mr. Hay of the first of these
checks : — " Vous trouverez ci-jointe la substance des
informations que nous venons de recevoir des provinces
de Tras-os-Montes, Minho, et Beira. De la premiere
des dites provinces, on a ete ici fort mal informe par
M. le commandant age de quatre vingt ans passes. Si
on le laissait faire, il marcherait devant les ennemis
jusqu'a Jerusalem. Mais Messieurs de Lancastre et
d' Almada, l'ont fait suspendre sur les pas des mon-
tagnes de Monte Alegre," &c.
The Count de la Lippe arrived at Lisbon on the 3d
of July, 1762. A week after, he writes to the British
Government : " I have employed every day since my
arrival to get information of the real state of the mili
tary preparations they are now making in this country.
I found most things surpass, by much, my expectations,
and particularly the manufacture of muskets. There
is powder, cannon, bullets, and founderies. These
things only want order. There are also pretty good
workmen."

THE WAR IN PORTUGAL. 341
This praise is, however, a little qualified in a subse
quent despatch, two months later, written from the
provinces. " Since my arrival at this army, I found
things greatly different from what I expected when at
Lisbon, where military preparations, on account of
being almost under Count d'Oeyras's eye, go on with
more vigour, zeal, and activity."
Note 4. page 334. Before La Lippe's departure,
Mr. Hay informs us, " the affairs of the army have been
put under an entirely new regulation, concerted between
the Count de La Lippe and the Count d'Oeyras. The
regiments of two battalions have most of them been
reduced to one, and the establishment proposed to be
kept up is thirty regiments of infantry, — some twelve
some fourteen companies of sixty men each, — which
will amount to about four and twenty thousand foot.
The cavalry will be about six thousand men."
In the same despatch, dated June 22nd, 1763, the
offences of the two Swiss colonels are alluded to.
" During the campaign last year, two battalions of
Swiss were raised. The command of the one was given
to M. Thorman, and the other to M. de Saussure, both
of them Swiss officers who had served with reputation
in other countries. But the conduct of these gentle
men has not answered the expectation of the Court.
M. Thorman, after having committed many irregu
larities, has thought proper to leave the country. He
has since been tried by a court-martial, and sentenced
to be hanged in effigy. M. de Saussure, who is under

342 PAPERS RELATING TO
confinement in the castle of St. Julian, has also been
tried. The principal accusation against him is that of
false musters. The sentence of the court-martial de
clares him incapable of serving his Most Faithful
Majesty, and to continue a prisoner until he has re
funded the sum of which he has defrauded the Govern
ment." As every act of the Government during Pombal's
administration was so misrepresented by the Jesuits
and his other enemies, this, and similar plain accounts
of the passing occurrences, will serve instead of a
lengthened vindication.
It may be curious to learn the nature of the presents
that La Lippe received on his departure. " His High
ness, the reigning Count de Schaumbourg Lippe, has
taken leave of the Court, and will embark to-morrow
(Sept. 20th, 1764). The presents his Highness has
received are six small pieces of cannon of massive gold
of very curious workmanship, with his Highness's coat
of arms upon each, upon carriages of Brazil wood bound
with silver plate, and the wheels of silver ; a diamond
star for his Order of the Black Eagle ; his Most Faithful
Majesty's picture set in diamonds, and a set of diamond
buckles." When we consider that Pombal was the contriver or
director of every reform and negotiation at this period
carrying on, whether in the Home, Foreign, or Colonial
Departments, we cannot withhold our amazement at
his still finding time and energies to devote to the

THE WAR IN PORTUGAL. 343
superintendence of the army ; for, as the concluding
part of Mr. Hay's despatch informs us, he added the
duties of commander-in-chief to his other responsibilities.
"His Most Faithful Majesty takes the military affairs
under his immediate care, and of which the Count
d'Oeyras will have the principal direction."

END OE THE FIRST VOLUME.

London :
Printed by A. Spottiswoode,
New- Street- Square.

June 1843.

A CATALOGUE OF
NEW WOBKS AND NEW EDITIONS

PRINTED FOR

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,

LONDON.

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL
AFFAIRS. rages
Bayldon On valuing Rents, Sc. - 3
" the Valuation of Pro
perty for Poor's Rate -
Crocker's Land-SurveyiDg -
Davy's Agricultural Chemistry -
Johnson's Fanner's Encyclopedia
Loudon's Encycloptedia of Agri
culture -
Low's Elements of Ajrriculture -
" Breeds of the Domesticated
Animals of Great Britain -

ib.

ARTS, MANUFACTURES,
AND ARCHITECTURE.
Brande's Dictionary of Science,
Literature, and Art - - - 5
Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architec
ture - - - - - - 10
London's Encyclopedia of Cottage ,
Farm, and Villa Architecture and
Furniture - - - - - 1"
Porter'B Manufacture of Silk - - 23
« " Porcelain & Glass ib,
Savage's Dictionary of Printing - 25
Ore's Dictionary of Arts, Manufac
tures, and Mines - - - - 31
BIOGRAPHY.
Aikin's Life of Addison 3
Bell's Lives of the most eminent
British Poets - - - 4
Biographical Dictionary of the So
ciety for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge ----- lb.
Dover's Life of the King of Prussia 8
Dunham's Lives of the Early "Wri
ters of Great Britain - ib.
" Lives of the British
Dramatists - - - ib.
Forster's Statesmen of the Com
monwealth of England - - 9
Glei^'s Lives of the most Eminent
British Military Commanders - ib.
Harford's Life of Dr. Burgess - 10
Jackson's Life of Wellington - - 13
James's Life of the Black Prince - ib.
" Lives of the most Eminent
Foreign Statesmen - - - ib.
Maunder's Biographical Treasury - 20
Roscoe's Lives of eminent British
Law vers ----- 25
Russell's Correspondence of the
Duke of Bedford - 25
Shelley's Lives of the most eminent
Literary Men of Italy,
Spain, and Portugal - 26
" Lives of the most eminent
French Writers - - ib.
Smith's Memoirs of the Marquis de
Pombal ----- 27
Russell's Correspondence of the
fourth Duke of Bedford - - 25
Southey's Lues of tlie British Ad
mirals - - ib.

