YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1942 /• ,,n- fj» 'ijjfo.^im^ ' ^RLES^o 'Ar ^ PSTRA' JOBBERS OF WHITE GOODS, MILLINERY AND FANCY GOODS, THESE DEPARTMENTS EMBRACE SEVERALLY WHITE GOODS. Full lines of Jaconet, Swiss, and Nainsook Muslins, plain, striped, and checked j Victoria and Bishop Lawn, Tarletans, Table and Shirting Linens, Towels, Damask Quilts, Ladies* and Gents* Handkerchiefs, of every description; Laces, Hamburg, Loom and Crochet Edgings. To this department we have lately added a large stock of Alpacas and Piece Velvets. MILLINERY GOODS. Ladies' and Misses' Trimmed and Untrimifted Hats, in Velvet, Silk, and Straw j Feathers, Flowers, Millinery, Laces, and Ornaments. We have Ladies' Hats trimmed to order by the best city milliners, at reasonable rates, satisfaction guar anteed. Ribbons in all the latest styles of Sash, Cord Edge, Gros Grain, and Neck Ribbons, Silk and Cotton Velvet Ribbons, in all desirable widths. FANCY AND FURNISHING GOODS. A large stock of Ladies' and Gents' Neckwear of every variety, Underwear, Suspenders, Ladies' and Children's Belts, in Silk and Leather, Corsets, Trimmings of all kinds, Perfumery and Soaps, Pipes, Stationery, and small wares generally. HOSIERY AND GLOVES. A very full assortment of Gents' Half Hose, Ladies' and Misses' Hose, in brown, white, and fancy, both in Cotton and Wool. Also the largest stock of Gloves in the city. Gents', Ladies' and Misses' lined and unlined Berlin, Cloth, and every description of skin, both in Glove^ and Gauntlets.. We are prepared to do business on the most liberal, terms, and sell goods at the lowest prices to responsible houses, and from such buyers ive invite an examination of our stock, when they visit this market, or their orders, ivhich we guarantee shall be executed prp^^^^-^"^ satisfactorily . . GUIDE CHARLESTON BEING A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF CHARLESTON, S. C. WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF ITS PRESENT CONDITION, WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. COMPILED BY ARTHUR MAZYCK, Esq., Librarian of the Charleston Library Society. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY WALKER, EVANS & COGSWELL, PRINTERS, PUBLISHERS AND ADVERTISING AGENTS. 3 BKOAD STREET AND 109 EAST BAY, CHARLESTON, S. C. 1 _,*» C8,arlesto»V v~ WILLIAM L.WEBB, SUCCESSOR TO WEBB & SAGE, SUCCESSORS TO CAMERON, WEBB & CO., WHOLESALE DEALER IN AITS DIRECT IMPORTER OF CHINA, GLASS, luthonwaro ail Looking (Masses. Also, Dealer in KEEOSENE GOODS, i, «gi?® No. 1^8 MEETING STREET, One Door from Hasel Street, PLAN OF CHARLESTON, AS LAID OUT BY JOHN CULPEPPER, in l68o WITH THE BUILDINGS AND FORTIFICATIONS IN 1704, BY EDWARD CRISP. A. Granville's Bastion. T. B. Craven's Bastion. V. C. Carteret's Bastion. W. D. Colleton Bastion. 1. E Ashley Bastion. ¦j.. F. Blake's Bastion. 3- G. Half Moon Bastion. 4- H. Drawbridge. 5- I Johnson's. 6. K. Drawbridge. 7- L. Palisades. 8. M, Rhett's Bridge. 9- N. K. L. Smith's Bridge. 10. O. Minister's House. 11. R English Church. 12. a- French Church. 13- R Independent Church. H S. Anabaptist Church, '5 Quaker Meeting House. Court of Guards. First Rice Patch in Carolina- Pasquero and Garret's House. Landsack's House. John Crosskey's House. Chevalier's House. George Logan's House. Poinsett's House. Ellicott's House. Starling's House, M. Boone's House. Tradd's House. Nat. Law's House. Landgrave Smith's House. Col. Rhett's House. Ben. Skenking's House. Sindery's House. Photo, by Harnara. lin%. by Photo. F.ng. Co., A". ) . SECURITY Life iasura&ce ami Annuity €@Q New York, 40 BROAD STREET, CHARLESTON. /WSfre. $3,510,589. - - - INCOME, $1,415,785. OFFICERS. ROBT. L. CASE, President. THEO. R. WETMORE. Vici-President. ISAAC H. ALLEN, Secretary. ROBT. L. CASE, Jr., Actuary. This Company issues Life, Non-forfeiture, In Ten Payments, Endowment, and Annuity Policies, on the most favorable terms Dividends are declared annually after the first year. Premiums can be paid annually, semi-annually, or quarterly. All Policies are non-forfeiting after three annual premiums have been paid in cash. No Distinction made between Policy Holders North or South. NO RESTRICTION ON RESIDENCE OR TRAVEL. A FEW GOOD AGENTS WANTED. To such liberal inducements will be offered by GENERAL AGENT FOR NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, Office, No. 40 Broad St., Charleston, S. C. O. P. HAY, Superintendent of Agencies for the Carolinas, Office, CHARLESTON, S. C. Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., A'". Y- CHARLESTON HOTEL. ' 1 H. HALL & Cfi Office and Warerooms, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 MARKET ST.! 225 & 227 EAST BAY, GStiflLSMUSSYOZI1. £1. a. We have now in store (and manufacture) the largest stock in the city of MOULDINGS, BRACKETS, Window and Door Frames, Flooring Boards, &c. Stair Rails, Balusters Newels, Marble, Wood, and Slate Mantels, BUILDERS' HARDWARE, Wire Window Guards, All Iktodl^ ot itoeey Itfttintteri Window Glass, French and American, OROtJND, CUT, AND ENAMELLED QLA33, ALL C0L0E3 AND STYLES, FXTTTT, Glaziers' Points, Diamonds, and Knives. Before purchasing your material, consult your interest, and buv at our GREATLY REDUCED PRICES to suit the times. We buv for Cash and caii afford to sell at very low prices. Terms Cash. I. H. HALL & CO., Charleston, S. C. Sols Ageats £®f 09WWAQB 0QEQB PAINiW 00, All Paints ground in Pure Linseed Oil, put up in 5, 12 J, and 25 lb. Cans. Also, B. W. IH'l R0OFIH6 MTEE.IUS, PAINTS, & 77 Secessionville, Battle of 88 Settlement of Charlestown, 9i " Sullivan's Island, Io8 Summerville 1J4 Trade and Commerce 9° Washington Monument, I21 ¦A- - ¦ m * HJiL.fcii »-'' '; IMP1 a^HBi ss? Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., A". Y. RUINS OF THE CATHEDRAL. DESCRIPTION CHARLESTON, S. C. Beautiful as a dream, tinged with romance, con secrated by tradition, glorified by history, rising from the very bosom of the waves, like a fairy city created by the enchanter's wand, Charleston affords a fit theme for poet, novelist, historian, and tourist. The family names of the Cavaliers and Huguenots still live to tell of the origin of the people ; Moultrie still frowns above the bay that resounded to the first cannon of the first revolution a hundred years ago ; grim vis- aged Sumter stands a melancholy witness of heroic deeds of later times. These are the three salient points that strike the mind as the fabric of her history is scanned ; but the Indian wars, the French war, the Spanish invasion, the Mexican war, political contests without number, serve to fill in the sketch, like minor turrets on the great wall of peaceful years, which, after all, is, indeed, the basis and the body of the 2 Charleston Illustrated. structure. Before turning back to trace the story here so dimly outlined, let us take a glance at THE CITY AS IT IS. Charleston is situated on a tongue of land between the Ashley and the Cooper Rivers, and at the head of an extensive, yet land-locked bay, affording the safest and most commodious harbor pn the Atlantic coast. It is the only city on the American Conti nent fr.om which the ocean can be seen. The bay is a beautiful sheet of water, three miles wide, and at the city forty feet deep, affording ample sea room for the commerce of the world. Around the neck of this bay lies a bead-work of rich islands, producing the premium cotton and rice of the world, with their waters abounding in fish and game. To the back of the city, within ten miles, lie truck farms producing four crops per annum, and beyond these the inex haustible phosphate beds of untold fertilizing wealth. Spread a map before you, and pass your eye from St. Louis to Charleston, S. C, and you will trace the shortest road to the ocean, and almost a bee-line along the Southern Pacific' Railroad, affording the shortest line to California, tapping the great valleys of the West, intersecting the grain-growing and cattle-rais ing States, cutting the great cotton belt, and branch ing off to all the rich marts of trade and splendid cities along the line. If it be the fixed law of com merce to take the shortest and cheapest route, Charles ton has no rival, and opens the finest sea-gate to the Charleston Illustrated. 3 West on the American Continent. Two lines of railroad connect the city with the North and South, and only a few connecting links are wanting to give us three competing lines to the West, and these are being rapidly supplied by energetic men. Railroads in the city run down to the wharves and deliver produce alongside the shipping, affording thereby a prompt and safe landing of goods. The fruit, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and tropical productions of Cuba, the West Indies, and South America, come directly to our port in large shipments, and that the year round. Our harbor is never frozen ; steamers and railroads never obstructed, delaying transportation and increas ing expenses. Steamers ply weekly, or more fre quently, from this port to New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Baltimore, Savannah, and other places. From early spring, in February, to the fall, they supply the North with vegetables in great variety and of un surpassed quality. Strawberries, peas, beans, pota toes, squashes, cucumbers, tomatoes, melons, cabbage, and other table plants, are shipped in immense quan tities from farms adjacent to the city. Thousands of tons of phosphate, both in crude rock and manipu lated, were sent off last season, and some of it was exported to Europe. The city is about three miles long from the Bat tery to the Forks of the road, and about two miies wide at the widest points, and half a mile at the nar rowest. The streets are irregular and run around in quite a labyrinthian fashion, cutting up the town into all sorts of quadrangles, and seeming at first to make 4 Charleston Illustrated. its topography quite a puzzle ; but if a stranger will fix in his memory Rutledge, Meeting, King, Church, and East Bay streets, running up and down, and Broad, Wentworth, Calhoun, and Cannon streets, running across, he will soon find himself able to solve, without assistance, all problems as to locality and distance. King street is generally known as the fashionable promenade and shopping street ; Meeting street as the locality for the jobbing trade in dry goods, clothing, shoes, crockery, etc.; East Bay as the street for grocers, ship chandlers, etc.; and Broad street for banks, lawyers, and brokers. In King street, above Queen street, on both sides, and just below it on the east side, are a number of stores, erected since the war, and filling up almost completely the ugly gap in the street made by the great fire of 1861. Above this, again, the stores improve in size and appearance, and are occupied by the more important retail dealers, until you reach Calhoun street. Above that you have about two miles of small stores, with here and there a really fine store. The business part of Meet ing street is between Wentworth and Market streets, supplementing itself with Hayne street, a short street running from Meeting to Church street, and on which are establishments of some of the largest houses in the city. The grocery business, on East Bay, extends from Market street to Broad street. The banks clus ter around the comer of East Bay and Broad streets, while the lawyers and brokers stretch along Broad street from East Bay to Meeting street. The finest residences are to be seen on East and South Battery, Charleston Illustrated. 5 Meeting street, below Broad street, Rutledge street and Avenue, and the west end of Wentworth street. The offices of the factors, and the seat of the cotton trade, the leading business in the city, are on the wharves, on the eastern side of the city, below Market street. The population of Charleston, accord ing to the United States census for 1870, was forty- eight thousand nine hundred and fifty-six; of these twenty-six thousand two hundred and seven were whites, and twenty-two thousand seven hundred and forty-nine were blacks or colored. The white popu lation is now probably several thousand larger, while the colored population is at a stand-still, or has in creased very little. The weekly bills of mortality show a much larger proportion of deaths among the colored population than among the whites, and if the white population is alone considered, Charleston can be shown to be one of the healthiest cities in the United States. In a commercial and business point of view, Charles ton is the only city between Baltimore and New Orleans that has the geographical position to com mand trade and prosperity. Nearer than any other Atlantic port to the great grain States of the North west, the natural terminus of any Southern Pacific railroad, with no seaport of any consequence nearer to it on the north than Norfolk, nor on the south than New Orleans, it becomes necessarily the empo rium of direct trade between the South and Europe, and of the coast trade between the South and the Northern and Eastern States. Manufactures in va- ill ffi#; fe OTSEii;yii:; .MM J i i» ¦¦II'- 1 Charleston Illustrated. 7 rious branches have been undertaken since th^fwar, and have met with wonderful success. A more de tailed account of the commerce of the City, as well as of the jobbing trade, and various manufacturing establishments, hotels, churches, places of amuse ment, etc., will be given in another part of the book, but enough has been said at present as an introduc tion to the following historical sketch. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF CHARLESTON, S. C The City of Charleston owes its origin to a party of English Colonists, sent over by the Lords Proprietors, under Col. William Sayle, in the year 1669. These Proprietors were Edward, Earl of Clarendon;. George, Duke of Albemarle ; William, Lord Craven ; John, Lord Berkley ; Anthony, Lord Ashley ; Sir George Carteret; Sir William Berkley, and Sir John Colleton, to whom an extensive grant of lands in America, including the whole of the Carolinas, had been made in 1663, by Charles II. Several expeditions were sent out by them, but that under Col. Sayle was the first to make a perma nent settlement. The Colonists landed first at Port Royal, attracted thither by its fine harbor, but it was too near the Spanish settlements in Florida, and the Indian tribes allied with the Spaniards, for the peace or safety of the Colony, and they soon determined to move further up the coast. Leaving between them- Charleston Illustrated. 9 selves and their enemies the several rivers and bays which indent the coast of Carolina between Port Royal and Charleston, they selected as the site of their town a spot on the west bank of the Ashley, about three miles above the present city, and called it, in honor of the King, Charles Town. In a little while it was found that the situation of the town was inconvenient for shipping, and by de grees the inhabitants began to establish themselves nearer the sea. The point formed by the confluence ofthe Ashley and Cooper Rivers, and known as Oyster Point, was low and marshy, and cut up by numerous creeks, but there was sufficient high ground on the Cooper River side to afford room for a settlement, and in the course of a few years (1677) there were enough houses built upon it to need some designation, and it was called by the rather humble title of Oyster Point Town. In 1680, so large a majority of the people had re moved to this spot that it was formally made the seat of government, and called New Charles Town. Two years later the former settlement was virtually aban doned, and the new one became the only Charles Town. It was at that time declared a port of entry, and in 1685 a Collector was appointed. The city was incorporated under its present name of Charleston, by the State Legislature, in 1783. Of the first settlement on the Ashley there is now scarcely a trace remaining; the creek immediately below it is called Old Town Creek, and a half-filled ditch is sometimes pointed out as having formed part 10 Charleston Illustrated. of the works for the defence of the town ; but there is nothing to show on what plan it was laid out, or what was its extent or character. On looking at any early plan of our present City we are hardly surprised that it should not have been at first selected as the site upon which to build, and we cannot too greatly admire the energy and patience ofthe men who triumphed over the difficulties which nature interposed, and laid the foundations of the City destined to play so important a part in the history of America. We select as our illustration (see frontispiece) the plan from a survey made by Edward Crisp, in 1704, which will show the topography of the town and sur rounding country, and give some idea of what were the difficulties to which we have alluded. In the space now included between Water and Calhoun streets there were no less than ten large creeks, with numerous branches, besides several ponds and low marshy spots. The town at that period was bounded on the south by a creek which occupied the site of Water street, and which was then or soon after known as Vanderhorst's Creek; on the north by another large creek, where the market now is ; on the east by Cooper River, the shore of which was much fur ther in than, it now is, covering all the land now occu pied by the offices and warehouses on the east side of East Bay street, while the western boundary was just a little beyond Meeting street. Within the first year thirty houses were built, mostly of wood. We will mention a few of those laid Charleston Illustrated. 1 1 down on the map, so as to show the principal locali ties first settled upon. The intersection of Broad and Church streets may be taken as the central spot of the town; the corners being occupied, respectively, as follows : i. Pasquero and Garrett's house, north-east corner, the site now occupied by Messrs. Klinck, Wickenberg & Co. 2. Landsack's house, north-west corner, now occu pied by the building of the Charleston Library Society. 3. John Croskey's house, south-west corner, now occupied by the store of Messrs. Jno. Paul & Co. 4. Chevelier's house, south-east corner, site now occupied by a building owned by C. Plenge. Tradd's house stood on the north-west corner of Tradd and East Bay streets. The site was afterwards owned by Gen. Pinckney. Landgrave Thomas Smith's house was on the south-west corner of East Bay and Longitude lane. On the lot in rear of this house the first rice ever raised in Carolina was planted, about the year 1693. The last traces of the old settlement are now gone, and the extensive buildings of the Palmetto Cotton Press Company are being erected on the land. Col. Rhett's house was on the west side of the Bay, near Unity alley, on the site now occupied by the Planters' and Mechanics' Bank. On the east side of Bay street, directly opposite Broad street was the Court of Guards or Garrison. The Public Market was at the western limit of the town, where the City Hall now stands. 12 Charleston Illustrated. 1 -Mw ii TBI I ST. MICHAEL'S. The English Church (St. Philip's) was built 1681-2, on the south-east corner of Broad and Meeting streets^ the site now occupied by St. Michael's Church. The French Church (Huguenot) was on the lot of Charleston Illustrated. 13 land occupied by the present French Protestant Church. The Independent Church was on the east side of Meeting street, on the spot now marked by the ruins of the Circular Church ; and the Baptist, or Anabap tist, was on the west side of Church street, a little above Water, where the Baptist Church now stands. There was also a Quaker meeting house, but that was outside of the limits of the town, and stood on a lot on the east side of King street, a few doors below Queen. The site of the present Court House was a large pond, but this was probably artificial, being caused by the digging of several deep trenches for defence against a threatened invasion of the Indians in 1703. It was not drained until 1756. The land was deeply indented at the foot of Queen street, forming a kind of natural dock, whence its name at that time of Dock street. Dr. Ramsay in his history mentions that the north end of Union street (now State street) was planted with rice as late as 1755. At the extreme point of the Peninsula outside of the town, on the point called Oyster Point, and after wards White Point, was the old Watch House. The town consisted in all of eight streets and one alley, viz : Tradd, Elliott, Broad, and Queen, running east and west from Bay street to Church and Meeting ; and Bay, Union, Church and Meeting streets, and Bedon's alley, running north and south. For protection against enemies from abroad as well 14 Charleston Illustrated. as the Indians, who frequently threatened the safety of the inhabitants, the town was fortified by bastions at the salient points, connected by earthworks. Ashley's bastion stood on the northern margin of Vanderhorst's creek (Water street) ; to the east of this, across the creek, was Granville's bastion, while south east of the latter, on the hardage, or beach, was a detached battery, or bastion, called Blake's bastion. Craven's bastion was on thesouthern margin ofthe creek which formed the upper boundary of the town, that is about the corner of East- Bay and Market streets. Carteret's was on a line with it and Meeting street, and Colleton's .at the point where Vander horst's creek crossed Meeting street, i. e. at Price's alley. At each end of Broad street was a half-moon, or detached bastion, that at the western extremity being called Johnson's half-moon. Within these limits the town was comprehended until the year 1743, by which time it had outgrown its limits, and a new survey was made, which added several squares. The northern boundary was ex tended to a line near Beaufain street, continued from river to river, and the western to the Ashley. Among the principal streets, added at this time, were Lam- boll, Legare, Orange, and Friend, below Broad street, and Mazyck, Archdale, Clifford, Beresford, and Maga zine, above it. By degrees these boundaries extended themselves and new streets and squares were added, which were from time to time included in the muni cipality. Such was the early topography of the city of Charleston Illustrated. 1 5 Charleston, which we have described in order that it may be seen how the city gradually extended itself to its present limits. As to the inhabitants, we have seen that the first set tlers were Englishmen. They were of various classes and conditions of life ; some of them Cavaliers, friends or connexions of the Lords Proprietors, whom an adventurous spirit led to visit the new world ; others, men of lower degree, seeking their fortunes under circumstances of greater freedom than the condition of affairs in Great Britain at that time permitted. They were joined in the years 1685 and 1686 by a number of Huguenots, whom the revocation of the edict of Nantz had driven from France, and these soon formed an important part of the population. A few brought money with them and were able at once to enter into commerce and to become landholders. All of them were trained to habits of industry, and the strict, almost austere nature of their religion, and the trials which they had gone through, made them earnest, hard-working men, well fitted to combat the many difficulties and disappointments incident to the settlement of a wild and untried country. Immigrants from other parts of the world also, for various reasons, found their way to the new town. These different elements naturally took some time to settle into a state of harmony. The Cavaliers and the Puritans could not easily forget their old feuds, and the French were for a long time regarded as aliens, and debarred from all political privileges. But the common dangers and labors which they 1 6 CIiarlcsto?i Illustrated. had to undergo together, and the necessity of com bined action, in time caused their differences to be forgotten and all worked together for the general good. South Carolina, however, showed a revolutionary spirit very early. We have seen that the province was under the exclusive control of the Lords Pro prietors ; they appointed the governors, who adminis tered the laws as laid down in constitutions, framed by them or under their direction, the most famous of which was that said to have been constructed by the philosopher, John Locke. It was in this that provision was made for certain titles of nobility, among them that of Landgrave, which we have seen applied to Mr. Thomas Smith. From a very early period difficulties were continu ally arising between the people and their rulers ; the various grounds of difference were too numerous, and too complex, to set down here. It is sufficient to observe that the Proprietors away in England could neither understand nor sympathize with the condition ofthe colonists here, and while on the one hand they were unable or unwilling to fulfil many of their pledges to the crown and tothe people ofthe colony, on the other they were frequently disposed to usurp greater powers than were granted to them. At length in the year 17 19, the people formed a secret scheme for throwing off the government of the Proprietors, and putting themselves directly under that of the British Crown, and, in December of that year, they formally notified the Governor, Robert Johnson, of Charleston Illustrated. 