BOOKS OF GENERAL
UTILITY.
Donovan's Domestic Economy - 8
Hints on Etiquette - 11
| Hudson's Parent's Hand-book - 12
" Executor's Guide - - 13
" On Making Wills - - ib.
Manual for Mechanics' Institutions 18
Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge 20
" Scientific and Literary

ANALYTICAL INDEX.

Pages
Maunder's Treasury - - - ib.
Treasury of History and
** Biographical Treasury - ib.
Geography - - 20
Riddle's Diamond Latin-English
Dictionary ----- 24
Short Whist ----- 26
Thomson's Domestic Management
of the Sick Room - 09
Tomlins's Law Dictionary - - 30
"Waltzing, Essay on - 31
BOTANY AND GARDENING
IN GENERAL.
Callcott's Scripture Herbal 6
Conversations on Botany - - ib.
Drummond's First Steps to Botany 8
Glendinning On the Culture of the
Pineapple - - 9
Grigor's Eastern Arboretum - - 10
Henslow's Botany - - - - H
Hoare On Cultivation of the Grape
Vine on Open Walls - - - ib.
Hooker's British Flora - - ib.
" Icones Plantarum - - ib.
" Compendium of English
Flora - - - - ib.
" Ditto in Latin - - - ib.
" and Taylor's Muscologia
Britannica - - - 12
Jackson's Pictorial Flora - - 13
Knapp's Gramina Britannica - 14
Lindley's Theory of Horticulture - 16
" Outline of the First Prin
ciples of Horticulture - ib.
" Guide to the Orchard and
Kitchen Garden - - ib.
" Introduction to Botany - 15
" NaturalSystemofBotany ib.
" Flora Med ica - - - 10
" School Botany - - »b.
" Synopsis of British Flora ib.
Loudon's Hortus Britannicus - 17
" " Lignosis Londinensis ib,
" Encyclopaedia of Trees
and Shrubs - - 16
" " Gardening ib.
« » Plants - 17
" Suburban Garden and
Villa Companion - ib-
" Cemeteries and Church
yard^ ------ ib.
Reptoift Landscape Gardening and
Landscape Architecture - - 24
Rivera's Rose Amateur's Guide ib.
Roberts On the Vine - - ib.
Rogers's Vegetable Cultivator 25
Smith's Introduction to Botany 26
" English Hora - - - ib.
CHRONOLOGY.
Blair's Chronological Tables 4
Nicolas's Chronology of History - 22
Riddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology 24
COMMERCE AND MERCAN
TILE AFFAIRS.
M'Culloch's Dictionary of Com
merce and Commer. Navigation - 20
Steel's Shipmaster's Assistant 28
GEOGRAPHY S, ATLASES.
Butler's Sketch of Ancient and
Modern Geography - 5
" Atlas of Modern Geography ib.
tc *' Ancient do. - - ib.
Hall's New General Atlas - - 10
M'Culloch's Dictionary, Geogra-
phical, Statistical, and Historical 20

Pages
Malte-Brun's Geography - - 18
Maunder's Treasury of Geography
and History - - - - 20
Murray's Encyclop. of Geography • 22
Walker's Britibh Atlas - - 31
HISTORY.
Addison's History of the .Knights
Templars - 3
Bell's History of Russia - - i
Bloomfield's Translation of Thu-
cydides - - - - - ib.
Cooley's History of Maritime and
Inland Discovery - - - 7
Crowe's History of France - - ib.
Dunham's History of Spain and
Portugal - - - 8
" History of Europe dur
ing the Middle Ages - ib.
" History of the German
Empire - - - ib.
" History of Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway - ib.
" . History of Poland - ib.
Fergus's History of United States
of America ----- 8
Grattan's History of Netherlands - ib.
Keightley's Outlines of History - 6
" History of England - 14
" Elementary do. - - ib.
" History of Greece - ib.
" Elementary do. - - ib.
" History of Rome - ib.
" Elementary do. - - ib.
" Hist, of Roman Empire ib.
" Questions on the above ib.
HUtories, separate - - - ib.
M'Culloch's Dictionary, Historical,
Geographical, and Statistical - 20
Mackintosh's History of England - 18
Maunder's Treasury of History and
Geography ----- 20
Moore's History of Ireland - - 21
Rome, History of - - - - 25
Russell's Correspondence of the
Duke of Bedford - 25
Scott's History of Scotland - - ib.
Sismondi's History of the Fall of
Roman Empire - 26
" History of the Italian
Republics - - - - - ib.
Stebbing's History of the Christian
Church - 27
" History of Reformation ib.
Switzerland, History of - - - 29
Thirlwall's History of Greece - ib.
Turner's History of England - 30
JUVENILE BOOKS,
IKCLI7DINQ MRS. MAHCET'8 works.
Boy's (the) Country Book 12
" Own Book - 5
Ladies' (the Young) Book Z'i
Marcet's Conversations —
On the History of England 1
On Chemistry -
On Natural Philosophy -
On Political Economy
On Vegetable Physiology
For Children -
" The Game of Grammar - ib
" Mary's Grammar - - - ib.
" John Hopkins's Notions of
Political Economy - - ib
" "Willy's Holidays - - - ib
" " Stories for Young
Children - -
" The Seasons -
Mairyat's Masterman Ready -

ANALYTICAL INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS.

MEDICINE.

Pages

Bull's Hints to Mothers -
" Management of Children - ib.
Copland 's Dictionary of Medicine - 7
ElUotson's Human Physiology - 8
Frankum On Enlarged Abdomen - 9
Holland's Medical Notes - - 11
Macleod On Rheumatism - ib.
Pereira On Food and Diet 23
Reece'B Medical Guide - 24

MISCELLANEOUS.
BoBWorth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 4
Bray's Philosophy of Necessity - 5
Cavendish's Debates 6
Clavers's Forest Life -__ ib.
Colton's Lacon - - - - ib.
Dendy's Philosophy of Mystery - ib.
Good's Book of Nature - - ' - 9
Graham's English - - - - ib.
" Helps to English Grammar ib.
Guest's Mabinogion - 10
Holland's Progressive Education - ib.
Howitt's Rural Life of England - 12
w "Visits to Remarkable Places ib.
" Student- Life of Germany - ib.
" Rural and Domestic Life
of Germany - - - ib,
" Colonisation and Chris
tianity - - - - ib.
Life of a Travelling Physician. - 15
Macaulay's Critical and Historical
Essays ------ 18
Milne On the Valuation of Annuities
and Assurance on Lives, &c. - 21
Morgan On Assurances, Annuities,
and Reversions - - - - ib.
Morgan (De) On Probabilities - 7
Peter Plymley's Letters - 26
Seaward'B Narrative of Shipwreck- ib.
Smith'B (Rev. Sydney) "Works - ib.
Taylor's Statesman - - - 29

NATURAL HISTORY IN
GENERAL.
CatlowlB Popular Conchology - 6
Gray'sFigures of MolluscouBAnimals 9
*' Genera of Birds 9
Jenyns's British Vertebrate Animals 13
Kirby and Spence's Entomology - 14
Reeve's Conchologia Systematica - 24
Stephens's British Coleoptera - 27
SwainBon On the Study of Natural
History - 28
" Animals - - - - ib.
" Quadrupeds - - - ib.
" Birds - - - - ib.
" Animals in .Menageries - ib.
w Fish, Amphibians, and
Reptiles - - - ib.
" Insects - - - - ib.
" Malacology - - - ib.
** Habits and Instincts of
Animals - - - ib.
Taxidermy  29
Turton's Shells of the BritishJsl rinds 31
"Waterton's Essays on Natural Hist, ib.
Westwood's Classification of Insects 32

NOVELS AND WORKS OF
FICTtON.
Blessington's (Lady) Meredith - 31
Doctor Jtiut)  7
Howitt's (Mary) Neighbours - - 12
" " Home - - - ib.
Ingemann'e King Eric and the
Outlaws ----- 13
James's Eva St. Clair - - 13
" Novels - - ib.
Marrvat'B Masterman Ready - - 19
RambleB of the Emperor Ching Tib 16

ONE-VOLUME
ENCYCLOP/EDIAS AND
DICTIONARIES.
Blaine's. Encyclopcedia of Rural
Sports ------
Brande's Dictionary of Science,
Literature^ and Art - - -
Copland's Dictionary of Medicine -
Gwilt's Encyclopedia of Architec
ture ------ i

Pages
Johnson 's.Farmer's Encyclopaedia - 13
Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Trees
and. Shrubs - - - 16
" Encyclopaedia of Gar
dening - - ib,
" Encyclopaedia of Agri
culture - - - ib.
" Encyclopaedia of Plants - 17
M'Culloch's Dictionary, Geograr-
phicaiL Statistical,
and Historical - 20
" Dictionary, Practical,
Theoretical, &c, of
Commerce - - 21
Murray's Encyclopcedia of Geogra
phy  22
Savage's Dictionary of Printing - 25
Ure's Dictionary ot Arts, Manufac
tures, and Mines - - - - 31

POETRY AND THE DRAMA.
Aikm's (Dr.) British Poets 26
Baillie's New Dramas 3
" Plays of the Passions - ib.
Bowdler's Family Shakespeare - 15
L. E. L.'s Poetical Works - - 26
Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome 18
Milton's L'ABegro and II Penseroso 21
Montgomery's Poetical Works - ib.
Moore's Poetical Works - - ib.
" LallaRookh, medium 8vo- ib.
** " " fcp. 8vo. - ib.
" Irish Melodies - ' - ib.
Moral of Flowers - ib.
Southey's Poetical Works - 27
" BritiBh Poets - ' - - 26
Spirit of the Woods - 27
Thomson's Seasons - - - 29

POLITICAL ECONOMY
AND STATISTICS.
M'Culloch's Geographical, Statisti
cal, and Historical Dictionary
" Political Economy - j
Smith's Wealth of Natrons -
Spackman's Statistical Tables - i
Tooke's History of Prices

RELIGIOUS AND MORAL
WORKS. ETC.
Bellamy's Bible -
Bloomfield's Greek Testament - il
<r College and School do. il
u Greek & English Lexi
con to NewTestament il
Burder's Oriental Customs -
Bums's Christian Philosophy
Callcott's Scripture Herbal -
Dibdin's Sunday Library - 2
Doddridge's Family Expositor
Ford's New Devout Communicant
" Century of Prayers - - il
Hareoitrt'B Doctrine of the Deluge 1
Kippis's Collection of Hymns, &c. - ]
Marriage Gift - - - _ . j
O'Sullivan Of the Apostacy pre
dicted by St. Paifi - S
Parkes's Domestic Duties - il
Pearson's Prayers for Families 5
Riddle's Letters from a Godfather - S
Robinson's Greek&EnglishLexicon to the New Testament I
Sandford'sEnglishFemaleWorthiea i
" Female Improvement - il
" On Woman - - - i
Tate's History of St. Paul - - j
Tayler's Translation of Dora Mel-
der ------
Turner's Sacred History - - :
Wardlaw's Sermons - - - i
" On Socinian Controversy i
White On the Gospel - - - ;

RURAL SPORTS.
Bainbridge's Fly-fisher'a Guide - 3
Blaine'B Dictionary of Sports - 4
Hansard's Fishing in Wales - - 10
Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen ib.
Martingale's Sporting Scenes - 20
Ronalds's Fly-fi8her'B Entomology 24
Thacker's Courser's Companion - 29
a Coursing Rules - - ib.