17 their intention. Johnson of course endeavored to maintain his position, but the people standing firm, he perceived that resistance would be useless. They chose James Moore as their governor, subject to the direct authority of the British Government. Having thus briefly sketched the first settlement of our City, we turn naturally to those landmarks which remain either in their original form, or so changed as to illustrate its present condition ; and first among these, in point of time, as well as on account of its. many interesting associations comes st. philip's church. In the original plan of Charles Town, a lot was set apart for a church, and upon this lot, at the south east corner of Broad and Meeting streets, the site of the present St. Michael's, the first Episcopal Church in the province, was built in 1681-82. It was usually called the English Church, but its distinctive name was St. Philip's. We learn that it was built of black cypress, on a brick foundation, but not much is known of the particulars of its appearance. In March, 1710-11, an Act of Assembly was passed for the building of a new church of brick, the one just re ferred to having begun to decay, and being rather too small for the increased size of the congregation. This second church was built on the site occupied by the present one on the east side of Church street, a short distance above Queen ; it was first opened for divine service in 1723, but was not entirely finished until Charleston Illustrated. ST. PHILIP'S CHUKCH. 1 727 ; in fact, the steeple was never carried to the height originally intended, thus marring the effect of the architecture. It was, notwithstanding this, a very elegant and imposing building, and continued for Charleston Illustrated. 19 upwards of a hundred years, the pride and admiration of all who were connected with it. On Sunday morning, February 15, 1835, a fire broke out in some buildings to the north of the Church, and the wind blowing strongly from that direction, sparks were lodged in the wood work of the steeple, which soon caught, and in a very short time the whole building was so enveloped in the flames that all the efforts of the citizens who flocked to the scene were unavailing, and it was completely destroyed, to the great grief of the entire community as well as of its own congregation. Preparations were immediately made to repair the loss, and on the 12th November ofthe same year the corner stone of the present Church was laid, with appropriate ceremonies, on the same site. Service was first held in it on the 3rd May, 1838, and it was consecrated by Bishop Bowen, on the 9th November of the same year. It is a very beautiful edifice, with a graceful spire on the western extremity, rising two hundred feet ; the interior, with its lofty arched roof, profusely ornamented and supported by perfect Corinthian columns, is remarkable for the ele gance and correctness of its architecture. It was furnished with an excellent chime of bells, but these were broken up and cast into cannon during the late war, and as yet the means of the Church have not been sufficient to replace them. The clock in the steeple has long been disused. There are two cemeteries attached to the Church, one immediately around it, and the other across 20 Charleston Illustrated. Church street, extending. back to the cemetery ofthe Independent Church. Near the centre of this second cemetery stands a square brick tomb, covered with a plain marble slab, where rest the remains of Calhoun. st. Michael's church. The history of St. Michael's Church is so intimately associated with that of St. Philip's that, although it does not follow in strict chronological order, we natu rally look next for it. An Act of Assembly, passed June 14, 175 1, divided the town into two Parishes ; all north of Broad street to be called St. Philip's, and all south of it St. Mi chael's. The same Act directed the building of a Church on the site lately occupied by St. Philip's, at the south-east corner of Broad and Meeting streets. The South Carolina Gazette, of February 22, 1752, states that the corner stone of the new Church was laid with much ceremony, on the 17th of that month; it further mentions that " this Church will be built on the plan of one of Mr. Gibson's designs," but nothing more is known of the architect. The entire cost of construction was only $32,755.87. It is of brick, rough cast, and is now colored white. The outside dimensions are, length one hundred and thirty feet; width sixty feet; the steeple is one hundred. and eighty feet in height, and was for a long time unsurpassed for its architectural beauty by any in America. There is a peculiar repose and stability about the entire structure, which never fails to im- Charleston Illustrated. 21 Photo, by Barnard. Ens. by Photo. Eng. Co.. N. V. ST. MICHAEL'S CHUUCH, (LOOKING NOKTH.) press the beholder. The steeple is a very prominent landmark, and can be seen at sea for several miles. During the late war the greater part of the shells from the Federal batteries, on Morris Island, were aimed directly at it, but strange to say it was not once struck. The body of the Church was several times struck, but without very serious injury. The Church was first opened for divine worship 22 Charleston Illustrated. February t, 1 761. The bells and clock were im ported from England in 1764, and the organ in 1768. The history of these bells is peculiarly interesting. When the British evacuated Charleston, in December, 1782, Major Traille, of the Royal Artillery, seized the bells on the pretence that they were a military per quisite. The citizens applied for them on the ground that they had been purchased by private subscrip tion, and Sir Guy Carleton issued an order for their restoration, but they had already been shipped to England, where they were sold and purchased by a Mr. Ryhineu, and reshipped. They arrived in Charles ton in November, 1783, and were immediately taken possession of and replaced in the belfry. In 1 86 1 they were removed to Columbia for safety, and when that city was burned by Sherman, they were so much injured by fire as to be rendered en tirely useless ; two of them were stolen and could never be recovered. In the Spring of 1866, they were again sent to. England to be recast; this was done by the succes sors of the firm that had made them a hundred years before, from the same patterns, 'nd on the 18th Feb ruary, 1867, the eight bells, as nearly identical as possible with the original ones, were landed in Charleston ; they were detained in the Custom House stores for some time, until arrangements could be made for the payment of the very heavy duty, amounting to upwards of two thousand dollars, but on the 2 1st March, 1867, they were again placed in the steeple, and the familiar chimes once more rang Charleston Illustrated. 23 Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. r . ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH, LOOKING SOUTH, WITH CITY HALL IN FOREGROUND. out. No sound appeals so touchingly to the heart of a Charlestonian as these old bells, and their return was a source of deep emotion. The Cemetery of St. Michael's extends on the south to St. Michael's Alley, and in rear of the Church to the Mansion House lot ; in it are interred the remains of many of Charleston's most honored citizens. We turn next to the EXCHANGE, OR POST OFFICE. We have seen that the old Court of Guards stood on the east side of the Bay, facing Broad street. In . iiiiiiipi lili] ! || M'llli '^iifTT !'i! in .-.--¦ Charleston Illustrated. 25 17.61, an Act of Assembly was passed forthe erection on this site of an Exchange, the contract for building it given to Messrs. Peter and John A. Horlbeck, ances tors ofthe present family of that name.andthe cost was fixed at ^"44,016 16s. 8d., gold. Most of the material used was brought from England. When completed it became the general business mart of Charleston, and so continued for many years. During the occupation of the city by the British, its lower floors were used as a prison, and in one of the rooms Col. Isaac Hayne was confined and thence taken to execution. Afterwards the vaults were used as vendue stores, until the building of the present Vendue Range, and the rest of the building as Post Office and Custom House. The situation becoming unsafe in the late .war, it was deserted, and fell almost to ruin; but it has since been refitted, the Post Office and Custom House re-established in it, and the building now presents a very imposing appearance. The front was originally on the east side, and wings extended out on East Bay, but as these obstructed the street they were taken down and the front changed to the western side. The South Carolina Society, whose hall is repre sented in our illustration along with St. Michael's Church, deserves mention, as one of the earliest benevolent institutions in this country, and one which has to the present day continued its good work. It originated in the year 1737, with a few gentlemen, who used to meet once a week, at a tavern at the north-east corner of Broad and Church streets; each 26 Charleston Illustrated. Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. SOUTH CAROLINA SOCIETY HALL. contributed a small sum (two bits, or four half-pence) for charitable purposes, and the Society was for some time known as the Two-Bit Club. It was incor porated in 1 75 1, under the name of the South Caro lina Society, and increased so rapidly, that in 1770, it had three hundred and sixty members, and a cap ital of £7,500 sterling. The Society continued to prosper, and much good was effected by giving aid to the needy families of de ceased members, and educating their children. For Charleston Illustrated. 27 some years a school was kept up under its auspices, but this was superseded by the public schools of the City. In common with all such institutions, it met with heavy losses in the late war, but still continues to aid its pensioners. The present hall is situated on the east side of Meeting street, a short distance south of St. Michael's Church. It is a substantial structure of two stories, on a high basement. The second story contains a fine hall, on the walls of which are marble tablets, with the names of persons who have made donations or bequests to the Society. On the front of the colonade, which extends over the sidewalk, the seal of the Society is represented, consisting of a hand holding an olive branch, with the legend " Posteritati." The St Andrew's Society, which also expended a considerable amount in charity, was founded in 1729, and is the oldest society in Charleston. It had accu mulated a fund, and owned a fine hall in Broad Street, near the Cathedral. This was destroyed in the fire of December, 1861, and the Society has not yet re covered from the severe losses sustained then and during the war. The German Friendly Society, established in 1766, and incorporated in 1791, also uses its funds for edu cational and charitable purposes. The first religious charitable society in America was " The Society for the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of the Clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in South Carolina," which was established in Charleston in 1762, and which, notwithstanding the 28 Charleston Illustrated. two revolutions it has passed through, continues still the support of many families of clergymen. The Charleston Library Society was the earliest association of its kind in Charleston, and the third in the United States. It was organized in 1748, by seventeen young gentlemen, who desired to obtain some of the current literature from, England. They sooa associated others with them, and, after some difficulties, a charter was obtained in 1754, under the name of the Charles Town Library Society. It increased in numbers and wealth, and in spite of the heavy loss sustained by the fire of 1778, acquired art extremely valuable collection of books. These were kept at first at the residence or office of the librarian, and afterwards in the third story of the State House (now the Court House). In 1835 the Society purchased its present building, at the north west corner of Broad and Church streets. This building was erected for the South Carolina Bank, and was occupied by it for some years. It is massively built of red brick, faced with white marble, and pre sents a square front on Broad street, with wings ex tending from the north-east and north-west corners. The number of volumes was about twenty thousand in 1 860, and the Society was in a flourishing condition. During the war the greater part of the books, includ ing the most valuable works, was removed to Colum bia for safety, but a considerable number were left in the building, and were entirely destroyed. After the war the Society was re-organized, and, in 1874, the Apprentices' Library Society was merged in it, bring- .2. mS" 30 Charleston Illustrated. ing a large accession Of members and some funds. The condition of the Society now is very promising. In the value of its collection it ranks first in the South, and efforts are now being made to render it more popular and attractive, by large additions of current literature. A curious story is told in connection with this building. While it was occupied by the Bank, in 1 802, an attempt was made by a man named Withers to enter the vaults under the building, by cutting through from beneath. To do this he entered the drain on the opposite side of the street, and for three months continued to dig his way towards the build ing. At length his confederate, a boy, was observed, by one of the clerks in a neighboring store, in the act of letting down food through the drain, and he was captured. He was arraigned for the attempt to rob, but not having accomplished his design, was released. The most remarkable fact is that his health is said not to have suffered at all from his long confinement under ground. The Court House stands at the north-west corner of Broad and Meeting streets, on the site of the old State House. After that was destroyed by fire in 1788, and the Legislature had removed its sittings to Columbia, the present building was erected on the same foundation, and became the Charleston Court House, and is one ofthe best specimens of architect ure in the city. It is built of brick, faced so as to re semble stone ; the principal front is on Broad street, and presents a central projection, formed by a screen of columns raised on a rustic arcade, the whole rising C hfirieston Illustrated. 3' SB1 .***f< WRHrWmmSQKtim Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. COURT HOUSE. the entire height of tlu building. The first floor comprises a large central hall, and the rooms of the officers of the court; from the hall a broad staircase leads to the second floor, the western portion of which is the present court room ; the eastern, formerly the Equity Court room, is now used as the clerk's office and depository of the books of the court; the third floor contains the jury rooms. On the north-east corner of Broad and Meeting streets is the City Hall ; this building was erected for the United States Bank, and was purchased by 32 Charleston Illustrated. the City when the Bank was removed from Charles ton, with the money received from the sale of the Exchange to the United States Government. Though somewhat defective in architecture, it is a very imposing building ; the front is on Broad street, and a double flight of marble steps leads to the first floor, which stands upon a high basement; the whole front of this floor is a large hall, paved with marble, in which the City Court is held ; in the rear are the offices~of the City Treasurer and Assessor, and the staircase leading to the second floor, which is occu pied by the Council Chamber, and offices of the Mayor, and other city officials. The Council Cham ber is handsomely furnished, and contains full length portraits of several distinguished citizens. The build ing stands in an open square, planted with shade trees. The north-west corner of this square is occu pied by the Fire-proof Building, a massive structure entirely protected against damage by fire ; its most valuable contents are the records of the Mesne Con veyance office, and the office of the Judge of Probates. We have already described St. Michael's Church, which stands on the south-east corner of Broad and Meeting streets; the south-west corner is occupied by the Guard House, a plain substantial building, with a colonade extending over the side walk on Broad street ; the City Police are quartered in it, and it is also used for the temporary confinement of prisoners arrested by them. As early as 1783, a Chamber of Commerce was established in Charleston ; but there arc no records Charleston Illustrated. 33 of its proceedings remaining, and it appears to have fallen into entire disuse and oblivion. In 1823, com bined action of the merchants of the city becom ing necessary in consequence of the action of the Legislature in relation to certain taxes, etc., meetings "tHS! Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. were held, the result of which was the re-establish ment of the Chamber, and since that time it has con tinued a well organized body, and, especially in the past few years, has exercised a very powerful influ ence on the commerce of Charleston; many ques- 34 Charleston Illustrated. tions are settled by it, which might otherwise lead to tedious litigation ; valuable statistical reports are prepared and published, internal improvements are suggested and aided, and numerous other benefits are derived by the city from this body, which com prises among its active members the most prominent business men in the community. The Chamber at present occupies the second and third floors of a handsome building at the north-west corner of Broad and East Bay streets ; it has a commodious reading room, supplied with the leading American and for eign papers and periodicals, and club rooms, and restaurant, for the use of the members. The buildings and associations which we have de scribed belong to Charleston before the Revolution, and while it is not proposed to offer these descriptions according to an exact chronological arrangement, yet it is well so to group them as to associate them with the several divisions into which the history of the city naturally falls. We come now to the period of the Revolution. At this time Charleston was in a very prosperous con dition — commerce was flourishing, and the interior of the State was gradually filling up and forming, as it were, a background for the metropolis. All fears from the neighboring Spaniards and Indians were re moved, and peace reigned at home and abroad. The relations with the mother country were friend ly, and the people were very loyal to the British Gov ernment ; it was, therefore, from no spirit of discon tent or- restlessness that the inhabitants commenced Charleston Illustrated. 35 their resistance to that government, but from a sense of the -duty which rested on them to oppose what they considered unjust encroachments of their rights as subjects. The first open cause of difficulty occurred, as is well known, on the passage ofthe stamp act in 1765 ; the resistance of all the American Colonies brought about the repeal of this in the following year. In 1767, taxes were laid on glass, paper, tea, and paint ers' colors; the colonists petitioned for their removal, and formed associations among themselves, pledged not to import those articles. The taxes were removed, except that of threepence a pound on tea, upon which the colonists promptly bound themselves to use no more of it. In 1773, the famous tea affair occurred ; the East India Company sent large cargoes into the various American ports, in hopes that, as the pay ment of the tax would not be made directly to the British Government, but through them, it might meet with a sale, but the colonists perceived the evasion, and would have none of it ; in Charles Town it was stored in cellars, and the consignees were prohibited from offering it for sale. On the 6th of July, 1774, a large meeting was held in Charles Town, composed of persons from all parts of the province, and the action of the British Gov ernment, in relation especially to Massachusetts, was discussed and resolutions adopted, looking to a com bination of the several colonies to secure themselves against a continuance of such action. Henry Middle- ton, John Rutledge, Christopher Gadsden, Thomas 36 diaries ton Illustrated. Lynch, and Edward Rutledge, were appointed depu ties to represent the province in a convention of the colonies. The action of that convention, and of the subsequent Congress, belong to the general history of the country; it is sufficient to observe that the people of Charleston and of Carolina, generally, promptly acquiesced in it, and prepared themselves for armed resistance to the power of Great Britain. Active hostilities commenced in South Carolina on the 12th November, 1775, when two royal armed vessels, the Tamar and the Cherokee, opened fire on the schooner Defence, Captain Tufts, which was en gaged in protecting the sinking of hulks across Hog Island Channel. The defence returned the fire, but there was no loss on either side. Col. William Moul trie having taken possession, with a small force, of Haddrell's Point, mounted a few pieces of heavy artillery there, and with a well directed fire, induced the British vessels to put to sea. The first blood was shed in the memorable battle of Fort Moultrie, on the 28th of June, 1776. On the first of that month intelligence was received that a large British fleet was making its way towards Charleston, and on the morning of the fourth, the main part of this fleet came to anchor just outside of the bar. Preparations were immediately commenced to meet the expected attack. About this time Maj. Gen. Charles Lee arrived in Charleston, and was invested by Gov. Rutledge with full command of all military affairs. He was disposed to withdraw all the troops from Sullivan's Island, but Charleston Illustrated. 37 both Rutledge and Moultrie, who commanded the Island, dissuaded him from doing so. Fort Johnson, on the opposite side of the harbor, was occupied by the first South Carolina regular regiment, commanded by Col. Gadsden ; but it was their opinion that the chief defence of the city rested in Fort Sullivan, as it was then called. This stood on the front beach of Sullivan's Island, and commanded the main entrance to the harbor ; it was a square structure, with a bas tion at each angle, and was built of Palmetto logs, piled one on another in two lines, sixteen feet apart, the space between being filled with sand. There was not sufficient time to carry out the plan of the fort, and only the wall on the front, and the south-eastern and part of the south-western sides were completed ; some temporary defences, built of plank, filled up the unfinished portions, but these were only available against a land attack. The armament consisted in all of twenty-six guns ; nine twenty-pounders, three eighteen-pounders, and fourteen twelve-pounders ; on the south-east bastion was the plain blue flag, with white crescent, which from that day became so famous. At the eastern end of the Island breastworks were erected, and Col. William Thompson was in command. His whole force consisted of seven hundred and eighty men, and they were provided with one eighteen pounder and a field piece. The British land forces, three thousand men, under Maj. Gen. Clinton, landed on Long Island, and haying fortified themselves there, began preparations to cross Beach Inlet and attack Fort Sullivan in the rear. 38 Charleston Illustrated. On the morning of the 28th of June, the fleet, under command of Admiral Sir Peter Parker, and consisting of eight vessels, two of them fifty gun ships, crossed the bar and advanced towards the city; at the same time Sir Henry Clinton's forces made a Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. FORT MOULTRIE. demonstration on the eastern end of the Island, but were kept in check by Col. Thompson's gallant rifle men. Sir Peter Parker, supposing that the fort would Charleston Illustrated. 39 offer but a slight resistance, opened a brisk fire upon it as he passed, from four of his ships. The fire being as briskly returned, the engagement soon became general and lasted from a little before eleven in the forenoon to near nine o'clock at night, when the fleet retired, having suffered terrible losses; three of the vessels having been sent round to attack the fort on the western side, went aground on the shoal known as the middle ground, and one of them, the Actaeon, could not be got off and was abandoned ; the others escaped with severe losses ; the Admiral's ship was almost entirely destroyed. The loss of the British was upwards of two hundred men; that ofthe Amer icans, was ten men killed and twenty-two wounded. The material of which the fort was composed favored the defenders; the spongy Palmetto logs did not splinter when struck, and, as later experience has proved, sand is far superior to masonry for resisting cannon shot. A morass in the interior of the fort did good service by putting out the fuses of many of the shells which fell into it. One of the incidents of the day was the heroic rescue by Sergeant Jasper ofthe flag, which was shot away early in the action. He leapt over on the beach and deliberately restored it to its place, under the heaviest fire of the enemy. The defence of this fort was one ofthe most gallant actions of the whole war, and gained for Gen. Moultrie the highest reputation. The fort was named, in honor of him, Fort Moultrie, which name it still bears. The present fort is built of brick, on the same 40 Charleston Illustrated. site. It was occupied by United States troops, under Major Anderson, at the time ofthe secession of South Carolina, and it was his evacuation of it on the night of the 26th of December, .i860, after having spiked the guns and destroyed the carriages, and his taking possession of Fort Sumter, which constituted the first act of hostility in the war of secession. When the Confederate troops occupied it they strengthened it with a glacis on the front, and with large bombproofs in the interior. It was garrisoned during the greater part ofthe war by the First Regu lar Infantry, Col. Butler, and took part in all the actions which occurred in Charleston harbor. Since the war the United States authorities have removed the earthworks, and are now engaged in refitting and arming the fort. The repulse of the British forces left Charleston in a state of comparative peace, the blockade being removed, commerce flourished, and notwithstanding the terrible fire of 15th January, 1778, in which two hundred and fifty dwellings, besides stores arid other buildings, were destroyed, the city continued to grow and prosper until 1780, when the British recommenced military operations against it. On the nth February, 1780, a British army, under Sir Henry Clinton, landed within thirty miles of the city and commenced to advance upon it. Clinton formed a depot of supplies and built fortifications at Wappoo, on James' Island ; on the first of April he crossed the Ashley and invested the city, at the same time his fleet crossed the bar, and this time passing Charleston Illustrated. 