THE SCIENCES IN CENERAL
AND MATHEMATICS. Pages
BakeweU's Introduction to Geology 3
Brande's Dictionary 01 Scfence,
Literature, and Art 5
Brewster's Optics - - - - ib.
Bischoff On the Heat of the Globe- 4
Conversations on Mineralogy - 7
De la Beohe1 On the Geology of
Cornwall, &c. - ib.
Donovan's Chemistry 8
Farey On the Steam Engine - - 8
Fosbroke On the Arts, Manne. b,
Manufactures, and Institutions
of the Greeks and Romans - - 9
Greener's Science of Gunnery - 10
" On the Gun - - - ib.
¦Herschel's Natural Philosophy - 11
" Astronomy - - - ib.
Holland's Manufactures in Metal - 11
Kane's Elements of ChemiBtry 14
K.iti*r and Lardner's Mechanics- ' ib.
Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia 15
" Hydrostatics and Pneu
matics- - - - ib.
" Electricity & Magnetism ib
" Arithmetic - - - ib.
" Geometry - - - ib.
" Treatise on Heat - - ib.
Lloyd On Light and Vision - - 16
Mackenzie's Physiology of Vision - 18
Marcet's (Mrs,) Conversations on
the Sciences, &c. - - 18 — 19
Moseley's Practical Mechanics - 22
" EngineeringffiArchitecture ib.
Narrien's Elements of Geometry - ib.
Parnell On Roads - ... 22
PearBon's Practical .Astronomy - 28
Phillips's Palaeozoic Fossils
Cornwall, &c,

Guide to Gee
Treatise on Geology

Geology -
m Geology

ib.ib. ib.

Introduct. to Mineralogy ib.
Portlock's Report on the Geology
of Londonderry - - - - ib.
Powell's Natural Philosophy - - 24
Roberts's Dictionary of Geology - ib.
Wilkinson's Engines of War - - 32
Wood On Railroads - - - ib.
TOPOGRAPHY AND
GUIDE BOOKS.
AddiBon's History of the Temple
Church - 3
" Guide to ditto ib.
Britton's Picture of London - - 6
Guide to all the Watering Places in
Great Britain - - - - 10
Wellbeloved's York under the
Romans - 31

TRANSACTIONS OF
SOCIETIES.
Transactions of the Entomological
Society - - 30
" Zoological Society ib.
" Linneean Society - ib.
" Institution of Civil
Engineers - ib.
" Royal Institute of
British Architects ib.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society 24
TRAVELS.
China, Last Tear in, - 6
De Custine's Russia - - 7
Laing's Notes of a Traveller - - 15
" Residence in Norway - ib.
" Tour in Sweden - - 14
Strong'B Greece as a Kingdom - 28
Wilde's Travels in Austria - - 32

VETERINARY MEDICINE
AND AFFAIRS.
Cherry On the Art of Shoeing Hotses 6
Morton's Veterinary Medicine - 22
" " Toxicological Chart ib,
Percivall'B Hippopatholojgy - - 23
" Anatomy of the Horse - ib.
Wpooner On tlie Foot and Leg of
the" Horse - - 27
" On the Influenza of Horses ib.
Thomson's Animal Chemistry - 29
Turner's Experiments on Animals 30
" On the Foot of the Horse - 31
White's Veterinary Art - - 32
" Cattle Medicine - ib.

CATALOGUE,

kC. &;C.

ADDISON.-THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.
By C. G. Addison, of the Inner Temple. 2d Edition, enlarged, 1 vol. square crown Svo. with
Illustrations. 16s. cloth.
ADDISON.-THE TEMPLE CHURCH IN LONDON :
Its History and Antiquities. By C. G. Addison, Esq., of the Inner Temple ; Author of
"The History of the Knights Templars." Square crown 8vo. with Six Plates, 5s. cloth.
ADDISON.-AEULL AND COMPLETE GUIDE, HISTORICAL
AND DESCRIPTIVE, TO THE TEMPLfe CHURCH. (From Mr. Addison's " History of
the Temple Church.") Square crown Svo. Is. sewed.
AIKIN.-THE LIFE OE JOSEPH ADDISON.
Illustrated by many of Lis Letters and Private Papers never before published. By Lucy
Aikin. 2 vols, post 8vo. with Portrait from Sir Godfrey Kneller's Picture. 18s. cloth.
BAILLIE'S (JOANNA) NEW DRAMAS.
3 vols. 8vo. £\. 16s. boards.
BAILLIE'S (JOANNA) PLAYS ON THE PASSIONS.
3 vols. Svo. £1. lis. 6d. boards.
BAINBRIDGE.-THE FLY-FISHER'S GUIDE,
Illustrated by Coloured Plates, representing upwards of 40 of the most useful Flies, accurately
copied from Nature. By G. C. Bainbridge. 4th Edition, 8vo. 10s. 6d. cloth.
BAKEWELL.-AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY.
Intended to convey Practical Knowledge of the Science, and comprising the most important
recent discoveries ; with explanations of the facts and phenomena which serve to confirm or
invalidate various Geological Theories. By Robert Bakewell. Fifth Edition, considerably
enlarged, 8vo. with numerous Plates and Woodcuts, 21s. cloth.
BAYLDON.-ART OF VALUING RENTS AND TILLAGES,
And the Tenant's Right of Entering and Quitting Farms, explained by several Specimens of
Valuations; and Remarks on the Cultivation pursued on Soils in different Situations.
Adapted to the Use of Landlords, Land-Agents, Appraisers, Farmers, and Tenants. 5th
Edition, re-written and enlarged, by John Donaldson. With a Chapter on the Tithe-Com
mutation Rent-Charge, by a Gentleman of much experience on the Tithe Commission. 8vo.
10s. 6d. cloth.
BATLDON.-TREATISE ON THE VALUATION OF PROPERTY
FOR THE POOR'S RATE;; shewing the Method of Rating Lands, Buildings, Tithes, Mines,
Woods, Navigable Rivers and Canals, and Personal Property : with an Abstract of the Poor
Laws relating to Rates and Appeals. By J. S. Bayldon, Author of "Rents and Tillages."
1 vol. 8vo. 7s. 6d. boards.