41 Fort Moultrie under a heavy fire, but without engag ing it, sailed into the harbor. The American forces of less than four thousand men, chiefly militia, under command of Gen. Lincoln, made active preparations for defence ; strong lines of fortifications were thrown up across the Neck, and the works on South Bay, and other exposed parts of the city, strengthened and manned. The British advanced by regular approaches, keep ing up meantime a heavy bombardment ; several skir mishes occurred between portions of the two armies, but there was no general engagement, and on the 1 2th of May, the enemy having carried the outer works, prepared for a general assault by land and sea, when the garrison, perceiving that further resistance was useless, and having already suffered heavily from sickness and want of food, determined to capitulate. The British held the city until the 14th of Decem ber, 1782, and under their harsh rule the inhabitants had to endure many privations and indignities. It was during this time that the execution of Col. Isaac Hayne took place. Col. Hayne was a planter of good family and high character. He had commanded a troop of horse during the war, but on the fall of Charleston, this was disbanded, and lie retired with his family to his plantation ; a short time afterwards, he was, on some pretence, induced to go to Charles ton, where he was seized and imprisoned, until, in order to return to his dying wife, he consented, under protest, to take the oath of submission to the British authority; he had scarcely reached his home when a 42 Charleston Illustrated. demand was made upon him to take up arms against his country. Conceiving that- the contract had been violated, he made his escape and joined the American forces in the neighborhood. He was captured, and after a rigorous confinement for several months, in one of the rooms of the Exchange Building, on the nth of August, 1781, he was taken thence to the place of execution, attended by an immense concourse of citizens, who had plead in vain for his release. The indignation felt in the American army at this outrage was so great, that the officers addressed a memorial to Gen. Green, recommending immediate measures of retaliation, thereby exposing themselves to a similar fate in case of capture. The occupation of the city by the British lasted, as we have said, until December, 1782. At that time the commander, General Leslie, having levelled the walls of the town and of Fort Johnson, notified Gen. Greene of the intended evacuation; and an arrange- • ment was made for the American troops to enter the town as the British left it, both parties pledging themselves to abstain from any hostile demonstrations. On the morning of the 14th of December the march commenced ; the Americans following the British at a distance of two hundred yards, down the King street road until they were within the lines, when the British filed off to the left, to Gadsden's wharf, where they embarked in boats which were waiting to take them to the fleet. The following day the fleet left the harbor. As may be supposed, great rejoicings followed this Charleston Illustrated. 43 event, and a new era of prosperity opened for the city. So far as Charleston was concerned, the war was virtually ended, and the general peace which was made soon after removed all further difficulties. DESCRIPTION OF BUILDINGS, Etc. With the return of peace the citizens of Charleston, under which name the city was incorporated 1783, were enabled to resume the exercise of that public spirit which they had previously displayed, and we find them soon establishing charitable institutions and erecting buildings to be permanent ornaments and improvements to the city. And first and noblest among these institutions stands THE CHARLESTON ORPHAN HOUSE. The Act of Incorporation just referred to imposed upon the City the care of providing for the poor and maintaining and educating poor orphan children. In accordance with this Act, commissioners of the poor were appointed, and a number of orphan children were supported, by boarding them out in private houses, and were educated at the expense of the city. In 1790, the City Council passed an Ordinance for the erection of an Orphan House, and the vacant lands between Boundary (now Calhoun) street and Vander- horst street were appropriated to the purpose. On 44 Charleston Illustrated. the 12th of November, 1792, the corner-stone of the building was laid by John Huger, Esq., Intendant of the City; and on the 18th of October, 1794, with appropriate religious services, one hundred and fifteen orphan children were introduced into it. In 1853, the Commissioners presented a memorial to Council recommending the repair and enlargement of the building; and, this being adopted, Messrs.. Jones & Lee, Architects, were charged with the work, which they completed shortly before the celebration ofthe sixty-sixth anniversary, October 18th, 1855. The building as it now stands is in the Italian style ; is two hundred and thirty-six feet long by seventy-six feet wide, with an extension in the rear ninety feet long by thirty-one feet wide. The main building is five stories high, divided in the front in three sections, the central portion being surmounted by a pediment and having an Italian portico projecting in front. The building is surmounted by a Mansard roof, and above the central section of the front is the belfry, in which is hung the city alarm bell ; on the belfry is a figure of Charity. The whole height is one hundred and forty-six feet from the ground. It is divided into spacious and airy rooms, adapted to the various requirements of the inmates, and is surrounded by extensive grounds, well laid out, and protected by a high brick wall. In the northern part ofthe grounds is a handsome chapel, in which services are held every Sunday by some one ofthe city clergymen. The institution is complete in every detail, and is Charleston's grandest work. Charleston Illustrated. 45 The lives of hundred of citizens, some of whom have risen to eminence in the nation, as well as in their own State, attest its practical value. The statue of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, which now stands in the Orphan House yard, is identified with the history of the city. When the news of the repeal of the Stamp Act was received, May 3rd, 1766, the Commons House of Assembly, which was then in session, filled with en thusiastic gratitude to Mr. Pitt for his noble defence of their rights, unanimously resolved to procure a statue, to be erected in the province as a memorial of his great services. On the 31st of May, 1770, the statue, made in England, by Mr. Wilton, at a cost of ,£i,QOO sterling, was landed in Charleston, and fixed upon a pedestal previously prepared for it, in the square at the intersection of Broad and Meeting streets, surrounded by an iron railing. During the siege of Charleston, a cannon ball from a British fort on James Island struck off the right arm, which was extended as if in the act of speaking; but it remained otherwise unhurt, until after the war it was found to interfere with travel through that thoroughfare, and was taken down and laid in the Orphan House yard. In 1808 the commissioners of the Orphan House obtained permission to erect it in its present place, in the centre ofthe enclosure, where it forms a conspic uous object. The College of Charleston was incorporated in 1785, but nothing was done towards its establishment, except to collect some funds, until Dr. Smith offered 46 Charleston Illustrated. to transfer the scholars of his academy to it. This offer was accepted, and a portion of the old brick barracks was fitted up, and possession taken in 1791 ; three years later the first commencement was held, Photo, by Barnard. COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. and six young men graduated, among them the late Bishop Bowen. The college declined after this, however, and only a grammar school was maintained in the building for many years. At length an effort was made to reor ganize and improve it, and this being liberally sup ported, a full collegiate course was adopted, with a Charleston Illustrated. 47 grammar school attached, and the first commencement under the new organization was held in October, 1826. In 1837, an arrangement was made, by which the property of the college was transferred to the city, in trust for the re-establishment and maintenance of the institution on an improved plan. The college occu pies the square bounded by George, Green, College, and St. Philip streets ; it consists of a square, central building, fronting south on the campus, with exten sive wings on the east and west; it is two stories, on a basement ; the first story contains in the central building, the chapel, and in the wings, the recitation rooms ; the second story is almost entirely occupied by the museum of natural history, a large and well arranged collection, gathered from all parts of the world, but specially interesting from the large num ber of specimens characteristic of South Carolina and the adjoining States. The college library is in a small building of orna mental construction, in the western part of the campus. It has between five and six thousand vol umes, of which two thousand were presented, in 1853, by Dr. L. A. Frampton, the present librarian ; about twenty-five hundred more were bequeathed by the late Judge King. MEDICAL COLLEGE OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. This institution is located on the corner of Queen and Franklin streets, occupying a ;part of the square with the Roper Hospital, City Hospital, and County 48 Charleston Illustrated. Jail. It is one of the oldest medical schools at the South, and its very numerous alumni are scattered through the Southern States, many of them occupy ing the highest positions ; some of them occupy iip: ¦ IP mWm-™ life iiwtol* I i Photo, by Barnard. MEDICAL COLLEGE. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. professorial chairs in the best Northern colleges; and some, like Drs. J. Marion Sims, and Prof. T. G. Thomas, of New York, have acquired a wide-spread reputation. Charleston Illustrated. 49 The charter of this College was obtained in 1832, but many of the original faculty, among whom we may mention Drs. S. H. Dickson and J. E. Hol- brook, as specially distinguished, had been earlier engaged in teaching in another school, organized in 1822, by the Medical Society of South Carolina. This latter school was short lived, and, since its sus pension, the present College has been the only regu larly chartered Medical College in the State. Its career had been remarkably successful, until the late war so crippled the resources of the South as seri ously to affect all institutions of learning. In com mon with the gradual improvement of the Southern country, the success of the College, under the new regime, is year by year becoming more assured. The present Faculty have done all in their power to meet the exigencies of the times, and to maintain the former prestige of the old institution. The fees for tuition have been made almost nominal, the idea being simply to pay the expenses of the school, without regard to the personal benefit to the teachers. This plan, which is considered only a temporary one, has been highly recommended by the Trustees and most of the old friends and Alumni of the College. We trust that students of medicine, at the South, will appreciate the efforts and liberal offers of the Faculty, and thus help to sustain a home institution which is so well endowed and ably conducted. The following comprise the Board of Trustees and the Medical Faculty as now constituted : 3 50 Charleston Illustrated. Board of Trustees. — Hon. H. D. Lesesne, President ; E. Horry Frost, Secretary and Treasurer; Hon. J. L. Manning, Hon. W; D. Porter, Gen. Wade Hampton, Hon. G. A. Trenholm, Hon. B. F. Perry, T. G. Prio- leau, M. D., Henry Gourdin, Esq., Edward McCrady, Esq. Medical Faculty.— R. A. Kinloch, M, D., Professor ofthe Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery : J. P. Chazal, M. D., Professor of Pathology and Practice of Medicine; Middleton Michel, M. D., Professor of Physiology ; C, U. Shepard, Jr., M. D.. Professor of Chemistry ; F. L. Parker, M. D., Pro fessor of Anatomy; J. Ford Prioleau, M. D., Pro fessor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology ; F. Peyre Porcher, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and of Clinical Medicine ; 'Manning Simons, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy; Prof. R. A. Kinloch, Dean of the Faculty. Connected with the Medical College, or rather more immediately with the Medical Society, is the Roper Hospital, which stands at the corner of Queen and Mazyck streets. This noble institution was founded through the liberality of Mr. Thomas Roper, whose name it bears. In 1854, he bequeathed real estate to the value of fifty thousand dollars for this purpose, the City of Charleston gave twenty thousand dollars, and the lot on which the Hospital stands; and in 1857 the State Legislature gave ten thousand dollars to complete the building, which was finished the fol lowing year. After the establishment of the Hospital,. Mrs. Kohn also made a large bequest to it. Charleston Illustrated. Si ROPER HOSPITAL. The building is very handsome, and well arranged. The central portion has, on the first floor, offices for the physicians and others connected with the institu tion, on the second, the library of the Medical Society, and on the third, a large amphitheatre, provided for clinical lectures, for the medical students ; the east and west wings contain spacious and well ventilated wards, with broad piazzas to the south. In front is a tastefully laid out garden, which adds to the attractive appearance. The Hospital was under control of the Medical So ciety, who appointed all the officers and superintended the conduct of -the Institution, but in consequence of 52 Charleston Illustrated. the losses sustained in the war, the funds are now put out at interest to accumulate, and the building is under lease to the city for ten years, as a general hospital. In our early plan of Charles Town, we find in a conspicuous place the " Independent Church." This was established by Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and a few of the French Protestant Refugees. It after wards became the Congregationalist Church. The original church was a small wooden building, which being remodelled, and enlarged, and painted white, was generally known as the " White Meeting House," and probably gave its name to Meeting street. On the same site the Circular Church, represented in our engraving, was built in 1804; it was curiously con structed, consisting of a rotunda eighty-eight feet in diameter, surmounted by a dome. On the western face was a square projection which supported the steeple, and, in front of this, a portico of six columns, sur mounted by a pediment, formed the facade of the building. The cemetery extends back to that of St. Philip's Church. The church was destroyed by the fire of 1 861, and only the picturesque ruins now occupy the site. The congregation, have erected a small chapel, on the lot in which services are held. Our illustration shows, adjoining the Circular Church, a building which was the scene of, perhaps, the most important event in the history of South Carolina ; this was the Institute Hall, more lately known as Seces sion Hall. It was the property ofthe South Carolina Institute, an association for the promotion of the Charleston Illustrated. S3 CIRCULAR CHURCH AND INSTITUTE HALL. industrial arts in the State, and was completed in 1854. The first floor was occupied by stores and offices, and the second contained an elegant and spacious hall, capable of holding twenty-five hundred persons ; in it the annual Fairs of the Institute were held, and it 54 Charleston Illustrated. was used for any specially large meetings. The Na tional Democratic Convention, which met in Charles ton, in April, i860, held its meetings there ; but the grand event which took place within its walls, was the ratification of the Ordinance of Secession. The State Convention held its meetings in St. Andrew's Hall, Broad street, until the adoption of the Ordinance of Secession, on the 20th of December, i860, when it was resolved to adjourn to Institute Hall for the pur pose of ratifying. At 6 P. M., on that day, the Convention moved in procession from St. Andrew's to the Institute Hall, where, after prayer by the Rev. John Bachman, D. D., the Ordinance was most solemnly ratified, receiving the signature of every member of the Convention. At the conclusion of the signing, the President of the Convention, Hon. D. F. Jamison, exhibited the parchment to the meeting, announcing that the Ordinance of Secession had been signed and ratified. He therefore proclaimed the State of South Carolina an Independent Cornmon- wealth. On this announcement, the whole audience rose and gave vent to their enthusiasm by prolonged cheers, accompanied by the waving of hats and handkerchiefs. The occasion was celebrated in the evening by a general illumination and bonfires in the principal streets, and the parading of citizens with bands of music. This building, also, perished in the great fire, and its loss was deeply felt, as well for the associations connected with it, as for its intrinsic value. The French Protestant Church belongs to the very Charleston Illustrated. SS Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. FRENCH PROTESTANT CHURCH. early history of Charleston ; the Huguenots, whose arrival in the province in 1685 and '86, we have already noticed, in a few years erected a building for worship on the site occupied by the present church, at the south-east corner of Church and Queen streets. The .first building was destroyed by fire in 1740, a second met the same fate in 1796, and was rebuilt in 1797; about the year 1845, this was remodelled and enlarged 56 Charleston Illustrated. to its present dimensions. It is still a small building, but a very pretty one, in correct Gothic style, carefully and neatly finished. On the walls of the interior are several handsome marble tablets, erected in memory of the principal founders of the church by their descendants. It is worthy of remark that this is, probably, the only church in the United States which adheres to the exact form of the Huguenot worship. In the year 173 1, the strict Presbyterians, among the congregation of the Independent Church above described, left it, and established a church for them selves on the model of the Church of Scotland, and erected a building at the south-west corner of Meeting and Tradd streets. The present First Presbyterian or Scotch Church was built on the same site and was completed in 18 14. It exhibits a. fine front, composed of a recessed portico of four columns, flanked by two towers, surmounted by cupolas. The interior is spacious and well finished. The Second Presbyterian Church, commonly known as Flinn's Church, from the name of its first pastor, Rev. Dr. Flinn, was built in 181 1, the number of Presbyterians in the city having increased so much as to require more room. It stands at the corner of Charlotte and Elizabeth streets, on the highest spot in the city, and forms a very conspicuous landmark. It is of the temple form, and with its lofty portico, produces a fine effect. Behind this, portico rises a. tower, intended as the foundation of a steeple. The steeple has never been completed, but the height of Charleston Illustrated. 57 the ground, as well as the great size of the Church itself, makes it visible at as great a distance as any of the other churches. The cemetery surrounds the Church on three sides, the western front opening on a fine square, planted with grass and shade trees, and extending to Meeting street. ¥1 iiiP^ife 3HBPI Hi^^^hB Photo, by Cook. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. SECOND PRESBYTERIAN, OR FLINN'S, CHURCH. The Central (Third) Presbyterian Church stands on the western side of Meeting street, a short distance above Society street ; it is remarkable for the perfect tion of its architecture, having an elegant portico of pure Corinthian style, and the rest of the building 58 Charleston Illustrated. CENTRAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. corresponding in symmetry and correctness. It is without a steeple or other modern embellishment. We have already alluded to the early establishment of the Baptists in Charleston. The site of their original building on the west side of Church street, a little above Water, is now occupied by the First Baptist Church, a building well worth notice, from its simple, but imposing architecture. Charleston Illustrated. 59 Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. CITADEL SQUARE BAPTIST CHURCH. The Citadel Square Baptist Church sprung from this. The idea of establishing it originated, in 1854, with Messrs. B. C. Pressley and C. L. Burckmeyer, who, after consultation with Rev. J. P. Boyce, for merly of the First Church, but then of Columbia, made known their design, and were promptly joined by a number of friends. A subscription was opened and was liberally filled up, more than one-half of the amount necessary for the building being subscribed by the heirs of the estate of Mr. Ker Boyce. A lot 6o Charleston Illustrated. was procured at the corner of Meeting and Henrietta streets, and work commenced on the building, which was rapidly completed, and was dedicated on the 23d of November, 1856. The members of the Wentworth street church soon after joined themselves to the congregation. Photo, by Barnard. BETHEL CHURCH. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. The style of the building is Norman. Its extreme dimensions are eighty feet on Meeting street, and one hundred and forty-five feet on "Henrietta street ; the side walls" are forty feet high, and the west or front Charleston Illustrated. 61 wall seventy feet to the point of the gable. The interior will accommodate one thousand persons. The tower is located at the north-west corner of the main building. It is square, supported by but tresses at the angles, and, with the spire, is two Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. En;. Co., N. Y. ST JOHN'S CHAPEL. hundred and twenty feet high. The whole building presents an elegant and impressive appearance. The Methodist Church was organized in America in 1784; the denomination flourished in Charleston, and now has several churches, with large congrega- 62 Charleston Illustrated. tions, in the city. Bethel Church, the Second Metho dist, is situated on the south side of Calhoun street, near Pitt. It is a large brick building, roughcast, with a fine portico in front, and surrounded by an extensive yard. It is one of the largest and best at tended Methodist Churches in Charleston. The old wooden church that preceded the present building, and was erected about 1800, has been removed to the rear, and is occupied by a numerous colored congre gation. St. John's Chapel (Episcopal), at the corner of Am herst and Hanover streets, affords a convenient place of worship for the Episcopalians residing in the north eastern portion of the city. St. Mary's Church, situated on the south side of .Hasel street, between King and Meeting streets, was the first Roman Catholic church in Charleston, and, since the burning of St. Finbar's, is the largest ; it is an unpretending building, but is neatly finished inside, and the altar is richly decorated. st. finbar's cathedral. The ruins of this beautiful' building stand on a lot which was once the old Vaux-Hall Garden, at the north-east corner of Broad and Friend streets. The cathedral was built on the site of the old St. Finbar's, a wooden building; the corner-stone was laid in 1852, and it was dedicated in April, 1854. It was of brown freestone and was the mos£. beautiful church edifice in the city. The height to the top of the cross was Charleston Illustrated. 63 two hundred and eighteen and a half feet ; the exte rior dimensions were, from front to rear of vestry, one hundred and ninety-four feet : height to roof ridge of the rear, seventy-seven feet ; width, seventy-three feet. The building cost, when completed, $106,000, ilyir -¦ f»&$ 1 Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. ST. MARY'S [CATHOLIC] CHURCH. and was complete in every respect; the interior was very highly ornamented, the windows all of stained glass, and the decorations of the altar elaborate and tasteful. It was destroyed by the fire of December, 1 86 1. A few years later, when time had somewhat 64 Charleston Illustrated. softened the effects of the fire, its ruins presented a most beautiful picture. A considerable part ofthe graceful steeple remained, but. this was thought to be dangerous, and most of it was taken down. Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. }'. HEBREW CHURCH. The Unitarian Church was originally an offshoot of the old Independent Church, and remained connected with it until the year 1817. The congregation adopted the Unitarian doctrines about the year 18 19. The first building on the site of the present one, on the east side of Archdale street, a short way above Queen Charleston Illustrated. 65 street, was begun just before the revolution, and was finished shortly after that war. The new building was erected on the foundation of the old one, and was dedicated on the 2d of April, 1854, It is the most perfect piece of architecture of its kind, in the city. The style is the "Perpen dicular," the latest and richest -of all the styles of Gothic architecture. Every part of the building, exterior and interior, is complete ; the ceiling of the nave is that peculiar Gothic work, styled " fan tracery," and is exquisitely rich and beautiful. The great window in the rear of the church is in the richest style of design and finish, and is filled with figures of emblematic character. St. John's Lutheran Church, which stands imme diately north of this, is in marked contrast, being of perfectly simple design. A Hebrew congregation existed in Charleston as early as 1750; in 1795 they purchased the site of their present synagogue on the north side of Hasel street, between King and Meeting streets. The syna gogue is a brown stone building, in the Athenian style, very handsomely built, but lacking the proper situation to show it off to advantage. Charleston Illustrated. HISTORY OF CHARLESTON. [CONTINUED.] We turn from the description of the buildings which illustrate the growth and progress of the city, to notice certain events which exhibited the charac teristics of the people and affected their action on subsequent occasions. The Mexican war afforded an opportunity for the military spirit of the younger portion of the commu nity of Charleston, and of the rest of the State, to manifest itself. On its breaking out, in 1847, the famous Palmetto Regiment was organized. This splendid body of men was composed of the very best material of the State, and-Charleston was largely represented in it. The regiment was in nearly every action of the war, and distinguished itself always ; whether in battle or in severe marches and arduous duties, it was second to none in courage and endu rance. It was the flag of the Palmetto Regiment that was first planted on the walls of the conquered city of Mexico. But it paid the penalty of its galant- ry by terrible losses. Colonel Butler, the commander, was killed while heading a charge ; Lieutenant-Colonel Dickinson, who succeeded to the command, perished in like manner ; scarcely three hundred men out of near twelve hundred returned to Carolina. They were received with enthusiasm everywhere, and the State awarded a medal to each of them. A very Charleston Illustrated. 67 beautiful monument was erected to the dead, con sisting of a perfect representation of a Palmetto tree in iron, upon a pedestal, on which were engraved in letters of brass the names of those who had fallen. This was intended to be placed in the new State House at Columbia. Many of the survivors of the Palmetto Regiment were in the field, in the war of secession, and added to the laurels they had already gained ; several rose to distinguished positions. For many years after the Revolution, Charleston continued in a profoundly peaceful condition ; the war with Great Britain of 18 12, did not seriously affect her; naturally there were occasional stoppages of trade, and threats of attack, but nothing came of these beyond exciting in the people that prompt spirit of resistance to force, which they have always exhib ited. This happy condition of affairs continued unbroken until the celebrated Nullification excitement, which threatened the country at large, with the contest which actually occurred in i860, and in South Caro lina, particularly in Charleston, caused the formation of parties which remained in opposition up to that time. The various questions involved in this matter cannot be treated in our space ; the main issue was upon the right of a State to nullify, to dedare uncon stitutional and void, an Act of Congress. South Carolina took the lead in this, as she has done on many occasions, in the history of the coun try. Mr. Calhoun was the great leader, along with 68 Charleston Illustrated. Gen. Robt. Y. Hayne, and other eminent men, while the opposition numbered in its ranks such men as Mr. Legare, Judge Huger, Mr. Petigru, and others. A contest in regard to such grave matters, and with such men arrayed on each side, could not fail to awaken the interest and enthusiasm of every citizen. The tariff laws proposed in Congress were, iii the opinion of many Southern statesmen, directly inimical to the interests of the Southern States. For several years the question was agitated. In 1827, Mr. Calhoun published his views. On the fourth of July, 1831, addresses were made by the leaders of each side, which drew the party lines distinctly, and on the 23d of November, 1832, the General Assembly called a Con vention. This Convention, with Governor Hamilton at its head, by a very large majority, passed the Nul lification Ordinance, ignoring certain acts of Congress. On the 10th of December, the President of the United States, Andrew Jackson, published a procla mation denouncing the Ordinance. Thus the State and the United States Government were openly at issue, and, as may readily be imagined, the feelings of all parties were wrought up to the highest pitch. Mr. Clay's compromise bill, however, introduced the following February, and the arrival of a commissioner from Virginia to promote an adjustment, tended to allay the excitement, and on the 15th of March, 1833, the Nullification Ordinance was revoked and quiet restored. But at no period in the history of the State have politics assumed such a violent and per sonal aspect as at this. The community was divided Charleston Illustrated. 69 against itself, and it seemed scarcely possible to avert a violent contest among its members. The secession movement involved far more im portant issues, and the enthusiasm was greater and more general ; but, although at that time there was some eminent men who were opposed to secession, the majority in favor of it was so overwhelmingly large, that their opposition never took shape, and in fact, they generally yielded to the manifest spirit of the people and cast in their lot with them ; hence, the action of the State might justly be called unanimous. On the question of Nullification, views were divided, and it was not uncommon for members of the same household to be directly op posed to each other. On the 31st of March, 1850, South Carolina was called to mourn the loss of her greatest statesman, Hon. John C. Calhoun, who died in the very midst of this work, as Senator in Wash ington. He was buried, as we have already mentioned, in the cemetery of St. Philip's Church, and his funeral was the most impressive sight of its kind ever wit nessed iri Charleston. On the 26th of April, the re mains, enclosed in an iron coffin, reached Charleston in charge of committees of the United States Senate and House of Representatives, and of several of the States ; they were taken in a magnificent funeral car, with a large escort, to the citadel, the entire front of which was draped in mourning ; there they were received from the Senate committee by Hon. T. Leger Hutchinson, Mayor of the city. A procession was 70 Charleston Illustrated. then formed, comprising every military and civic organization in the city, besides the seamen, children of the schools, and hundreds of citizens of this and the adjoining States, on foot and on horseback, and ¦3B WW1WWII mHUKBBBr &M ^R Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. THE CITY HALL. moved through the principal streets to the City Hall, where the remains were placed in a splendid cata falque, prepared for their reception. Here the body lay in state until the next day, under the special charge of an honorary guard of two hundred citizens. During the day thousands of citizens and strangers Charleston Illustrated. 71 repaired to the City Hall, to pay their tribute of respect to the illustrious dead. The most perfect order and decorum prevailed ; the stream of visitors entered the main doors, ascended the catafalque, and after gazing silently on the sarcophagus, retired through the passage in the rear. The coffin and sarcophagus enclosing it were cov ered with flowers, the offerings of the ladies of the city. The next day the body was removed, with a civic procession, to St. Philip's Church, where the burial services were read by the Right Rev. Dr. Gadsden, Bishop ofthe Diocese, and a funeral discourse preach ed by the Rev. James W. Miles. It was then borne to the western cemetery, and there placed in the vault prepared for its temporary reception. The whole of the ceremonies were conducted in the most solemn and impressive manner, and no effort was spared by the citizens to mark their sense of respect for the deceased and their grief for his loss. The action of the people of Charleston and of the State generally on this occasion was significant. It was no mere outburst of sentiment. It arose not only from the great love and reverence which Mr. Calhoun's purity of character and intellect inspired, and the pride which they felt in him as one of the greatest statesmen that America has produced, but it was also occasioned by the intense sympathy with and belief in the politi cal principles which he represented. The States Rights doctrines which he believed in and taught were thoroughly impressed upon their minds, and 72 Charleston Illustrated. undoubtedly influenced the whole future conduct of' the State. The extensive square of the Citadel Green, over looked by the castellated buildings at the Academy, affords one of the most pleasing sights in Charleston, and is connected, by many associations, with her palmiest days. It was the rendezvous on all occa- Photo, by Barnard. THE CITADEL. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., A\ Y. sions when military or civic parades took place, and many brilliant processions made it their starting point. The Academy was an object of great interest to the people of Charleston. In 1842 the Legislature transferred the appropriation for the Citadel and Magazine Guard at Charleston, and the Arsenal Guard, at Columbia, to a board of visitors, who were authorized to organize the State Military Academy. Charleston Illustrated. 73 In February, 1843, this organization was effected, and the cadets required to discharge the duties of a State Guard. This building had been the Arsenal, and was occupied, until about 1832, by United States troops, and then by regular State troops, until the formation of the Academy. It was of two stories, without the wings, the third story was added, and the wings constructed to extend the Arsenal. The Academy was admirably conducted, the drill and discipline of the cadets were unsurpassed, and the tone ofthe institution very high. To it the State owes many of her best men in all the walks of life. On the breaking out of the late war the Cadets were early in the field. In fact, the first gun of the conflict was fired by them, on the memorable morning of the 9th of January, 1861, when the Star ofthe West attempted to re-inforce Fort Sumter; after that they were kept at their studies in the Academy, and doing guard duty in and around the city, and whenever an emergency arose, they were promptly out and did good service. About December, 1864, they went into active service, and so remained until the close of the war, the Academy being virtually abandoned. On the evacuation of Charleston, the United States troops took possession of the buildings and the larger part of the garrison is still quartered in them. It is much to be regretted that the property is not returned to the State and the Academy revived. The Market Hall fronts on Meeting street. It is a fine building, in temple form, standing on a high open basement, having a lofty portico in front, reached 4 74 Charleston Illustrated. by a double flight of stone steps, the exterior cornices are appropriately ornamented with bulls' heads. In rear of this building are the markets, consisting of a row of low sheds, supported by brick arches, JHH Photo, by Barnard. MARKET HALL. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N.Y. and extending to East Bay street. They have divi sions for large and small meats, vegetables and fish, the stalls being arranged on each side, having a broad, shady walk between them. The whole arrangement is a judicious and convenient one, especially for a Southern climate. Charleston Illustrated. 7S The Hibernian Hall, on the West side of Meeting street, a short distance above Broad, is the property of the Hibernian Society, one of the oldest and wealthiest associations in the city, and comprising in its ranks all of the best citizens of Irish extraction. Photo, by Barnard. HIBERNIAN HALL. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. The building is a handsome and substantial one, conveniently arranged, with a large hall, occupying the whole of the second floor, and a smaller hall, and committee rooms below. Since the burning of the 76 Charleston Illustrated. Institute and St. Andrew's Halls, this one has been used for all large assemblies ; it was also arranged for a theatre, and used by all. theatrical performances until the building of the Academy of Music. The society have lately put it in thorough repair, and or namented it quite handsomely. The new Custom House, an engraving of which appears on page 6, which is only partially completed, presents, even in that condition, one of the hand somest objects in Charleston. It is situated just south of the Market wharf, orii Cooper River; the site, which was formerly known.1 as Fitzsimmons' wharf, was purchased by the United States Government in 1849, and, in 1850, Col. E. B. White received the appointment as superintendent, and the work was commenced and continued until the war arrested its progress. It is on a grand scale % the foundation consists of seven thousand thirty-feet" piles, on which rests a heavy layer of grillage, then follotvs a thickness of eighteen inches of concrete, on' which stand a number of inverted arches, built of -brick', and about ten feet in height; the superstructure^ rises from these These details will serve to give some1 idea of the magnitude of the work proposed. It has already cost some hundreds of thousands of dollars, and it will take many thousands more to complete it. Since the war, appropriations have been made from time to time for the continuation ofthe work, but no steady progress has been made. The building is of white marble ; the style of architecture the Roman- Corinthian; some changes have been made in the Charleston Illustrated. 77 original plans which are not yet fully carried out, and prevent further description at this time. We come now to the period in the history of Charleston which overshadows all the rest in impor tance, both in the material changes which it produced Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. EAST BATTERY. in the city itself and in the qualities and characteristics of its citizens which it brought into play. Charleston, as she had done in the throwing off the government of the Lords Proprietors in 17 19, in the Revolution of 1776, and in the Nullification pro ceedings of 1 83 1, took the lead among the cities of 7 8 Charleston Illustrated. the South in the Secession1 movement of i 860-61 ; we have already described the scenes which took place in the Institute Hall, on the evening of the 20th of December, 186©. The people of Charleston were ready to abide by any consequences that might result from their action on that occasion, but they hoped that the United States Government would recognize their rights and not resort to forcible means of settling the questions between the Southern States and itself. This hope was first shaken when, on the night of the 26th of December, Major Anderson, Commandant of Fort Moultrie, abandoned that fort, having first spiked the guns and destroyed the carriages, and took possession of Fort Sumter. By this action war was virtually declared, and the State authorities deemed it advisable to look to their own defences; accordingly the following day Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie •were occupied by volunteer commands — Castle Pinck ney by the Rifle Battalion, Col. J. Johnston Pettigrew, Fort Moultrie, by four companies of artillery, under Col. W. G. DeSaussure. Other points around the harbor were fortified and manned by companies from the city, and other parts of the State. A detachment of the Citadel Cadets, under Major P. F. Stevens, occupied a battery, has tily thrown up on the point of Morris Island. On the morning of the 9th of January, 1861, the Star of the West, a United States transport steamer, loaded with men and military stores, attempted to enter the harbor for the purpose of reinforcing Fort Sumter. When about two miles from the fort, the cadets Charleston Illustrated, 79 opened fire upon her; the first shot was fired across her bow, merely to give warning. The steamer run ning up the United States flag, and increasing her speed, the next shots were aimed at her, and one struck, while the rest were so close as to show that the artillerists had got the range and were ready to do damage. Perceiving that, the Captain deemed it more prudent to retreat, and turned his vessel sea ward, abandoning the project of aiding the fort. Thus the cadets had the. honor of firing the first gun of the war, and the prestige which they acquired on this occasion never left them. Whenever called into the field they were placed in the position of danger and of honor. From this time all doubts were removed from the minds of the people of South Carolina as to the hos tile intentions of the United States Government. Gen. G. T. Beauregard having arrived in Charles ton, from New Orleans, was invested by Gov. Pick ens with command of all military affairs, and proceeded at once to organize his forces. It was evident that the garrison of Fort Sumter could not remain there with safety to the city, but Major Anderson showed no signs of intention to move, and it was ascertained that ships of war were on their way to the South ; a special messenger, also, from President Lincoln, informed Governor Pickens and General Beauregard that the fort was to be pro visioned by force. Preparations must, therefore, be made on our side to anticipate this. Batteries were thrown up on Morris and Sullivan's Islands, Fort 8o Charleston Illustrated. Moultrie was strengthened, and a floating battery, protected with iron sheathing, was built and anchored off Haddrell's Point. Volunteer companies were raised throughout the State, and equipped and drilled as thoroughly as time and means would allow, and every preparation Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. FORT SUMTER. possible, under the circumstances, was made for a resort to arms if it should prove necessary. By this time several of the other Southern. States had followed the lead of South Carolina, and the Con- Charleston Illustrated. 81 federate Government was, to some extent, at least, organized ; Gen. Beauregard, therefore, acted under the orders of the Secretary of War, Hon. L. P. Walker, whose instructions were not to permit troops or pro visions to be thrown into Fort Sumter, and to use such means as he should deem proper to prevent such an attempt. At twelve o'clock, on the I ith of April, Gen. Beau regard made a formal demand for the surrender of the Fort. Major Anderson replied: "I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication, demanding the evacuation of this fort, and to say in reply thereto, that it is a demand with which I regret that my sense of honor and my obligations to my government prevent my compliance." He added, " Probably I will await the first shot, and if you do not batter us to pieces, we will be starved out in a few days." On the same day Gen. Beauregard received a despatch from the Secretary of War, authorizing him to propose that if Maj. Anderson would name a time at which he would evacuate the fort, and would not in the mean time use his guns against the Confederate forces, no attack should be made upon the fort, and thus, bloodshed might be avoided. Maj. Anderson refusing to accept these terms, Gen. Beauregard pro ceeded to action. At' twenty minutes past four o'clock, on Friday morning.April 12th, Fort Moultrie opened fire. The effect of the sound of these guns in the city was electrical. In a moment, almost, the streets were 82 Charleston Illustrated, Photo, by Barnard. SOUTH BATTERY. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. thronged with people hastening to every point which commanded a view ofthe harbor, where they remained hour after hour, watching with breathless anxiety the result of the encounter. Fort Sumter replied to the guns of Moultrie with three barbette guns, and then the batteries on Cum- mings Point, Mount Pleasant, Fort Johnson, and the Floating Battery, commenced a rapid bombardment. Between seven and eight o'clock, Major Anderson brought into play the two tiers of guns looking towards Fort Moultrie and the Stevens' Iron Battery Charleston Illustrated. 83 on Cummings Point, and then the firing from Sumter became rapid ; it was directed chiefly against those batteries and the Floating Battery anchored off Haddrell's Point. Five of the Confederate batteries kept up the fire ; the rest were held in reserve in case of an attempt on the part of the fleet to enter the harbor. With the exception of an interruption of about three hours, caused by a heavy rain storm, the bom bardment continued unceasingly through the whole day and night ; during the night Fort Sumter was silent, the garrison being employed in repairing dama ges, and adding some protections to the barbette guns. At seven next morning, Major Anderson opened a heavy and rapid fire, which was kept up for two hours steadily. In the meantime the red hot shot which was thrown from Fort Moultrie had -ignited the officer's quarters in Sumter, which were of wood, and a terrible fire was raging within the fort. Every effort was made by the garrison to conquer it, but without success, and it soon became evident that the fort could no longer be held. The flag was by this time shot away and was replaced by a flag of truce. When the fire was perceived to be raging, Colonel Wigfall, of General Beauregard's staff, went to the fort, under a flag of truce, to offer assistance in putting it out; he informed Major Anderson that the firing from our batteries would cease as soon as the United States flag was hauled down, which was accordingly done, the only time, be it remembered, that the flag of Sumter was ever lowered in th^presence of an enemy. 84 Charleston Illustrated. The same flag was, in 1865, again raised on the ramparts, with considerable ceremony, but the per formance was somewhat lacking in glory, for the Confederates had evacuated the fort many hours before, and were miles away out of sight and hearing. When the flag was hauled down, Senator Chesnut and ex-Governor Manning went to the fort, and stipu lated with Major Anderson that his surrender should be unconditional, subject to such terms as Gen. Beau regard should dictate. These were very generous. Gen. Beauregard refused to receive Major Anderson's sword, and complimented him and his officers on •their gallant defence. The garrison were permitted to take with them all their arms and personal effects. They left on Monday morning, in the steamer Baltic, for New York. Thus ended the first battle, of the war. The bom bardment lasted forty hours, and upwards of three thousand shot and shell were fired, most of them aimed with precision, but the strangest fact in regard to it is, that not a life was lost on either side. The first victory of the Confederates was entirely blood^ less. For several months military preparations had been going on vigorously in the city, and the fall of Sum ter only quickened these, for it was evident that the United States Government was determined on war. Those were stirring times in Charleston. Volunteer commands were organized, which included the citi zens of every class, condition, and age, and which were diligently drille^ and exercised. The streets Charleston Illustrated. 85 were alive at all hours of the day, with men in uni form hurrying to the different places of rendezvous, and the public squares were the constant scenes of military manoeuvres of every description. Great Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. POST OFFICE FRONT VIEW. liberality was displayed by the citizens at this time; money was freely subscribed for every purpose for which it might be needed, and in many instances wealthy men armed and equipped entire companies at their own expense. 