CATALOGUE OF NEW -WORKS

BELL.-LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT ENGLISH POETS.
By Robert Bell, Esq. 2 vols. ftp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth.
BELL -THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA,
From the Earliest Period to the Treaty of Tilsit. By Robert Bell, Esq. 3 vols. ftp. 8vo.
with Vignette Titles, 18s. cloth.
BELLAMY.-THE HOLY BIBLE,
Newly Translated from the Original Hebrew only. By J. Bella my. 4to. Parts 1 to 8.
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
Of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. To be continued Quarterly, in Half-
volumes. Vol. 1, Part 1— Aa to Agathoclea, 8vo. 12s. cloth.
„ „ 2, completing Vol. 1— Agathocles to Alexander III. of Scotland,
8vo. 12s. cloth.
Vol. 2, Part 1 — Alexander of Seleucia to Ameilhon, 8vo. 12s. cloth.
„ „ 2, completing Vol. 2— Ameinocles to Antelmi (Leonce), 8vo. 12s.
cloth.
*** To he continued Quarterly.— The work will probably not exceed Thirty Volumes.
There is also a Monthly issue in Parts, each containing one-third of the half-volume, 4s. sewed.
Part 12 is published.
BISCHOFF.-PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL
RESEARCHES on the Internal Heat of the Globe. By Gustav Bischoff, Ph.D. Professor
of Chemistry in the University of Bonn. 2 vols. Vol. 1, 8vo. Plates and Woodcuts, 10s. bds.
BLAINE.-AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RURAL SPORTS;
Or, a complete Account, Historical, Practical, aud Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing,
Racing, and other Field Sports and Athletic Amusements of the present day. By Delabere
P. Blaine, Esq. Author of " Outlines of the Veterinary Art," " Canine Pathology," &c. &c.
Illustrated by nearly 600 Engravings on Wood, by R. Branston, from Drawings by Aiken,
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BLAIR'S CHRONOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL TABLES,
From the Creation to our time. New Edition, greatly improved, with Additions and Correc
tions from the most authentic Writers, printed in a convenient form, in 1 vol. royal Svo.
In the Press.
BL00MFIELD.-HIST0RY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.'
By Thucydides. Newly translated into English, and accompanied with very copious notes,
Philological and Explanatory, Historical and Geographical. By the Rev. S. T. Bloomfield,
D.D. F.S.A. 3 vols. 8vo. with Maps and Plates, <62. 5s. boards.
BLOOMFIELD— THE GREEK TESTAMENT :
With copious English Notes, Critical, Philological, and Explanatory. By the Rev. S. T.
Bloomfield, D.D. F.S.A. 8d Edit, improved, 2 vols. 8vo. with a Map of Palestine, 40s. cloth.
BL00MFIELD.-C0LLEGE & SCHOOL GREEK TESTAMENT ;
With English Notes. By the Rev. S. T. Bloomfield, D.D. New Edition.— Just ready.
BLOOMFIELD.-GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON TO THE
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Public Schools ; but also intended as a convenient Manual for Biblical Students in general.
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BOSWORTH. - A DICTIONARY OF THE ANGLO-SAXON i
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Meaning of the Anglo-Saxon in English and Latin, and copious English and Latin Indexes,
serving as a Dictionary of English and Anglo-Saxon, as well as of Latin and Anglo-Saxon. '
With a Preface, on the Origin and Connection of the German Tongues, a Map of Languages, '
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of Leyden, &c. Royal 8vo. pp. 766, £2. 2s. boards. Cambridge, 1838.

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BOY'S OWN BOOK (THE) :
A Complete Encyclopedia of all the Diversions, Athletic, Scientific, and Recreative of Boy
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BUANDE. -A DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE,
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of Human Knowledge ; with the Derivation and Definition of all the Terms in General Use
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BRAY. -THE PHILOSOPHY OF NECESSITY;
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BREWSTER- TREATISE ON OPTICS.
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BRITTON.-THE ORIGINAL PICTURE OF LONDON :
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BULL-HINTS TO MOTHERS,
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BULL.-THE MATERNAL MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN,
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BURNS.-THE PRINCIPLES OF CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY;
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CONTENTS.
Man is created for a Future State of Happiness; on the Means by which a Future State of
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BUTLER-SKETCH OF ANCIENT & MODERN GEOGRAPHY.
By Samuel Butler, D.D. late Lord Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry; and formerly Head
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BUTLER-ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY.
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skill and industry of the discoverer and editor." — Quah.tbiily Revib'w, No, 140, Sept. 1842— note, page 290.
CHERRY.-THE ART OF SHOEING HORSES.
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CHINA— THE LAST YEAR IN CHINA,
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CHINESE N0YEL.-RAMBLES OF THE EMPEROR CHING
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CLAVERS— FOREST LIFE.
By Mary Cla.vi.rs, an Actual Settler; Author of "A New Home, Who '11 Follow?" 2 vols.
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C0LT0N.-LAC0N ; OR, MANY THINGS IN FEW ¥0RDS.
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C0NYERSATI0NS ON BOTANY.
9th Edition, improved, pp. 302, fcp. 8vo. with 22 Plates, 7s. 6d. cloth j with the plates coloured,
12s. cloth. '
,i™e„ffc'~'_r,?i_ W°rV8 *S °?aJU "toiM*™ •?* y°»ng persons to acquire a knowledge of the vegetable produc-
£^,S ,rM.mWn™.,",?,!!°' ™ a ^"iliar >»annet,the principle6, of the Linniean System of
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CONVERSATIONS ON MINERALOGY.
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COPLAND. -A DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE ;
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Royal Infirmary for Children ; Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London ; of the
Medical and Chirurgical Societies of London and Berlin, &c. Publishing in parts, of which 8
have appeared.— Part 8 was published on November 4th.
CROCKER —ELEMENTS OF LAND SURVEYING.
Fifth Edition, corrected throughout, and considerably improved and modernized, by T. G.
Bunt, Land Surveyor, Bristol. To which are added, TABLES OF SIX-FIGURE LOGA
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&c I'he chapter on Levelling also is new.
CROWE.-THE HISTORY OF FRANCE,
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DAYY (SIR HUMPHRY) -AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY:
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Contents: — Introduction — The General Powers of Matter which influence Vegetation — The Organization of
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murits on the Nutritive Qualities of difi'.-rent Grasses, &c
DE (JUSTINE.— THE EMPIRE OF THE CZAR, &c.
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The Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 61 (just published), observes,—" The Marquis De Custine's work on Russia is
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Some very extraordinary circumstances are assigned as the cause of this tone of hostility."
DE LA BECHE.-REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF CORN-
WALL, UEVuN, and WEST SOMERSET. By Henry T. De la Beche, F.R.S. &c,
Director of the Ordnance Geological Survey. Published by Order of the Lords Commissioners
of H.M. Treasury. 8vo. with Maps, Woodcuts, and 12 large Pates, 14s. cloth.
DE MORGAN.-AN ESSAY ON PROBABILITIES,
And on their Application to Life Contingencies and Insurance Oilices. By Aug. de Morgan,
of Trinity College, Cambridge. 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Title, 6s. cloth.
DENDY.-THE PHILOSOPHY OF MYSTERY.
By W. C. Dendy. 1 vol. 8vo. 12s. cloth.
DOCTOR (THE), &c.
5 vols, post Svo. £2. lis. 6d. cloth.
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dated February 27 1843 she not only states the fact, but adds that the greater part of a sixth volume had gone
through the press and that Southey looked forward to the pleasure of drawing her mto it as a contributor ; giving her
full authority to affirm that her busband is the author."— Robbht Bell, Esa. in The Stoet Tellee, No. 1.

8 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS

DODDRIDGE. -THE FAMILY EXPOSITOR;
Or, a Paraphrase and Version of the New Testament : with Critical Notes, and a Practical
Improvement cf each Section. By P. Doddridge, D.D. To which is prefixed, a Life of the
Author, by A. Kippis, D.D. F.R.S. and S.A. New Edition, 4 vols. 8vo. £1. 16s. cloth.
DONOVAN-TREATISE ON CHEMISTRY.
By Michael Donovan, M.R.I. A. Fourth Edition. 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Title,
6s. cloth.
DONOVAN. -A TREATISE ON DOMESTIC ECONOMY.
By M. Donovan, Esq. M.R.I.A. Professor of Chemistry to the Company of Apothecaries in
Ireland. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth.
DORA. MELDER :
A Story of Alsace. By Meta Sander. Translated and edited by the Rev. C B. Tayler,
Author of •' Records of a Good Man's Life," &c. Fcp. 8vo. pp. 286, 2 Illustrations, 7s. cloth.
DOVER-LIFE OF FREDERICK II. KING OF PRUSSIA.
By Lord Dover. 2d Edition, 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait, 28s. boards.
DRUMMOND.-FIRST STEPS TO BOTANY,
Intended as popular Illustrations of the Science, leading to its study as a branch of general
education. By J. L. Drummond, M.D. 4th Edit. 12mo. with numerous Woodcuts, 9s. bds.
DUNHAM.-THE HISTORY OF THE GERMANIC EMPIRE.
By Dr. Dunham. 3 vols, fcp 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 18s. cloth.
DUNHAM.-HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE
AGES. By Dr. Dunham. 4 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, £1. 4s. cloth.
DUNHAM.-THE HISTORY OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
By Dr. Dunham. 5 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, £1. 10s. cloth.
DUNHAM.-THE HISTORY OF DENMARK, SWEDEN, AND
NORWAY. By Dr. Dunham. 3 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 18s. cloth. '
DUNHAM.-THE HISTORY OF POLAND.
By Dr. Dunham. 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Title, 6s. cloth.
DUNHAM.-THE LIVES OF THE EARLY WRITERS OF
GREAT BRITAIN. By Dr. Dunham, R. Bell, Esq. &c. 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette
Title, 6s. cloth.
DUNHAM, fee. -THE LIVES OF BRITISH DRAMATISTS.
By Dr. Dun ham, R. Bell, Esq. &c. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth.
ELLIOTSON. -HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY:
With which is incorporated much of the elementary part of the " Institutiones Physiologies"
of J 1'. Blumenbach, Professor in the University of GOttingen. By John Elliotson, M.D.
Cantab. F.R.S. Fifth Edition. Complete in 1 thick vol. 8vo. with numerous Woodcuts,
pp. 1206, _62. 2s. cloth ; separately in three Parts, as follows:—
Pa rt 1, General Physiology, and the Organic Functions. 5th Edition, 10s. 6d.
" 2, The Animal Functions. 5th Edition, 14s.
" 3, Unman Generation; the Growth, Decay, and Varieties of Mankind: witji an
Appendix on Mesmerism, 17s.
FA REY. -A TREATISE ON THE STEAM ENGINE,
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numerous Woodcuts, and 25 Copper-plates. _6'5. 5s. boards.
FERGUS. - HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
From the lliscoveiy of America to the Election of General Jackson to the Presidency. By the
Rev. H. Fergus. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth.