86 Charleston Illustrated. Although the serious nature of the affairs they were embarked upon was not forgotten by the Charlestonians, yet the season was one almost of gayety. The call for active preparations stimulated the spirits and energies of all. The ladies were as enthusiastic as the men, and did everything in their power to aid and encourage the defenders of the cause they held dear. Very early in the war the women of the South commenced that course of self- denial among themselves, and active assistance, as Well as comfort and encouragement, to the men, which characterized their conduct throughout the whole struggle, and more especially in the miseries of the terrible peace which followed it. Soon the notes of war sounded from Virginia, and all the troops which could be spared from the defences of the State promptly offered themselves; and then commenced those partings which each year brought greater sad ness to the homes of the South. As we have said, the preparations for the defence of Charleston were actively carried on ; Fort Sum ter and the batteries around the harbor were strength ened and heavily armed ; fortifications were built at every point where they could be made available against the enemy's fleet, and equal provision was made against attack by land. Across the Neck a complete line of entrenchments was thrown up, and even in the city itself batteries were erected on such points as commanded the harbor, or the land ap proach. But for some time no demonstrations were made, sufficiently important to need mention in this Charleston Illustrated. &J brief sketch. The fleet blockaded the harbor, and occasionally made a feint of attempting to enter it, but the commanders perceived that the defences were too strong for them, and contented themselves with endeavoring to cut off supplies from abroad by the destruction of such of the blockade-runners as they could catch, not a very successful business, however, for numbers of swift vessels, manned by skillful and courageous sailors, passed under the very guns ofthe largest war vessels, and landed their cargoes at the wharves of the city. Meanwhile a peculiar calm brooded over the city. The first hurry and excitement was over and the war, had become a reality. Those of the citizens who were not called into active service, pursued, as far as might be, their usual avocations, but it was with the quiet and gravity of men who awaited the issue of great events. The city, as she then stood, is described in perfect verse by Carolina's truest poet : " Calm as that second summer which precedes The first fall of the snow, In the broad sunlight of heroic deeds, The city hides the foe. " As yet behind their ramparts, stern and proud, Her bolted thunders sleep — Dark Sumter, like a battlemented cloud, Looms o'er the solemn deep. " No Calpe frowns from lofty cliff or scar To guard the holy strand ; But Moultrie holds in leash her dogs of war Above the level sand. ' Charleston Illustrated. " And down the dunes a thousand guns lie couched, Unseen, beside the flood — Like tigers in some Orient jungle crouched, That wait and watch for blood. " Meanwhile, through streets still echoing with trade, Walk grave and thoughtful men, Whose hands may one day wield the patriot's blade As lightly as the pen . " And maidens with such eyes as would grow dim Over a bleeding hound, Seem each one to have caught the strength of him Whose sword she sadly bound. " Thus girt without and garrisoned at home, Day patient following day, Old Charleston looks from roof, and spire, and dome, Across her tranquil bay. " Shall the spring dawn, and she still clad in smiles, And with an unscathed brow, Rest in the strong arms of her palm-crowned isles, As fair and free as now ? " We know notj in the temple of the Fates God has inscribed her doom ; And, all untroubled in her faith, she waits The triumph or the tomb." But as time went on, the engagements which were taking place at points more or less near the city, were warning the inhabitants that their time of trial was approaching, and calling more and more of the men to the outworks, while the non-combatants were seeking securer places in the interior of the State. Space only permits the mention of a few of these actions, which were in the immediate neighborhood of the city. The battle of Secessionville, James Island, on the Charleston Illustrated. 89 1 6th June, 1862, was one of the most important. Secessionville was occupied by a regiment of artillery under Col. Lamar, and its fortifications were only in progress, and far from complete, when the attack was made. The Charleston Battalion, Col. P. C. Gaillard, the Eutaw Regiment, Col. C. H. Simonton, and the Louisiana Battalion, Major Hutson, were engaged along with Col. Lamar's Artillery. The enemy, in large force, charged the works in front three times without success, and then attempted to take them by a flank movement, which was also repulsed. The battle which was closely contested for several hours, and was splendidly fought, resulted in the victory of the Confederates, who lost fifty-three killed, and one hundred and thirty-four wounded ; the loss of the enemy was heavy, amounting to upwards of five hun dred. Among the killed on our side were several prominent Charlestonians, whose loss was deeply felt. On Saturday, the 31st January, 1863, the Confede rate iron-clad gunboats, Palmetto State, Capt. John Rutledge, and Chicora, Capt. John R. Tucker, made a descent upon the blockading fleet at the mouth of the harbor. The expedition was under command of Commodore D. N. Ingraham, who was on board the Palmetto State ; they came upon the blockaders under cover of a haze, and the Palmetto State struck the Mercedita, a sloop of war, before she was per ceived by those on board, and left her in a sinking condition ; the crew having surrendered, were pa- rolled. The Chicora opened fire at short range on several large steamers. The fleet was completely 90 Charleston Illustrated. taken by surprise, and promptly dispersed and disap peared, though only for a short time. On Tuesday, April 8th, of the same year, an attack was made by the enemy's fleet on Fort Sumter ; they advanced in two lines of battle ; as they neared the fort, Col. Rhett, the commandant, had the long roll beaten, and the garrison, regimental, and Palmetto flags run up and saluted. Fort Moultrie commenced firing, and was followed immediately by Fort Sumter, and the batteries on Sullivans' and Morris' Islands. The Passaic, the leading vessel of the first line, took position about fourteen hundred yards from the fort ; after being under fire for about thirty minutes, and having been several times struck, she drew out of range, and her place was taken for about the same length of time, by each of the other vessels of that line. Then came the Ironsides, an immense frigate, with an armament of fourteen eleven-inch guns, and two two-hundred pound rifled guns ; but her great size made her too good a target, and she was com pelled to retire. The second line then advanced, the Keokuk, a double-turretted monitor leading ; a terrific fire was poured upon her, which she stood for about half an hour, and then withdrew, so badly damaged that she sunk at her moorings the next morning. About ninety shots were fired by the fleet, forty of which struck Fort Sumter ; there were no casualties, but the fort sustained considerable injury. On Friday, July ioth, at half past five in the morn ing, the enemy opened fire from batteries on Folly Charleston Illustrated. 91 Island, on the works on the extreme south end of Morris Island, commanded by Capt. J. C. Mitchell ; after a severe bombardment, to which Capt. Mitchell could only reply slowly, and without much effect, his guns being small and few in number, a large force was landed, which was at once attacked by Capt. Mitchell, now reinforced by Col. Graham's regiment of infantry, but the Confederates were outnumbered, and were compelled to ¦ fall back towards Battery Wagner, the principal defence of the island ; the enemy advancing and forming in line of battle was again attacked by the Confederates, further reinforced, but still greatly inferior in numbers ; but after a fierce encounter, they were compelled to retreat into the fort. Four determined efforts were made to take it by storm, but were repulsed. Then commenced the siege of Battery Wagner, the defence of which stands second only to that of Fort Sumter, in the courage with which it was maintained, and the terrible hard ships the defenders had to undergo. On the night of the 14th, Col. Rion, with between two and three hundred men, made a successful sortie on the enemies lines, but their force was too large to be dislodged by such means. A furious bombardment was kept up daily on the fort. On the 18th, this was maintained steadily for eleven hours, from sixty-five heavy guns and eight mortars ; the shot and shell fell upon the fort at the rate of twenty-seven a minute. At eight o'clock, in the evening, the enemy advanced in two columns, of three thousand each, under command of Brigadier- 92 Charleston Illustrated. General Strong, and a desperate assault was made upon the fort. A hand-to-hand fight ensued, which lasted for three hours, and resulted in the complete defeat of the attacking party, with six hundred men left on the field, and a total loss of above fifteen hundred. Our loss was about one hundred. The siege of Battery Wagner lasted forty-eight days, and' as we have said, was marked with the most splendid courage. A fire was kept up, which never ceased except for the purpose of an assault, and the besieged were subjected to almost unparalleled hard ships. The confinement to close bombproofs, often half filled with dead and dying men, the difficulty of obtaining water or cooked food, besides the continual labors of the defence, made it almost impossible for any constitution to stand more than two or three days at a time, and yet it was frequently necessary to wait many hours for a boat to escape the guns of the enemy and land the relief. At length it was perceived that Morris' Island could no longer be held ; and, accordingly, on the night of the 6th of September, Batteries Wagner and Gregg were quietly evacuated. They had been mined and the slow-match was lighted at Battery Wagner, by Capt. Huguenin, and at Battery Gregg, by Capt. Lesesne, but, owing to defective fuses, the magazines did not explode. On Friday night, August the 21st, 1.863, a com munication was received at General Beauregard's headquarters from Gen. Gilmore, the United States Commander on Morris' Island, demanding the evacu- Charleston Illustrated. 93 ation of that Island and Fort Sumter, and stating that if the demand was not complied with in four hours from the time of the delivery of his note at Fort Wagner, he would open fire on the city. This com munication was without signature. Gen. Beauregard being absent on a reconnoisance, it was received by Gen. Jordan, his Chief of Staff, who returned it to be. signed. It was signed and received again at nine o'clock next morning. In the mean time the threat was carried out; between one and two o'clock, on Saturday morning, the firing commenced, and thirteen shells were thrown into the city, at intervals of fifteen minutes ; the bursting of the gun put a stop to it after that number. No damage was done, but, natu rally, it was the cause of considerable excitement and alarm. Gen. Beauregard wrote a letter of indignant remonstrance to Gen. Gilmore for having fired on the city without notice, and without opportunity having been given for the removal of the women and children. The bombardment commenced on this occasion was kept up, with scarcely an intermission, until the evacuation ofthe city, on the 1 8th of February, 1865, a period of five hundred and eighty-six days. Of course, considerable damage was done to property in the city ; but the casualties were very few, and it was astonishing to observe how soon the people became used to it and went about their daily avocations. It soon became necessary to withdraw from the more exposed positions ; and on the 25th of August the Post Office was removed to. the corner of King and 94 Charleston Illustrated. Ann streets. By degrees other public offices were removed to the upper part of the city, and most persons took up their residence there, but it was all done quietly and without any panic or even excite ment. From this time on little remains to be told of Charleston in the war. The shelling continued from day to day, with more or less violence, and by degrees the inhabited space was contracted, and more and more of the non-combatants were removed to what seemed safer places, but there was no thought of giving up the city, until Sherman had reached the sea, and was marching up from the South ; then it became evident that Charleston must be abandoned. The evacuation commenced on the evening of the 17th of February, 1865, and, by the morning of the 1 8th, the troops had been quietly withdrawn from the batteries around the harbor and from the city itself, which was left in charge of the Mayor, Hon. Charles Macbeth, who remained to preserve order and prevent destruction as far as possible. About ten o'clock, the Mayor communicated with the United States officers, who were seen approaching the city, informing them that the military had left it. The United States authorities then took possession. The city was at this time in considerable danger of total destruction. The Confederates, before leaving, had collected all the cotton in the various stores and warehouses into piles, and set fire to it; this was hastily and, in some cases, carelessly done, and the result was that many of the buildings in the neigh- Charleston Illustrated. 95 borhood of these piles of cotton took fire ; most of them were, with some difficulty, put out; but in one instance the destruction both of life and property was terrible. At the Northeastern Railroad depot a large quantity of provisions was left, around which a crowd of the poor people of the neighborhood had eagerly gathered; along with the provisions was stored a considerable amount of cannon-powder, made up into cartridges, and some boys were amusing themselves by throwing handfuls of this powder on a fire which was burning in the yard ; by some means a spark reached the pile of cartridges, and a terrific explosion occurred, which, in an instant, demolished the whole building, leaving a fierce fire burning among its ruins. This spread rapidly, and resulted in the almost entire destruction of two squares. What was the number of lives lost has never been ascertained, but it is esti mated at certainly not less than one hundred. This, and the other fires, caused in the course of that one morning the loss of thousands of dollars worth of property. The city was now left in the hands of the enemy, . who had so long been vainly endeavoring to seize it ; and while the oft repeated threats of razing it to the ground were not literally carried out, yet quite suffi cient damage was done to satisfy the most revengeful spirit. Private houses, as well as public buildings, were turned over to the military, and, worse still, to their followers ; and, for some weeks at least, a con tinual scene of pillage and destruction was going on. Much valuable private property was stolen or de- 96 Charleston Illustrated. stroyed, and it was scarcely safe for the few inhabi tants who remained to venture out of their houses. At length, in April, the final overthrow of the Confederacy occurred, and the citizens of Charleston commenced by degrees to return, their hopes blasted and their fortunes gone, to their once beautiful home, now so sadly changed. It is difficult to picture the condition of the city at this time. A considerable portion of it was in ruins, and every resource by which it might be built up again, and its trade and commerce revived, seemed hopelessly gone. We have had frequent occasion to allude to the great fire of 1861, but as yet have not mentioned any of the particulars of it. This fire, the most destructive Charleston has ever known, began in the large sash and blind factory of W. P. Russell & Co., near the foot of Hasel street, about half-past eight o'clock, on Wednesday night, Decem ber 11, 1861. The wind was blowing strongly from the north north-east, and the flames were quickly communicated to the adjoining buildings, and in a short time the fire had made such headway that all efforts to stay its progress were vain. In a broad line extending from the foot of Hasel street, on the Cooper River, to the end of Tradd street, on the Ashley, scarcely a building escaped. Among the public buildings destroyed were the Circular Church, the Institute Hall, St. Andrew's Hall, St. Finbar's Cathedral, and St. Peter's Church. The number of persons who sustained loss was near four hundred. The burnt district covered an area of five hundred Charleston Illustrated: 97 and forty acres, and the loss of property variously estimated at from five to seven millions of dollars. As may be supposed, nothing was ever attempted towards repairing the damage during the four years of war which followed, and the various fires which occurred during the shelling of the city, and at its evacuation, laid waste nearly as much more. But this was by no means all the loss that the city had sustained ; the entire banking capital was gone, the insurance companies were insolvent, and private capital, of course, in very nearly the same condition. The railroads which communicated with the city were all worn out, and in some cases destroyed, while the steamship lines .had long been disused, and the few vessels which were owned in Charleston converted to other uses. Under these circumstances, the task of re-opening the business of the city seemed absolutely hopeless, but the energy, courage, and endurance, which had characterized the people of Charleston through the dangers of the war, did not desert them in the greater trials of this time, and they boldly faced the difficul ties before them ; with what success, the present condition of the city shows. The history of Charleston for the ten years which have passed since the war, is simply that of a people struggling against difficulties, and overcoming them one by one, until now we see a large part of the waste places built up, trade and commerce re-estab lished, the old industries resumed, and even some new ones introduced, so that it is evident to the most 5 98 Charleston Illustrated. superficial observer, that a very few more years are needed to restore the city to its former prosperity ; and this opinion will be confirmed by an examination of the various branches of industry. It is not within the scope of this sketch to enter into a statistical account of the business of the city, but the statements and figures which we give below can be relied on as being as nearly as possible accu rate, and can be confirmed and amplified by reference to the reports of the various branches of trade. It must be remembered that the business year com- mences in Charleston on the first of September ; the current year, therefore, is not included in our state ments. The banking capital of Charleston now amounts to #2,750,000. The receipts of cotton at the port of Charleston from September 1, 1873, to August 31, 1874, were 438,718 bales. The receipts of rice for the same time were 43,967 tierces. Of naval stores, about 225,683 barrels. Lumber is another important branch of trade at this port. The exports for the period above referred to were 19,568,091 feet. There are five phosphate companies in active ope ration in Charleston ; their works are located on the Cooper and Ashley rivers, within about five miles of the city. The manufacture of commercial fertilizers gives employment to upwards of #12,000,000 of cap ital. During the year 1864, 18,000 tons of crude phosphate were consumed by the Charleston compa- Charleston Illustrated. 99 nies, and the total exports and consumption reached the astonishing amount of 112,515 tons. The cultivation of garden produce, in the neigh borhood of Charleston, began in 1865 or 1866, when about 28,000 packages were shipped to the North. In 1871-72, the number of packages was 101,629, ana" in 1874, 149,757 packages were shipped from this port. In addition to the business in the staple articles of Southern produce, Charleston has a larger jobbing trade in groceries, provisions, dry goods, medicines, and clothing, than is enjoyed by any other city in the South Atlantic States. The annual sales amount to $25,000,000, and experience has proved that the mer chants of the interior of the State find it to their advantage to purchase their supplies in Charleston, rather than at the North. Local manufactures have also progressed rapidly. Trie iron-works, five in number, give employment to upwards of three hundred hands, and more than a half million of capital. All of these establishments have founderies attached, in which the heaviest cast ings are made. The South Carolina Railroad workshops have suc cessfully attempted the manufacture of locomotive engines, which have proved quite equal to those made at the best Northern manufactories. To Mr. John F. Taylor, the principal ofthe largest of these machine shops, belongs the honor of the invention of the hydraulic cotton press, which is acknowledged to be superior to any formerly in use, ioo Charleston Illustrated. and has been adopted in several of the largest cities in the country. There are seven cotton presses in Charleston, which prepare for shipment all of the cotton exported. In addition to the manufactures above named, there are several sash and blind factories, which supply the city and the whole surrounding country, and a new branch of industry has been opened, in the establish ment of a manufactory of ready-made houses, where all the parts of a house are made by machinery and fitted together ; they are then taken apart and shipped to any part of the country, so arranged that the com monest carpenter can put them together and erect a neat dwelling. Three lines of street railway traverse the city. The City Railway Company runs two, starting from the Battery, the lines run up Meeting street to Went worth, where they divide, one going through Went worth to Rutledge, and through Rutledge street and Rutledge Avenue to Sheppard street ; the other, con tinuing up Meeting to Calhoun street, thence to King, through King to the same terminus. The Enter prise Railway has its lower terminus at the foot of East Bay, and follows that street to Calhoun, thence to Washington, and through Chapel, Elizabeth and John streets, to Meeting street, and is continued as far up as the entrance to Magnolia Cemetery, three miles from the Court House. This company proposes to establish a freight line from the farms on the neck, and the South Carolina and North-Eastern Railroad depots, to the several wharves along East Bay. Charleston illustrated. 101 The facilities for transportation to and from Charles ton are excellent. The South Carolina, North-Eastern, and Savannah and Charleston Railroads, connect with all points North and South, and when the Spartan burg and Asheville Railroad is completed, which promises to be in a short time, there will be full communication with the West and North- West, which cannot fail to add greatly to the commerce of the city. The Steamship lines are admirably conducted and do a flourishing business ; there are two lines to New York, and one each to Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston, besides the .steamers which ply between Charleston and Georgetown, Beaufort, and other points along the coast of the State. These are a few among the many advantages which Charleston enjoys as a commercial emporium. It remains for us now to notice some of the public buildings, whose erection marks a returning pros perity and some of the points of- interest in and around the city. The Academy of Music supplies the place of the old Charleston Theatre, on Meeting street, destroyed by the great fire. It is a very ornamental and admi rably arranged little theatre, with a capacity for seat ing about twelve hundred persons ; in proportion to the building, the stage is a very fine one, being forty feet deep, fifty-three feet wide, and fifty-one feet high. The building stands at the corner of King and Mar ket streets, and has a front of sixty-feet, is two hun dred and thirty-one feet deep, and seventy-five feet 102 Charleston Illustrated. Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. ACADEMY OF MUSIC. high. It was built for a mammoth dry goods store, the most extensive Charleston ever had, and its original cost was one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. In 1869, it was purchased by Mr. John Chad wick,- a Northerner residing in Charleston, and the interior remodelled, making the theatre, two large halls, and a fine store on the first floor opening on King street. Charleston Illustrated. 103 The property has lately been purchased by Mr. John E. Owens, himself an actor, and there is every prospect that the theatre will always be occupied by a good company of actors. Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Em;. Co., jV. Y. MASONIC TEMPLE. The Masonic Temple, at the southeast corner of King and Wentworth streets, was erected by the Masonic fraternity for their meetings, and is arranged for the purpose. The first floor is occupied by three fine stores fronting on King street; in rear of these, on Wentworth street, is the main entrance to the 104 Charleston Illustrated. second floor, which consists of a large hall, with one or two committee rooms ; above this, on the third floor, are the smaller lodge rooms. The United States Court House is situated on the west side of Meeting street, between Broad and T-radd, and is a very handsome three story building, recessed somewhat from the street, and having a neatly laid out garden in front. It was erected before the war by the Carolina Club, at that time one of the wealthiest in America, and was perfectly adapted for the comfort and entertainment of the members. After the war, the Club had lost all their funds, and the building was sold to the United States Government, and arranged for its present uses. The new German Lutheran Church is situated on King street, opposite the Citadel. It is a very hand some building in the Gothic style-, and speaks well for the enterprise and liberality of the German citizens. Among the relics of early days in Carolina stands the Parish Church of St. Andrew's. This Parish was laid off in 1 706, and a plain brick church built. In 1723 this was added to, making it in the form of a cross, forty feet long by fifty-two wide, with a hand some chancel twelve feet deep and twenty-four feet wide; it was neatly finished and had commodious pews. At the west end was a gallery, originally intended for those who had no pews, but afterwards appropriated to the colored people. At the east end was a large window, and another. on each side of the communion table. This church was destroyed by Charleston Illustrated. 105 fire, and rebuilt in 1764, and now remains one of the few which have escaped the vicissitudes of two revolutions. Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. NEW GERMAN CHURCH. Before the war the Parish of St. Andrew's was quite prosperous, and there were many fine residences and rich farms in it ; but it suffered severely, and the destruction of the, bridge across the Ashley, by rendering communication with the city more difficult, io6 Charleston Illustrated. has retarded its revival. The country, however, is . beautiful, and well repays the trouble of a trip into it. But by far the most interesting spot in the neigh borhood of Charleston is the old Church of St. James' ^¦HHp^ ^¦¦¦^mHf^^ ^rnm ¦¦¦Ml ¦Pali HfflHMSaft^.-;A'Lu:.-?i'2!& ¦™fin n ' ¦MUl j 'i Im ;'] 1 ^ii^p Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., A'. Y. OLD GOOSECREEK CHURCH. Goosecreek, situated , in the midst of a beautiful country, surrounded by many objects which excite the interest ofthe traveller, and connected by many as sociations with the history of the State in all its stages. This has the advantage, too, > of being easily ac cessible from the city. Taking the North-Eastern Charleston Illustrated. 107 Railroad, the excursionist is landed at Porcher's Station, fifteen miles from Charleston, on the grounds of the Otranto Club. This beautiful place, with its delightful residence, was once the property of the well known botanist, Dr. Garden, the correspondent of Linnaeus, and after whom the great naturalist named our beautiful Gardenia. A walk of about a mile takes us across Goose- creek bridge, along a winding road, to the church, a handsome rough cast brick building, a short distance from the creek. It has four arched windows and a door on each side, with a cherub in stucco, on each keystone ; over the west door is a pelican feeding her young; at the east end is a large window, in front of which is the chancel, in which stand the altar, pulpit, and reading desk ; over this window the Royal Arms of England still stand in high relief. The sides of the altar are ornamented with four Corinthian pilasters supporting a cornice, and be tween them are tables of the Decalogue, Apostles' Creed, and Lord's Prayer. The roof is supported by four Doric columns, and on the walls are several marble tablets, in memory of the early members of the congregation. Among them, one commemo rates the virtues of the Hon. Ralph Izard, for many years one of the leading men of the State, and a gentleman of great ability and high culture. A short distance from the church, on the other side of the main road, is a farm, known as " The Oaks." from the magnificent avenue of those trees by which it is app'roached. No one should leave 108 Charleston Illustrated. the neighborhood without visiting this avenue. The trees are said to have been planted by one of the very earliest settlers, and are, consequently, near two hundred years old; they have attained great size; and for nearly a quarter of .a mile form a continuous arch over the broad road ; the dark foliage of the live oak, festooned with grey moss, renders the effect inexpressibly grand. Charleston would be incomplete without her charm ing places of resort, Moultrieville, Mount Pleasant, and Summerville ; the former occupies the historic ground of Sullivan's Island. The Island had become quite a fashionable resort before the war, and every summer presented -a scene of much gayety. A fine hotel, the " Moultrie House," stood on the front beach, and was constantly filled with visitors ; there were many fine residences, besides the large number of houses put up for temporary use, but the military operations demolished them, and at the end of the war there were not more than three houses standing on the whole Island. Since that time the growth has been astonishing ; there are now four hundred houses on Moultrieville, a considerable portion of them handsome and substantial residences, completely fin ished in every respect, and it is estimated that not less than a half million of dollars has been spent in building. In rear of Fort Moultrie, near the sally-port, a simple stone slab marks the grave of Oceola, the Seminole chief, whose sufferings while a prisoner there excited much sympathy. The killing of Gen. Charleston Illustrated. 109. Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. OCEOLA'S GRAVE. Thompson, the United States Indian agent, by him, brought about the second Seminole war, and in it he played a conspicuous part. For a long time he dis played great ability, as well as daring, in conducting the struggle against superior forces, but at length, on the 23d of October, 1837, while holding a conference under a flag of truce with Gen. Jesup, near St. Augus- I 10 Charleston Illustrated.. tine, he was treacherously seized and sent to Fort Moultrie ; there he was not treated with severity, and was, generally, permitted to walk about the Island, but he could not stand restraint, and literally Photo, by Barnard. Enp: by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF SULLIVAN'S ISLAND. pined away, until death released him from his suffer ings, on the 31st ,of January, 1838. Each year more families are taking up their resi dence there for the . summer, and thus finding an agreeable retreat from the city without the expense and trouble of going far away from home ; and even Charleston Illustrated. 1 1 1 from the interior of the State persons are coming to enjoy the salubrious climate and the many pleasures which the island affords. The beach, nearly a hundred yards wide at low water, firm and shelving very gently, extends a distance of over three miles, and furnishes a delightful drive. A splendid surf rolls in with the rising tide, and the tides and currents are so much to be depended on that Sullivan's Island is recognized as one of the safest, as well as one of the pleasantest places for sea bathing along the entire Atlantic coast. A street railway has lately been established, run ning from the Ferry wharf nearly to the end of the inhabited portion of the island; and this, with the improvements which have been made in the streets, has rendered travel very easy and pleasant. The situation of the island, at the entrance of the harbor, is beautiful. One standing on the beach has to the east a view of the limitless extent of the ocean ; before him lies Fort Sumter, and beyond it the shores of Morris' and James' Islands ; while to the west stands the city, its fine buildings and graceful spires rising from the bay. Sullivan's Island is endeared to every Charlestonian by his pride in the noble old fort which is so con nected with the glory of the State in its two revolu tions, and by the recollection of many happy days spent there ; and to the stranger it is sure to be interesting, not only from its history, but also from the many pleasures which may be had in the way of fishing, surf-bathing, driving on the beach, etc. 112 Charleston Illustrated. Mount Pleasant, with its high bluff of yellow sand, and its background of dark foliage, forms a very pretty picture. This village was originally a summer resort for the planters of Christ Church Parish, but its healthy climate and pleasant situation soon induced a number of the business men of the city to adopt it as a retreat. Although not possess ing the fine beach and surf of Sullivan's Island, it gets as much of the cool sea-breeze, and has the advantage of easy access to the surrounding country, affording pretty walks and drives, and during the winter season, a fine field for the sportsman. The resources of this locality are as yet far from being developed. Already market gardening has be come an important branch of industry in the neighbor hood, the easy water communication with the city enabling the farmers to . compete successfully with those on Charleston Neck, but the thing which will one day make Mount Pleasant a place of importance, is its peculiar fitness for the establishment of manu factories. Large cotton and other factories, which could not be conveniently located in the city itself, would here have ample room for the accommodation, in a healthy locality, of hundreds of operatives, and the perfectly easy access to the shipping of the port would render their being out of the city rather an advantage than otherwise. There can be little doubt that, as Charleston continues to grow, and the neces sity of home manufacture becomes more evident, this plan, which has several times already been dis cussed, will be carried into execution. Charleston Illustrated. 1 1 3 Perhaps the most interesting spot at present in this little village is the soldiers' burying-ground. It con tains about an acre of ground, in an elevated situa tion, and here lie buried not only the remains of Confederate and Federal soldiers, who died, or were killed, during the late war, but also those of several ofthe State troops, who died during the war of 1812. Tothe memory of these last a monument was erected many years ago, which still stands, and, though in a somewhat dilapidated condition, is the most conspicu ous object in the burial ground. It is built of brick, and 'the upper part is a pyramid, which rests on a square foundation, on two of the sides of which marble slabs are let in, while the other two have been covered with white plaster, to resemble the marble. One of the slabs bears the following inscription : "On the 18th of June, 1812, the United States of America declared war against Great Britain. At the first sound of the trumpet the patriot soldiers who sleep beneath this monument flew to the standard of liberty. Here they fell beneath the scythe of death. The sympathies of the brave, the tear of the stranger, and the slow dirges of the camp, attended them to their tomb : " How sleep the brave who sink to re3t, With all their country's wishes blest, The laurel leaf of shining green Will still around their tomb be seen." The other side is inscribed to the memory of thir teen soldiers, of the third regiment of State troops. 1 14 Charleston Illustrated. Scattered around this monument, are the graves of some fifty or sixty Confederate soldiers. Mount Pleasant and Sullivan's Island are easily reached by the boats of the Mount Pleasant and Sullivan's Island Ferry Company, which make fre quent daily trips; this line is doing so well, that it is proposed soon to provide commodious and fast boats, such as are in use on the northern ferries. Although spoken of as summer resorts, these two places are worth visiting at any time. The woods around Mount Pleasant are always beautiful, and in the spring are a mass of jessamines, whose fragrance fill the air. The island is to a great extent deserted in the winter, but the sea breeze is always mild, and on a clear, cold day, nothing is more exhilarating than a brisk walk on the beach. Contrasted with these two seaside resorts, is Sum- merville, about twenty-two miles from Charleston, on the line of the South Carolina Railroad, and in the midst of the pine woods. It is situated on a ridge which extends across from the Cooper to the Ashley River, and which is remarkable for its healthfulness. The climate is very agreeable ; in winter being out of the influence of the east winds, which frequently prevail on the coast, the temperature is mild and equable, and in summer, though the days are warm, a delicious coolness pervades the atmosphere at night which ensures refreshing sleep. From these causes it is particularly beneficial to invalids, or persons con valescing from illnees. The village has been settled Charleston Illustrated. 1 1 5 a very long time, but, like most places of the kind, has grown slowly. It has now, however, reached quite a respectable size. The houses are built far apart, so that each one is perfectly private, and like a country residence. The many advantages which Summerville possesses are being rapidly realized, and each year the popula tion is increasing. There are several excellent board ing houses, which are generally full. Churches of all the religious denominations, good schools and a well supplied market furnish all the requisites for comfortable and pleasant living, and many families, induced by these advantages, and by the cheapness of house rents, are taking up their residence there. As the South Carolina Railroad runs special trains for the accommodation ofthe residents, it is perfectly convenient for business men, who find it a great re lief, after the fatigues of a day in the city, to retreat to the quiet of Summerville. The country around abounds with game, and the Summerville men have always been renowned as hunters. Although situated, as we have said, in a pine-barren, there are many pretty walks and drives about the village, and on the banks of the Ashley, about four miles off, some spots of great beauty. The most interesting of these is Newington, once an elegant country seat, now a picturesque ruin. Ap proaching from Summerville by a rather uninteresting pineland road, the scene suddenly changes, and we find ourselves in the midst of a dense growth of live oaks, magnolias, and other trees, denoting the neigh- 1 1 6 Charleston Illustrated. borhood of the river ; passing through a belt of these we come upon an open space, in which stand the walls of the once splendid mansion, almost hidden by a dense growth of vines and creeping plants. Besides Newington, there are in this neighborhood. the remnants of several other seats, which were occu pied by wealthy men in the days when this part ofthe country was more resorted to than it is at present. The question is frequently asked by strangers, how it is that these places, which were evidently at one time noble residences, are now entirely deserted. There are two causes. In the first place, it is rather a remarkable fact, that the climate of the country seems to have changed, and places which were once quite healthy, are now altogether the reverse. It was formerly a common thing for persons to go to the plantations along the Cooper, Ashley, and Santee Rivers, to spend the summer. Fifty years ago New ington, for instance, would have been regarded as an agreeable summer retreat; now any person who should venture to spend a night there during the summer months, would be almost sure of an attack of chills and fever. But, besides that, this part of the country is no longer profitable for cultivation. Sea Island cotton and rice belong to the sea-board, and upland cotton is more profitably cultivated in the interior of the State. There is no doubt that in time the facilities which this part of the State enjoys for stock-rais ing, small farming, and other branches of agri cultural industry, will be appreciated and developed, Charleston Illustrated. 1 1 7 but in the mean time it remains comparatively unin habited. With these three delightful resorts, Charleston en joys advantages possessed by few cities in this coun try ; the citizens can at a small expense, and without the necessity of giving up business or breaking up the family circle, obtain relaxation from the confine ment of the city, or a healthy retreat in seasons of sickness ; and when a freer communication is estab lished with the mountain regions of South and North Carolina, an opportunity will be afforded to those who desire more completely to change scene and climate, to do so easily and comfortably, and without going much beyond the boundaries of their own State. As the advantages become more appreciated, they add largely to the material prosperity of the city. Money made here is kept in circulation in and around the city instead of being spent in distant places. Charleston mechanics build the houses, which are in demand, the supplies are all obtained from the city, and a large number of persons are given employment in various capacities. The facilities which Charleston enjoys for commu nication with the outer world are too great to permit her people to become provincial or narrow-minded, and their growing ability to live within themselves, and on their own resources, cannot be too highly valued. Magnolia Cemetery is one of the features of the city which cannot fail to be interesting to the stran- 1 1 8 Charleston Illustrated. ger as well as to the resident of the city, to whom it is endeared by many touching associations. It is situated just beyond the limits of the city, three miles from the Court House. Since the com pletion of the Enterprise Railway, as far as the en trance to the avenue leading to the cemetery, it is very easy of access. We enter first Bethany Ceme tery. This is the burial ground of the German population, as any one will at once perceive by the inscriptions on the tombstones, which are all in the German language. The solemn arid touching words, " Her ruhet in Gott," greet the eye at every step, impressing the imagination with religious awe, and forming, as it were, an ever present consecration of the hallowed spot. This cemetery is beautifully kept and its white gravelled walks shining amid the green shrubbery and the blooming flowers, and under the aged oaks, illustrate well how nature is improved by art. Leaving this cemetery we come to the main en trance to Magnolia, through a massive gate, with a porter's lodge just within. A large bell is suspended from a scaffolding near by, which is solemnly tolled on the approach of a funeral procession. Standing in the gateway, you can, about a hundred yards distant on your left, across the still waters of the serpentine, see the small Gothic Chapel of the Cemetery, where the burial service is sometimes read. Passing in, and keeping on the right, you soon see an array of a score or more of white wooden head-boards, that look like ghostly sentinels at the Charleston Illustrated. 119 gates of death. These mark the resting place of the Federal soldiers who have died in Charleston. Just beyond these is the Confederate burying ground. Side by side and rank on rank, as when they charged the bristling breastworks of the enemy, now lie these patriot soldiers of a vanquished country, in sweet oblivion of the stupendous ruin that has crushed the land of their nativity and love. Of that crowd of hillocks, there are some that have no mark to tell who lies beneath. Their occupants belong to the vast throng ofthe unknown dead — unknown, yet un- forgotten, living ever in the hearts of the people whom they died to defend. Orators have pronounced their eulogy, flowers have decked their graves, and the incense of their praise has gone up to heaven on the music of the voices of the people, but it remains for the historian's pen to embalm their memory in the language of truthful commendation, and for pos terity to accord that meed of lasting fame which valor and endurance, when prompted by noted mo tives, and exercised in a holy cause, must ever win. A granite pedestal, intended to bear an appropriate monument, marks the centre of the ground. Passing from the Confederate burying ground, we enter the Catholic cemetery. This is truly a city of the dead. A broad, white street runs through the middle from east to west, in the central and highest point of which is erected a huge black wooden cross. On each side the lots are laid out in various forms — square, circular, semi-circular, oval, etc. Most of the lots are nicely kept, and the well-trimmed cedars and 120 Charleston Illustrated. shrubbery, and the numerous roses and other flowers, make them look like little gardens. The sign of the cross consecrates every grave, wooden crosses being erected where there is no other head board, and marble crosses carved on all the up right monuments, while a representation of a cross is engraved on the horizontal slabs. At the eastern end of this cemetery you catch through the openings of the shrubbery that border the marsh, occasional glimpses of the river ; but by passing a break in the hedge that here divides the Roman Catholic from the Protestant portion of the grounds, and walking a few steps to what is, we believe, the south-eastern point of Magnolia, just below the lot of the Kerrison family, you can, on a bright day, obtain a most magnificent view of the city and harbor. The city spires of St. Michael's, St. Philip's, Grace Church, the Citadel Square Baptist Church, the new German Church, and even the low steeple of Flinn's Church, and the cupola of the Orphan House, are clearly defined against the sky ; the dim smoke curls up from the chimneys of the founderies and steam mills, and trails far behind the flying locomotives. The residences in the north eastern part ofthe city can be recognized, and beyond them can be seen the clustering masts of the vessels at the wharves. The sun glances on the blue ripples of the waters of the bay, while Sumter looms up in the distance, a stern memento of the past. Vessels, with white sails, pass to and fro, and the row-boats, with their singing oarsmen, while the blue pines,.glit- Charleston Illustrated. 121 tering sands, white houses, and low forts of James' Island, Morris Island, Sullivan's Island, and Christ Church, form a charming back ground or border, and Castle Pinckney occupies a prominent place in the foreground. Turning back from this view to the cemetery, we come upon many elegant monuments, now marking the resting place of distinguished citizens, but space only permits the mention of one or two ; and first we have the WILLIAM WASHINGTON MONUMENT. One of the attractions of these beautiful grounds is this elegant testimonial to one of the foremost men of the Revolutionary army. Col. Washington came to South Carolina, under assignment, as commander of cavalry, and made a great name as an active and brave partisan leader. During the war he met Miss Jane Elliott, of Charleston, who improvised for his cavalry regiment a flag, by cutting out from a rich drawing-room chair the crimson brocade adorning the back of it, which had the merit of being very distinct in color and handy in size. She became Mrs. Washington, and, in 1827, presented her husband's battle flag to the Washington Light Infantry of Charleston, at the solicitation of Col. George Warren Cross, Capts. R. B. Gilchrist and Henry Ravenel, all members ofthe corps. The ceremony took place at the Battery residence, corner of Church street, and Sergt. Henry S. Tew was the first color-bearer, 6 122 Charleston Illustrated. and the scene is still remembered by several surviv ing members of that parade. This venerated relic is the only one which can be traced directly to the bat tle-fields of the American Revolution, in the custody of a military corps, and wherever borne evokes the mm$- Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. THE WM. WASHINGTON MONUMENT. wildest enthusiasm, the latest instance being on the occasion of the visit of the Washington Light Infan try to the Bunker Hill Centennial, in Boston, June; 1875. Strange, how a very trifling incident produces, after many years, a marked result. That flag pre- Charleston Illustrated. 123 sentation of 19th April, 1827, brought a response thirty years afterwards. In the midst of the memo rable festivities of the semi-centennial celebration of the corps, 22d February, 1.857, ex-Commander Ravenel proposed that, in honor of Colonel and Mrs. Washington, the Company erect a suitable monument to both, which was voted unanimously . Col. E. B. White asked the privilege of being allowed to furnish the design, which was contracted for, and carved in Charleston, by Mr. W. T. White. It is of Italian marble, and executed with great taste and skill. The State Society ofthe Cincinnati, through a committee, consisting of James Simons, D. H. Hamilton, Wm. H. Peronneau, Evan Edwards, and David Ramsay, asked that the society be allowed to furnish an iron fence for the enclosing of the lot, which was acceded to by the company. The doorposts are brass can non, presented by Gov. Alston, of South ' Carolina, from the State Arsenal, both of revolutionary date, as are also the sabres crossed over the doorway. The fence is of wrought iron, made in this city, by Mr. Merker, and the whole affair is well calculated to do honor to the prominent corps to whom it be longs; while no American can see it without a feeling of pride and satisfaction. Near the Washington Monument, stands another costly shaft, erected by the Washington Light In fantry to the one hundred and thirteen dead com panions of their three companies, serving in the war between the States from Charleston ; of which about forty per cent. " perished in battle, in hospital, or on 124 Charleston Illustrated. -saw mwm ii the weary wayside — officers and men, they were of the very flower of this ancient city, her young hope and fair renown." The Eutaw Flag, as it is familiarly called, is of heavy crimson brocade silk, and having been in existence nearly a century, showed so many signs of wear, that, in 1874, it was quilted on to a similar piece of crimson silk, and the work is so beautifully done by a lady — W. L. I. — as to preserve it, for another century, in active use. It is mounted in the Roman style. Surmounting the staff is the eagle, with wings ready for his flight; and below, the classic initials S. P. Q. R. ; cord and tassels of gold bullion. It is displayed on parades of 22d February and 28th June every year, and not otherwise, except by special orders for some unusual occasion. The company has a large pension list, and dis tributes about a thousand dollars a year to the widows and children of their dead comrades. The pension certificates are enclosed, on the first of January, to the pensioners, who have only to endorse the quarterly coupons attached, at the date of maturity, and send it to the bank to be cashed — a delicate way Charleston Illustrated. 