FORD.-THE NEW DEVOUT COMMUNICANT,
According to the Church of England ; containing an Account of the Institution, Pravers and
Meditations, before and after the Administration, and a Companion at the Lord's Table ' By
the Rev. James Ford, B.D. 7th Edition, 18mo. 2s. 6d. bound in cloth, with irilt edges'
fcp. 8vo. 3s. 6d. bound. ° ° '
FORD -A CENTURY OF CHRISTIAN PRAYERS,
On FAITH, HOPE, and CHARITY; with a Morning and Evening Devotion. By the Rev.
James Ford, B.D. 3d Edition, 18mo. 4s. cloth.
FORSTER.-THE STATESMEN OF THE COMMONWEALTH
OF ENGLAND. With an Introductory Treatise on the Popular Progress in English History.
By John Forster, Esq. 5 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Original Portraits of Pym, Eliot, Hampden,
Cromwell, and an Historical Scene after a Picture by Cattermole, £1. 10s. cloth.
The Introductory Treatise, intended as an Introduction to the Study of the Great Civil War in
the Seventeenth Century, separately, 2s. 6d. sewed.
The above 5 vols, form Mr. Forster's portion of the Lives of Eminent British Statesmen, by Sir
James Mackintosh, the Right Hon. T. P. Courtenay, and John Forster, Esq. J vols. fcp. 8vo.
with Vignette Titles, £2. 2s. cloth.
FOSBROKE.-A TREATISE ON THE ARTS, MANNERS,
MANUFACTURES, and INSTITUTIONS of the GREEKS and ROMANS. Bv the Rev.
T. D. Fosbroke, &c. 2 vols. fcp. Svo. with Vignette Titles, I2s. cloth.
FRAWKUM— DISCOURSE ON THE ENLARGED AND
PENDULOUS ABDOMEN, showing it to be a visceral affection attended with important
consequences in the Human Economy ; with cursory Observations on Diet, Exercise, and the
General Management of Health : for the use of the Dyspeptic. By Richard Frankum, Esq.
Surgeon.
Tlie Second Edition, augmented, with a Dissertation on Gout, suggesting new physiological views
as to its Cause, Prevention, and the best Course of Treatment. Fcp. Svo. pp. 126, 5s. cloth.
GLEIG.-LIVES OF MOST EMINENT BRITISH MILITARY
COMMANDERS. By the Rev. G. R. Gleio. 3 vols. fcp. Svo. with Vignette Titles, 18s. cloth.
GLENDINNING.-PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE CULTURE
OF THE PINE APPLE. By R. Glendin!n ing, Gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Rolle,
Bicton. 12mo. with Plan of a Pinery, 5s. cloth.
GOOD.-THE BOOK OF NATURE.
A Popular Illustration of the General Laws and Phenomena of Creation. By John Mason
Good, M.D. F.R.S., &c. Third Edition, corrected, 3 vols. fcp. 8vo. 24s. cloth.
GRAHAM-ENGLISH ; OR, THE ART OF COMPOSITION
explained in a Series of Instructions and Examples. By G. F. Graham. Fcp. 8vo. pp. 348,
7s. cloth.
GRAHAM-HELPS TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR;
Or, Easy Exercises for Young Children. Illustrated by Engravings on Wood. By G. F.
Graham, Author of " English, or the Art of Composition."— In the press.
GRATTAN.-THE HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS,
From the Invasion hy the Romans to the Belgian Revolution in 1830. By T. C. Grattan,
Esq. 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Title, 6s. cloth.
GRAY.-FIGURES OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS,
Selected from various Authors. Etched for the Use of Students. By Maria Emma Gray.
Vol. I. pp. 40, with 78 plates of Figures, 12s. cloth.
THE GENERA OF BIRDS;
Comprising their Generic Characters, a Notice of the Habits of each Genus, and an extensive
List of Species, referred to their several Genera. By George Robert Gray, Acad. Imp.
Georg. Florent. Soc. Corresp. Senior Assistant of the Zoological Department, British Museum ;
and Author of the " List of the Genea of Birds," &c. &c. Illustrated with 'Ihree Hundred
and Fifty imperial quarto Plates, by David William Mitchell.— /« preparation.
V Publication will commence when One Hundred Subscribers' Names have been obtained.
j-. Prospectuses may be obtained of all Booksellers ; a Specimen may be seen at the Publishers.

|0 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS

PT.EFNER — THE GUN'
of aTreatise on the various Descriptions of Small Fire Arms. By W. Greener, Inventor of
an improved method of Firing Cannon by Percussion, &c. Svo. with Illustrations, 15s. cloth.
GREENER.-THE SCIENCE OF GUNNERY,
As applied to the Use and Construction of Fire Arms. By William Greener, Author of
"The Gun," &c. With numerous Plates, 15s. cloth.
GRIGOR.-THE EASTERN ARBORETUM;
Or Register of Remarkable Trees, Seats, Gardens, &c. in the County of Norfolk. With
Popular Delineations of the British Sylva. By James Grigor. Illustrated by 50 Drawings
of Trees, etched on copper by H. Nin ham. Svo. 17s. 6d. cloth.
GUEST. -THE MABIN0GI0N,
From the Llyfr Coch o Hergest, or Red Book of Hergest, and other ancient Welsh MSS. :
with an English Translation and Notes. By Lady Charlotte Guest.
Part 1 . Containing the Lady of the Fountain. Royal 8vo. with Fac-simile and Woodcuts, 8s.
Part 2. Containing Peredur Ab Evrawc ; a Tale of Chivalry. Royal Svo. with Fac-simile and
Woodcuts, 8s.
Part 3. Containing the Arthurian Romance of Geraint, the Son of Erbin. Royal 8vo. with
Fac-simile and Woodcuts, 8s.
Part 4. Containing the Romance of Kilhwch and Olwen. Royal 8vo. with 4 Illustrations and
Fac-simile, 8s.
Part 5. Containing the Dream of Rhonabwy, and the Tale of Pwyll Prince of Dyved. Royal
8V0. 8S.
GUIDE TO ALL THE WATERING & SEA-BATHING PLACES
of Great Britain ; containing full and accurate Descriptions of each place, and of the Curio
sities and striking Objects in the Environs; and forming an agreeable and useful Companion
during a residence at any of the places, or during a summer tour in quest of health or
pleasure : with a Description of the Lakes, and a Tour through Wales. New Edition,
including the Scotch Watering Places, 1 thick vol. 18mo. illustrated hy 94 Views and
Maps, 15s. bound.
GWILT.-AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE ;
Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. By Joseph Gwilt, Esq. F.S.A. Illustrated with
upwards of 1000 Engravings on Wood, from Designs by J. S. Gwilt. In 1 thick vol. 8vo.
containing nearly 1300 closely-printed pages, £2. 12s. 6d. clolh.
HALL- NEW GENERAL LARGE LIBRARY ATLAS OF
FIFTY-THREE MAPS, on Colombier Paper; with the Divisions and Boundaries carefully
coloured. Constructed entirely from New Drawings, and engraved by Sidney Hall. New
Edition, thoroughly revised and corrected ; including all the Alterations rendered necessary
by the recent Official Surveys, the New Roads on the Continent, and a careful Comparison
with the authenticated Discoveries published in the latest Voyages and Travels. Folded in
half, Nine Guineas, half-bound in russia j full size of the Maps, Ten Pounds, half-bound in
russia. The following Maps have been re-engraved, from entirely new designs — Ireland, South Africa, Turkey in Asia j
the following have been materially improved — Switzerland, North Italy, South Italy, Egypt, Central Germany,
Southern Germany, Greece, Austria, Spain and Portugal; a new map of China, corrected from the recent government
survey of the coast fromCanton to Nankin {to which is appended, the Province of Canton, on an enlarged scale, in
a separate compartment), has since been added,
HANSARD. -TROUT AND SALMON FISHING IN WALES.
By G. A. Hansard. 12mo. 6s. 6d. cloth.
HARC0URT -THE DOCTRINE OF THE DELUGE ;
Vindicating the Scriptural Account from the Doubts which have recently been cast upon it by
Geological Speculations. By the Rev. L. Vernon Harcourt. 2 vols. 8vo. 36s. cloth.
HARF0RD.-LIFE OF THOMAS BURGESS, D.D. F.R.S. &c.
Late Lord Bishop of Salisbury. By John S. Harford, Esq. D.C.L. F.L.S. 2d Edition, with
additions, fcp. 8vo. with Portrait, 8s. 6d. cloth.
HAWKER-INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG SPORTSMEN
In all that relates to Guns and Shooting. By Lieut. Col. P. Hawker. 8th Edition, corrected,
enlarged, and improved, with numerous explanatory Plates and Woodcuts, 8vo. £1. Is, cloth.