125 EUTAW FLAG. of avoiding calls on the treasurer, which would be in convenient to ladies — while the amount to be received during the year is at the same time communicated. The corps has thus honored the memory of their dead and has been ever mindful of their responsibility to the widow and the fatherless. This is the secret of their widespread popularity, and explains the gen erous responses elicited at the late grand Easter fair. The next monument that we will notice, is that of Hugh S. Legare, one of the handsomest in the Cemetery. It is a beautiful column of white marble, upon a pedestal ofthe same, tastefully ornamented with 126 Charleston Illustrated. the sculptured coats of arms ofthe United States and South Carolina. No pen sketch can give an accurate idea of its graceful beauty. It is inscribed " Hugh S. Legare, Attorney General and Acting Secretary of State of the United States, born January 2, 1797, died in Boston, June 20, J843, aged 46 years." His remains were moved to this city and the monument was erected in 1857. In another place is inscribed, "South Carolina claims the remains of her gifted and cherished son." " This monument is erected to his memory by his sister, admirers and friends." South Carolina has produced few more able or more dis tinguished men than Hugh S. Legare, and it is ex tremely gratifying that so handsome a monument marks his tomb. But it would be impossible to attempt to describe the many interesting and beautiful objects on these grounds. One must stroll through the smooth and shady walks and note them for himself. Among our illustrations of the city churches we have had the French Protestant or Huguenot; there is so much of interest connected with this church, and with that part of the community by whom it was founded, and is still maintained, that we insert a more extended notice, feeling sure that it will be appreciated by the citizens of Charleston, as well as strangers, who come to visit the city and learn some thing of its history. " The French Protestant Church of Charleston is one of four churches founded by the French Protest ants who, on the Revocation of the Edict of Nantz, Charleston Illustrated. 127 sought civil and religious liberty in that part of the Province of Carolina since known as South Carolina."* Originally it was styled " L'Eglise Reformee Francaise de Charlestownf and is now generally known as the Huguenot Church. This church is nearly coeval with Charleston, and is one of the two oldest in it. Charleston was estab lished at Oyster Point, the site on which it now is, in 1680, and in 1686 there was a French Protestant congregation in the town. In 1686— some months after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantz— the re fugees from France began to arrive ; and there was among the papers of the church, before the late war, a warrant for laying out certain lots in the town, and the certificate of admeasurement of the Surveyor- General, dated as early as the 9th December of that year, for a grant, " in order to the building of a church in behalf of the French Protestants of this Province." The will of Caesar Moze, dated the 20th June, 1687, on record in the Secretary of State's office, confirms this statement of the early organization of this church. By it, he bequeathed to the church of the " Protestant French Refugees, in Charlestown," thirty-seven pounds, to assist in building a house of worship in the neighborhood of his plantation, on the eastern branch of Cooper River. Thus, it is certain that there was a French Protestant church in Charles - town about six years after the town was established here — and it was this church. 'x'Unpublished manuscript of the late Mr. Daniel Ravenel. 128 Charleston Illustrated. And, further, as to its antiquity, Chalmers enume rates certain laws enacted at a Parliament* held by Governor West, in 1682, one being " to promote the morality of a people who did not enjoy the instruction of a public ministry."t In December, 1686, a warrant had issued for laying out lots for a church for the French Protestants, and in June, 1687, the church of the " Protestant French Refugees in Charlestown " was the trustee of Caesar Moze, for a certain pious purpose. It would appear from this measure that there was no organized public worship in the Province in 1682. This church was, therefore, among the first, if not the first, established in Charlestown. Within four or five years after the Provincial Parliament legislated to promote the morals ofthe people, being without a public ministry, this church was founded. Whether any other church was organized with a public ministry or worship in the interval between 1682 and 1687 history does not inform us. They who are familiar with the religious character and habits of the Huguenots, will not be surprised by the promptness with which they organized and estab- * Political Annals, Carroll's Collections, second volume, page 316. f On the 26th May, 1682, an Act " for the observation of the Lord's day," and another " for the suppression of idle,. drunken, and swearing persons inhabiting within, this province," was adopted by the Parliament. These Acts have been lost; the titles alone remain on the statute book. Whether Chalmers refers here to one or both, cannot now be known. But Carroll tells us that he was, for several years, secretary, to the Proprietors, and it is to be supposed that he was familiar with the statements and pro visions of these laws. Charleston Illustrated. 129 lished their church in Charlestown.* They were unlike other immigrants to the Province. Fugitives from religious persecution, " they brought with them their holy men."f The'invisible spiritual church was with them in their flight when they landed, wherever they made their home, whether in the town or in the wilderness, and when their journeyings were ended, they gave to it a visible habitation. The early records of the church were lost in the fire which destroyed a large portion of Charleston, in 1740, and it is not known when the French Protest ants built their first church, or where it was located. Tradition, however, has always associated it with the spot on which their descendants are worshipping to day, and there is reason to believe that it was located here, not later than 1692, and probably two or three years earlier. The site of the church, at the south-east corner of Church and Queen streets, was not the endowment of the Lords Proprietors, as is generally supposed. They endowed the church with the lots described in the warrant and certificate of admeasurement, already mentioned, lying in King street, between Broad and Tradd streets. This property was held as a glebe until 1 87 1, when excessive taxation compelled the church to sell it. It was sold, except one house, for * The Churches at their settlements on the Santee River, at Orange Quarter, and on St. John's Berkley, were organized with the same promptness. ¦j- Simms. 130 Charleston Illustrated. which there was no purchaser, at an adequate price. Apart from the sacrifices of -this enforced sale, the alienation of this benefaction and ancient glebe was a painful necessity in the history of the church. The parsonage in Church street, adjoining the church, was also sold. The three other churches founded by the Refugees to the Province of Carolina, were located at their settlements in the country, and have long since been extinct. This church alone remains and maintains its distinctive character and worship. Indeed it is believed that this is the only church founded in the United States by the French Refugees which exists, to bear witness to their piety, constancy, and courage, to their religious heroism. This church has been preserved despite its isola tion, and notwithstanding the calamities it has suffered during one century and three-fourths of another. The generations which have come successively into life, in the course of these long years, have watched over it with filial love and veneration, and it has been their desire to maintain it as it was established, in the faith of their forefathers, with their form of worship and in their tongue. The effort to execute these purposes had been persistent, but unsuccessful, and some fifty years ago it was thought expedient to relax it so far as related to the language in which the services were conducted ; and the liturgy was trans lated into English. There is a tradition that the church erected by the refugees was burnt in the fire of 1740, when the Charleston Illustrated. 131 records were lost. The account of this fire, in the South Carolina Gazette^ two days after it occurred, makes no mention of this, and there is, probably, no foundation for it. But the church which was standing in 1796 was destroyed in the disastrous fire of the 13th of June of that year. It was rebuilt. Unhappily the death of the pastor, the Rev. Mr. Bouedillion, followed quickly on this misfortune, and the congre gation became scattered. After several ineffectual efforts to revive the church, it was reopened in June, 1843, for the summer, under the ministry of the Reverend and Venerable Daniel DuPre ; the English translation of the Liturgy being used ; and, in the autumn, in accordance with a purpose always entertained, it was resolved to continue the services regularly and permanently. But the church was small and inconveniently arranged, and it was necessary to rebuild it. This was done, and the Rev. Charles Wallace Howard was called to the pastorate. On the nth May, 1845, the new edifice was dedicated. And here have worshipped, since that time, many descendants ofthe Huguenot fathers. The Rev. Charles S. Vedder is now the pastor. The tenets of the Church are set forth in the Articles entitled " Confession of Faith made by com mon consent ofthe Reformed Churches of the King dom of France," in 1539. Its worship is Liturgical. The Liturgy is described, on its title page, as " Trans lated from the Liturgy ofthe Churches of Neufchatel and Vallangin; Editions of 1737 and 1772; with some occasional prayers, carefully selected." 132 Charleston Illustrated. The present church was designed and its erection superintended by Edward B. White, Esq. The archi tecture is Gothic, simple and chaste in character. The position ofthe organ in a gallery at the east end, and the arrangement of the church, below and to the front of it, with the Decalogue, the Lord's Prayer and the Creed on tablets against the wall on either side, is peculiarly tasteful and happy, and will arrest the attention of the stranger as he enters. The gal lery at the west end has always been appropriated to the use of colored worshippers. The walls are em bellished with monuments, of considerable elegance, to the memory of the founders of some of the Hu guenot families of South Carolina. That dedicated to the Rev. Elias Prioleau, is peculiarly interesting and deserves notice. He was minister of the Church at Pons, in France, until it was demolished in April, 1686, when he came to Carolina. It is believed that Mr. Prioleau, and the Rev. Florent Philipe Truillard, were associated in the ministry of this church, and were its first Pastors. The walls of the church were greatly damaged in the bombardment of the city in the late war, but fortunately (miraculously) neither, the monuments nor the organ were injured. The chan deliers were taken from the church, after the evacua tion of the city, by persons unknown. The communion plate and many valuable records of the church were sent to Cheraw for safety, and were lost when Sherman's army passed through that place. The cemetery around the church is not extensive, Charleston Illustrated. 133 and the tombs and grave stones are few, when its antiquity is considered. Many, probably, were de stroyed when the church was burnt; others were mutilated by shells in the late war. Many of those that remain bear upon them names of families familiar in the history and in the social life of this State. Perhaps, very probably, Judith Manigault rests from her sorrows and troubles here. She who, after suffer ings and privations unparalleled, in her flight from France and in her new home, recorded thus her pious submission to the Divine will. " God accomplished great things in our favor by giving us the strength necessary to support these trials.'' Among the most important charitable institutions of Charleston is THE CONFEDERATE HOME. This noble charity, justly the pride of the city and State, gives shelter to the mothers, widows, daugh ters, and other female relatives and dependents of Confederate soldiers, who had been left homeless by the death or ruin of those who fought for the " lost cause." Soon after the close of the war, a lady of this city was impressed with the importance of establishing such an institution. While ruminating the impor tance of the subject, she chanced to be in Baltimore, and visited the Home there. In conversation with a widowed inmate, she mentioned her desire for such a Home in Charleston; the poor widow immediately mm $VH$&' ^'^^ -*' 'J^*r^^^^^v ill lili ¦P m*m. Wmm '.i%K ' Photo, by Barnard. ORPHAN HOUSE'. [See page 4.3.J Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. Charleston Illustrated. 135 handed one dollar to the visitor, who declined the gift. " What," said the widow, " do you reject my gift because it is so small?" "Oh, no," was the reply, and this one dollar given by a pensioner on public charity, was the beginning of the Charleston Home. The lady returned to Charleston, and after a conference with friends, determined to make a begin ning. It was decided to take a house, the rent of which was one thousand eight hundred dollars. The proprietor reasonably demanded security for the rent; the lady in question immediately mortgaged her house and lot as security ; noble gentlemen stepped forward and paid the rent as it fell due. Such was the beginning ofthe Charleston Home. Now it sus tains forty widowed inmates and sixty, pupils. It is not a charity, but the fulfilment of an obligation. The names of some of the most distinguished families of South Carolina are found among the inmates of this noble institution — inmates from all sections of the State. The Home has been bought, but not paid for in full ; the last instalment falls due in April, 1876, and it is hoped that the friends of the Home will aid in securing the requisite amount. An association of ladies carry on the Home, and the management ofthe institution is in the hands of thirteen ladies, elected from this Ladies' Association annually, and known as the " Board of Control." The Board, from its own number, elects a president, vice-president, correspond ing and recording secretaries, and a treasurer The more material, or monetary, aid comes from the " Gen- 13.6 Charleston Illustrated. J&MffiK- .11$ 'fe s *!!¦¦ . Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH. [See page 104.] tlemen's Auxiliary Association." This body, con sisting of gentlemen residing in all parts ofthe State, and some few outside of its limits, contribute the entire amount of its income, ten dollars from each member, to the support of the Home ; and, through the medium of its executive committee, extend aid and counsel in matters of management and advice, when called upon by the Board of Control. ' The inmates of the Home, other than those in the " school department," have comfortable rooms fur nished them rent free, or at nominal prices, and are Charleston Illustrated. 137 never allowed to suffer for the necessaries of life. It is to the " school department," however, that we must look for the most enduring, and substantial benefits of this noble offering to the loved memories of those who wore the " grey." Sixty girls being educated, Photo, by Barnard. ZION CHURCH. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. either as beneficiaries, or for very small annual pay ments, not only to be well educated and refined women, but, if necessary, to support themselves and those dependent upon them. The Home is complete from kitchen to sleeping apartments, and only the actual drudgery is performed by the servants, three in i -'-*".ai*^feg ?>¦$??* ;¦', . -rf;: :->*SI^Bffii*§&ail^*^ Jl*JiL ifitfy^PiiSiiPPM i'sMWglSsISSifcl Photo, by Barnard. HALF MOON BATTERY, Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. Charleston Illustrated. 139 number. The house is large and commodious, well ventilated, and supplied with water and bath rooms on each floor, more economically conducted than, perhaps, any other institution in the South ; the girls are taught habits of punctuality, economy, and neat ness; they learn the routine of house-keeping, and acquire the ease and graceful deportment of refined women. The touching story of the origin of this Home found its way into the newspapers. The eye of a wealthy American gentleman, Mr. Corcoran, of Washington, then in France, fell upon the statement, and his check for one thousand dollars, was imme diately forwarded as a contribution to its support. This noble Christian gentleman recently visited the Home, and was so much pleased after his inspec tion of its workings and management, that he contri buted the handsome sum of five thousand dollars to its permanent fund. Those wishing to aid the Con federate Home, " can do so by contributions, small or large; by joining the Gentlemen's Auxiliary Association," and paying ten dollars annually, or two hundred dollars to become life members; or they may purchase scholarships for five hundred dollars, and nominate beneficiaries, subject to the approval of the Board of Control. Mrs. M. A. Snowden, President Board of Control, or Mr. Henry A. Gourdin, " Gentlemen's Auxiliary Association, will be glad to give any information not contained in the above sketch, and will gratefully receive all contributions or subscriptions. We have endeavored to point out the prominent Photo, by Barnard. RESIDENCE OF F. J. PET.ZER, ESQ. Charleston Illustrated. 141 features of interest in and around Charleston, not only for the benefit of strangers, but also for the citi zens themselves, a large number of whom are quite unaware of the resources of their own home. Since the war especially, when the struggle for existence has been all engrossing, many valuable public insti tutions have been neglected, not intentionally, but because they have been overlooked ; and many sources of amusement and interest lost sight of, which would ,help our people to bear their labors more cheerfully, to entertain their friends from abroad more easily and pleasantly, and to avoid the necessity, when a little relaxation from business cares is needed, of taking an expensive and troublesome journey to obtain it. Necessarily, in such a brief sketch, much has been omitted, both in the history and the description of Charleston, which would be interesting and instruct ive; but our chief object will have been accomplished, if we shall have succeeded in merely indicating the sources from which information and amusement may be obtained. 1^.1l;f!lf : ill, 1 1 J. i fgssg OUR BUSINESS HOUSES. Charleston has many business houses in various lines of trade, and we have selected a few ofthe prin cipal ones for special notice. Commencing at the Post Office from which radiate East Bay and Broad streets, including between them the business section of the city, the first we notice in position, as well as in importance and amount of capital, is the banking house of GEO. W. WILLIAMS & CO. The house of Geo. W. Williams & Co. was estab lished in Augusta, Ga., May 1st, 1842, under the firm name of Hand & Williams. The business, although small at the beginning, was by energy, push, and tact, made the largest in the South. The firm confined itself steadily to a wholesale grocery business. The capital had increased to such an extent in 'ten years, the firm found it expedient to enlarge their field of operations. Mr. Williams being favorably impressed with Charleston, he visited that city for the purpose of establishing a wholesale gro cery business, upon strictly temperance principles ; this he did in 1852. The sales at Augusta and in Charleston rose from one hundred thousand dollars, •til i;: ' 'i; mmmmllmmmi;': cd g^gUl|l Tli Jl wBMmt Charleston Illustrated. 145 to one million five hundred thousand dollars per annum, and the profits from ten thousand per annum, to more than one hundred thousand. The war put a stop to all trade, and the business was discontinued in 1862, but so judiciously was the capital invested, as to leave more than a million of dollars with which to begin business at the termination of the war. Mr. Williams proceeded to Washington City, in the summer of 1865, via Hilton Head, for the pur pose of procuring a charter for a National Bank. In the mean time he resumed his mercantile operations, bringing into his firm the following copartners : Geo. W. Williams, Edward C. Williams, James H. Taylor, William Birnie, Edwin Piatt. Thus organized, the grocery business was re-established ; and, in addition, a cotton factorage house, in Charleston and one in New York. The firm commenced at once the erec tion of large brick warehouses in the " burnt district," for the storage of cotton and fertilizers. The senior's mercantile duties were such as to prevent his taking charge of a bank, but he united with A. Simonds, E. W. Marshall, W. L. Trenholm and others, in establishing the '' First National Bank, of Charleston," an institution which has paid to its stockholders more than twelve per cent, per annum since its organization. In May, 1874, the firm celebrated its 32d anniver sary. We extract from the Charleston News and Courier an interesting account of that celebration : " Seldom has Charleston known a more pleasant and interesting gathering around the festive board than 7 Photo, by Barnard. Vng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. CHARLESTON CHOCKEKY IMPORTING COMPANY. Charleston Illustrated. 147 that which met on Saturday afternoon, to celebrate at once the 32d anniversary of the great mercantile and banking house of George W. Williams & Co., and the inauguration of ' The Carolina Savings ' Bank,' an addition to our banking facilities, which is the off spring of the energy of the distinguished head of the firm, and for which it is safe to predict a career as wonderfully prosperous as that of every other business enterprise launched under his auspices. " The name of Geo. W. Williams & Co., long be fore the war, had become as familiar as household words to the commercial community of Charleston. The history of the house is a record of spotless pro bity, indomitable energy, remarkable tact and success, that has been as unvarying as it has been brilliant. Even more remarkable has been the individual career of Mr. Williams. He is emphatically a self-made man. During the third of a century that he has guided the fortunes of the firm, he has had no less than twenty-five partners, many of whom have retired with fortunes, while all have acquired a competency. The house, to-day, occupies a proud position among the great business firms of South Carolina. " It is composed of six copartners, George W. Williams, William Birnie, J. R. Robertson, James Bridge, Jr., Frank E. Taylor, and R. S. Cathcart. It is worthy of note, that all of Mr. Williams' partners began as clerks in his house. The main establishment is on Hayne street, but the immense business of the firm requires the use of over a dozen large warehouses, many of which 'have been built since the war in dif 148 Charleston Illustrated. ferent sections of the city. Such a business, of course, gives employment to a large clerical force, besides twenty drays, and about one hundred colored laborers. " The Carolina Savings Bank, the inauguration of which was celebrated May 2, was chartered at the last session of the General Assembly, and begins business, with the following officers : Geo. W. Wil liams, President ; Joseph R. Robertson, Vice-Presi dent; William E. Breese, Cashier. Directors: Geo. W. Williams, Joseph R. Robertson, Edward C. Wil liams, James Bridge, Jr., Frank E. Taylor, Robert S. Cathcart, Edward J. Gage." On the .first of May last, the Carolina Savings Bank was removed to the fine banking building of Geo. W, Williams & Co., located at No. 1 Broad street, oppo site the old Post Office. The stock of the Carolina Savings Bank is all owned by Geo. W. Williams & Co., and they guar antee all deposits made in the Bank. The Charleston Crockery Importing Company, esr tablished and owned by Messrs. Geo. W. Williams & Co., and managed by W. G. Whilden, Esq., has been very successful. Another important establishment is that of Messrs. WALKER, EVANS & COGSWELL, situated at 3 Broad street, and 109 East Bay. The building now occupied for the business was origi nally two stores, one on Broad street and one on East Bay, but a short time before the war the two were Charleston Illustrated. 149 extended so as to form one large building, now front ing on Broad street, and running through, in an L shape, to East Bay. Entering on the Broad street front, we see immediately before us the sales room for Stationery and Blank Books. Here is a complete stock of everything needed in this line, of the choicest and most useful kinds. The blank books are all made in the establishment, and in this the firm are entirely independent of the North. This is the only concern in the South which, ¦ as far as we know, manufacture all the blank books which are sold upon their shelves. Turning down the East Bay arm of the store we see first the Folded Paper Department with its shelves well filled with the famous brands, R. E. Lee, Live Oak, Magnolia, Laurel ; these are the trade names of the papers which are put up by this house. We also see a goodly array of Herrings Fire Proof Safes, Walker, Evans & Cogswell being the agents for this manufacture. Further down, we see thousands of shipping tags, which suggest the source from which come the num bers which meet our eyes at every railroad depot in the South, attached to the bags of Charleston fertilizers. On the north side of this store is kept the reserve stock of blank books, which cannot find place on the west side of the Broad street front. And here we see a capacious law blank case being put into position. On inquiry, we find that it is to hold the law blanks for Alabama, the trade in which t? M' ma lifiSs^i wK4mns!411 i, MptlllllliSHBisSAcofv.-- lllll 'IIS PS 1111 tew ¦ » Tl1 ; -li^r^^l^fi ill 1 I i S 3l^Ss»S2lMANiSiS^ iu 11 i1'1 SIB llP¦ML , -JMh WlJlii Hi V I in ¦ si i IE; i i mas be gsm l it? i HB.VH* 4ri Jfi MmHi J ¦HI 1 j 1" '^-Tf^rMmSS^^ PMwW *t'lP»*,te' J lillll : 'WHIlllWriSI m |H :|l,,f,|l, ' ;,"j ill/ HI till Jib i Charleston Illustrated. 195 They offer to the South the advantages of a first-class builders' manufacturing establishment. These mills are the fruit of the industry and enter prise of this firm, the senior members of which (J. H. and J. W. _ Devereux) commenced business in 1857. After the war, their brothers, N. F. and P. Devereux, also practical- mechanics, joined them. They have steadily increased their operations and business facili ties. Some ofthe finest modern structures in-the city attest their taste and skill. Of the buildings repre sented in this volume, the new German Church and Masonic Temple were designed and erected by them. The Chamber of Commerce, also represented in this volume, and other buildings, were remodelled by them. The Academy of Music, however, alone gave an opportunity for the display of the artistic skill foreshadowed in the work of art by the senior member of the firm while yet an apprentice, of which we find the following notice in the Courier of November 27, 1856: "In the group of statuary are several busts by young Devereux, whose early promise gives token of the sculptor by intuition." The Academy is a gem, and it alone fulfills the high expectation of the foregoing extract. THE DOOR, SASH AND BLIND FACTORY OF. GEO. S. HACKER is well known throughout this State for its first-class work. It is situated in King street, opposite Cannon street, and the rear of the factory is directly on the yard of- the South Carolina Railroad, thus having **&£¦ && --trjF T& &?/£, »^SL mm Photo, by Barnard. HACKEE'S WORKS. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y Charleston Illustrated. 197 unusual facilities for transportation. Mr. Hacker is a native South Carolinian, and a man well known and appreciated by his fellow citizens. He has been en gaged in this branch of manufacture for many years, and is thoroughly posted in all its details. The en graving on the opposite page gives but an inadequate idea of the extent of the factory, as only the front of the main building is seen. This building is much larger than the picture would lead one to suppose, while another building, including the boiler and en gine, and a part ofthe machinery is entirely concealed from view. The warerooms in front are used for storing finished work, and glazing, and painting. Mr. Hacker's is the oldest established door, sash and Mind factory in the city, having been first established in 1842. It now counts its customers in North Caro lina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. JOHN S. FAIRLY & CO. This firm occupies the extensive buildings Nos. 37 Hayne street, and 70 Market street. The engraving (on the following page) represents the Hayne street front. The building is four stories high, is the fifth from the corner of Meeting street, and is in the centre of the jobbing trade of the city. The firm possesses the experience and capital requi site to enable it to supply the trade in its lines of business with goods suitable to the wants of the city and country, and at prices as low as those of any northern city. , ^lillllill M»1HW| m i If J : Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., TV. 1 . JOHN S- FAIRLY A CO., No. 37 HAYNE STREET. Charleston Illustrated. 199 Mr. Fairly was connected with the house of Shep herd, McCreery & Co., first as book-keeper, and after wards as salesman, from 1852 to 1856. When the firm of Marshall, Burge & Co. was organized, he became a partner of that house and so continued until the outbreak of the war, when he entered the Confederate service. Finding himself without means at the close ofthe war, it was not until in the autumn of 1 866, he obtained a copartner with capital, and again embarked in the line of business Of his old firm, viz: wholesale dealers in hosiery, white goods, fancy goods and notions, at 37 Hayne street, where he has con tinued to conduct it successfully under the present firm name. In January, 1872, Mr. McBurney, of Hyatt, McBur- ney & Co., former owners and occupants |.of the buildings, (whose old sign board reburnished is prom inent in the engraving,) took an interest in the firm ; and the trade of the house requiring greater facilities for the conduct of its increasing business, arrange ments were made to occupy the entire premises run ning through from Hayne to Market street. It is one of the best appointed: establishments, of its kind in the whole country, and merits the atten tion and patronage of all dealers in that line in this section of country. SILCOX'S FURNITURE WAREROOMS. The extensive warerooms, of which a view is given on the next page, are occupied by the firm of D. H. Silcox & Son, the largest dealers in furniture in Charleston. The building was erected expressly for Bill ¦ill ¦¦££¦ ¦m WMmw Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. SILCOX'S FURNITURE WAREROOMS. Charleston Illustrated. 201 the furniture business, by Mr. Wm. Enston, but at his death, in i860, was bought by the present firm. Mr. D. H. Silcox commenced business at the corner diag onally opposite the present stand, in 1838, and car ried it on continuously and successfully until his death, in 1874. Some years previous to his death, he had associated his son, Mr. D. S. Silcox, in part nership with himself, and that gentleman has con tinued to carry on the business in the old name. The firm has always made a specialty" of fine furniture, and taken pride in dealing in first-class goods and doing first-class work, and the houses of some of the wealthiest people of the city have been furnished by them, in a manner at once creditable to their taste and to their resources. As said before, the building was built expressly for the furniture trade, and is admirably adapted to the purpose. There are three stories, each consisting of one large room, without division or partition, the ceilings being supported by rows of iron columns. On the first floor may be seen such chairs, bureaus, bedsteads, washstands, icehouses, etc., as are most commonly, sold, and require to be oftenest exhibited. In the second story are costly sets of drawingroom and bedroom furniture, while in the third, common furniture is compactly put away in great quantities. FOGARTIE'S BOOK COMPANY. The depository of the Fogartie Book Company, is eligibly situated, next door to the famous old stand of Russell, whose name was familiar as household Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co. , TV. V. FOGARTIE'S BOOK COMPANY. Charleston Illustrated. 203 words in the last generation. The building occupied by the Book Company is a large and commodious one, on the first floor of which is their celebrated bookstore. As we pause, and glance into the store, we see its shelves, and tables Well filled with an ex tensive stock of English and American literature ; everything looks so cosy and inviting, we feel that we must walk in. As we take our seat at one of the numerous tables, on which are spread the latest peri odicals, we notice that not only have the literati made this place their resort, as one after another of the clergy and learned profession enter, with the air of men who are at home, but that the rising generation are following in their footsteps in coming here to procure the necessary adjuncts of school life. Mr. F. is the oldest bookseller by many years in Charleston ; this veteran bibliopole began his career in this business about thirty-five years ago; his novi tiate was passed in the establishment in Chalmers street, which was known as the depository of the Sunday-school Union Tract and Bible Societies, and conducted by D. W. Harrison. We next find Mr. F. in the bookstore of the popular and lamented Beile. After the death of Mr. Beile, he formed a business connection with the well remembered,W. R. Babcock, and is the only survivor of W. R. Babcock & Co. The stranger will find this a quiet, pleasant resort. The library rooms of the Protestant Episcopal Society are in the same building, and it is also the depository of the Charleston Bible Society. roYs& Rubber Goods. pp] ¦Kg, CON^tetlONERY.FANGY.GobdSiSc. tfSffii hppI wsrmmM Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N. Y. VON SANTEN'S BAZAAR. Charleston Illustrated. 205 One of the most attractive establishments in the city, for strangers as well as natives, is von santen's bazaar, an engraving of which appears on the opposite page. The proprietor, Mr. Frederick Von Santen, is the right man in the right place, and has a host of friends, who make his bazaar their favorite rendezvous and a source of profit to him, as well as pleasure to them selves. In summer his ice cream saloon is the chosen resort of the young people of both sexes, and in winter his store is sacred to the juveniles as the shrine of Santa Claus. In addition to his retail department, which is so well known to all Charlestonians, and which should always be patronized by tourists, Mr. Von Santen does a large jobbing business with the merchants of the interior, and by making a specialty of his particular line, is able to give great satisfaction. He imports large quantities of foreign fancy goods and toys, and pays particular attention to French confectionery. He also deals in fireworks, dolls, games, and India rubber goods. Any merchant vis iting Charleston to purchase goods, will find it greatly to his advantage to examine Mr. Von Santen's large and varied stock. To travellers this store is important for its exten sive stock of stereoscopic views of the city and sur rounding country. ,«# M if Hi "InSRr SUB 1 lit8 j wi i ii inep ^j mil ill if j ' ii--S.i->^.--3fflHHBKB 1 1 IS* .-r:EL_; Jll;„.j,i 1 J'RSW Photo, by Barnard. HOLMES' BOOK HOUSE. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., N, Y, Charleston Illustrated. 207 holmes' book house. At the corner of King and Wentworth streets is to be seen one of the landmarks of Charleston, viz : Franklin's Head. This is a sign which has hung at that corner for years, and now, as at first, indicates a first-class bookstore. It is, and has been for fifty years, one of the favorite resorts of the literati of Charleston. It first became famous under Mr. W. R. Babcock, who occupied the stand until 1858. Holmes' Book House, the present establishment, was founded in 1866, by Professor F. S. Holmes, who sold the business in 1873 to his son, A. Baron Holmes, the present proprietor. A large and varied stock of books in every department of literature can always be found here. Collectors in search of old and rare volumes should make it a point to call on Mr. Holmes, who has made a specialty of this department of the busi ness. The very best collection of relics and docu- - ments connected with the Confederate war is proba bly that in his possession. JEWELRY ESTABLISHMENT OF MR. JAMES ALLAN. Mr. Allan is himself a practical jeweller, and under stands every detail of the business, and to this know ledge is doubtless to be attributed his great success. The interior of his store is artistically arranged, and displays his handsome stock in so alluring a manner, that a customer, especially a lady customer, hardly knows when to leave. Feasting her eyes on costly Photo, by Barnard. Eng by Photo. Eng. Co., JV. Y. ALLAN'S JEWELRY STORE. Charleston Illustrated. 209 watches, she tears herself away from them, only to be irresistibly attracted by diamond sets, pearl necklaces, brooches, ear rings, finger rings, studs, buttons, pins, in endless variety and glittering confusion. If her taste is more for solid worth than great display, she has only to cross to the other side of the store, and there she may spend her fortune in silver plate, hand some pitchers, teapots, urns, cake baskets, cups, nap kin rings, spoons, fruit knives, etc., which there make a splendid array. To enumerate the clocks, desks, music boxes, opera glasses, and the thousand and one other articles to supply the necessities, or to admin ister to the luxuries of life, would take more space than can be spared in so small a volume. Suffice it to say that Mr. Allan is the favorite jeweller of some ofthe richest and most fashionable people in the city, and that he has the happy knack of giving satisfaction to his customers. Just below Allan's the stranger is at once struck by the umbrellas and big hat which mark the UMBRELLA AND HAT STORE OF MR. B. JOHNSON. Mr. Johnson's umbrella business has been estab lished for many years, and the reputation which he has obtained for the durability of his materials and superior quality of his work, has created a demand for his umbrellas, canes, and parasols. He has re cently added hats to his other business, and, on the same principle of giving good articles at moderate prices, he is bound to succeed. See next page. Photo, by Barnard. Eng. by Photo. Eng. Co., A'. J". UMBRELLA \A\) HAT SI\)R£ OF MR, K JOHNSON, Charleston Illustrated. 21 1 RAILROADS. No account of the city of Charleston would be complete without some description of the South Carolina Railroad, which is one of its principal insti tutions, the interest of the city and of the railroad having always been identical. It is the oldest rail road in the United States — the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company having been chartered in 1827, and the Charleston and Cincinnati Railroad Company in 1835. These two corporations were consolidated in 1844, under the name of the South Carolina Railroad Company. It has always been the leading railroad in South Carolina, and one of the most important roads in the South. At the present time, the South Carolina Rail Road Company operates under its immediate organization two hundred and forty-three miles of first-class single track,- thoroughly equipped iri all respects, and fully prepared at all points to meet any emergency in the business of transportation! It has for its local ter mini, within the limits of its own State, the city of Charleston, the city of Columbia, and the town of Camden, traversing an intermediate territory at once populous, fertile, and prosperous. Its fourth, and western terminus is in the city of Augusta, Ga., and there it connects immediately with the Georgia Rail road, and through it with the entire ramified railroad system of the Western and Gulf States. At Columbia, S. C, its connections are with all the 212 Charleston Illustrated. lines radiating from that centre, and it especially controls, though under a distinct organization, the management of the road and branches to Green ville, Anderson, Walhalla, Abbeville, and Laurens. The service of transportation on this road of both passengers and freight has always been characterized by the utmost precision, safety and dispatch. The transit of through freight is uninterrupted from the point of shipment to its ultimate destination, the common and mutual interchange of cars between all connecting roads insuring their passage without the breaking of bulk. Through its well systematized forwarding department, all the various business details incident to the service of moving freight are promptly and carefully attended to, and claims of either loss, damage or otherwise, arising out of the same, are invariably made the subjects of special and immediate action. The South Carolina Railroad is an integral part of the Great Southern Freight Line, and one of its most important links, connecting, as it does, on deep water at the port of Charleston, with the several steamship lines and fleets of sailing vessels, engaged in the carrying trade from and to all the chief North ern and Eastern coast cities. The steamships composing the lines, from New York particularly, are vessels of the most approved construction, and especially adapted in their draft of water, speed, and Safe sea-going qualities to all the requirements of the service. Their trips are generally made each way inside of sixty hours, and shippers Charleston Illustrated. 213 by this route rely with confidence upon every possi ble care and attention, being given to the protection of their interests. These ships are likewise provided with admirably appointed and completely ventilated passenger accommodations, and enjoy a very large patronage from the pleasure-seeking as well as the business travelling public. The steamships forming the Philadelphia and Baltimore lines are likewise well built, substantial vessels, possessing all the good qualities requisite to ensure safe carriage, quick trips, and have deservedly won public confidence and sup port as being among the most reliable carriers on the coast. The North-Eastern Railroad extends from Charles ton to Florence, a station on the Wilmington, Co lumbia and Augusta Railroad, one hundred'and three miles from Charleston, and one hundred and three miles from Wilmington, North Carolina; at this point it connects with the Cheraw and Darlington Railroad. The Savannah and Charleston Railroad extends to Savannah, Georgia, one hundred and ten miles, via Graham ville. The Spartanburg and Asheville Railroad commends itself to the merchants of Charleston. This road is a link in the great through line — a national highway, so to speak — destined to connect the cities of Louis ville, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Toledo, Indianapolis, Chicago, and San Francisco, with the central South Atlantic port of Charleston. The road runs from Spartanburg, via Asheville, to Wolf Creek, the West ern Counties of the Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap, and Photo, by Barnard, Eng. by Photo.1 Eng. Co., N.'Y. BREAKING GROUND FOR THE SPARTANBURG AND ASHEVILLE RAILROAD. Charleston Illustrated. 2 1 5 Charleston Railroad, and will be, for the entire length, one hundred, and fifteen miles, Twenty-five miles from Spartanburg, northward, are graded, and work upon the remainder is being pushed forward rapidly. The cost of the entire road, will be $2,500,000, of which a very large amount has been subscribed in capital stock, and additions to the same being regu larly made by the people of North and South Caro lina. Ofthe road between Asheville and Wolf Creek, included in the one hundred and fifteen miles above alluded to, two-thirds of the grading, the heaviest and most expensive portion of the work, is finished. The line of road is as follows : from Charleston to Columbia, on the South Carolina Railroad; from Co lumbia to Spartanburg, on the Spartanburg and Union Railroad ; thence by the Spartanburg and Asheville Railroad to Morristown, Tennessee, and on to the principal cities of trade. We would urge the speedy completion of this road upon our merchants, throw ing, as it naturally must, the entire grain trade of the West over the shortest and, cheapest possible route, necessarily creating aline, of foreign steamers for shipment to the old world. The construction of this link opens at once the finest trans-mountain region in the South to the trade of our merchants, from which they have been heretofore cut off by the mountain barriers. The books for subscription to the stock are now open. D. R. Duncan, President ; W. K. Blake, Secretary and Treasurer. LEONARD CHAPIN, Manufacturer and Dealer in Pony Phaetons, Farm Waps, Children's Carriaps, S. W. Cor. Meeting and Wentworth Sts., ©IMGfilLISTQiRO, 8. ©. Rockaways, k^rfijf BUGGIES, Jump Seats, ^^S^SSS* COUPES, Spring Wagons, Brets, Cabriolets. mmmm m all its bbaicdes. PAINTING IN BEST STYLE. Wheels, best qaality. Axles, Springs, Tire. All work guaranteed, and promptly attended to by L, eHAPmr. D. F. FLEMING. JAMES M. WILSON. JAME3 GILFILUN. AUGUST, 1875. We have received, and are now opening, a large and new stock of BOOTS. SHOES AND TRUNKS, Orders Promptly Filled, and all Goods with our Brand Warranted. I). F. FLEMING & CO., Wholesale Dealers in and Manufacturers of ISiSi AND TRUNKS, 2STO. 2 HIA-YlsrES STREET, Corner of Church Street, If »l 10 #*SON PI*C% ioardhui and Ban j&cl FOR YOUNG LADIES, No. £S® HASEL. STREET, CHARLESTON, S. C. This Institution offers to Parents and Guardians the advantages of a Finishing School for Young Ladies, combined with the comforts of a refined home. Board ing pupils are received into the family of the Principal, and become objects of maternal care. Attention is given to the cultivation of the mind, the affections, and the manners; while the health is promoted by regular exer cise. Competent Professors are employed in all the usual branches of useful and ornamental education. For the results of her system, the Principal has the honor to refer to the correspondence of the Patrons of the School. Mrs. Hofson Pinckney's School —Continued. CORRESPONDENCE. Hon. W. F. COLCOCK, Gillitm-uilh, S. C. "From a personal acquaintance of nearly twenty years with your system of education, it affords me unqualified pleasure to say that it has always met my highest approbation in every particular, which is necessary to make not only scholars, but ladies of our daughters." Hon. T. C. WEATHERLEY, Bennetts-ville, S. C. " As a patron of your School, I was well pleased with your discipline, and your method of teaching seemed all that the most exacting could desire." Chief Justice DUNKIN, Charleston, S. C. "The experience and observation of several years have satisfied me of your marked ability in the service of instruction, and I fully appreciate the excellent results." Hon. JAMES SIMONS, Charleston, S. C. " As a parent, perhaps over-anxious on this point, I do not hesitate to say that I have always rejoiced that my own daughters were so fortunate as to be in a position to avail themselves of your moral and intellectual training." J. A. McRAE, Esq., Bennetts-uille, S. C. " In addition to your efficiency in the school room, I was impressed with the maternal care and solicitude exhibited in the training of the young ladies under your care." Hon. J. P. REED, Anderson, S. C. " I am alike satisfied with your system of teaching and with the supe riority of your training." Col. J. L. BLACK, Ridgeway, S. C. " I have had a daughter two years with Mrs. Pinckney, and I take great pleasure in recommending this as a Finishing School for Young Ladies ; and regard it, in this respect, as far ahead of any Female Institution in the State. The management is superior and the house combines the advantages of a school, with those of a polished home circle." 5. T. TUPPER, Esq., Charleston, S. C. " It is with satisfaction and gratitude that I cordially commend your method of training, whereby the personal conduct and manners of your pupils are formed ; while equal attention is paid to their intellectual and moral culture, all of which tend to the formation of character. It is very pleasant in our home circle, to hear you frequently referred to as authority for gentle civilities and rules of conduct." Major FRANZ MELCHERS, Charleston, S C. " I take great pleasure in recommending your efficient School. My daughter has made good progress with you, in all the branches she has studied." Mrs. Hopson P'mckney^s School. — Continued. REFERENCES. HON. W. D. PORTER, Charleston; S. C. B. BOLLMANN, ESQ., Charleston, S. C. A. R. TAFT, ESQ., Charleston, S. C. G. H. INGRAHAM, ESQ., Charleston, S. C. ED. BARNWELL, ESQ. .Charleston, S. C. DR. W. T. WRAGG, Charleston, S. C. W. J. BENNETT, ESQ.. Charleston, S. C. Rev. W. O. PRENTISS, Charleston, S. C. W.J. M1DDLETON, ESQ., Charleston, S, C. JAMES DUNBAR, Barnwell, S. C. Major CLYBURN, Lancaster, S. C. - - J. B. BISSELL.ESQ., Charleston, S. C. Dr. P. PORCHER, Charleston, S. C. WM. UFFERHARDT, Charleston, S. C. DR. J. L. DAWSON, Charleston, S. C. FRANCIS WESTON, ESQ., Pee Dee. JAMES HEYWARD, ESQ., Charleston, S. C. W. H. PERRONEAU, ESQ., Charleston, S. C. H. GOURDIN, ESQ., Charleston, S. C. R. N. GOURDIN, ESQ., Charleston, S. C. W. K. RYAN, ESQ., Charleston, S. C. S. A. WOODS, ESQ., Darlington, S. C. DR. WILLIAMSON; Darlington, S. C. T. D. JERVEY", ESQ., Charleston, S. C. F. J. PELZER, ESQ., Charleston, S. C. DR. F. PEYRE PORCHER, Charleston, S. C. TERMS The Scholastic year, commencing October ist, andiclosing July 31st, is divided into two sessions of five months each. PER SESSION. OF FIVE MQNTHS. English Senior Class $40 00 English Junior Class 25 00 French 12 to 20 00 German ...,: 20 00 Drawing and Painting 20 to 23 00 Music ...40 00 Fuel 3 00 Stationery, etc 3 00 Board ,...] k C ..... 30 00 Washing 2 00 Use of Piano. V Per Month, -{ 1 00 Seat in Church 1 00 Bedding, etc J [ 1 00 No deductions for absence except when caused by sickness. Vacation, the months of August and September. Terms, in advance, or one-half in advance, and the-balance in the middle ofthe session. IS 3 3* D3 nr N C/3 o S =3 rt 0 3DCO a +. 1—3 no CTP at ^ Si g © ^ o 3 CO H sT © CD (TO * 5 PS £=f n s IP fes' 13 2 p -¦ n to o 333 © IS S X> =3CO•—3 o atr O $ Jd IBO P %CD s. % r w •-a •S' CTD p CO JT3 p H w e-1 C=3 Jd O s* 0 o 2! C3 oa- CO cb 51 e§ f C*3 n &*3 p GEO. W. WILLIAMS & CO., Proprietors. 49 'N3Q1IHM "9 WVITHM *% £do w3d ^ IN >-