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HENSLOW.-THE PRINCIPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. By J. S. Henslow, M.A. F.L.S. &c. 1 vol fcp Svo with
Vignette Title, and nearly 70 Woodcuts, 6s. cloth.
HERSCHEL.-A TREATISE ON ASTRONOMY.
By Sir John Herschel. New Edition. 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. Vignette Title, 6s. cloth.
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12 CATALOGUE 01? NET -WORKS

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J4 CATALOGUE 01? NEW WORKS

KANE. -ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY ;
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KIPPIS.-A COLLECTION OF HYMNS AND PSALMS,
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KNAPP.-GRAMINA BRITANNICA ;
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LAING.-A TOUR IN SWEDEN,
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LINDLEY.-INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
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LINDLEY.-A NATURAL SYSTEM OF BOTANY ;
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lg CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS

LINDLEY.-FLORAMEDICA;
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LINDLEY. SCHOOL BOTANY;
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LINDLEY.-A SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH FLORA,
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LLOYD.-A TREATISE ON LIGHT AND VISION.
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LOUDON. -AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TREES AND SHRUBS;
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L0UD0N.-AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGRICULTURE; \
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&c. The Third Edition, 1 large vol. 8vo. pp. 1418, with nearly 1300 Wood Engravings, ,
£2. 10s. cloth. "

LOUDON.-AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PLANTS
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. giving their Natural History, accompanied by such descriptions, engraved figures and
elementary details, as may enable a beginner, who is a mere English refder.to discover the
j-J" ?v«ry Hant which he may find in flower, and acquire all the information respect ng
rt which is useful and interesting. The Specific Characters by an Eminent BoSt Ihf
Drawings by J D. C. Sowerby, F.L.S. A New Edition (1841), with a New Supplement com!
prising every desirable particular respecting all the Plants originated inT or tatradnced into
Britain between the first publication of the work, in 1829, and January 184o7wHh a new
General Index to the whole work. Edited by J. C. Loudon, prepared by W. H. Baxter? JuT
pp. 135°; Ssf^M.' VelT 1Srge V0L 8V°- Witt nearly 10'000 Wood Engravings,
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LOUDON.-AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COTTAGE, FARM AND
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LOUDON -H0RTUS BRITANNICUS :
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,L0UD0N-H0RTUS LIGN0SIS L0NDINENSIS;
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LOW.-THE BREEDS OF THE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS
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University of Edinburgh j Member of the Royal Academy of Agriculture of Sweden; Corre-
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jg CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS

LOW -ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE;
Comprehending the Cultivation of Plants, the Husbandry of the Domestic Animals, and the
Ecmomv of thf Farm. By David Low, Esq. F.R.S.E., Professor of Agriculture in the Uni-
wsitTof Edinburgh! Svo! 4th Edition, with Alterations and Additions, and above 200 Wood-
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By Henry Roscoe, Esq. 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Title, 6s. cloth.
RUSSELL.-CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN, FOURTH DUKE
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*** Vol. 2 is in the press.
SANDFORD.-WOMAN IN HER SOCIAL AND. DOMESTIC
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SANDFORD.-LIVES OF ENGLISH FEMALE WORTHIES.
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SAVAGE.-A DICTIONARY OF PRINTING.
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SCOTT— THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND.
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SEAWARD- SIR EDWARD SEAWARD'S NARRATIVE OF
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26

CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS

SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS,
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SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS,
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SHAKSPEARE, BY BOWDLER.
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V A Library Edition, without Illustrations, 8 vols. 8vo. £4. 14s. 6d. boards.
SHELLEY, &C.-LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY
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SHELLEY.-LIVES OF MOST EMINENT FRENCH WRITERS.
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SHORT WHIST :
Its Rise, Progress, and Laws ; with observations to make any oneaWhist Player ; containing
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SISMONDI.-THE HISTORY OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS;
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SISMONDI.-THE HISTORY OF THE FALL OF THE ROMAN
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SMITH.-AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY.
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SMITH.-THE MEMOIRS OF THE MARQUIS DE POMBAL.
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SMITH.-AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES
OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS. By Adam Smith, LL.D. With a Life of the Author,
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New Edition, corrected throughout, and greatly enlarged, Svo. with Portrait, £1. Is. cloth.
SOUTHEY'S (ROBERT) POETICAL WORKS.
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The following may be had, separately, in cloth : —

JOAN of ARC  1 vol. 5s.
MADOC  1 vol. 5s.
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SOUTHEY, &c. -LIVES OF THE BRITISH ADMIRALS;
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SPACKMAN.-STATISTICAL TABLES
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SPIRIT OF THE WOODS.
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SP00NER.-A TREATISE ON THE INFLUENZA OF HORSES.
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SP00NER.-A TREATISE ON THE STRUCTURE, FUNC-
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STEBBING.-THE HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH,
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STEBBING.-THE HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION.
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28 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS
STEEL'S SHIPMASTER'S-ASSISTANT,
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STRONG -GREECE AS A KINGDOM :
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£2°?', SaVy' &c--f,'°m the ""«" ot King Otho, in 1833, down to the present time. From
Official Documents and Authentic Sources. By Frederick Strong, Esq. Consul at Athens
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SUNDAY LIBRARY :
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Archbp. Lawrence Bp, Huntingford
" Seeker « Maltby
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TAYLOR.-THE STATESMAN.
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THOMSON'S SEASONS.
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30 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS

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TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
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TURNER.-THE SACRED HISTORY OF THE WORLD,
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WESTWOOD.-INTRODUCTION TO THE MODERN CLASSI-
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""¦"" '""' °°"'VI. «'«»" STRKET, SNOWBIL,., XOXBM.

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